785:
235:
593:
187:
1121:
2601:
745:
1437:
3234:
173:
3244:
1054:
579:
554:
25:
1497:. Kediye officially held the title of "Father of the Revolution", and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC. The SRC subsequently arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.
1647:, under which elections for a People's Assembly were held. The Constitution of 1979 provided for a presidential system under which the president served as both head of state and head of government. As head of government, the president selected the members of the
1539:
and
Islamic tenets. The SRSP was an attempt to reconcile the official state ideology with the official state religion. Emphasis was placed on the Muslim principles of social progress, equality and justice, which the government argued formed the core of
1634:
arch-rival, the United States, which had been courting the Somali government for some time. All in all, Somalia's initial friendship with the Soviet Union and later partnership with the United States enabled it to build the largest army in Africa.
223:
1669:. Most of the people who had allegedly helped plot the putsch were summarily executed. However, several officials managed to escape abroad and started to form the first of various dissident groups dedicated to ousting Barre's regime by force.
222:
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224:
1630:
was negotiated putting an end to the war. This shift in support by the Soviet Union motivated the Barre government to seek allies elsewhere. It eventually settled on the Soviet Union's
1651:, which he chaired. The Constitution of 1979 initially called for the president to be elected to a six-year, renewable term of office by a two-thirds majority vote of the legislature.
1594:
scored spectacular victories over the
Ethiopian forces, surprising many American military observers who took on a position of neutrality during the war. Southern and central
3473:
2225:
4087:
3478:
1622:, a massive unprecedented Soviet intervention consisting of 20,000 Cuban forces and several thousand Soviet advisers came to the aid of Ethiopia's communist
1680:
was re-established in its place. By that time, Barre's government had become increasingly unpopular. Many
Somalis had become disillusioned with life under
1416:
1672:
A new constitution was promulgated in 1979 under which elections for a People's
Assembly were held. However, Barre's Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
4092:
2128:
1832:
1665:
After the unsuccessful Ogaden campaign, Barre's administration began arresting government and military officials under suspicion of participation in the
1728:
3831:
2362:
1517:
4024:
3939:
1465:
3667:
1833:"ТОТАЛЬНАЯ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ВОЙНА. Недокументальные записки " « Военно-патриотический сайт «Отвага" Военно-патриотический сайт "Отвага""
3716:
3280:
2586:
1082:
784:
3929:
3609:
89:
42:
4127:
1508:
program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on
Somalia's traditional and religious links with the
61:
4137:
3861:
3596:
1422:
3999:
3964:
3913:
3698:
2407:
1684:. The regime was weakened further in the 1980s as the Cold War drew to a close and Somalia's strategic importance was diminished.
68:
4122:
3346:
2285:
1677:
1482:
739:
633:
626:
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3621:
3514:
3351:
1644:
1404:
1330:
208:
1699:
clan. Estimates of civilian deaths range from 50,000 to 100,000 up to over 200,000. Such tactics from the government prompted
3959:
2312:
234:
2056:
The Cold War, 1945-1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World
1552:. While the SRSP encouraged private investment on a limited scale, the administration's overall direction was proclaimed as
75:
3836:
3811:
3358:
2962:
1532:
1598:
were captured in the early stages of conflict and for most of the war, the Somali Army scored continuous victories on the
4082:
2718:
2672:
2556:
2258:
1458:
3616:
4004:
3693:
3631:
3036:
1739:
718:
57:
3979:
3806:
3786:
3711:
3626:
3591:
3549:
2420:
2376:
2322:
2295:
2268:
1982:
1884:
1708:
1500:
The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural
108:
3866:
3677:
3273:
2339:
1599:
1075:
1027:
636:. Its territory is considered part of Somalia. Somaliland authorities, however, hold de facto power in the region.
