36:
180:
191:
169:
208:
160:
149:
137:
433:
In 1988 the governments of
Somalia and Ethiopia made some agreements to cease hostilities. The Ethiopian government started closing SSDF camps, arresting its leaders and seizing weapons. The Ethiopian government also closed the SSDF radio station, Radio Halgan, which had been broadcasting since 1981.
387:
regime declared that the territory was part of
Ethiopia, something which created problems in the relations between the Ethiopian government and SSDF. In any case, the action was swiftly repulsed, and according to the U.S. Department of State, resulted in severe reprisals against the Majeerteen clan;
321:) clan, Ahmed participated in a failed attempt to overthrow Barre's dictatorial administration. Most of the people who had helped plot the coup were summarily executed, but Ahmed and several colonels managed to escape abroad. Later that year, in neighboring
337:(SSDF) in 1979. The SSDF was the first of several opposition groups dedicated to ousting Barre's regime by force. The SSDF was originally a multi-clan organisation. The first SSDF chairman was Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, from the Majeerteen clan.
512:
was subsequently officially established so as to deliver services, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with both domestic and international partners. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed was appointed as the nascent polity's first
President.
786:
293:
on
October 21, 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army and police force seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General
483:
Over the next several years, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed would emerge as the pre-eminent leader in northeastern
Somalia. In 1992, he marshalled forces to successfully expel an Islamist extremist group linked to
418:
From 1983 onwards many leaders, belonging to the Darood clan, were bought over by Barre. Many SSDF fighters defected to the regime. By 1985 SSDF had ceased most of their military operations against the
800:
Proceedings of the
Conference on African Conflicts: Their Management, Resolution and Post-conflict Reconstruction, Held at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 13-15 December 2000
399:
A conflict soon emerged between the former SSF and the more leftist members. The SSF clique wanted to maintain the domination of SSDF of
Majeerteen and Darood clans. They made a deal with the
430:
as chairman. He resigned in 1988, leaving a power vacuum in the organization. Musse Islan was elected leader by the SSDF Central
Committee to hold the position until a Congress was convened.
269:
clan, SSDF played a significant role in the country's complex political landscape during the late 1970s and 2000s. And
Succeeded by the establishment in 1998 of the autonomous
54:
888:
298:, who at the time commanded the army. For refusing to support Barre's seizure of power, numerous political figures were imprisoned. Among these was
751:
883:
349:
814:
261:. Founded in 1978 by several army officers, it was the first of several opposition groups dedicated to ousting the authoritarian regime of
457:
After the fall of the Barre regime, the SSDF (based largely in northeastern
Somalia) was divided in two factions. One was led by General
873:
878:
195:
851:
639:
612:
540:
United States forces, Somalia after action report and historical overview : the United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994
353:
735:
352:. An 11-member Central Committee was constituted, of which the SSF leaders held 7 seats. Some former CC members of the
699:
548:
368:
517:
516:
After serving two terms as President of Puntland, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed was elected in 2004 as President of the
105:
348:
in October 1981 through the merger of three groups, Somali Salvation Front, Somali Workers Party and the
289:
was shot dead by a policeman in his security team. His assassination was quickly followed by a military
762:
383:. However some territory, including two district towns, had come under Ethiopian and SSDF control. The
212:
98:
631:
The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict
508:), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society members, the autonomous
818:
286:
520:(TFG), an interim federal administrative body that he had helped establish earlier in the year.
35:
585:
485:
477:
141:
356:
were part of the leadership of the new group. A military structure was built up, supported by
466:
408:
299:
59:
492:, a prominent port city and the commercial capital of the northeastern part of the country.
225:
Somali Salvation Front, Somali Workers Party, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Somalia
470:
412:
8:
458:
153:
49:
303:
262:
115:
847:
695:
635:
608:
544:
504:
over a period of three months. Attended by SSDF representatives, traditional elders (
480:, was offered the chairmanship of the SSDF by a group of clan leaders, but declined.
326:
290:
752:"Somalia: Civil War, intervention and withdrawal 1990–1995 (July 1995), p. 6"
841:
798:
715:
689:
629:
602:
538:
427:
246:
66:
867:
437:
In 1988 SSDF guerrillas started taking control over the western districts of
376:
691:
Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century
462:
446:
388:
the SSDF itself would be implicated in killings of members of Siad's own
345:
173:
168:
678:, Issues 94-105, (New People Media Centre: Comboni Missionaries, 2005).
