Al-Shabaab (militant group)

2069: 2820:. In addition to serving as a disincentive to foreign fighters, this shift reduced the influence of the group's remaining foreign leaders. Moreover, whereas the ascendancy of Godane and his faction had partly internationalized al-Shabaab, in subsequent years, al-Shabaab became (re-)"domesticated": as it made territorial gains, its attention was increasingly consumed by local governance and the management of clan dynamics, activities in which foreign fighters – frequently mistrusted by local populations – lacked utility and influence. As the conflict, and al-Shabaab's priorities, became more localized and clan-based, they also held less appeal for foreign fighters themselves. Foreign fighters also attracted the counterterrorism efforts of foreign countries, and were sometimes suspected of disloyalty and spying by their Somali peers. 3105:, accusing the country of arming and financing militia groups, including al-Shabaab, in southern Somalia's conflict zones. Reports in 2010 and 2011 by a UN International Monitoring Group alleged continuing Eritrean support to Somali rebels – including, in the latter year, about $ 80,000 in monthly financial support and two air deliveries of weapons – but the Eritrean government emphatically denied the accusations, describing them as "concocted, baseless and unfounded". The International Crisis Group added some credence to Eritrea's denials, suggesting that historical Eritrean support to Somali militants had been aimed at undermining Ethiopia during its 2006–9 invasion, and that Hizbul Islam was more likely a recipient than al-Shabaab. 1943: 2122:

government, the volume of defections in the period around 2012 was unprecedented, and indicated that al-Shabaab's cohesion and authority were deteriorating: in June 2012, the government said that around 500 al-Shabaab militants had already defected to it, and that more were doing so every day. Al-Shabaab brutalities, which alienated local populations, were again cited as central in motivating defections. On September 5 and September 22, 2012, two large contingents of al-Shabaab fighters – around 200 each time – surrendered to the government coalition in Afmadow and Garsale respectively. Another wave of defections and desertions followed Godane's 2013 purges – Aweys, for example, fled the group in mid-2013.

2134:, launching guerrilla attacks on AMISOM and government positions and territories. Southern commander Aweys had announced this new strategy in a media interview shortly after the withdrawal from Mogadishu in August 2011. Al-Shabaab increasingly avoided direct military combat and large battles, in favour of "dictat the conflict's pace by undertaking smaller ambushes at locations of its own choosing". It also developed a strategy of maintaining a "semi-territorial presence" in key regions and parts of key cities: while it no longer had exclusive and military authority over substantial territory, it retained a sporadic presence, and therefore significant influence, in many places. 2637:, which lasted until early 2012, al-Shabaab announced in July 2011 that it had withdrawn its restrictions on international humanitarian workers. The group also adapted its propaganda strategy to accommodate the changing circumstances. In some cases, group members employed humanitarian aid as a recruitment tool, using relief supplies as bribes and as an incentive to join the militants, whose numbers had decreased due to casualties and defections. Group members dismissed the UN declaration of famine in various regions as grossly exaggerated and banned various organizations from providing aid to those regions. In response, in August 2011, Somali Prime Minister 1885:

years, many Somalis perceived Al-Shabaab as disciplined, orderly, and fair, which earned the group significant legitimacy. However, this perception was later lost due to their arbitrary rulings. Heavy handed tactics by the Ethiopian military rallied many Somalis to support the organization, and over the following two years al-Shabaab became battle hardened as it participated in the insurgency. In this period, the group laid the foundation for an enduring insurgency in Somalia, establishing networks and territorial bases concentrated in the rural south-central regions. The African Union reported Al-Shabaab was about 2,000 fighters strong during 2008.

2065:) thus also met opposition. Other senior al-Shabaab members met at a conference in Baidabo, and outlined a policy programme which diverged from Godane's: they rejected Godane's proposal to change the group's name to al-Qaeda in East Africa, and resolved to focus on domestic issues rather than global jihad. They also resolved to establish a national shura of Islamic clerics, independent of al-Qaeda control. Godane's rival Aweys declared publicly that "Al-Shabaab and al-Qaeda are merely a small part of the larger Islamic group and al-Qaeda's ideology should not be viewed as the sole, righteous path for Islam." 2855:, a smaller group of Somali militants, was merged with al-Shabaab: after suffering military defeats against al-Shabaab in southern towns, Hizbul Islam was officially absorbed by its former rival in December 2010. However, on September 24, 2012, Hizbul Islam announced that it would split from al-Shabaab, claiming the union had only ever been nominal and that the factions' political philosophies had differed irreconcilably. Hizbul Islam said that it welcomed "negotiations with all groups for the interest of Somalia", and added that al-Shabaab had been considerably "weakened" in recent years. 17174: 2569: 2303: 2138: 3254: 586: 3333: 3220:, where some of it is sold to al-Shabaab militants. In some cases, senior government officials orchestrate large-scale diversions of government arms and ammunition; in others, low-ranking members of the security forces sell their weapons for subsistence. An earlier report in 2014 had alleged that government officials were actively involved in the direct supply of governments arms to al-Shabaab. The group has also been known to infiltrate government institutions, as became clear when regional government employees carried out al-Shabaab's 561: 3270: 598: 3349: 778: 3365: 790: 18410: 17332: 2834:

strategically marginal or mid-level, roles – for example, in managing the group's public relations or external relations, or in supervising and training other foreign recruits. (Godane's nationalist critics, however, argue that earlier, under his leadership, foreign fighters did in fact gain significant influence over the group.) Since 2013, al-Shabaab has also established two external military units, on Godane's initiative: one, in Ethiopia, has struggled, but the other, in the

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and intelligence services has allowed it to expand its tax base by imposing taxes even in areas outside its territorial control: according to the Hiraal Institute, more than half of al-Shabaab's revenue in 2019–20 came from Mogadishu, whose major companies are taxed at 2.5% of their annual profits. Indeed, a commander in the Somali army confessed to paying tax to al-Shabaab despite being at war with it. The group has been known to punish non-payment severely, including by

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tools for recruitment, particularly among foreign jihadists. More recent films show al-Shabaab distributing humanitarian aid and participating in other community or religious activities – though others are much more gruesome, displaying the corpses of beheaded members alleged to have been spies. Propaganda films are also occasionally used to attempt to mobilise jihadi activity abroad: in October 2013, one film encouraged British jihadists to follow the example set by

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often due to the desire of al-Shabaab to coopt and materially and politically benefit from the provision of aid and services. Senior aid agency representatives often strongly rejected claims that they talked with al-Shabaab, while aid workers working in al-Shabaab-controlled areas often reported they directly negotiated with the group out of necessity. Complaints made against the group include its attacks on aid workers. According to journalist

18383: 18364: 18352: 18325: 17313: 17293: 17269: 17245: 3286: 622: 610: 3123: 742: 3644: 1775:. Hawiye remain influential in the group, and, according to a 2018 analysis by the Somali Hiraal Institute, five of the ten members of the executive shura council were Hawiye, as were about 94 of the top 220 officials. However, al-Shabaab is attached to an ethos of anti-clannism, and has therefore tried to appeal to minority groups and to ensure ethnic and clan diversity among its leadership. It incorporates a relatively large contingent of 706: 766: 658: 754: 682: 730: 18301: 670: 520: 2989:. These public appeals had reportedly been preceded by informal ISIL attempts to establish a relationship with al-Shabaab. Yet al-Shabaab publicly ignored the overtures. By September 2015, it had issued an internal memo, directed at pro-ISIL elements in its ranks, reaffirming the group's allegiance to al-Qaeda and banning any discussion about ISIL. The group also detained several fighters who had voiced support for ISIL. 492: 62: 694: 634: 1433: 646: 550: 540: 16805: 3029: 2900:

al-Qaeda ideology in its recruitment videos, it is unclear whether the alliance has affected al-Shabaab's behaviour and aims on the ground. A 2021 statistical analysis suggests that it has not significantly affected al-Shabaab's military strategy. While an al-Shabaab commander has claimed that the group will bring jihad first to East Africa "and afterward, with God's will, to America", an analyst at the

77: 2455:, which it uses to distribute its propaganda videos and for various other propaganda functions. Especially in its early years, it used online chatrooms and discussion forums, encouraging foreign fighters and even military commanders to post updates and field public questions about the state of the jihad. Particularly prominent was American-born Omar Shafik Hammami, also known as 3062:. Although al-Shabaab initially appeared a promising alternative to the Islamic Courts Union, its popularity with diaspora donors declined after the Ethiopian withdrawal and as the group gained a reputation for brutality. Concurrently, however, al-Shabaab increased its ties to other jihadist groups, especially al-Qaeda, which have extensive capacity to generate income in the 3109:

Eritrean support to al-Shabaab in the preceding year. Between then and 2017, successive annual reports of the Monitoring Group found no evidence for Eritrean involvement, while noting that Eritrea had not provided full access to investigators; nonetheless, the UN Security Council did not enact the group's recommendation to lift its sanctions on Eritrea until November 2018.

2876:, al-Shabaab became an official al-Qaeda affiliate in February 2012. In a fifteen-minute video message released on February 9, al-Shabaab leader Godane pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and al-Zawahiri on behalf of al-Shabaab. Al-Zawahiri confirmed the alliance, which he said would "please the believers and disturb the disbelievers" and "support the jihadi unity against the 2962:, weaken our strength and carry out assassinations against our own. We have been ignoring their wicked behaviors for some time to give them a chance to change, but they have continued their wrongheadedness. Our senior command has ordered our fighters to attack and eliminate the 'disease' of IS and uproot the tree that would be used to undermine the fruits of the 1923:), and it had formed administrative structures to govern territories under its control. It had particular success building relationships with local leaders in order to build cross-clan coalitions, combining its principled anti-clannism with a "pragmatic clannism": a willingness to manipulate clan networks and exploit inter-clan politics. 2050:). More broadly, they argued that the group's authoritarian style of governance, and use of violence, were causing the group to lose public support. Some suggested that these leadership missteps were the result of Godane's lack of clan roots, which they said led him to undervalue the lives both of civilians and of al-Shabaab fighters. 2726:

al-Shabaab's first English-language propaganda, and, thanks to its East African membership, Swahili remains the second most common language in al-Shabaab publications. Foreign fighters also have symbolic importance for al-Shabaab propaganda: al-Shabaab has intentionally played up the diversity of its recruits as a paean to its

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autonomous of the broad based Courts movement." Contrary to many reports, Al-Shabaab was neither the armed wing of the Islamic Courts Union nor its most important military component. Al-Shabaab fighters operated as the youth wing of the Courts' militia and gained a fierce reputation during the war against the CIA-backed

2526:, followed in the latter case by confirmation that the execution had taken place. A new English-language account, opened in February 2013, was closed in September. This suspension also followed an apparent violation of Twitter's rules: al-Shabaab had recently used the account to claim responsibility for an unsuccessful 2763:, said that "a significant number of U.K. residents" were training with al-Shabaab; the precise number of British recruits was estimated at between 50 and 100 persons. There was also evidence that the group had received funding from Somali residents in Britain. Between 2012 and 2013, several British citizens faced 4447:

Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive devices, mortars, and chemicals used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in

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had been preceded by a public statement warning that "our jihadists have arrived in Nigeria from Somalia where they received real training on warfare from our brethren who made that country ungovernable", which analysts understood as an allusion to cooperation with al-Shabaab. However, in the view of

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From mid-to-late 2011, and into 2012, al-Shabaab faced an increasing number of defections. It was not the first such wave of defections: in particular, in late 2009, after the Ethiopian departure from Somalia, several leaders had defected to the Somali government, citing complaints about al-Shabaab's

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Al-Shabaab rose to prominence and radicalized following the full scale Ethiopian invasion of Somalia during December 2006. At the time Al-Shabaab was about six hundred fighters strong. The invasion resulted in the deaths of many Islamic Courts Union affiliates, leaving a vacuum for the small group of

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For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network

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Despite routinely expelling, attacking, and harassing aid workers, al-Shabaab permits some agencies to work in areas under its control. At the height of its territorial control it implemented a system of aid agency regulation, taxation and surveillance. Where agencies are allowed to operate, this is

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several million times before it was shut down by Twitter. And after @HSMPress was deleted, the live updates continued from other, new accounts: over the course of the attack, which lasted several days, at least eight different al-Shabaab-affiliated Twitter accounts were active. Al-Shabaab had opened

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since late 2011, although its first accounts were active as early as 2009. Online engagement with al-Shabaab surged during Operation Linda Nchi, the Kenyan offensive of 2011–12, when al-Shabaab used Twitter, under the handle @HSMPress, to urge Somalis to take up arms against the Kenyan forces and to

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on 8 June, 2024. Militants attacked two military bases using car bombs and then overran at least one of them. The army then launched a counterattack with coordinated airstrikes, as well as an ambush on the militants from a neighbouring town, forcing them to retreat. The Somali government stated that

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and attitude towards foreign humanitarian aid. Such defections were viewed as strategically important to al-Shabaab's adversaries, not only for their propaganda use but because former militants could provide intelligence about al-Shabaab's combat strategy. However, according to AMISOM and the Somali

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to leadership of the organization. Godane moved Al-Shabaab in an far more violent direction, alienating many fighters and civilian supporters. The assassination of Ayro did nothing to prevent the groups expansion. The withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in January 2009 significantly diminished the public

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announced its own bounty, offering $ 2 million for information leading to the arrest of the new emir, Umar, and a separate $ 1 million reward for information leading to his killing. Several further Somali bounties were issued on April 10, 2015, with rewards ranging between $ 100,000 and $

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offered a total of $ 33 million in bounties for information leading to the capture of any of seven senior commanders, including $ 7 million for Godane, then the group's emir, and $ 5 million for Robow, then his deputy. In response, al-Shabaab's Fu'ad Qalaf issued a mock bounty of his own, promising

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has been an important source of income for the group since it first gained control of Somali port cities, especially Kismayo. Calculating that al-Shabaab was earning between $ 15 million and $ 50 million annually from illegal trade, the UN banned Somali charcoal imports. The group also profits from

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In 2020, the Hiraal Institute estimated that al-Shabaab collected at least $ 15 million in revenue every month, implying revenue on a similar scale to the government's; and the UN estimates that the group's military budget was approximately $ 21 million in 2019. In the period after 2014, al-Shabaab

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Foreign recruitment peaked in the period between 2011 and 2013, which was also the period in which the phenomenon received the most attention. The 2006 Ethiopian invasion of Somalia attracted foreign volunteers to al-Shabaab's cause, and, as of 2010, al-Shabaab included an estimated 200–300 foreign

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camps while relief was being distributed. Although fighting disrupted aid delivery in some areas, humanitarian access to al-Shabaab-controlled areas improved, and a scaling up of relief operations in mid-November prompted the UN to downgrade the humanitarian situation in several regions from famine

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concerns. Chirchir himself tweeted that such a move would be counterproductive, as "al-Shabaab needs to be engaged positively, and Twitter is the only avenue." Nonetheless, in January 2013, Twitter suspended al-Shabaab's English-language account. Observers guessed that the suspension was a response

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carried out by al-Shabaab at a beach restaurant in Mogadishu killed at least 37 civilians and injured 212, with 11 in critical condition. Police spokesperson Abdifatah Aden reported that one soldier died in the assault, one attacker blew himself up, three were killed by security forces, and one was

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region. Other Al Shabaab-controlled areas in southern Somalia have been targeted by the Somalia military as well. On 20 September 2022, as the military operation progressed, a statement was released by the Somali Ministry of Information which revealed that President Sheikh would not offer any other

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During 2008, al-Shabaab began rapidly expanding and governing territory for the first time. According to Cocodia, "Al-Shabaab from an objective standpoint is the response of an unlawfully deposed regime employing all means possible to reclaim the authority that was wrenched from it." In the initial

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for ransom. In recent years, facing territorial losses in urban areas, al-Shabaab has had less recourse to previous revenue streams – notably the charcoal trade, through Kismayo, and the remittance economy – and therefore has relied more heavily on extracting zakat. The development of its security

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As of 2020, estimates of the number of foreign recruits still active in al-Shabaab ranged from 450 to 2,000. Most of those recruits are from East Africa – primarily Kenya, but also Tanzania and Uganda, all countries in which al-Shabaab recruitment networks are well entrenched. The flow of recruits

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offensive operations against al-Shabaab, with U.S. support, would escalate to the highest point in five years. The operation, which is considered a combined Somali-ATMIS offensive, began in August 2022 and, with assistance from U.S. airstrikes, has been focused on disrupting al-Shabaab activity in

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The number of people in Somalia who are dependent on international food aid has tripled since 2007, to an estimated 3.6 million. But there is no permanent foreign expatriate presence in southern Somalia, because the Shabaab has declared war on the UN and on Western non-governmental organizations.

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about jihad. Al-Shabaab also had an official website, which carried official statements and news – including sundry edicts and threats – and religious guidance. Since the site was closed in 2009, it has distributed its press releases and videos using other sympathetic websites, or, more commonly,

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Since 2009, al-Shabaab's films have become noticeably more "professional", both in their production quality and in their messaging, reportedly with direct support from al-Qaeda's al-Sabab Media Foundation. The early films were distributed primarily, and widely, online, and were primarily used as

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calls an "on-again, off-again" relationship, though both groups praised each other online in 2008. During this early period, al-Shabaab occasionally harboured al-Qaeda leaders in Somalia, in exchange for their technical assistance. In September 2009, in a video entitled "At Your Service Osama",

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for foreign jihadist recruitment networks. Other factors, however, are more specific to al-Shabaab. One factor was the group's internal struggle of 2011–2013: as tensions between Somali and non-Somali members increased, Godane scapegoated the foreigners as the cause of the group's disunity and,

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On July 5, 2012, the U.S. government imposed sanctions on Eritrea's intelligence chief and a high-ranking military officer, who allegedly facilitated support to al-Shabaab. However, later that year, the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea reported that it had found no evidence of direct

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skills and in advanced explosives and assassination – after the merger, a corps of al-Qaeda-trained militants moved to Somalia to train members of al-Shabaab. However, al-Shabaab remained "largely independent". Similarly, although al-Shabaab has publicly exploited the al-Qaeda "brand", echoing

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capability, and increased propensity to use suicide attacks. Foreign fighters may also have access to networks which improve al-Shabaab's capacity to recruit and operate in the region, and have made useful contributions to al-Shabaab's propaganda campaign: early Western recruits helped produce

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Indeed, although al-Shabaab spokesmen occasionally grant interviews to "carefully selected" local and foreign journalists, social media networks have provided an important channel for interaction with the press, as well as for disseminating information and building support. Al-Shabaab has used

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region, Abu Abdalla, to announce that all pro-ISIL members should leave the group or be killed. The groups clashed violently on several occasions, most fiercely during 2015, and al-Shabaab's internal security service continued to arrest, and sometimes execute, suspected ISIS supporters within

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the group garnered popular support from across many segments of Somali society, as al-Shabaab was widely viewed as a genuine resistance movement against the Ethiopian military occupation; despite its inclinations towards hardline interpretations of Islam. Though the invasion had fractured the

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and disappearances. The Islamic Courts claimed that covert US government operations and warlords were targeting high ranking ICU officials. According to C. Barnes & H. Hassan, "It was in this context that a military force known as Al-Shabaab (‘the Youth’) emerged, related to but seemingly

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Valley, although air strikes against its leaders continued; and it has recently won military successes against the government. It had also expanded its operations in Puntland, prompting a military offensive by Puntland forces in 2021. As of July 2022, al-Shabaab is generally considered to be

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reports in the media by presenting an accurate portrayal of the current state of Jihad in Somalia and countering Western, state-sponsored propaganda machines". It has since tweeted, from various accounts, during other attacks; Facebook, too, has had difficulty expeditiously removing graphic

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These criticisms became intertwined with a broader and pre-existing dispute over the increasingly globalist flavour of al-Shabaab's ideology – Godane was among the faction which viewed Somalia as only one battleground of global jihad. Godane's announcement in February 2012 of a merger with

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countries and the West has diminished substantially since 2014, except for in the case of Yemen. Moreover, few foreign fighters hold strategically important roles in the group. Many are among the rank-and-file of the military wing. Those in leadership positions tend to have prominent, but

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towns in order to allow a force of 500 to 800 fighters to penetrate the Ethiopian security zone and advance into the region, who then advanced 150 km into the region. After two weeks of intense clashes and airstrikes, the ENDF and Somali Region security forces began to reassert control. A

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within its territory in a broadcast in which it stated that they "pose a serious threat to the well-being of humans and animals alike", and in the same announcement, it also imposed a complete ban on the logging of several species of rare trees. Some have argued that, whilst these

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with al-Shabaab, which until then had used only male fighters. However, according to International Crisis Group, women rarely participate directly in military decision-making or operations, though they do play important roles in recruitment, intelligence, and explosives

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in the region and, simultaneously, a military offensive against the group – the group experienced territorial and strategic setbacks in the military arena; an internal struggle over the group's direction and leadership; and, in response to both, a wave of high-profile

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fighters, not including a further 1,000 ethnic Somalis from the diaspora. In subsequent years, al-Shabaab recruitment became a concern for the governments of both the United Kingdom and the United States. At a security conference in London in 2010, the former head of

2068: 5496: 4077: 2161:, who took office the same week. Other senior members were killed in armed clashes or by American drone strikes in 2014 and 2015. According to some reports, since Godane's death, the group has placed less weight on global jihad than on local grievances. 4556:

Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and

11762: 2497:(KDF) and sparring with Major Emmanuel Chirchir, then the KDF's official spokesman. Responding to Chirchir's claim that Kismayo had been captured by the KDF, al-Shabaab tweeted that the KDF "boys are a grotesque parody of an army! can outpace ur 11699:"Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001: List of Individuals, Entities and Other Groups and Undertakings Declared by the Minister of Home Affairs as Specified Entity Under Section 66B(1)" 5736: 4303: 2622:

International relief supplies are flown or shipped into the country and distributed, wherever possible, through local relief workers. Insurgents routinely attack and murder them, too; forty-two have been killed in the past two years alone.

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Most of al-Shabaab's Tweets are in English, suggesting that they are intended for a foreign audience. In 2011, officials in the United States, where Twitter is based, said they were considering having the account closed, but had legal and

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environmentally-conscious advances are welcome, they are overshadowed by the group's terrorist activities, whilst others have mocked the United States and other countries for taking less action on climate change than a terrorist group.

