War in Somalia (2006–2009)

325: 2171:. Both sides blamed each other for initiating the fighting. ICU fighters, many of who were university students, attacked Ethiopian positions in Daynunay, 20 kilometres east of Baidoa as heavy fighting and artillery shelling broke out on several different front lines. Some of the most intense fighting of the war took place between the ICU and ENDF/TFG around the towns of Daynuunay and Idaale. Heavy weaponry was utilized in a large scale face-to-face confrontation primarily between the Islamic Courts and Ethiopian forces. Though BBC journalists in the country at the time reported huge ENDF armor columns around Baidoa, the Ethiopian government denied its troops were in Somalia. Accounts from opposing camps noted heavy casualties from the fighting, with many bodies littering the battlefields, along with a massive influx of reinforcements. 2593:. A 30-minute battle ensued involving tanks, though there were no reported casualties on either side. Soon after, the ICU claimed responsibility for the attack, declaring it as part of a "new uprising". The following day an ENDF convoy in the city came under ambush. Residents reported that the Ethiopian troops had responded by firing into crowds indiscriminately. The incidents began sparking concern of an upstart Islamist insurgency. Mogadishu was divided into two segments, one controlled by the ENDF/TFG and the other by emerging resistance movements. The TFG proved to be incapable of controlling Mogadishu, or of surviving on its own without Ethiopian troops. Most of the population of the city opposed the TFG and perceived it to be a puppet government. The 3387: 2192: 2723: 3201: 3137: 426: 1936:

Top leaders of the TFG had previously requested that 20,000 foreign troops, including Ethiopian forces be deployed to Somalia, though the move was opposed by many parliamentarians. While the resolution explicitly dictated no neighbouring states would be permitted to participate, Ethiopia had already breached a prior UN resolution by deploying thousands of troops into Somalia. The resolution was widely viewed by the Courts as the UN Security Council unjustly legitimizing an Ethiopian invasion, considering the UNSCR had refused to make any commentary or statement on the troops already deployed inside of Somalia.

13754: 3251: 3189:. Ethiopian troops sustained heavy casualties in the war before the Djibouti Peace Process called for their withdrawal. More than 80% of TFG military and security forces, nearly 15,000 personnel, deserted the government by the end of 2008. The remaining TFG forces suffered from low morale and also experienced desertions, with many troops continually selling their weapons at local arms markets; only for the weapons to come into the hands of insurgents. During September 2008 fierce battles raged between the insurgency and ENDF in the capital. 2567:, the security situation began to rapidly deteriorate and warlords who had been removed by the Islamic Courts began to reassert themselves. On 7 January, anti-Ethiopian protests broke out in Mogadishu, with hundreds of residents hurling stones and shouting threats towards ENDF troops. Ethiopian troops opened fire on the crowd after stones struck their patrol car, resulting in the death of two; including a 13-year boy. That same night a former ICU official was also assassinated in the city by gunmen. On 13 January, the TFG imposed 297: 663: 651: 639: 2279:, fought ICU militias defending Bandiradley. With the defensive capabilities of the Courts overextended and overwhelmed, the tide turned against them on the fourth day of the war as the Ethiopian army continued deploying their superior military hardware. The ICU positions at Bandiradley in central Somalia was the first to fracture, leaving a significant gap in the front line. No ICU reserves were available to deploy in the exposed northern flank, enabling the Ethiopian military to begin a 2438: 2340: 308: 209: 14990: 13912: 2627:(UPDF), as Uganda played a crucial role in offering support to the initiation of the mission. By the end of the year, Burundian troops also joined the effort. AMISOM's initial mandate did not permit the use of offensive force, resulting in limited involvement in the conflict between Ethiopian forces and the insurgency. This dynamic led to growing tensions between AMISOM and the ENDF, exacerbated by a lack of transparency from Ethiopia regarding its objectives within Somalia. The 15695: 15004: 773: 761: 741: 456: 3444:

a thousand fatalities on Ethiopian troops. By the end of 2007, ENDF casualties had reached an 'unsustainable level'. Somali witness accounts in Mogadishu estimated a rate of approximately 200 Ethiopian casualties weekly. Independent experts claimed the ENDF casualty rate was around 100 troops a week by the end of the occupation. Estimates of losses are further complicated by the practice of ENDF troops in Somalia routinely disguising themselves in Somali

3160:. The Djibouti Peace Process called for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from Somalia. At the time the TFG was crippled by infighting and largely under the control of warlords as insurgent attacks worsened by the day. By mid-2008, President Yusuf had lost all the support he had accumulated in the international community. His primary backer, Ethiopia, had also become tired of the TFG president only offering military answers to serious political issues. 627: 579: 567: 555: 543: 14963: 14944: 14932: 14905: 13893: 13873: 13849: 13825: 615: 603: 591: 468: 284: 271: 259: 246: 197: 184: 437: 378: 339: 2904:. The explosion killed 63 Ethiopian soldiers and wounded another 50. The operation was reported to have been made in retribution for the torture and rape of Suuban Maalin Ali Hassan, a Somali woman, at gunpoint by Ethiopian troops. Adam Salad Adam, was later announced as the bomber responsible for the operation. It was the first recorded suicide attack in Somalia, and a Shabaab propaganda film was released two days after it occurred. 391: 365: 2770:, ENDF and TFG forces deliberately blockaded the delivery of urgently needed humanitarian supplies and food in an attempt to 'terrify and intimidate' civilians associated with those challenging the military occupation. The Ethiopians characterized the violence in this period as being part of a 'final push' against the rebels, but the fierce fighting in Mogadishu during March and April 2007 failed to quell the growing insurgency. 517: 505: 493: 14881: 729: 717: 705: 693: 681: 480: 411: 352: 225: 2711:. Ethiopian troops launched major offensives in the city, utilizing large scale bombardments with rockets and artillery on Mogadishu neighborhoods deemed to be insurgent strongholds. On several occasions ENDF forces also occupied and looted the city's hospitals. Ethiopian troops were primarily responsible for the large scale bombardment and significant civilian losses that occurred in the city during March and April 2007. 13177: 15705: 3202: 3204: 12639: 1460:, which had been previously suppressed by the ICU, greatly proliferated. By the end of 2007, ENDF troops were bogged down and facing a multi front war with no prospect of victory. While Mogadishu witnessed fierce fighting, insurgents launched offensives across southern and central Somalia in late 2007 and 2008, regaining territory previously lost by the ICU. During 2008, 3205: 3287:, agreement was reached in late November that parliament be doubled in size to include 200 representatives of the ARS along with 75 representatives of the civil society. A new president and prime minister would be elected by the new parliament, and a commission to look into crimes of war would be established. A new constitution was also agreed to be drafted. The 2616:’. In effect, the newly planned AU military operation in Somalia was an attempt to legitimize the Ethiopian invasion and TFG. According to Cocodia, "AMISOM was more a tool for regime change than it was a peace operation." On 20 February 2007, the United Nations granted authorization for the deployment of a peacekeeping mission by the African Union, known as the 2239:, then prime minister of the TFG and a participant in planning for the invasion noted that, “The Ethiopians were not able to come in without the support of the US Government...American air forces were supporting us." US operations during the invasion took place in a media vacuum, with no images or footage appearing of American forces. In an interview with 3679:' activity in Somalia, the Ethiopian invasion had the effect of creating more 'Jihadis' than had existed in the country before. By the time of the ENDF withdrawal, Al-Shabaab's forces had grown significantly in numbers, swelling from just six hundred to several thousand fighters strong since the invasion began. After the killing of the groups leader 12647: 1626:(TFG) in 2004 on the grounds that Yusuf would give up Somalia's long standing claim to the Ogaden. Before becoming president of the TFG during 2004, Abdullahi Yusuf was a member of an Ethiopian-backed coalition of warlords that had undermined a previous attempt at restoring a government in Somalia when the 50: 4156:

The Washington Post's Pauline Jelinek, citing anonymous sources, described U.S. Special Forces accompanying Ethiopian troops. CBS news revealed that U.S. Air Force gunships were active over southern Somalia during the Ethiopian blitz. Through all the reporting, U.S. officials remained vague or silent

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report observed that Ethiopian/American support for the TFG instead of the more popular Islamic Courts administration presented an obstacle, not contribution, to the reconstruction of Somalia. For the Americans the invasion had resulted in nearly the complete opposite of what had been expected, as it

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by the last weeks of the military occupation. The Ethiopian army withdrew from Somalia with significant casualties and little to show for their efforts. The insurgency had achieved its primary goal of removing the Ethiopian military presence from most of Somalia by November 2008 and was successful in

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in Mogadishu proved to be especially difficult for the Ethiopian army and caused heavy losses. A January 2009 report by an independent regional security agency estimated at least 3,773 Ethiopian troops had died in Somalia since late 2006. Al-Shabaab operations between 2007 and 2009 had inflicted over

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surveillance of ICU military positions across Somalia. The Americans also played a substantial role in sponsoring the invasion, even covering expenses such as fuel and spare parts for Ethiopian troops. Pentagon officials and intelligence analysts reported that the invasion had been planned during the

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By mid-2008, Cabdulaahi Yuusuf had also lost any support he had accumulated in the international community. Ethiopia, too, was fed up with a Somali president who only came up with military solutions for political problems. The Puntland troops supporting the president had suffered heavy casualties in

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had failed to isolate the Islamic movement while solidifying Somali anger to both the United States and Ethiopia. The result of the invasion had been the defeat of Somali Islamists considered to be 'moderate' while strengthening the movements most radical elements. In 2010, US ambassador to Ethiopia

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By the end of 2008, Al-Shabaab had emerged as one Somalia's most dominant insurgent factions, eclipsing the influence of the Islamic Courts. Some foreign diplomats feared that Al-Shabaab would wage an all out war against other insurgents following the Ethiopian withdrawal. In October 2008, fighters

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Islamist insurgents began adopting sophisticated strategies to win greater public support and legitimacy. To fill in the void left by the Transitional Federal Government, insurgents began to deploy mobile Sharia courts to administer justice while apprehending criminals. They also began clan conflict

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estimated 1,000,000 people had been displaced by the war. The United Nations reported the crisis as being the worst ever humanitarian crises in Africa. The TFG announced that most of the country was not under its control and claimed that the ICU was regrouping, which the Ethiopian government denied.

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and displacement. In one attack seventy-three nomadic herders and their livestock were killed in a US air strike. In another, US aircraft bombed a wedding ceremony. After American involvement in the invasion became public knowledge, the Ethiopian government halted US AC-130 attacks from its military

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As Ethiopian troops advanced on Mogadishu, they were accompanied by the warlords who the ICU had defeated in mid-2006. The Ethiopians allowed the warlords to regain control over the fiefdoms they had previously lost to the courts. On 28 December, Ethiopian and government forces marched into the city

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region had already been occupied by Ethiopian troops. Flooding that had taken place across Somalia since August 2006 delayed troop movements. By December, the land around strategic towns had largely dried. On 13 December, the ICU claimed 30,000 Ethiopian troops were deployed inside of Somalia. On 14

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Even before the beginning of the war, there have been significant assertions and accusations of the use of disinformation and propaganda tactics by various parties to shape the causes and course of the conflict. Eastern African countries and international observers had feared the Ethiopian offensive

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from the international media and human rights groups as a 'smear campaign' against ENDF forces in Somalia. After attacks on civilian areas in Mogadishu during, European lawyers considered whether funding for Ethiopia and TFG made the EU complicit in war crimes, the deliberations of which were never

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when the city fell to the insurgency. Al-Shabaab was consolidating a string of military successes and soon began threatening Mogadishu. On 14 November Shabaab forces pushed only 15 km from Mogadishu near ENDF troops positions. Other insurgent factions, such as the Islamic Courts captured towns

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among the population. Despite its strict ideology, the group was widely perceived as a genuine resistance force against Ethiopian occupation by many Somalis, and while not universally popular, it was widely acknowledged for its effective training and formidable capabilities in pushing out Ethiopian

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The invasion resulted in the deaths of many Islamic Courts Union affiliates, leaving a vacuum for the small group of several hundred youth that served as the ICU's Shabaab militia to gain prominence. During the military occupation, Al-Shabaab garnered substantial support from the Somali population,

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The ICU forces, composed primarily of lightly armed youth were heavily outnumbered, outgunned and exhausted. In the ensuing blitzkrieg, the most inexperienced Islamist fighters were badly mauled. The majority of ICU losses did not include professional fighters, but the many untrained ICU volunteers

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reported that between 19 and 21 December, the ICU and Ethiopian troops had faced off in open battle in three encounters. Despite the material and numerical odds against the Islamic Courts, they had prevailed in the three battles. These early victories led western intelligence officials and analysts

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on 6 December 2006. The resolution called for the deployment of foreign troops and the lifting of the arms embargo. The Islamic Courts and Muslim Somali leaders had in the months prior to the resolution firmly rejected the deployment of any international military forces in Somalia as an act of war.