420:
372:
314:
295:
266:
123:
111:
87:
476:
A congress was held in August 1994. Former Prime Minister of Somalia,
393:
119:
787:
Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building
509:
404:
400:
384:
357:
322:
310:, who was imprisoned for several years by the new military regime.
282:
270:
232:
407:
government jailed many leading SSDF members, such as then colonel
281:
On October 15, 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of
389:
380:
258:
207:
159:
148:
136:
313:
In 1978, together with a group of officials mainly from his own
501:
489:
442:
307:
438:
361:
318:
257:, was a political and paramilitary umbrella organization in
500:
In 1998, a homegrown constitutional conference was held in
341:
184:
543:. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. p. 67.
426:
In 1986 an SSDF congress was held, which elected Dr.
803:. Development Policy Management Forum (DPMF). 2001.
587:The Civil War in Somalia: Its Genesis and Dynamics
367:In the summer of 1982 SSDF forces took part in a
865:
251:Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed
537:U.S. Army, Center of Military History (2003).
403:government to purge the leftists. In 1984 the
350:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Somalia
28:Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimuqraadiyada Soomaaliya
688:Adam, Hussein Mohamed; Ford, Richard (1997).
469:(deputy chairman). The general secretary was
566:
564:
562:
560:
415:was installed as provisional SSDF Chairman.
749:
745:
743:
674:New People Media Centre (Nairobi, Kenya),
572:Somalia: issues, history, and bibliography
780:
557:
536:
461:(chairman), who at the time was based in
255:Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia
889:Political parties disestablished in 2001
687:
583:
243:Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF)
807:
740:
375:. The campaign was called off when the
16:Paramilitary organization, 1978 to 2001
866:
840:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013-02-20).
670:
668:
666:
664:
627:
604:Sovereignty, War, and the Global State
884:Political parties established in 1978
839:
656:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations
600:
333:, which was subsequently renamed the
379:initiated emergency military aid to
354:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
265:. With its power base mainly in the
661:
13:
340:The SSDF formally incorporated in
14:
900:
335:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
164:Somali National Democratic Union
22:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
874:Factions in the Somali Civil War
815:":: Xinhuanet - English ::"
658:, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290
574:, (Nova Publishers: 2002), p.25.
369:1982 Ethiopian-Somali Border War
276:
206:
189:
178:
167:
158:
147:
135:
64:Mohamed Abshir Waldo (1984–1986)
34:
833:
791:
729:
518:Transitional Federal Government
273:state in northeastern Somalia.
879:1978 establishments in Somalia
708:
694:. Red Sea Press. p. 547.
681:
648:
621:
594:
577:
530:
1:
523:
736:The Peace Process in Somalia
628:Yuusuf, Muuse (2021-05-20).
590:. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
452:
7:
759:Writenet Country Papers, UK
601:Craig, Dylan (2019-06-26).
495:
465:, and the other was led by
396:region in the early 1980s.
392:clan, in Cel-Habred in the
285:, Somalia's then President
10:
905:
441:and the southern areas of
253:), initially known as the
213:Somali Democratic Republic
99:Somali Democratic Republic
634:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
510:Puntland State of Somalia
218:
201:
130:
104:
94:
83:
73:
45:
33:
27:
26:
21:
584:Bongartz, Maria (1991).
287:Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
843:The History of Somalia
486:Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
478:Abdirizak Haji Hussein
331:Somali Salvation Front
250:
142:United Somali Congress
62:(1978–1986, 1991–1998)
467:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
409:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
300:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
60:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
821:on November 21, 2004
570:Nina J. Fitzgerald,
488:that had taken over
471:Mohamed Abshir Waldo
413:Mohamed Abshir Waldo
329:movement called the
459:Mohamed Abshir Muse
302:, Somalia's former
154:United Somali Party
95:Active regions
55:Osman Nur Ali Qonof
50:Mohamed Abshir Muse
296:Mohamed Siad Barre
263:Mohamed Siad Barre
116:Somali nationalism
75:Dates of operation
853:978-0-313-37858-4
768:on 7 January 2006
641:978-0-7556-2711-0
614:978-3-030-19886-2
325:, Ahmed formed a
240:
239:
229:Succeeded by
196:Libyan Jamahiriya
896:
858:
857:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
817:. Archived from
811:
805:
804:
795:
789:
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
767:
761:. Archived from
756:
750:GĂ©rard Prunier.