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Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against

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Either directly or indirectly through black markets, al-Shabaab has access to arms intended for the Somali government. In 2018 and 2019, expert reports to the UN Security Council found that government military equipment enters the

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This invasion chased out or killed many affiliates of the UIC, leaving behind a battle-hardened small contingent of youth who made up a marginal faction of the UIC prior to the Ethiopian invasion. This group goes by the name of

5766: 1556:, uniting the ethnic Somali populations of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti. Other domestic supporters are concerned primarily with clan-related and local objectives, and are therefore prone to infighting and shifting alliances. 7045: 1531:, Salafism has been the core unifying principle of al-Shabaab, although this principle is not interpreted uniformly by the group's members and leaders. In particular, al-Shabaab officially and generally advocates a form of 5432: 4711:

Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided

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and internal conflict. Much of al-Shabaab's Somali support base is fiercely nationalist, and sees as its primary goal the establishment of a stable Islamic state inside Somalia, or, more ambitiously, inside so-called

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It is important to note that, contrary to many newspaper articles, Al Shabaab was not the armed wing of the Courts. In fact there were other groups under the Court umbrella that were more militarily important than

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Al-Shabaab's outspokenness against foreign forces resonated with deep-rooted Somali hostility against Ethiopia and broader nationalist narratives that existed.. Ultimately, this served as an incredible recruitment

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Although al-Shabaab has disseminated its propaganda by various media, the bulk of its engagement with Somalis in rural areas is either face-to-face or by radio broadcast. Face-to-face, the group holds seminars on

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the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack, "justifying the attack, creating fictional threats, providing news on hostages and mocking the police and military response". The account, which then had 15,000 or more

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broadcasts on Somali radio, objecting to what they alleged was Christian propaganda. Also in 2010, and prior to its expulsion from Mogadishu the following year, al-Shabaab launched a television news channel,

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began enhancing its co-operation and support to Al-Shabaab during this period, which enabled the movement to establish itself as the strongest military power in Southern Somalia. Al-Shabaab regards Somalia's

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Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in

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Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab

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During its early years, al-Shabaab received substantial external support in donations from the Somali diaspora or interested international jihadists, enabled by the weakness of the Somalian government's

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However, these ideological differences can accommodate broad opposition within the group to common adversaries – notably opposition to external intervention in Somalia, often publicly expressed in quasi-

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Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence

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support that al-Shabaab had previously enjoyed as a resistance faction. However, this move came too late to have a substantial impact on the group's transformation into a formidable oppositional force.

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that about 30 U.S. citizens were al-Shabaab fighters. This was a resumption of an earlier trend of al-Shabaab recruitment among Americans, which previously had peaked in 2007–08. Also in 2011, two

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portray its own military losses as tactical retreats. In an extreme example of the latter in late 2011, al-Shabaab photos purportedly showed several dozen AMISOM casualties – but, according to an

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Operation Disease Eradication – against ISIS. The same week, al-Shabaab's governor-general, released an 8-page treatise rebuking ISIS's ideology and listing crimes it had committed under the

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In July a force of 500-800 al-Shabab fighters penetrated a security zone maintained by Ethiopia, then crossed 150km into that country with the aim of setting up a base in the Bale mountains.

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worldwide. Through this lens, incursions into Somalia by Ethiopia – and later by Kenya, the United States, and others – are viewed as continuous with non-Muslim acts of aggression in other

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The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.

10760: 2743: 18919: 16184: 12915: 10785: 4014: 3947:"Letter dated 28 September 2020 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council" 11822: 12144: 11339: 10185: 8317: 7380: 975:. During the same period, the group was plagued by internal conflicts over its leadership and ideological direction, which intensified when, in February 2012, al-Shabaab's leadership 10049: 18475: 14455: 9159: 7053: 9684: 9586: 4698: 1999:

attacks against AMISOM and the TFG. In October and November 2011, Kenya and Ethiopia – partnering with local militias – launched offensives against al-Shabaab strongholds: Kenya's

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spokesperson, in fact showed al-Shabaab's own casualties dressed in their adversaries' uniforms. What received most attention, however, were tweets al-Shabaab posted mocking the

11174: 10971: 4675: 3159:. In 2011, the head of the UN's counter-piracy division, Colonel John Steed, warned that there was circumstantial evidence that al-Shabaab increasingly sought to cooperate with 9859: 9400: 8501: 7845: 4596: 4458: 18924: 11993: 5839: 2023:

Some al-Shabaab members viewed the 2010 Ramadan offensive as disastrously ill-conceived, and subsequent territorial losses galvanised internal opposition to the leadership of

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through Sharia-based courts – which are sometimes compared favourably to those offered in government-held territories. Al-Shabaab claimed some credit for Somalia's excellent

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According to authorities, the Somali state of Puntland is a key transit point for weapons shipments into Somalia from foreign countries – particularly frequent shipments of

924:, during which it presented itself as a vehicle for the waging of armed resistance against the occupying Ethiopian army. In subsequent years, it gained popular support from 10941: 8471: 4120: 3089:

coast of Iran. Puntland authorities have also seized Yemeni explosives shipments, which they suspect are the result of cooperation between al-Shabaab and Yemen-based AQAP.

3025:

established its own Ministry of Finance, and it has cultivated various revenue streams, among which it switches as its military position or political circumstances change.

2674:

and announced the formation of a coronavirus prevention and treatment committee. In mid-June 2020, the group announced that it had set up a coronavirus treatment centre in

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Al-Shabaab: How Great a Threat?: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, October 3, 2013

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On March 21, 2013, the U.S. Department of State offered $ 5 million apiece for information on two American senior al-Shabaab commanders, Omar Shafik Hammami and

11474: 10993: 8411: 6808: 4330: 4281: 4043: 2790:

and 20 Canadians had fought with al-Shabaab, and that at least 15 of those volunteers had been killed in Somalia. Later that year, a U.S. military official told the

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and also announced that the Somalia military had regained territory from al Shabaab in the central Galmudug state and Southwest state. By September 2022 Somali and

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announced the establishment of a new 300-man security force, which, assisted by AMISOM, was tasked with protecting aid convoys from al-Shabaab and with securing

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In territories it holds, al-Shabaab typically maintains "limited but effective" administrative control over resident populations, providing services – such as

2234:

In August 2022, Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud declared "total war" against Al Shabaab during a televised address after the group carried out a deadly

2177:

marked the beginning of a series of al-Shabaab attacks on the capital city, which continued into 2022. Al-Shabaab also targeted American military personnel in

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in December 2006. In 2007–08, al-Shabaab established itself as an independent actor, gaining prominence as a vehicle of armed resistance against the Ethiopian

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Chair, UN Security Council Committee Established pursuant to Resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia; Somalia, UN Panel of Experts on (September 28, 2020).

2985:(ISIL) published online the first of a series of videos aimed at al-Shabaab, calling on the group to switch allegiances from al-Qaeda to ISIL and its leader 14409: 8287: 7868: 7561: 3138:

As al-Shabaab expanded its territorial control, it was able to augment its internal funding through illicit markets and local populations. The smuggling of

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campaign and their assistants amongst the treacherous agent rulers." The announcement was met with internal opposition among some factions of al-Shabaab

2319:

and community meetings on such matters such as grain and livestock distribution. It operates its own radio station, Radio Andalus, mainly operated using

1409: 1174: 10895: 9249: 8942: 6883: 2145:

Nonetheless, by 2016, al-Shabaab was viewed as significantly weakened by the military campaign against it, with earlier losses compounded in 2014–15 by

14380: 14334: 11245: 10468: 6643: 3000:(ISIS). Further defections in al-Shabaab ranks occurred in the border region between Somalia and northern Kenya, leading the head of al-Shabaab in the 2368:, while a February 2015 film called (without effect) for attacks on shopping malls in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, including the 14363: 7952: 5614: 4900: 1019:

in 2022. Attendant to its recent resurgence, it was estimated to have increased its combat strength to between 7,000 and 18,000 fighters during 2022.

1011:. Apart from its activities in Somalia, the group also operates in neighboring countries, extending its insurgency to Kenya's border regions with its 17396: 12330: 8624: 8101: 5952: 4829: 3008:

Violent conflict between the groups was reinvigorated in 2018 by ISIS provocation, and, in December, al-Shabaab's spokesman announced an offensive –

1743:

in early February 2022 estimated that al-Shabaab's fighting force had grown to between 7,000 and 12,000 fighters. In late 2022, President of Somalia

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Sweden, Denmark, Canada, and the United States similarly encountered evidence of citizens' affiliation with al-Shabaab. In the United States, the

18201: 17546: 17096: 16929: 16489: 14578: 14472: 14338: 12206: 11705: 11535: 11496: 7898: 7675: 5880: 4251: 3974: 3098: 2501:

by far. Indeed, they 'Run like a Kenyan'". Showing uncharacteristic levity, al-Shabaab also suggested by Tweet that it meet a UN official for "a

1786:). Rank-and-file members, though sometimes recruited by force, are also attracted by the regular pay that al-Shabaab offers and by its political 13759: 13706: 13624: 13471: 13288: 13137: 13074: 13021: 12968: 12886: 9521: 6293: 17615: 16998: 16064: 14256: 12517: 10752: 10315: 4973: 3846: 2901: 2800:

in Minnesota were convicted of illegally financing al-Shabaab. By mid-2013, observers believed that recruitment of U.S. citizens had subsided.

163: 14707: 14031: 13971: 12903: 10793: 1805:, an al-Shabaab officer with responsibility for "awareness raising", encouraged a Somali gathering to send their unmarried daughters to fight 18749: 18588: 17846: 12136: 11833: 10177: 3872: 2537:

Al-Shabaab relaunched its English-language Twitter account once again on September 11, 2013. Two weeks later, the group gained notoriety for

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in an American airstrike during May 2008. It resulted in several significant developments for Al-Shabaab, most prominently the accession of

1731:

revised this figure downwards, estimating 3,000 to 6,000 and 4,000 to 6,000 respectively. Reflecting an apparent al-Shabaab resurgence, the

991:. Several years thereafter, al-Shabaab retreated from the major cities, but it remained influential in many rural areas, and it prioritized 18759: 17785: 17389: 16693: 16520: 16474: 15878: 10041: 9730: 9151: 2282:

they killed at least 47 militants and suffered 5 casualties, including two colonels, though al-Shabaab claimed to have killed 59 soldiers.

1293: 14451: 13092:"Spies, Stonework, and the Suuq: Somali Nationalism and the Narrative Politics of Pro-Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujaahidiin Online Propaganda" 12362: 9675: 9578: 9189: 8076: 1479:

Although it is unclear when al-Shabaab was formed, it is understood to have originated as a youth militia within the military wing of the

16723: 4706: 3988: 2190:"resurgent", a situation partly enabled by a reduction in the number of American air strikes, and possibly motivated by competition with 352: 13571: 13333: 13235: 12083: 10708: 9799: 8257: 7251: 3792: 2185:. By 2020, the group's strategy of semi-territorialism allowed it operate freely in much of rural Somalia, with its primary base in the 18934: 17273: 17056: 16228: 14207: 12265: 10376: 8753: 7342: 7173: 3441:

20 million ($ 215,000) for information leading to the arrest of Mohamed Mohamud, a commander of al-Shabaab's operations in Kenya.

2252: 1912: 1461: 1008: 937: 11166: 10963: 18859: 16834: 10166: 9392: 8493: 7837: 4604: 3433: 2600:

abuses against populations in its territories, including through a brutal interpretation and application of Islamic jurisprudence on

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Somalia's neighbours are threatened by Al-Shabaab's blending of irredentist Greater Somalia rhetoric with Islamist ideology ...

3824: 3413:

dismissed the counter-offer as "absurd". He also announced that the U.S. would impose sanctions, including visa and travel bans and

2630:

and Western agencies in Somalia. The ban was opposed by other senior members, including Robow and Aweys, but Godane overruled them.

18754: 17926: 15757: 14830: 11051: 10211: 9048: 8783: 6523: 5676: 5584: 3187:

herders – in fact, livestock are sometimes stolen outright by al-Shabaab militants, with the theft framed as a kind of pre-emptive

2808: 14806: 11858: 10586: 10399: 9948: 9370: 8805: 3191:

taxation. Humanitarian aid agencies are also taxed or extorted, in exchange for permission to operate inside certain territories (

17981: 16746: 16223: 16155: 10933: 8463: 5653: 4116: 2872:– but this reflected an "unrequited courtship", largely ignored by al-Qaeda. However, after bin Laden's death and replacement by 2409: 2104:, Kenya as a reflection of the internal power struggle, with Godane's hardline globalist faction seeking to exert its authority. 1911:

Having made important territorial gains from mid-2008, al-Shabaab increasingly focused its attention on opposition to the Somali

1392: 7462: 7288: 7142: 5072:حركة الشباب المجاهدين:القسم الإعلامي::يقدم::[بداية النهاية] كلمة للقائد أبي منصور الأمريكي .. رداً على خطاب باراك أوباما 3432:, who it said coordinated al-Shabaab's recruitment activities in Kenya. On September 27, 2014, after Godane's death, the Somali 17670: 14549: 14359: 11955: 3183:, in line with sharia, but often resembling extortion. Al-Shabaab taxes may apply to clans, traders, corporations, farmers, or 2933: 13641: 12023: 11020: 9709: 9309: 9219: 8441: 8192: 6852: 6620: 1547:. However, this globalist framework is not universal within the group, an ideological fault-line which has sometimes fostered 18879: 18613: 17886: 17790: 17610: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 16993: 16903: 16757: 16638: 16099: 15946: 14745: 12773: 12736: 12666: 12625: 12600: 8854: 6712: 6486: 6326: 6219: 5514: 5356: 4095: 1823: 971:

forces, led by the Somali government, wrested a significant amount of territory from al-Shabaab, including the capital city,

14168: 12742: 12672: 12236: 12175: 11589: 11095: 8564: 7990: 7531: 7402: 7116: 6955: 6492: 6045: 5804: 18874: 18844: 18250: 17815: 16827: 15969: 15807: 15422: 13253:"From Al-Itihaad to Al-Shabaab: How the Ethiopian Intervention and the 'War on Terror' Exacerbated the Conflict in Somalia" 7767: 7076: 6130: 2982: 2783: 2198: 2182: 1016: 810: 14920: 14622: 12486: 11466: 11278: 10997: 8403: 7199: 6800: 4289: 3912: 18849: 18717: 18705: 18056: 17976: 17675: 17578: 17412: 17370: 17066: 16961: 16612: 15940: 15888: 15718: 15047: 13996:"Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict" 12639: 10532: 10011:"Al Shabaab: Recruitment and Radicalization within the Muslim American Community and the Threat to the American Homeland" 7706: 6518: 4923: 4514: 3242: 2593: 2498: 2173:

in Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab did not claim responsibility for the attack but was suspected of involvement. In December 2019,

1988: 1916: 1906: 1397: 1218: 957: 940:. Al-Shabaab gained international prominence due to its recruitment of foreign fighters, including fighters who are from 833: 302: 14434: 12113: 8168: 7614: 4774: 2003:

on the southern front, while Ethiopia approached from the west. The group lost territory to both armies, notably losing

18964: 18181: 18026: 18001: 17536: 16919: 16469: 16180: 15853: 15752: 14992: 14493: 11735: 11619: 8343: 7798: 7014: 2170: 1495:. Many of its early leaders and members previously belonged not only to the Islamic Courts Union but also to the older 1333: 1004: 928:

and became a dominant force in south and central Somalia, defending large swathes of territory by fighting against the

342: 6774: 5554: 2932:

were attempting to coordinate their activities, including in funding, training, and explosives. In 2011, Boko Haram's

2721:, foreign fighters, which have been linked to al-Shabaab's increased sophistication in producing explosives, improved 18969: 18954: 18214: 18051: 18006: 17986: 17921: 17720: 17645: 17155: 16688: 16372: 15922: 15782: 14810: 14299: 14224: 12448: 11862: 11645: 10835: 10073: 9821: 9620: 6913: 3393: 2938: 2895:

By late 2012, the groups cooperated closely in various arenas, especially indoctrination and training, both in basic

2523: 910: 543: 14077: 11300: 10620: 9651: 6838: 4859: 4551: 4442: 3163:

and other criminal organizations. Further reports suggested that Al-Shabaab members had extorted pirates, demanding

1991:– which resulted in heavy al-Shabaab losses. By August 2011, al-Shabaab had announced a "strategic withdrawal" from 18949: 18695: 18402: 18151: 18146: 18126: 18091: 17566: 17556: 17349: 16949: 16939: 16663: 16607: 16602: 16555: 16540: 16525: 15843: 15833: 15828: 15762: 14958: 14142: 13830:"Jihadi Governance and Traditional Authority Structures: al-Shabaab and Clan Elders in Southern Somalia, 2008–2012" 13812: 13516: 12833: 10429: 9881: 9331: 8889: 5360: 5293: 5093: 3406: 2779: 1947: 1696: 1636: 1328: 929: 12053: 11763:"The Home Team Leaders' Forum – Keynote Address by Mr K Shanmugam, Minister for Home Affairs and Minister For Law" 9271: 7652: 6744: 4648: 1942: 1689:

shrine and its associated graves; asserting that over-embellishing burial sites into shrines is incompatible with

18959: 18869: 18864: 18854: 18618: 18593: 18583: 18161: 18116: 18081: 18036: 18011: 17996: 17780: 16479: 16233: 15928: 15588: 14912: 14405: 14252: 12706: 11739: 7591: 7553: 3787: 3156: 2941:(AQAP). AQAP is based in Yemen, which has longstanding ties to Somalia, and analyst Katherine Zimmerman told the 2717:. However, of greater importance to al-Shabaab are the combat experience and specialised skills of some, usually 2291: 2256: 2174: 2097: 1919:. By 2009–10, al-Shabaab controlled most of central and southern Somalia (south of the semi-autonomous region of 1740: 1323: 1318: 906: 553: 10242: 7493: 1966:

In subsequent years, however, al-Shabaab's strong position was significantly weakened, as – in the context of a

408: 18944: 18939: 18442: 18315: 18166: 18071: 18066: 18041: 17956: 17916: 17665: 17218: 16850: 16668: 16622: 16560: 16427: 15232: 14854: 14703: 10665: 9912: 8013: 3682: 3544: 3221: 1862: 1708: 1640: 1488: 1454: 1387: 1223: 11392: 9434: 1767:

Especially in its early years, al-Shabaab was sometimes characterised by Somali opponents as dominated by the

1735:

estimated 5,000 to 10,000 fighters two years later, in 2020. Most recently, an expert report submitted to the

18329: 18240: 17946: 17891: 17590: 17140: 16973: 16867: 16703: 16346: 15772: 15417: 15402: 15067: 15042: 13777:"Hudūd Punishments in the Forefront: Application of Islamic Criminal Law by Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen" 13558: 13116: 12688: 12390: 10886: 10014: 9241: 8934: 6651: 5044: 4455:"The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences" 2543: 1663: 1620: 1564: 1000: 933: 315: 14875: 11237: 10460: 8594: 6084:"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia" 5125:"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia" 1926:

By 2009, al-Shabaab started drastically altering its choice of targets and frequency of attacks. The use of

18710: 18628: 18416: 18141: 18136: 18106: 18021: 18016: 17936: 16678: 16570: 16024: 15893: 15708: 15367: 15131: 14896: 14430: 14355: 14175: 8231: 5944: 5622: 4890: 3531: 2803:

In general, foreign activity in al-Shabaab has decreased, first, and perhaps most importantly, because the

2760: 2235: 2222:

of around 500 al-Shabaab fighters succeeded in evading the Ethiopian army and reached its main target, the

1732: 1724: 1313: 387: 16005: 14526:"Harsh War, Harsh Peace: Abuses by al-Shabaab, the Transitional Federal Government, and AMISOM in Somalia" 12322: 8616: 3179:

Also in the 2008–2011 period, al-Shabaab established a sophisticated taxation system, framed as a form of

258:

February 2008: United States Department of State designates al-Shabaab as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation

18679: 18176: 18111: 18096: 17966: 17861: 17705: 17660: 17076: 17026: 16738: 16617: 16148: 15797: 15747: 15593: 15412: 15327: 15142: 15072: 14724: 13350: 11800: 6431: 4948: 3608: 3429: 3389: 2925: 2642: 2634: 2214: 1829: 1375: 1233: 921: 828: 14643:"Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Non-State Actors: Key Lessons from Afghanistan, Sudan and Somalia" 14269: 12760:"The Long War in Somalia: The Somali National Movement, Islamic Courts Union, and Al-Shabaab, 1981–2013" 8655: 5706: 2782:– that American and other foreign fighters were being recruited and trained by al-Shabaab. In 2011, the 2730:– that is, to demonstrate that it transcends clannism and nationalism, embodying a united transnational 1888:

A critical juncture in transformation of Al-Shabaab was the assassination of the groups military leader

18727: 18255: 18191: 18131: 17951: 17881: 17640: 17583: 17071: 16966: 16683: 16515: 16457: 16048: 15868: 15742: 15237: 15162: 15121: 14545: 13383:"How Do Terrorist Organizations Make Money? Terrorist Funding and Innovation in the Case of al-Shabaab" 11829: 11527: 11504: 2996:

and approximately 20 of his followers in Puntland pledged allegiance to ISIL, establishing what became

2946: 2357: 2337: 1790:. In the past, many young al-Shabaab recruits were drawn from marginalised southern clans, such as the 1728: 1528: 1288: 999:

attacks over territorial acquisitions. It is responsible for many high-fatality attacks, including the

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base, just 75 mi (121 km) south-west of the capital Mogadishu. Meanwhile, Ugandan President

1995:, although, from outlying districts, it continued to exert influence in the city and to launch deadly 1723:

In 2017, observers estimated that al-Shabaab comprised between 7,000 and 9,000 fighters. In 2018, the

18782: 18245: 18156: 18046: 17901: 17635: 17145: 16550: 16499: 16392: 15872: 15613: 15242: 15022: 14947: 13723: 13435: 13252: 8590: 6377: 6257: 6083: 5124: 4015:"Ethiopia releases names of two dozen senior Al Shabaab fighters killed during cross-border fighting" 3657: 1447: 1343: 1206: 14049:"A Legitimate Challenger? Assessing the Rivalry between al-Shabaab and the Islamic State in Somalia" 13091: 12509: 10307: 5540: 5068: 3967: 2213:. The incursion began with over a thousand Al-Shabaab fighters staging diversionary attacks on four 18884: 18428: 17856: 17715: 17655: 17086: 16770: 16494: 15792: 15787: 15767: 15277: 15037: 15009: 14699: 14384: 4331:"What drives Al-Shabaab in Somalia: foreign forces out, Sharia law in and overthrow the government" 4044:"What drives Al-Shabaab in Somalia: foreign forces out, Sharia law in and overthrow the government" 3662: 2997: 2552: 2191: 2028: 2008: 1795: 1577: 433: 272: 2709:. Non-Somali fighters have occasionally orchestrated high-profile al-Shabaab attacks, notably the 2080:

In 2013, these internal rifts led to internecine violence as Godane effected what was virtually a

18633: 18598: 18356: 18186: 18076: 17906: 17896: 17851: 17745: 17710: 17680: 17109: 17061: 16698: 15687: 15639: 15578: 15543: 15507: 15302: 15197: 12198: 11668: 9738: 6478: 3667: 3594: 3418: 2320: 2259:. The attacks killed 121 people and injured 333, making it the deadliest at the time since 2017. 2039:, opposed al-Shabaab's response to the resulting famine, particularly its obstruction of foreign 1700: 1674: 20: 4472:

that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.