4147:
3871:
2539:
1033:
3893:
3791:
3743:
3576:
3504:
2655:
2518:
1451:
1386:
1100:
1015:
46:
3586:
1836:
4107:
3903:
3801:
3581:
2972:
2957:
2913:
2821:
2689:
2508:
1521:
1039:
1021:
572:
1486:
698:
375:
4132:
3947:
3646:
3636:
3405:
3026:
2952:
2908:
2400:
1336:
510:
2135:
1351:
1288:
1247:
186:
3992:
3898:
3672:
3266:
3083:
3046:
3041:
3031:
2859:
2701:
2581:
2576:
2549:
1648:
1068:
923:
764:
4044:
1130:
82:
3758:
3440:
3147:
2002:
1724:
1318:
1120:
978:
833:
1209:
4142:
4117:
4112:
4102:
4097:
4009:
3881:
3100:
3059:
2984:
2979:
2625:
2493:
1720:
1306:
1168:
972:
329:
993:
950:
892:
3952:
3876:
3509:
3410:
3130:
1716:
1666:
1398:
794:
3816:
3321:
3110:
3105:
3021:
2918:
2898:
2600:
2468:
2393:
899:
460:
192:
35:
1819:"World Population 1979: Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World"
1606:. By September 1977, Somalia controlled 90% of the Ogaden and captured strategic cities such as
853:
4034:
4029:
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3420:
3363:
3309:
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3016:
2923:
1778:
1712:
1478:
1375:
1234:
878:
821:
748:
586:
348:
1818:
709:. The coup took place several days after a bodyguard assassinated the second President of the
3544:
3415:
2094:
1681:
1490:
1324:
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292:
1578:
broke out after Barre's government sought to incorporate the predominantly Somali-inhabited
4063:
3796:
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3529:
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3425:
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1772:
1541:
1536:
1260:
929:
911:
714:
429:
299:
4039:
1943:
172:
8:
3826:
3534:
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3326:
3205:
3190:
3170:
3142:
2947:
2877:
2635:
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2016:
1876:
1700:
1591:
1549:
1363:
1312:
1137:
706:
277:
2287:
Making and
Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa
3821:
3400:
3390:
3162:
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3004:
2893:
2630:
2503:
2498:
2483:
2428:
2187:
1300:
966:
960:
935:
773:
1857:
1703:, supported by Ethiopia, which sprang up across the country and eventually led to the
3728:
3494:
3395:
3243:
3210:
3180:
3125:
3095:
2645:
2372:
2318:
2291:
2264:
2233:
2207:
1998:
1978:
1880:
1441:
860:
3974:
3519:
3237:
3200:
3195:
3152:
2544:
2531:
2463:
2453:
2199:
2012:
1945:
1735:
1704:
1660:
1545:
1494:
1187:
872:
722:
691:
672:
414:
401:
1695:(1987–1988), largely destroying several major cities and targeting members of the
3561:
3137:
3115:
3051:
2811:
2796:
2640:
2473:
1972:
1688:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1505:
1504:
campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a
1369:
1254:
1192:
1003:
905:
710:
694:
680:
658:
650:
559:
498:
289:
282:
255:
178:
151:
136:
3934:
3499:
3247:
3185:
2801:
2791:
2771:
2706:
2526:
2458:
1692:
1548:, public participation and popular control, as well as direct ownership of the
1392:
1228:
1222:
1058:
917:
866:
4076:
4014:
3768:
3524:
3435:
3314:
2741:
2237:
2211:
1525:
525:
1586:. The war was part of a broader SNA effort to unite all Somali territories (
1531:
In July 1976, Barre's SRC disbanded itself and established in its place the
4019:
3908:
3888:
3430:
2746:
2694:
2448:
1974:
Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century
1216:
1175:
807:
752:
2203:
3748:
3733:
3380:
2839:
2776:
1513:
1489:
after
President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant general
744:
3258:
3175:
2849:
2781:
2682:
2660:
2513:
2163:, Issues 94–105, (New People Media Centre: Comboni Missionaries, 2005).
1751:
1571:
1565:
1509:
1410:
1181:
828:
702:
615:
388:
318:
2260:
Stopping Mass
Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention
3289:
2751:
2677:
2443:
1916:
The
Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac
1673:
1627:
1611:
1553:
1154:
1148:
1142:
801:
690:
The
Somalia Democratic Republic was established in October 1969 as a
245:
1676:
continued to rule. In October 1980, the SRSP was disbanded, and the
24:
3450:
2854:
2844:
2829:
2806:
2736:
2665:
2385:
1631:
1615:
1501:
717:. Barre's administration ruled Somalia for the next 21 years until
520:
502:
362:
285:
1723:(SPM), together with the non-violent political oppositions of the
3763:
2834:
2416:
1270:
1196:
684:
611:
1944:
Permanent Mission of the Somali Republic to the United Nations.
