Somaliland - Knowledge

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the entire Horn of Africa. In contrast to the chaos and extremist threats that continue to plague much of the rest of Somalia—and unlike the authoritarian regimes that throng its neighborhood—Somaliland has held three consecutive competitive elections since its constitutional referendum in 2001, has a parliament controlled by opposition parties, and boasts a vibrant economy dominated by the private sector. Somaliland has achieved these successes by constructing a set of governing bodies rooted in traditional Somali concepts of governance by consultation and consent. In contrast to most postcolonial states in Africa and the Middle East, Somaliland has had a chance to administer itself using customary norms, values, and relationships. In fact, its integration of traditional ways of governance within a modern state apparatus has helped it to achieve greater cohesion and legitimacy and— not coincidentally—create greater room for competitive elections and public criticism than exists in most similarly endowed territories. ... Somaliland has profited from a unity conferred by its comparatively homogeneous population, modest disparities in personal wealth, widespread fear of the south, and a lack of outside interference that might have undermined the accountability that has been forced on its leaders. This cohesiveness—which makes Somaliland sharply distinct from both Somalia and most other African states—has combined with the enduring strength of traditional institutions of self-governance to mold a unique form of democracy.

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assistance. Specifically, Kaplan suggests that Somaliland has the most democratic political system in the Horn of Africa because it has been largely insulated from the extremist elements in the rest of Somalia and has viable electoral and legislative systems as well as a robust private sector-dominated economy, unlike neighbouring authoritarian governments. He largely attributes this to Somaliland's integration of customary laws and tradition with modern state structures, which he indicates most post-colonial states in Africa and the Middle East have not had the opportunity to do. Kaplan asserts that this has facilitated cohesiveness and conferred greater governmental legitimacy in Somaliland, as has the territory's comparatively homogeneous population, relatively equitable income distribution, a common fear of the south, and absence of interference by outside forces, which has obliged local politicians to observe a degree of accountability.

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quell the disturbance, when 1954 fire was opened upon him by some riflemen, and he was instantly killed. The murderers escaped under cover of falling darkness. Captain Gibb was an officer of long and valued service in Somaliland, whose loss I deeply regret. From the information available, his murder does not appear to have been premeditated, but it inevitably had a disturbing effect upon the surrounding tribes, and immediate dispositions of troops became necessary to ensure the apprehension and punishment of those responsible for the murder. On 27th February the Governor telegraphed that, to meet the situation which had arisen, he required two aeroplanes for purposes of demonstration, and suggested that two aeroplanes from the Royal Air Force Detachment at Aden should fly over to Berber a from Aden. He also telegraphed that in certain circumstances it might become necessary to ask for reinforcements of troops to be sent to the Protectorate.

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heaviest rainfall. This constitutes the period of fresh grazing and abundant surface water. It is also the breeding season for livestock. Hagaa (from late June through August) is usually dry although there are often some scattered showers in the Ogo range, these are known as Karan rains. Hagaa tends to be hot and windy in most parts of the country. Dayr (September, October, and early November), which roughly corresponds to autumn, is the second, or minor, wet season; the amount of precipitation is generally less than that of Gu. Jilaal, or winter, falls in the coolest and driest months of the year (from late November to early March). It is a season of thirst. Hawd receive virtually no rainfall in winter. The rainfall in the Guban zone, known as "Hays", comes from December to February. The humidity of the country varies from 63% in the dry season to 82% in the wet season.

3222: 2638: 817: 2976: 2493:, which met for four months, leading to a gradual improvement in security, as well as a consolidation of the new territory. Another armed conflict between the Somaliland government, now under Egal, and rebels began, as militias of the Eidagalley clan occupied Hargeisa airport for some time. Conflict re-erupted when troops of the government attacked the airport to drive out the Eidagalley militias in October 1994, sparking a new war that would spread out of Hargeisa and last until around April 1995, with a rebel defeat. Around the same time, Djiboutian-backed forces of the Issa-dominated United Somali Front attempted and failed to carve out Issa-inhabited areas of Somaliland. Egal was reappointed in 1997, and remained in power until his death on 3 May 2002. The vice-president, 2757:. Each house has 82 members. Members of the House of Elders are elected indirectly by local communities for six-year terms. The House of Elders shares power in passing laws with the House of Representatives, and also has the role of solving internal conflicts, and exclusive power to extend the terms of the President and representatives under circumstances that make an election impossible. Members of the House of Representatives are directly elected by the people for five-year terms. The House of Representatives shares voting power with the House of Elders, though it can pass a law that the House of Elders rejects if it votes for the law by a two-thirds majority and has absolute power in financial matters and confirmation of Presidential appointments (except for the 2350: 4159: 1866: 2723: 2041:

riflemen and he was instantly killed..Miscreants then disappeared under the cover of darkness. To meet the situation created by the Murder of Gibb, we require two aeroplanes for about fourteen days. I have arranged with resident, Aden, for these. And made formal application, which please confirm. It is proposed they fly via Perim, confining sea crossing to 12 miles. We propose to inflict fine of 2,500 camels on implicated sections, who are practically isolated and demand surrender of man who killed Gibbs. He is known. Fine to be doubled in failure to comply with latter conditions and aeroplanes to be used to bomb stock on grazing grounds.

2626: 2615: 162: 3893:. It is semi-arid. The average daily temperatures range from 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F). The sun passes vertically overhead twice a year, in April and in August or September. Somaliland consists of three main topographic zones: a coastal plain (Guban), the coastal range (Ogo), and a plateau (Hawd). The coastal plain is a zone with high temperatures and low rainfall. Summer temperatures in the region easily average over 100 °F (38 °C). However, temperatures come down during the winter, and both human and livestock populations increase dramatically in the region. 2358: 18327: 3737: 3765: 15371: 3857: 2776: 2307:, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. The constitution had little support in the former Somaliland and was believed to favour the south. Many northerners boycotted the referendum in protest, and over 60% of those who voted in the north were against the new constitution. Regardless, the referendum passed, and Somaliland became quickly dominated by southerners. As result, dissatisfaction became widespread in the north, and support for the union plummeted. British-trained Somaliland officers attempted a 5347: 2853:. The government became in essence a "power-sharing coalition of Somaliland's main clans", with seats in the Upper and Lower houses proportionally allocated to clans according to a predetermined formula, although not all clans are satisfied with their representation. In 2002, after several extensions of this interim government, Somaliland transitioned to multi-party democracy. The election was limited to three parties, in an attempt to create ideology-based elections rather than clan-based elections. As of December 2014, Somaliland has three 3398: 2830: 1691: 5761: 959: 3718: 3603: 4566: 1235:. The source of the spices is said to have been the best-kept secret of Arab and Somali merchants in their trade with the Roman and Greek world; the Romans and Greeks believed the source to have been the Somali peninsula. The collaboration between Somali and Arab traders inflated the price of Indian and Chinese cinnamon in North Africa, the Near East, and Europe, and made the spice trade profitable, especially for the Somali merchants through whose hands large quantities were shipped across sea and land routes. 4094: 1662: 2972:, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, stated that the United States would be modifying its strategy in Somalia and would seek deeper engagement with the governments of Somaliland and Puntland while continuing to support the Somali Transitional Government. Carson said the US would send aid workers and diplomats to Puntland and Somaliland and alluded to the possibility of future development projects. However, Carson emphasised that the US would not extend formal recognition to either region. 3749: 3069: 1261: 3927: 5531: 2459: 17460: 98: 4359: 84: 4247: 2147:

defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured.

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exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn, and the British administration confined to the coast town of

5480: 4625: 3804: 4558: 1744: 5109: 5688: 5156: 14145: 4906: 1064: 1350: 1772: 1965:. After three weeks of battle, Hassan's Dervishes were defeated, bringing an effective end to their 20-year resistance. It was one of the bloodiest and longest militant movements in sub-Saharan Africa during the colonial era, one that overlapped with World War I. The battles between various sides over two decades killed nearly a third of Somaliland's population and ravaged the local economy. 2790:, criminal cases punishable by up to 3 years' imprisonment or 3 million SL fines, and crimes committed by juveniles), regional courts (which deal with lawsuits and criminal cases not within the jurisdiction of district courts, labour and employment claims, and local government elections), regional appeals courts (which deal with all appeals from the district and regional courts), and the 5651: 2704:, whose government includes a vice-president and a Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers, who are responsible for the normal running of government, are nominated by the President and approved by the Parliament's House of Representatives. The President must approve bills passed by the Parliament before they come into effect. Presidential elections are confirmed by the 18315: 17071: 1819:. These engagements between the British and Somali clans culminated in the formal treaties the British signed with the henceforth 'British Somaliland' clans, which took place between 1884 and 1886 (treaties were signed with the Habar Awal, Gadabursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Garhajis, Esa, and the Warsangali clans), and paved the way for the British to establish a 3897:(Hawd) region lies to the south of Ogo range. It is generally more heavily populated during the wet season, when surface water is available. It is also an important area for grazing. Somalilanders recognise four seasons in the year; GU and Hagaa comprise spring and summer in that order, and Dayr and Jiilaal correspond to autumn and winter, respectively. 3165:, the capital of Sool region. In October 2007, Somaliland troops took control of the town. While celebrating Puntland's 11th anniversary on 2 August 2009, Puntland officials vowed to recapture Las Anod. While Somaliland claims independent statehood and therefore "split up" the "old" Somalia, Puntland works for the re-establishment of a united but 5684:, which marks the end of the fasting month. Families get dressed up to visit one another, and money is donated to the poor. Other holidays include 26 June and 18 May, which celebrate British Somaliland's independence and the Somaliland region's establishment, respectively; the latter, however, is not recognised by the international community. 3694:, which sits at an elevation of about 2,416 metres (7,927 ft). The rugged east–west ranges of the Karkaar Mountains also lie to the interior of the Gulf of Aden littoral. In the central regions, the northern mountain ranges give way to shallow plateaus and typically dry watercourses that are referred to locally as the 2066:..was murdered by rioters during a protest against taxation at Burao. Governor Archer immediately called for aircraft which were at Burao within two days. The inhabitants of the native township were turned out of their houses, and the entire area was razed by a combination of bombing, machine-gun fire and burning. 5000:, Arabic and English, although the rate of bilingualism is lower in rural areas. Article 6 of the Constitution of 2001 designates the official language of Somaliland to be Somali, though Arabic is a mandatory subject in school and is used in mosques around the region and English is spoken and taught in schools. 2124:, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July, the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of 1633: 10230:

Abutting the Gulf of Aden just south of the Red Sea, across the water from Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and bordered by Ethiopia and the rest of Somalia, this strategically important territory is not even recognised by the international community but undoubtedly has the most democratic political system in

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The Republic of Somaliland, the secessionist northwestern slice of Somalia that declared independence in 1991, has a far better democratic track record than any of its neighbors despite—or, perhaps, because of—a dearth of assistance from the international community. ... Whereas attempts to build

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Hertslet's Commercial Treaties: A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions, and Reciprocal Regulations, at Present Subsisting Between Great Britain and Foreign Powers, and of the Laws, Decrees, and Orders in Council, Concerning the Same, So Far as They Relate to Commerce and Navigation, to

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lies parallel to the Gulf of Aden littoral. With a width of twelve kilometres (7.5 miles) in the west to as little as two kilometres (1.2 miles) in the east, the plain is bisected by watercourses that are essentially beds of dry sand except during the rainy seasons. When the rains arrive, the Guban's

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signed an agreement to set up representative offices to promote cooperation between the two countries. Cooperation between the two polities on education, maritime security, and medicine began in 2009, and Taiwanese staff entered Somaliland in February 2020 to prepare for the representative office. As

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After the RAF aircraft bombed Burao to the ground, the leaders of the rebellion acquiesced, agreeing to pay a fine for Gibb's death, but they refused to identify and apprehend the accused individuals. Most of the men responsible for Gibb's shooting evaded capture. In light of the failure to implement

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I deeply regret to inform that during an affray at Burao yesterday between Rer Sugulleh and Akils of other tribes Captain Gibb was shot dead. Having called out Camel corps company to quell the disturbance, he went forward himself with his interpreter, whereupon fire opened on him by some Rer segulleh

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in 2014 primarily for the purpose of distributing United Nations funding among the regions and to offer a reliable population estimate in lieu of a census. This population estimate puts the combined population of the regions of Somaliland at 3.5 million. The Somaliland government estimates that

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In 1958, the first test well was dug by Standard Vacuum (Exxon Mobil and Shell) in Dhagax Shabeel, Saaxil region. These wells were selected without field data or seismic testing and were solely based on the geological makeup of the region. Three of the four test wells were successful in producing of

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The average annual rainfall is 446 millimetres (17.6 in) in some parts of country according to availability of rain gauge, and most of it comes during Gu and Dayr. Gu, which is the first, or major, rainy season (late March, April, May, and early June), is where Ogo range and Hawd experience the

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The counterinsurgency by the Barre regime against the SNM targeted the rebel group's civilian base of support, escalating into a genocidal onslaught against the Isaaq clan. This led to anarchy and violent campaigns by fragmented militias, which then wrested power at a local level. The Barre regime's

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Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-officers, Superannuated Rear-admirals, Retired-captains, Post-captains, and Commanders, Whose Names Appeared on the Admiralty List of Sea Officers at the Commencement of the Present Year, Or who Have Since Been Promoted, Illustrated

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or "Hargeisa Holocaust". A United Nations investigation concluded that the crime of genocide was "conceived, planned and perpetrated by the Somali Government against the Isaaq people". The number of civilian casualties is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000 according to various sources,

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independence in favour of a gradual transfer of power. The arrangement would allow local politicians to gain more political experience in running the protectorate before official independence. However, strong pan-Somali nationalism and a landslide victory in the earlier elections encouraged them to

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The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news travelled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had

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On 25th February the Governor of Somaliland telegraphed that an affray between tribesmen had taken place at Burao on the previous day, in the course of which Captain Allan Gibb, D.S.O., D.C.M., the District Commissioner at Burao, had been shot dead. Captain Gibb had advanced with his interpreter to

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a licence to explore oil within its territory. Results of a surface seep study completed early in 2015 confirmed the outstanding potential offered in the SL-10B, SL-13, and Oodweyne blocks, with estimated oil reserves of 1 billion barrels each. Genel Energy is set to drill an exploration well

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Somaliland has the fourth-lowest GDP per capita in the world, and there are huge socio-economic challenges for Somaliland, with an unemployment rate between 60 and 70% among youth, if not higher. According to ILO, illiteracy exists up to 70% in several areas of Somaliland, especially among females

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The coastal range (Ogo) is a high plateau to the immediate south of Guban. Its elevation ranges from 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above sea level in the West to 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in the East. Rainfall is heavier there than in Guban, although it varies considerably within the zone. The plateau

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of British Somaliland, with the intention that the territory would unite with the Italian-administered Trust Territory of Somaliland. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which was

2440:. The Barre regime collapsed in January 1991. Thereafter, as the political situation in Somaliland stabilised, the displaced people returned to their homes, the militias were demobilised or incorporated into the army, and tens of thousands of houses and businesses were reconstructed from rubble. 1223:

to curb piracy, Arab and Somali merchants cooperated with the Romans to bar Indian ships from trading in the free port cities of the Arabian peninsula to protect the interests of Somali and Arab merchants in the lucrative commerce between the Red and Mediterranean Seas. However, Indian merchants

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MP, met President Silanyo of Somaliland in November 2010 to discuss ways in which to increase the UK's engagement with Somaliland. President Silanyo said during his visit to London: "We have been working with the international community and the international community has been engaging with us,

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The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilised a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in

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The people of Burao clashed with the British in 1922. They revolted in opposition to a new tax that was imposed upon them, rioting and attacking British government officials. This led to a shootout between the British and Burao residents in which Captain Allan Gibb, a Dervish war veteran and

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ranks the Somaliland government as partly free. Seth Kaplan (2011) argues that in contrast to southern Somalia and adjacent territories, Somaliland, the secessionist northwestern portion of Somalia, has built a more democratic mode of governance from the bottom up, with virtually no foreign

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giving us assistance and working with us in our democratisation and development programmes. And we are very happy with the way the international community has been dealing with us, particularly the UK, the US, other European nations, and our neighbours who continue to seek recognition."

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between 27 April 1991 and 15 May 1991. Tuur then became the newly established Somaliland polity's first President, but subsequently renounced the separatist platform in 1994 and began instead to publicly seek and advocate reconciliation with the rest of Somalia under a power-sharing

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distributed thousands of copies of the proposed constitution throughout Somaliland for consideration and review by the people. One critical clause of the 130 individual articles of the constitution would ratify Somaliland's self-declared independence and final separation from

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While 40.5% of households in Somaliland have access to improved water sources, almost a third of households lie at least an hour away from their primary source of drinking water. 1 in 11 children die before their first birthday, and 1 in 9 die before their fifth birthday.

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report, Somaliland has seen a consistent erosion of political rights and civic space. Public figures and journalists face pressure from authorities. Minority clans are subject to economic and political marginalisation, and violence against women remains a serious problem.

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In 2019, the local government law passed in 2019 (Lr. 23/2019, hereinafter referred to as the 2019 local government law), regions that "Somaliland is divided into six regions (Article 9 of the same law)". The 2019 Local Government Act came into force on January 4, 2020.

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became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Shermarke was assassinated two years later by one of his own bodyguards. His murder was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the

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also has a noticeable presence. Though traces of pre-Islamic traditional religion exist in Somaliland, Islam is dominant to the Somali sense of national identity. Many of the Somali social norms come from their religion. For example, most Somali women wear a

13943: 6846: 2385:. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerrillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative centre of Hargeisa, a 1475:

Aside from the leading Sultan of Isaaq there were numerous Akils, Garaads and subordinate Sultans alongside religious authorities that constituted the Sultanate; occasionally these would declare their independence or simply break from its authority.

8800: 4177:, situated on the outskirts of Hargeisa, are a popular local tourist attraction. Totaling ten caves, they were discovered by a French archaeological team in 2002 and are believed to date back around 5,000 years. The government and locals keep the 2926:(AU) has also sent a foreign minister to discuss the future of international acknowledgment, and on 29 and 30 January 2007, the ministers stated that they would discuss acknowledgement with the organisation's member states. In early 2006, the 5433:

Somaliland has very few Christians. In 1913, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the Somali territories, with about 100–200 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the handful of

2226:. On 26 June 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later. During its brief period of independence, the 4541:

The last British population estimate on the basis of clan in Somaliland occurred before independence in 1960, according to which, out of some 650,000 ethnic Somalis belonging to three major clans residing in the protectorate, the

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and poetry have been described as the twin pillars of Somali culture. Somali poetry is mainly oral, with both male and female poets. They use things that are common in the Somali language as metaphors. Almost all Somalis are

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The following day, on 27 June 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on 1 July 1960.

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After his death, Sheikh Bashir was widely hailed by locals as a martyr and was held in great reverence. His family took quick action to remove his body from the place of his death at Geela-eeg mountain, about 20 miles from

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Tensions between Puntland and Somaliland escalated into violence several times between 2002 and 2009. In October 2004, and again in April and October 2007, armed forces of Somaliland and Puntland clashed near the town of

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system of governance. A brief armed conflict had begun in January 1992 against rebels against Tuur in the period that he was in power, lasting until August 1992, when it was settled by a conference at the town of Sheikh.

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Somaliland's climate is a mixture of wet and dry conditions. The northern part of the region is hilly, and in many places the altitude ranges between 900 and 2,100 metres (3,000 and 6,900 ft) above sea level. The

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and Air Force bombers Burao the revolting clans' livestock. The RAF planes arrived at Burao within two days and proceeded to bomb the town with incendiaries, effectively burning the entire settlement to the ground.

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while some reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians. Along with the deaths, Barre regime bombarded and razed the second and third largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa and

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E. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterised in 1909 as important artefacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West.

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on 10 July 2008, along with positions 5 km (3 mi) east of the town. The defence forces completed their operations on 9 July 2008 after the Maakhir and Puntland militia in the area left their positions.

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or weddings. The henna designs vary from very simple to highly intricate. Somali designs vary, with some more modern and simple while others are traditional and intricate. Traditionally, only women apply it as

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region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the distinctive Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to 1,000 to 3,000 BCE. Additionally, between the towns of

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stable state structures in Mogadishu have mostly been top-down, with outsiders in the lead, Somaliland has constructed a functioning government from the bottom up, on its own, with little outside assistance.

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religious leader. Although most of the combat took place in January of the year, British troops had begun preparations for the assault as early as November 1919. The British forces included elements of the

7223: 4417:. According to Genel, the block could contain more than 5 billion barrels of prospective resources. Drilling in SL-10B and SL-13 is scheduled to begin in late 2023, or early 2024 according to Genel. 8812: 7857: 10762: 6587: 7457: 2419:

state that the clampdown by the Barre regime against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement targeted the Isaaq clan, to which most members of the SNM belonged. They refer to the clampdown as the

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Since 1991, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the government of the Republic of Somaliland. The central government maintains

11871: 3259:. Its armoured vehicles and tanks are mostly of Soviet design, though there are some ageing Western vehicles and tanks in its arsenal. The Somaliland Navy (often referred to as a Coast Guard by the 10046: 794:. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence has not been officially recognised by any UN member state or international organisation. It is the largest unrecognised state in the world by 18451: 18396: 18057: 18441: 4034:

The most popular and used payment system in the country is the ZAAD service, which is a mobile money transfer service that was launched in Somaliland in 2009 by the largest mobile operator

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to the east. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 6.2 million people as of 2024. The capital and largest city is

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of Barre's government was gradually eroded, as many Somalis became disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist

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Somaliland in addition has an estimated 600,000 to a million strong diaspora, mainly residing in Western Europe, the Middle East, North America, and several other African countries.

2922:, as well as with South Africa, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. On 17 January 2007, the European Union (EU) sent a delegation for foreign affairs to discuss future co-operation. The 2139:

Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic

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The United States did not extend formal recognition to Somaliland, but Secretary of State Herter sent a congratulatory message dated June 26 to the Somaliland Council of Ministers.

2000: 1049:, the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals. Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old. 14174: 12117: 747:. The union of the two states proved problematic early on, and in response to the harsh policies enacted by Somalia's Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the 13792: 9550: 2555:

set the date for the referendum on the Constitution for 31 May 2001. 99.9% of eligible voters took part in the referendum and 97.1% of them voted in favour of the constitution.