18674: 18623: 18563: 18532: 17961: 17876: 17830: 17740: 17725: 17571: 17213: 17150: 16954: 16798: 16733: 16653: 16200: 16141: 16030: 15974: 15934: 15777: 15681: 15663: 15548: 15427: 15252: 15147: 15027: 14985: 12352: 9182: 7081: 6162: 4448:

al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia

3467: 2942: 2905: 2589: 2413: 2381: 2286: 2263: 2158: 2146: 1930:

and bombings in urban areas significantly grew in use. The groups significant support from the

1496: 1146: 1099: 980: 856: 322: 14917:"Extending Arms Embargoes on Somalia, Eritrea, Security Council Adopts Resolution 2385 (2017)" 14814: 14675:"Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Assessing the Campaign Against al-Shabaab" 14200:"Following the Money: The Use of the Hawala Remittance System in the Yemen–Somalia Arms Trade" 10483: 5425:"Shabaab official justifies attacks on civilians while preaching the sanctity of Muslim blood" 3155:

and minerals exports in East Africa. There is some evidence that al-Shabaab has profited from

1868:

several hundred youth that served as the ICU's Shabaab militia to gain prominence. During the

18722: 18344: 18334: 17971: 17866: 17810: 17800: 17283: 17235: 17104: 17051: 17021: 16808: 16728: 16565: 16018: 15823: 15651: 15372: 15257: 14306: 13671:"A VAR Analysis of the Effects of Al-Shabaab's Pledge to Al-Qaeda on Bombings and Fatalities" 13533: 13305: 10181: 6674: 5506: 4185: 4087: 3954: 3873:"US, Somali forces kill Al-Shabaab commander responsible for multiple attacks, official says" 3782: 3614: 3487: 3225: 2710: 2531: 2456: 2439: 1889: 1853:

in Mogadishu in early to mid-2006, distinguishing themselves within the ICU's military wing.

1744: 1608: 1283: 1243: 461: 262: 103: 14199: 13197: 12258: 10368: 9761:"Al-Shabab terrorists ban plastic bags in Somalia for posing 'threat to humans and animals'" 9674: 6318:

Al-Qaeda's Post-9/11 Devolution: The Failed Jihadist Struggle Against the Near and Far Enemy

18558: 18101: 18086: 18031: 17941: 17911: 17695: 17595: 17196: 17119: 16978: 16545: 16402: 16351: 16175: 15732: 15669: 15657: 15645: 15528: 15442: 15362: 15307: 15167: 14501: 7799:"U.S. military investigation finds extensive failures before deadly terror attack in Kenya" 5392: 4143: 3338: 3051: 2986: 2638: 2627: 2494: 2399: 2000: 1874: 1833: 1654: 1650: 1480: 1263: 953: 917: 308: 18453: 13198:"Media and Terrorism in Africa: Al-Shabaab's Evolution from Militant Group to Media Mogul" 8434:"Faahfaahin: Dowladda iyo Al-Shabaab oo siyaabo kala duwan uga hadlay weerarkii Ceeldheer" 2686:

Al-Shabaab is noteworthy in the region for its extensive recruitment of foreign fighters (

2596:

to poor, rural Somali farmers. However, the group has also allegedly committed widespread

8: 18219: 18121: 18061: 17820: 17805: 17775: 17322: 17206: 16780: 16094: 15675: 15603: 15598: 15583: 15512: 15497: 15357: 15347: 15222: 15187: 14674: 12702: 12566: 12357: 11362:"US hits 2 Eritrean army officers with sanctions for supporting radical Somali Islamists" 9109: 9079: 4622: 4304:"Analysis: Al-Shabaab Response to U.S. Recognition of Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel" 3819: 3814: 3677: 3585: 2835: 2365: 2278: 1869: 1836:(ICU) by backing anti-ICU Somali warlords with the aim of preventing the formation of a ' 1756: 1639:) and their collaborators are a regular feature of the movement's propaganda. During the 1492: 1414: 14826: 13534:"Social Media Warfare and Kenya's Conflict with Al Shabaab in Somalia: A Right to Know?" 13306:"The Invention of al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the Anti-Colonial Dervishes Movement" 12554: 11866: 9676:"UN lying over Somalia famine, say Islamist; Aid agencies blocked from helping millions" 8775: 2576:

governor Abdulkadir Mohamed Sidi after the town's liberation from al-Shabaab, June 2015.

2274:

stated that the number is closer to 54 African Union peacekeepers stationed in Somalia.

18664: 18654: 18649: 18310: 18224: 17991: 17825: 17765: 17760: 17303: 17278: 17259: 17201: 16775: 16751: 16708: 16326: 16321: 16247: 16011: 15848: 15802: 15737: 15573: 15467: 15462: 15407: 15397: 15382: 15352: 15292: 15282: 15182: 15087: 15062: 14775:"Clan and Conflict in Somalia: Al-Shabaab and the Myth of 'Transcending Clan Politics'" 14521: 14134: 14023: 13963: 13910: 13869: 13804: 13751: 13698: 13616: 13508: 13463: 13410: 13280: 13227: 13184: 13155:"The Invention of 'Terrorism' in Somalia: Paradigms and Policy in US Foreign Relations" 13129: 13066: 13013: 12960: 12878: 12825: 11796: 9362: 8820: 6405: 6285: 6211:

Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005-2012

6190: 6111: 6015: 5828:"The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent" 5528: 5477: 4233: 3511: 2921: 2655: 2581: 2568: 2369: 2302: 2137: 2131: 2085: 2032: 1536: 1402: 1348: 887: 413: 14452:"The Resurgence of al-Shabaab in Somalia and Implications for the Humanitarian Sector" 5684: 5645: 3171:

proceeds, but did not provide evidence that al-Shabaab was itself involved in piracy.

2945:

that AQAP "almost certainly provided the equipment or the expertise" for al-Shabaab's

2592:

had flourished due to al-Shabaab's reduction of food imports, and that the policy had

2356:

early in its campaign against Ethiopian forces, produced by its dedicated media wing,

2209:, the goal of the operation was to establish a presence for the group within southern 2153:

offer to them. Reports of further senior defections continued into 2015. Moreover, an

18802: 18741: 18537: 18527: 18260: 18209: 17871: 17795: 17770: 17750: 17700: 17036: 16764: 16713: 16397: 16238: 16123: 15990: 15898: 15838: 15452: 15432: 15392: 15337: 15192: 15152: 15127: 14978: 14126: 14027: 14015: 13987: 13967: 13955: 13914: 13902: 13873: 13861: 13796: 13755: 13743: 13724:"Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa" 13702: 13690: 13620: 13608: 13563: 13500: 13467: 13455: 13414: 13402: 13378: 13325: 13284: 13272: 13231: 13219: 13202: 13188: 13176: 13133: 13121: 13070: 13058: 13017: 13005: 12964: 12952: 12882: 12870: 12817: 12769: 12732: 12662: 12631: 12621: 12596: 12586: 9574: 8850: 8374:"Uganda says 54 African Union peacekeepers killed in Somalia by al-Shabaab militants" 8111: 8021: 7806: 7284: 6482: 6409: 6397: 6322: 6289: 6277: 6215: 6194: 6182: 6115: 6103: 6019: 6007: 5510: 5481: 5144: 4802: 4656: 4237: 4173: 4091: 3946: 3920: 3891: 3526: 3516: 3473: 3164: 3160: 3063: 2993: 2873: 2671: 2502: 2404: 2324: 2178: 2024: 1996: 1893: 1682: 1667: 1598: 1548: 1121: 992: 988: 336: 5592: 5004:"UN report indicates al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy safe haven in Turkish-controlled Idlib" 3401:, and a further, less valuable, reward of ten cocks and ten hens for information on 3384:

In 2012, with the support of the Somali government, the United States began issuing

2015:

to Kenya in October 2012. Military pressures on the group were sustained into 2013.

18794: 18373: 17755: 17730: 17551: 17424: 17254: 17114: 17031: 17016: 16934: 16862: 16412: 16407: 16074: 15883: 15863: 15723: 15608: 15558: 15553: 15538: 15472: 15457: 15437: 15387: 15177: 15052: 14943: 14678: 14228: 14118: 14007: 13947: 13894: 13851: 13841: 13788: 13735: 13682: 13600: 13553: 13545: 13447: 13394: 13317: 13264: 13211: 13166: 13111: 13103: 13050: 12997: 12944: 12904:"Al-Shabab's Tactical and Media Strategies in the Wake of its Battlefield Setbacks" 12862: 12698: 12562: 10338:"Militant Recruitment Of Somali-American Youth Appears Halted, Says US Congressman" 9706: 9301: 9211: 8433: 8177: 8170:

Faltering Lion: Analyzing Progress and Setbacks in Somalia's War against al-Shabaab

7433:"Administration of Dhusa-Mareeb Gives Details of Al-Shabab Fighter Who Surrendered" 7222:"Al Shabaab suffer significant setback as over 200 militants disengage near Jowhar" 6860: 6704: 6612: 6389: 6269: 6174: 6095: 5997: 5987: 5502: 5467: 5136: 4974:"Maalim Ayman: A Post-Mortem of al-Shabaab's Commander Tasked with Attacking Kenya" 4618:"Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast" 4223: 4163: 4155: 4083: 3847:"Maalim Ayman: A Post-Mortem of al-Shabaab's Commander Tasked with Attacking Kenya" 3718: 3712: 3672: 3618: 3598: 3573: 3548: 3535: 3491: 3477: 3217: 3074: 2804: 2797: 2787: 2614: 2332: 2328: 2040: 1338: 883: 822: 423: 178: 150: 137: 107: 18798: 17381: 13846: 13829: 13739: 13686: 13604: 13451: 13398: 13268: 13107: 13054: 13001: 12948: 12933:"Shapeshifter of Somalia: Evolution of the Political Territoriality of Al-Shabaab" 12866: 8776:"'Be particularly careful' today, U.S. homeland security chief tells MOA visitors" 6393: 6273: 6099: 5364: 5140: 3437:

250,000. In a separate programme, on April 3, 2015, the Kenyan government offered

2181:

in January 2020, and in July 2022 launched an unusually bold, though short-lived,

1643:, Al-Shabaab positioned itself as a staunch nationalist militia under the Islamic 18669: 18504: 17735: 17690: 17650: 17541: 17354: 17081: 17046: 17041: 16924: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16673: 16417: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16043: 15502: 15477: 15312: 15262: 15157: 15117: 15057: 14965: 14328: 14011: 13951: 13898: 12726: 12656: 12590: 12228: 12167: 11581: 11087: 10503:"Somalia: Hizbul Islam group withdraws allegiance, says 'Al Shabaab is weakened'" 10489: 9713: 9021: 8965: 8816: 8556: 7982: 7523: 7108: 6947: 6472: 6316: 6209: 6037: 5796: 5767:"Somali Militants Say Deadly Kenya Attack Was Revenge for Trump's Jerusalem Move" 5300: 4400: 3438: 3402: 3385: 2869: 2481: 2394: 2377: 2353: 2341: 2271: 1959: 1931: 1776: 1597:), insofar as it prescribes dissociation from non-Muslims and those perceived as 1553: 1532: 1500: 1179: 1165: 1116: 1109: 916:

Formed in the mid-2000s as a youth militia within the wider military wing of the

871: 847: 403: 282: 18820:

Klobucista, Claire; Jonathan, Masters; Aly Sergie, Mohammed (December 6, 2022).

13670: 13588: 13382: 13038: 12985: 12932: 12850: 11424:"Eritrean 'support' for Al-Shabaab baseless, U.N. experts want sanctions lifted" 11270: 8228:"Federal Government of Somalia engages terrorists with support from U.S. forces" 6346: 4597:"As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse" 18608: 18339: 18171: 17685: 17342: 16336: 16273: 16263: 16037: 15693: 15568: 15492: 15322: 15297: 15272: 15267: 15247: 15207: 15092: 14916: 14846: 14607: 13995: 13935: 13882: 13436:"#Westgate: A Case Study: How al-Shabaab used Twitter during an Ongoing Attack" 12986:"Helping or Hurting? The Impact of Foreign Fighters on Militant Group Behavior" 9608: 8587:"Al-Shabaab Uses Terror to Stop Local Stations From Retransmitting BBC and VOA" 8288:"Somalia military deals major blow to Al Shabaab in south, 100 fighters killed" 7191: 6739: 5737:"Al-Shabaab Response to U.S. Recognition of Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel" 3913:"Strike in Somalia Said to Kill Mastermind of Attacks on Americans and Kenyans" 3649: 3414: 3410: 3354: 3152: 3067: 3033: 3001: 2792: 2775: 2573: 2390: 2223: 2114: 1747:

stated the faction had around 15,000 to 18,000 fighters. The group is led by a

1736: 1419: 1258: 1126: 949: 783: 18821: 13215: 13171: 13154: 8056: 6178: 5472: 5455: 4479:"Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports" 4228: 4211: 4144:"Terrorism without Borders: Somalia's Al-Shabaab and the global jihad network" 18838: 18806: 18393: 18281: 17931: 17429: 17337: 17230: 16872: 16819: 16648: 16596: 16530: 16432: 16268: 16164: 15952: 15618: 15563: 15533: 15447: 15172: 15137: 15082: 15032: 14822: 14670: 14426: 14130: 14019: 13991: 13959: 13936:"Exposing and Exploiting Weaknesses in the Merger of al-Qaeda and al-Shabaab" 13906: 13865: 13800: 13747: 13694: 13612: 13567: 13504: 13459: 13406: 13329: 13276: 13223: 13180: 13125: 13062: 13009: 12956: 12874: 12821: 12635: 8115: 8106: 8025: 7810: 7010: 6401: 6281: 6186: 6107: 6011: 5148: 5046: 4764: 4177: 3924: 3628: 3567: 3521: 3454: 3425: 3370: 2955: 2764: 2747: 2490: 2202: 2157:

killed Godane on September 1, 2014; he was succeeded as al-Shabaab leader by

2093: 2036: 1845: 1791: 1628: 1571:) law, is seen to lack legitimacy. Al-Shabaab hardliners broadly adhere to a 1248: 1238: 1131: 968: 945: 941: 795: 233: 67: 14425:

Felter, Claire; Masters, Jonathan; Sergie, Mohammed Aly (January 10, 2020).

14122: 14107:"After Westgate: Opportunities and Challenges in the War Against Al-Shabaab" 12765:

Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa: Rebellion and its Discontents

12694:

War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al-Shabaab

12592:

Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group

12559:

War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al-Shabaab

11611: 11446: 5305:

United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

4720:"Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels" 18568: 18511: 18305: 17184: 16643: 16331: 15332: 15287: 15212: 15202: 15017: 14295: 13549: 13321: 12555:"Foreign Fighter Influence in Al-Shabaab: Limitations and Future Prospects" 11986:"US offers $ 3 million bounties for 3 Somali extremists linked to al-Qaida" 9613:"Aid effort for drought-hit Horn of Africa must include long-term measures" 7953:"Somalia's Puntland sends troops to fight al Shabaab in neighbouring state" 6342: 6131:"US funding Somali warlords-intelligence experts say - Somalia | ReliefWeb" 3398: 3078: 2864: 2852: 2727: 2693:). These foreign recruits include members of the Somali diaspora or ethnic 2597: 2538: 2515: 2469: 2267: 2089: 2031:

afflicted the region, critics, generally associated with the leadership of

1954: 1704: 1612: 1544: 1437: 1353: 898: 428: 329: 295: 146: 128: 12615: 12611: 9143: 7869:"AFRICOM kills senior terrorist leader in Somalia as airstrikes intensify" 7645:"Col. Osman: 'The Government Forces in Gedo Killed Al-Shabab Ring Leader'" 7343:"At least 700 Al-shabab members surrenders to the government, PM Abdiweli" 5178: 4830:"Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups" 17189: 16590: 16341: 16278: 15623: 15482: 15377: 15342: 15227: 15217: 14802: 14248: 13856: 12722: 10713: 9792:"This Terrorist Group Cares More About the Environment Than Donald Trump" 5992: 5975: 5388:"Shabaab claims US is 'Satan of our time,' praises al Qaeda's leadership" 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 3306: 2702: 2698: 2658: 2510: 2463:

about his life in al-Shabaab and who, from 2009, also created and posted

2186: 1983:

The group's military fortunes turned with the failure of the August 2010

1878: 1772: 1512: 979:

to al-Qaeda. It suffered further military losses in 2014, as a result of

879: 418: 14138: 14106: 13808: 13792: 13776: 13512: 13488: 12829: 12805: 8014:"An attack on a military base in Somalia shows al-Shabab's deadly power" 7584:"Somali government welcomes the death of Al-Shabaab Leader, Yusuf Dheeg" 6002: 3428:. On March 15, 2014, it issued three further bounties, including one on 2130:

Following its territorial losses, al-Shabaab reverted to the tactics of

1915:, as the Ethiopian-led war segued into the next phase of the protracted 1673:

The group has persecuted those individuals belonging to Somalia's small

18659: 18603: 18573: 18291: 16387: 16377: 15317: 15077: 13589:"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" 12419:"Somalia kills Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, widening Al Qaeda power vacuum" 12045: 10753:"Somali extremist leader threatens US, Kenya, Uganda with more attacks" 7644: 6432:"Inside Look at the Fighting Between Al-Shabab and Ahlu-Sunna wal-Jama" 6258:"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" 3579: 3199: 3059: 3037: 2929: 2917: 2742: 2585: 2556: 2206: 1927: 1802: 1787: 1616: 1508: 1504: 1253: 1084: 723: 511: 266: 14300:"Breaking the Bonds between Al-Qa'ida and Its Affiliate Organizations" 14260: 12728:

Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally

12692: 11731: 7583: 6060: 5974:

Regilme, Salvador Santino Jr Fulo; Spoldi, Elisabetta (July 1, 2021).

5155: 5070: 4168: 2701:

countries; and citizens of countries further afield, including in the

2551:

a new Twitter account by December that year, with an official telling

2323:

and other equipment seized from private radio stations, including the

1881:

on which al-Shabaab capitalized, especially for recruitment purposes.

18286: 15487: 14953: 14078:"Reigniting the Rivalry: The Islamic State in Somalia vs. al-Shabaab" 11088:"Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'" 8966:"Uganda: Al-Shabaab Progpaganda Can't Change the Truth On the Ground" 6135: 5945:"How Somalia's civil war became new front in battle against al-Qaida" 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 4159: 3322: 3259: 3184: 3028: 3009: 2959: 2426: 2219: 2118: 2117:

and executions; its "false interpretations of Islam"; and its use of

2073: 1992: 1972: 1811: 1712: 1645: 1169: 1104: 1089: 996: 976: 972: 591: 346: 14919:. Statement SC/13065 on the 8099th Meeting of the Security Council. 14850: 14473:"Examining Extremism: Harakat al Shabaab al Mujahideen (al Shabaab)" 13642:"Foreign Technology or Local Expertise? Al-Shabaab's IED Capability" 10964:"Small group of Somali al Shabaab swear allegiance to Islamic State" 7676:"Somalia bombing may have been revenge for botched US-led operation" 7015:"Kenya attack is product of brutal power struggle within al-Shabaab" 5881:"Examining Extremism: Harakat al Shabaab al Mujahideen (al Shabaab)" 5495:

Allen, William; Gakuo Mwangi, Oscar (March 25, 2021). "Al-Shabaab".

5045:/القسم الإعلامي :: يقدم :: الإصدار المرئي الرائع (2009), 4741:"Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis" 4699:"Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says" 4672:"Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region" 4527:"Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis" 4076:

Allen, William; Gakuo Mwangi, Oscar (March 25, 2021). "Al-Shabaab".

3989:"Somali Government Forces 'Repulse' Al-Shabab Attack, Official Says" 2908:

government inside Somalia than in carrying out attacks in the West.

2076:

during a joint operation between Somali forces and AMISOM, May 2014.

1751:

council of senior leaders, appointed and assigned portfolios by the

18700: 18499: 18484: 18388: 18368: 17317: 17298: 17179: 16718: 16658: 16535: 16367: 16283: 16258: 16190: 16000: 15858: 15001: 14270:"The Reinvention of Al-Shabaab: A Strategy of Choice or Necessity?" 8464:"At least 37 killed in terrorist attack on popular Mogadishu beach" 8144: 6351: 5069:حركة الشباب المجاهدين " جيش العسرة في الصومال " نصرهم الله (2009), 4895: 4769: 4405: 3291: 3204: 3139: 3131: 3122: 2971:– Al-Shabaab announces Operation Disease Eradication, December 2018 2896: 2881: 2678:, about 380 km (236 mi) south of the capital, Mogadishu. 2477: 2452: 2307: 2210: 2055: 1920: 1841: 1678: 1658: 1632: 1624: 1213: 1155: 1063: 902: 895: 891: 747: 627: 615: 474: 398: 288: 14872:"Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea" 14851:"Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea" 13669:

Onat, Ismail; Guler, Ahmet; Hsu, Henda Y.; Reyes, Jessica (2021).

8258:"U.S. says it kills 27 al Shabaab militants in Somalia air strike" 7899:"Al Shabaab attacks Somali military base, recaptures central town" 7289:"Has Shabaab been weakened for good? The answer is 'yes' and 'no'" 5244: 4148:

Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations

18915:

Organizations designated as terrorist by the United Arab Emirates

18783:"The evolution of the Al-Shabaab jihadist intelligence structure" 18363: 18351: 18324: 17312: 17268: 17244: 16422: 15995: 14871: 14449: 12658:

Everything You Have Told Me Is True: The Many Faces of Al Shabaab

12386:"Samantha Lewthwaite: Is 'White Widow' behind Kenya mall attack?" 9545:"Somalia famine could cause militant Al Shabab group to splinter" 9101: 8320:. Somali National News Agency. September 20, 2022. Archived from 8062: 7323: 6914:"Somali observers: internal divisions widening within al-Shabaab" 6140: 3188: 3127: 3102: 2877: 2767:

or even criminal charges related to association with al-Shabaab.

2714: 2694: 2547: 2519: 2485: 2464: 2373: 2150: 2101: 2012: 1984: 1844:. In 2005 Mogadishu was hit by a significant wave of unexplained 1837: 1605: 1572: 1560: 1540: 1201: 1160: 925: 875: 711: 565: 374: 16133: 14892: 14275:. Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. 12984:

Bacon, Tricia; Ellis, Grace; Milton, Daniel (October 20, 2021).

11550: 9978: 9976: 9974: 8746:"No "imminent threat" to West Edmonton Mall visitors, RCMP says" 7615:"U.S. carried out strike in Somalia targeting al Shabaab leader" 7554:"U.S. confirms drone strike killed al Shabaab leader in Somalia" 5677:"Sufi Militia Says Al-Shabab Planning to Attack Galgadud Region" 5637: 2451:

Al-Shabaab was an early adopter among African insurgents of the

2290:

captured. Later that August, more than 20 people were killed in

18578: 14911: 12851:"Understanding Al-Shabaab: Clan, Islam and Insurgency in Kenya" 11452: 11167:"Somalia Experts: Ending al-Shabab's Funding a Major Challenge" 9469: 7463:"Senior Al-shabab officer surrenders to the federal government" 3449: 3275: 3241:

The following countries have officially listed al-Shabaab as a

3168: 3148: 3086: 3055: 2904:

argues that the group is far more interested in establishing a

2722: 2527: 2244: 2027:, who was publicly named the group's emir in December 2007. As 2004: 1967: 1768: 1691: 1686: 1568: 1094: 1036: 771: 759: 699: 687: 663: 639: 603: 379: 278: 14746:"The Twitter War: A New Battleground for Kenya and al-Shabaab" 11220: 11218: 11216: 10733: 9949:"The Looming Influx of Foreign Fighters in Sub-Saharan Africa" 9071: 8494:"More Than 20 Killed in Deadly Bombings in Mogadishu, Afgooye" 8044: 7838:"In a first, Somalia-based al-Shabab is attacking in Ethiopia" 6519:"The Somali National Army Versus al-Shabaab: A Net Assessment" 5976:"Children in Armed Conflict: A Human Rights Crisis in Somalia" 4418:

President Mohamud says the group has 15,000 to 18,000 fighters

4282:"Al-Shabaab and the Exploitation of the Subject Network Model" 3397:

ten camels to anyone possessing information on U.S. President

2560:

al-Shabaab content when it appears on newly created accounts.