3539:
3331:
2766:
2731:
1607:
1595:
1579:
1274:
839:
259:
2188:"Somalia: Civil War, Intervention and Withdrawal(1990 - 1995)"
3753:
3723:
2786:
2726:
2650:
2360:
1870:
1696:
1643:
A new Constitution was ratified on August 25, 1979 through a
1619:
1266:
270:
2364:
The New Communist Third World: An Essay in Political Economy
2043:
The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy
1873:
The New Communist Third World: An Essay in Political Economy
3738:
3662:
3604:
2935:
2761:
2756:
1623:
1575:
2314:
Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity
1817:
Census, United States Bureau of the (December 23, 1980).
1764:
Mohamed Farah Salad (November 1, 1969 – March 1970)
1903:, Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.
1614:, threatening the train route from the latter city to
2082:
Encyclopedia of international peacekeeping operations
1768:
Post abolished (March 1970 – February 1, 1987)
1417:
Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence
666:
1516:(AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4074:
1970:
733:
16:1969–1991 socialist state in the Horn of Africa
2071:, 30th Ed. (Taylor and Francis: 2000), p.1025.
1738:on January 26, 1991, and Somalia subsequently
4088:States and territories disestablished in 1991
3274:
2401:
1459:
1076:
1971:Adam, Hussein Mohamed; Richard Ford (1997).
1911:
1909:
1781:(September 3, 1990 – January 24, 1991)
1775:(February 1, 1987 – September 3, 1990)
1731:(SDA) and the Somali Manifesto Group (SMG).
206:
143:
128:
1934:, Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.
1926:
1924:
1754:(October 21, 1969 – January 26, 1991)
4093:States and territories established in 1969
3281:
3267:
2408:
2394:
2174:Somalia: issues, history, and bibliography
2166:
2074:
1825:
1590:). In the first week of the conflict, the
1466:
1452:
1083:
1069:
668:al-Jumhūrīyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah aṣ-Ṣūmālīyah
233:
2117:, (Economic Features, ltd.: 1978), p.602.
2037:
2035:
2033:
1906:
455:637,657 km (246,201 sq mi)
447:957,657 km (369,753 sq mi)
439:637,657 km (246,201 sq mi)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3288:
2551:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
2087:
1921:
1535:(SRSP), a one-party government based on
743:
2185:
2048:
1893:
740:Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)
655:Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya Soomaaliyeed
130:Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliyeed
4075:
2361:la Fosse Wiles, Peter John de (1982).
2283:
2256:
2250:
2108:
2045:, (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.
2030:
1871:la Fosse Wiles, Peter John de (1982).
1821:. The Bureau – via Google Books.
1816:
3262:
2389:
2337:
2310:
2304:
2126:
2120:
1991:
1932:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations
2415:
2153:
2061:
1997:
1964:
1918:, Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.
1707:. Among the militia groups were the
1533:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1899:J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver,
1687:The government became increasingly
1638:
662:
144:
13:
2354:
2080:Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse,
1758:
1559:
14:
4159:
4128:1991 disestablishments in Somalia
2257:Peifer, Douglas C. (2009-05-01).
1709:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
629:from 1969 to 1976 and after 1980.
4138:1991 disestablishments in Africa
3242:
3233:
3232:
2599:
2338:Reinl, James (6 February 2014).
2226:"SOMALIA'S DESCENT TO MOBOCRACY"
2176:, (Nova Publishers: 2002), p.25.
1435:
1119:
1052:
1028:Transitional National Government
783:
591:
577:
552:
220:
185:
171:
23:
2519:Somaliland War of Independence
2331:
2277:
2218:
2179:
2069:Africa South of the Sahara 2001
1937:
1901:The Cambridge history of Africa
1034:Transitional Federal Government
663:الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية
145:الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية
34:needs additional citations for
4123:1969 establishments in Somalia
3787:Azerbaijan People's Government
2186:Prunier, Gérard (1996-01-01).
2134:. WardheerNews. Archived from
2041:Peter John de la Fosse Wiles,
1977:. Red Sea Press. p. 226.
1864:
1850:
1810:
1807:Survey of China Mainland Press
1801:
1792:
1626:regime. On March 15th 1978, a
1524:(OAU), the predecessor of the
1387:Somaliland War of Independence
634:not internationally recognized
1:
2509:Trust Territory of Somaliland
2058:(Gale Research: 1992), p.306.