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reported that the Ethiopian military incursion had set off a fierce reaction even among the most moderate of the ICU, and a recruitment mobilization began in order to raise a force to take back Burhakaba. The ICU claimed that the ENDF had also sent another large deployment across the Somali border.

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Since the Bush administration doubted that the Ethiopians would use the new equipment effectively, it decided to participate in the campaign with American Special Forces and agents of the CIA. It was an offer Ethiopia could not refuse: money, arms, and the creation of an American shield to protect

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was particularly empowered by the occupation, as it established itself as an independent resistance faction in early 2007. The group became battle hardened over the next two years and notably began governing territory for the first time in 2008. In effect the invasion had morphed Al-Shabaab from a

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regions in particular became hot spots. Islamist fighters gained strength and were able to move from different towns with little resistance as they had accrued significant public support. What had at first seemed to be a series of probes soon morphed into an significant insurgent offensive against

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near the Kenyan border in mid October. At the end of October 2007, some of the heaviest fighting in months broke out between the ENDF and ICU insurgents in the capital when Ethiopian troops launched an offensive on ICU positions. From 8–16 November, another large scale multi-day battle occurred in

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fact finding mission to Somalia in 2005 found that the overwhelming majority of Somalis rejected troops from neighboring states entering the country. Despite significant opposition within the TFG parliament, President Abdullahi Yusuf made the widely unpopular decision to invite Ethiopian troops to

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Military occupation, a violent insurgency, rising jihadism, and massive population displacement has reversed the incremental political and economic progress achieved by the late 1990s in south-central Somalia. With 1.3 million people displaced by fighting since 2006, 3.6 million people in need of

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to cheer the withdrawal, and for a period of time the city remained quiet as rivaling insurgent factions cooperated. The Ethiopian occupation mostly failed. By the time of the withdrawal, the TFG possessed control over only a few streets and buildings in Mogadishu with the rest of the city coming

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denied sending troops, no evidence exists to support claims of Eritrean troops in Somalia, and no Eritrean presence was discovered in the country during the war. Ethiopia also denied deploying troops in Somalia despite being widely reported. The TFG also denied the presence of Ethiopian forces in

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Islamist insurgents, ENDF troops, TFG forces, AMISOM forces, and other involved parties in the conflict sustained considerable casualties. The true extent of these losses remains uncertain, primarily due to a lack of transparency from the involved parties and a dearth of reporting on casualties.

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released a statement declaring the insurgency controlled most the country. That month President Yusuf resigned after stating that he had lost control of the country to Islamist insurgents. African Union troops began discussing withdrawing from Somalia and requested the Ethiopians help them quit

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youth militia were also present for the battle. ENDF forces were drawn out of their positions into battle when fighters attacked an Ethiopian position and then feinted a retreat. The Ethiopians pursued with a large contingent of troops and were soon ambushed by hundreds of fighters, initiating a

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The TFG parliament was purged of opposition figures and represented a narrow coalition of Somali society. The government was besieged and dysfunctional, with virtually no progress being made for political transition. The government was plagued with charges of corruption and abuse, including the

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of Ethiopian troops during the invasion. The TFG claimed only 12,000 to 15,000 Ethiopian troops had been deployed to Somalia, while the Ethiopian government claimed it had only 4,000. During 2007 military experts estimated 50,000 Ethiopian troops were occupying parts of Somalia. Other estimates

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and that Ethiopian forces had also been probing Somali border towns. He went on to threaten to fight Ethiopian troops if they continued intervening and further stated, “We want the whole world to know what's going on. The United States is encouraging Ethiopia to take over the area. Ethiopia has

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Al Qaeda is now a more sophisticated and dangerous creature, but its current foothold in Somalia appears to be largely the product of the West's latest interference. In fact, the terrorist threat posed by Somalia has grown in proportion to the intrusiveness of international policies toward the

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in Europe and the United States since 2007 has been linked with the overthrow of the ICU and the Ethiopian military occupation. This resulted in the first ever American suicide bomber carrying out an attack in Somalia in October 2008. During 2008 there were an estimated 100 foreign fighters in

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reported that month that the insurgency was effectively being waged by two distinct groups, the nationalist leaning ICU insurgents and the increasingly international jihadist oriented Al-Shabaab. Residents reported that Islamic Courts insurgents had far more popular support than Al-Shabaab and

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was initiated against the TFG, primarily aimed at the National Security Agency (NSA), resulting in many NSA agents and informants being assassinated in 2008. Insurgent attacks further increased in complexity and sophistication, with attacks killing scores of Ethiopian and TFG troops weekly. In

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were fired at ICU positions on 8 January 2007. American forces reportedly killed hundreds of Somali fighters and civilians in a 'killing zone' between the Kenyan border, the Indian Ocean and advancing US backed Ethiopian troops. American air power was used against villages in southern Somalia,

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claimed in a televised address that day that he had been compelled to go to war in order to protect national sovereignty. After Ethiopia admitted its troops were inside Somalia, the TFG continued to publicly deny the presence of ENDF troops, further undermining its credibility. Heavy fighting,

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claimed that 8,000 foreign fighters were fighting for the ICU during the invasion, although the African Union reported Somalia had only attracted 'several hundred' foreign fighters since the formation of the ICU to mid-2007. In 2008 there were reportedly around 100 foreign fighters in Somalia.

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By November 2008, insurgency had effectively won. The majority of south and central Somalia, along with the capital was now under the control of Islamist factions. Ethiopia had redeployed much of its army out of Somalia by the end of the year. The success of the insurgents largely represented

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region to be used as a launching pad to invade Somalia, and warned that it would resist any attempts to do so. The Ethiopian military campaign against the ONLF, along with widespread atrocities committed against civilians associated with it, drove hundreds of men (thousands according to some

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on ENDF positions in Mogadishu. The Ethiopian military response was characterized by large scale and indiscriminate artillery and aerial bombardments of civilian areas. That month Ethiopian and TFG troops began suffering mounting casualties to the insurgency. On 15 March 2007, TFG President

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governments were involved in piracy due to lucrative profits. As the Ethiopian army was being driven from southern and central Somalia by the insurgency, ENDF military bases provided safe havens for Somali pirates who had secured large ransoms; in return for cash payments from the pirates.