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Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Mining also has potential, though simple

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is designated to serve the area as part of Somalia. However, since 1990 there has been no Bishop of Mogadishu, and the Bishop of Djibouti acts as Apostolic Administrator. The

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Although the SNM at its inception had a unionist constitution, it eventually began to pursue independence, looking to secede from the rest of Somalia. Under the leadership of

4613:. Other small clans are often not accounted for in such estimates, however, clans including Gabooye, Gahayle, Jibrahil, Magaadle, Fiqishini, and Akisho settle in Somaliland. 10443: 16859: 15074: 18035: 7835: 18050: 11137: 11224: 3196:, which was established in 2012. The local administration and its constituents does not recognise the Somaliland government's claim to sovereignty or to its territory. 18124: 10364: 10290: 8273: 4277:. There are also road transportation services between the major towns and adjacent villages, which are operated by different types of vehicles. Among these are taxis, 2173: 9669: 8553: 5498:; in 2018 the Somaliland government issued a fatwa condemning the two most severe forms of FGM, but no laws are present to punish those responsible for the practice. 2794:(which deals with issues between courts and in government, and reviews its own decisions), which is the highest court and also functions as the Constitutional Court. 16876: 16573: 10183: 10122: 8580: 3974: 13152: 12996: 5616:

clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (

3088: 3044:, and a 20-kilometre stretch of Gulf of Aden coastline, for 20 years, in exchange for eventual recognition of Somaliland as an independent state and a stake in the 3033: 13098:"[Gacan Ku Dhiigle:-] Maayar Ciddin Oo Maleeshiyo Hubeysan U Adeegsaday Beelaha Habar Jeclo Ee Gobolka Saaxil Iyo Dilkii Taliye Caseyr Oo Aaritaankiisii." 11879: 7227: 17522: 16888: 16825: 14420: 14314: 6268: 5742:. Somali men and women alike use henna as a dye to change their hair colour. Women are free to apply henna on their hair as most of the time they are wearing a 1885:

The Somaliland Campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the

18043: 12548: 10905: 10854:

State-making in Somalia and Somaliland: Understanding War, Nationalism and State Trajectories as Processes of Institutional and Socio-Cognitive Standardization

9156:

Mburu, Chris; Rights, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human; Office, United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (1 January 2002).

9080:

Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2 July 2016). ""We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia".

7865: 6602: 5064: 3938:

Since Somaliland is unrecognised, international donors have found it difficult to provide aid. As a result, the government relies mainly upon tax receipts and

12411:

STATE-MAKING IN SOMALIA AND SOMALILAND Understanding War, Nationalism and State Trajectories as Processes of Institutional and Socio-Cognitive Standardization

12275: 11695: 11315: 6482: 5725:

art. The custom of applying henna dates back to antiquity. During special occasions, a Somali woman's hands and feet are expected to be covered in decorative

2408:. The SNM captured Burao on 27 May within two hours, while the SNM entered Hargeisa on 29 May, overrunning most of the city apart from its airport by 1 June. 17380: 13342: 11930: 9833: 7461: 6791: 3966:, Europe and the United States. Analysts say that Dahabshiil may handle around two-thirds of that figure and as much as half of it reaches Somaliland alone. 9300: 11480: 5430:. The promotion of any religion other than Islam is illegal, and the state promotes Islamic tenets and discourages behaviour contrary to "Islamic morals". 1134:

The camel is believed to have been domesticated in the Horn region sometime between the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE. From there, it spread to Egypt and the

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scheduled to gain independence on 1 July that year. The legislative councils of both territories agreed to this proposal following a joint conference in

1483:

in 1884. Historically, Sultans would be chosen by a committee of several important members of the various Isaaq subclans. Sultans were usually buried at

17891: 17500: 17433: 12500: 10880: 14061: 13596: 12959: 12179: 11101: 7679: 7429:

Sayed, Abdel Monem A. H. (2003). "The Land of Punt: Problems of the Archaeology of the Red Sea and the Southeastern Delta". In Hawass, Zahi A. (ed.).

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missions in the British Somaliland protectorate. The small number of Christians in the region today mostly come from similar Catholic institutions in

3122:-inhabited territory in the former British Somaliland protectorate based on kinship. In 1998, the northern Darod clans established the state, and the 3010:, met with Ali Aden Awale, Head of the Somaliland UK Mission on Somaliland's national day, 18 May, in 2015, to express UKIP's support for Somaliland. 17607: 16368: 16138: 11512: 10622: 8056:

the Repression and Abolition of the Slave Trade, and to the Privileges and Interests of the Subjects of the High Contracting Parties, Volume 13, pg 5

5714:) as well as wooden headrests. Traditional dance is also important, though mainly as a form of courtship among young people. One such dance known as 719:

Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area during the early Islamic period, including in the 14th to 15th centuries the Zeila-based

17585: 11015: 3610:

Somaliland is situated in the northwest of recognised Somalia. It lies between 08°N and 11°30'N, and between 42°30'E and 49°00'E. It is bordered by

2869:. Under the Somaliland Constitution, a maximum of three political parties at the national level is allowed. The minimum age required to vote is 15. 18224: 14354: 13058: 12870:

What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?: Science Between Resignation and Hope?: Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6–9 December 1996

535: 17411: 12091: 16484: 12354: 6141: 7161:

Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)

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The Somaliland government continues to apply the 1962 penal code of the Somali Republic. As such, homosexual acts are illegal in the territory.

2786:

The judicial system is divided into district courts (which deal with matters of family law and succession, lawsuits for amounts up to 3 million

18214: 18109: 17304: 16981: 16462: 12785: 12767: 12470: 3717: 1103:

dating back to at least the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient

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Hoehne, Markus V. 2007: Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia: Who cuts the Gordian knot?, published online on 7 November 2007.

18164: 16566: 16060: 15065: 11652: 11559: 11049: 10313: 3748: 3221: 2950: 2890: 1468:

and Sultan Deria, it was proclaimed that hunting and tree cutting in the vicinity of Hargeisa would be banned, and that the holy relics from

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Under Article 11, Section 1 of the Act, the regional boundaries are supposed to correspond to the boundaries of the six districts under the

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The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church

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In 2007, more rock art sites with Sabaean and Himyarite writings in and around Hargeisa were found, but some were bulldozed by developers.

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in Siad Barre's government, was sworn in as president shortly afterward. In 2003, Kahin became the first elected president of Somaliland.

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ActionAid International Somaliland (AAIS) supports poor and marginalised communities in three of six Somaliland administrative regions...

9554: 6909: 6294: 2858: 2834: 833: 12124: 10562: 10536: 9985: 6439: 6332: 4109:

and sent to Gulf Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia. The country is home to some of the largest livestock markets, known in Somali as

18209: 13889: 12292: 11634: 10592: 5057: 2705: 1452:(meetings) where he would be informed and advised by leading elders or religious figures on what decisions to make. In the case of the 16283: 18265: 18174: 16710: 16123: 14664: 11530: 8751: 3669: 2537: 1968:

The Italian conquest of British Somaliland was a military campaign in East Africa, which took place in August 1940 between forces of

783: 12676: 7026: 4533:

census in 1975, while the results from a 1986 census were never released into public domain. A population estimate was conducted by

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worked with rebel leaders to set up a new government, and was incorporated into the governance structure, becoming the Parliament's

18466: 18219: 18159: 18139: 16559: 14157: 12703: 12632: 12322: 8808: 8346:

Correspondence between Governor of British Somaliland and Secretary of State for the Colonies. Colonial Office, 28th February, 1922

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safe and only a restricted number of tourists are allowed entry. Other notable sights include the Freedom Arch in Hargeisa and the

2025: 13764: 12153: 8662: 5986: 3969:

Since the late 1990s, service provisions have significantly improved through limited government provisions and contributions from

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garnered recognition from thirty-five sovereign states. However, the United States merely acknowledged Somaliland's independence:

1472:

would be brought and oaths would be sworn on them by the Isaaqs in the presence of the Sultan whenever internal combat broke out.

18179: 18099: 16582: 15380: 14737: 13746: 9568: 8442: 7938:

Guido Ambroso, "Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988–2000",

2854: 2637: 689: 12409: 10989: 10928: 10465: 3048:. If this agreement is honoured, Ethiopia would become the first United Nations member state to recognise the breakaway nation. 18446: 18244: 17508: 17426: 16143: 15636: 14496: 14379: 14334: 13709: 11279: 5494:

The UNICEF multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS) in 2006 found that 94.8% of women in Somaliland had undergone some form of

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was formed with the goal to establish its own regional administration (Sool, Sanaag and Cayn, or SSC). This later evolved into

2975: 2838: 2750: 2726: 2453: 2182: 2168: 1860: 881: 865: 760: 477: 397: 11145: 8337:

Correspondence between Governor of British Somaliland and Secretary of State for the Colonies. Colonial Office, 26 March 1922.

4192:

The Ministry of Tourism has also encouraged travellers to visit historic towns and cities in Somaliland. The historic town of

18411: 18234: 18229: 17600: 16771: 15430: 14730: 14127: 13554: 13527: 13310: 13223: 13189: 12918: 12878: 12713: 12686: 12656: 12617: 12558: 12528: 11838: 11232: 10791: 9935: 9505: 9478: 9413: 9366: 9339: 9284: 9238: 9211: 9184: 9140: 9064: 9037: 8978: 8901: 8862:"Refworld | Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 – 2000" 8394: 8214: 8187: 8024: 7721: 7413: 7386: 7059: 6638: 6492: 6360: 6200: 6103: 5050: 4023:, which cannot easily be exchanged outside of Somaliland on account of the nation's lack of recognition, is regulated by the 332: 11951: 8274:"Air Power In British Somaliland, 1920: The Arrival Of Gordon's Bird-Men, Independent Operations And Unearthly Retributions" 816: 18089: 16854: 15944: 15714: 14241: 14153: 11904: 11720: 8557: 5813: 5458: 4189:

are twin hills located on the outskirts of Hargeisa that Somalis in the region consider to be a majestic natural landmark.

3003: 2903: 2564: 1977: 1247: 14200: 13343:

https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/downloads/hargeisa_discussion-paper-04-2019-hargeisa-somaliland-invisible-city.pdf

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Dominy, Nathaniel J.; Ikram, Salima; Moritz, Gillian L.; Christensen, John N.; Wheatley, Patrick V.; Chipman, Jonathan W.

5918: 16749: 16661: 16605: 16477: 13394: 11993: 11304:

State Formation in Somaliland: Bringing Deliberation to Institutionalism. Michael Walls, Planning Unit, UCL February 2011

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languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

4196:

is located near Berbera and is home to old British colonial buildings that have remained untouched for over forty years.

3263:), despite a crippling lack of equipment and formal training, has apparently had some success at curbing both piracy and 3251:

The Somaliland Army consists of twelve divisions equipped primarily with light weaponry, though it is equipped with some

2498: 2033: 2013: 17530: 13844: 13213: 11074: 9159:

Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)

6405: 1413:

clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch descending from Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of

17297: 16893: 14826: 13921: 13179: 8801:"State-sponsored violence and conflict under Mahamed Siyad Barre: the emergence of path dependent patterns of violence" 6557: 6278: 2991: 2300: 1441:) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge among the 13249: 13072: 6457:

Crisis Management and the Politics of Reconciliation in Somalia: Statements from the Uppsala Forum, 17–19 January 1994

6119: 5965: 5940: 1865: 1815:

in 1855, followed a year later by the conclusion of the "Articles of Peace and Friendship" between the Habar Awal and

802:, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories. 18154: 18129: 18094: 17615: 17419: 16920: 16053: 15058: 14988: 14110: 14081: 13292: 12841: 12831: 12018: 10781: 9002: 8926: 8160: 7494: 7440: 7337: 6523: 6465: 6385: 6226: 5842:

The claimed territory is 177,000km, although due to various conflicts the exact size of control has varied over time.

5785: 5777: 5765: 3843: 2509: 1791:

The first engagement between Somalis of the region and the British was in 1825 and led to hostilities, ending in the

1095:, are evidence of civilisations thriving in the Somali peninsula. Ancient Somaliland had a trading relationship with 196: 11394: 10852: 10759:"BFA Staatendokumentation, Analyse zu Somalia – Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage. Situation Maps – Security Situation" 9745: 8995:

Somalia : a government at war with its own people: testimonies about the killings and the conflict in the north

4158: 3704:, an important grazing area for livestock. In the east, the Haud is separated from the Ain and Nugal valleys by the 2411:

According to Abou Jeng and other scholars, the Barre regime rule was marked by a targeted brutal persecution of the

2349: 18421: 18149: 18134: 18104: 17593: 17449: 17441: 16866: 16690: 16678: 15391: 15149: 14849: 14766: 14747: 14523: 11441:

The South African Geographical Journal: Being a Record of the Proceedings of the South African Geographical Society

11350: 11322: 9841: 9255: 7301: 4220:

and a major trade city during the 19th century. The city has been visited for its old colonial landmarks, offshore

4047: 3241: 1786: 14056: 12535:

Isaaq clans representing 80% of the population of former British Somaliland reached an agreement with other clans.

12255:"Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 – 2000" 10700: 6795: 3861: 1280:

Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area in the early Islamic period. In the 14th century, the

18426: 18401: 18144: 17180: 16932: 16394: 14925: 14821: 14659: 14384: 14221: 13964: 13544: 13266: 12518: 11750: 11197: 10954:

Hoehne, Markus V. (2009). "Mimesis and mimicry in dynamics of state and identity formation in northern Somalia".

9383: 9311: 4577:, currently making up 80% of Somaliland's population. The populations of the five largest cities in Somaliland – 4126: 3092:

Map showing the eastern boundaries of Somaliland by the Somaliland Treaties including the Anglo-Italian boundary.

3057: 2938:. The move was seen as an act of recognition by the Welsh Assembly of the breakaway government's legitimacy. The 2885: 2820: 779: 637: 16949: 16492: 11487: 18461: 18431: 17759: 17623: 17320: 17312: 17175: 16971: 16470: 16158: 14910: 14873: 14816: 14555: 14364: 13492: 11570: 7075:

Brandt, S. A. (1988). "Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Southern Somalia".

5738:, as it is considered a feminine custom. Henna is not only applied on the hands and feet but is also used as a 3970: 3947: 3825: 3736: 2604: 2382: 2344: 756: 12379: 10338: 7250: 7122: 5612:

from a different clan. Thus, for example, a 1954 study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the

18456: 17290: 16830: 16441: 16437: 14920: 14915: 14890: 14771: 14049:

Hoehne, Markus V. 2009: Mimesis and mimicry in dynamics of state and identity formation in northern Somalia,

10506: 10021: 7788: 6717: 6270:

Suárez, J. A. Geopolítica De Lo Desconocido. Una Visión Diferente De La Política Internacional [2023]

4144:

represents the extent of current operations, despite the presence of diverse quantities of mineral deposits.

3063: 2850: 2742: 2582: 2517: 2397: 2292: 2268: 2207: 873: 740: 464: 382: 18352: 15859: 15295: 9702:"Making the Somaliland constitution and its role in democratisation and peace | Conciliation Resources" 6739: 2473:, the local administration declared the northwestern Somali territories independent at a conference held in 977:. The ancient shepherds raised cows and other livestock and created vibrant rock art paintings. During the 18416: 17538: 16625: 16046: 15699: 15051: 14836: 14759: 14754: 14725: 14459: 14349: 12970: 11112: 10623:

Report of the Secretary-General on specialized anti-piracy courts in Somalia and other States in the region

10488: 7687: 5483: 5090: 4075:

is the main national public service television channel, and was launched in 2005. Its radio counterpart is

3986: 2652: 2311:. Their uprising failed, and Somaliland continued to be marginalised by the south during the next decades. 2080: 1269: 627: 317: 8497: 8384: 16842: 16754: 16666: 16649: 16450: 14930: 14415: 14410: 14148: 12860: 11417: 11023: 10906:"Raadreeb: Midnimada Soomaaliya iyo qodobada shirkii beesha Warsangeli ee 'Hadaaftimo 30 Siteenbar 1992'" 8316:

Public Record Office file CO 1069/13 Part 1, by the first officer commanding "B" (Nyasaland) Company SCC.

7776:

A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

7765:

British Somaliland by Ralph E. Drake-Brockman. Drake-Brockman, Ralph E. (Ralph Evelyn), 1875–1952. p. 275

6352: 4376:

with the aim of enhancing productive capacity and acting as an alternative port for landlocked Ethiopia.

3821: 3014: 2805: 2780: 2722: 2513: 1120: 1119:, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 347: 24: 13819: 13020: 12467:"Somaliland: Information on the current situation of the Isaaq clan and on the areas in which they live" 11316:"Somaliland: The Strains of Success Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°113 Nairobi/Brussels, 5 October 2015" 10758: 8443:"Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf. W/Q: Prof Yaxye Sheekh Caamir | Laashin iyo Hal-abuur" 7745: 3954:, one of the few Somali money transfer companies that conform to modern money-transfer regulations. The 3622:

to the east. Somaliland has an 850 kilometres (528 mi) coastline with the majority lying along the

2327:, who at the time commanded the army. The new regime would go on to rule Somalia for the next 22 years. 18305: 18286: 18239: 17474: 16637: 16198: 15629: 14679: 14649: 14434: 14324: 14214: 14194: 12095: 10390: 6192:

The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

5729:. Girls and women usually apply or decorate their hands and feet in henna on festive celebrations like 5419: 5341: 4333: 3276: 2797: 2667: 2552: 2543: 2486: 2390: 2315: 2217:

In May 1960, the British government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then

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continued to trade in the port cities of the Somali peninsula, which was free from Roman interference.

601: 522: 490: 3981:, opened a branch in Hargeisa and became the first bank in the country since the 1990 collapse of the 2625: 2524:

allies on the other, has for the most part not directly affected Somaliland, which, like neighbouring

1429:) who ruled the Isaaq Sultanate for centuries starting from the 13th century. The last Tolje'lo ruler 17734: 17554: 17469: 16783: 16433: 16308: 16298: 16103: 15719: 14993: 14806: 14776: 14684: 13422: 11439: 10808: 7051: 7045: 5495: 5454: 4362: 4353: 4088: 3145:

clans established two separate administrations in the early 1990s. First, the former was to hold the

2862: 2470: 2416: 1453: 1336: 17459: 12958:

Ghani, Mohamed Hassan; Abdi, Suad Ibrahim; Duale, Ali Ege; Hersi, Mohamed Farah (30 November 2010).

12594:

The Isaaq make up 80% of the population, making Somaliland considerably more homogenous than Somalia

12466: 6944:

Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-building: Burao, Borama, and Sanaag Conferences

6684: 4538:

there are 6,200,000 residents as of 2024, an increase from a 2021 government estimate of 5,700,000.

3764: 97: 17847: 17654: 17559: 17150: 16313: 16203: 16133: 15134: 14720: 14669: 14374: 12997:"Refworld | Report on the Fact-finding Mission to Somalia and Kenya (27 October – 7 November 1997)" 11656: 11395:"The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science." 10766: 8636: 5512:

Somaliland has an urban literacy rate of 59% and a rural literacy rate of 47%, according to a 2015

5474: 5395: 3963: 3946:, which contribute significantly to the Somaliland economy. Remittances come to Somaliland through 3245: 3226: 2734: 2717: 2594: 2449: 2386: 2336: 1949: 1894: 1366:

period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate began to flourish in Somaliland. These included the

764: 367: 13326: 11455: 10412: 5889: 4105:

Livestock is the backbone of Somaliland's economy. Sheep, camels, and cattle are shipped from the

18281: 18260: 17837: 17777: 16373: 16293: 16258: 16243: 16228: 16183: 16118: 15000: 14900: 14895: 14859: 14742: 14708: 14691: 14654: 14560: 14443: 14389: 13127: 7918: 7858:"Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland" 6773: 6654: 5507: 4991: 4301: 3982: 3814: 3592: 3345: 3233: 3216: 2958: 2824: 2701: 2691: 2629: 981:, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the 505: 300: 16424: 14062:"As Somalia Struggles, Can Neighboring Somaliland Become East Africa's Next Big Commercial Hub?" 13520:

Somaliland: with the overland route from Addis Ababa via eastern Ethiopia the Bradt Travel Guide

11972: 10099: 9643: 9132: 8688: 8087: 7596:"Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire" 5864: 5673:. Most Somalis do not belong to a specific mosque or sect and can pray in any mosque they find. 2930:

extended an official invitation to the Somaliland government to attend the royal opening of the

2489:

was appointed as Tuur's successor in 1993 by the Grand Conference of National Reconciliation in

2323:

seized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General

2071:

the taxation without provoking a violent response, the British abandoned the policy altogether.

1227:

For centuries, Indian merchants brought large quantities of cinnamon to Somalia and Arabia from

83: 17857: 17817: 17812: 17744: 17674: 17664: 17484: 17258: 17100: 16592: 16248: 14978: 14628: 14339: 11854: 11828: 9902: 9881: 8804: 8067:

The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information

7951:

F.O.78/5031, Sayyid Mohamad to the Aidagalleh, Enclosed Sadler to Salisbury. 69, 20 August 1899

7828:"Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor)" 6093: 5453:

Somaliland falls within the Episcopal Area of the Horn of Africa as part of Somalia, under the

5012: 4072: 3910: 3073: 2746: 2598: 2308: 2258: 1962: 1792: 678: 553: 278: 15551: 12868: 12828:"Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia" 12827: 12607: 11811: 9403: 9329: 9274: 9201: 9027: 8968: 8043:

by a Series of Historical and Explanatory Notes ... with Copious Addenda: Captains. Commanders

7484: 6916: 4771:

have a sizeable presence among the population inhabiting the southern and eastern portions of

3958:

estimates that remittances worth approximately US$ 1 billion reach Somalia annually from

3668:

low bushes and grass clumps transform into lush vegetation. This coastal strip is part of the

3650:

with little fertile greenery around. The Awdal region is also known for its offshore islands,

17714: 17631: 17390: 17375: 17095: 16500: 16348: 16323: 16173: 16168: 16148: 16113: 16098: 15622: 15154: 14940: 14854: 14794: 14644: 14577: 14469: 14464: 14394: 14329: 14249: 13691: 12646: 10570: 10540: 9992: 9925: 9356: 9174: 9054: 8891: 7989: 6630:

Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized De Facto Regimes in International Law

6455: 6190: 5823: 5818: 5525: 5375: 5095: 4182: 4153: 3921: 3779: 3341: 2999: 2695: 2675: 2614: 2462: 2029: 1994: 1832: 1398:. The sultanate was governed by the Rer Guled branch established by the first sultan, Sultan 1301: 998: 928: 723:. In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate emerged, including the 17883: 12812: 12300: 11407: 10600: 4673:

form the majority of the population living in both the northern and western portions of the

3626:. In terms of landmass, Somaliland has an area of 176,120 km (68,000 sq mi). 17842: 17797: 17787: 17724: 17699: 17684: 17400: 16420: 16411: 16402: 16333: 16303: 16288: 16273: 16263: 16253: 16218: 16213: 16163: 16108: 16083: 14983: 14831: 14304: 13649: 12577: 12057: 9837: 9770: 8834: 8525: 8467:

Sheekh Caamir, Yaxye (11 January 2018). "Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf".

7887: 7644: 7180: 6971: 6242: 6047: 5773: 5755: 4201: 3486: 2296: 1973: 1371: 1006: 768: 103: 12866: 11534: 10073: 6429: 6322: 6020: 2357: 2283:, the northerners were initially enthusiastic about the union. A government was formed by 1487:, south of Hargeisa, which was a significant site and the capital of the Sultanate during 1406:

clan. The sultanate is the pre-colonial predecessor to the modern Republic of Somaliland.