1755:, and operates several internal security organs, including an 549: 539: 61: 14827:"Somalia Continues to Deteriorate as Al-Shabaab Gains Ground" 14579:"Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia" 14494:"Al-Shabaab: Why Somalia's al-Qaeda Affiliate Wants Puntland" 12076:"Somalia's Shebab warn Kenyan public of 'long, gruesome war'" 11238:"Puntland says arrests al Shabaab members, seizes explosives" 11052:"Somalia's Al-Shabab Declares War on Pro-Islamic State Group" 9971: 8074: 7494:"Top Somali militant killed in U.S. operation, Pentagon says" 4252:"Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia" 3739: 3180: 3144: 3082: 3013: 2963: 2937:

some observers, most consequential are al-Shabaab's links to

2887: 2830: 2815: 2731: 2718: 2675: 2601: 2239: 2081: 1958:

Somali and Kenyan troops celebrate al-Shabaab's retreat from

1806: 1748: 1516: 1079: 1043:

means "the youth" in Arabic. It also refers to itself as the

735: 675: 651: 525: 395: 366: 76: 18819: 16765:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

12292:"Al-Shabaab Leader Linked to al-Qaeda Dies in South Somalia" 11895:"Somalia's Al-Shabaab offer 10 camels for Obama's 'capture'" 8847:

Bin Laden's Legacy: Why We're Still Losing the War on Terror

7524:"Al-Shabab names new leader after Godane death in US strike" 6993: 3143:

involvement in – or taxation of – the smuggling and sale of

3077:

and ammunition from Yemen, typically transported across the

2958:

has emerged in our land and stated to attempt to divide our

1937: 18895:

Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom

18483: 16253: 16243: 14970: 14475:. Center for Strategic and International Studies Briefing. 12449:"U.S. raid in Somalia targeted al Shabaab commander Ikrima" 11562: 11213: 11201: 10934:"Al-Qaida or Islamic State? Issue Simmers Within Al-Shabab" 10915: 10913: 10786:"African Terrorist Groups Starting to Cooperate, U.S. Says" 10106:"Britain facing a new wave of terrorist attacks, MI5 warns" 9852:"Al-Shabab sets up coronavirus treatment centre in Somalia" 9579:"U.N. Says Somalia Famine Has Ended, but Crisis Isn't Over" 8318:"No other door open but to surrender, Govt tells Al-Shabab" 7403:"Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government" 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6667:"Somalia: The Godane coup and the unraveling of Al-Shabaab" 5213: 5211: 3730: 2868:

al-Shabaab publicly declared allegiance to al-Qaeda leader

2706: 2460: 2316: 2194:, which has been conducting its own expansionary campaign. 2018: 1752: 984: 497: 18920:

Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States

14673:; Liepman, Andrew; Chandler, Nathan (September 13, 2016). 14576: 14544: 14329:

Center for International Security and Cooperation (2022).

11925:"Somali Al Shabaab camel reward for Barack Obama 'absurd'" 11148: 10994:"Official: 200 al-Shabab fighters pledge allegiance to IS" 10212:"Burqa fugitive Mohammed Ahmed Mohamed 'faced 20 charges'" 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 7983:"Somalia's Puntland region executes 21 al-Shabab fighters" 7046:"Somali Government Displays Defecting Al-Shabab Commander" 6364:

When Ethiopia invaded, al-Shabaab had around 600 fighters.

6066: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5182: 4544:"In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy" 4435:"In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy" 3727: 3457:, also known as Abu Mansur, denounced al-Shabaab in 2017. 3409:. On an official state visit to Mogadishu, top U.S. envoy 2841: 311:

southern Somalia to push al-Shabaab from the Kenyan border

12229:"Somalia: Al Shabaab leaders condemn each other publicly" 12137:"U.S. Targets Al-Shabaab Leader in Somalia in Air Attack" 11146: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11021:"Al-Shabab Official Threatens Pro-Islamic State Fighters" 10171:"Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures in 2012" 9481: 7933: 7737:"Al Shabaab surges bombings amid Somali political crisis" 7192:"Defections put militant al-Shabab on the run in Somalia" 6378:"Political, Economic, and Ideological Warfare in Somalia" 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 4401:"Al-Shabab: Are militant attacks on the rise in Somalia?" 3721: 2812:

during his 2013 purge, executed various foreign recruits

2756: 2088:

and three other senior commanders, executed in June; and

1507:. Many early al-Shabaab leaders had also been trained as 12199:"Government forces fight militants in northeast Somalia" 11467:"Sanctions are being lifted against Eritrea. Here's why" 10910: 9174: 9152:"U.S. Considers Combating Somali Militants' Twitter Use" 9022:"Kenya: A Weakening Al Shabaab Escalates Its Propaganda" 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8193:"Somalia's President Vows 'Total War' Against al-Shabab" 8102:"How al-Qaeda and Islamic State are digging into Africa" 7707:"Somalia: Al-Shabab attacks intensify as election looms" 6970: 6538: 2534:, and to warn that, "next time, you won't be as lucky". 2306:

Drawings left by fighters on the walls of a building in

2251:

On 29 October, 2022, al-Shabaab took responsibility for

1563:

terms; and opposition to the internationally recognised

16:

Somalia-based Islamist movement affiliated with al-Qaeda

14959:

August 2010 letter from Osama bin Laden to Ahmed Godane

14204:

Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

13675:

Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism

12166:

Leftie, Peter; Khalif, Abdulkadir (November 17, 2011).

11612:"Alan Johnson bans Somali 'terrorist' group Al-Shabaab" 11582:"Somalia diverting arms to al-Shabab, UN report claims" 10243:"Al Shabaab recruited dozens of Americans: U.S. report" 9644:"Somalia: Famine Helps Al-Shabaab To Find New Recruits" 9457: 9415: 9393:"Facebook Fails to Catch East Africa Extremist Content" 9332:"Somalia's al-Shabaab back on Twitter after suspension" 8516: 8077:"Analysis: Shabaab's multi-day incursion into Ethiopia" 6644:"U.S. Strikes Al-Shabab In Somalia, 6 Militants Killed" 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5188: 4507:"The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa" 3701:

Unrecognized state, internationally as part of Somalia.

3044: 2863:

Before 2012, al-Qaeda and al-Shabaab had what academic

2262:

On 26 May, 2023, Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for

1619:

themes warning Somalis of the plots from international

13986: 12377: 11393:"Eritrea reduces support for al Shabaab – U.N. report" 11125: 11115: 11113: 10648: 10646: 10490:

Center for International Security and Cooperation 2022

10369:"Funding jihad: Al-Shabab cash lures in young Kenyans" 9601: 9242:"Al-Shabaab Twitter account shut down for second time" 8917: 8915: 8344:"Death Toll Rises to 121 in Somalia Al-Shabab Attacks" 7077:"If you don't want to fight anymore, there's no point" 6038:"Al-Shabaab Wants Girls to Join Warfront Against Govt" 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5854: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5294:

Senate Hearing 111–678: Violent Islamic Extremism—2009

5261: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 3911:

Dahir, Abdi Latif; Schmitt, Eric (December 22, 2023).

3329: 2331:

and English. In April 2010, al-Shabaab banned BBC and

1759:

agency, Amniyat, and a police force, Jeysh Al-Hisbah.

18925:

Organizations based in Africa designated as terrorist

13883:"Somalia's al-Shabaab: Clans vs Islamist nationalism" 12617:

Africa's Insurgents: Navigating An Evolving Landscape

12264:. United Nations Report S/2010/91. 2010. p. 14. 10996:. Associated Press. December 24, 2015. Archived from 10867: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10817: 10815: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10461:"Somalia's Shabaab threatens Uganda, Burundi attacks" 10277:"African Union Peacekeepers Killed in Somalia Battle" 9993: 9991: 8670: 6705:"Could Somali famine deal a fatal blow to al-Shabab?" 6592: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 5607: 2654:

In July 2018, al-Shabaab announced a complete ban on

2169:

In October 2017, more than 500 people were killed by

1934:

dwindled in response to the usage of terror tactics.

920:, al-Shabaab came to prominence during the 2006–2009 866:, lit. Youth Mujahideen Movement), commonly known as 335:

January 2016: Worst Kenyan losses endured during the

18910:

Organisations designated as terrorist by New Zealand

14669: 14450:

Global Interagency Security Forum (March 23, 2016).

14169:"Inside the Minds of Somalia's Ascendant Insurgents" 12046:"Somali Government puts Bounty on Al-Shabab leaders" 12016:"Somali government puts bounty on Al Shabaab leader" 11765:. Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from 11704:. Malaysian Ministry of Home Affairs. May 31, 2019. 11271:"Eritrea rejects U.N. report it backs Somali rebels" 11189: 9493: 8992:"AU: Somali militants 'dressed up' bodies for stunt" 8990:

Guled, Abdi; Houreld, Katharine (October 21, 2011).

8868: 8866: 8695: 8557:"How Somalia's al-Shabab militants hone their image" 7329: 6882:

Bruton, Bronwyn; Pham, J. Peter (February 2, 2012).

6613:"Somalia al-Shabab militant base of Baidoa captured" 6550: 5585:"Shabaab rebels destroy grave and mosque in Somalia" 5267: 5092:

Bruton, Bronwyn; Pham, J. Peter (February 2, 2012).

4997: 4995: 3742: 3736: 3724: 3639: 3563:

Prominent foreign al-Shabaab members have included:

2626:

In 2009, Godane imposed an al-Shabaab ban on the UN

861: 44: 18930:

Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist

17411: 17136:

2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash

14424: 13489:"Al-Shabaab and Social Media: A Double-Edged Sword" 12323:"Al Qaeda leaders play significant role in Shabaab" 11789:"UAE cabinet endorses new list of terrorist groups" 11556: 11110: 10884:Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander (September 3, 2019). 10688: 10643: 10308:"Al Shabab Recruits Americans for Somali Civil War" 9707:

Somalia famine: PM Ali sets up aid protection force

9302:"Somalia's al-Shabab Twitter account stopped again" 9040: 8912: 7921: 7768:"Terror Attacks Surge as Elections Drag in Somalia" 7252:"Al-Shabab Vows to Use Guerilla Tactics in Somalia" 5915: 5903: 5327: 5310: 5289: 5287: 5223: 3733: 1840:like' state in Somalia that could provide haven to 1677:; whom it accused of aiding the agenda of foreign " 18890:Organisations designated as terrorist by Australia 14520: 14335:Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies 11956:"US Posts Bounty on American Militants in Somalia" 11528:"Piracy ransom cash ends up with Somali militants" 11332:"Analysts say Eritrea is Not Supporting al-Shabab" 10885: 10883: 10858: 10812: 10800: 10555: 10072: 9988: 9475: 9183:"Twitter / @alykhansatchu @HSMPress The US is ..." 9131: 9049:"Somalia's Insurgents Embrace Twitter as a Weapon" 7311: 6571: 5707:"Somali group with al Qaeda ties threatens Israel" 5404: 5026: 4798:"Norway man pleads not guilty to terror financing" 3871:Princewill, Xiaofei Xu, Nimi (December 22, 2023). 2838:region, has carried out several attacks in Kenya. 2423:Send me four and send me more, that what I implore 1900: 18905:Organizations designated as terrorist by Malaysia 14893:"Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia" 14821: 13668: 13559:20.500.11820/75a5d849-2236-480d-a497-4b552e86fc35 13117:20.500.11820/4f793aaf-2ebf-41cb-b320-6c312a886bfe 12168:"Nation's army in new battles as advance resumes" 11497:"Shabaab-Somali pirate links growing: UN adviser" 10887:"ISIS and al Qaeda Struggle for al Shabab's Soul" 10739: 10666:"Al-Shabaab joining al Qaeda, monitor group says" 8863: 8140:"Al-Shabab seeks to 'put down roots' in Ethiopia" 8050: 7174:"Militants defecting to Somali side after losses" 6163:"The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts" 5891: 5555:"Almost expunged: Somalia's embattled Christians" 5494: 4992: 4670:Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (August 26, 2021). 4075: 3130:, held by al-Shabaab between 2009 and 2012, is a 2649: 2484:; and it has made prolific and innovative use of 1035:("Party of the Youth"), Al Osra Army in Somalia ( 18836: 16070:Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri 14356:"What You Need to Know to Understand al-Shabaab" 13153:Elliot, Ashley; Holzer, Georg-Sebastian (2009). 12983: 12848: 12768:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–281. 12410: 12190: 11368:. Associated Press. July 5, 2012. Archived from 10587:"Understanding the al-Shabaab/al-Qaeda 'merger'" 10430:"Somali clan disputes giving boost to al-Shabab" 9982: 9110:"Twitter / @gerardvanmourik @JeromeTaylor A ..." 8844: 7184: 6853:"Al-Shabaab to Change Name to Imaarah Islamiyah" 5284: 3345: 2689: 2141:Territorial control of Somalia as of April 2017. 1856: 18900:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada 18781:Kheyre, Zakarie Ahmed nor (November 10, 2022). 14225:"The Evolution of East African Salafi-jihadism" 12510:"Minn. al-Shabab fighter surrenders in Somalia" 11888: 11886: 11884: 11422:Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (November 10, 2017). 9822:"How Extremist Groups Are Reacting to COVID-19" 9731:"Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid" 9505: 9212:"Somalia's al-Shabab Twitter account suspended" 9080:"Twitter / @MajorEChirchir Your boys are a ..." 8716:"British Muslims defiant over al-Shabab threat" 8222: 8220: 8218: 7373:"Wanted Extremist Leader Surrenders in Somalia" 7165: 4117:"The Evolution of East African Salafi-jihadism" 3361: 3101:, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions on 2888:§ Drought, al-Qaeda, and internal struggle 2340:News. The group has also been known to conduct 303:Recapture of Mogadishu by TFG and AMISOM forces 16849: 16065:Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden 14890: 14869: 14845: 14454:. Global Interagency Security Forum Briefing. 14257:Center for Strategic and International Studies 13887:South African Journal of International Affairs 13351:"The Merger of Al-Shabab and Qa'idat al-Jihad" 13159:South African Journal of International Affairs 12687: 11978: 11644:. Australian National Security. Archived from 11568: 11224: 11207: 10836:"Somali-Yemeni militant ties in the spotlight" 9913:"In Africa, a militant group's growing appeal" 9607: 9514:"Letter from Mogadishu: The Most Failed State" 5498:Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History 4639:Mustafa, Singh, Awad, Karam (August 2, 2017). 4638: 4563:Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). 4079:Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History 3558: 3507:Former leading members of al-Shabaab include: 2902:Center for Strategic and International Studies 2248:option than surrender for al-Shabaab members. 1703:". In addition, its statements have expressed 1604:A major component of Al-Shabaab's ideology is 18589:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa 18469: 17847:2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu 17397: 16835: 16149: 14986: 14807:"Al-Shabaab Tries to Take Control in Somalia" 14725:"Taming the Clans: Al-Shabab's Clan Politics" 12620:. Lynne Riener Publishers. pp. 181–196. 11489: 11354: 11265: 11263: 10495: 10178:Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation 10097: 9272:"Al Qaeda Group Is Back on Twitter After Ban" 8075:Caleb Weiss; Ryan O'Farrell (July 25, 2022). 7576: 7214: 6698: 6696: 5973: 4669: 4641:"Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?" 3417:, on anyone attempting to thwart the ongoing 3297: 3085:, and occasionally larger shipments from the 3019: 2992:In October 2015, senior al-Shabaab commander 2670:Al-Shabaab acknowledged the existence of the 1455: 1050: 874:military and political organization based in 17786:2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer 14605: 14577:International Crisis Group (June 21, 2022). 14403: 14259:Africa Policy Forum Briefing. Archived from 14253:"Washington's Self-Defeating Somalia Policy" 13152: 12849:Anderson, David M.; McKnight, Jacob (2015). 12165: 11917: 11881: 10780: 10778: 10330: 9487: 8989: 8806:"A Song by Omar Hammami: "Send Me A Cruise"" 8404:"Al-Shabaab suffers heavy losses in Somalia" 8215: 7939: 7109:"Senior Al-Shabab Commander Defects to Govt" 6544: 6160: 6031: 6029: 5577: 4661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4541: 4432: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4190:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 3944: 3910: 3896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3198:); and al-Shabaab has been known to execute 2911: 2563: 2446: 2229: 1863:Ethiopian invasion and occupation of Somalia 922:Ethiopian invasion and occupation of Somalia 37: 17547:Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa 16930:Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa 16724:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 14744:Roble, Muhyadin Ahmed (December 22, 2011). 14647:Overseas Development Institute Policy Brief 14615:Overseas Development Institute Policy Brief 14046: 13036: 12757: 12721: 12552: 12441: 12383: 12259:"Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia" 12068: 10919: 10621:"Al Shabaab's Rise in the al Qaeda Network" 10137:"The 7/7 widow and a boom in British jihad" 10003: 9904: 8738: 7637: 6997: 6214:. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–35. 5217: 4860:"Russia Offers Military Support to Somalia" 4765:"Canada AM: Al-Shabab recruiting Canadians" 4562: 3756: 3313: 3250: 3092: 2419:Send me all four and send me much much more 2266:that reportedly killed 137 soldiers in the 1711:was retaliation against the declaration of 1707:sentiments, and the group claimed that its 1582: 18476: 18462: 17404: 17390: 16842: 16828: 16156: 16142: 14993: 14979: 14470: 13827: 13774: 13195: 12106:"Somalia Extremist Group Names New Leader" 12038: 11947: 11729: 11666: 11301:"Eritrea denies sending arms to al-Shabab" 11260: 11050:Hassan, Mohamed Olad (December 21, 2018). 10709:"Al Shabaab and Al Qaeda co-produce video" 9789: 9723: 9463: 9421: 9324: 9264: 8927: 8798: 8707: 8537: 7606: 7546: 6881: 6693: 6321:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 133. 6308: 5942: 5867: 5091: 4795: 4071: 4069: 3870: 3282: 2555:that, "The aim is to vigorously challenge 2327:. Presenters broadcast in Somali, Arabic, 1946:Over 200 al-Shabaab fighters surrender to 1462: 1448: 1009:2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings 15808:2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting 14608:"Al-Shabaab Engagement with Aid Agencies" 13855: 13845: 13557: 13377: 13303: 13250: 13170: 13115: 13043:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 12612:"Al-Shabaab and the Accidental Jihadists" 12479:"Rapping American jihadi killed: reports" 12135:Nor, Mohamed Sheikh (September 2, 2014). 12008: 11519: 11152: 10775: 10706: 10360: 10299: 10128: 9699: 9573: 9149: 9046: 8550: 8548: 8546: 7796: 7612: 7136: 7134: 6610: 6598: 6471:Cook, Joana; Maher, Shiraz, eds. (2023). 6470: 6026: 6001: 5991: 5547: 5471: 5351: 5349: 4227: 4198: 4167: 4037: 4035: 3434:National Intelligence and Security Agency 3231: 3174: 2421:I pray for that on my way to heavens door 2255:that occurred in Mogadishu targeting the 1938:2011–13: Internal and external challenges 905:since 2012, it has also forged ties with 882:. It is actively involved in the ongoing 17927:2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack 16521:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 15879:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 14772: 14104: 13486: 12901: 12508:Ibrahim, Mukhtar M. (December 7, 2015). 12384:Clark Scott, David (23 September 2013). 12251: 11164: 10707:McConnell, Tristan (February 10, 2012). 10658: 10525: 10391: 10366: 10240: 10165: 10134: 9641: 9511: 9294: 9180: 9150:Gettleman, Jeffrey (December 20, 2011). 9107: 9077: 9047:Gettleman, Jeffrey (December 15, 2011). 8890:"Al-Shabab say they are back on Twitter" 8689: 8617:"Somalia's al-Shabaab launch TV channel" 8190: 8011: 7866: 7491: 6565: 6524:Combating Terrorism Center at West Point 6036:Khalif, Abdulkadir (February 22, 2012). 5422: 5385: 5307:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2009. 5278: 4697:Houreld, Katharine (November 10, 2021). 4542:Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). 4457:. Emirates Policy Center. Archived from 4433:Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). 3973:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3448: 3266: 3236: 3194: 3121: 3054:framework and the ubiquitous use of the 3027: 2741: 2567: 2344:in its territories, as a show of force. 2301: 2164: 2136: 2125: 2084:of his critics. Among those killed were 2067: 2046: 2019:Drought, al-Qaeda, and internal struggle 1953: 1941: 1782: 1487:governance in much of Somalia until the 17982:December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing 16229:Operation Enduring Freedom participants 14923:from the original on September 10, 2022 14857:from the original on September 27, 2020 14760:from the original on September 11, 2022 14731:from the original on September 10, 2022 14722: 14710:from the original on September 10, 2022 14657:from the original on September 11, 2022 14640: 14593:from the original on September 12, 2022 14532:from the original on September 11, 2022 14508:from the original on September 10, 2022 14471:Harrington, Jake (September 23, 2021). 14412:from the original on September 10, 2022 14353: 14341:from the original on September 10, 2022 14235:from the original on September 11, 2022 14222: 14197: 14185:from the original on September 29, 2022 14092:from the original on September 10, 2022 14063:from the original on September 10, 2022 13880: 13762:from the original on September 10, 2022 13721: 13656:from the original on September 10, 2022 13586: 13519:from the original on September 10, 2022 13474:from the original on September 10, 2022 13365:from the original on September 10, 2022 13291:from the original on September 11, 2022 13238:from the original on September 10, 2022 13089: 12709:from the original on September 11, 2022 12520:from the original on September 10, 2022 12507: 12196: 12178:from the original on September 27, 2013 12098: 11953: 11477:from the original on September 10, 2022 11434:from the original on September 10, 2022 11342:from the original on September 10, 2022 11329: 11311:from the original on September 10, 2022 11248:from the original on September 10, 2022 11195: 11098:from the original on September 28, 2022 11081: 11079: 11077: 11062:from the original on September 10, 2022 10846:from the original on September 10, 2022 10833: 10763:from the original on September 24, 2015 10631:from the original on September 10, 2022 10614: 10612: 10543:from the original on September 26, 2012 10458: 10440:from the original on September 10, 2022 10410:from the original on September 28, 2013 10348:from the original on September 27, 2013 10305: 10103: 10074:"Britons 'spearhead Kenya terror wave'" 9910: 9512:Anderson, Jon Lee (December 14, 2009). 9499: 9445:from the original on September 11, 2022 9403:from the original on September 10, 2022 9373:from the original on September 10, 2022 9342:from the original on September 24, 2013 9002:from the original on September 10, 2022 8900:from the original on September 10, 2022 8887: 8883: 8881: 8786:from the original on September 30, 2018 8701: 8298:from the original on September 21, 2022 8268:from the original on September 21, 2022 8238:from the original on September 21, 2022 8166: 7963:from the original on September 10, 2022 7766:Besheer, Margaret (February 15, 2022). 7765: 7492:Martinez, Michael (September 5, 2014). 7365: 7279: 7277: 7009: 6958:from the original on September 27, 2013 6945: 6702: 6375: 6255: 6081: 6077: 6075: 5955:from the original on September 15, 2013 5930: 5909: 5643: 5453: 5340: 5321: 5238: 5122: 5001: 4921: 4717: 4696: 4258:from the original on September 12, 2022 4209: 4141: 4066: 2842:Relationship with other militant groups 2772:U.S. Senate Homeland Security Committee 2665: 2480:, particularly to communicate with the 1567:, which, lacking a basis in religious ( 1393:Jihadist extremism in the United States 460:15,000–18,000 (2022 estimate per Pres. 18837: 18780: 17057:Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007) 15783:2015 Garissa University College attack 14833:from the original on September 9, 2022 14789:from the original on September 9, 2022 14779:Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor 14685:from the original on September 9, 2022 14628:from the original on September 1, 2022 14564:from the original on September 9, 2022 14491: 14479:from the original on December 29, 2021 14391:from the original on September 9, 2022 14378: 14366:from the original on September 9, 2022 14360:Tony Blair Institute for Global Change 14282:from the original on September 8, 2022 14267: 14247: 13933: 13531: 13348: 13336:from the original on September 9, 2022 13140:from the original on February 10, 2023 12918:from the original on September 9, 2022 12836:from the original on September 9, 2022 12803: 12654: 12609: 12585: 12471: 12429:from the original on February 10, 2013 12398:from the original on 25 September 2013 12320: 11892: 11669:"Al-Shabaab listed as terrorist group" 11604: 11538:from the original on December 19, 2015 11421: 11390: 11119: 11085: 11049: 10898:from the original on December 11, 2015 10721:from the original on February 10, 2012 10694: 10652: 10597:from the original on September 1, 2022 10459:Mohamed, Ibrahim (December 23, 2010). 10270: 10268: 10253:from the original on September 8, 2022 10191:from the original on November 13, 2013 10147:from the original on September 1, 2013 10104:Gardham, Duncan (September 16, 2010). 10070: 10040:Evans, Jonathan (September 17, 2010). 9959:from the original on September 8, 2022 9946: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9672: 9524:from the original on February 27, 2023 9312:from the original on November 22, 2018 9222:from the original on November 19, 2018 9162:from the original on December 24, 2011 9059:from the original on December 24, 2011 8935:"Al-Shabaab threatens to attack Kenya" 8921: 8713: 8645: 8627:from the original on November 21, 2011 8543: 8063:Global Interagency Security Forum 2016 7927: 7909:from the original on September 9, 2022 7879:from the original on November 26, 2021 7778:from the original on September 9, 2022 7747:from the original on September 9, 2022 7717:from the original on September 9, 2022 7686:from the original on September 9, 2022 7534:from the original on September 9, 2022 7504:from the original on September 9, 2022 7353:from the original on September 1, 2022 7299:from the original on September 9, 2022 7283: 7262:from the original on September 9, 2022 7153:from the original on September 6, 2012 7140: 7131: 6948:"Uganda: Is Al-Shabab Disintegrating?" 6946:Mugisha, Richard (September 8, 2013). 6941: 6939: 6798: 6664: 6623:from the original on September 9, 2022 6586: 6516: 6495:from the original on December 28, 2023 6452:from the original on December 27, 2023 6429: 6425: 6423: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6207: 6161:Barnes, Cedric; Hassan, Harun (2007). 6128: 6048:from the original on February 26, 2012 6035: 5842:from the original on September 9, 2022 5825: 5777:from the original on September 9, 2022 5717:from the original on September 9, 2022 5507:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.785 5435:from the original on September 9, 2022 5410: 5346: 5104:from the original on December 23, 2022 5032: 5014:from the original on February 15, 2022 5002:Bozkurt, Abdullah (February 9, 2022). 4891:"Eş Şebab'ın hedefi Türkiye'de eylem!" 4888: 4738: 4524: 4504: 4375:from the original on February 25, 2023 4088:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.785 4032: 3117: 2681: 2607: 2530:of a convoy carrying Somali President 2297: 1832:began covert operations targeting the 1695:. Al-Shabaab has clashed with the pro- 1539:and local grievances to the plight of 967:Between 2011 and 2013, a coalition of 18457: 17887:2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack 17791:December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe 17385: 16823: 16758:Targeted Killing in International Law 16639:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse 16137: 15763:2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 15758:2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing 14974: 14801: 14743: 14697: 14606:Jackson, Ashley; Aynte, Abdi (2013). 14458:from the original on October 28, 2018 14437:from the original on February 2, 2021 14404:Felbab-Brown, Vanda (June 19, 2017). 14294: 14210:from the original on December 5, 2021 14166: 14075: 13639: 13037:Bacon, Tricia; Muibu, Daisy (2019b). 12930: 12810:Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses 12553:Bacon, Tricia; Muibu, Daisy (2019a). 12416: 12345: 12333:from the original on January 17, 2012 12147:from the original on December 9, 2014 11760: 11723: 11711:from the original on November 5, 2022 11525: 11464: 11281:from the original on February 6, 2017 11031:from the original on January 18, 2016 11018: 10944:from the original on January 18, 2016 10931: 10871: 10834:Maclean, William (January 18, 2010). 10821: 10806: 10759:. Associated Press. January 8, 2015. 10676:from the original on January 23, 2021 10618: 10584: 10572: 10533:"Hizbul Islam splits with al-Shabaab" 10287:from the original on October 29, 2011 10039: 9997: 9947:Doctor, Austin C. (August 18, 2020). 9923:from the original on November 3, 2022 9832:from the original on October 28, 2020 9589:from the original on November 7, 2016 9555:from the original on January 19, 2012 9542: 9282:from the original on February 5, 2013 9137: 8963: 8945:from the original on October 18, 2011 8726:from the original on October 31, 2013 8554: 8354:from the original on November 1, 2022 8191:Dhaysane, Mohamed (August 24, 2022). 8068: 7835: 7704: 7673: 7594:from the original on February 6, 2015 7317: 7171: 7141:Mayoyo, Patrick (September 5, 2012). 7119:from the original on December 3, 2009 7043: 6894:from the original on February 8, 2012 6799:Bruton, Bronwyn (February 21, 2012). 6794: 6792: 6767:"Where in the World is Sheikh Aweys?" 6641: 6512: 6510: 6341: 6314: 6256:Mueller, Jason C. (January 2, 2018). 5897: 5565:from the original on October 25, 2009 4949:"Conflict With Al-Shabaab in Somalia" 4796:MacDougall, Ian (September 7, 2010). 4615: 4594: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4328: 4279: 4142:Agbiboa, Daniel (February 10, 2014). 4123:from the original on October 25, 2022 4041: 3827:from the original on October 30, 2023 3207:villages under threat of starvation. 1978: 1824:Timeline of al-Shabaab-related events 1718: 1670:" entity backed by foreign invaders. 964:in order to fight against the group. 271:August 2008: Captures Kismayo in the 18251:Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy 17816:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia 16804: 15970:Benevolence International Foundation 15423:Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh 14700:"The Threat of the 'Unholy Trinity'" 14698:Lulie, Hallelujah (March 18, 2013). 14316:from the original on August 10, 2022 14145:from the original on August 11, 2022 14047:Warner, Jason; Weiss, Caleb (2017). 14034:from the original on January 5, 2024 13974:from the original on January 5, 2024 13921:from the original on January 5, 2024 13815:from the original on January 5, 2024 13709:from the original on January 5, 2024 13627:from the original on January 5, 2024 13433: 13421:from the original on January 5, 2024 13077:from the original on January 5, 2024 13024:from the original on January 5, 2024 12971:from the original on January 5, 2024 12889:from the original on January 5, 2024 12782:from the original on January 5, 2024 12642:from the original on January 5, 2024 12573:from the original on January 5, 2024 12485:. September 12, 2013. Archived from 12302:from the original on October 4, 2018 12290:Nor, Mohamed Sheikh (May 28, 2015). 12197:Ibrahim, Mohammed (August 9, 2010). 12082:. AFP. April 4, 2015. Archived from 12022:. September 27, 2014. Archived from 11893:Khalif, Abdulkadir (June 11, 2012). 11851: 11823:"Proscribed Terrorist Organisations" 11730:Bye Skille, Øyvind (March 8, 2008). 11453:United Nations Security Council 2017 11177:from the original on January 5, 2024 11074: 11012: 10609: 10509:. September 25, 2012. Archived from 10471:from the original on August 10, 2022 10397: 10274: 10209: 9892:from the original on January 5, 2009 9862:from the original on January 5, 2024 9435:"Shabab credit for Somali food boom" 9360: 9252:from the original on August 12, 2022 8888:Mohamed, Hamza (December 16, 2013). 8878: 8872: 8504:from the original on August 18, 2024 8032:from the original on August 13, 2022 8012:Raghavan, Sudarsan (July 17, 2022). 7797:Demirjian, Karoun (March 10, 2022). 7705:Hared, Khadar (September 18, 2020). 7383:from the original on January 9, 2015 7274: 7232:from the original on October 5, 2012 7202:from the original on August 21, 2018 6347:"US fails to break Somali Islamists" 6296:from the original on January 5, 2024 6072: 5262:Vidino, Pantucci & Kohlmann 2010 4903:from the original on October 3, 2018 4870:from the original on August 20, 2023 4840:from the original on August 20, 2023 4565:"Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico" 4398: 4280:Allen, William (September 3, 2014). 3210: 3045:External support: diaspora, Al-Qaeda 2983:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2784:House Committee on Homeland Security 2572:Residents of Tortoro celebrate with 1987:offensive – the inauguration of the 351:2022: AMISOM ends, is replaced with 345:in the deadliest bombing to date in 18706:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso 18057:28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings 17977:November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing 17579:2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive 17562:Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts 17067:Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007) 16962:2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive 16945:Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts 15941:Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent 15719:1998 United States embassy bombings 15048:Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri 14891:United Nations (November 1, 2019). 14878:from the original on April 11, 2020 14870:United Nations (November 9, 2018). 14550:"Women and Al-Shabaab's Insurgency" 14198:Bahadur, Jay (September 17, 2020). 13728:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 13574:from the original on April 21, 2021 13440:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 13387:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 12745:from the original on April 16, 2023 12289: 12271:from the original on April 28, 2011 12209:from the original on August 9, 2010 12134: 12112:. September 6, 2014. Archived from 12056:from the original on April 16, 2015 11966:from the original on March 22, 2013 11799:. November 15, 2014. Archived from 11742:from the original on March 13, 2008 11679:from the original on March 11, 2010 11465:Plaut, Martin (November 14, 2018). 10974:from the original on April 29, 2023 10932:Maruf, Harun (September 30, 2015). 10367:Burridge, Tom (December 11, 2014). 10265: 10135:Burleigh, Michael (March 3, 2012). 9935: 9737:. November 18, 2011. Archived from 9687:from the original on March 29, 2012 8849:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 149. 8752:. February 22, 2015. Archived from 8474:from the original on August 4, 2024 8094: 7848:from the original on August 6, 2022 7817:from the original on March 13, 2022 7655:from the original on March 23, 2015 7613:Alexander, David (March 13, 2015). 7473:from the original on April 16, 2023 7443:from the original on April 16, 2023 7413:from the original on April 16, 2023 7074: 6936: 6837:. February 23, 2012. Archived from 6811:from the original on April 26, 2023 6715:from the original on April 10, 2018 6681:from the original on August 4, 2014 6517:Hummel, Kristina (April 30, 2024). 6464: 6420: 6232: 6154: 5943:Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (June 7, 2010). 5674: 4889:Şardan, Tolga (December 15, 2015). 4777:from the original on April 16, 2023 4341:from the original on April 13, 2023 4054:from the original on April 13, 2023 3751: 3112: 2713:and 2019 DusitD2 complex attack in 2347: 2043:to populations in its territories ( 2011:the port city (and revenue hub) of 1685:". In 2009, Al-Shabaab destroyed a 1575:interpretation of the principle of 1499:, a group founded on the tenets of 1483:, an umbrella group which provided 1294:Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel 1219:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine 1039:: جيش العسرة في الصومال). The term 851: 188:Deputy Emir of Kenyan military wing 38: 13: 18787:Intelligence and National Security 18614:Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin 18182:Mogadishu military academy bombing 18027:2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing 18002:14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings 17671:2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash 15947:Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin 15773:2013 Westgate shopping mall attack 14899:from the original on June 21, 2020 14727:. Report of the Hiraal Institute. 14641:Jackson, Ashley (March 18, 2014). 14492:Horton, Michael (March 10, 2017). 13493:The Brown Journal of World Affairs 13096:Journal of Eastern African Studies 12855:Journal of Eastern African Studies 12703:10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0037 12567:10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0037 12239:from the original on June 29, 2011 11935:from the original on June 12, 2012 11736:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 11622:from the original on March 4, 2010 11592:from the original on March 8, 2021 11503:. October 20, 2011. Archived from 11403:from the original on July 14, 2014 11330:Michael, Onyiego (July 20, 2010). 11165:Dhaysane, Mohamed (July 8, 2022). 11019:Maruf, Harun (November 24, 2015). 10400:"A new breed of terrorist is born" 10379:from the original on June 22, 2018 10318:from the original on March 8, 2021 10241:Pelofsky, Jeremy (July 27, 2011). 10222:from the original on March 5, 2017 10210:Dodd, Vikkram (November 8, 2013). 10116:from the original on March 1, 2018 10085:from the original on July 25, 2021 10071:Gadher, Dipesh (January 8, 2012). 10052:from the original on March 1, 2018 9790:Richardson, Davis (July 3, 2018). 9192:from the original on March 8, 2021 9119:from the original on March 7, 2021 9089:from the original on March 7, 2021 8714:Hooper, Simon (October 26, 2013). 8646:Ndegwa, Alex (November 17, 2011). 8567:from the original on June 22, 2018 7330:Jones, Liepman & Chandler 2016 7089:from the original on June 15, 2010 7025:from the original on March 5, 2017 6859:. December 5, 2011. Archived from 6789: 6773:. February 1, 2012. Archived from 6743:. December 8, 2011. Archived from 6703:Chothia, Farouk (August 9, 2011). 6665:Abukar, Hassan M. (July 2, 2013). 6507: 6376:Mueller, Jason C. (July 3, 2019). 6335: 6315:Celso, Anthony (August 27, 2015). 6167:Journal of Eastern African Studies 5807:from the original on April 3, 2015 5743:. December 7, 2017. Archived from 5675:Ryu, Alisha (September 15, 2010). 5668: 5656:from the original on July 30, 2017 5646:"Somali rage at grave desecration" 5615:"Grave sites destroyed in Somalia" 5591:. October 19, 2009. Archived from 4810:from the original on June 17, 2022 4616:Lynch, Colum (November 28, 2012). 4485:. October 13, 2018. Archived from 4387: 3795:from the original on June 25, 2023 3444: 3167:equivalent to 20% of the pirates' 2398:And send me a couple of tons like 2205:. Taking advantage of the ongoing 2183:incursion into Ethiopian territory 2092:, killed in September. Journalist 2072:Suspected al-Shabaab militants in 1771:clan, which is one of the largest 1410:Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq 1334:Moro insurgency in the Philippines 14: 18981: 18935:Organizations established in 2007 18215:Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt 18052:4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing 18007:28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks 17987:2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings 17922:Garissa University College attack 17721:Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt 17646:Battle for Central Somalia (2009) 17601:Somali Reconciliation Conferences 16984:Somali Reconciliation Conferences 16689:Enhanced interrogation techniques 16485:Georgia Sustainment and Stability 16373:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 16163: 16100:Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory 15923:Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 14937: 14811:Foreign Policy Research Institute 14379:Dathan, Jennifer (May 25, 2017). 