1860:– via Internet Archive.
1858:"The 1991 CIA World Factbook"
1785:
1678:Supreme Revolutionary Council
1522:Organisation of African Unity
1483:Supreme Revolutionary Council
734:Supreme Revolutionary Council
677:Repubblica Democratica Somala
627:Supreme Revolutionary Council
573:Interim Government of Somalia
2290:. Cornell University Press.
2284:Straus, Scott (2015-03-24).
1745:
1602:and followed them as far as
58:"Somali Democratic Republic"
7:
3827:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
2115:ARR: Arab report and record
1654:
1405:Declaration of Independence
667:
10:
4164:
4083:Former socialist republics
2311:Jones, Adam (2017-01-22).
2084:, (ABC-CLIO: 1999), p.222.
1729:Somali Democratic Alliance
1725:Somali Democratic Movement
1667:abortive 1978 coup attempt
1658:
1610:and put heavy pressure on
1563:
1381:Somali Democratic Republic
834:Ancient Somali City-States
737:
728:
647:Somali Democratic Republic
125:Somali Democratic Republic
4061:
3922:
3854:
3779:
3686:
3655:
3569:
3558:
3487:
3466:
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3228:
3161:
3091:
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3012:
3003:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2820:
2717:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2597:
2569:
2436:
2427:
2159:New People Media Centre,
2129:"Brothers in Arms Part I"
1946:"Country Facts | Somalia"
1721:Somali Patriotic Movement
1582:region into a Pan-Somali
1512:, eventually joining the
1423:Constitutional referendum
1010:Mohamed Siad Barre regime
621:
607:
531:
519:
509:
494:
490:
480:
470:
466:
459:
451:
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435:
428:
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398:
385:
372:
368:
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342:
338:
328:
324:
312:
308:
298:
276:
266:
251:
241:
232:
201:
167:
162:
123:
2192:Refugee Survey Quarterly
2008:Somalia: A Country Study
1717:Somali National Movement
924:Khedivate's Somali Coast
3837:North Korea (1947–1948)
3832:North Korea (1946–1947)
2469:Sultanate of the Geledi
1570:On July 13th 1977, the
1337:Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
1016:Somaliland independence
900:Sultanate of the Geledi
631:
624:
252:Official languages
4148:Military dictatorships
3559:Current and historical
1779:Muhammad Hawadle Madar
1713:United Somali Congress
1544:and its own accent on
1479:Mohamed Ainanshe Guled
1376:1961 revolt in Somalia
879:Sultanate of Mogadishu
756:
749:Mohamed Ainanshe Guled
676:
654:
587:Republic of Somaliland
349:Mohamed Ainanshe Guled
218:"Somalia will live on"
209:Soomaaliya Ha Noolaato
207:
129:
2340:"Somaliland massacre"
1691:, culminating in the
1682:military dictatorship
1618:. After the siege of
1491:Salaad Gabeyre Kediye
1481:alongside Barre, the
1442:Somaliland portal
747:
293:military dictatorship
4108:Communism in Somalia
4064:History of socialism
2558:(2009–present)
2489:Warsangali Sultanate
2479:Majeerteen Sultanate
2369:Taylor & Francis
2263:. DIANE Publishing.
2172:Nina J. Fitzgerald,
1877:Taylor & Francis
1773:Muhammad Ali Samatar
1740:collapsed into chaos
1701:resistance movements
1649:Council of Ministers
1592:Somali National Army
1542:scientific socialism
1537:scientific socialism
1493:and Chief of Police
1261:Habr Yunis Sultanate
930:Majeerteen Sultanate
912:Habr Yunis Sultanate
715:Abdirashid Shermarke
43:improve this article
4133:Totalitarian states
4000:Estonia (1918–1919)
3894:Hungary (1949–1989)
2204:10.1093/rsq/15.1.35
2017:Library of Congress
1550:means of production
1364:State of Somaliland
1319:Somaliland campaign
1313:Somaliland campaign
1195: •
1188:Land of the Berbers
1138:Caves in Somaliland
687:from 1969 to 1991.