8: 18391: 17852: 17832: 17822: 17802: 17739: 17659: 17649: 17644: 16343: 16338: 16278: 16233: 16193: 16088: 16069: 15412: 15395: 15022: 14968: 14963: 14948: 14841: 14567: 14474: 14359: 14319: 13896: 11776: 8152: 8144: 7359:. Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic. p. 295. 5706:

to be highly developed. Somalis embellish and decorate their woven and wooden milk jugs (

5337: 4286: 4020: 4006: 3687: 3546: 3105: 3101: 3013:

In 2011, Somaliland and the neighbouring Puntland region each entered a security-related

2980: 2787: 2754: 2551:, restoring the nation's independence for the first time since 1960. In late March 2001, 2320: 2264: 2227: 2164: 1937: 1922: 1872: 1852: 1702: 1539: 1399: 1058: 939: 869: 736: 590: 447: 338: 286: 12810:

Samatar, Abdi I. (2001) "Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University,"

12329: 12061: 11375: 9203:

Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa

8953:

Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN "Military-Humanitarian" Intervention

7648: 7184: 6975: 6051: 4228:

culture of Somaliland has also attracted tourists. Most nomads live in the countryside.

3678:

is a mountain range in the eastern part of the country. Extending from the northwest of

3133:

The Harti were the second most powerful clan confederation in Somaliland until the 1993

18204: 17867: 17749: 17729: 17709: 17704: 17689: 17574: 17564: 17479: 17085: 16964: 16727: 16398: 16318: 16268: 16223: 16208: 16188: 16178: 16153: 16093: 15970: 14905: 14811: 14309: 12073: 10971: 10206: 10145: 9125: 9105: 8666: 8603: 8411: 8255: 8247: 7660: 7617: 7270: 7204: 7144: 7092: 6071: 5008: 4933: 4800: 4305: 4296:, a Somali-owned private carrier with regular international flights that emerged after 4065: 4024: 4002: 3856: 3538: 3366: 3352:

Michael Walls: State Formation in Somaliland: Bringing Deliberation to Institutionalism

3225:

Commemoration (on 2 February 2021) of the 27th anniversary of the establishment of the

3097: 3077: 3045: 2899: 2775: 2679: 2643: 2494: 2389:(SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988. The bombardment was led by General 2280: 2272: 2211: 2202: 2194: 2102: 1902: 1877: 1824: 1816: 1480: 1344: 877: 861: 837: 782:

with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa; Somaliland hosts

772: 732: 727:

which was established in the middle of the 18th century. In the late 19th century, the

434: 323: 161: 89: 15043: 14119:

Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland

13750: 13725: 12663:

Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somaliland, was peacefully elected as president.

12464: 9986:"A world survey of laws: Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" 9497:

Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland

7517: 6511:

Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland

5702:

culture, where one's possessions are frequently moved, there is little reason for the

5676:

Celebrations come in the form of religious festivities. Two of the most important are

5346: 739:

on 26 June 1960. Five days later, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the

18343: 17782: 17719: 17569: 17359: 17334: 17145: 17120: 16525: 16328: 16238: 16128: 15734: 15597: 15170: 15032: 15028: 14713: 14344: 14299: 14284: 14123: 14106: 14077: 13685: 13550: 13523: 13395:"Off-road policing: communications technology and government authority in Somaliland" 13288: 13219: 13185: 13052: 12924: 12914: 12874: 12837: 12709: 12682: 12652: 12613: 12578:"A look at Somaliland between clan politics, regional turmoil and November elections" 12554: 12524: 12077: 12046:"Petroleum Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Guban Basin, Northern Somaliland" 12045: 11834: 11608: 10975: 10932: 10809:"Traditional Authorities in Northern Somalia: Transformation of positions and powers" 10787: 10733: 10210: 10149: 9958: 9931: 9501: 9474: 9409: 9362: 9335: 9280: 9234: 9207: 9180: 9136: 9109: 9097: 9060: 9033: 9008: 8998: 8974: 8932: 8922: 8897: 8607: 8390: 8259: 8210: 8183: 8156: 8020: 7727: 7717: 7621: 7490: 7436: 7409: 7382: 7333: 7274: 7196: 7171:

Diamond, J; Bellwood, P (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions".

7100: 7055: 7007: 7002: 6989: 6959: 6709: 6634: 6519: 6488: 6461: 6381: 6356: 6274: 6222: 6196: 6099: 6063: 5805: 5670: 5462: 5211: 5145: 4887: 4808: 4753: 4714: 3870: 3635: 3570: 3510: 3506: 3482: 3478: 3437: 3358:

from 2015 and ActionAID, a humanitarian organisation currently active in Somaliland.

3313: 3237: 2829: 2770: 2366: 2303:(later becoming president, from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular 2009: 1726: 1199: 1179: 990: 13706: 12678:

Freedom in the World 2008: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties

11287: 10783:

Rule and Rupture: State Formation Through the Production of Property and Citizenship

9470:

The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991

7208: 6038:

Stafford, J. H.; Collenette, C. L. (1931). "The Anglo-Italian Somaliland Boundary".

5760: 5415:). Muslims generally congregate on Friday afternoons for a sermon and group prayer. 3397: 18319: 17872: 17862: 17827: 17807: 17767: 17679: 17669: 17549: 17395: 17385: 17354: 17344: 17237: 17130: 17110: 17050: 16535: 16017: 16013: 14973: 13627: 12065: 11582: 11303: 10963: 10198: 10137: 9991:. International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. Archived from 9089: 8595: 8239: 7652: 7607: 7262: 7188: 7136: 7118: 7084: 6997: 6979: 6055: 4941: 4278: 4237: 4061: 3553: 3542: 3534: 3474: 3454: 3430: 3329: 3260: 2800:

defines who is a Somaliland citizen, as well as the procedures by which one may be

2046: 1969: 1906: 1799:

and the United Kingdom. This was followed by a British treaty with the Governor of

1673: 1484: 1414: 1139: 1100: 1068: 958: 885: 840:

in 1884, after signing successive treaties with the ruling Somali Sultans from the

607: 16551: 12465:

Research Directorate, Immigration & Refugee Board, Canada (1 September 1996).

11797: 11670: 9093: 8526:"SOMALILAND & SOMALIA: THE 1960 ACT OF UNION – An early lesson for Somaliland" 8118: 7088: 6219:

The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations

5118: 3036:

was signed between Ethiopia and Somaliland, where Ethiopia will lease the port of

2577:

declared their intent to secede from Somaliland and form a state government named

1216: 17792: 17349: 17135: 17090: 16979: 16849: 15590: 15499: 15086: 14533: 14528: 14501: 14479: 14294: 14169: 14117: 13713: 13215:

Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the systems of conflict and violence in Africa

13021:

Barakat, Connolly, Hardman, Lewis, Lineker, Menkhaus, Rzeszut and Shanks (2014).

12942: 12205: 11566: 9719: 9521: 9495: 9468: 9228: 9157: 8951: 8204: 8177: 7430: 7403: 7376: 7354: 7327: 6942: 6598: 6170: 5730: 5108: 5034: 5030: 4997: 4879: 4722: 4565: 4561:

Map of British Somaliland indicating clan territories and respective populations.

4410: 4349: 4337: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4251: 4241: 4130: 4106: 4093: 3943: 3566: 3450: 3422: 3264: 3256: 3029:

of 2023, Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs refers to Somaliland as a country.

2962: 2931: 2436:

persecution was not limited to the Isaaq, as it targeted other clans such as the

2374: 2362: 2252: 2248: 1958: 1910: 1840: 1828: 1644: 1434: 1422: 1375: 1367: 1340: 1191: 1171: 916: 912: 744: 724: 669: 661: 460: 421: 231: 63: 49: 14179: 12833:

Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean

12492: 12437: 11908: 11728: 11171: 10830: 9592: 8861: 1661: 1353:

A banner used by the Adal Sultanate and later the Isaaq on key religious shrines

17639: 17489: 17339: 17211: 17155: 17105: 16596: 16026: 15536: 15520: 14958: 14369: 14289: 12867:

Janzen, J.; von Vitzthum, S.; Somali Studies International Association (2001).

11412: 10674: 10648: 9811: 9789: 7962:

The Gaboye of Somaliland: Legacies of Marginality, Trajectories of Emancipation

6964:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5609: 5598: 5423: 5408: 5155: 5016: 4967: 4690: 4659: 4209: 4185:

in the city centre. Natural attractions are very common around the region. The

4117:, with as many as 10,000 heads of sheep and goats sold daily in the markets of 4114: 4076: 3602: 3578: 3574: 3514: 3426: 3068: 2969: 2895: 2620: 2420: 2340: 2284: 2125: 1941: 1914: 1898: 1886: 1690: 1383: 1293: 1285: 1265: 1255: 1251: 1232: 1183: 1128: 982: 728: 720: 693: 307: 14020: 11397:

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center

11254: 10967: 8243: 7912: 7612: 7595: 7266: 6817: 5407:

when they are in public. In addition, religious Somalis abstain from pork and

4996:

Many people in Somaliland speak at least two of the three national languages:

4015:

500 Somaliland Shillings, 1000 Somaliland Shillings, 5000 Somaliland Shillings

3926: 1260: 18385: 18367: 18354: 18331: 18021: 17997: 17772: 17055: 16957: 16883: 15774: 15602: 15210: 14605: 14511: 14164: 13851: 13747:"Global Mission's Top 10 Places to Pray for – REGION: NORTH Africa – Somalia" 13601: 12928: 12911:

Consider Somaliland: state-building with traditional leaders and institutions

11531:"Responses to Information Requests – Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada" 10737: 9101: 9056:

Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions

7731: 7716:. Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 128–129. 7127: 6993: 6443:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 378–384. 6434: 6401: 6336:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 378–384. 6327: 6067: 5633: 5547: 5024: 5020: 5004: 4921: 4913: 4883: 4851: 4839: 4831: 4186: 4178: 4162: 3696: 3418: 3282: 3193: 3185: 3166: 2923: 2872: 2791: 2758: 2671: 2578: 2521: 2458: 2443: 2185:

ceremony on 26 June 1960. The then Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland

2106: 2098: 2090: 1953: 1945: 1918: 1890: 1808: 1418: 1379: 1096: 1092: 1029: 974: 353: 283: 211: 198: 13793:"Village by village, the quest to stop female genital cutting in Somaliland" 13270: 11050:"Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag" 9683: 9012: 8936: 8726:

The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East

7192: 6984: 6565: 4358: 3244:. The current head of Somaliland's Armed Forces is the Minister of Defence, 1421:

wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total, starting with Boqor Harun (

1024:

complex on the outskirts of Hargeisa dates back around 5,000 years, and has

17915: 17115: 17030: 16915: 16766: 16520: 16009: 15884: 15874: 15679: 15320: 15310: 15114: 14885: 14590: 14274: 13023:"Beyond Fragility: A Conflict and Education Analysis of the Somali Context" 11560:

Somaliland's progress on governance: A case of blending the old and the new

10860:(PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 179 10314:"Taiwan Throws a Diplomatic Curveball by Establishing Ties With Somaliland" 9666:"Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time" 7200: 7104: 5703: 5666: 5594: 4959:, and their population is mainly concentrated majority of sanaag districts 4891: 4772: 4737: 4674: 4402: 4389: 4246: 4028: 3990: 3959: 3881: 3639: 3623: 3461: 3317: 3041: 3007: 2984: 2738: 2218: 2198: 2097:

The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the

1820: 1755: 1612: 1588: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1363: 1289: 1264:

A 15th-century French artist's rendering of a battle between troops of the

1203: 1112: 1104: 962: 900: 857: 811: 697: 143: 11754: 8777: 7011: 6454:

Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim Mohamed; Wohlgemuth, Lennart (1 January 1994).

3240:

and all other internal security forces, they are overseen by Somaliland's

1803:

in 1840. An engagement was then started between the British and elders of

17000: 16685: 16673: 15889: 15779: 15709: 15494: 15325: 15215: 12873:. Proceedings of the ... SSIA-Congress. Das Arabische Buch. p. 132. 12836:. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. 11931:"Somaliland's booming informal transport sector: Pitfalls and potentials" 9551:"Somaliland's Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor" 8179:

Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat

5681: 5677: 5613: 5601:

and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions.

5579: 5563: 5530: 5435: 5363: 5278: 4917: 4875: 4749: 4745: 4651: 4632: 4313: 3204: 3188:(Hoggaanka Badbaadada iyo Mideynta SSC), a local unionist group based in 3138: 3123: 2942:

made no comment on the invitation. Wales is home to a significant Somali

2801: 2570: 2432:

in Ethiopia; another 400,000 individuals were also internally displaced.

2178: 1564: 1488: 1391: 1312:, subsequently established a foothold in the area between 1821 and 1841. 1151: 1046: 1010: 845: 619: 391: 376: 13944:"Somali women at heart of henna business – NGO henna project in Somalia" 12438:"The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" 12118:"Onshore Somaliland Mesozoic Rift Play SL10B/13 & Odewayne Licences" 11172:"The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" 10831:"The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" 9684:"BBC Radio 4 – Start the Week, Rewriting the Past: from Empire to ivory" 8413:

Constructing colonial hegemony in the Somaliland protectorate, 1941–1960

6960:"Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle" 4529:

There has not been an official census conducted in Somaliland since the

3137:

Conference, when they were replaced in importance by the Gadabursi. The

2085: 973:

The area of Somaliland was inhabited around 10,000 years ago during the

18189: 18068: 17961: 17956: 17946: 17618: 17533: 17444: 17315: 17125: 16995: 16495: 15869: 15834: 15819: 15804: 15759: 15694: 15305: 15270: 15255: 15240: 15195: 15129: 14953: 14548: 14543: 14516: 12813:

Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies: Vol. 1, Article 9

11905:"Top Sightseeing – Best Somaliland sightseeing and tourist attractions" 10202: 10141: 8599: 7664: 7148: 6075: 5711: 5645: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5513: 5387: 5371: 5283: 5247: 5136: 4964: 4952: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4598: 4551: 4394: 4011: 3955: 3951: 3939: 3828: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3705: 3651: 3370: 3308:

The Republic of Somaliland is divided into six administrative regions:

3150: 3142: 3127: 3018: 2943: 2648: 2479: 2429: 2428:, respectively. This displaced an estimated 400,000 local residents to 2324: 2304: 1124: 1038: 853: 752: 735:, which was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the 18013: 16038: 16000: 15478: 14206: 13817: 13250:"EASO Country of Origin Information Report Somalia Security Situation" 12759: 12254: 12069: 11111:. Autumn 2017 (Somaliland, Khaatumo agreement reached). Archived from 10514: 10268: 10246: 9627:

Hostages to peace: threats to human rights and democracy in Somaliland

9176:

Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention

8251: 7096: 6958:

Bradley, D G; MacHugh, D E; Cunningham, P; Loftus, R T (14 May 1996).

6794:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China. Archived from 2116:

On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of

2008:

district commissioner, was shot and killed. The British requested Sir

1632: 1386:

during the 18th and 19th centuries. It spanned the territories of the

17951: 17206: 15824: 15260: 14538: 14506: 14269: 14264: 13073:

EASO Country of Origin Information Report: Somalia Security Situation

8641:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Africa, Volume XIV

7635:

Clifford, E.H.M. (1936). "The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary".

7027:"Somaliland's quest for recognition passes through its ancient caves" 6537: 6535: 6515: 5629: 5551: 5479: 5399: 5379: 5351: 5296: 4975: 4815:

also have a significant presence in the western and central areas of

4710: 4706: 4666: 4624: 4174: 3755: 3727: 3691: 3675: 3647: 3173: 2465:

commemorating Somaliland's breakaway from the rest of Somalia in 1991

2288: 2223: 1796: 1514: 1442: 1324: 1320: 1187: 1116: 1088: 1033: 1021: 1014: 1002: 978: 966: 953: 949: 945: 849: 13466: 12730: 10291:"Outflanked by China in Africa, Taiwan eyes unrecognised Somaliland" 7656: 7140: 6633:. University of Michigan: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 351. 6059: 5890:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unveils The Somaliland Country Profile" 5597:, and have a central role in Somali culture and politics. Clans are 5457:. However, there are no current congregations in the territory. The 4744:. Additionally, they form the majority of communities living in the 3803: 3300: 3153:

in September 1992. In both conferences the desire to remain part of

1178:

developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from

17976: 17936: 17269: 17201: 17196: 17060: 16820: 16540: 15924: 15899: 15749: 15744: 15724: 15689: 15674: 15360: 15335: 15185: 15180: 15159: 15124: 15109: 14610: 14489: 12855:

Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans.

12786:"When is a nation not a nation? Somaliland's dream of independence" 12705:

Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture

12648:

Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture

10539:. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 25 November 2010. Archived from 10342: 7278: 6378:

The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy

5735: 5605: 5583: 5543: 5443: 5260: 5175: 5131: 5113: 4937: 4895: 4859: 4843: 4812: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4764: 4757: 4741: 4698: 4678: 4602: 4578: 4557: 4405:

signed a farm-out deal with OPIC Somaliland Corporation, backed by

4369: 4258: 4221: 4170: 3978: 3723: 3655: 3643: 3615: 3611: 3561: 3493: 3469: 3321: 3252: 3162: 3111: 2915: 2911: 2574: 2525: 2117: 1999: 1804: 1403: 1395: 1195: 1175: 1025: 986: 904: 787: 731:

signed agreements with various clans in the area, establishing the

713: 705: 701: 190: 9444:

de Waal, Alex; Meierhenrich, Jens; Conley-Zilkic, Bridget (2012).

7460:. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Archived from 6532: 6000: 5411:, and also try to avoid receiving or paying any form of interest ( 3332:. The regions are divided into eighteen administrative districts. 2381:

administration had sprung up across the country, which led to the

895:

held in 1991 many names for the country were suggested, including

18005: 17966: 17931: 17923: 17216: 17140: 17040: 17020: 17015: 16620: 15996: 15987: 15978: 15909: 15879: 15864: 15849: 15839: 15829: 15794: 15789: 15739: 15684: 15659: 15567: 15546: 15515: 15473: 15345: 15315: 15300: 15285: 15275: 15265: 15230: 15225: 15175: 15144: 15119: 15094: 14188: 13684: 12505:

the Isaaq who make up 80 percent of the former British Somaliland

10675:"Taiwan and Somaliland to set up representative offices (update)" 10563:"Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo, President of the Republic of Somaliland" 7990:"The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62" 6743: 6428: 6321: 5687: 5654: 5447: 5242: 5224: 5206: 5160: 5007:, the nation's most populous ethnic group. It is a member of the 4960: 4899: 4867: 4820: 4804: 4718: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4530: 4373: 4368:

In June 2016, the Somaliland government signed an agreement with

4282: 4270: 4266: 4197: 4137:. The markets handle livestock from all over the Horn of Africa. 4134: 4098: 4053: 4035: 3890: 3785: 3770: 3679: 3619: 3529: 3445: 3154: 3146: 3115: 3037: 2954: 2935: 2866: 2548: 2502: 2405: 2276: 2133: 2110: 1743: 1297: 1143: 1135: 1084: 829: 709: 407: 260: 129: 20: 11721:"Send money to Telesom ZAAD mobile money accounts in Somaliland" 9443: 9029:

Peacebuilding in the African Union: Law, Philosophy and Practice

8230:

Robert L. Hess (1964). "The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia".

8202: 7302:"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites" 6876: 4905: 3700:. The Ogo's western plateau, in turn, gradually merges into the 3104:. It is currently in control of the vast majority of the former 2949:

In 2007, a delegation led by President Kahin was present at the

17981: 17170: 17035: 17025: 17010: 17005: 16837: 16744: 16656: 16644: 16530: 15919: 15914: 15854: 15809: 15769: 15664: 15645: 15370: 15355: 15350: 15290: 15245: 15205: 15099: 15078: 14600: 14595: 14183: 13380:"SDF funded Borama Water Supply Expansion Project Commissioned" 13327:"The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List" 13029: 12355:"Somaliland population reaches 6.2 million, government reports" 11827:

Project, War-torn Societies; Programme, WSP Transition (2005).

10436:"Wales strikes out on its own in its recognition of Somaliland" 8373:

British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920–1960 pp.110

7432:

Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology

6742:. International Affairs Review. 8 November 2008. Archived from 6142:"Somaliland population reaches 6.2 million, government reports" 5726: 5621: 5427: 5391: 5359: 5314: 5301: 5229: 5188: 5150: 4979: 4971: 4956: 4945: 4863: 4847: 4816: 4702: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4321: 4274: 4193: 4141: 4122: 4057: 3683: 3521: 3413: 3325: 3200: 3189: 3177: 3149:

I conference in May 1993, while the later held a conference in

3134: 3081: 3025: 2927: 2919: 2490: 2437: 2140: 1316: 1228: 1167: 1155: 1063: 1042: 1001:-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing 791: 241: 18452:

Countries and territories where Somali is an official language

18397:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

18170:

Ministry of Parliamentary Relations and Constitutional Affairs

13991:"CONIFA Through the Years: Are You Ready for Somaliland 2020?" 12380:"SOMALILAND: DEMOCRATISATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS 28 July 2003" 10726:"Ethiopia's gambit for a port is unsettling a volatile region" 10649:"Taiwan and Somaliland to set up representative offices: MOFA" 9446:"How Mass Atrocities End: An Evidence-Based Counter-Narrative" 8175: 7914:

Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787

6957: 5586:. Other smaller clans include: Jibraahil, Akisho, and others. 2998:

Recognition of Somaliland by the UK was also supported by the

2670:

defines the political system; the Republic of Somaliland is a

2330: 1771: 872:. Five days later, on 1 July 1960, Somaliland united with the 18442:

Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

17941: 17913: 17221: 17160: 16632: 16515: 15974: 15894: 15844: 15799: 15784: 15764: 15754: 15729: 15669: 15541: 15330: 15280: 15235: 15220: 15200: 15190: 15164: 15104: 14585: 14279: 12565:

whereas 80% of Somaliland's citizens are from the Isaaq clan.

10096:"Somaliland * – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2017" 9593:"Somalia: Civil War, Intervention and Withdrawal 1990 – 1995" 8708: 8706: 7974:

WSP Transition Programme, War-torn Societies Project (2005).

5863:

website, Somallilandlaw.com – an independent non-for-profit.

5743: 5722: 5699: 5691: 5661: 5625: 5617: 5559: 5539: 5412: 5404: 5383: 5367: 5358:

With few exceptions, Somalis in Somaliland and elsewhere are

5193: 5170: 5123: 4925: 4855: 4835: 4824: 4796: 4768: 4733: 4670: 4647: 4628: 4610: 4606: 4582: 4574: 4547: 4543: 4534: 4329: 4317: 4262: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4118: 3663: 3631: 3501: 3405: 3309: 3119: 2474: 2425: 2412: 2401: 2152: 2121: 2105:

protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by

2045:

Sir Winston Churchill reporting on the Burao incident at the

1930: 1812: 1800: 1430: 1410: 1387: 1349: 1309: 1305: 1281: 1208: 1163: 1159: 1147: 1108: 1076: 1072: 892: 841: 748: 642: 252: 13181:

Borders & Borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa

12501:

United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services

10466:"Somaliland on verge of observer status in the Commonwealth" 10367:. United Kingdom Parliament. 4 February 2004. Archived from 8307:

The British Empire as a Superpower By Anthony Clayton pp.223

4336:

in Hargeisa. Other major airports in the region include the

3236:

are the main military command in Somaliland. Along with the

3096:

Somaliland continues to claim the entire area of the former

2708:. The President can serve a maximum of two five-year terms. 1835:

until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the

1409:

According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the

1206:. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the 17253: 17165: 16778: 15904: 15814: 15704: 15340: 15250: 15139: 14696: 11952:"Somaliland's First batch of Hajj pilgrims leave for Mecca" 10881:"Somaliland: the complicated formation of a de facto state" 10047:"Somaliland International Democratization Support Strategy" 8752:"Dictator Siad Barre flees Somalia ending his 22 year rule" 8355:

1922 Commons sitting. HC Deb 14 March 1922 vol 151 cc1953-4

6789: 5781: 5608:. To extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another 5590: 5555: 5439: 5394:. Through the influence of the diaspora from Yemen and the 5319: 5265: 4932:

region districts. The Dhulbahante clans also settle in the

4929: 4871: 4729: 4325: 3701: 2378: 2017: 1220: 130:

There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of God

14021:"Starting a national team in a country that doesn't exist" 12493:"Somalia: Somali government policy towards the Isaaq clan" 12019:"Somaliland secures record $ 442m foreign investment deal" 10487:

Ibrahim, Mohamed; Gettleman, Jeffrey (26 September 2010).