2391:. Their forces withdrew and gathered around the town of Jowhar, 90 km north of Mogadishu. Analysts reported that the withdrawal had occurred simultaneously across the ICU's entire front, indicating a deliberate coordinated change in strategy rather than a chaotic rout. According to 2955:. PM Nur had replaced PM Ali Gedi in November 2007, who was widely viewed as corrupt and an impediment to the reconciliation process. In an attempt to undermine an emerging alliance between opposition groups and PM Nur, President Yusuf had TFG forces engage in widespread looting at the 2706:

clan militia, volunteers and other Islamist groups engaged in fierce rounds of fighting in dense urban eras for several weeks during March and April against ENDF/TFG forces. In a bid to crush the insurgency, Ethiopian/TFG forces besieged entire neighborhoods and initiated a campaign of

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The Ethiopian government denied the deployment of its forces in Somalia and countered that the ICU was marching towards its borders. The TFG vehemently denied accusations of an Ethiopian military deployment and claimed that the ICU was fabricating a pretext to assault its capital in

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pointed towards an imminent large scale operation directed at southern Somalia. That same day, another ENDF contingent crossed into Somalia, leading to the collapse of the Khartoum talks between the ICU and TFG. The ICU walked out of talks with the TFG after 200 ENDF troops seized

2571:. The directives, which included a ban on public meetings, attempts to organize political campaigns and major media outlets, was enforced by Ethiopian troops. Warlord militia checkpoints began reappearing on Mogadishu roads and insecurity started once again returning to the city. 2038:

reported 3,000 to 4,000 troops fought under the ICU at its height. The insurgency that followed the collapse of the ICU was composed of numerous different groups and factions, making it difficult to determine who was responsibility for a variety of attacks and incidents, though

2254:. Large battles took place around the settlements of Diinsoor and Daynuunay, where the Courts pushed back the Ethiopian army and overran a military camp. One of the most notable battles occurred at Idaale, where the ICU inflicted heavy losses on the invading forces. The ICU's 1840:

overshadowed news reports of several thousand troops entering Somalia. During late July 2006, over a dozen TFG parliamentarians resigned in protest of the Ethiopian invasion. By August 2006 the TFG was mired in an severe internal crisis and at risk of collapse. In late July,

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Mogadishu; during which the bodies of Ethiopian troops were dragged through the city streets. By November, small pockets of Islamic Courts Union control were appearing in various places across the country. In December 2007, ENDF forces withdrew from the strategic town of

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prop up his administration. As an institution, the TFG did not consent to or approve of the Ethiopian military intervention. No parliamentary approval was given for a decision openly opposed by a significant portion of the government. With significant Ethiopian support,

1821:, the deputy leader of the ICU executive council, announced soon after that, "The Somali government has violated the accord and allowed Ethiopian troops to enter Somali soil." The TFG claimed that no Ethiopians were in Somalia and that only their troops were in Wajid. 3407:, which is allied to the TFG and supported by Ethiopia, continued to attack Al-Shabaab. Al Shabab accused the new TFG President of accepting the secular transitional government and have continued the civil war since he arrived in Mogadishu at the presidential palace. 1795:

Another significant deployment of Ethiopian troops occurred on July 20, 2006, when they moved into Somalia. Local witnesses reported 20 to 25 armored vehicles crossing the border. The Ethiopian government once again denied the presence of any troops inside Somalia.

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Somalia, a figure which increased to 450 the next year as Al-Shabaab gained strength. In 2024, Somalia's Minister of Justice Hassan Mo'allin Mohamoud publicly stated the wave of terrorism the country is experiencing was the 'direct result' of the 2006 invasion.

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magazine reported that the battles raging in the Mogadishu at the time were 'some of the most savage fighting' the capital had ever experienced. The bodies of ENDF troops were dragged through the streets during the fighting for the city and an Ethiopian

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began attacking those attempting to join the war. The ONLF announced that on 23 December, in-line with their policy of resisting attacks on Somalia, they had attacked a convoy consisting of twenty armored vehicles and several trucks driving through

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The AU's involvement was an attempt to legitimize the Ethiopian invasion and the TFG. The dominant narrative of the AUs peace operation has masked the intervention for what it truly was. AMISOM was more a tool for regime change than it was a peace

9334: 4565:...the revolutionary insurgency of the Islamic Courts Union finally turned out to be more or less successful, as its members finally managed to get a considerable degree of power in the country and to implement some of their most important demands. 3184:

in mid-2008, Ethiopian troops started experiencing desertions. The ENDF began to draw down its forces deployed in Mogadishu and across towns in Somalia. The occupation had a 'corrosive effect' on the ENDF and the Somalia deployment was viewed as a

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As the insurgency gained most of the territory that had been lost by the Islamic Courts Union during December 2006 and January 2007, fractures began appearing between the different insurgent factions over the Djibouti Agreement. In Beledweyne and

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As tensions escalated, different members within the ICU made unilateral statements regarding the response to the Ethiopian invasion without consulting the ICU leadership. On 13 December 2006, two high-ranking officials in the ICU's military wing,

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warned that American participation in the war was, "...plagued by a failure to define the parameters of the conflict or its aims; an overemphasis on military measures without a clear definition of the optimal military strategy;" According to the

2395:, US ambassador to Ethiopia, the ICU had recognized their vulnerability to sustained attacks from Ethiopian air and armor superiority in conventional warfare and had opted for a transition to insurgent tactics. Following the withdrawal, ICU head 3101:. On 18 March 2008, the US designated Al-Shabaab a terrorist organization. The move proved to be damaging as it isolated moderate voices among the Islamist resistance movement and gave Al-Shabaab further reason to push against peace talks. 2620:(AMISOM). The mission's stated primary objective was to provide support for a national reconciliation congress in Somalia. AMISOM's deployment served as an exit strategy for Ethiopian troops, as their presence was inflaming an insurgency. 2562:

At the start of January, the Ethiopian government claimed it would withdraw "within a few weeks" The TFG announced that the rivaling Islamic forces had been defeated and that no further major fighting was expected to take place. After the

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declared the mission had been a success, but the operation had had proved to be effectively futile as the transitional government Ethiopia had backed during the war found itself completely powerless in the lead up to the ENDF withdrawal.

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issued a statement declaring that, despite the international community's reluctance to engage with the Islamist opposition, the only viable path to stabilizing the security situation was to reach out and engage directly with its leaders.

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and freed many prisoners. At the end of March 2008 a battle erupted in Mogadishu after TFG forces began robbing a marketplace, resulting Islamist insurgents inflicting heavy losses on the TFG forces after they came defend the merchants.