319:Mohammed Siad Barre
3965:Byelorussia (1919)
2860:South West Somalia
2504:British Somaliland
2499:Italian Somaliland
2484:Sultanate of Hobyo
2127:Ahmed III, Abdul.
2054:Benjamin Frankel,
1752:Mohamed Siad Barre
1736:removed from power
1645:popular referendum
1301:British Somaliland
1273: •
1269: •
1235:Ethiopian–Adal war
1059:Somalia portal
1040:Federal Government
1022:Interim Government
967:British Somaliland
961:Italian Somaliland
936:Sultanate of Hobyo
840:Azania city-states
804:(3,500-2,500 BCE )
757:
703:Mohamed Siad Barre
376:Somali coup d'état
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
3850:
3849:
3592:Congo-Brazzaville
3488:Regional variants
3256:
3255:
3224:
3223:
3078:
3077:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2963:Political parties
2953:Political history
2909:Foreign relations
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2646:Guardafui Channel
2595:
2594:
2534:(1986–1992)
2521:(1981–1991)
2344:www.aljazeera.com
1476:
1475:
1356:
1352:Modern Somaliland
1293:
1292:(1884–1960)
1093:
1092:
953:(1884–1960)
861:Sultanate of Ifat
810:(2,500–1,500 BCE)
719:Somalia collapsed
701:by Major General
643:
642:
603:
602:
599:
598:
565:
564:
344:• 1969–1973
314:• 1969–1991
225:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4155:
4143:Socialist states
4118:Somali Civil War
4113:Communist states
4103:1980s in Somalia
4098:1970s in Somalia
3920:
3919:
3777:
3776:
3567:
3566:
3562:socialist states
3441:African-American
3283:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3089:
3088:
3055:
3042:Mineral industry
3032:Economic history
3010:
3009:
2943:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2559:
2552:
2535:
2522:
2494:Dervish movement
2454:Walashma dynasty
2434:
2433:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2013:Washington, D.C.
1995:
1989:
1988:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:. United Nations
1941:
1935:
1930:Moshe Y. Sachs,
1928:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1879:. p. 1590.
1868:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1835:. Archived from
1829:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1798:Mogadishu memoir
1796:
1705:Somali Civil War
1661:Somali Civil War
1639:New Constitution
1546:self-sufficiency
1495:Jama Ali Korshel
1468:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1354:
1331:Italian invasion
1325:Burao Tax Revolt
1307:Dervish movement
1291:
1157:(5,000~3,500 BC)
1123:
1113:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1055:
873:Ajuran Sultanate
844:(c. 1st century)
836:(c. 1st century)
787:
777:
759:
758:
692:Marxist-Leninist
683:that existed in
670:
664:
625:Chairman of the
595:
594:
581:
580:
569:
568:
556:
555:
549:
548:
533:
532:
415:Somali Civil War
402:Somali Rebellion
237:
227:
226:
216:
212:
189:
175:
156:
155:
147:
146:
140:
132:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4049:
4030:Slovakia (1919)
3930:Alsace-Lorraine
3918:
3846:
3775:
3682:
3651:
3560:
3554:
3483:
3462:
3293:
3287:
3257:
3252:
3220:
3157:
3148:Public holidays
3074:
3053:
2991:
2937:
2864:
2816:
2812:Woqooyi Galbeed
2797:Middle Shebelle
2713:
2673:Mountain ranges
2641:Greater Somalia
2604:
2591:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2533:
2520:
2474:Isaaq Sultanate
2423:
2414:
2379:
2371:. p. 392.