9405:

Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions

8703: 7746:"Somaliland: archaeology in a breakaway state | Sada Mire" 5650: 5033:

is the main dialect spoken in the country, in contrast to

4597:– are predominantly Isaaq. The second largest clan is the 4554:

made up 66%, 19% and 16% of the population, respectively.

3686:

in neighbouring Somalia, it features Somaliland's highest

2444:

Restoration of sovereignty (end of the unity with Somalia)

2208:

Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration

1479:

The Isaaq Sultanate had 5 rulers prior to the creation of

880:). The name "Republic of Somaliland" was adopted upon the 874:

Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration

15614: 13584:

Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society

13563: 13354: 13153:"Report on the Fact-finding Mission to Somalia and Kenya" 11533:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Archived from 11513:"New World Bank GDP and Poverty Estimates for Somaliland" 9864:"Somaliland: Speaker of House of Representatives elected" 9358:

The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances

9230:

Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity

8554:"Somali Independence Week – Roobdoon Forum June 21, 2009" 7976:

Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities, Volume 1

6847:"Arab League condemns Israel over Somaliland recognition" 5739: 5624:, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the 13458: 13448:"Gabiley: UK aid Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment" 11856:

A Self-portrait of Somaliland: Rebuilding from the Ruins

7973: 7458:"Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes" 7455: 6295:"Maxaad ka taqaana Saldanada Ugu Faca Weyn Beesha Isaaq" 5694:

powder is mixed with water and then applied on the hair.

4052:

Telecommunications companies serving Somaliland include

3006:, though only electing a single MP. The leader of UKIP, 1315:

The Sanaag region is home to the ruined Islamic city of

17070: 15073: 14315:

Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland

14099:

Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized

13543:

Zenker, Olaf; Hoehne, Markus Virgil (2 February 2018).

13522:(2nd ed.). Chalfont St Peter: Bradt. p. 130. 12960:"Democracy in Somaliland: Challenges and Opportunities" 12469:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. SML24647.E. 12154:"Genel reaches East African farm-out with Taiwan's CPC" 9625:

Human Rights Watch (Organization), Chris Albin-Lackey,

8997:. New York: Africa Watch Committee. 1990. p. 128. 5987:"Analysis: Time for jaw-jaw, not war-war in Somaliland" 4955:, another Harti Darod sub-clan, and is dominan clan of 4650:

region, where there is also a sizeable minority of the

2242: 1901:. The British were assisted in their offensives by the 899:, in reference to Somaliland's location in the ancient 14103:

Regimes in International Law: The Case of 'Somaliland'

12754: 12752: 11653:"First commercial bank officially opens in Somaliland" 10929:"Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia" 10241: 10239: 9127:

A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin

8017:

Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience

7251:"The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland" 6947:. Academy for Peace and Development (APD). p. 38. 6915:. Government of Somaliland. 1 May 2001. Archived from 6685:"The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia" 6349:

Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience

5669:

and Islam is vitally important to the Somali sense of

2957:, Uganda. Although Somaliland has applied to join the 2910:

Somaliland has political contacts with its neighbours

2902:. He received a high-ranking delegation headed by the 1111:, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and 1028:

depicting both wild animals and decorated cows. Other

18303: 16720: 16613: 13877:

Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society

12760:"Member Profile Somaliland: Government of Somaliland" 11696:"Telesom ZAAD: Pushing the mobile money CVA frontier" 10990:"Somaliland Defence Forces take control of Las Qorey" 10701:"Somaliland and Ethiopia: Recognition for Sea Access" 10537:"Strengthening the UK's relationship with Somaliland" 9466: 8045:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. p. 438. 7518:"Beden Ship, ancient Somali maritime vessel and ship" 6484:

Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991

2158: 1241: 13818:

Poverty Global Practice, Africa Region (June 2015).

13673:, Volume 14, (Robert Appleton company: 1913), p.139. 13546:

The State and the Paradox of Customary Law in Africa

13285:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho

11859:. Somaliland Centre for Peace and Development. 1999. 11777:"SOMALILAND TELECOMS SECTOR GUIDE BY SOMALILAND BIZ" 9961:[Nationality Law (Regulation No. 22/2023)]. 9331:

The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent

8548: 8546: 8364:

Imperial Rearguard: Wars of Empire, 1919–1985 pp.168

8069:, Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383. 7405:

The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World

6588:"De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland" 6172:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho

5795: 5465:

also indicates that there are no Adventist members.

5390:, Islamic mysticism; particularly the Arab Rifa'iya 3989:

became the country's first commercial bank. In 2017

1460:

had chosen not to join after receiving counsel from

683: 122: 69: 16581: 12957: 12749: 12633:

Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia

12609:

Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia

12276:"Post-Conflict Education Development in Somaliland" 10236: 10022:"Somaliland is an overlooked African success story" 9587: 9585: 8429:

British Military Administration in Africa 1941–1947

7714:

Somaliland: with Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia

5776:, track and field and basketball. Somaliland has a 5015:language family, and its nearest relatives are the 4677:region, including the cities and towns of northern 4204:buildings. Another equally famous historic city is 3661:A scrub-covered, semi-desert plain referred as the 3373:era boundaries subsist as the de facto boundaries. 2120:and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of 1988: 1219:and the establishment of a Roman naval presence at 13890:"Official Public Holidays – Somaliland Law ›" 13309:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLecarmeMaury1987 ( 11138:"Somaliland President Makes Major Cabinet Changes" 10780:Lund, Christian; Eilenberg, Michael (4 May 2017). 9784: 9782: 9780: 9276:Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation 9124: 8970:Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation 7789:"Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa" 7435:. American Univ in Cairo Press. pp. 432–433. 6766:"Trade office of The FDRE to Somaliland- Hargeysa" 6037: 4886:. The clan also has a significant presence in the 4736:predominantly live in the southern portion of the 4388:In August 2012, the Somaliland government awarded 4292:The most prominent airlines serving Somaliland is 4031:, which was established constitutionally in 1994. 3975:Banque pour le Commerce et l'Industrie – Mer Rouge 1327:dates the ruined city to the 15th–17th centuries. 18115:Ministry of Employment, Social and Family Affairs 12908: 12407: 12147: 12145: 11635:"BCIMR Opens First Commercial Bank in Somaliland" 9473:. University Press of America. pp. 236–239. 9155: 8543: 4224:and coral reefs, towering cliffs, and beach. The 3100:which gained independence in 1960 in the name of 2531: 751:, shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous 18383: 18225:Somaliland Civil Aviation and Airports Authority 14355:List of colonial governors of British Somaliland 13845:"Somali networks: Structure of clan and society" 12995:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 12780: 12778: 11826: 11198:"Somaliland coast guard tries to prevent piracy" 10489:"Helicopter Attacks Militant Meeting in Somalia" 10486: 10175: 9834:"Opposition leader elected Somaliland president" 9582: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9493: 9487: 8860:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 7332:. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 640. 7117: 7043: 6910:"The Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland" 5378:. As with southern Somali coastal towns such as 5003:The Somali language is the mother tongue of the 2678:, based on peace, co-operation, democracy and a 14074:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India 14013: 13787: 13785: 11830:Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities 11225:"Somaliland's Military is a Shadow of the Past" 11075:"Khaatumo and Somaliland reach final agreement" 10672: 10646: 9826: 9777: 9523:Somaliland: Democratisation and Its Discontents 9052: 8655: 8003:Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society 7170: 6877:"UNPO REPRESENTATION: Government of Somaliland" 6453: 6175:. International African Institute. p. 140. 5919:"Republic of Somaliland – Country Profile 2021" 4928:sub-clans, and are concentrated at majority of 4909:Issa man and woman in traditional attire (1844) 4819:region as well, including the regional capital 4717:region as well, principally around the city of 2497:, who was during the 1980s the highest-ranking 2361:Up to 90% of Hargeisa (2nd largest city of the 2074: 1913:(1914–1918), Hassan also received aid from the 1827:. The British garrisoned the protectorate from 969:, many of which have gone extinct in the region 23:. For other uses of the name "Somaliland", see 18215:Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Commission 16982:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 16599:provided by the articles linked in parentheses 13078:(Report). European Asylum Support Office. 2016 12768:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 12203: 12180:"Genel's Somaliland drilling may slip to 2024" 12142: 11813:Regulating the Livestock Economy of Somaliland 11659:on 20 January 2015 – via af.reuters.com. 10247:"Somaliland closer to recognition by Ethiopia" 9927:Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study 8325:The King's African Rifles by H. Moyse-Bartlett 8229: 8039: 7707: 7705: 6740:"Interview with Ambassador Brook Hailu Beshah" 6580: 5721:An important form of art in Somali culture is 4940:region, and the southern and eastern parts of 4838:have a large presence in the western parts of 3996: 3172:Somaliland forces took control of the town of 3002:, which came third in the popular vote at the 2404:, then the second and third largest cities of 1976:countries. The Italian attack was part of the 1052: 800:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 18165:Ministry of Information and National Guidance 18125:Ministry of Environment and Rural Development 18075:Somaliland government ministries and agencies 18051: 17899: 17601: 17516: 17427: 17298: 16965: 16567: 16478: 16054: 15630: 15059: 14222: 14068:. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2019. 13922:"Reviving Somali Culture through Folk Dances" 13244: 13242: 12775: 12645:Vries, F. W. T. Penning de (1 January 2005). 12605: 12550:Somalia: State Collapse, Terrorism and Piracy 12435: 11400: 10779: 10114: 10015: 10013: 9538: 9526:. International Crisis Group. 2003. p. 6 9500:. Routledge. pp. 98–100 with footnotes. 8663:"The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960" 8498:"Central Intelligence Bulletin 26th Feb 1960" 8466: 8333: 8331: 8182:. Columbia University Press. pp. 67–68. 6785: 6783: 6164: 6162: 6120:"Somaliland's population reaches 6.2 million" 6087: 6085: 5941:"Somaliland's population reaches 6.2 million" 5593:groupings of the Somali people are important 5058: 5037:which is the main dialect spoken in Somalia. 4573:The largest clan family in Somaliland is the 3130:clans wholly participated in its foundation. 2206:demand independence and unification with the 1795:and a subsequent trade agreement between the 1091:, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the 696:. It is located in the southern coast of the 15445:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 13782: 13576: 13542: 13304: 13057:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12674: 12516: 11043: 11041: 10816:Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology 10507:"US near de-facto recognition of Somaliland" 9983: 8484:Dictionary of African Biography, Volumes 1–6 6266: 5426:, and no laws may violate the principles of 4854:form a majority of the population living in 3993:from Mogadishu opened a branch in Hargeisa. 3080:signing the Somaliland-Khatumo Agreement in 2143:and gathered around him a strong following. 1288:battled the forces of the Ethiopian emperor 1138:. During the classical period, the northern 798:controlled land area. It is a member of the 149: 141: 116: 55: 41: 13965:"Women and Athletics, Sports in Somaliland" 13622: 13620: 13485: 12445:Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich 11899: 11897: 11800:. 15 March 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 9984:Itaborahy, Lucas; Zhu, Jingshu (May 2014). 9032:. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. 8741:, Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290. 8386:Dictionary of battles and sieges P-Z, p.991 8203:Michel Ben Arrous; Lazare Ki-Zerbo (2009). 7702: 7408:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131. 6380:. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. 5935: 5933: 5931: 5604:Somali society is traditionally ethnically 4569:Map of the British Somaliland Protectorate. 3758:Mountains, home to numerous endemic species 3642:regions are fertile and mountainous, while 3289: 2729:(Lower House) of the Somaliland Parliament. 2706:National Electoral Commission of Somaliland 2331:Somali National Movement, Barre persecution 1983: 124:Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh 18437:States and territories established in 1991 18407:English-speaking countries and territories 18058: 18044: 17906: 17892: 17608: 17594: 17523: 17509: 17434: 17420: 17305: 17291: 16972: 16958: 16574: 16560: 16485: 16471: 16061: 16047: 15637: 15623: 15066: 15052: 14229: 14215: 14071: 13682: 13239: 11994:"DP World Project at Berbera – Somaliland" 11816:. Academy for Peace and Development. 2002. 11389: 11387: 11385: 11165: 11163: 10705:Somali News in English | The Somali Digest 10269:"Somaliland, Djibouti in bitter port feud" 10010: 9640:"FREEDOM IN THE WORLD – Somaliland Report" 8896:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 37. 8731: 8572: 8481: 8328: 8238:(3). Cambridge University Press: 415–433. 7581: 7569: 7557: 7542: 6780: 6626: 6564:. Government of Somaliland. Archived from 6552: 6550: 6375: 6369: 6217:Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen (28 December 2023). 6159: 6112: 6082: 5973:Somaliland Ministry of Finance Development 5065: 5051: 3682:to several kilometres west of the city of 2588: 1770: 1742: 1689: 1660: 1631: 1330: 763:of Somaliland's independence in 1991. The 160: 16:Unrecognised country in the Horn of Africa 14201:Update on the Situation in the Somaliland 14156:web resources provided by GovPubs at the 13347: 13211: 12904: 12902: 12681:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 855. 12523:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 238. 11872:"Grotto galleries show early Somali life" 11671:"Premier Bank Now in Hargeisa Somaliland" 11345: 11343: 11093: 11038: 10850: 10763:Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum 10339:"Somaliland Diplomatic Mission in Sweden" 10311: 10261: 10019: 9385:Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics 9301:Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics 9025: 8889: 8798: 8176:Richard H. Shultz; Andrea J. Dew (2009). 7611: 7224:"Grotto galleries show early Somali life" 7001: 6983: 6480: 6188: 3844:Learn how and when to remove this message 3670:Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands 2558: 2538:2001 Somaliland constitutional referendum 1897:(nicknamed the "Mad Mullah") against the 743:(the former Italian Somalia) to form the 18220:National Displacement and Refugee Agency 14173:) is being considered for deletion. See 14158:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 14115: 13707:the Episcopal Area of the Horn of Africa 13617: 13464: 12728: 12517:Wiafe-Amoako, Francis (4 October 2018). 11894: 11554: 11552: 9930:. Open Society Foundations. p. 46. 9804: 9079: 8956:. Médecins Sans Frontières. p. 214. 8809:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 8712: 8119:"Italian Invasion of British Somaliland" 7768: 7634: 7628: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7123:"Prehistoric Implements From Somaliland" 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6507: 6184: 6182: 6091: 6010:, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835 5928: 5759: 5686: 5657:, a prominent Somali poet and songwriter 5649: 5529: 5478: 5345: 4904: 4898:, and also inhabit the regional capital 4752:. The Arap are also well represented in 4623: 4564: 4556: 4357: 4308:also fly from airports in Somaliland to 4245: 4165:, also known as Virgin's Breast Mountain 4157: 4092: 4010: 3925: 3855: 3601: 3335: 3299: 3220: 3087: 3067: 2974: 2951:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2889: 2828: 2814: 2774: 2721: 2685: 2457: 2356: 2348: 2309:revolt to end the union in December 1961 2172: 2084: 1998: 1864: 1627:(Creation of British Somaliland in 1884) 1348: 1259: 1062: 957: 864:. In 1960, when the protectorate became 815: 17238:District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) 16068: 14236: 13536: 13511: 13415: 13218:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 130. 12825: 12252: 11863: 11753:. Golis Telecom website. Archived from 11558:Daniel Harris with Marta Foresti 2011. 11382: 11222: 11195: 11160: 11102:"Current Affairs in the Horn of Africa" 11047: 11008: 10593:"UKIP supports Somaliland national day" 10433: 10393:. Global Policy Forum. 11 February 2003 10391:"EU Breaks Ice on Financing Somaliland" 9354: 9166: 8885: 8883: 8681: 8426: 8409: 8206:African Studies in Geography from Below 7816:. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896. 7482: 7299: 6547: 6481:Kapteijns, Lidwien (18 December 2012). 6420: 5960: 5958: 5913: 5911: 5710:; the most decorative jugs are made in 3597: 1448:The Sultan of Isaaq regularly convened 517:76,000 km (29,000 sq mi) 18384: 14335:Italian invasion of British Somaliland 13936: 13914: 13882: 13869: 13837: 13757: 13739: 13718: 13699: 13676: 13663: 13642: 13589: 13517: 13440: 13386: 13324: 13318: 13298: 13277: 13267:"Somaliland Republic: Country Profile" 13259: 13205: 13177: 13171: 13145: 13090: 13065: 13014: 12988: 12899: 12819: 12804: 12638: 12599: 12458: 12177: 12110: 12084: 12011: 11986: 11965: 11944: 11923: 11869: 11847: 11820: 11804: 11798:"Riches of Somaliland remain untapped" 11790: 11769: 11743: 11663: 11645: 11627: 11601: 11575: 11473: 11448: 11340: 11308: 11297: 11272: 11216: 11204:. Gannett Government Media Corporation 11189: 11169: 11130: 11067: 10982: 10953: 10947: 10926: 10920: 10828: 10666: 10640: 10615: 10585: 10555: 10529: 10499: 10480: 10458: 10427: 10405: 10383: 10357: 10331: 10305: 10283: 10181: 10120: 10088: 10065: 10039: 9959:"Xeerka Jinsiyadda (Xeer Lr. 22/2002)" 9951: 9917: 9895: 9874: 9712: 9694: 9676: 9658: 9632: 9619: 9606: 9561: 9514: 9460: 9437: 9422: 9395: 9381: 9375: 9348: 9321: 9293: 9266: 9247: 9220: 9199: 9193: 9172: 9149: 9122: 9116: 9073: 9046: 9019: 8916: 8827: 8792: 8770: 8744: 8718: 8578: 8518: 8462: 8460: 8382: 8014: 7711: 7553: 7551: 7226:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 7221: 7074: 6678: 6676: 6508:Richards, Rebecca (24 February 2016). 6394: 6346: 6313: 6216: 4916:region residents mainly hail from the 4439: 4401:by the end of 2018. In December 2021, 3983:Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia 3296:Administrative divisions of Somaliland 2454:Somaliland Declaration of Independence 2169:Independence Day (State of Somaliland) 1925:. The conflict ended when the British 1861:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 1217:Roman conquest of the Nabataean Empire 915:, in reference to the five regions of 832:" and "land". The area was named when 18230:Somaliland Quality Control Commission 18039: 17887: 17589: 17504: 17415: 17286: 17273: 16953: 16674:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 16555: 16466: 16042: 15618: 15047: 14210: 13493:"The Secrets of Women of Tog Wajaale" 13212:Gebrewold, Belachew (28 March 2013). 13184:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 113. 12701: 12644: 12547:Hesse, Brian J. (13 September 2013). 12546: 12204:Drake-Brockman, Ralph Evelyn (1912). 11549: 10927:Hoehne, Markus V. (7 November 2007). 10773: 10698: 10415:. Mail and Guardian. 10 February 2006 9977: 9923: 9327: 9272: 9226: 8966: 8949: 8799:Compagnon, Daniel (22 October 2013). 8739:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations 8266: 8143: 8137: 8111: 8102: 8072: 8059: 8049: 8033: 8008: 7942:, Working Paper No. 65, Table 1, p. 5 7921:from the original on 11 December 2021 7806: 7778:, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157. 7759: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7536: 7510: 7476: 7449: 7428: 7422: 7401: 7395: 7374: 7363: 7346: 7319: 7293: 7242: 7215: 7164: 7155: 7111: 7068: 7037: 6940: 6895: 6869: 6839: 6810: 6758: 6732: 6702: 6682: 6655:"Regions and Territories: Somaliland" 6647: 6620: 6179: 6168: 5772:Popular sports in Somaliland include 5074:Largest cities or towns in Somaliland 4890:region, particularly in the towns of 4787:are also represented well in western 4740:region including the capital city of 4041: 3350:The following regions are taken from 2904:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guinea 1846: 1127:is recorded on the temple reliefs at 820:Map of Somaliland in the 19th century 17274: 13695:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 13125: 12994: 12612:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 137. 12473:from the original on 19 October 2013 12151: 11048:Mahmood, Omar S. (1 November 2019). 10184:"The Remarkable Story of Somaliland" 10123:"The Remarkable Story of Somaliland" 9310:(Report). p. 10. Archived from 8987: 8960: 8880: 8859: 8581:"The Remarkable Story of Somaliland" 7593: 7325: 7300:Alberge, Dalya (17 September 2010). 7248: 6487:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6447: 6426: 6408:from the original on 9 February 2006 6319: 6235: 6210: 6095:Political Handbook of the World 2015 5979: 5955: 5908: 5856: 5814:Index of Somaliland-related articles 5459:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio 4200:also houses historic and impressive 3826:adding citations to reliable sources 3797: 2965:, its application is still pending. 2879: 2243:Somali Republic (union with Somalia) 2028:, Governor of British Somaliland to 1780: 1248:Somali aristocratic and court titles 16850:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 12947:. International Crisis Group. 2015. 12702:Vries, F. W. T. Penning de (2005). 12293:"POPULATION ESTIMATION SURVEY 2014" 12210:. Hurst & Blackett. p. 18. 12043: 11609:"Remittances a lifeline to Somalis" 11456:"SOMALILAND CLIMATE: when to visit" 11196:Houreld, Katharine (4 April 2011). 10628:(Report). UN Security Council. 2012 10071: 10020:Gettleman, Jeffrey (7 March 2007). 9629:, (Human Rights Watch: 2009), p.13. 9401: 9328:Press, Robert M. (1 January 1999). 8643:. United States Department of State 8457: 8403: 7738: 7678:Dev, Bradt Guides (16 March 2020). 7677: 7548: 7352: 6673: 5862: 4713:also have a strong presence in the 3889:Somaliland is located north of the 2859:Peace, Unity, and Development Party 2700:The executive is led by an elected 2034:Secretary of State for the Colonies 2014:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1394:clan, in modern-day Somaliland and 907:state in neighbouring Somalia, and 673: 150: 117: 56: 13: 13586:, (The Red Sea Press: 1998), p.11. 12944:Somaliland: The Strains of Success 12178:Ramsay, Peter (15 November 2022). 11655:. 30 November 2014. Archived from 10878: 10074:"Somaliland Political Parties Law" 9059:. BRILL Academic. pp. 59–60. 8973:. The Red Sea Press. p. 152. 8950:Binet, Laurence (3 October 2013). 8890:Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). 8835:"Analysis: Somalia's powerbrokers" 8691:. Strategy page.com. 9 August 2006 7486:Near Eastern archaeology: a reader 7356:Somalia Today: General Information 7024: 6818:"Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary" 6260: 4434: 4379: 3356:Somaliland: The Strains of Success 3051: 2759:Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 2528:, has remained relatively stable. 2159:State of Somaliland (Independence) 2060:Imperial Rearguard: Wars of Empire 1921:and, for a time, from the Emperor 1839:until 1905, and afterwards by the 1445:with whom they still mostly live. 1357: 1242:Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages 1005:period from the family's proposed 997:According to linguists, the first 786:from several countries, including 14: 18478: 18110:Ministry of Education and Science 16916:Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 14177:to help reach a consensus. › 14137: 14105:(Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2004), 14072:Warmington, Eric Herbert (1995). 13683:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 13392: 12887:from the original on 20 July 2018 11170:Mesfin, Berouk (September 2009). 10829:Mesfin, Berouk (September 2009). 10806: 10569:. 20 January 2011. Archived from 9355:Lindley, Anna (15 January 2013). 9253: 9173:Peifer, Douglas C. (1 May 2009). 8921:. Oxford: Oxfam. pp. 10–12. 8080:"British Somaliland Protectorate" 6790:Asia West and Africa Department. 6710:"Chronology for Issaq in Somalia" 6376:Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996). 5966:"Budget outlook paper for FY2024" 5786:Confederation of African Football 5766:Somaliland national football team 3304:Map of the Republic of Somaliland 2990:The then-UK Minister for Africa, 2733:Legislative power is held by the 1972:and those of several British and 1115:with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, 989:in Somaliland dating back to the 903:and which is now the name of the 856:clans. The British established a 268: 18337: 18325: 18313: 18188: 18067: 17617: 17532: 17458: 17443: 17314: 17069: 16867:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 16494: 16369:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 16139:Democratic Republic of the Congo 15945:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15715:Democratic Republic of the Congo 15596: 15585: 15584: 15392:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15369: 15150:Democratic Republic of the Congo 15027: 15018: 15017: 14433: 14143: 13983: 13957: 13820:"Somaliland: Poverty Assessment" 13811: 13372: 13336: 13119: 12967:Academy of Peace and Development 12951: 12935: 12722: 12695: 12668: 12626: 12570: 12540: 12510: 12485: 12429: 12401: 12372: 12347: 12315: 12285: 12268: 12246: 12214: 12197: 12171: 12037: 11973:"Egal International Airport HGA" 11713: 11688: 11523: 11505: 11432: 11368: 11247: 11223:Hussein, Abdi (13 August 2011). 11177:. Institute for Security Studies 11099: 10898: 10872: 10844: 10822: 10800: 10751: 10718: 10692: 10434:Shipton, Martin (3 March 2006). 10312:Aspinwall, Nick (10 July 2020). 9856: 9763: 9738: 9123:Mullin, Chris (1 October 2010). 8943: 8910: 8853: 8728:, (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338 8665:. Buluugleey.com. Archived from 8629: 8490: 8482:Akyeampong, Emmanuel. K (2012). 8475: 8435: 8420: 8376: 8367: 8358: 8349: 8340: 7864:. 7 October 2017. Archived from 7375:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). 7047:A History of African Archaeology 6827:. United Nations. 9 January 2006 6595:Journal of International Affairs 5798: 5362:, the majority belonging to the 5154: 5144: 5117: 5107: 4646:are the predominant clan of the 4372:to manage the strategic port of 4048:Telecommunications in Somaliland 3802: 3778: 3763: 3747: 3735: 3716: 3396: 2647: 2636: 2624: 2613: 2565:Las Anod conflict (2023–present) 2415:clan. Mohamed Haji Ingiriis and 2396:In May 1988, the SNM launched a 2275:) united as planned to form the 1989:Burao Tax Revolt and RAF bombing 1787:British attack on Berbera (1827) 1382:kingdom that ruled parts of the 911:, meaning "better than five" in 868:from Britain, it was called the 96: 82: 18467:States with limited recognition 18120:Ministry of Energy and Minerals 16583:States with limited recognition 14043: 13726:"Diocese of Mogadishu, Somalia" 13518:Briggs, Philip Robarts (2019). 13103:. 27 March 2018. Archived from 12635:By Philip Briggs. Google Books. 11751:"Golis Telecom Somalia Profile" 11144:. 31 March 2020. Archived from 11022:. 26 April 2012. Archived from 10673:Chiang Yi-ching (1 July 2020). 10647:Chiang Yi-ching (1 July 2020). 10098:. Freedom House. Archived from 9334:. University Press of Florida. 9273:Tekle, Amare (1 January 1994). 9227:Jones, Adam (22 January 2017). 9200:Straus, Scott (24 March 2015). 8967:Tekle, Amare (1 January 1994). 8689:"The making of a Somalia state" 8319: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8223: 8196: 8169: 7996: 7982: 7967: 7954: 7945: 7932: 7905: 7880: 7850: 7820: 7781: 7671: 7018: 6951: 6934: 6542:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 6501: 6474: 6427:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). 6340: 6320:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). 6287: 6134: 6092:Lansford, Tom (24 March 2015). 6031: 6021:"STRATO – Domain not available" 6008:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 5780:, though it is not a member of 4420: 3813:needs additional citations for 3270: 3024:On 1 July 2020, Somaliland and 2940:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2886:Foreign relations of Somaliland 2821:Political parties in Somaliland 2804:into Somaliland citizenship or 2661: 1831:and administered it as part of 1495:Sultans of the Isaaq Sultanate 404:Unrecognised independence 13573:, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.1 13571:Culture and Customs of Somalia 13269:. 2 March 2001. Archived from 13132:Politics and Art from the Edge 12913:. Leiden: BRILL. p. xxi. 12675:House (U.S.), Freedom (2008). 12253:Ambroso, Guido (August 2002). 12123:. Genel Energy. Archived from 12094:. Genel Energy. Archived from 11870:Bakano, Otto (24 April 2011). 11571:Overseas Development Institute 10838:Institute for Security Studies 10468:. Qaran News. 16 November 2009 9467:Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (2016). 9450:Fetcher Forum of World Affairs 8893:Culture and Customs of Somalia 8427:of Rodd, Lord Rennell (1948). 8298:Colonial Office, 11 April 1922 8232:The Journal of African History 8209:. African Books. p. 166. 7940:New Issues in Refugee Research 7222:Bakano, Otto (24 April 2011). 6853:. 7 March 2010. Archived from 6122:. Horn Diplomat. 19 April 2024 6013: 5943:. Horn Diplomat. 19 April 2024 5882: 5836: 5538:The main clans of Somaliland: 5386:, there is also a presence of 4619: 4413:, on the SL10B/13 block neary 4393:for SL-10B and SL-13 block in 4082: 3971:non-governmental organisations 3726:are waterfalls located in the 2833:Participating in a parade for 2605:List of Somaliland politicians 2532:2001 constitutional referendum 2400:on the cities of Hargeisa and 2383:Somaliland War of Independence 2345:Somaliland War of Independence 118:لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله 1: 18447:1991 establishments in Africa 18210:National Electoral Commission 17914:Countries and regions in the 17539:Vice presidents of Somaliland 16707:UN specialized agency members 14162: 14149:Wikimedia Atlas of Somaliland 13879:, (Red Sea Press: 1994), p.51 12299:. Somalia NSB. Archived from 12222:"Somaliland MDG Report, 2010" 12152:Reed, Ed (20 December 2021). 11639:Somali Forum – Somalia Online 11255:"Somaliland: Country Profile" 9642:. 18 May 2012. Archived from 9094:10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 8019:. 9780226467917. p. 70. 7978:. Red Sea Press. p. 214. 7600:African Archaeological Review 7255:African Archaeological Review 7089:10.1080/00438243.1988.9980055 6718:United Nations Refugee Agency 5849: 4397:, 20 kilometres northwest of 4208:. Zeila was once part of the 3862:Köppen climate classification 2863:Justice and Development Party 2749:, and the lower house is the 2711: 2585:, triggering armed conflict. 2583:Federal Government of Somalia 2518:Federal Government of Somalia 2269:Trust Territory of Somaliland 1823:in the region referred to as 1071:, the founding father of the 1009:("original homeland") in the 933: 860:in the region referred to as 465:Trust Territory of Somaliland 18412:Former British protectorates 18266:National Intelligence Agency 18175:Ministry of Youth and Sports 14350:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion 14066:International Business Times 13628:"Political Islam in Somalia" 13597:"Somaliland: Going it alone" 13128:"KYD3 – Politics in Berbera" 12969:. p. 76. Archived from 12050:Journal of Petroleum Geology 11701:. GSM Association. June 2019 11109:Anglo-Somali Society Journal 9903:"Somaliland Judicial System" 9206:. Cornell University Press. 7489:. Eisenbrauns. p. 120. 7381:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–31. 7353:Ali, Ismail Mohamed (1970). 6627:Schoiswohl, Michael (2004). 5501: 5484:Edna Adan Maternity Hospital 4985: 4324:, and offer flights for the 4231: 3987:Dahabshil Bank International 3606:Geographic map of Somaliland 3586: 3114:, a federal member state of 2979:Somaliland Foreign Minister 2894:The President of Somaliland 2081:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion 2075:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion 1936:The Fifth Expedition of the 828:is derived from two words: " 805: 7: 18160:Ministry of Water Resources 18140:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 14380:Declaration of Independence 13669:Charles George Herbermann, 13423:"Ghost Republic Somaliland" 12323:"UNFPA Population Estimate" 12044:Ali, M. Y. (October 2015). 11418:Central Intelligence Agency 11280:"Somaliland: Where we Work" 10851:Balthasar, Dominik (2012). 9814:. The Somaliland Government 9792:. The Somaliland Government 9750:africanelections.tripod.com 9402:Law, Ian (1 January 2010). 8778:"Somalia — Government" 6683:Lacey, Marc (5 June 2006). 6460:. Nordic Africa Institute. 6353:University of Chicago Press 6243:"Somali Traditional States" 6221:. Bloomsbury. p. 113. 6189:Pankhurst, Richard (1997). 5791: 5331: 3997:Monetary and payment system 3930:GDP Somaliland 2012 to 2018 3904: 3210: 3058:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 3034:memorandum of understanding 3015:memorandum of understanding 2946:community from Somaliland. 