13039:"The Domestication of Al-Shabaab" 12459:from the original on May 17, 2021 12365:from the original on May 18, 2015 11863:United States Department of State 11557:Felter, Masters & Sergie 2020 11086:Harper, Mary (October 26, 2020). 9911:Maclean, William (May 30, 2012). 9705:Harper, Mary (August 13, 2011). " 9642:Heilprin, John (August 5, 2011). 8845:Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed (2011). 8444:from the original on June 9, 2024 8414:from the original on June 9, 2024 8384:from the original on June 7, 2023 8203:from the original on May 11, 2023 8167:Barnett, James (September 2023). 7674:Burke, Jason (October 17, 2017). 7625:from the original on May 17, 2021 7564:from the original on May 16, 2021 7044:Maruf, Harun (November 9, 2009). 6924:from the original on June 9, 2012 6642:Guled, Abdi (September 2, 2014). 5644:Mohamed, Mohamed (June 8, 2009). 5423:Joscelyn, Thomas (May 13, 2019). 5386:Joscelyn, Thomas (May 30, 2017). 4739:Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). 4595:Ahmed, Guled (February 9, 2021). 4525:Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). 4505:Bashir, Hamdi (October 7, 2020). 4329:Muibu, Daisy (October 11, 2022). 4114: 4082:. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 4042:Muibu, Daisy (October 11, 2022). 3502: 3388:for al-Shabaab members under its 2939:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 2823: 2750:is a senior al-Shabaab commander. 2007:to Ethiopia in February 2012 and 1535:with transnational aims, linking 911:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 544:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 18860:Factions in the Somali Civil War 18813: 18774: 18696:Islamist insurgency in the Sahel 18422: 18408: 18381: 18362: 18350: 18323: 18299: 18152:October 2022 Beledweyne bombings 18147:September 2022 Beledweyne attack 18127:February 2022 Beledweyne bombing 18092:2020 Mogadishu army base bombing 17330: 17311: 17291: 17267: 17243: 17172: 16803: 16794: 16793: 16664:Combatant Status Review Tribunal 16613:President's Surveillance Program 16608:Military Commissions Act of 2009 16603:Military Commissions Act of 2006 16556:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 16531:Moro conflict in the Philippines 16526:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 16119: 16118: 14381:"Sources of Funding: al-Shabaab" 13593:Terrorism and Political Violence 13304:Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2018b). 13251:Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2018a). 12675:from the original on May 8, 2023 12501: 12314: 12283: 12221: 12159: 12128: 11992:. March 15, 2014. Archived from 11954:Joselow, Gabe (March 21, 2013). 11865:. March 18, 2008. Archived from 11832:. March 27, 2015. Archived from 11815: 11781: 11754: 11691: 11660: 11642:"Listed terrorist organisations" 11634: 11574: 11458: 11415: 11384: 11323: 11293: 11230: 11158: 11043: 10986: 10956: 10925: 10877: 10827: 10745: 10700: 10578: 10452: 10422: 10234: 10203: 10159: 10064: 10033: 9874: 9844: 9814: 9783: 9753: 9666: 9635: 9567: 9536: 9427: 9385: 9361:Mair, David (February 3, 2016). 9354: 9234: 9204: 9014: 8983: 8964:Oloya, Opiyo (August 16, 2011). 8957: 8838: 8768: 8639: 8609: 8579: 8486: 8456: 8426: 8396: 8366: 8336: 8310: 8280: 8250: 8184: 8160: 8132: 8005: 7993:from the original on May 2, 2022 7975: 7945: 7891: 7867:Vandiver, John (April 7, 2020). 7860: 7829: 7790: 7759: 7729: 7698: 7667: 7516: 7485: 7455: 7425: 7395: 7335: 7244: 7101: 7075:Bar, Herve (November 24, 2009). 7068: 7037: 7003: 6735:"Al-Shabaab Leader Admits Split" 6262:Terrorism and Political Violence 5361:National Counterterrorism Center 4399:Mwai, Peter (November 2, 2022). 3717: 3642: 3363: 3347: 3331: 3315: 3299: 3284: 3268: 3252: 3151:; and it has been implicated in 2976: 2780:National Counterterrorism Center 1431: 1381:Islamic terrorism in the Balkans 1329:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 930:African Union Mission to Somalia 844:Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen 811:Islamic State – Somalia Province 804: 788: 776: 764: 752: 740: 728: 716: 704: 692: 680: 668: 656: 644: 632: 620: 608: 596: 584: 559: 548: 538: 518: 505: 490: 456:7,000–12,000 (2023 UN estimate) 75: 60: 31:Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen 18718:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 18584:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 18162:October 2022 Mogadishu bombings 18117:November 2021 Mogadishu bombing 18082:December 2019 Mogadishu bombing 18037:December 2018 Mogadishu bombing 18012:February 2018 Mogadishu attacks 17997:February 2017 Mogadishu bombing 17781:November 2017 Somalia airstrike 17676:Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011) 17413:Somali civil war (2009–present) 17371:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 17274:Transitional Federal Parliament 16480:Georgia Train and Equip Program 15929:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 15889:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 15589:Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani 14913:United Nations Security Council 14331:"Mapping Militants: Al Shabaab" 14223:Barnett, James (May 28, 2020). 13434:Mair, David (January 2, 2017). 12540: 12321:Roggio, Bill (August 1, 2010). 11526:Lough, Richard (July 6, 2011). 11391:Maasho, Aaron (July 16, 2012). 10792:. June 25, 2012. Archived from 10398:Fred, Fred (October 28, 2011). 10275:Kron, Josh (October 21, 2011). 10017:. July 27, 2011. Archived from 9363:"Al-Shabaab Returns to Twitter" 8819:. April 9, 2011. Archived from 8593:. April 9, 2010. Archived from 6906: 6884:"The Splintering of Al Shabaab" 6875: 6845: 6823: 6759: 6727: 6658: 6635: 6611:Will Ross (February 22, 2012). 6604: 6430:Hassan, Abdulahi (March 2008). 6369: 6201: 6122: 6082:Cocodia, Jude (April 3, 2021). 6067:International Crisis Group 2019 5967: 5936: 5873: 5819: 5789: 5759: 5729: 5699: 5488: 5447: 5416: 5379: 5183:International Crisis Group 2022 5123:Cocodia, Jude (April 3, 2021). 5116: 5094:"The Splintering of Al Shabaab" 5085: 5062: 5038: 4966: 4941: 4915: 4882: 4852: 4822: 4789: 4757: 4718:Redondo, Raúl (July 20, 2020). 4687: 4585: 4495: 4423: 4369:United Nations Security Council 4357: 4322: 4296: 4273: 4254:. Crisis Group. June 21, 2022. 4244: 4135: 4108: 3788:United Nations Security Council 3704: 3695: 3224:, which killed Mogadishu Mayor 2846: 2436:– Chorus to "Send Me a Cruise" 2199:al-Shabaab launched an invasion 2098:Westgate shopping mall shooting 1913:Transitional Federal Government 1907:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 1901:2009–10: Dominance in the south 1683:convert Somalis to Christianity 1611:which is incorporated into its 1489:country was invaded by Ethiopia 1324:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 1319:East Turkestan Islamic Movement 1005:October 2017 Mogadishu bombings 907:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 863:Ḥarakat ash-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn 834:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 554:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 265:is killed in a US airstrike in 46:Ḥarakat ash-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn 18316:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 18167:Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel 18072:24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing 18067:22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing 18042:Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack 17957:February 2016 Mogadishu attack 17917:Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack 17537:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 17219:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 16920:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 16669:Criticism of the war on terror 16623:Terrorist Surveillance Program 16428:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 16181:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 15854:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 15233:Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim 14704:Institute for Security Studies 12902:Anzalone, Christopher (2013). 12804:Alkaff, Syed Huzaifah (2013). 12691:; Waldman, Matt, eds. (2019). 12417:Peter, Tom A. (June 8, 2011). 10619:Kahan, Adam (August 9, 2011). 10585:Aynte, Abdi (March 19, 2012). 10306:Schmitt, Eric (June 6, 2010). 9983:Bacon, Ellis & Milton 2021 9767:. July 4, 2018. Archived from 9673:Peachy, Paul (July 23, 2011). 9543:Planz, Mike (August 9, 2011). 9181:HSMPress (December 15, 2011). 9108:HSMPress (December 15, 2011). 9078:HSMPress (December 16, 2011). 7836:Faruk, Omar (August 5, 2022). 6474:The Rule Is For None But Allah 6129:Morgan, David (June 5, 2006). 5797:"Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?" 4922:Marchal, Roland (March 2019). 4222:(4). Taylor & Francis: 8. 4007: 3981: 3938: 3904: 3864: 3839: 3807: 3775: 3683:Freedom of religion in Somalia 3545:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 3222:24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing 2928:(AQIM), and the Nigeria-based 2774:heard as early as 2009 – from 2737: 2650:Ban on single-use plastic bags 1649:(resistance coalition) of the 1388:Islamism in the United Kingdom 1354:Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan 1195:Notable jihadist organisations 200:Head of the Clan Elder Council 1: 18799:10.1080/02684527.2022.2095599 18330:Federal Government of Somalia 18241:Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor 17947:January 2016 Mogadishu attack 17892:Westgate shopping mall attack 17156:2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings 17141:February 2008 Bosaso bombings 16704:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 16347:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq 15768:2013 In Amenas hostage crisis 15418:Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi 15403:Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah 15068:Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli 15043:Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi 14528:. Human Rights Watch Report. 13940:Small Wars & Insurgencies 13847:10.1080/09592318.2020.1780686 13834:Small Wars & Insurgencies 13740:10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 13687:10.1080/18335330.2021.1953115 13605:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 13452:10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157404 13399:10.1080/1057610X.2019.1628622 13269:10.1080/01436597.2018.1479186 13108:10.1080/17531055.2016.1180825 13055:10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986 13002:10.1080/01402390.2021.1982702 12949:10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282 12937:Small Wars & Insurgencies 12867:10.1080/17531055.2015.1082254 12758:Woldemariam, Michael (2018). 12423:The Christian Science Monitor 12391:The Christian Science Monitor 10015:U.S. House of Representatives 9720:Retrieved September 12, 2022. 9549:The Christian Science Monitor 8648:"Al Shabaab's propaganda war" 7172:Guled, Abdi (June 15, 2012). 6394:10.1080/10402659.2019.1735174 6274:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 6100:10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 5141:10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 4674:. Clingendael. Archived from 3768: 2514:to the account having issued 2279:an attack on El Dher district 2107: 2061: 1857:2006–2009: Ethiopian invasion 1762: 1641:Ethiopian invasion of Somalia 1017:major incursion into Ethiopia 934:Federal Government of Somalia 886:and incorporates elements of 18880:Islamic terrorism in Somalia 18826:Council on Foreign Relations 18711:Jihadist insurgency in Niger 18629:Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) 18142:August 2022 Mogadishu attack 18137:April 2022 Mogadishu bombing 18107:March 2021 Mogadishu bombing 18022:July 2018 Mogadishu bombings 18017:March 2018 Mogadishu bombing 17937:Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing 16679:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri 16571:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 16025:Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit 15894:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 15844:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 15834:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 15829:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 15000: 14829:. Soufan Center IntelBrief. 14431:Council on Foreign Relations 14176:George Washington University 14012:10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 13952:10.1080/09592318.2013.802611 13899:10.1080/10220461.2014.967286 13828:Skjelderup, Michael (2020). 13775:Skjelderup, Michael (2014). 12990:Journal of Strategic Studies 12731:. Indiana University Press. 12361:. U.S. Department of State. 11667:Althia Raj (March 7, 2010). 8232:United States Africa Command 7143:"Shabaab fighters surrender" 5454:Makhaus, Ken (August 2009). 4575:(4): 100–112. Archived from 4210:Makhaus, Ken (August 2009). 2697:overseas; citizens of other 2459:, who for many years kept a 1733:United States Africa Command 1725:Council of Foreign Relations 1314:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1027:Al-Shabaab is also known as 960:, and the United States has 175:Emir of Kenyan military wing 7: 18875:Islam-related controversies 18845:Al-Shabaab (militant group) 18634:Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) 18177:2023 Mogadishu hotel attack 18112:June 2021 Mogadishu bombing 18097:2020 Mogadishu hotel attack 17967:June 2016 Mogadishu attacks 17862:May 2010 Mogadishu bombings 17706:Battle of Beledweyne (2011) 17661:Battle of Beledweyne (2010) 17077:Battle of Beledweyne (2008) 17027:Battle of Beledweyne (2006) 16747:State Sponsors of Terrorism 16618:Protect America Act of 2007 15798:2016 Grand-Bassam shootings 15778:2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting 15594:Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi 15413:Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari 15143:Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi 15073:Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir 14964:September 10, 2022, at the 13934:Thomas, Matthew J. (2013). 13781:Journal of Law and Religion 13722:Petrich, Katharine (2022). 12796: 12697:. Oxford University Press. 12661:. Oxford University Press. 12610:Hansen, Stig Jarle (2017). 12595:. Oxford University Press. 12561:. Oxford University Press. 11859:"Designation of Al-Shabaab" 11732:"Hold dere unna Al-Shabaab" 8555:Hodge, Nel (June 5, 2014). 8440:(in Somali). June 8, 2024. 6208:Hansen, Stig Jarle (2013). 5456:"Somalia: What went Wrong?" 4212:"Somalia: What went Wrong?" 3635: 3609:Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir 3559:Foreign leaders and members 3430:Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir 3390:Rewards for Justice Program 3379: 3192: 3097:In December 2009, adopting 2926:al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb 2885: 2858: 2813: 2786:reported that more than 40 2687: 2635:2011 Eastern Africa drought 2588:in early 2010, saying that 2059: 2044: 1830:Central Intelligence Agency 1780: 1709:2019 DusitD2 complex attack 1522: 1376:Islamic terrorism in Europe 1234:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 1224:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 862: 332:is Killed in a US airstrike 314:September 2013: al-Shabaab 45: 10: 18986: 18850:Anti-Zionist organizations 18728:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 18443:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 18256:Daallo Airlines Flight 159 18192:Mogadishu tea shop bombing 18132:March 2022 Somalia attacks 17952:Daallo Airlines Flight 159 17882:June 2013 Mogadishu attack 17641:Battle of Mogadishu (2009) 17584:Battle of Mogadishu (2006) 17072:Battle of Mogadishu (2008) 16851:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 16684:Killing of Osama bin Laden 16561:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 16516:Operation Active Endeavour 16049:Global Islamic Media Front 15869:War in North-West Pakistan 15743:2004 Madrid train bombings 15238:Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam 15163:Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah 14546:International Crisis Group 14159: 14105:Williams, Paul D. (2014). 13587:Mueller, Jason C. (2018). 12806:"Al-Shabaab: A New Phase?" 11830:United Kingdom Home Office 4924:"War and Peace in Somalia" 4162:(inactive June 22, 2024). 3195:§ Humanitarian access 3147:, sugar, and, reportedly, 3020:Sources of income and arms 2358:al-Kataib Media Foundation 2352:Al-Shabaab began creating 2179:an attack on a Kenyan base 2175:another suicide truck bomb 2096:viewed the September 2013 1904: 1860: 1828:During 2003, the American 1821: 1817: 1783:§ Foreign recruitment 1715:as the capital of Israel. 1529:International Crisis Group 1474: 1398:Foreign fighters in Bosnia 1289:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 1051:Organisation and structure 1045:Islamic Emirate of Somalia 944:. Countries including the 936:, as well as the latter's 18: 18965:Discrimination in Somalia 18736: 18688: 18642: 18546: 18520: 18492: 18437: 18269: 18246:London Somalia Conference 18233: 18200: 18157:2022 Kismayo hotel attack 18047:Nairobi Latema Road blast 17902:2014 Villa Somalia attack 17839: 17636:Battle of South Mogadishu 17626: 17591:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 17529: 17438: 17419: 17365: 17164: 17146:Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre 17128: 17095: 17009: 16974:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 16912: 16881: 16868:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 16857: 16789: 16631: 16583: 16551:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia 16508: 16500:Drone strikes in Pakistan 16456: 16449: 16393:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami 16360: 16299: 16292: 16216: 16209: 16171: 16115: 16087: 16057: 16006:Fatawā of Osama bin Laden 15983: 15962: 15909: 15816: 15733:2001 September 11 attacks 15707: 15632: 15614:Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh 15521: 15368:Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad 15243:Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan 15110: 15101: 15023:Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi 15008: 14948:Counter Extremism Project 14723:Mubarak, Mohamed (2018). 14427:"Backgrounder: Al-Shabab" 14408:. Brookings Institution. 13881:Solomon, Hussein (2014). 13216:10.1177/09750878221114375 13196:Grobbelaar, Alta (2022). 13172:10.1080/10220460903268984 9712:October 31, 2018, at the 8591:Reporters Without Borders 6179:10.1080/17531050701452382 5473:10.1080/03071840903216395 5299:November 9, 2020, at the 4229:10.1080/03071840903216395 3658:Child soldiers in Somalia 2934:first suicide bomb attack 2912:AQAP, AQIM and Boko Haram 2564:Local governance strategy 2447:Internet and social media 2403:And send me a drone like 2294:in a Mogadishu tea shop. 2236:hotel attack in Mogadishu 2230:2022–present: Retaliation 1545:Muslim-majority countries 1344:South Thailand insurgency 1175:International propagation 983:, and the killing of its 817: 575: 481: 470: 450: 442: 386: 361: 241: 208:: Yusuf Ahmed Hajji Nurow 118: 99: 91: 54: 35: 30: 18970:Anti-Ethiopian sentiment 18955:Rebel groups in Ethiopia 18429:Islamic State in Somalia 17857:2009 Hotel Shamo bombing 17716:Battle of Kismayo (2012) 17656:Battle of Kismayo (2009) 17087:Battle of Kismayo (2008) 16967:2006 Battle of Mogadishu 16771:Unitary executive theory 15793:2016 Ouagadougou attacks 15788:2015 Bamako hotel attack 15328:Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan 15278:Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali 15038:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 14813:Briefing. Archived from 14385:Action on Armed Violence 12545: 9882:"The rise of the Shabab" 9488:Jackson & Aynte 2013 6545:Elliot & Holzer 2009 3688: 3663:Drone strikes in Somalia 3461: 3394:U.S. Department of State 3374:(since 29 February 2008) 3342:(since 15 November 2014) 3310:(since 10 February 2010) 3093:Alleged Eritrean support 2998:Islamic State in Somalia 2192:Islamic State in Somalia 1657:and foreign occupation. 1015:wing and carrying out a 956:have designated it as a 938:transitional predecessor 894:cause. Allegiant to the 878:and active elsewhere in 434:Anti-Ethiopian sentiment 316:attack the Westgate Mall 19:Not to be confused with 18950:Rebel groups in Somalia 18599:Macina Liberation Front 18187:2023 Beledweyne bombing 18077:2019 Kenya bus shooting 17907:2014 Hotel Amalo attack 17897:2013 Beledweyne attacks 17852:2009 Beledweyne bombing 17746:Battle of Janale (2015) 17711:Battle of Yurkud (2012) 17681:Battle of Jubbada Hoose 17110:Battle of Bargal (2007) 17062:Battle of Bargal (2007) 16699:Extraordinary rendition 16694:Extrajudicial prisoners 15688:Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir 15640:Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri 15579:Mustafa Setmariam Nasar 15544:Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri 15508:Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah 15303:Fazul Abdullah Mohammed 15198:Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi 14773:Schaefer, Alan (2011). 14354:Chonka, Peter (2016b). 14123:10.1111/1468-2346.12147 13990:; Pantucci, Raffaello; 13532:Molony, Thomas (2019). 13090:Chonka, Peter (2016a). 12931:Doboš, Bohumil (2016). 10920:Warner & Weiss 2017 9476:Human Rights Watch 2010 8621:The Mail & Guardian 7178:The Washington Examiner 7082:The Mail & Guardian 6998:Bacon & Muibu 2019a 6479:Oxford University Press 5218:Bacon & Muibu 2019b 5051:, جيش العسرة في الصومال 4953:Global Conflict Tracker 4569:Global Security Studies 4306:. Vates. Archived from 3668:Human rights in Somalia 3595:Fazul Abdullah Mohammed 3407:U.S. Secretary of State 2851:Between 2010 and 2012, 2590:Somali grain production 2522:and against French spy 2429:I strive for and adore. 2215:Ethiopian-Somali border 2171:a suicide truck bombing 1851:Somali warlord alliance 1022: 829:Somalia War (2006–2009) 277:January 2009: Captures 21:Al-Shabaab (Mozambique) 18960:Salafi Jihadist groups 18870:Islam and antisemitism 18865:Al-Qaeda allied groups 18855:Antisemitism in Africa 18624:Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) 18564:Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya 18533:Islamic fundamentalism 17962:Baidoa suicide bombing 17877:2011 Mogadishu bombing 17831:Battle of Buulo Mareer 17741:Battle of Leego (2015) 17726:Operation Indian Ocean 17214:al-Itihaad al-Islamiya 17151:2008 Mogadishu bombing 16734:Operation Eagle Assist 16654:Clash of Civilizations 16201:Symbolism of terrorism 16031:Management of Savagery 15975:Al-Haramain Foundation 15935:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 15682:Abu Omar al-Turkistani 15664:Abu Mohammad al-Julani 15549:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed 15428:Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi 15253:Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan 15148:Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil 14874:. Report S/2018/1002. 14178:Program on Extremism. 14167:Bacon, Tricia (2022). 13487:Menkhaus, Ken (2014). 13381:; Yusuf, Abdi (2021). 13349:Lahoud, Nelly (2012). 12725:; Joseph, Dan (2018). 12353:"Jehad Serwan Mostafa" 10539:. September 24, 2012. 10176:. First Report of the 9338:. September 11, 2013. 8294:. September 12, 2022. 8264:. September 21, 2022. 8234:. September 21, 2022. 8051:The Soufan Center 2022 7228:. September 22, 2012. 7013:(September 22, 2013). 5826:Warner, Jason (2018). 5621:. 2009. Archived from 4709:on November 10, 2021. 4511:Emirates Policy Center 3962:Cite journal requires 3468:Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah 3458: 3263:(since 22 August 2009) 3243:terrorist organization 3232:International response 3226:Abdirahmean Omar Osman 3175:Extortion and taxation 3135: 3058:system for receipt of 3041: 2968: 2924:said that al-Shabaab, 2916:In June 2012, General 2751: 2624: 2577: 2433: 2395:Maa'lam Adam al Ansari 2382:Bloomington, Minnesota 2311: 2159:Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah 2147:Operation Indian Ocean 2142: 2077: 1963: 1951: 1745:Hassan Sheikh Mohammed 1729:United States military 1497:al-Ittihad al-Islamiya 1147:Islamic fundamentalism 1073:Practices and concepts 981:Operation Indian Ocean 958:terrorist organization 323:Operation Indian Ocean 298:merges with al-Shabaab 291:withdraws from Somalia 196:: Abdulaziz Abu Musab 18945:Rebel groups in Kenya 18940:Qutbist organisations 18746:Militant Islamism in 18723:Boko Haram insurgency 18487:in Sub-Saharan Africa 18345:Mohamed Sheikh Hassan 18335:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 17972:2016 Galkayo bombings 17867:2010 Kampala bombings 17811:2021 Galmudug clashes 17801:2021 Mogadishu mutiny 17284:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 17236:Aden Hashi Farah Aero 17105:Battle of Ras Kamboni 17052:Battle of Ras Kamboni 17022:Battle of Bandiradley 16729:Operation Noble Eagle 16566:2007 Lebanon conflict 15963:Charity organizations 15943:(Indian subcontinent) 15753:2007 Algiers bombings 15652:Mahfouz Ould al-Walid 15373:Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki 15258:Abdullah Said al Libi 14915:(November 14, 2017). 14895:. Report S/2019/858. 14853:. Report S/2017/924. 14406:"Puntland's problems" 14307:Brookings Institution 14268:Bryden, Matt (2014). 14111:International Affairs 14076:Weiss, Caleb (2019). 13640:Muibu, Daisy (2017). 13257:Third World Quarterly 12655:Harper, Mary (2019). 12483:Sydney Morning Herald 12235:. December 18, 2010. 11588:. February 14, 2014. 11244:. November 18, 2012. 11153:Levy & Yusuf 2021 10796:on November 11, 2014. 10513:on September 27, 2012 10182:The Stationery Office 9888:. December 18, 2008. 9308:. September 6, 2013. 9248:. September 6, 2013. 8782:. February 22, 2015. 8324:on September 21, 2022 7959:. September 4, 2021. 7560:. December 31, 2014. 7530:. September 6, 2014. 7437:Goobjoog News English 7379:. December 27, 2014. 6841:on February 26, 2012. 6831:"Daily Media Roundup" 6675:Royal African Society 6654:on September 7, 2014. 5803:. December 22, 2017. 5523:on December 29, 2022. 5048:حركة الشباب المجاهدين 4773:. February 23, 2015. 4751:on February 11, 2021. 4630:on December 2, 2012. 4607:on February 9, 2021. 4601:Middle East Institute 4537:on February 11, 2021. 4517:on December 8, 2022. 4104:on December 29, 2022. 3488:Aden Hashi Farah Ayro 3452: 3326:(since 18 March 2016) 3237:Terrorist designation 3125: 3031: 2952: 2745: 2711:2010 Kampala bombings 2646:to emergency levels. 2619: 2571: 2532:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 2457:Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki 2440:Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki 2387: 2317:Islamic jurisprudence 2305: 2257:Ministry of Education 2165:2018–2022: Resurgence 2155:American drone strike 2140: 2126:2013–2017: Regrouping 2071: 1957: 1945: 1609:religious nationalism 1592:loyalty and disavowal 1284:Boko Haram insurgency 1244:Islamic State of Iraq 962:militarily intervened 870:, is a transnational 852:حركة الشباب المجاهدين 263:Aden Hashi Farah Ayro 224:Senior Media Official 194:Military Spokesperson 39:حركة الشباب المجاهدين 18559:Islamic Courts Union 18357:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 18102:2020 Galkayo bombing 18087:2020 Afgooye bombing 18032:Sahafi Hotel attacks 17942:Sahafi Hotel attacks 17912:Central Hotel attack 17696:Operation Linda Nchi 17596:Insurgency in Ogaden 17197:Islamic Courts Union 17120:Dhusamareb airstrike 16979:Insurgency in Ogaden 16546:Operation Linda Nchi 16490:OEF – Horn of Africa 16403:Islamic Courts Union 16352:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 16176:September 11 attacks 15748:2005 London bombings 15670:Abu Maria al-Qahtani 15658:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 15646:Abu Ubaidah al-Masri 15529:Mamdouh Mahmud Salim 15443:Abu Khalil al-Madani 15363:Abdelhamid Abou Zeid 15308:Atiyah Abd al-Rahman 15168:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 14849:(November 2, 2017). 14502:Jamestown Foundation 14251:(December 8, 2006). 13550:10.1093/afraf/ady035 13322:10.1093/afraf/ady001 12489:on December 31, 2013 12327:The Long War Journal 11507:on December 23, 2011 11307:. November 2, 2011. 11000:on December 27, 2015 10970:. October 23, 2015. 10672:. February 9, 2012. 10436:. October 19, 2009. 9741:on November 23, 2011 9577:(February 3, 2012). 9278:. February 4, 2013. 9218:. January 25, 2013. 8941:. October 17, 2011. 8756:on February 24, 2015 8658:on November 13, 2011 8623:. February 5, 2011. 8350:. November 1, 2022. 8148:. September 14, 2022 7743:. January 28, 2022. 7590:. February 6, 2015. 7409:. January 17, 2015. 7349:. October 11, 2014. 7287:(October 17, 2016). 7115:. December 2, 2009. 5993:10.1515/gj-2020-0083 5773:. January 16, 2019. 5687:on September 2, 2012 5561:. October 22, 2009. 5429:The Long War Journal 5400:on January 18, 2022. 5393:The Long War Journal 4730:on August 19, 2023. 4678:on August 26, 2021. 4292:on November 3, 2019. 4119:. Hudson Institute. 3580:Fu'ad Qalaf Shongole 3568:Jehad Serwan Mostafa 3426:Jehad Serwan Mostafa 3419:political transition 3339:United Arab Emirates 3279:(since 5 March 2010) 3052:financial regulation 3005:al-Shabaab's ranks. 2987:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 2666:Response to COVID-19 2639:Abdiweli Mohamed Ali 2628:World Food Programme 2594:redistributed income 2495:Kenya Defence Forces 2277:Al-Shabaab launched 2001:Operation Linda Nchi 1875:Islamic Courts Union 1834:Islamic Courts Union 1803:Fu'ad Qalaf Shongole 1701:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 1666:as an illegitimate " 1655:American imperialism 1651:Islamic Courts Union 1481:Islamic Courts Union 1369:Jihadism in the West 1264:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham 1001:2013 Westgate attack 954:United Arab Emirates 918:Islamic Courts Union 372:Former headquarters: 307:October 2011: Kenya 202:: Ibrahim Sheikh Ali 177:: Maalim Ayman 18220:2013 raid on Barawe 18122:2022 Mandera attack 18062:Asasey Hotel attack 17806:2021 Golweyn ambush 17776:2017 Golweyn ambush 17323:Mohamed Warsame Ali 17207:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 15676:Ahmad Salama Mabruk 15604:Sulaiman Abu Ghaith 15599:Younis al-Mauritani 15584:Abdul Hadi al Iraqi 15513:Abu Muhsin al-Masri 15498:Abdelmalek Droukdel 15358:Farman Ali Shinwari 15348:Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti 15223:Abu Zubair al-Masri 15188:Abu Talha al-Sudani 14817:on January 6, 2011. 