2331:, killing several people in an airstrike. That same day Ethiopia admitted its troops were fighting the ICU for the first time, after stating earlier in the week it had only sent several hundred military advisors to Baidoa. Ethiopian PM 11828:...other parts of Somalia such as Beledweyne on the Ethiopian border, and Giohar, north of Mogadishu are now falling under the control of a more moderate insurgent group, the Islamic Courts Union. This group receives strong support... 1468:

faltered, and by Autumn 2008, more than 80% of the territory the ICU lost during the invasion was recaptured by the insurgency. By November, the insurgency had effectively won. By December 2008, the TFG only had control over parts of

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troops. Heavy handed tactics and blatant disregard for civilian life by Ethiopian troops rallied many Somalis to support the Al-Shabaab as it successfully branded itself as the most determined and uncompromising resistance faction.

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reported that during the meeting ‘the blueprint for a very American supported Ethiopian invasion of Somalia was hatched’. No Somali officials were involved in the discussions. According to Ted Dagne, an Africa specialist for the US

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In late February and early March 2007, insurgent attacks on ENDF/TFG forces in Mogadishu became a daily occurrence, growing in both complexity and sophistication. During March, the resistance began in earnest with units of Somali

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In November 2006, the situation significantly escalated with the extensive mobilization and strategic positioning of ENDF, TFG and ICU forces in southern Somalia. Local residents reported large numbers of ICU forces deploying to

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This invasion chased out or killed many affiliates of the UIC, leaving behind a battle-hardened small contingent of youth who made up a marginal faction of the UIC prior to the Ethiopian invasion. This group goes by the name of

3133:. In late July, forces loyal to the Islamic Courts Union engaged in a battle with Ethiopian troops in Beledweyne. The ENDF shelled the western part of Beledweyne with rocket and mortar fire, resulting in an exodus of civilians. 2524:

of southern Somalia reported witnessing AC-130's pursuing and killing ICU troops. American airstrikes focused on decapitating the ICU leadership, in one instance killing Sheikh Abdullahi Nahar, a popular leader of the movement.

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Ethiopian military losses had reached unsustainable levels by the years end and an excess of 50,000 ENDF troops were deployed in Somalia. ENDF troops were bogged down and facing a multi front war with no prospect of victory.

2546:, but later retroactively downgraded those killed to being 'associates with terrorists'. Al-Shabaab militia suffered several losses in this period, resulting in a temporary loss of command and control over the organization. 3093:. The assassination of Ayro during early 2008 resulted in a sharp radicalization of Al-Shabaab. The killing of Ayro led to foreign fighters integrating within the ranks of the organization, and resulted in the accession of 3271:

admitted that the country was slipping to the insurgency and "raised the prospect his government could completely collapse." Ethiopia announced it would withdraw its troops from Somalia by the end of 2008 on 28 November.

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called for the withdrawal of ENDF forces in Somalia to prevent a regional war and the following month accused Ethiopia of plotting a US supported invasion with the aim of destroying the "realization of a unified Somalia”

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resigned after stating that he had lost control of Somalia to the insurgency. The Ethiopian backed government remained weak and highly fragmented, as its fragility remained unchanged from its state prior to the invasion.

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The TFG denied that Ethiopian troops have invaded Somalia even long after the Ethiopian government admitted having its troops in Somalia. Such false denials of known facts have undermined what ever credibility the TFG

3383:. The withdrawal of Ethiopian troops sapped Al-Shabaab of the widespread support it had enjoyed from civilians and across clan lines during the occupation. The groups heavy handed tactics repulsed many Somali supporters. 2834:

in residential areas of the city, resulting in civilian fatalities. The escalating insurgency resulted in the deployment of an additional 10,000 Ethiopian troops in Mogadishu and its environs. During September 2007, the

3456:''...regarding the details on those killed or wounded in Somalia, I think the House does not need to know about how many were killed or wounded...I also think that I do not have an obligation to present such report." 3646:

As ENDF forces withdrew from Somalia, tensions between the differing resistance factions exacerbated. By the end of 2008, most elements of the pre-invasion Islamic Courts had merged into one of the two wings of the

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By October 2008, virtually all opposition groups in the Ethiopian parliament had come to the consensus that ENDF forces should be withdrawn from Somalia. On 26 October, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the

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was marked by indiscriminate violence towards civilians by the Ethiopian army and TFG. Homes were raided in search of ICU loyalists, with lootings, beatings and executions of suspected collaborators commonplace.

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publicly stated that the Ethiopian government had “made a wrong political calculation” by invading Somalia. Many Mogadishu businessman and civil leaders reported that they had been unjustly labelled as being

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to fear that the ICU would overrun the city. US intelligence sources reported that in the initial days of the conflict, the ICU effectively utilized tactics against ENDF tanks that mirrored those employed by

2684:. The TFG soon began to run into increasing opposition from remnants of the Islamic Courts Union, and despite moving much of the government in January to Mogadishu, many ministers chose to remain in Baidoa. 7040: 4763: 2972:

mediation and distributing aid to the impoverished. Attacks on highway bandits and militia checkpoints became frequent. The insurgency waged an increasingly complex war against the ENDF and TFG. A targeted

2125:, gave Ethiopian troops deployed in Somalia a seven-day ultimatum to withdraw from the country or face expulsion. The Courts were divided over whether or not to forcibly eject invading ENDF forces, and the 6312:

The UIC leaders say they will not discuss matters with the government as long as foreign troops remain on Somali soil; and the Somali Parliament (also based in Baidoa) is equally opposed to any Ethiopian

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was elected president of Somalia. That same month, declaring victory and claiming to have eradicated the 'Islamist threat', ENDF forces withdrew from Mogadishu and Somalia, ending the two year occupation.

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stated that the Ethiopian invasion had been a mistake and "not a really good idea". By the US military's own metrics, the war in Somalia was never effectively prosecuted. A 2007 study commissioned by

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officials only publicly commented on casualty estimates on their entire operation for the first time in 2023. AMISOM suffered several hundred casualties, but the figure from 2006 to 2009 is unknown.

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By the time of the withdrawal, effectively all territory lost by the ICU during the full scale December 2006 and January 2007 invasion had been recovered by Islamist insurgents, including much of

3038:. Representatives of both the Islamic Courts and Al-Shabaab entered into a secretive agreement to allow the clan militia in power to remain, though Al-Shabaab overran the city later in August. 1870:

government denied that ENDF forces were in Somalia, or that they had participated in the incident, but local residents in Burhakaba confirmed the presence of large numbers of ENDF in the town.