747:
738:
733:
727:
726:
724:
722:
712:
706:
705:
685:
679:
672:
659:
654:Moshe Y. Sachs,
652:
646:
645:
625:
619:
618:
598:
592:
591:
581:
575:
568:
555:
554:
534:
304:military attaché
222:Preceded by
211:
210:
194:
193:
192:
183:
182:
181:
172:
171:
163:
162:
152:
151:
140:
139:
76:
38:
29:
19:
18:
904:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
894:
893:
864:
863:
862:
861:
854:
838:
834:
824:
822:
813:
812:
808:
797:
796:
792:
785:
781:
771:
769:
765:
754:
748:
741:
734:
730:
720:
718:
716:"madhibaan.org"
714:
713:
709:
702:
686:
682:
673:
662:
653:
649:
642:
626:
622:
615:
599:
595:
582:
578:
569:
558:
551:
535:
531:
526:
498:
455:
428:Hassan Ali Mire
279:
236:
235:
231:
226:
224:
205:
190:
188:
187:
179:
177:
176:
166:
165:
157:
156:
146:
145:
134:
122:
118:
114:
74:
67:Hassan Ali Mire
65:
63:
58:
53:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
902:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
860:
859:
852:
832:
806:
790:
779:
739:
728:
707:
700:
680:
660:
647:
640:
620:
613:
593:
576:
556:
549:
528:
527:
525:
522:
497:
494:
454:
451:
278:
275:
238:
237:
227:
220:
219:
216:
215:
203:
199:
198:
132:
128:
127:
108:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
901:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
855:
849:
845:
844:
836:
820:
816:
810:
802:
801:
794:
788:
783:
764:
760:
753:
746:
744:
737:
732:
717:
711:
703:
701:9781569020739
697:
693:
692:
684:
677:
671:
669:
667:
665:
657:
651:
643:
637:
633:
632:
624:
616:
610:
606:
605:
597:
589:
588:
580:
573:
567:
565:
563:
561:
552:
550:9781462053940
546:
542:
541:
533:
529:
521:
519:
514:
511:
507:
503:
493:
491:
487:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
429:
424:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
386:
382:
378:
377:United States
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
277:Early history
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
230:
223:
217:
214:
209:
204:
200:
197:
186:
175:
170:
161:
155:
150:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
61:
57:(1976–1979),
56:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
25:
20:
846:. ABC-CLIO.
842:
835:
823:. Retrieved
819:the original
809:
799:
793:
782:
770:. Retrieved
763:the original
758:
731:
719:. Retrieved
710:
690:
683:
675:
655:
650:
630:
623:
607:. Springer.
603:
596:
586:
579:
571:
539:
532:
515:
505:
499:
482:
475:
463:Saudi Arabia
456:
436:
432:
425:
417:
398:
366:
339:
334:
330:
312:
280:
254:
242:
241:
228:
221:
411:. In 1984,
346:South Yemen
291:coup d'Ă©tat
174:South Yemen
90:(1978–2001)
69:(1986–1988)
52:(1991–1998)
868:Categories
676:New people
524:References
421:Siad Barre
373:Siad Barre
315:Majeerteen
267:Majeerteen
124:Majeerteen
88:Majeerteen
772:1 January
453:Post-1991
449:regions.
401:Ethiopian
327:guerrilla
202:Opponents
126:interests
120:Socialism
79:1978–2001
825:15 March
721:15 March
496:Puntland
423:regime.
405:Mengistu
394:Galgadud
385:Mengistu
371:against
358:Ethiopia
323:Ethiopia
283:Las Anod
271:Puntland
233:Puntland
185:Ethiopia
106:Ideology
84:Group(s)
390:Marehan
381:Somalia
259:Somalia
46:Leaders
850:
698:
638:
611:
547:
506:Issims
502:Garowe
490:Bosaso
443:Nugaal
308:Moscow
247:Somali
131:Allies
40:Emblem
766:(PDF)
755:(PDF)
439:Mudug
362:Libya
319:Darod
144:(USC)
112:Barre
110:Anti-
848:ISBN
827:2015
774:2006
723:2015
696:ISBN
636:ISBN
609:ISBN
545:ISBN
447:Bari
445:and
360:and
342:Aden
306:to
870::
757:.
742:^
663:^
559:^
473:.
364:.
344:,
249::
856:.
829:.
776:.
725:.
704:.
644:.
617:.
553:.
317:(
245:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