2357:
2355:Further reading
2352:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2230:Washington Post
2224:
2223:
2219:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2021:
2019:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1761:
1759:Prime ministers
1748:
1663:
1657:
1641:
1584:Greater Somalia
1568:
1562:
1560:Ogaden campaign
1506:nationalization
1472:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1370:Somali Republic
1359:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:Colonial period
1280:
1279:
1255:Isaaq Sultanate
1250:
1240:
1239:
1217:Kingdom of Adal
1212:
1202:
1201:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1133:
1111:
1104:
1089:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1004:Somali Republic
999:
998:
995:
985:
984:
979:Trust Territory
956:
955:
952:
951:Colonial period
942:
941:
906:Isaaq Sultanate
895:
885:
884:
856:
846:
845:
824:
814:
813:
797:
775:
768:
742:
736:
731:
711:Somali Republic
707:Somali military
695:one-party state
681:socialist state
639:
614:
592:
578:
560:Somali Republic
553:
499:Somali shilling
483:
473:
420:26 January 1991
417:
404:
391:
381:21 October 1969
378:
345:
315:
262:
258:
228:
221:
217:
214:
197:
196:
195:
190:
182:
181:
176:
158:
157:
149:
142:
141:
134:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Hungary (1919)
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3877:Czech Republic
3872:Czechoslovakia
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3812:Inner Mongolia
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:East Turkestan
3789:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:United Kingdom
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3431:United Kingdom
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Child marriage
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3070:Transportation
3067:
3062:
3060:Communications
3057:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2980:Prime Minister
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Lower Shebelle
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:Bajuni Islands
2699:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2527:Isaaq genocide
2524:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Adal Sultanate
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2330:
2323:
2303:
2296:
2276:
2269:
2249:
2217:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2141:on May 3, 2012
2119:
2107:
2097:. Mongabay.com
2086:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2029:
2001:, ed. (1992),
1999:Metz, Helen C.
1990:
1983:
1963:
1936:
1920:
1905:
1892:
1885:
1863:
1849:
1824:
1809:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1719:(SNM) and the
1693:Isaaq genocide
1659:Main article:
1656:
1653:
1640:
1637:
1600:Ethiopian Army
1564:Main article:
1561:
1558:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1393:Isaaq genocide
1390:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1264:
1263:(18th-19th c.)
1258:
1257:(17th-19th c.)
1251:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:(15th-16th c.)
1229:Adal Sultanate
1226:
1225:(12th-15th c.)
1223:Ifat Sultanate
1220:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1178:(2500~2000 BC)
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:Modern Somalia
992:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
976:
970:
964:
957:
949:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
933:
927:
921:
918:Hiraab Imamate
915:
909:
903:
896:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
881:(13th–16th c.)
876:
875:(13th–17th c.)
870:
867:Adal Sultanate
864:
857:
852:
851:
848:
847:
843:
842:
837:
831:
825:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
805:
798:
793:
792:
789:
788:
780:
779:
770:
769:
762:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
730:
727:
641:
640:
638:
637:
632:Somaliland is
630:
622:
619:
618:
609:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
589:
583:
582:
575:
566:
563:
562:
557:
545:
544:
539:
529:
528:
523:
517:
516:
513:
507:
506:
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
457:
456:
453:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
433:
432:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
399:
396:
395:
392:
386:
383:
382:
379:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
360:
359:Historical era
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:Vice President
326:
325:
322:
321:
316:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
280:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
230:
229:
219:
199:
198:
191:
184:
183:
177:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
127:
124:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4160:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4065:
4060:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3980:Crimea (1919)
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3842:South Vietnam
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3769:North Vietnam
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3479:United States
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:United States
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:New Australia
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:Mental health
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
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2324:9781842771914
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2317:. Zed Books.
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2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
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2003:"Coup d'Etat"
2000:
1994:
1986:
1984:1-56902-073-6
1980:
1976:
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1967:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1925:
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1886:0-7099-2709-6
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1839:on 2019-05-09
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1526:African Union
1523:
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1498:
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1492:
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1487:assumed power
1484:
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1219:(9th-12th c.)
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973:Dervish State
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521:ISO 3166 code
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407:10 March 1978
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99:November 2023
91:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3940:Baranya–Baja
3909:Soviet Union
3889:East Germany
3641:
3587:Burkina Faso
3171:Architecture
3111:Demographics
3106:Coat of arms
3047:Oil industry
3022:Central Bank
2939:
2919:Human rights
2899:Constitution
2449:Land of Punt
2363:
2343:
2333:
2313:
2306:
2286:
2279:
2259:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
2198:(1): 35–85.