5336:

But the Ethiopian occupation mostly failed. The Somali government is as divided and weak as ever. Islamist insurgents, many of them radical and violent, have seized control of much of Somalia.

4778:

There have been no official numbers of the Ethiopian troop presence in Somalia. But military sources suggest that the initial Ethiopian offensive in December 2006 used as many as 60,000 troops

6442:

Local Somali residents of Dolo and Lugh Ganane, towns at the border with Ethiopia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa that they saw Ethiopian troops with 50 armoured vehicles cross into Somalia.

3544:(TPLF) participating in the occupation routinely bombed civilian areas and killed thousands of civilians. Reports of atrocities by forces under his command have made him infamous in Somalia. 3113:(ARS) were the primary insurgent forces operating in Somalia. During June 2008 the ICU publicly declared it would continue its attacks on ENDF/TFG bases and a new Islamic court was opened in 1413:

in the last days of December. In early 2007 an insurgency began, centered on a loose coalition of Islamic Courts loyalists, volunteers, clan militias, and various Islamist factions, of which

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leader Sharif Sheikh Ahmed was elected TFG President on January 31, 2009. Al Shabaab rejected any peace deal and continued to take territories, including Baidoa. Another Islamist group,

15084: 8864: 2474:. Demoralized, many fighters returned to their homes. The remnants of the ICU forces that continued fighting, including Al-Shabaab fighters, left the Mogadishu and moved south towards 1678:

six months prior to the full scale December 2006 invasion. Participants deliberated on various scenarios, with the 'worst-case scenario' being the potential takeover of Somalia by the

2550:

announcement of air attacks in Somalia during the Ethiopian offensive confirmed the belief of many analysts that the US was involved in the invasion. United Nations Secretary-General

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Ethiopia considered a weak Somali state dependent on Ethiopian support as a lesser threat than a strong one. This propelled Ethiopia to undertake the forceful installment of the TFG.

3810:) in large numbers for the first time since their 2009 withdrawal. In 2014 the Ethiopian troops that deployed to a buffer zone in some parts of southern Somalia were integrated into 15741: 8239:

Such was the case in 2006 when Ethiopia, backed by U.S. technical support and firepower from U.S. gunships based in Diego Garcia, invaded Somalia to rout the Union of Islamic Courts

3884: 2137:, both adopted conciliatory stances as a result, but the sharp rise in tensions had empowered the Courts 'Hawks' who viewed the growing Ethiopian military forces and the passing of 6488: 6429: 2695:

did not heavily participate in the insurgency or large scale fighting for much of 2007, opting instead to carry out bombings and assassinations while further establishing itself.

13232:

The New World Order Ideology and Africa: Understanding and Appreciating Ambiguity, Deceit and Recapture of Decolonized Spaces in 21st Century Historical Argument and Presentation

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country. Al Shabab metamorphosed from a fringe movement opposed to the foreign-backed TFG into a full-blown political insurgency only after the U.S.-supported Ethiopian invasion.

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as Emir. This change in leadership was facilitated by American intervention and had significant effect on Shabaab's future decision making regarding the usage of tactics such as

2267:; but clarified the ICU considered itself at war with Ethiopia and not the TFG. By the end of 22 December, both sides claimed to have killed hundreds of each other's troops. The 2746:

announced in a radio address that “any place from which a bullet is fired, we will bombard it, regardless of whoever is there.” The presence of Ethiopian troops reinforced the

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During 2007 and 2008, Somalia plunged into severe levels of armed conflict, marked by frequent assassinations, political meltdown, radicalization, and the growth of an intense

2478:. Despite their desperate position, the Courts remained defiant declaring in a statement, "If the world thinks we are dead, they should know we are alive and will continue the 17117: 3612:

sentiment. The situation in the country exceeded the worst-case scenarios envisioned by many regional analysts when they first considered the potential impact of an Ethiopian

2989:. Al-Shabaab began governing territory for the first time in 2008 as it started taking control of significant tracts of southern Somalia. In March, the ICU seized the city of 2542:

operatives. An admission to a second air attack was made later in January. Initially, the US claimed that it had successfully targeted Al-Qaeda operatives responsible for the

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During Autumn of 2008, the insurgency controlled more than 80% of the territory that had been previously lost in the invasion. As the situation rapidly deteriorated for the

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covertly flying out of Ethiopia pounded retreating ICU convoys, and Kenyan troops assisted in capturing retreating ICU forces. Local residents in southern Somalia reported

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Al-Shabaabs insurgency and martyrdom operations inflicted considerable casualties on the Ethiopian army with over a thousand of its personnel killed between 2007 and 2009.

3803:, spokesman for the Ethiopian government, described the reports as fabrications and responded "The army is within the Ethiopian border. There is no intention to go back," 3472:(UPDF), was one of the largest AMISOM contingents, but never published figures on troop casualties. Troops deployed to Mogadishu from TFG President Yusuf's home region of 1944:, noted the US decision to back resolution had been influenced by false Ethiopian intelligence. The Islamic Courts Union viewed the passing of UNSCR 1725 as effectively a 2631:

was reportedly 'exceptionally unhappy' about the heavy US support for the December invasion, and held back funds for the newly created AMISOM mission for several months.

14141: 13829: 13524: 8369: 6329: 3026:. The boldest insurgent expansion occurred in April 2008, when Islamist fighters seized control of Jowhar, only 90 km away from the capital Mogadishu. In late May, 11600: 13201: 8416: 16060: 10398: 8882: 1964:

was passed, the ICU reported being ambushed by Ethiopian troops, sparking an artillery duel which escalated into a two day battle between ENDF/TFG and ICU forces.

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resigned, and the Courts government effectively dissolved. The ICU had evacuated many towns without fighting for them. Ethiopian and TFG forces were en route to

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emergency food aid, and 60,000 Somalis a year fleeing the country, the people of south-central Somalia face the worst humanitarian crisis since the early 1990s.

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had blamed Yusuf for the TFG's failures, Yusuf had fired him without the required approval of parliament. The TFG once again found itself based largely out of

2311:

On 24 December, the ICU reported to be around 10 km away from Baidoa. The Courts reported destroying several ENDF tanks during a battle at Daynuunay. The

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said it had verified that 16,210 civilians had been killed and 29,000 wounded since the start of the war in December 2006. Somali government Foreign Minister

1976:. For months leading up to the war, Ethiopia maintained it had only a few hundred advisors in the country, yet independent reports indicated far more troops. 1866:

reported that residents in Baidoa had witnessed a large column of at least 72 armed ENDF vehicles and troops transports depart from city before the incident.