2928:National Assembly for Wales 2544:President Egal's government 1300:and environs in the 1500s. 1053:Antiquity and classical era 1045:in eastern Somaliland lies 891:At the Grand conference in 882:declaration of independence 708:to the south and west, and 684: 478:Declaration of independence 446:• Independence of the 123: 70: 25:Somaliland (disambiguation) 10: 18483: 18287:Somaliland Custodial Corps 18275:Law Enforcement and Prison 18240:Somaliland Ports Authority 18180:Ministry of Transportation 18100:Ministry of Civil Aviation 17475:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal 16633:People's Republic of China 15644: 14325:Somaliland campaign (1920) 14116:Richards, Rebecca (2014). 13569:Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, 13178:Hoehne, Markus V. (2010). 13157:Danish Immigration Service 12909:Renders, Marleen. (2012). 12826:Battera, Federico (2005). 12408:Dominik Balthasar (2012). 12387:International Crisis Group 11393:Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. 10413:"AU supports Somali split" 10182:Kaplan, Seth (July 2008). 10121:Kaplan, Seth (July 2008). 8579:Kaplan, Seth (July 2008). 6714:Minorities at Risk Project 5753: 5643: 5523: 5519: 5505: 5472: 5420:Constitution of Somaliland 5342:Christianity in Somaliland 5335: 5143: 5106: 5043: 4989: 4775:region including Southern 4347: 4334:Egal International Airport 4235: 4151: 4147: 4125:, many of whom shipped to 4086: 4045: 4000: 3950:, the largest of which is 3935:and the elder population. 3919: 3915: 3908: 3793: 3742:The Somaliland countryside 3590: 3339: 3293: 3277:Human rights in Somaliland 3274: 3267:within Somaliland waters. 3214: 3061: 3055: 2920:Republic of China (Taiwan) 2883: 2818: 2798:Somaliland nationality law 2768: 2715: 2689: 2668:Constitution of Somaliland 2602: 2592: 2562: 2535: 2487:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal 2447: 2391:Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan 2334: 2316:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal 2256: 2246: 2187:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal 2162: 2078: 1992: 1876:covering the start of the 1857:Somaliland campaign (1920) 1850: 1784: 1334: 1245: 1212:to transport their cargo. 1056: 1032:are found in the northern 943: 937: 926: 922: 809: 741:Trust Territory of Somalia 666:Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland 548:28.27/km (73.2/sq mi) 170: Territory controlled 43:Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland 18: 18274: 18254:Military and Intelligence 18253: 18245:Somaliland Road Authority 18197: 18186: 18082: 17990: 17922: 17758: 17735:Abdiweli Sheikh Abdillahi 17630: 17555:Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur 17545: 17470:Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur 17465: 17456: 17368: 17327: 17280: 17246: 17230: 17189: 17078: 17067: 16988: 16904: 16884:Republic of South Ossetia 16809: 16798: 16705: 16604: 16593:international recognition 16589: 16511: 16382: 16357: 16076: 15958: 15933: 15652: 15580: 15560: 15529: 15508: 15487: 15466: 15455: 15439: 15423: 15410: 15378: 15367: 15085: 15075:Countries and territories 15013: 14939: 14881: 14872: 14802: 14793: 14640: 14636: 14627: 14576: 14455: 14451: 14442: 14431: 14403: 14257: 14248: 13650:"Somaliland Constitution" 13467:"The State in Somaliland" 13465:Kluijver, Robert (2020). 13355:"Dawladda Hoose ee Burco" 12731:"The State in Somaliland" 12729:Kluijver, Robert (2020). 10968:10.3366/E0001972009000710 10908:. Daljir. 17 January 2018 10786:. John Wiley & Sons. 9771:"Somaliland Constitution" 9746:"Elections in Somaliland" 9569:"Somaliland Constitution" 9494:Rebecca Richards (2016). 9391:. World Bank. p. 10. 9131:. Profile Books. p. 8244:10.1017/S0021853700005107 8015:Laitin, David D. (1977). 7613:10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9 7483:Richard, Suzanne (2003). 7267:10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2 7044:Peter Robertshaw (1990). 6347:Laitin, David D. (1977). 6006:Encyclopædia Britannica, 5865:"Somaliland Constitution" 5496:female genital mutilation 5468: 5455:Anglican Diocese of Egypt 4866:, including the towns of 4522: 4452:— 4363:DP World Berbera New Port 4354:DP World Berbera New Port 4089:Agriculture in Somaliland 3395: 3064:Somalia–Somaliland border 2741:. Its upper house is the 2516:on the one hand, and the 2499:National Security Service 2471:Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur 2058:James Lawrence author of 1607: 1583: 1559: 1534: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1390:clan, descendants of the 1337:Dervish movement (Somali) 1272:and his men (left). From 965:depicted in the caves of 636: 626: 614: 596: 586: 576: 566: 552: 542: 528: 521: 511: 504: 500: 487: 474: 457: 444: 431: 418: 414: 403: 388: 373: 363: 359: 344: 329: 314: 297: 293: 277: 259: 248: 237: 227: 183: 159: 136: 112: 78: 36: 18235:Civil Service Commission 17848:Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud 17655:Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye 17560:Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah 17450:Presidents of Somaliland 16124:Central African Republic 15700:Central African Republic 15135:Central African Republic 14731:House of Representatives 14189:Government of Somaliland 14175:templates for discussion 13765:"Children in Somaliland" 13305:Lecarme & Maury 1987 13287:, Red Sea Press, p. 11, 11016:"What is Khatumo State?" 10767:Swedish Migration Agency 10699:Kheyr (1 January 2024). 9965:(in Somali). 31 May 2001 9053:Marleen Renders (2012). 8149:From Biplane to Spitfire 7814:Genealogies of the Somal 6792:"Republic of Somaliland" 6040:The Geographical Journal 5829: 5749: 5475:Healthcare in Somaliland 4343: 4257:Bus services operate in 3948:money transfer companies 3712:Landscapes of Somaliland 3290:Administrative divisions 3246:Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye 3227:Somaliland National Army 2751:House of Representatives 2727:House of Representatives 2718:Parliament of Somaliland 2595:Government of Somaliland 2569:On 6 February 2023, the 2463:MiG monument in Hargeisa 2450:Somaliland Peace Process 2387:Somali National Movement 2353:SNM fighters, late 1980s 2337:Somali National Movement 2297:Abdirashid Ali Shermarke 2289:Aden Abdullah Osman Daar 1984:Anti-colonial resistance 1950:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 1895:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 812:Somalis § Etymology 765:Government of Somaliland 433:• Establishment of 398:House of Representatives 177: Territory disputed 19:Not to be confused with 18422:Geography of Somaliland 18282:Somaliland Police Force 18261:Somaliland Armed Forces 18090:Ministry of Agriculture 17838:Abdillahi Mohamed Dahir 17778:Mohammad Abdullahi Omar 17624:Ministers of Somaliland 14390:2022 Waheen Market fire 14053:79/2, pp. 252–281. 12328:. UNFPA. Archived from 11481:"Somaliland in Figures" 9882:"Somaliland Parliament" 9790:"Somaliland Government" 8724:Greystone Press Staff, 8389:. Bloomsbury Academic. 8040:James Marshall (1832). 7712:Briggs, Philip (2012). 7193:10.1126/science.1078208 6985:10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131 6941:Walls, Michael (2008). 6440:Encyclopædia Britannica 6333:Encyclopædia Britannica 5894:somalilandchronicle.com 5639: 5570:, Kaskiqabe, Gahayle), 5508:Education in Somaliland 4992:Languages of Somaliland 4920:, a subdivision of the 4658:who mainly inhabit the 4302:African Express Airways 3593:Geography of Somaliland 3367:Somaliland protectorate 3346:Districts of Somaliland 3234:Somaliland Armed Forces 3217:Somaliland Armed Forces 2839:parliamentary elections 2825:Elections in Somaliland 2779:The Court House of the 2692:President of Somaliland 2589:Government and politics 2510:war in southern Somalia 2365:) was destroyed by the 1944:expedition against the 1929:the Dervish capital of 1331:Early modern sultanates 1274:Le livre des Merveilles 838:Egyptian administration 733:Somaliland Protectorate 228:Official languages 155:"Live in Eternal Peace" 18427:Horn African countries 18402:East African countries 17858:Abdirisaq Waberi Roble 17818:Ali Mohamed Warancadde 17813:Suleiman Mohamoud Adan 17745:Khalil Abdillahi Ahmed 17675:Abdillahi Abokor Osman 17665:Mohamed Ahmed Mohamoud 17485:Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud 17101:Chittagong Hill Tracts 16928:Republic of Somaliland 16811:Recognised by at least 16721:Partially unrecognised 16614:Partially unrecognised 14340:Somaliland Camel Corps 13325:Blench, Roger (2006). 12606:Philip Briggs (2012). 12436:Berouk Mesfin (2009). 11376:"Local Government Law" 11351:"Local Government Law" 10761:(in German). Austria: 10293:. Reuters. 1 July 2020 9382:Gajraj, Priya (2005). 8919:Rwanda: which way now? 8917:Waller, David (1993). 8805:World Peace Foundation 8486:. OUP US. p. 107. 8410:Mohamed, Jama (1996). 7402:Dalal, Roshen (2011). 7378:The History of Somalia 7326:Hodd, Michael (1994). 6601:. 2008. Archived from 6247:www.worldstatesmen.org 5778:national football team 5769: 5718:is a local favourite. 5695: 5658: 5535: 5487: 5355: 4910: 4635: 4631:clan-family and other 4570: 4562: 4365: 4254: 4166: 4102: 4073:Somaliland National TV 4016: 3931: 3911:Wildlife of Somaliland 3886: 3607: 3305: 3281:According to the 2023 3229: 3199:On 20 October 2017 in 3093: 3085: 2987: 2983:with Taiwan President 2968:On 24 September 2010, 2918:, non-UN member state 2907: 2898:during a visit to the 2842: 2783: 2764: 2747:Suleiman Mohamoud Adan 2730: 2599:Politics of Somaliland 2559:2023 Las Anod conflict 2466: 2393:, Barre's son-in-law. 2370: 2354: 2259:1961 revolt in Somalia 2236: 2190: 2177:Somaliland flying the 2094: 2089:Sheikh Bashir praying 2068: 2056: 2043: 2016:, to send troops from 2004: 1963:Somaliland Camel Corps 1940:in 1920 was the final 1882: 1870:The Italian newspaper 1438: 1426: 1354: 1277: 1107:. The Puntites traded 1080: 970: 836:took control from the 821: 784:representative offices 767:regards itself as the 665: 658:Republic of Somaliland 142: 42: 38:Republic of Somaliland 18462:Culture of Somaliland 18432:Separatism in Somalia 17715:Abdirashid Haji Duale 17391:Suleiman Hassan Haddi 17376:Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge 16284:São Tomé and Príncipe 16144:Republic of the Congo 15860:São Tomé and Príncipe 15720:Republic of the Congo 15296:São Tomé and Príncipe 15155:Republic of the Congo 14395:Outline of Somaliland 14330:1922 Burao Tax Revolt 14197:– BBC Country Profile 13692:Catholic Encyclopedia 11565:7 August 2020 at the 9279:. The Red Sea Press. 9256:"Somaliland massacre" 8780:. Library of Congress 8383:Jaques, Tony (2007). 8065:Hugh Chisholm (ed.), 8005:1850, Volume 9, p.133 7888:"Taariikhda Toljecle" 7832:Togdheer News Network 7329:East African Handbook 7050:. J. Currey. p. 6267:J. A. Suárez (2023). 6195:. The Red Sea Press. 6025:www.somalilandlaw.com 5869:www.somalilandlaw.com 5824:Outline of Somaliland 5819:List of Somalilanders 5763: 5690: 5653: 5533: 5526:Culture of Somaliland 5482: 5376:Islamic jurisprudence 5349: 4908: 4627: 4568: 4560: 4426:Historical population 4361: 4249: 4202:Ottoman architectural 4161: 4154:Tourism in Somaliland 4096: 4014: 3929: 3922:Economy of Somaliland 3859: 3605: 3342:Regions of Somaliland 3336:Regions and districts 3303: 3224: 3091: 3071: 3062:Further information: 3032:On 1 January 2024, a 3004:2015 general election 3000:UK Independence Party 2978: 2906:Mamadi Touré in 2019. 2893: 2832: 2815:Parties and elections 2778: 2725: 2696:Cabinet of Somaliland 2686:President and cabinet 2676:Presidential Republic 2461: 2360: 2352: 2257:Further information: 2232: 2176: 2088: 2064: 2051: 2038: 2030:Sir Winston Churchill 2002: 1995:1922 Burao tax revolt 1978:East African campaign 1868: 1352: 1263: 1066: 961: 929:History of Somaliland 819: 685:Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd 71:Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd 18457:Separatism in Africa 18155:Ministry of Planning 18130:Ministry of Interior 18095:Ministry of Commerce 17843:Ahmed Haji Ali Adami 17798:Suleiman Haglotosiye 17788:Hassan Haji Mohamoud 17725:Mustafe Mohamoud Ali 17700:Ahmed Mohamed Diriye 17685:Mohamoud Hassan Saad 17401:Abdirahim Ali Ismail 17321:Mayors of Somaliland 16821:Republic of Abkhazia 14561:Sa'ad ad-Din Islands 14305:Habr Yunis Sultanate 14097:Michael Schoiswohl: 14094:(James Currey, 2008) 14076:. South Asia Books. 13825:(Report). World Bank 13712:25 June 2019 at the 12708:. IWMI. p. 67. 12651:. IWMI. p. 67. 12582:New Internationalist 11290:on 10 January 2017. 10191:Journal of Democracy 10130:Journal of Democracy 9812:"Somaliland Cabinet" 9720:"Somaliland profile" 9179:. DIANE Publishing. 8588:Journal of Democracy 8560:on 28 September 2011 8431:. HMSO. p. 481. 8155:. pp. 161–162. 7917:, 23 February 2020, 7793:Somali Diaspora News 7637:Geographical Journal 7230:on 21 September 2013 6169:Lewis, I.M. (1955). 5768:at a friendly match. 5756:Sports in Somaliland 4332:pilgrimages via the 4287:light goods vehicles 4097:Livestock export in 3822:improve this article 3598:Location and habitat 2263:On 1 July 1960, the 1372:Habr Yunis Sultanate 572:$ 3.782 billion 530:• 2024 estimate 491:Current constitution 435:British protectorate 333:Speaker of the House 151:حياة طويلة مع السلام 18417:Countries in Africa 18364: / 18150:Ministry of Justice 18135:Ministry of Finance 18105:Ministry of Defence 17853:Hassan Ismail Yusuf 17833:Mohamoud Hashi Abdi 17823:Mohamed Nour Arrale 17803:Hussein Abdi Dualeh 17740:Hassan Mohammed Ali 17660:Mohamed Muse Diriye 17650:Mohamed Kahin Ahmed 17645:Yasin Haji Mohamoud 17381:Mohamed Hersi Ahmed 17146:Southern Azerbaijan 16621:Republic of Armenia 16591:Details concerning 16359:States with limited 16070:Geography of Africa 15935:States with limited 15552:Plazas de soberanía 15456:African territories 15396:unclear sovereignty 15381:States with limited 14665:Diplomatic missions 14365:War of Independence 14360:State of Somaliland 14320:Somaliland campaign 14122:. Surrey: Ashgate. 14092:Becoming Somaliland 13283:I. M. Lewis (1998) 12976:on 26 November 2022 12062:2015JPetG..38..433A 11731:on 8 September 2021 11537:on 8 September 2021 11444:. 1945. p. 44. 10935:on 17 November 2007 10197:(3): 248–249, 253. 9672:on 31 January 2014. 9646:on 10 November 2016 8153:Pen And Sword Books 7649:1936GeogJ..87..289C 7594:Mire, Sada (2015). 7524:. 11 September 2017 7249:Mire, Sada (2008). 7185:2003Sci...300..597D 6976:1996PNAS...93.5131B 6922:on 27 February 2012 6798:on 10 December 2022 6661:. 25 September 2009 6052:1931GeogJ..78..102S 5350:Traditional Somali 5338:Islam in Somaliland 4846:region and western 4427: 4300:ceased operations. 4021:Somaliland shilling 4007:Somaliland shilling 3788:, Zeila Archipelago 3242:Ministry of Defence 3184:In the late 2000s, 3106:State of Somaliland 3102:State of Somaliland 2755:Yasin Haji Mohamoud 2514:Islamist insurgents 2265:State of Somaliland 2228:State of Somaliland 2165:State of Somaliland 2101:clan in the former 2026:Sir Geoffrey Archer 1938:Somaliland campaign 1923:Iyasu V of Ethiopia 1873:Corriere della Sera 1853:Somaliland campaign 1496: 1059:Somali architecture 940:Caves in Somaliland 870:State of Somaliland 759:concluded with the 757:war of independence 737:State of Somaliland 591:Somaliland shilling 448:State of Somaliland 339:Yasin Haji Mohamoud 208: / 18205:Bank of Somaliland 18145:Ministry of Health 17868:Mohamed Hashi Elmi 17750:Shukri Haji Ismail 17730:Said Sulub Mohamed 17710:Jama Mohamoud Egal 17705:Omar Ali Abdillahi 17690:Yusuf Mire Mohamed 17575:Abdirahman Saylici 17565:Dahir Riyale Kahin 17480:Dahir Riyale Kahin 16906:Recognised only by 16745:Republic of Kosovo 16728:State of Palestine 16645:Republic of Cyprus 15460:non-African states 14850:Telecommunications 14310:British Somaliland 14203:(archived version) 14191:(official website) 14027:. 19 November 2018 13753:on 1 October 2011. 13686:"Somaliland" 13126:Kluijver, Robert. 12771:: 4. January 2017. 12503:. 9 January 1998. 12207:British Somaliland 11911:on 5 December 2020 11757:on 22 October 2007 11641:. 4 February 2009. 11328:on 21 January 2017 11235:on 20 January 2013 10603:on 5 February 2016 10573:on 30 January 2011 10493:The New York Times 10446:on 26 January 2012 10371:on 7 February 2012 10203:10.1353/jod.0.0009 10142:10.1353/jod.0.0009 10026:The New York Times 9998:on 20 October 2016 9924:Manby, B. (2012). 9726:. 14 December 2017 9361:. Berghahn Books. 9026:Abou Jeng (2012). 8669:on 16 January 2009 8600:10.1353/jod.0.0009 8125:. 10 February 2017 8108:Nicolle (1997), 5. 8090:on 25 October 2019 7838:on 11 January 2021 6689:The New York Times 6568:on 24 January 2013 6430:"Somaliland" 6323:"Somaliland" 6301:. 13 February 2021 5770: 5696: 5659: 5536: 5534:People in Hargeisa 5488: 5356: 4934:Buuhoodle District 4911: 4858:as well as in the 4791:region, mainly in 4636: 4571: 4563: 4425: 4366: 4306:Ethiopian Airlines 4255: 4212:, a dependency of 4167: 4103: 4042:Telecommunications 4025:Bank of Somaliland 4017: 4003:Bank of Somaliland 3977:(BCIMR), based in 3932: 3887: 3860:Somaliland map of 3618:to the south, and 3608: 3306: 3230: 3098:British Somaliland 3094: 3086: 3046:Ethiopian Airlines 2988: 2908: 2900:Republic of Guinea 2843: 2784: 2731: 2680:multi-party system 2644:Abdirahman Saylici 2495:Dahir Riyale Kahin 2467: 2371: 2355: 2325:Mohamed Siad Barre 2281:Somali nationalism 2273:Italian Somaliland 2212:Italian Somaliland 2203:British Somaliland 2195:British government 2191: 2113:religious leader. 2103:British Somaliland 2095: 2005: 2003:Captain Allan Gibb 1933:in February 1920. 1883: 1878:British Somaliland 1847:British Somaliland 1825:British Somaliland 1817:East India Company 1494: 1481:British Somaliland 1355: 1345:British Somaliland 1278: 1081: 971: 878:Italian Somaliland 862:British Somaliland 822: 773:British Somaliland 704:to the northwest, 674:جمهورية صوماليلاند 562:2022 estimate 324:Abdirahman Saylici 57:جمهورية صوماليلاند 18301: 18300: 18295: 18294: 18033: 18032: 17881: 17880: 17783:Hussein Ali Duale 17720:Mohamed Adan Elmi 17695:Saleban Yusuf Ali 17632:Current ministers 17583: 17582: 17570:Ahmed Yusuf Yasin 17498: 17497: 17409: 17408: 17360:Mayor of Las Anod 17335:Mayor of Hargeisa 17267: 17266: 17156:Southern Mongolia 17121:Iranian Kurdistan 16947: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16838:Republic of China 16794: 16793: 16701: 16700: 16686:Republic of Korea 16597:foreign relations 16549: 16548: 16460: 16459: 16386:other territories 16159:Equatorial Guinea 16036: 16035: 15962:other territories 15735:Equatorial Guinea 15612: 15611: 15576: 15575: 15451: 15450: 15171:Equatorial Guinea 15041: 15040: 15009: 15008: 14868: 14867: 14789: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14738:Political parties 14714:Somaliland Police 14660:Foreign relations 14623: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14429: 14428: 14375:National Movement 14345:Somaliland Scouts 14300:Battle of Berbera 14285:Sultanate of Ifat 14129:978-1-4724-2589-8 13902:on 20 August 2018 13605:. 17 October 2015 13556:978-1-317-01479-9 13529:978-1-78477-605-3 13471:Sciences Po Paris 13225:978-1-4094-9921-3 13191:978-1-84701-018-6 13039:on 30 August 2018 12920:978-90-04-22254-0 12880:978-3-86093-230-8 12735:Sciences Po Paris 12715:978-92-9090-618-6 12688:978-0-7425-6306-3 12658:978-92-9090-618-6 12619:978-1-84162-371-9 12560:978-1-317-98591-4 12530:978-1-4758-4179-4 12130:on 4 January 2017 12070:10.1111/jpg.12620 11840:978-1-56902-228-3 11833:. Red Sea Press. 11589:. 26 January 2011 11583:"Somaliland hope" 11493:on 16 August 2017 11460:Jouneys by Design 11081:. 21 October 2017 10807:Höhne, Markus V. 10793:978-1-119-38480-9 10076:. Somalliland Law 9937:978-1-936133-29-1 9507:978-1-317-00466-0 9480:978-0-7618-6720-3 9415:978-1-4058-5912-7 9368:978-1-78238-328-4 9341:978-0-8130-1704-4 9317:on 26 March 2019. 9286:978-0-932415-97-4 9260:www.aljazeera.com 9240:978-1-84277-191-4 9213:978-0-8014-5567-4 9186:978-1-4379-1281-4 9142:978-1-84765-186-0 9066:978-90-04-21848-2 9039:978-1-107-01521-0 8980:978-0-932415-97-4 8903:978-0-313-31333-2 8815:on 2 October 2023 8758:. 28 January 2019 8715:, pp. 84–85. 8445:. 11 January 2018 8396:978-0-313-33539-6 8280:. 18 October 2019 8216:978-2-86978-231-0 8189:978-0-231-12983-1 8026:978-0-226-46791-7 7868:on 11 August 2021 7723:978-1-84162-371-9 7584:, pp. 185–6. 7415:978-1-4488-4797-6 7388:978-0-313-37857-7 7179:(5619): 597–603. 7077:World Archaeology 7061:978-0-435-08041-9 6970:(10): 5131–5135. 6883:. 1 February 2017 6776:on 26 March 2012. 6640:978-90-04-13655-7 6562:somalilandgov.com 6558:"Country Profile" 6494:978-0-8122-0758-3 6362:978-0-226-46791-7 6202:978-0-932415-19-6 6105:978-1-4833-7155-9 5806:Somaliland portal 5671:national identity 5463:Adventist Mission 5328: 5327: 4924:confederation of 4748:region including 4527: 4526: 4385:light crude oil. 4279:four-wheel drives 3885: 3874: 3871:Semi-arid climate 3854: 3853: 3846: 3584: 3583: 3238:Somaliland Police 2880:Foreign relations 2855:political parties 2771:Law of Somaliland 2501:(NSS) officer in 2367:Somali government 2197:planned to delay 2189:salutes the flag. 2010:Winston Churchill 1793:Battle of Berbera 1781:Battle of Berbera 1778: 1777: 1520:Traditional Chief 1268:(right) and King 1200:Nabataean Kingdom 991:4th millennium BC 682: 656:, officially the 651: 650: 647: 578:• Per capita 18474: 18379: 18378: 18376: 18375: 18374: 18369: 18368:9.750°N 45.967°E 18365: 18362: 18361: 18360: 18357: 18342: 18341: 18340: 18330: 18329: 18328: 18318: 18317: 18316: 18309: 18192: 18076: 18072: 18071: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18037: 18036: 18026: 18018: 18010: 18002: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17885: 17884: 17873:Abdirisak Khalif 17863:Isse Ahmed Yusuf 17828:Zamzam Abdi Adan 17808:Musa Kassim Omar 17768:Edna Adan Ismail 17760:Former ministers 17680:Ahmed Mumin Seed 17670:Hinda Jama Hersi 17622: 17621: 17610: 17603: 17596: 17587: 17586: 17550:Hassan Isse Jama 17537: 17536: 17525: 17518: 17511: 17502: 17501: 17462: 17448: 17447: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17413: 17412: 17396:Ismail Haji Nour 17386:Abdishakur Iddin 17355:Mayor of Erigavo 17345:Mayor of Berbera 17319: 17318: 17307: 17300: 17293: 17284: 17283: 17275:Related articles 17271: 17270: 17181:West Balochistan 17111:Gilgit Baltistan 17073: 17051:Western Togoland 17041:Rehoboth Basters 16974: 16967: 16960: 16951: 16950: 16807: 16806: 16718: 16717: 16611: 16610: 16606:UN member states 16576: 16569: 16562: 16553: 16552: 16499: 16498: 16487: 16480: 16473: 16464: 16463: 16447: 16446:(United Kingdom) 16442:Tristan da Cunha 16438:Ascension Island 16430: 16417: 16408: 16384:Dependencies and 16077:Sovereign states 16063: 16056: 16049: 16040: 16039: 16023: 16022:(United Kingdom) 16018:Tristan da Cunha 16014:Ascension Island 16006: 15993: 15984: 15960:Dependencies and 15653:Sovereign states 15639: 15632: 15625: 15616: 15615: 15600: 15588: 15587: 15464: 15463: 15421: 15420: 15373: 15167:(partly in Asia) 15087:Sovereign states 15068: 15061: 15054: 15045: 15044: 15031: 15021: 15020: 14921:Independence Day 14879: 14878: 14845: 14800: 14799: 14704: 14638: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14453: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14437: 14255: 14254: 14231: 14224: 14217: 14208: 14207: 14147: 14146: 14133: 14090:Bradbury, Mark, 14087: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14017: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14006: 13997:. Archived from 13987: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13961: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13940: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13929: 13918: 13912: 13911: 13909: 13907: 13901: 13895:. Archived from 13894: 13886: 13880: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13857:on 7 August 2020 13856: 13850:. Archived from 13849: 13841: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13824: 13815: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13804: 13799:. 29 August 2019 13789: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13775: 13769: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13749:. Archived from 13743: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13722: 13716: 13703: 13697: 13696: 13688: 13680: 13674: 13667: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13656: 13646: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13635: 13624: 13615: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13593: 13587: 13580: 13574: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13540: 13534: 13533: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13497:Trademark Africa 13489: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13478: 13462: 13456: 13455: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13419: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13408: 13399: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13376: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13365: 13351: 13345: 13340: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13302: 13296: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13273:on 2 March 2001. 13263: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13246: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13209: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13094: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13077: 13069: 13063: 13062: 13056: 13048: 13046: 13044: 13038: 13032:. Archived from 13027: 13018: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13007: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12975: 12964: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12939: 12933: 12932: 12906: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12892: 12864: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12850: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12782: 12773: 12772: 12764: 12756: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12672: 12666: 12665: 12642: 12636: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12603: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12589: 12584:. 1 October 2017 12574: 12568: 12567: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12520:Africa 2018–2019 12514: 12508: 12507: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12442: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12416: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12384: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12334: 12327: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12289: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12259: 12250: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12239: 12233: 12227:. Archived from 12226: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12201: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12184:PE Media Network 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12149: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12135: 12129: 12122: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12098:on 4 August 2017 12088: 12082: 12081: 12041: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12004: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11907:. Archived from 11901: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11882:on 30 April 2011 11878:. Archived from 11867: 11861: 11860: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11727:. Archived from 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11700: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11594: 11579: 11573: 11556: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11492: 11486:. Archived from 11485: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11404: 11398: 11391: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11355: 11347: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11327: 11321:. Archived from 11320: 11312: 11306: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11286:. Archived from 11276: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11231:. Archived from 11220: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11176: 11167: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11148:on 8 August 2020 11134: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11117: 11106: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11079:Somaliland Daily 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11045: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11026:on 12 March 2014 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10931:. Archived from 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10885: 10879:Hoehne, Markus. 