14263:on January 8, 2007. 13793:10.1017/jlr.2014.11 12455:. October 6, 2013. 12358:Rewards for Justice 12026:on October 19, 2014 11648:on October 25, 2016 11569:United Nations 2018 11366:The Washington Post 11225:United Nations 2019 11208:United Nations 2017 10021:on October 17, 2011 9654:on October 29, 2011 8597:on October 17, 2011 8500:. August 17, 2024. 8110:. August 11, 2022. 8018:The Washington Post 7905:. August 24, 2021. 7803:The Washington Post 7258:. August 12, 2011. 6801:"Divisive Alliance" 6747:on October 22, 2012 6345:(January 1, 2009). 6343:Plaut, Martin Plaut 5595:on October 21, 2009 4980:. February 10, 2022 4623:The Washington Post 4489:on October 9, 2018. 4461:on December 8, 2022 3820:Rewards for Justice 3761:'The Youth' 3678:Religion in Somalia 3615:Omar Shafik Hammami 3586:Samantha Lewthwaite 3118:Trade and smuggling 2981:In early 2015, the 2682:Foreign recruitment 2633:In response to the 2608:Humanitarian access 2499:world-class runners 2366:Lee Rigby's killers 2298:Propaganda strategy 2285:On 2 August, 2024, 2090:Omar Shafik Hammami 1989:Battle of Mogadishu 1870:military occupation 1625:Christian Crusaders 1493:military occupation 1415:Homegrown terrorism 1058:Part of a series on 800:Non-State opponents 409:Islamic nationalism 220:: Abdikarim Horseed 18665:Mokhtar Belmokhtar 18655:Hassan Dahir Aweys 18650:Ali Yassin Mohamed 18311:Hassan Dahir Aweys 18225:2017 raid on Barii 17992:Dayah Hotel attack 17826:Battle of Runirgod 17766:2017 raid on Barii 17761:Battle of Kulbiyow 17304:Mohamud Muse Hersi 17279:Ali Mohammed Ghedi 17260:Mohamed Omar Habeb 17202:Hassan Dahir Aweys 16776:Unlawful combatant 16709:Iranian Revolution 16495:OEF – Trans Sahara 16470:War in Afghanistan 16327:Jalaluddin Haqqani 16322:Sirajuddin Haqqani 16248:Iraqi Armed Forces 15849:Second Chechen War 15803:2016 Bamako attack 15738:2002 Bali bombings 15574:Abu Faraj al-Libbi 15468:Abu Khayr al-Masri 15463:Mokhtar Belmokhtar 15408:Adam Yahiye Gadahn 15398:Abu Yusuf Al-Turki 15383:Abu Khalid al-Suri 15353:Said Ali al-Shihri 15293:Huthaifa al-Batawi 15283:Mohamed Abul-Khair 15183:Abu Yaqub al-Masri 15088:Abu Humam al-Shami 15063:Abu Walid al-Masri 14825:(March 18, 2022). 14524:(April 19, 2010). 14522:Human Rights Watch 12587:Hansen, Stig Jarle 12203:The New York Times 12110:The New York Times 12052:. April 10, 2015. 11797:Kuwait News Agency 11372:on August 22, 2016 11277:. March 16, 2010. 10344:. April 10, 2013. 10312:The New York Times 10281:The New York Times 10042:"Terrorism speech" 9583:The New York Times 9575:Gettleman, Jeffrey 9441:. March 24, 2010. 9156:The New York Times 9053:The New York Times 9028:. October 22, 2011 8470:. August 3, 2024. 7651:. March 13, 2015. 7469:. March 30, 2015. 7285:Hansen, Stig Jarle 6805:The New York Times 4693:Multiple sources: 4651:on August 3, 2017. 4645:Small Wars Journal 4591:Multiple sources: 4579:on March 24, 2023. 4554:on July 17, 2020. 4501:Multiple sources: 4445:on July 17, 2020. 4429:Multiple sources: 4286:Small Wars Journal 3917:The New York Times 3532:Ibrahim al-Afghani 3512:Hassan Dahir Aweys 3459: 3358:(since March 2010) 3136: 3042: 3036:(though excluding 2778:, director of the 2752: 2582:dispute resolution 2578: 2376:, Canada, and the 2370:West Edmonton Mall 2312: 2253:a twin car bombing 2243:Somalia's central 2143: 2132:asymmetric warfare 2086:Ibrahim al-Afghani 2078: 2033:Hassan Dahir Aweys 1979:Territorial losses 1964: 1952: 1801:In February 2012, 1719:Size and structure 1699:Sufi militias of " 1675:Christian minority 1664:Federal Government 1578:al-wala' wal-bara' 1537:Somali nationalist 1503:and opposition to 1403:Bosnian mujahideen 1349:Taliban insurgency 1277:Jihadism in Africa 977:pledged allegiance 888:Somali nationalism 414:Somali nationalism 243:Dates of operation 70:used by al-Shabaab 18770: 18769: 18538:Islamic terrorism 18528:Islamic extremism 18485:Militant Islamism 18451: 18450: 18261:Awdiinle massacre 18210:2009 Baraawe raid 17872:Muna Hotel attack 17796:Camp Simba attack 17771:Battle of Af Urur 17751:Battle of El Adde 17701:Battle of Deynile 17379: 17378: 17037:Fall of Mogadishu 16817: 16816: 16714:Islamic terrorism 16579: 16578: 16475:OEF – Philippines 16445: 16444: 16441: 16440: 16398:Hizbul Mujahideen 16239:Northern Alliance 16131: 16130: 16124:Category:Al-Qaeda 15991:Al Qaeda Handbook 15899:Houthi insurgency 15839:First Chechen War 15824:Soviet–Afghan War 15703: 15702: 15453:Abu Firas al-Suri 15433:Nasir al-Wuhayshi 15393:Ahmed Abdi Godane 15338:Abu Yahya al-Libi 15193:Abu Laith al-Libi 15153:Haitham al-Yemeni 15128:Ayman al-Zawahiri 14823:The Soufan Center 14548:(June 27, 2019). 13393:(12): 1167–1189. 13263:(11): 2033–2052. 13203:Insight on Africa 12775:978-1-108-42325-0 12738:978-0-253-03749-7 12668:978-1-78738-290-9 12627:978-1-62637-652-6 12602:978-0-19-932787-4 12116:on April 23, 2015 11996:on March 16, 2014 11869:on March 19, 2008 11861:(Press release). 11839:on April 11, 2015 11769:on August 9, 2016 11618:. March 1, 2010. 10591:African Arguments 10013:. Hearing of the 9858:. June 14, 2020. 9828:. April 3, 2020. 9611:(July 13, 2011). 9399:. June 15, 2022. 8856:978-1-118-09494-5 7989:. June 27, 2021. 7940:Felbab-Brown 2017 7873:Stars and Stripes 7439:. March 7, 2015. 6920:. April 5, 2012. 6671:African Arguments 6488:978-0-19-769039-0 6328:978-1-5013-1244-1 6221:978-0-19-932787-4 5747:on March 30, 2022 5516:978-0-19-027773-4 5303:. Hearing of the 4803:San Diego Tribune 4310:on March 30, 2022 4097:978-0-19-027773-4 3815:"Abukar Ali Adan" 3783:"Abukar Ali Adan" 3760: 3527:Abdul Qadir Mumin 3517:Mohamed Said Atom 3392:. On June 7, the 3211:Somali government 3126:The port city of 3064:Arabian Peninsula 2994:Abdul Qadir Mumin 2874:Ayman al-Zawahiri 2672:COVID-19 pandemic 2503:caramel macchiato 2405:Abu Layth al Libi 2197:On 20 July 2022, 2025:Ahmed Abdi Godane 1950:, September 2012. 1565:Somali government 1527:According to the 1472: 1471: 1207:Pakistani Taliban 1122:Islamic terrorism 989:Ahmed Abdi Godane 942:Western countries 860: 841: 840: 337:Battle of El Adde 287:30 January 2009: 273:Battle of Kismayo 255:2006: Established 226:: Abdullahi Osman 171:: Abukar Ali Adan 18977: 18830: 18829: 18817: 18811: 18810: 18793:(7): 1061–1082. 18778: 18478: 18471: 18464: 18455: 18454: 18441:Previous phase: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18414: 18412: 18411: 18387: 18385: 18384: 18374:Abdi Hasan Awale 18367: 18366: 18355: 18354: 18328: 18327: 18304: 18303: 18302: 17821:Battle of Bal'ad 17756:Qandala campaign 17731:Galgala campaign 17666:2010 Ayn clashes 17552:Somali Civil War 17425:Somali Civil War 17406: 17399: 17392: 17383: 17382: 17336: 17334: 17333: 17316: 17315: 17297: 17295: 17294: 17272: 17271: 17255:Abdi Hasan Awale 17248: 17247: 17178: 17176: 17175: 17115:Dobley airstrike 17032:Battle of Jowhar 17017:Battle of Baidoa 16935:Somali Civil War 16863:Somali Civil War 16844: 16837: 16830: 16821: 16820: 16807: 16806: 16797: 16796: 16752:Targeted killing 16541:Iraqi insurgency 16461:Enduring Freedom 16454: 16453: 16413:Jemaah Islamiyah 16408:Jaish-e-Mohammed 16297: 16296: 16214: 16213: 16158: 16151: 16144: 16135: 16134: 16122: 16121: 15884:Syrian civil war 15864:Somali Civil War 15609:Abu Anas al-Libi 15559:Riduan Isamuddin 15554:Walid bin Attash 15539:Khalid al-Fawwaz 15473:Ibrahim al-Asiri 15458:Ahmed Refai Taha 15438:Muhsin al-Fadhli 15388:Omar Ould Hamaha 15178:Haitham al-Badri 15108: 15107: 15053:Ibrahim al-Banna 14995: 14988: 14981: 14972: 14971: 14932: 14930: 14928: 14908: 14906: 14904: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14866: 14864: 14862: 14842: 14840: 14838: 14818: 14798: 14796: 14794: 14769: 14767: 14765: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14719: 14717: 14715: 14694: 14692: 14690: 14679:Rand Corporation 14677:. Report of the 14666: 14664: 14662: 14637: 14635: 14633: 14627: 14612: 14602: 14600: 14598: 14573: 14571: 14569: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14517: 14515: 14513: 14488: 14486: 14484: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14358:. Report of the 14350: 14348: 14346: 14333:. Report of the 14325: 14323: 14321: 14315: 14305:. Report of the 14304: 14291: 14289: 14287: 14281: 14274: 14264: 14244: 14242: 14240: 14229:Hudson Institute 14227:. Report of the 14219: 14217: 14215: 14202:. Report of the 14194: 14192: 14190: 14184: 14174:. Report of the 14173: 14154: 14152: 14150: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14072: 14070: 14068: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14000:African Security 13983: 13981: 13979: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13877: 13859: 13849: 13840:(6): 1174–1195. 13824: 13822: 13820: 13771: 13769: 13767: 13734:(5–6): 479–500. 13718: 13716: 13714: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13636: 13634: 13632: 13583: 13581: 13579: 13561: 13544:(471): 328–351. 13528: 13526: 13524: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13374: 13372: 13370: 13345: 13343: 13341: 13316:(467): 217–237. 13300: 13298: 13296: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13192: 13174: 13149: 13147: 13145: 13119: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13033: 13031: 13029: 12980: 12978: 12976: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12718: 12716: 12714: 12689:Keating, Michael 12684: 12682: 12680: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12606: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12505: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12381: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12338: 12318: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12270: 12263: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12194: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12132: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12086:on April 4, 2015 12080:The Sunday Times 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12042: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12012: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11905:on June 11, 2012 11901:. Archived from 11890: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11838: 11827: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11803:on April 1, 2015 11785: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11734:(in Norwegian). 11727: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11716: 11710: 11703: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11664: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11608: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11471:The Conversation 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11439: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11267: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11253: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11211: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11123: 11117: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11083: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11016: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11005: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10929: 10923: 10917: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10889: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10782: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10749: 10743: 10740:Onat et al. 2021 10737: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10625:Critical Threats 10616: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10434:Voice of America 10426: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10395: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10272: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10190: 10175: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10079:The Sunday Times 10076: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9986: 9980: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9953:War on the Rocks 9944: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9798:. Archived from 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9727: 9721: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9678: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9650:. Archived from 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9623:on July 19, 2011 9619:. Archived from 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8885: 8876: 8870: 8861: 8860: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8825: 8810: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8750:Edmonton Journal 8742: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8654:. Archived from 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8552: 8541: 8535: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8498:hornobserver.com 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8410:. June 9, 2024. 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8380:. June 4, 2023. 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8348:Voice of America 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8224: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8178:Hudson Institute 8175: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8081:Long War Journal 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7741:Critical Threats 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7377:Associated Press 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7293:The Conversation 7281: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7198:. June 8, 2012. 7188: 7182: 7181: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7052:. Archived from 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6863:on July 14, 2014 6849: 6843: 6842: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6650:. Archived from 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6569: 6563: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6436: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6253: 6230: 6229: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6088:African Security 6079: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6005: 5995: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5683:. Archived from 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5625:on April 1, 2010 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5524: 5519:. Archived from 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5460:The RUSI Journal 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5396:. Archived from 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5363:. Archived from 5353: 5344: 5338: 5325: 5319: 5308: 5291: 5282: 5276: 5265: 5259: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5186: 5180: 5153: 5152: 5129:African Security 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4928:academic.oup.com 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4866:. May 26, 2023. 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4747:. Archived from 4735: 4726:. Archived from 4714: 4705:. Archived from 4691: 4685: 4682: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4647:. Archived from 4635: 4626:. Archived from 4612: 4603:. Archived from 4589: 4583: 4580: 4559: 4550:. Archived from 4538: 4533:. Archived from 4521: 4513:. Archived from 4499: 4493: 4490: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4450: 4441:. Archived from 4427: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4396: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4335:The Conversation 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4288:. Archived from 4277: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4216:The RUSI Journal 4207: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4171: 4160:10.15664/jtr.826 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4115:James, Barnett. 4112: 4106: 4105: 4100:. Archived from 4073: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4048:The Conversation 4039: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3993:Voice of America 3985: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3779: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3673:Islam in Somalia 3652: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3623: 3603: 3574:Abu Musa Mombasa 3553: 3540: 3496: 3482: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3197: 3165:protection money 3113:Internal revenue 3032:Map showing the 2972: 2947:2016 laptop bomb 2891: 2819: 2805:Syrian civil war 2798:Somali Americans 2788:Muslim Americans 2692: 2615:Jon Lee Anderson 2442: 2414:Saleh Ali Nabhan 2354:propaganda films 2348:Propaganda films 2342:military parades 2333:Voice of America 2201:into Ethiopia's 2064: 2049: 2041:humanitarian aid 2029:a severe drought 1917:Somali Civil War 1877:, it galvanized 1785: 1777:foreign fighters 1773:clans in Somalia 1741:Security Council 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1438:Islam portal 1436: 1435: 1434: 1339:Sinai insurgency 1307:Jihadism in Asia 1055: 1054: 884:Somali Civil War 865: 855: 853: 823:Somali Civil War 818:Battles and wars 809: 808: 807: 794: 792: 791: 782: 780: 779: 770: 768: 767: 758: 756: 755: 746: 744: 743: 734: 732: 731: 722: 720: 719: 710: 708: 707: 698: 696: 695: 686: 684: 683: 674: 672: 671: 662: 660: 659: 650: 648: 647: 638: 636: 635: 626: 624: 623: 614: 612: 611: 602: 600: 599: 590: 588: 587: 564: 563: 562: 552: 542: 534:Non-state allies 524: 522: 521: 510: 509: 508: 496: 494: 493: 424:Anti-imperialism 328:September 2014: 244: 230:Former spokesmen 183: 155: 138:Ali Mohamed Rage 112: 79: 64: 50: 48: 41: 40: 28: 27: 18985: 18984: 18980: 18979: 18978: 18976: 18975: 18974: 18885:Islamist groups 18835: 18834: 18833: 18818: 18814: 18779: 18775: 18771: 18766: 18732: 18684: 18670:Abubakar Shekau 18638: 18542: 18516: 18505:Salafi jihadism 18488: 18482: 18452: 18447: 18433: 18423: 18421: 18409: 18407: 18382: 18380: 18361: 18349: 18322: 18300: 18298: 18265: 18229: 18196: 17835: 17736:Battle of Baure 17691:Battle of Elwaq 17651:Battle of Wabho 17628: 17622: 17542:Greater Somalia 17525: 17434: 17415: 17410: 17380: 17375: 17361: 17355:Yoweri Museveni 17331: 17329: 17310: 17292: 17290: 17266: 17242: 17173: 17171: 17160: 17124: 17091: 17082:Siege of Baidoa 17047:Fall of Kismayo 17042:Battle of Jilib 17005: 16925:Greater Somalia 16908: 16877: 16853: 16848: 16818: 16813: 16785: 16674:CIA black sites 16627: 16575: 16504: 16459: 16437: 16418:Lashkar-e-Taiba 16356: 16317:Anwar al-Awlaki 16312:Hamza bin Laden 16307:Osama bin Laden 16288: 16205: 16167: 16162: 16132: 16127: 16111: 16083: 16058:Video and audio 16053: 16044:Qaedat al-Jihad 15979: 15958: 15905: 15812: 15710: 15699: 15628: 15517: 15503:Khalid al-Aruri 15478:Hamza bin Laden 15313:Anwar al-Awlaki 15263:Saleh al-Somali 15158:Abu Hamza Rabia 15118:Osama bin Laden 15103: 15097: 15058:Ibrahim al Qosi 15004: 14999: 14966:Wayback Machine 14940: 14935: 14926: 14924: 14902: 14900: 14881: 14879: 14860: 14858: 14836: 14834: 14792: 14790: 14763: 14761: 14734: 14732: 14713: 14711: 14688: 14686: 14660: 14658: 14631: 14629: 14625: 14610: 14596: 14594: 14567: 14565: 14554:Africa Briefing 14535: 14533: 14511: 14509: 14482: 14480: 14461: 14459: 14440: 14438: 14415: 14413: 14394: 14392: 14369: 14367: 14344: 14342: 14319: 14317: 14313: 14302: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14272: 14238: 14236: 14213: 14211: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14171: 14162: 14157: 14148: 14146: 14095: 14093: 14066: 14064: 14037: 14035: 13988:Vidino, Lorenzo 13977: 13975: 13924: 13922: 13818: 13816: 13765: 13763: 13712: 13710: 13659: 13657: 13630: 13628: 13577: 13575: 13538:African Affairs 13522: 13520: 13477: 13475: 13424: 13422: 13368: 13366: 13339: 13337: 13310:African Affairs 13294: 13292: 13241: 13239: 13143: 13141: 13080: 13078: 13027: 13025: 12974: 12972: 12921: 12919: 12892: 12890: 12839: 12837: 12799: 12794: 12785: 12783: 12776: 12748: 12746: 12739: 12712: 12710: 12678: 12676: 12669: 12645: 12643: 12628: 12603: 12576: 12574: 12548: 12543: 12534: 12533: 12523: 12521: 12506: 12502: 12492: 12490: 12477: 12476: 12472: 12462: 12460: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12432: 12430: 12415: 12411: 12401: 12399: 12382: 12378: 12368: 12366: 12351: 12350: 12346: 12336: 12334: 12319: 12315: 12305: 12303: 12288: 12284: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12261: 12257: 12256: 12252: 12242: 12240: 12227: 12226: 12222: 12212: 12210: 12195: 12191: 12181: 12179: 12164: 12160: 12150: 12148: 12133: 12129: 12119: 12117: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12089: 12087: 12074: 12073: 12069: 12059: 12057: 12044: 12043: 12039: 12029: 12027: 12014: 12013: 12009: 11999: 11997: 11984: 11983: 11979: 11969: 11967: 11952: 11948: 11938: 11936: 11929:Kenyan Standard 11923: 11922: 11918: 11908: 11906: 11891: 11882: 11872: 11870: 11857: 11856: 11852: 11842: 11840: 11836: 11825: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11806: 11804: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11772: 11770: 11759: 11755: 11745: 11743: 11728: 11724: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11682: 11680: 11665: 11661: 11651: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11625: 11623: 11610: 11609: 11605: 11595: 11593: 11580: 11579: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11524: 11520: 11510: 11508: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11480: 11478: 11463: 11459: 11451: 11447: 11437: 11435: 11420: 11416: 11406: 11404: 11389: 11385: 11375: 11373: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11345: 11343: 11328: 11324: 11314: 11312: 11299: 11298: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11269: 11268: 11261: 11251: 11249: 11236: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11214: 11206: 11202: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11178: 11163: 11159: 11151: 11126: 11118: 11111: 11101: 11099: 11084: 11075: 11065: 11063: 11048: 11044: 11034: 11032: 11017: 11013: 11003: 11001: 10992: 10991: 10987: 10977: 10975: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10930: 10926: 10918: 10911: 10901: 10899: 10892:Foreign Affairs 10882: 10878: 10870: 10859: 10849: 10847: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10784: 10783: 10776: 10766: 10764: 10751: 10750: 10746: 10738: 10734: 10724: 10722: 10705: 10701: 10693: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10664: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10644: 10634: 10632: 10617: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10583: 10579: 10571: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10531: 10530: 10526: 10516: 10514: 10501: 10500: 10496: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10457: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10413: 10411: 10396: 10392: 10382: 10380: 10365: 10361: 10351: 10349: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10321: 10319: 10304: 10300: 10290: 10288: 10273: 10266: 10256: 10254: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10208: 10204: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10173: 10167:Anderson, David 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10102: 10098: 10088: 10086: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10053: 10038: 10034: 10024: 10022: 10009: 10008: 10004: 9996: 9989: 9981: 9972: 9962: 9960: 9945: 9936: 9926: 9924: 9909: 9905: 9895: 9893: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9835: 9833: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9803: 9802:on July 6, 2018 9788: 9784: 9774: 9772: 9771:on July 6, 2018 9759: 9758: 9754: 9744: 9742: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9714:Wayback Machine 9704: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9681:The Independent 9671: 9667: 9657: 9655: 9648:Huffington Post 9640: 9636: 9626: 9624: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9572: 9568: 9558: 9556: 9541: 9537: 9527: 9525: 9510: 9506: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9464:Skjelderup 2014 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9433: 9432: 9428: 9422:Skjelderup 2020 9420: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9270: 9269: 9265: 9255: 9253: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9225: 9223: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9045: 9041: 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Statement of 8585: 8584: 8580: 8570: 8568: 8553: 8544: 8538:Grobbelaar 2022 8536: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8477: 8475: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8445: 8438:BBC News Somali 8432: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8226: 8225: 8216: 8206: 8204: 8189: 8185: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8120: 8118: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8073: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7865: 7861: 7851: 7849: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7672: 7668: 7658: 7656: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7282: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7235: 7233: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7139: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7056:on May 15, 2012 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6944: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6888:Foreign Affairs 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6797: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6777:on May 25, 2012 6765: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6701: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6663: 6659: 6648:Huffington Post 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6572: 6564: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6515: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6489: 6481:. p. 111. 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6434: 6428: 6421: 6374: 6370: 6357: 6355: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6254: 6233: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6034: 6027: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5868:Harrington 2021 5866: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5536: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5517: 5493: 5489: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5367:on May 24, 2011 5355: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5328: 5320: 5311: 5301:Wayback Machine 5292: 5285: 5277: 5268: 5260: 5245: 5237: 5224: 5216: 5189: 5181: 5156: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5098:Foreign Affairs 5090: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5000: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4692: 4688: 4654: 4653: 4590: 4586: 4500: 4496: 4477: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4428: 4424: 4411: 4409: 4397: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4278: 4274: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4208: 4199: 4183: 4182: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4098: 4074: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4019:www.hiiraan.com 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3995:. March 7, 2023 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3909: 3905: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3631:(United States) 3625:(United States) 3619: 3599: 3570:(United States) 3561: 3549: 3536: 3505: 3492: 3478: 3464: 3447: 3445:List of leaders 3403:Hillary Clinton 3382: 3377: 3364: 3362: 3348: 3346: 3332: 3330: 3316: 3314: 3300: 3298: 3285: 3283: 3269: 3267: 3253: 3251: 3239: 3234: 3213: 3177: 3134:smuggling hub. 3120: 3115: 3099:Resolution 1907 3095: 3047: 3022: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2914: 2870:Osama bin Laden 2861: 2849: 2844: 2826: 2809:the focal point 2740: 2684: 2668: 2652: 2610: 2566: 2518:against Kenyan 2482:Somali diaspora 2449: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2378:Mall of America 2350: 2300: 2272:Yoweri Museveni 2232: 2167: 2128: 2115:suicide attacks 2110: 2062:§ Al-Qaeda 2021: 1981: 1960:Kismayo Airport 1940: 1932:Somali diaspora 1909: 1903: 1890:Aden Hashi Ayro 1865: 1859: 1826: 1820: 1765: 1721: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1554:Greater Somalia 1533:Salafi jihadism 1525: 1477: 1468: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1309: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1268: 1197: 1196: 1187: 1186: 1180:Salafi jihadism 1151: 1150: 1137: 1136: 1117:Beheading video 1110:Martyrdom video 1075: 1074: 1053: 1033:Hizb al-Shabaab 1025: 872:Salafi Jihadist 813: 805: 803: 798: 789: 787: 786: 777: 775: 774: 765: 763: 762: 753: 751: 750: 741: 739: 738: 729: 727: 726: 717: 715: 714: 705: 703: 702: 693: 691: 690: 681: 679: 678: 669: 667: 666: 657: 655: 654: 645: 643: 642: 633: 631: 630: 621: 619: 618: 609: 607: 606: 597: 595: 594: 585: 583: 580:State opponents 571: 560: 558: 519: 517: 506: 504: 491: 489: 457: 438: 404:Salafi jihadism 378: 373: 371: 357: 294:December 2010: 283:Siege of Baidoa 252: 251: 242: 218:Emir of Finance 179: 151: 108: 87: 86: 85: 84: 83: 80: 72: 71: 65: 42: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18983: 18973: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18832: 18831: 18812: 18772: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18764: 18763: 18762: 18760:Southeast Asia 18757: 18752: 18744: 18737: 18734: 18733: 18731: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18714: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18692: 18690: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18682: 18680:Mohammed Yusuf 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18646: 18644: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18609:Al-Mulathameen 18606: 18601: 18596: 18594:Al-Mourabitoun 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18550: 18548: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18524: 18522: 18518: 18517: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18508: 18507: 18496: 18494: 18490: 18489: 18481: 18480: 18473: 18466: 18458: 18449: 18448: 18446: 18445: 18438: 18435: 18434: 18432: 18431: 18419: 18415:United States 18405: 18400: 18399: 18398: 18397: 18396: 18378: 18377: 18376: 18359: 18347: 18342: 18340:Omar Sharmarke 18337: 18320: 18319: 18318: 18313: 18296: 18295: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18273: 18271: 18267: 18266: 18264: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18237: 18235: 18231: 18230: 18228: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18206: 18204: 18198: 18197: 18195: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18172:Mahas bombings 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17843: 17841: 17837: 17836: 17834: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 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16576: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16512: 16510: 16506: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16466: 16464: 16451: 16447: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16364: 16362: 16358: 16357: 16355: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16337:Khalil Haqqani 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16303: 16301: 16294: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16274:European Union 16271: 16266: 16264:United Kingdom 16261: 16256: 16251: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16220: 16218: 16211: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16203: 16198: 16188: 16178: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16161: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16138: 16129: 16128: 16116: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16097: 16091: 16089: 16085: 16084: 16082: 16081: 16072: 16067: 16061: 16059: 16055: 16054: 16052: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16038:Voice of Jihad 16034: 16027: 16022: 16015: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15987: 15985: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15977: 15972: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15950: 15944: 15938: 15932: 15931:(North Africa) 15926: 15920: 15913: 15911: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15903: 15902: 15901: 15896: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15721: 15715: 15713: 15705: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15697: 15694:Khalid Batarfi 15691: 15685: 15679: 15673: 15667: 15661: 15655: 15649: 15643: 15636: 15634: 15630: 15629: 15627: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15569:Ahmed Ghailani 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15525: 15523: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15493:Qasim al-Raymi 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15323:Tariq al-Dahab 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15298:Ilyas Kashmiri 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15273:Hamza al-Jawfi 15270: 15268:Saeed al-Masri 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15248:Saad bin Laden 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15208:Mohamed Moumou 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15125: 15114: 15112: 15105: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15095: 15093:Sami al-Oraydi 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15014: 15012: 15006: 15005: 14998: 14997: 14990: 14983: 14975: 14969: 14968: 14956: 14951: 14939: 14938:External links 14936: 14934: 14933: 14909: 14888: 14867: 14847:United Nations 14843: 14819: 14799: 14770: 14741: 14720: 14695: 14671:Jones, Seth G. 14667: 14638: 14603: 14574: 14542: 14518: 14489: 14468: 14447: 14422: 14401: 14376: 14351: 14326: 14292: 14265: 14245: 14220: 14195: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14155: 14117:(4): 907–923. 