1825:

confirmed reports of Ethiopian troops in Wajid during interviews with local residents and aid workers. Following the towns seizure, the ICU pledged to wage a

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accused ENDF forces of increasingly engaging in throat-slitting executions of Somalis during early 2008. On April 19, 2008, Ethiopian soldiers committed the

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such as Elas, only 16 km away from the capital. Despite the Ethiopian presence in Mogadishu, by November 2008 insurgents openly walked on the streets.

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ordinary Somalis desire to see an end to the anarchy and occupation, as the TFG was dysfunctional. That same month, ICU insurgents controlled the cities of

2303:. The ONLF reported that after inflicting casualties and destroying four vehicles, the convoy had to retreat and abandon its planned operations in Somalia. 15384: 11789: 10933: 7394: 3949: 3788: 2004:

placed the figure at 40,000. The Ethiopian backed TFG possessed approximately 6,000 soldiers. During the invasion phase of the war, US Special Forces, CIA

1119: 7438: 7026: 5063: 13715: 7004: 940: 12583: 12214: 11049: 4615:

the December 2006 Ethiopian invasion, and subsequent two-year occupation, proved to be a prime catalyst for mobilization and the first critical juncture

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rocket shelling to bombard densely populated Mogadishu neighborhoods, which the organization described as a violation of international humanitarian law.

2612:

The African Union's involvement in the war came at the insistence of both Ethiopia and the United States for the organization to take over the role of ‘

9183: 12099: 11251: 6611: 16940: 16627: 16119: 13976: 13349: 10774: 3374:

On 12 January 2009, the last ENDF troops departed from Mogadishu, ending the two year long occupation of the capital. Thousands of residents came to

2623:

From 2007 to 2009, AMISOM was predominantly composed of troops from Uganda, Burundi, and a few Kenyans. During 2007, the operation relied heavily on

8065: 5109: 1808:

announced that they had shot down an Ethiopian military helicopter heading for Somalia and publicly warned that Ethiopian military movements in the

15727: 14185: 13568: 13335: 10709: 4078: 2943:, the United Nations' top humanitarian official, declared Somalia to be the worst humanitarian crisis in Africa and nearly the worst in the world. 2766:

By April, a third of Mogadishu's buildings were in ruins along with much of the city's modest economic infrastructure. According Kenyan journalist

1409:

contingent, launched a full-scale invasion to topple the Islamic Courts. The ICU's organizational structure disintegrated, ENDF/TFG forces entered

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on the subject of Washington's involvement. All the same, evidence was mounting that the U.S. had played a leading role in the Ethiopian invasion.

1972:

Forces involved are difficult to calculate because of many factors, including lack of formal organization or record-keeping, and claims marred by

1711:

was elected as the TFG president, and, under Ethiopian direction, he appointed a prime minister with connections to then-Ethiopian Prime Minister

1452:, became entrenched in a protracted struggle against an escalating insurgency, leading to the displacement of nearly one million inhabitants from 16584: 16579: 15389: 14781: 14126: 13676: 13509: 11458: 2138: 1961: 1932: 1854:

By September, at least 7,000 Ethiopian troops were in Somalia and had begun arming warlords defeated by the ICU. The first clash between ICU and

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were never informed on the number of soldiers who had been killed in Somalia, a policy which the TPLF continued until and after the withdrawal.

1952:, one of the militia within the military wing of the Islamic Courts Union, increasingly radicalized in response to the Ethiopian incursion. The 1405:(ENDF) began deploying into Somalia during June 2006. Six months later during December 2006 the combined ENDF/TFG coalition, alongside a covert 14195: 13578: 12804: 12379:

Ethiopian troops engaged continually in direct conflict, taking heavy losses before the 2008 Djibouti Peace Process called for their withdrawal

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American reporters touring rural Somalia reported that in village after village, locals had described a reign of terror by the Ethiopian army.

2336:

including reports of airstrikes and shelling, erupted in the border areas, with the ICU claiming to have shot down an ENDF helicopter gunship.

1715:. These close connections to Addis Ababa were a driving force behind the invasion and provoked the ICU into later adopting a bellicose stance. 12315: 16591: 16053: 16015: 15854: 14426: 9378: 8098: 5148: 3795:. Two weeks after the January 2009 withdrawal, it was reported that Ethiopian troops had once again crossed the border following the fall of 3070:

but gave few details to the press. Dhobley was the last town the ICU held a year prior and it had been bombed by US aircraft in that period.

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reported that fighting between the ENDF/TFG and Islamic Courts forces in 2007 had resulted in several thousand civilian deaths in Mogadishu.

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units also participated. The participation of the US ground and air forces provided the ENDF with massive military superiority over the ICU.

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and other towns in central Somalia. After Beledweyne had become the target of airstrikes, the Courts decided to withdraw from the city. The

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also joined the Courts militia, including high-ranking military officers, while ICU supporters in Puntland primarily provided financial and

16209: 16025: 15593: 15420: 15374: 14365: 13969: 11873: 6060: 2699: 12144:

Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi has declared Ethiopia's peace-producing mission accomplished. Mission futile would be more accurate.

4547:

Besenyő, János; Issaev, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey (April 3, 2024). "Revolutionary and Quasi-Revolutionary Events in Somalia (1960–2023)".

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later reported that after achieving a string of battlefield victories, ICU troops had come under unexpected bombardment from US aircraft.

16751: 16426: 16151: 15623: 11938: 9637: 6478: 4307: 2846:

As fighting in Mogadishu escalated, ICU insurgents in southern Somalia found a window of opportunity and peacefully captured the town of

1682:. The documents revealed that the US found the prospect unacceptable and would back Ethiopia in the event of an ICU takeover. Journalist 1627: 1313: 1267: 11569: 8831: 6415: 5897: 4180:

The group has been angry at Kenya since it helped capture Islamists trying to flee Ethiopian and Somali government troops in early 2007.