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10859: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10835: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10813: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10627: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10599:. Archived from 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10543:on 7 August 2011 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10513:. Archived from 10503: 10497: 10496: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10442:. Archived from 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10341:. Archived from 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10287: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10243: 10234: 10233: 10227: 10225: 10220:on 7 August 2020 10219: 10213:. Archived from 10188: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10166: 10164: 10159:on 7 August 2020 10158: 10152:. Archived from 10127: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10043: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10017: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9997: 9990: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9840:. Archived from 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9786: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9668:. Archived from 9662: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9636: 9630: 9623: 9617: 9614:A Modern History 9610: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9553:. Archived from 9547: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9429:"Africa Watch". 9426: 9420: 9419: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9305: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9130: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9082:African Security 9077: 9071: 9070: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9023: 9017: 9016: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8887: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8841:. 8 January 2002 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8811:. Archived from 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8748: 8742: 8737:Moshe Y. Sachs, 8735: 8729: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8637:"Editorial Note" 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8617:on 7 August 2020 8616: 8610:. Archived from 8585: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8556:. Archived from 8550: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8502: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8416:(Thesis thesis). 8407: 8401: 8400: 8380: 8374: 8371: 8365: 8362: 8356: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8326: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8299: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8086:. Archived from 8076: 8070: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7965: 7960:Elia Vitturini, 7958: 7952: 7949: 7943: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7834:. Archived from 7824: 7818: 7817: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7785: 7779: 7772: 7766: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7709: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7686:. Archived from 7675: 7669: 7668: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7372: 7361: 7360: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7277:. Archived from 7261:(3–4): 153–168. 7246: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7135:(106): 182–183. 7119:H. W. Seton-Karr 7115: 7109: 7108: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7005: 6987: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6921: 6914: 6906: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6772:. Archived from 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6608:on 18 April 2010 6607: 6592: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6554: 6545: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6432: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6017: 6011: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5970: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5937: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5915: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5860: 5843: 5840: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5582:, Magaadle) and 5158: 5148: 5121: 5111: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5041: 5040: 4942:Erigavo District 4862:region, western 4721:and the town of 4605:followed by the 4441: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4238:Hargeisa Airport 3879: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3806: 3798: 3782: 3767: 3751: 3739: 3720: 3708:mountain range. 3400: 3376: 3375: 3261:Associated Press 3257:rocket launchers 2992:Henry Bellingham 2651: 2640: 2628: 2617: 2542:In August 2000, 2047:House of Commons 1774: 1746: 1693: 1664: 1635: 1497: 1493: 1454:Dervish movement 1101:Mycenaean Greece 886:Somali Civil War 700:and bordered by 687: 677: 675: 645: 605: 559: 310: 223: 222: 220: 219: 218: 213: 212:9.550°N 44.050°E 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 186:and largest city 178: 176: 171: 169: 164: 153: 152: 147: 126: 120: 119: 100: 86: 73: 67: 59: 58: 53: 45: 34: 33: 18482: 18481: 18477: 18476: 18475: 18473: 18472: 18471: 18382: 18381: 18372: 18370: 18366: 18363: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18351: 18350: 18348: 18338: 18336: 18326: 18324: 18314: 18312: 18304: 18302: 18297: 18296: 18291: 18270: 18249: 18193: 18184: 18078: 18074: 18066: 18064: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18016: 18008: 18000: 17986: 17918: 17912: 17882: 17877: 17793:Adan Ahmed Elmi 17754: 17626: 17616: 17614: 17584: 17579: 17541: 17531: 17529: 17499: 17494: 17463: 17452: 17442: 17440: 17410: 17405: 17364: 17350:Mayor of Borama 17323: 17313: 17311: 17276: 17268: 17263: 17242: 17226: 17185: 17074: 17065: 16984: 16980:Members of the 16978: 16948: 16939: 16909: 16907: 16900: 16814: 16812: 16803: 16801: 16790: 16714: 16708: 16697: 16657:State of Israel 16600: 16585: 16580: 16550: 16545: 16507: 16493: 16491: 16461: 16456: 16455: 16445: 16428: 16415: 16406: 16387: 16385: 16378: 16362: 16360: 16353: 16072: 16067: 16037: 16032: 16031: 16021: 16004: 15991: 15982: 15963: 15961: 15954: 15938: 15936: 15929: 15648: 15643: 15613: 15608: 15572: 15556: 15525: 15504: 15500:Pelagie Islands 15483: 15459: 15457: 15447: 15435: 15417: 15414: 15406: 15385: 15382: 15374: 15365: 15081: 15072: 15042: 15037: 15005: 14935: 14916:Public holidays 14891:National emblem 14864: 14843: 14781: 14726:House of Elders 14698: 14615: 14572: 14502:Golis Mountains 14497:Mountain ranges 14480:Greater Somalia 14438: 14425: 14399: 14295:Isaaq Sultanate 14244: 14235: 14178: 14144: 14140: 14130: 14084: 14046: 14041: 14040: 14030: 14028: 14019: 14018: 14014: 14004: 14002: 14001:on 23 June 2021 13989: 13988: 13984: 13974: 13972: 13963: 13962: 13958: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13937: 13927: 13925: 13920: 13919: 13915: 13905: 13903: 13899: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13883: 13875:Ioan M. Lewis, 13874: 13870: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13847: 13843: 13842: 13838: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13816: 13812: 13802: 13800: 13791: 13790: 13783: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13758: 13745: 13744: 13740: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13723: 13719: 13714:Wayback Machine 13704: 13700: 13681: 13677: 13668: 13664: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13647: 13643: 13633: 13631: 13626: 13625: 13618: 13608: 13606: 13595: 13594: 13590: 13581: 13577: 13568: 13564: 13557: 13541: 13537: 13530: 13516: 13512: 13502: 13500: 13499:. 26 April 2022 13491: 13490: 13486: 13476: 13474: 13463: 13459: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13431: 13429: 13421: 13420: 13416: 13406: 13404: 13397: 13391: 13387: 13378: 13377: 13373: 13363: 13361: 13353: 13352: 13348: 13341: 13337: 13329: 13323: 13319: 13308: 13303: 13299: 13282: 13278: 13265: 13264: 13260: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13240: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13210: 13206: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13176: 13172: 13162: 13160: 13151: 13150: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13124: 13120: 13110: 13108: 13096: 13095: 13091: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13070: 13066: 13050: 13049: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13025: 13019: 13015: 13005: 13003: 12993: 12989: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12962: 12956: 12952: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12921: 12907: 12900: 12890: 12888: 12881: 12865: 12861: 12848: 12846: 12844: 12824: 12820: 12811: 12809: 12805: 12795: 12793: 12784: 12783: 12776: 12762: 12758: 12757: 12750: 12740: 12738: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12700: 12696: 12689: 12673: 12669: 12659: 12643: 12639: 12631: 12627: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12587: 12585: 12576: 12575: 12571: 12561: 12545: 12541: 12531: 12515: 12511: 12491: 12490: 12486: 12476: 12474: 12463: 12459: 12449: 12447: 12440: 12434: 12430: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12406: 12402: 12392: 12390: 12382: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12361: 12359:www.hiiraan.com 12353: 12352: 12348: 12338: 12336: 12335:on 8 March 2022 12332: 12325: 12321: 12320: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12303:on 8 March 2022 12291: 12290: 12286: 12278: 12274: 12273: 12269: 12257: 12251: 12247: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12215: 12202: 12198: 12188: 12186: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12150: 12143: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12120: 12116: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12090: 12089: 12085: 12042: 12038: 12028: 12026: 12025:. 1 August 2017 12017: 12016: 12012: 12002: 12000: 11992: 11991: 11987: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11970: 11966: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11929: 11928: 11924: 11914: 11912: 11903: 11902: 11895: 11885: 11883: 11868: 11864: 11853: 11852: 11848: 11841: 11825: 11821: 11810: 11809: 11805: 11796: 11795: 11791: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11770: 11760: 11758: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11734: 11732: 11719: 11718: 11714: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11669: 11668: 11664: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11633: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11607: 11606: 11602: 11592: 11590: 11581: 11580: 11576: 11567:Wayback Machine 11557: 11550: 11540: 11538: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11479: 11478: 11474: 11464: 11462: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11438: 11437: 11433: 11423: 11421: 11406: 11405: 11401: 11392: 11383: 11374: 11373: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11341: 11331: 11329: 11325: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11302: 11298: 11278: 11277: 11273: 11263: 11261: 11253: 11252: 11248: 11238: 11236: 11221: 11217: 11207: 11205: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11161: 11151: 11149: 11136: 11135: 11131: 11121: 11119: 11118:on 29 June 2020 11115: 11104: 11098: 11094: 11084: 11082: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11058: 11056: 11046: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11014: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10952: 10948: 10938: 10936: 10925: 10921: 10911: 10909: 10904: 10903: 10899: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10873: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10833: 10827: 10823: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10794: 10778: 10774: 10757: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10671: 10667: 10657: 10655: 10645: 10641: 10631: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10591: 10590: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10517:on 7 March 2016 10505: 10504: 10500: 10485: 10481: 10471: 10469: 10464: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10432: 10428: 10418: 10416: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10374: 10372: 10363: 10362: 10358: 10348: 10346: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10320: 10310: 10306: 10296: 10294: 10289: 10288: 10284: 10274: 10272: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10252: 10250: 10245: 10244: 10237: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10186: 10180: 10176: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10136:(3): 248, 252. 10125: 10119: 10115: 10105: 10103: 10094: 10093: 10089: 10079: 10077: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10054: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10030: 10028: 10018: 10011: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9988: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9922: 9918: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9815: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9788: 9787: 9778: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9664: 9663: 9659: 9649: 9647: 9638: 9637: 9633: 9624: 9620: 9611: 9607: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9557:on 28 May 2012. 9549: 9548: 9539: 9529: 9527: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9465: 9461: 9442: 9438: 9428: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9314: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9271: 9267: 9252: 9248: 9241: 9225: 9221: 9214: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9171: 9167: 9154: 9150: 9143: 9121: 9117: 9078: 9074: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9024: 9020: 9005: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8965: 8961: 8948: 8944: 8929: 8915: 8911: 8904: 8888: 8881: 8871: 8869: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8761: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8736: 8732: 8723: 8719: 8713:Richards (2014) 8711: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8670: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8646: 8644: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8552: 8551: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8480: 8476: 8465: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8425: 8421: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8350: 8345: 8341: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8228: 8224: 8217: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7972: 7968: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7937: 7933: 7924: 7922: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7826: 7825: 7821: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7724: 7710: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7690:on 4 March 2022 7676: 7672: 7657:10.2307/1785556 7633: 7629: 7592: 7588: 7582:Warmington 1995 7580: 7576: 7570:Warmington 1995 7568: 7564: 7558:Warmington 1995 7556: 7549: 7543:Warmington 1995 7541: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7464:on 30 July 2016 7454: 7450: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7373: 7364: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7281:on 27 June 2013 7247: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7220: 7216: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7141:10.2307/2840281 7116: 7112: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7042: 7038: 7031:Washington Post 7023: 7019: 6956: 6952: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6857:on 21 June 2010 6845: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6788: 6781: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6681: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599:Yale University 6590: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6544:(2002), p. 835. 6540: 6533: 6526: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6452: 6448: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6345: 6341: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6273:. p. 227. 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6187: 6180: 6167: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6146:www.hiiraan.com 6140: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6090: 6083: 6060:10.2307/1784441 6036: 6032: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5758: 5752: 5716:Ciyaar Soomaali 5648: 5642: 5528: 5522: 5510: 5504: 5477: 5471: 5422:, Islam is the 5344: 5334: 5329: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5046: 5035:Benadiri Somali 5031:Northern Somali 4994: 4988: 4880:Aynabo District 4834:subclan of the 4767:subclan of the 4732:subclan of the 4669:subclan of the 4654:subclan of the 4642:subclan of the 4622: 4523:Source: Various 4423: 4411:CPC Corporation 4382: 4380:Oil exploration 4356: 4350:Port of Berbera 4348:Main articles: 4346: 4338:Berbera Airport 4298:Somali Airlines 4294:Daallo Airlines 4252:Berbera Airport 4244: 4242:Berbera Airport 4234: 4156: 4150: 4091: 4085: 4050: 4044: 4009: 4001:Main articles: 3999: 3962:working in the 3944:Somali diaspora 3942:from the large 3924: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3850: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3819: 3807: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3774: 3768: 3759: 3752: 3743: 3740: 3731: 3730:mountain range. 3721: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3369:; however, the 3348: 3338: 3298: 3292: 3279: 3273: 3265:illegal fishing 3219: 3213: 3157:was expressed. 3118:, disputes the 3084:in October 2017 3066: 3060: 3054: 3052:Border disputes 2963:observer status 2932:Senedd building 2888: 2882: 2851:House of Elders 2827: 2819:Main articles: 2817: 2773: 2767: 2743:House of Elders 2720: 2714: 2698: 2690:Main articles: 2688: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2646: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2623: 2618: 2607: 2601: 2593:Main articles: 2591: 2573:clan elders of 2567: 2561: 2540: 2534: 2456: 2448:Main articles: 2446: 2398:major offensive 2375:moral authority 2363:Somali Republic 2347: 2335:Main articles: 2333: 2277:Somali Republic 2261: 2255: 2253:Greater Somalia 2249:Somali Republic 2247:Main articles: 2245: 2171: 2163:Main articles: 2161: 2083: 2077: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1959:Royal Air Force 1927:aerially bombed 1911:First World War 1881: 1863: 1851:Main articles: 1849: 1841:Colonial Office 1789: 1783: 1376:Isaaq Sultanate 1368:Isaaq Sultanate 1360: 1358:Isaaq Sultanate 1347: 1341:Isaaq Sultanate 1335:Main articles: 1333: 1296:later occupied 1258: 1246:Main articles: 1244: 1192:Parthian Persia 1180:Ptolemaic Egypt 1142:city-states of 1061: 1055: 956: 942: 936: 931: 925: 917:Greater Somalia 814: 808: 769:successor state 745:Somali Republic 725:Isaaq Sultanate 692:country in the 600: 579: 569: 557: 545: 534:6,200,000 ( 531: 514: 493: 480: 467: 450: 437: 424: 422:Isaaq Sultanate 410: 394: 383:House of Elders 379: 350: 335: 320: 306: 303: 273: 238:Second language 216: 214: 210: 207: 202: 199: 197: 195: 194: 193: 187: 179: 174: 173: 172: 167: 166: 154: 148: 127: 121: 108: 107: 106: 101: 93: 92: 87: 74: 68: 61: 54: 47: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18480: 18470: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18347: 18346: 18334: 18322: 18299: 18298: 18293: 18292: 18290: 18289: 18284: 18278: 18276: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18268: 18263: 18257: 18255: 18251: 18250: 18248: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18201: 18199: 18195: 18194: 18187: 18185: 18183: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18086: 18084: 18080: 18079: 18063: 18062: 18055: 18048: 18040: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18027: 18019: 18011: 18003: 18001:(South Africa) 17994: 17992: 17988: 17987: 17985: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17928: 17926: 17920: 17919: 17911: 17910: 17903: 17896: 17888: 17879: 17878: 17876: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17764: 17762: 17756: 17755: 17753: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17640:Saad Ali Shire 17636: 17634: 17628: 17627: 17613: 17612: 17605: 17598: 17590: 17581: 17580: 17578: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17528: 17527: 17520: 17513: 17505: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17492: 17490:Muse Bihi Abdi 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17466: 17464: 17457: 17454: 17453: 17439: 17438: 17431: 17424: 17416: 17407: 17406: 17404: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17372: 17370: 17366: 17365: 17363: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17340:Mayor of Burao 17337: 17331: 17329: 17325: 17324: 17310: 17309: 17302: 17295: 17287: 17281: 17278: 17277: 17265: 17264: 17262: 17261: 17256: 17250: 17248: 17244: 17243: 17241: 17240: 17234: 17232: 17228: 17227: 17225: 17224: 17219: 17214: 17212:Crimean Tatars 17209: 17204: 17199: 17193: 17191: 17187: 17186: 17184: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17151:South Moluccas 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17106:East Turkestan 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17082: 17080: 17076: 17075: 17068: 17066: 17064: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16992: 16990: 16986: 16985: 16977: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16954: 16945: 16944: 16941: 16940: 16938: 16937: 16936: 16935: 16925: 16924: 16923: 16912: 16910: 16908:non-UN members 16905: 16902: 16901: 16899: 16898: 16897: 16896: 16891: 16881: 16880: 16879: 16874: 16864: 16863: 16862: 16857: 16847: 16846: 16845: 16835: 16834: 16833: 16828: 16817: 16815: 16810: 16804: 16799: 16796: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16789: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16776: 16775: 16774: 16764: 16763: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16735: 16724: 16722: 16715: 16706: 16703: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16683: 16682: 16681: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16664: 16654: 16653: 16652: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16617: 16615: 16608: 16602: 16601: 16590: 16587: 16586: 16579: 16578: 16571: 16564: 16556: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16490: 16489: 16482: 16475: 16467: 16458: 16457: 16454: 16453: 16451:Western Sahara 16448: 16431: 16418: 16409: 16395:Canary Islands 16391: 16390: 16388: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16376: 16371: 16365: 16363: 16358: 16355: 16354: 16352: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16080: 16078: 16074: 16073: 16066: 16065: 16058: 16051: 16043: 16034: 16033: 16030: 16029: 16027:Western Sahara 16024: 16007: 15994: 15985: 15971:Canary Islands 15967: 15966: 15964: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15952: 15947: 15941: 15939: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15656: 15654: 15650: 15649: 15642: 15641: 15634: 15627: 15619: 15610: 15609: 15607: 15606: 15594: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15564: 15562: 15558: 15557: 15555: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15537:Canary Islands 15533: 15531: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15523: 15521:Savage Islands 15518: 15512: 15510: 15506: 15505: 15503: 15502: 15497: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15470: 15468: 15461: 15453: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15443: 15441: 15440:United Kingdom 15437: 15436: 15434: 15433: 15427: 15425: 15418: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15388: 15386: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15368: 15366: 15364: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15091: 15089: 15083: 15082: 15071: 15070: 15063: 15056: 15048: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15035: 15025: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15004: 15003: 14998: 14997: 14996: 14991: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14945: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14882: 14876: 14870: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14803: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14786: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14763: 14762: 14755:Vice-President 14752: 14751: 14750: 14740: 14735: 14734: 14733: 14728: 14718: 14717: 14716: 14706: 14694: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14641: 14631: 14625: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14582: 14580: 14574: 14573: 14571: 14570: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14521: 14520: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14494: 14493: 14492: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14456: 14446: 14440: 14439: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14407: 14405: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14385:Border dispute 14382: 14377: 14372: 14370:Isaaq genocide 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14290:Adal Sultanate 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14261: 14259: 14252: 14246: 14245: 14234: 14233: 14226: 14219: 14211: 14205: 14204: 14198: 14192: 14186: 14160: 14151: 14139: 14138:External links 14136: 14135: 14134: 14128: 14113: 14095: 14088: 14082: 14069: 14059: 14054: 14045: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14012: 13982: 13971:. 3 April 2019 13956: 13935: 13924:. 30 June 2018 13913: 13881: 13868: 13836: 13810: 13781: 13770:. UNICEF. 2012 13756: 13738: 13717: 13698: 13675: 13662: 13641: 13616: 13588: 13575: 13562: 13555: 13535: 13528: 13510: 13484: 13457: 13439: 13414: 13393:Hills, Alice. 13385: 13371: 13346: 13335: 13317: 13297: 13276: 13258: 13238: 13224: 13204: 13190: 13170: 13144: 13118: 13107:on 15 May 2021 13089: 13064: 13013: 12987: 12950: 12934: 12919: 12898: 12879: 12859: 12842: 12818: 12803: 12792:. 20 July 2018 12774: 12748: 12721: 12714: 12694: 12687: 12667: 12657: 12637: 12625: 12618: 12598: 12569: 12559: 12539: 12529: 12509: 12484: 12457: 12428: 12400: 12371: 12346: 12314: 12284: 12267: 12245: 12213: 12196: 12170: 12141: 12109: 12083: 12056:(4): 433–457. 12036: 12010: 11985: 11964: 11943: 11922: 11893: 11862: 11846: 11839: 11819: 11803: 11789: 11768: 11742: 11712: 11687: 11662: 11644: 11626: 11600: 11574: 11548: 11522: 11504: 11472: 11447: 11431: 11413:World Factbook 11399: 11381: 11367: 11339: 11307: 11296: 11271: 11246: 11229:Somalia Report 11215: 11188: 11159: 11129: 11092: 11066: 11037: 11020:Somalia Report 11007: 10981: 10962:(2): 252–281. 10946: 10919: 10897: 10871: 10843: 10821: 10799: 10792: 10772: 10750: 10717: 10691: 10665: 10639: 10614: 10584: 10567:This is Africa 10554: 10528: 10498: 10479: 10457: 10426: 10404: 10382: 10356: 10345:on 10 May 2009 10330: 10304: 10282: 10260: 10235: 10174: 10113: 10087: 10064: 10038: 10009: 9976: 9963:Somaliland Law 9950: 9936: 9916: 9894: 9873: 9855: 9844:on 25 May 2012 9825: 9803: 9776: 9762: 9737: 9711: 9693: 9675: 9657: 9631: 9618: 9605: 9581: 9560: 9537: 9513: 9506: 9486: 9479: 9459: 9436: 9421: 9414: 9394: 9374: 9367: 9347: 9340: 9320: 9308:The World Bank 9292: 9285: 9265: 9254:Reinl, James. 9246: 9239: 9219: 9212: 9192: 9185: 9165: 9148: 9141: 9115: 9088:(3): 237–258. 9072: 9065: 9045: 9038: 9018: 9003: 8986: 8979: 8959: 8942: 8927: 8909: 8902: 8879: 8852: 8826: 8791: 8769: 8743: 8730: 8717: 8702: 8680: 8654: 8628: 8571: 8542: 8530:Somaliland Law 8517: 8489: 8474: 8456: 8434: 8419: 8402: 8395: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8348: 8339: 8327: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8265: 8222: 8215: 8195: 8188: 8168: 8161: 8136: 8110: 8101: 8084:British Empire 8071: 8058: 8048: 8032: 8025: 8007: 7995: 7981: 7966: 7953: 7944: 7931: 7904: 7879: 7849: 7819: 7805: 7780: 7767: 7758: 7737: 7722: 7701: 7680:"Maduna ruins" 7670: 7643:(4): 289–302. 7627: 7586: 7574: 7572:, p. 187. 7562: 7560:, p. 229. 7547: 7535: 7509: 7495: 7475: 7448: 7441: 7421: 7414: 7394: 7387: 7362: 7345: 7338: 7318: 7292: 7241: 7214: 7163: 7154: 7110: 7067: 7060: 7036: 7017: 6950: 6933: 6894: 6868: 6851:ethjournal.com 6838: 6809: 6779: 6757: 6731: 6701: 6672: 6646: 6639: 6619: 6579: 6546: 6531: 6524: 6500: 6493: 6473: 6466: 6446: 6435:Chisholm, Hugh 6419: 6393: 6386: 6368: 6361: 6339: 6328:Chisholm, Hugh 6312: 6299:irmaannews.com 6286: 6280:979-8393720292 6279: 6259: 6234: 6227: 6209: 6201: 6178: 6158: 6133: 6111: 6104: 6081: 6046:(2): 102–121. 6030: 6012: 5999: 5978: 5954: 5927: 5907: 5896:. 21 June 2021 5881: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5793: 5790: 5754:Main article: 5751: 5748: 5644:Main article: 5641: 5638: 5524:Main article: 5521: 5518: 5506:Main article: 5503: 5500: 5470: 5467: 5424:state religion 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5011:branch of the 4990:Main article: 4987: 4984: 4660:Zeila District 4621: 4618: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4422: 4419: 4381: 4378: 4345: 4342: 4233: 4230: 4210:Ottoman Empire 4179:cave paintings 4152:Main article: 4149: 4146: 4115:Horn of Africa 4084: 4081: 4077:Radio Hargeisa 4071:The state-run 4046:Main article: 4043: 4040: 3998: 3995: 3920:Main article: 3917: 3914: 3909:Main article: 3906: 3903: 3876: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3810: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3599: 3596: 3591:Main article: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3337: 3334: 3294:Main article: 3291: 3288: 3275:Main article: 3272: 3269: 3215:Main article: 3212: 3209: 3169:Somali state. 