14102: 14073: 14044: 14006:(4): 216–238. 13992:Kohlmann, Evan 13984: 13946:(3): 413–435. 13931: 13893:(3): 351–366. 13878: 13825: 13787:(2): 317–329. 13772: 13719: 13681:(3): 283–301. 13666: 13637: 13599:(1): 116–141. 13584: 13529: 13499:(2): 309–327. 13484: 13431: 13375: 13346: 13301: 13248: 13193: 13165:(2): 215–244. 13150: 13102:(2): 247–265. 13087: 13049:(3): 279–305. 13034: 12996:(3): 624–656. 12981: 12943:(5): 937–957. 12928: 12899: 12861:(3): 536–557. 12846: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12774: 12755: 12737: 12719: 12685: 12667: 12652: 12626: 12607: 12601: 12583: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12532: 12531: 12500: 12470: 12440: 12409: 12376: 12344: 12313: 12282: 12250: 12220: 12189: 12158: 12127: 12097: 12067: 12037: 12007: 11977: 11946: 11916: 11880: 11850: 11814: 11780: 11761:Shanmugam, K. 11753: 11722: 11690: 11659: 11633: 11603: 11573: 11561: 11549: 11518: 11488: 11457: 11445: 11414: 11383: 11353: 11322: 11292: 11259: 11229: 11212: 11200: 11188: 11157: 11124: 11109: 11073: 11042: 11011: 10985: 10955: 10924: 10909: 10876: 10857: 10826: 10811: 10799: 10774: 10744: 10732: 10699: 10687: 10657: 10642: 10608: 10577: 10554: 10524: 10494: 10482: 10451: 10421: 10390: 10359: 10329: 10298: 10264: 10233: 10202: 10158: 10127: 10096: 10063: 10032: 10002: 9987: 9970: 9934: 9903: 9873: 9843: 9813: 9782: 9752: 9722: 9698: 9665: 9634: 9617:UN News Centre 9609:United Nations 9600: 9566: 9535: 9520:. p. 64. 9518:The New Yorker 9504: 9492: 9480: 9468: 9456: 9426: 9414: 9384: 9353: 9323: 9293: 9263: 9233: 9203: 9173: 9142: 9130: 9100: 9070: 9039: 9013: 8982: 8956: 8926: 8911: 8877: 8862: 8855: 8837: 8797: 8767: 8737: 8706: 8694: 8669: 8638: 8608: 8578: 8542: 8515: 8485: 8455: 8425: 8395: 8365: 8335: 8309: 8279: 8249: 8214: 8183: 8159: 8131: 8093: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8004: 7974: 7944: 7932: 7920: 7890: 7859: 7828: 7789: 7758: 7728: 7711:Deutsche Welle 7697: 7666: 7636: 7605: 7575: 7545: 7515: 7484: 7454: 7424: 7394: 7364: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7273: 7243: 7213: 7183: 7164: 7130: 7100: 7067: 7036: 7011:Tisdall, Simon 7002: 6969: 6935: 6905: 6874: 6857:Somalia Report 6844: 6835:Somalia Report 6822: 6788: 6771:Somalia Report 6758: 6740:Somalia Report 6726: 6692: 6657: 6634: 6603: 6599:Ingiriis 2018b 6591: 6570: 6549: 6537: 6506: 6487: 6463: 6419: 6388:(3): 372–380. 6368: 6334: 6327: 6307: 6268:(1): 116–141. 6231: 6220: 6200: 6173:(2): 151–160. 6153: 6121: 6094:(2): 110–131. 6071: 6059: 6025: 5986:(2): 365–402. 5966: 5935: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5872: 5853: 5818: 5788: 5758: 5728: 5698: 5667: 5636: 5606: 5576: 5546: 5537:|website= 5515: 5487: 5446: 5415: 5403: 5378: 5345: 5326: 5309: 5283: 5266: 5243: 5222: 5187: 5154: 5135:(2): 110–131. 5115: 5084: 5061: 5037: 5025: 5008:Nordic Monitor 4991: 4965: 4940: 4914: 4899:(in Turkish). 4881: 4851: 4821: 4788: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4736: 4715: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4667: 4636: 4613: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4560: 4548:Foreign Policy 4539: 4522: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4475: 4451: 4439:Foreign Policy 4422: 4386: 4356: 4321: 4295: 4272: 4243: 4197: 4134: 4107: 4096: 4065: 4031: 4006: 3980: 3964:|journal= 3937: 3903: 3863: 3838: 3806: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3703: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3650:Somalia portal 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3612: 3606: 3592: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3542: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3503:Former members 3501: 3500: 3499: 3485: 3471: 3470:(2014–present) 3463: 3460: 3453:Former leader 3446: 3443: 3411:Johnnie Carson 3381: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3359: 3355:United Kingdom 3343: 3327: 3311: 3295: 3280: 3264: 3247: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3212: 3209: 3176: 3173: 3153:illegal mining 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3094: 3091: 3068:Horn of Africa 3046: 3043: 3034:Horn of Africa 3021: 3018: 3002:Lower Shabelle 2978: 2975: 2951: 2913: 2910: 2906:fundamentalist 2860: 2857: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2825: 2824:Current status 2822: 2793:New York Times 2776:Michael Leiter 2765:control orders 2761:Jonathan Evans 2746:American-born 2739: 2736: 2683: 2680: 2667: 2664: 2651: 2648: 2609: 2606: 2574:Lower Shabelle 2565: 2562: 2448: 2445: 2410:Special Forces 2386: 2349: 2346: 2321:relay stations 2299: 2296: 2231: 2228: 2224:Bale Mountains 2166: 2163: 2127: 2124: 2109: 2106: 2020: 2017: 1980: 1977: 1939: 1936: 1902: 1899: 1861:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1846:assassinations 1822:Main article: 1819: 1816: 1764: 1761: 1737:United Nations 1720: 1717: 1524: 1521: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1420:Jihadi tourism 1417: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1259:Al-Nusra Front 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1127:Suicide attack 1124: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1049: 1024: 1021: 950:United Kingdom 839: 838: 837: 836: 831: 819: 815: 814: 784:United Kingdom 577: 573: 572: 570: 569: 556: 546: 536: 530: 515: 514: 483: 479: 478: 477:(2012–present) 472: 468: 467: 466: 465: 458: 452: 448: 447: 444: 440: 439: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 392: 390: 384: 383: 370:(2014-present) 363: 359: 358: 356: 355: 349: 341:October 2017: 339: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 299: 292: 285: 281:following the 275: 269: 259: 256: 249: 248: 247: 245: 239: 238: 237: 236: 227: 221: 215: 209: 203: 197: 191: 190:: Malin Khaled 185: 172: 166: 157: 140: 131: 120: 116: 115: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 81: 74: 73: 66: 59: 58: 57: 56: 55: 52: 51: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18982: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18842: 18840: 18827: 18823: 18816: 18808: 18804: 18800: 18796: 18792: 18788: 18784: 18777: 18773: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18747: 18745: 18743: 18739: 18738: 18735: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18698: 18697: 18694: 18693: 18691: 18687: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18641: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18619:Ansarul Islam 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18547:Organisations 18545: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18519: 18513: 18510: 18506: 18503: 18502: 18501: 18498: 18497: 18495: 18491: 18486: 18479: 18474: 18472: 18467: 18465: 18460: 18459: 18456: 18444: 18440: 18439: 18436: 18430: 18420: 18418: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18395: 18394:Abdiweli Gaas 18392: 18391: 18390: 18379: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18332: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18308: 18307: 18297: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18282:Mukhtar Robow 18280: 18279: 18278: 18275: 18274: 18272: 18268: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18232: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18203: 18199: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17932:Garowe attack 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17838: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17625: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17603: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17585: 17582: 17581: 17580: 17577: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17554: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17534: 17532: 17528: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17443: 17441: 17437: 17431: 17430:War on terror 17428: 17426: 17422: 17421: 17418: 17414: 17407: 17402: 17400: 17395: 17393: 17388: 17387: 17384: 17372: 17368: 17367: 17364: 17356: 17353: 17352: 17351: 17348: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17339: 17338:United States 17328: 17324: 17321: 17320: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17300: 17289: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17252: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17231:Mukhtar Robow 17229: 17228: 17227: 17224: 17220: 17217: 17216: 17215: 17212: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17199: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17182: 17181: 17170: 17169: 17167: 17163: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17127: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17100: 17098: 17094: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17014: 17012: 17008: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16986: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16884: 16880: 16874: 16873:War on terror 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16860: 16859: 16856: 16852: 16845: 16840: 16838: 16833: 16831: 16826: 16825: 16822: 16810: 16802: 16800: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16762: 16760: 16759: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16741: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16649:Bush Doctrine 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16634: 16630: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16598: 16597:Torture Memos 16595: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16507: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16463: 16462: 16455: 16452: 16448: 16434: 16433:Islamic State 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16365: 16363: 16359: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16298: 16295: 16291: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16269:United States 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16249: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16215: 16212: 16208: 16202: 16199: 16196: 16193:(2003–2011) ( 16192: 16189: 16186: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16173: 16170: 16166: 16165:War on terror 16159: 16154: 16152: 16147: 16145: 16140: 16139: 16136: 16126: 16125: 16114: 16106: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16092: 16090: 16086: 16080: 16078: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16056: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16039: 16035: 16033: 16032: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16016: 16014: 16013: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15986: 15982: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15954: 15953:Hurras al-Din 15951: 15948: 15945: 15942: 15939: 15936: 15933: 15930: 15927: 15924: 15921: 15918: 15915: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15874: 15873:drone strikes 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15815: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15727: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15712: 15706: 15695: 15692: 15689: 15686: 15683: 15680: 15677: 15674: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15659: 15656: 15653: 15650: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15619:Mukhtar Robow 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15564:Ali al-Bahlul 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15534:Wadih el-Hage 15532: 15530: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15520: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15448:Matiur Rehman 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15173:Omar al-Faruq 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15138:Mohammed Atef 15136: 15133: 15129: 15126: 15123: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15106: 15100: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15083:Jehad Mostafa 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15033:Iyad Ag Ghaly 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14996: 14991: 14989: 14984: 14982: 14977: 14976: 14973: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14949: 14945: 14942: 14941: 14927:September 10, 14922: 14918: 14914: 14910: 14898: 14894: 14889: 14877: 14873: 14868: 14856: 14852: 14848: 14844: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14800: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14771: 14764:September 10, 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14742: 14735:September 10, 14730: 14726: 14721: 14714:September 10, 14709: 14705: 14701: 14696: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14661:September 11, 14656: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14639: 14632:September 11, 14624: 14620: 14616: 14609: 14604: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14583:Africa Report 14580: 14575: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14536:September 11, 14531: 14527: 14523: 14519: 14512:September 10, 14507: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14490: 14478: 14474: 14469: 14457: 14453: 14448: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14423: 14416:September 10, 14411: 14407: 14402: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14377: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14352: 14345:September 10, 14340: 14336: 14332: 14327: 14320:September 10, 14312: 14308: 14301: 14297: 14296:Byman, Daniel 14293: 14278: 14271: 14266: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14221: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14196: 14181: 14177: 14170: 14165: 14164: 14149:September 11, 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14103: 14096:September 10, 14091: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14074: 14067:September 10, 14062: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14045: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13978:September 10, 13973: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13932: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13858: 13857:11250/2823605 13853: 13848: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13826: 13819:September 11, 13814: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13773: 13766:September 10, 13761: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13720: 13713:September 10, 13708: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13672: 13667: 13660:September 10, 13655: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13638: 13631:September 11, 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13585: 13578:September 10, 13573: 13569: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13530: 13523:September 10, 13518: 13514: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13485: 13478:September 10, 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13369:September 10, 13364: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13347: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13302: 13295:September 11, 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13249: 13242:September 10, 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13144:September 10, 13139: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13088: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13035: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12982: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12929: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12900: 12893:September 11, 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12847: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12802: 12801: 12786:September 11, 12781: 12777: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12749:September 22, 12744: 12740: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12724: 12720: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12690: 12686: 12679:September 22, 12674: 12670: 12664: 12660: 12659: 12653: 12646:September 11, 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12623: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12584: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12551: 12550: 12538: 12536: 12524:September 10, 12519: 12515: 12511: 12504: 12493:September 12, 12488: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12444: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12413: 12397: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12380: 12364: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12348: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12317: 12306:September 12, 12301: 12297: 12293: 12286: 12267: 12260: 12254: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12193: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12162: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12131: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12071: 12055: 12051: 12050:Goobjoog News 12047: 12041: 12025: 12021: 12020:SomaliCurrent 12017: 12011: 11995: 11991: 11990:Garowe Online 11987: 11981: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11950: 11934: 11931:. BBC. 2012. 11930: 11926: 11920: 11904: 11900: 11899:Africa Review 11896: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11835: 11831: 11824: 11818: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11768: 11764: 11757: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11726: 11715:September 12, 11707: 11700: 11694: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11663: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11607: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11570: 11565: 11558: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11481:September 10, 11476: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11449: 11438:September 10, 11433: 11429: 11425: 11418: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11387: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11346:September 10, 11341: 11337: 11333: 11326: 11315:September 10, 11310: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11264: 11252:September 10, 11247: 11243: 11239: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11209: 11204: 11197: 11192: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11121: 11116: 11114: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11066:September 10, 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 10999: 10995: 10989: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10921: 10916: 10914: 10897: 10893: 10888: 10880: 10873: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10850:September 10, 10845: 10841: 10837: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10816: 10808: 10803: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10779: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10748: 10741: 10736: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10703: 10696: 10691: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10654: 10649: 10647: 10635:September 10, 10630: 10626: 10622: 10615: 10613: 10601:September 10, 10596: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10547:September 26, 10542: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10517:September 26, 10512: 10508: 10507:Garowe Online 10504: 10498: 10491: 10486: 10475:September 10, 10470: 10466: 10462: 10455: 10444:September 10, 10439: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10302: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10271: 10269: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10206: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10146: 10142: 10141:The Telegraph 10138: 10131: 10115: 10111: 10110:The Telegraph 10107: 10100: 10084: 10080: 10075: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10046:The Telegraph 10043: 10036: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10006: 9999: 9994: 9992: 9984: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9891: 9887: 9886:The Economist 9883: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9702: 9686: 9682: 9677: 9669: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9593:September 12, 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9528:September 12, 9523: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9496: 9489: 9484: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9449:September 11, 9444: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9423: 9418: 9407:September 10, 9402: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9377:September 10, 9372: 9368: 9364: 9357: 9346:September 12, 9341: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9316:September 12, 9311: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9256:September 10, 9251: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9177: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9104: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9074: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9006:September 10, 9001: 8997: 8993: 8986: 8971: 8970:allAfrica.com 8967: 8960: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8923: 8918: 8916: 8904:September 10, 8899: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8882: 8874: 8869: 8867: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8841: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8807: 8801: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8698: 8691: 8690:Menkhaus 2014 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8413: 8409: 8408:Garowe Online 8405: 8399: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8328:September 21, 8323: 8319: 8313: 8302:September 21, 8297: 8293: 8292:Garowe Online 8289: 8283: 8272:September 21, 8267: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8242:September 21, 8237: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8179: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8128: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8107:The Economist 8103: 8097: 8082: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8059: 8052: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8008: 7997:September 10, 7992: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7967:September 10, 7962: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7883:September 12, 7878: 7874: 7870: 7863: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7649:Goobjoog News 7646: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7593: 7589: 7588:Goobjoog News 7585: 7579: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7472: 7468: 7467:Goobjoog News 7464: 7458: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7407:Goobjoog News 7404: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7352: 7348: 7347:Goobjoog News 7344: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7236:September 23, 7231: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7206:September 12, 7201: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7029:September 23, 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6962:September 23, 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6940: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6793: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6730: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6697: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6567: 6566:Anzalone 2013 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6546: 6541: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6511: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6467: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6424: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6330: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6311: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6063: 6052:September 12, 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6030: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5980:Global Jurist 5977: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5811:September 12, 5806: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5660:September 12, 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5559:The Economist 5556: 5550: 5542: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5280: 5279:Schaefer 2011 5275: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4996: 4979: 4978:jamestown.org 4975: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4814:September 12, 4809: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4781:September 12, 4776: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4070: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3956: 3948: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3852: 3851:jamestown.org 3848: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3747: 3714: 3707: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3630: 3629:Mujahid Miski 3627: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3590:(unconfirmed) 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3522:Mukhtar Robow 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3497: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3456: 3455:Mukhtar Robow 3451: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415:asset freezes 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3372: 3371:United States 3360: 3356: 3344: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3296: 3293: 3281: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3249: 3248: 3246: 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Many are 1513:Afghanistan 1029:Ash-Shabaab 1013:Jaysh Ayman 880:East Africa 568:(allegedly) 419:Irredentism 382:(2012–2014) 377:(2008–2012) 169:Deputy Emir 160:Deputy Emir 114:(2006–2008) 18839:Categories 18755:South Asia 18675:Ahmad Umar 18660:Fuad Qalaf 18604:Ansar Dine 18574:Boko Haram 18554:Al-Shabaab 18292:Fuad Qalaf 18277:Al-Shabaab 17627:Operations 17567:Propaganda 17530:Background 17226:al-Shabaab 16950:Propaganda 16913:Background 16742:photograph 16388:Boko Haram 16383:Al-Shabaab 16378:Abu Sayyaf 16195:Withdrawal 16185:Withdrawal 16019:Al-Khansaa 15917:Al-Shabaab 15910:Affiliates 15711:of attacks 15660:(expelled) 15318:Samir Khan 15104:leadership 15078:Fuad Qalaf 15028:Ahmad Umar 15010:Leadership 14706:Briefing. 14504:Briefing. 14433:Briefing. 12463:October 8, 12433:October 9, 12213:August 10, 11428:AfricaNews 11305:Al Jazeera 10872:Weiss 2019 10822:Muibu 2017 10807:Lulie 2013 10573:Byman 2012 10352:August 12, 10151:August 27, 10120:August 17, 10112:. London. 10089:August 17, 9998:Shinn 2010 9856:Al Jazeera 9683:. London. 9439:Al Jazeera 9138:Roble 2011 8996:Boston.com 8939:Al Jazeera 8894:Al Jazeera 8720:Al Jazeera 7568:January 1, 7318:Doboš 2016 5898:Bacon 2022 5619:Al Jazeera 4984:August 27, 4958:August 27, 4933:August 27, 4874:August 20, 4844:August 20, 4745:Al Arabiya 4531:Al Arabiya 4169:10023/4916 4024:August 20, 3999:August 20, 3930:August 20, 3882:August 20, 3856:August 20, 3769:References 3750:; Arabic: 3588:(Britain) 3576:(Pakistan) 3205:blockading 3075:small arms 3038:Somaliland 3010:code-named 2930:Boko Haram 2918:Carter Ham 2690:list below 2656:single-use 2586:crop yield 2557:defamatory 2553:Al Jazeera 2472:networks. 2461:video blog 2389:Send me a 2207:Tigray War 2108:Defections 1973:defections 1905:See also: 1788:propaganda 1763:Membership 1509:mujahideen 1254:Boko Haram 1229:Al-Shabaab 1085:Mujahideen 1041:al-Shabaab 952:, and the 868:al-Shabaab 724:Somaliland 512:Quds Force 343:587 killed 267:Dhusamareb 261:May 2008: 129:Ahmad Umar 95:Al-Shabaab 18807:0268-4527 18521:Phenomena 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