2195:
2191:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2145:February 28,
2143:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2122:
2114:
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2089:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2020:, retrieved
2009:
2006:
1993:
1973:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1949:
1939:
1931:
1915:
1900:
1895:
1872:
1866:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1827:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1767:
1733:
1689:totalitarian
1686:
1671:
1664:
1642:
1588:Soomaaliweyn
1569:
1530:
1499:
1477:
1380:
1355:(since 1960)
1248:Early modern
1176:Land of Punt
1009:
996:(since 1960)
893:Early modern
808:Land of Punt
753:East Germany
697:following a
689:
646:
644:
542:Succeeded by
541:
536:
511:Calling code
482:• 1977
472:• 1972
394:13 July 1977
290:totalitarian
202:
193:Coat of arms
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3923:Short-lived
3780:Short-lived
3749:South Yemen
3734:North Korea
3694:Afghanistan
3411:New Zealand
3406:Netherlands
3017:Agriculture
2924:LGBT rights
2840:Hirshabelle
2777:Middle Juba
2067:Oihe Yang,
2022:October 21,
1727:(SDM), the
1518:chairperson
1514:Arab League
1485:(SRC) that
1419:(1991-1997)
1395:(1982-1990)
1389:(1981-1991)
1383:(1969-1991)
1372:(1960-1969)
1315:(1901-1910)
1309:(1884-1920)
1303:(1884-1960)
1210:Middle Ages
1145:(10,000 BC)
1110:History of
1036:(2004–2012)
1030:(2000–2004)
1024:(1991–1997)
1018:(1981–1991)
1012:(1969–1991)
1006:(1960-1969)
981:(1941–1960)
975:(1895–1920)
969:(1888–1960)
963:(1889–1941)
938:(1876–1926)
932:(18th–1924)
926:(1874–1884)
920:(17th–1890)
914:(1769–1907)
908:(1750–1884)
902:(17th–1911)
869:(1415–1577)
854:Middle Ages
774:History of
699:coup d'état
537:Preceded by
4077:Categories
4035:Tarnobrzeg
3960:Bessarabia
3914:Yugoslavia
3637:Seychelles
3632:Mozambique
3627:Madagascar
3550:Vietnamese
3545:Venezuelan
3535:Nicaraguan
3530:Melanesian
3447:Venezuela
3359:Kuomintang
3352:since 1978
3322:Bangladesh
3298:By country
3292:by country
3191:Literature
3054:(currency)
2958:Parliament
2914:Government
2850:Somaliland
2782:Lower Juba
2683:Buur Dhaab
2661:Iskushuban
2656:Waterfalls
2532:Rebellion
2514:Ogaden War
2437:Chronology
2243:2020-09-23
2161:New people
2101:2012-09-18
1950:www.un.int
1843:2009-05-27
1786:References
1734:Barre was
1572:Ogaden War
1566:Ogaden War
1510:Arab world
1411:Somaliland
1182:Macrobians
1151:(5,000 BC)
1131:Prehistory
1112:Somaliland
863:(940–1415)
829:Macrobians
795:Prehistory
616:Somaliland
461:Population
389:Ogaden War
278:Government
69:newspapers
3993:1939–1940
3948:1918–1919
3717:1982–1992
3712:1979–1992
3707:1975–1979
3703:Cambodia
3678:Nicaragua
3610:1987–1991
3605:1974–1987
3601:Ethiopia
3540:Tanzanian
3421:Sri Lanka
3364:Hong Kong
3347:Communist
3310:Australia
3305:Argentina
3290:Socialism
3216:Languages
3121:Education
3052:Shilling
3027:Companies
2968:President
2931:Judiciary
2904:Elections
2752:Galguduud
2690:Mountains
2678:Cal Madow
2610:Geography
2545:Civil War
2444:Laas Geel
2238:0190-8286
2212:1020-4067
2095:"Somalia"
1746:President
1674:politburo
1628:ceasefire
1612:Dire Dawa
1554:socialist
1155:Dhaymoole
1149:Dhambalin
1143:Laas Gaal
802:Laas Geel
725:in 1991.