3056:Main article: 3053: 3050: 2970:Johnnie Carson 2896:Muse Bihi Abdi 2884:Main article: 2881: 2878: 2816: 2813: 2769:Main article: 2766: 2763: 2716:Main article: 2713: 2710: 2687: 2684: 2663: 2660: 2653:Vice President 2642: 2635: 2634: 2621:Muse Bihi Abdi 2619: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2590: 2587: 2563:Main article: 2560: 2557: 2553:President Egal 2536:Main article: 2533: 2530: 2445: 2442: 2421:Isaaq Genocide 2341:Isaaq genocide 2332: 2329: 2301:Prime Minister 2285:Abdullahi Issa 2279:. Inspired by 2244: 2241: 2193:Initially the 2160: 2157: 2126:Burao District 2079:Main article: 2076: 2073: 2024:Telegram from 1993:Main article: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1889:, pitting the 1887:Horn of Africa 1869: 1848: 1845: 1837:Foreign Office 1809:Habar Toljaala 1805:Habar Garhajis 1785:Main article: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1384:Horn of Africa 1359: 1356: 1332: 1329: 1294:Ottoman Empire 1286:Adal Sultanate 1266:Sultan of Adal 1256:Adal Sultanate 1252:Ifat Sultanate 1243: 1240: 1184:Ancient Greece 1129:Deir el-Bahari 1057:Main article: 1054: 1051: 1030:cave paintings 983:Horn of Africa 938:Main article: 935: 932: 927:Main article: 924: 921: 884:following the 807: 804: 729:United Kingdom 721:Adal Sultanate 694:Horn of Africa 649: 648: 640: 634: 633: 630: 624: 623: 616: 612: 611: 598: 594: 593: 588: 584: 583: 580: 577: 574: 573: 570: 567: 564: 563: 560: 550: 549: 546: 544:• Density 543: 540: 539: 532: 529: 526: 525: 519: 518: 515: 512: 509: 508: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 488: 485: 484: 481: 475: 472: 471: 468: 458: 455: 454: 451: 445: 442: 441: 438: 432: 429: 428: 425: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 405: 401: 400: 395: 389: 386: 385: 380: 374: 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 345: 342: 341: 336: 330: 327: 326: 321: 318:Vice President 315: 312: 311: 308:Muse Bihi Abdi 304: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 281: 275: 274: 272: 271: 265: 263: 257: 256: 250: 246: 245: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 188: 185: 181: 180: 165: 157: 156: 134: 133: 110: 109: 102: 95: 94: 88: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 40: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18479: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18389: 18387: 18380: 18377: 18373:9.750; 45.967 18345: 18335: 18333: 18323: 18321: 18311: 18310: 18307: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18279: 18277: 18273: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18256: 18252: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18202: 18200: 18196: 18191: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18081: 18077: 18070: 18061: 18056: 18054: 18049: 18047: 18042: 18041: 18038: 18023: 18022:Somali Region 18020: 18015: 18012: 18007: 18004: 17999: 17998:KwaZulu-Natal 17996: 17995: 17993: 17989: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17929: 17927: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17909: 17904: 17902: 17897: 17895: 17890: 17889: 17886: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17773:Mohamed Yonis 17771: 17769: 17766: 17765: 17763: 17761: 17757: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17625: 17620: 17611: 17606: 17604: 17599: 17597: 17592: 17591: 17588: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 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17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17083: 17081: 17077: 17072: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17006:Bellah people 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16993: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16975: 16970: 16968: 16963: 16961: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16934: 16931: 16930: 16929: 16926: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16914: 16913: 16911: 16903: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16885: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16865: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16852: 16851: 16848: 16844: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16836: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16818: 16816: 16813:one UN member 16808: 16805: 16800:Non-UN member 16797: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16765: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16743: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16719: 16716: 16712: 16704: 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M. Lewis, 13579: 13572: 13566: 13558: 13552: 13549:. Routledge. 13548: 13547: 13539: 13531: 13525: 13521: 13514: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13472: 13468: 13461: 13453: 13449: 13443: 13428: 13424: 13418: 13403: 13402:Chatham House 13396: 13389: 13381: 13375: 13360: 13359:www.burao.org 13356: 13350: 13344: 13339: 13328: 13321: 13312: 13306: 13301: 13294: 13293:1-56902-104-X 13290: 13286: 13280: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13251: 13245: 13243: 13227: 13221: 13217: 13216: 13208: 13193: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13174: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13133: 13129: 13122: 13106: 13102: 13101:karinnews.net 13099: 13093: 13074: 13068: 13060: 13054: 13035: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13002: 12998: 12991: 12972: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12946: 12945: 12938: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12912: 12905: 12903: 12886: 12882: 12876: 12872: 12871: 12863: 12856: 12845: 12843:1-85043-634-7 12839: 12835: 12834: 12829: 12822: 12814: 12807: 12791: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12770: 12769: 12761: 12755: 12753: 12736: 12732: 12725: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12706: 12698: 12690: 12684: 12680: 12679: 12671: 12664: 12660: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12641: 12634: 12629: 12621: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12602: 12595: 12583: 12579: 12573: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12553:. Routledge. 12552: 12551: 12543: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12513: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12446: 12439: 12432: 12413: 12412: 12404: 12388: 12381: 12375: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12331: 12324: 12318: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12277: 12271: 12263: 12256: 12249: 12234:on 6 May 2021 12230: 12223: 12217: 12209: 12208: 12200: 12185: 12181: 12174: 12159: 12155: 12148: 12146: 12126: 12119: 12113: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12040: 12024: 12020: 12014: 11999: 11995: 11989: 11974: 11968: 11953: 11947: 11932: 11926: 11910: 11906: 11900: 11898: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11866: 11858: 11857: 11850: 11842: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11823: 11815: 11814: 11807: 11799: 11793: 11778: 11772: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11697: 11691: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11640: 11636: 11630: 11615:. 4 July 2009 11614: 11610: 11604: 11588: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11561: 11555: 11553: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11518: 11514: 11508: 11489: 11482: 11476: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11443: 11442: 11435: 11420:. 14 May 2009 11419: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11403: 11396: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11377: 11371: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11324: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11260: 11259:Freedom House 11256: 11250: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11219: 11203: 11199: 11192: 11173: 11166: 11164: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11114: 11110: 11103: 11096: 11080: 11076: 11070: 11055: 11054:Africa Portal 11051: 11044: 11042: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11011: 10996:. 9 July 2008 10995: 10991: 10985: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10907: 10901: 10882: 10875: 10856: 10855: 10847: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10784: 10776: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10730:The Economist 10727: 10721: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10654: 10650: 10643: 10624: 10618: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10467: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10430: 10414: 10408: 10392: 10386: 10370: 10366: 10360: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10319: 10315: 10308: 10292: 10286: 10270: 10264: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10232: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10102:on 9 May 2017 10101: 10097: 10091: 10075: 10068: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10014: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9939: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9920: 9904: 9898: 9883: 9877: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9813: 9807: 9791: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9772: 9766: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9628: 9622: 9616:, pp. 282–286 9615: 9609: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9570: 9564: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9525: 9524: 9517: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9498: 9490: 9482: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9425: 9417: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9398: 9387: 9386: 9378: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9351: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9324: 9313: 9309: 9302: 9296: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9242: 9236: 9233:. Zed Books. 9232: 9231: 9223: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9169: 9161: 9160: 9152: 9144: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9128: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9076: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9049: 9041: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9004:0-929692-33-0 9000: 8996: 8990: 8982: 8976: 8972: 8971: 8963: 8955: 8954: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8928:0-85598-217-9 8924: 8920: 8913: 8905: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8886: 8884: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8795: 8779: 8773: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8740: 8734: 8727: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8690: 8684: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8547: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8506: 8499: 8493: 8485: 8478: 8470: 8463: 8461: 8444: 8438: 8430: 8423: 8415: 8414: 8406: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8379: 8370: 8361: 8352: 8343: 8334: 8332: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8295: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8199: 8191: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8172: 8164: 8162:0-85052-980-8 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8068: 8062: 8052: 8044: 8036: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7957: 7948: 7941: 7935: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7815: 7809: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7777: 7774:I. M. Lewis, 7771: 7762: 7747: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7706: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7566: 7559: 7554: 7552: 7545:, p. 54. 7544: 7539: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7498: 7496:1-57506-083-3 7492: 7488: 7487: 7479: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7442:977-424-674-8 7438: 7434: 7433: 7425: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7358: 7357: 7349: 7341: 7339:0-8442-8983-3 7335: 7331: 7330: 7322: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7025:Bearak, Max. 7021: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6918: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6826: 6819: 6813: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6746:on 5 May 2009 6745: 6741: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6677: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6623: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6527: 6525:9781317004660 6521: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6467:9789171063564 6463: 6459: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6389: 6387:1-874209-91-X 6383: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6355:. p. 8. 6354: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6230: 6228:9780755635191 6224: 6220: 6213: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6121: 6115: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6088: 6086: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5988: 5982: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5924:. March 2021. 5920: 5914: 5912: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5796: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667:Sunni Muslims 5663: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5628:clan family ( 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5610:ethnic Somali 5607: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5532: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 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2752: 2748: 2745:, chaired by 2744: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672:unitary state 2669: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2579:"SSC-Khatumo" 2576: 2572: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522:African Union 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2321:Somalian Army 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2107:Sheikh Bashir 2104: 2100: 2092: 2091:Sunnah prayer 2087: 2082: 2072: 2067: 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During the 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:British India 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1811:clans of the 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Boqor Haaruun 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:Sheikh Ishaaq 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1233:Spice Islands 1230: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:ancient Egypt 1094: 1093:Wargaade Wall 1090: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 975:Neolithic age 968: 964: 960: 955: 951: 947: 941: 930: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 818: 813: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:informal ties 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 680: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 644: 641: 639: 635: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 603: 599: 595: 592: 589: 585: 581: 575: 571: 565: 561: 555: 551: 547: 541: 537: 533: 527: 524: 520: 516: 510: 507: 503: 499: 495: 492: 486: 482: 479: 473: 469: 466: 462: 456: 452: 449: 443: 439: 436: 430: 426: 423: 417: 413: 409: 402: 399: 396: 393: 387: 384: 381: 378: 372: 369: 366: 362: 358: 355: 354:Adan Haji Ali 352: 349: 348:Chief Justice 343: 340: 337: 334: 328: 325: 322: 319: 313: 309: 305: 302: 296: 292: 288: 285: 282: 280: 276: 270: 267: 266: 264: 262: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 240: 236: 233: 230: 226: 221: 217:9.550; 44.050 192: 189: 182: 163: 158: 146: 145: 139: 135: 131: 125: 115: 111: 105: 99: 91: 85: 77: 72: 65: 51: 44: 35: 32: 30: 26: 22: 18349: 17971: 17916:Somali Plate 17259:West Papuans 17045: 16927: 16767:Cook Islands 16521:Maroodi Jeex 16504: 16434:Saint Helena 16405: 16309:South Africa 16299:Sierra Leone 16104:Burkina Faso 16010:Saint Helena 15981: 15949: 15885:South Africa 15875:Sierra Leone 15680:Burkina Faso 15601: 15589: 15431:Îles Éparses 15401: 15321:South Africa 15311:Sierra Leone 15115:Burkina Faso 14949:Architecture 14926:Calling code 14896:Demographics 14812:Central Bank 14700: 14680:Human rights 14650:Constitution 14591:Maroodi Jeex 14275:Land of Punt 14237: 14168: 14118: 14102: 14098: 14091: 14073: 14065: 14050: 14044:Bibliography 14029:. Retrieved 14024: 14015: 14003:. Retrieved 13999:the original 13995:Pundit Arena 13994: 13985: 13973:. Retrieved 13968: 13959: 13947:. Retrieved 13938: 13926:. Retrieved 13916: 13904:. Retrieved 13897:the original 13884: 13876: 13871: 13859:. Retrieved 13852:the original 13839: 13827:. Retrieved 13813: 13801:. Retrieved 13796: 13772:. Retrieved 13759: 13751:the original 13741: 13729:. Retrieved 13720: 13701: 13690: 13678: 13670: 13665: 13653:. Retrieved 13644: 13632:. Retrieved 13630:. March 2002 13607:. Retrieved 13600: 13591: 13583: 13578: 13570: 13565: 13545: 13538: 13519: 13513: 13501:. Retrieved 13496: 13487: 13475:. Retrieved 13470: 13460: 13451: 13442: 13430:. Retrieved 13426: 13417: 13405:. Retrieved 13401: 13388: 13374: 13362:. Retrieved 13358: 13349: 13338: 13332:. p. 3. 13320: 13307:, p. 22 13300: 13284: 13279: 13271:the original 13261: 13229:. Retrieved 13214: 13207: 13195:. Retrieved 13180: 13173: 13161:. Retrieved 13156: 13147: 13135:. Retrieved 13131: 13121: 13109:. 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The 4773:Maroodi Jeex 4762: 4738:Maroodi Jeex 4727: 4675:Maroodi Jeex 4664: 4637: 4633:Somali clans 4615: 4572: 4540: 4528: 4421:Demographics 4403:Genel Energy 4390:Genel Energy 4387: 4383: 4367: 4291: 4256: 4191: 4183:War Memorial 4168: 4139: 4110: 4107:Berbera port 4104: 4101:, Somaliland 4070: 4051: 4033: 4029:central bank 4018: 3991:Premier Bank 3968: 3937: 3933: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3882:Arid climate 3840: 3831: 3820:Please help 3815:verification 3812: 3754:View of the 3695: 3674: 3662: 3660: 3640:Maroodi Jeex 3628: 3624:Gulf of Aden 3609: 3462:Maroodi Jeeh 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3318:Maroodi Jeeh 3307: 3280: 3271:Human rights 3250: 3231: 3198: 3186:SSC Movement 3183: 3171: 3159: 3132: 3110: 3095: 3042:Gulf of Aden 3031: 3023: 3012: 3008:Nigel Farage 2997: 2989: 2985:Tsai Ing-wen 2967: 2959:Commonwealth 2948: 2909: 2871: 2846: 2844: 2810: 2796: 2785: 2732: 2699: 2665: 2662:Constitution 2568: 2541: 2507: 2485: 2468: 2434: 2417:Chris Mullin 2410: 2395: 2372: 2313: 2271:(the former 2262: 2237: 2233: 2219:protectorate 2216: 2210:(the former 2199:protectorate 2192: 2183:Independence 2149: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2115: 2096: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2044: 2039: 2023: 2006: 1974:Commonwealth 1967: 1935: 1884: 1871: 1821:protectorate 1790: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1626: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1545:First Sultan 1544: 1538: 1535: 1519: 1513: 1478: 1474: 1470:Aw Barkhadle 1466:Sheikh Madar 1462:Sheikh Madar 1458:Deria Hassan 1449: 1447: 1439:Dhuux Baraar 1433:Dhuh Barar ( 1408: 1364:early modern 1361: 1314: 1302:Muhammad Ali 1290:Amda Seyon I 1279: 1273: 1237: 1226: 1214: 1207: 1204:Roman Empire 1133: 1121:18th dynasty 1113:frankincense 1105:Land of Punt 1087:structures, 1082: 1069:Sheikh Isaaq 1067:The tomb of 1019: 996: 972: 963:Wild animals 908: 901:Land of Punt 896: 890: 876:(the former 858:protectorate 825: 823: 795: 777: 755:, a 10 year 718: 698:Gulf of Aden 690:unrecognised 657: 653: 652: 638:Calling code 568:• Total 513:• Total 496:13 June 2001 453:26 June 1960 287:presidential 269:Somalilander 144:Samo ku waar 137: 114:Motto: 113: 31: 29: 18371: / 17096:Balochistan 17001:Barotseland 16889:recognition 16872:recognition 16826:recognition 16750:recognition 16733:recognition 16711:GA observer 16662:recognition 16361:recognition 16314:South Sudan 16204:Ivory Coast 15937:recognition 15890:South Sudan 15780:Ivory Coast 15495:Pantelleria 15415:territories 15383:recognition 15326:South Sudan 15216:Ivory Coast 14807:Agriculture 14777:Visa policy 14163:‹ The 13969:Som Tribune 13949:18 February 13928:18 February 13906:18 February 13861:18 February 13705:Webpage of 13634:18 February 13231:14 November 13197:14 November 13163:16 November 13043:17 November 13006:17 November 12163:22 December 12003:18 February 11978:18 February 11957:18 February 11936:18 February 11915:18 February 11782:18 February 11761:17 December 11735:8 September 11613:Global Post 11356:(in Somali) 11152:18 February 11100:Doon, Run. 10886:. p. 8 10419:23 February 10397:23 February 10057:18 February 9969:19 February 9706:www.c-r.org 9650:19 February 9456:(1): 15–31. 9408:. Longman. 8868:. p. 6 8784:15 February 8762:18 February 8695:25 February 8673:25 February 8535:19 February 8284:19 February 8145:Baker, Anne 8129:19 February 8094:19 February 7892:Tashiwanaag 7606:: 111–136. 7522:Somali Spot 6802:28 February 6351:. Chicago: 5682:Eid ul-Fitr 5678:Eid ul-Adha 5614:Dhulbahante 5599:patrilineal 5564:Dhulbahante 5486:in Hargeisa 5398:, stricter 5396:Gulf states 5279:Tog Wajaale 4982:Districts. 4918:Dhulbahante 4876:Ceel Afweyn 4823:as well as 4750:Baligubadle 4620:Clan groups 4314:Addis Ababa 4127:Gulf states 4083:Agriculture 3985:. In 2014, 3964:Gulf states 3940:remittances 3672:ecoregion. 3652:coral reefs 3648:semi-desert 3487:Baligubadle 3354:from 2011, 3255:and mobile 3207:community. 3205:Dhulbahante 3176:in eastern 3139:Dhulbahante 3124:Dhulbahante 2806:renounce it 2802:naturalised 2737:, which is 2581:within the 2571:Dhulbahante 2179:Somali Flag 1506:Reign till 1503:Reign from 1489:Farah Guled 1392:Banu Hashim 1270:Yagbea-Sion 1117:Babylonians 1085:pyramidical 1047:Karinhegane 1011:Nile Valley 999:Afroasiatic 985:comes from 866:independent 761:declaration 615:Date format 483:18 May 1991 470:1 July 1960 392:Lower house 377:Upper house 364:Legislature 215: / 18392:Somaliland 18386:Categories 18344:Somaliland 18083:Ministries 18025:(Ethiopia) 17972:Somaliland 17962:Seychelles 17957:Mozambique 17947:Madagascar 17369:Incumbents 17131:Khuzestani 17126:Khmer Krom 17046:Somaliland 16996:Afrikaners 16860:membership 16760:membership 16505:Somaliland 16416:(Portugal) 16374:Somaliland 16294:Seychelles 16259:Mozambique 16244:Mauritania 16229:Madagascar 16184:The Gambia 16119:Cape Verde 15992:(Portugal) 15950:Somaliland 15870:Seychelles 15835:Mozambique 15820:Mauritania 15805:Madagascar 15760:The Gambia 15695:Cape Verde 15402:Somaliland 15306:Seychelles 15271:Mozambique 15256:Mauritania 15241:Madagascar 15196:The Gambia 15130:Cape Verde 14964:Literature 14844:(currency) 14721:Parliament 14670:Government 14549:Dul Madoba 14544:Buur Dhaab 14517:Buur Dhaab 14485:Waterfalls 14258:Chronology 14238:Somaliland 14195:Somaliland 14180:Somaliland 14154:Somaliland 13609:18 October 13432:8 February 13407:8 February 13364:8 February 11725:WorldRemit 11675:All Africa 11569:. London: 11517:World Bank 11284:Action Aid 11239:27 January 11208:27 January 11202:Navy Times 10994:Qaran News 10939:2 December 10511:Afrol News 10472:2 February 10253:19 October 9433:: 4. 1993. 8872:14 January 8594:(3): 257. 8564:25 January 8278:Medium.com 6926:2 February 6831:2 February 6770:mfa.gov.et 6750:2 February 6724:2 February 6694:2 February 6665:2 February 6612:2 February 6412:25 January 5850:References 5712:Ceerigaabo 5646:Somali art 5606:endogamous 5576:Gadabuursi 5568:Warsangali 5548:Habr Je'lo 5514:World Bank 5473:See also: 5418:Under the 5374:school of 5366:branch of 5336:See also: 5284:Marodi Jeh 5248:Marodi Jeh 5141:1,700,000 5137:Marodi Jeh 4953:Warsangali 4852:Habr Je'lo 4842:, eastern 4832:Habr Je'lo 4395:Buur-Dhaab 4236:See also: 4087:See also: 4066:NationLink 3956:World Bank 3952:Dahabshiil 3706:Buur Dhaab 3646:is mostly 3391:Districts 3371:Siad Barre 3340:See also: 3151:Hadaaftimo 3143:Warsangali 3128:Warsangali 3078:Ali Khalif 3072:President 3019:Seychelles 2944:expatriate 2735:Parliament 2712:Parliament 2603:See also: 2430:Hart Sheik 2305:referendum 2099:Habr Je'lo 1948:forces of 1903:Ethiopians 1733:Abdiqadir 1709:Abdillahi 1680:Abdillahi 1528:Mid 1700s 1525:Mid 1700s 1400:Guled Abdi 1215:After the 1202:, and the 1125:Hatshepsut 1089:mausoleums 1039:Las Khorey 987:cemeteries 934:Prehistory 909:Shankaroon 854:Warsangali 826:Somaliland 810:See also: 753:Ogaden War 654:Somaliland 523:Population 368:Parliament 279:Government 261:Demonym(s) 255:(official) 18320:Geography 17952:Mauritius 17924:Countries 17207:Catalonia 16933:relations 16921:relations 16894:relations 16877:relations 16855:relations 16843:relations 16831:relations 16784:relations 16772:relations 16755:relations 16738:relations 16691:relations 16679:relations 16667:relations 16650:relations 16638:relations 16626:relations 16249:Mauritius 15825:Mauritius 15413:Dependent 15261:Mauritius 15001:Languages 14901:Education 14860:Transport 14842:Shilling 14822:Companies 14767:Ministers 14743:President 14692:Judiciary 14675:Embassies 14655:Elections 14539:Cal Madow 14529:Shimbiris 14524:Mountains 14507:Cal Madow 14444:Geography 14270:Dhambalin 14265:Laas Geel 14101:De Facto 14025:BBC Sport 13829:2 January 13137:2 January 13082:24 August 12929:775301944 12816:, p. 132. 12477:27 August 12389:: 2. 2003 12238:18 August 12078:130266059 11705:2 October 11680:24 August 11541:2 October 11497:16 August 11408:"Somalia" 11360:24 August 11332:9 January 10976:145753382 10743:2 January 10738:0013-0613 10710:2 January 10632:24 August 10323:31 August 10297:31 August 10211:153442685 10150:153442685 10072:website. 9110:148145948 9102:1939-2206 8845:7 October 8819:7 October 8608:153442685 8260:162991126 8123:WW2DB.com 7925:15 August 7872:11 August 7798:9 January 7732:766336307 7622:162067194 7502:24 August 7275:162960112 6994:0027-8424 6516:Routledge 6402:"Somalia" 6305:30 August 6207:, page 45 6068:0016-7398 5630:Majerteen 5558:, Ayub), 5552:Habr Awal 5502:Education 5400:Wahhabism 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688:), is an 679:romanized 646:(Somalia) 628:Drives on 597:Time zone 558:(nominal) 463:with the 427:1750–1884 301:President 249:Religion 244:, English 18198:Agencies 18017:(France) 18009:(France) 17977:Tanzania 17937:Eswatini 17202:Brittany 17197:Abkhazia 17061:Zambesia 16541:Togdheer 16440: / 16436: / 16429:(France) 16423: / 16401: / 16397: / 16349:Zimbabwe 16324:Tanzania 16174:Ethiopia 16169:Eswatini 16149:Djibouti 16114:Cameroon 16099:Botswana 16016: / 16012: / 16005:(France) 15999: / 15977: / 15973: / 15925:Zimbabwe 15900:Tanzania 15750:Ethiopia 15745:Eswatini 15725:Djibouti 15690:Cameroon 15675:Botswana 15591:Category 15509:Portugal 15361:Zimbabwe 15336:Tanzania 15186:Ethiopia 15181:Eswatini 15160:Djibouti 15125:Cameroon 15110:Botswana 15023:Category 14979:Religion 14817:Airports 14709:Military 14629:Politics 14611:Togdheer 14490:Lamadaya 14475:Wildlife 14416:Military 14411:Maritime 14404:By topic 14242:articles 14165:template 14005:16 March 13975:16 March 13731:28 March 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5436:Catholic 5370:and the 5352:Qur'anic 5332:Religion 5270:106,438 5261:Las Anod 5252:161,000 5234:280,000 5216:295,000 5198:300,000 5180:750,000 5176:Togdheer 5132:Hargeisa 5114:Hargeisa 5009:Cushitic 4938:Togdheer 4896:El-Darad 4878:and the 4860:Togdheer 4844:Togdheer 4813:Garhajis 4793:Oodweyne 4789:Togdheer 4785:Garhajis 4781:Salahlay 4777:Hargeisa 4765:Garhajis 4758:Togdheer 4742:Hargeisa 4699:Arabsiyo 4691:Madheera 4679:Hargeisa 4603:Dir clan 4579:Hargeisa 4370:DP World 4259:Hargeisa 4171:rock art 4129:via the 3979:Djibouti 3905:Wildlife 3834:May 2021 3724:Lamadaya 3644:Togdheer 3616:Ethiopia 3612:Djibouti 3571:Las Anod 3562:Las Anod 3547:Lasqoray 3511:Buhoodle 3507:Oodweyne 3494:Togdheer 3483:Salahlay 3479:Hargeisa 3470:Hargeisa 3322:Togdheer 3211:Military 3163:Las Anod 3112:Puntland 2916:Djibouti 2912:Ethiopia 2575:Las Anod 2526:Puntland 2520:and its 2512:between 2267:and the 2118:Wadamago 1961:and the 1915:Ottomans 1907:Italians 1762:Mohamed 1404:Eidagale 1396:Ethiopia 1231:and the 1176:Sarapion 1164:Avalites 1083:Ancient 1079:, Sanaag 1026:rock art 1007:urheimat 944:See the 905:Puntland 897:Puntland 796:de facto 788:Ethiopia 714:Hargeisa 706:Ethiopia 702:Djibouti 618:d/m/yy ( 587:Currency 289:republic 191:Hargeisa 18359:45°58′E 18306:Portals 18014:Réunion 18006:Mayotte 17991:Regions 17967:Somalia 17932:Comoros 17328:Offices 17247:Oceania 17217:Lezghin 17141:Nagalim 17136:Madhesh 17091:Assyria 17021:Kabylia 17016:Haratin 16501:Regions 16425:Réunion 16421:Mayotte 16412:Madeira 16407:(Spain) 16403:Melilla 16334:Tunisia 16304:Somalia 16289:Senegal 16274:Nigeria 16264:Namibia 16254:Morocco 16219:Liberia 16214:Lesotho 16164:Eritrea 16134:Comoros 16109:Burundi 16084:Algeria 16001:Réunion 15997:Mayotte 15988:Madeira 15983:(Spain) 15979:Melilla 15910:Tunisia 15880:Somalia 15865:Senegal 15850:Nigeria 15840:Namibia 15830:Morocco 15795:Liberia 15790:Lesotho 15740:Eritrea 15710:Comoros 15685:Burundi 15660:Algeria 15646:Africa 15568:Socotra 15547:Melilla 15516:Madeira 15479:Réunion 15474:Mayotte 15346:Tunisia 15316:Somalia 15301:Senegal 15286:Nigeria 15276:Namibia 15266:Morocco 15231:Liberia 15226:Lesotho 15176:Eritrea 15145:Comoros 15120:Burundi 15095:Algeria 14959:Cuisine 14941:Culture 14911:Library 14874:Society 14855:Tourism 14795:Economy 14645:Cabinet 14578:Regions 14556:Islands 14470:Geology 14465:Climate 14250:History 14167:below ( 14031:5 April 13803:26 July 13797:Reuters 13774:18 June 12980:10 July 12891:20 July 12796:4 March 12450:5 March 12421:5 March 12393:5 March 12339:8 March 12307:8 March 12058:Bibcode 11619:2 April 11085:29 June 11059:29 June 11000:2 April 10684:26 July 10658:26 July 10450:25 June 10375:23 July 10349:2 April 10275:22 July 10080:30 June 10051:IRI.org 10031:27 July 10002:16 June 9868:Hiiraan 9818:28 July 9796:28 July 9755:20 June 9730:20 June 9612:Lewis, 8469:Laashin 7992:. 1849. 7751:4 March 7694:4 March 7665:1785556 7645:Bibcode 7468:18 June 7311:25 June 7285:22 June 7181:Bibcode 7173:Science 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