723:civil war
486:6,709,161
476:2,941,000
300:President
283:Socialist
267:Religion
246:Mogadishu
163:1969–1991
4045:Würzburg
4020:Naissaar
3984:Finland
3944:Bavaria
3882:Slovakia
3867:Bulgaria
3797:Far East
3744:Mongolia
3656:Americas
3520:European
3451:Chavismo
3416:Pakistan
3238:Category
3206:Religion
3143:Polygamy
3116:Diaspora
2948:Military
2878:Politics
2855:Puntland
2845:Jubaland
2830:Galmudug
2807:Togdheer
2737:Banaadir
2666:Lamadaya
2636:Wildlife
2582:Military
2577:Maritime
2570:By topic
2421:articles
1956:5 August
1711:(SSDF),
1655:Collapse
1632:Cold War
1616:Djibouti
1576:Ethiopia
1574:against
1502:literacy
1184:(525 BC)
1101:a series
1099:Part of
765:a series
763:Part of
705:and the
679:) was a
495:Currency
363:Cold War
288:under a
286:republic
215:(Somali)
4015:Ireland
4005:Galicia
3904:Romania
3862:Albania
3817:Jiangxi
3764:Vietnam
3668:Grenada
3642:Somalia
3525:Israeli
3515:Chinese
3510:Burmese
3505:British
3495:African
3467:History
3458:Vietnam
3426:Tunisia
3376:Finland
3371:Estonia
3186:Cuisine
3163:Culture
3084:Society
3065:Tourism
3005:Economy
2894:Cabinet
2835:Khatumo
2719:Regions
2631:Climate
2429:History
2417:Somalia
1715:(USC),
1520:of the
1271:Berbera
1197:Mosylon
1169:Ancient
1042:(2012–)
822:Ancient
776:Somalia
755:in 1971
729:History
685:Somalia
673:Italian
612:Somalia
413:•
400:•
387:•
374:•
242:Capital
203:Anthem:
83:scholar
4025:Saxony
3970:Bremen
3899:Poland
3855:Europe
3822:Kuwait
3802:Fujian
3617:Guinea
3577:Angola
3570:Africa
3386:Greece
3381:France
3343:China
3339:Canada
3332:Lulism
3327:Brazil
3248:Portal
3211:Sports
3181:Cinema
3126:Health
3096:Anthem
2822:States
2767:Sanaag
2732:Bakool
2702:Island
2695:Bahaya
2626:Cities
2587:Postal
2540:Piracy
2419:
2375:
2321:
2294:
2267:
2236:
2210:
1981:
1883:
1608:Jijiga
1604:Sidamo
1596:Ogaden
1580:Ogaden
1528:(AU).
1425:(2001)
1413:(1991)
1407:(1991)
1401:(1991)
1366:(1960)
1339:(1945)
1333:(1941)
1327:(1922)
1321:(1920)
1275:Bulhar
1103:on the
767:on the
659:Arabic
651:Somali
334:
304:
260:Arabic
256:Somali
213:
205:
152:Arabic
148:
137:Somali
133:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4040:Užice
3975:Bihać
3935:Banat
3807:Gilan
3754:Syria
3724:China
3699:Burma
3673:Chile
3647:Sudan
3622:Libya
3597:Egypt
3582:Benin
3401:Italy
3391:India
3201:Music
3196:Media
3153:Women
2792:Nugal
2787:Mudug
2772:Hiran
2727:Awdal
2651:Hafun
2139:(PDF)
2132:(PDF)
1697:Isaaq
1620:Harar
1267:Zeila
1193:Malao
721:into
430:Area
271:Islam
90:JSTOR
76:books
3988:1918
3953:1919
3759:Tuva
3739:Laos
3729:Iraq
3687:Asia
3663:Cuba
3500:Arab
3396:Iran
3138:Flag
2985:List
2973:List
2940:Xeer
2936:Law
2762:Sool
2757:Gedo
2742:Bari
2373:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2234:ISSN
2208:ISSN
2147:2012
2024:2009
1979:ISBN
1958:2024
1881:ISBN
1624:Derg
645:The
452:1991
444:1977
436:1972
179:Flag
62:news
3176:Art
3037:EEZ
2747:Bay
2200:doi
751:in
515:252
503:SOS
45:by
4079::
2367:.
2342:.
2232:.
2228:.
2206:.
2196:15
2194:.
2190:.
2032:^
2015::
2011:,
2005:,
1948:.
1923:^
1908:^
1875:.
1742:.
1556:.
713:,
675::
671:;
665:,
661::
657:;
653::
526:SO
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3275:t
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2942:)
2938:(
2409:e
2402:t
2395:v
2381:.
2346:.
2327:.
2300:.
2273:.
2246:.
2214:.
2202::
2149:.
2104:.
2027:.
1987:.
1960:.
1889:.
1846:.
1467:e
1460:t
1453:v
1084:e
1077:t
1070:v
649:(
505:)
501:(
154:)
150:(
139:)
135:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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