2959:

in order to impede Nur's effort. Much of the criminality in south Somalia during 2008 was linked to TFG security forces. In April 2008,

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during 2006. Following the ICUs overthrow, incidents of pirate attack rapidly proliferated during 2007 and 2008. Top personnel in the

2918:

By the beginning of 2008, insurgent pressure had mounted on the Ethiopian and TFG troops in the south-central regions of Somalia. The

2782:(ONLF) issued a statement declaring its solidarity with the insurgency, and along with other armed groups in Ethiopia - escalated the 17252: 16861: 16113: 13414: 11757: 6666: 3648: 3400: 3194: 3168:, the insurgents in power distanced themselves from both Al-Shabaab and the ARS. Al-Shabaab was estimated to be 2,000 strong by the 3145: 3110: 2836: 2024:

doubted Ethiopia's ability to effectively use the new equipment it had provided for the invasion. As a result, it decided to involve

1486: 1434: 472: 11964: 9301: 8048: 7998: 7469: 4259: 2687:

During 2007, members of the Islamic Courts led the resistance to the occupation, attracting significant support from Somalis in the

16046: 16020: 14506: 3617: 3284: 2802:, following which they were ransacked by ENDF/TFG forces. On 3 June 2007, a truck bomb attempted to assassinate TFG prime minister 2380: 1832:

The escalation of Ethiopian troop deployments into Somalia during July 2006 began raising fears of a possible 'all-out war' in the

1112: 12749: 4663: 2129:

began last minute diplomatic efforts to halt the outbreak of war, resulting in contradictory statements from various ICU leaders.

1879:

announced "This is clear aggression...Our forces will face them soon if they do not retreat from Somali territories" and declared

1788:

and imposed restrictions on their radio station after they reported on the ENDF incursion. On 19 June 2006 the ICU called for the

1401:

government in the majority of southern Somalia by late 2006. In order to reinforce the weak Ethiopian backed TFG, troops from the

17187: 17030: 15646: 15123: 15055: 14561: 13283: 11275: 10961: 6733: 6710: 4796: 3089:- along with another senior commander and several civilians. The attack did nothing to slow down the groups participation in the 1915:

estimates) from the Ogaden to Mogadishu in order to answer the ICU's call to arms against the invasion. Several hundred men from

1464:

started taking control of significant tracts of southern Somalia and began governing territory for the first time. The Ethiopian

1308: 11481: 11079: 7686: 7131: 6958: 2399:

declared that the conflict had entered 'a new phase.' On 27 December, the leaders of the Islamic Courts Union, including Sheikh

16745: 16250: 14250: 12906: 12292: 12160: 11540: 10908: 7743: 5033: 5003: 3776:. They had reportedly met behind closed doors with the President of the Transitional Government and the TFG had announced that 3655:. Some Islamic factions continued operating under the ICU banner into 2009 and tended to support the new TFG government led by 2787: 2638:

deployed in Somalia, violence in Mogadishu began rapidly escalating. On 6 March 2007, the first African Union troops landed at

1294: 12502: 11303: 7867:"Ciidamo Itoobiyaan ah oo la sheegay in ay ku soo siqayaan goobaha ay fadhiyaan Ciidamada Maxkamadda Islaamka Gobolka Hiiraan" 6339: 3419:

Ethiopian forces in Somalia sustained heavy casualties but the extent and figure of losses remain uncertain, primarily due to

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In Somalia, nicknamed as the butcher of Mogadishu, General Gebre and his TPLF soldiers killed tens of thousands of civilians.

12537: 12485: 10744: 9647: 9563: 9464: 9129: 9052: 8359: 8343: 8318: 8293: 8263: 7419: 7280: 7250: 6912: 6364: 6180: 5849: 5376: 4558: 4532:

The insurgents in Somalia have essentially won -- they now control most of south and central Somalia and much of the capital.

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Local officials there said about 50 armoured vehicles with Ethiopian soldiers had passed Dollow and 50 km further in at Luuq.

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accused the Ethiopian army of killing 20,000 civilians. By November 2007, the figure of displaced people topped one million.

996: 13260: 12621: 11436: 11172: 11146: 8668: 8608: 7645: 3695:

noted that Al-Qaeda's foothold in Somalia post-occupation was in significant part the result of the invasion. Following the

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as proof of an international conspiracy against the ICU. Statements from the international actors were contradictory as the

16975: 16679: 14830: 14395: 13407: 13215: 12963: 12872: 11912: 11224: 10416: 10264: 10085: 8963:"From Al-Itihaad to Al-Shabaab: how the Ethiopian intervention and the 'War on Terror' exacerbated the conflict in Somalia" 8798: 8424: 7072: 5626: 5466: 4977: 4836: 4233: 3831: 3452:

publicly declined to disclose the number of ENDF casualties incurred during the occupation, stating on national television:

2491: 2154: 1635: 1590: 1578: 1208: 1203: 1193: 10788: 10305: 8756: 4470: 3331:

January 2009 saw the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from Somalia, and the accession of former Islamic Courts Union leader

1489:

was assimilated into the TFG in an attempt to halt the growing insurgency and form a representative democratic government.

1394:

emerged and rapidly escalated. During 2007 and 2008, the insurgency recaptured the majority of territory lost by the ICU.

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region reported a large scale deployment of ENDF forces across the border over a 48-hour period in the regions environs.

1996: 1751:

and on the following day the first Ethiopian troops moved into Somali territory. Local Somali officials and residents in

1507: 1245: 1105: 1059: 157: 20: 12662: 9011: 7831: 7665: 4698: 3250: 1614:, raised Ethiopian concerns of an eventual renewed drive for Somali unification. A strong Somali state not dependent on 1397:

Ethiopian military involvement began in response to the rising power of the Islamic Courts Union, which operated as the

16622: 16281: 15369: 15080: 14761: 14606: 14581: 14116: 13499: 12455: 6833: 3734: 3121:-Baidoa highway became a focal point for ICU and Shabaab insurgents; while attacks also began escalating in and around 11508: 10841: 9744: 2985:

after probing it several times. This marked a change in their strategy which previously focused mainly on the capital

17080: 16952: 16645: 16616: 15588: 15272: 14794: 14631: 14586: 14566: 14501: 14300: 14225: 13735: 12560: 12418: 8724: 8542: 8481: 8148: 5288: 2786:

in response to the invasion. The Ethiopian government accused ICU fighters of fighting alongside the ONLF during the

2228: 2078: 2025: 9819: 8930: 7108: 6810: 6775: 6643: 6581: 6549: 6517: 6464: 6390: 3386: 1923:

aid. ICU officials reported around 100 fighters from Puntland had defected to join their ranks during mid-November.

1895:

was now less than 20 km apart. On 26 and 28 November the courts claimed to have ambushed two ENDF convoys near

17212: 17043: 16815: 16306: 16301: 16156: 16141: 15961: 15563: 15507: 15502: 15455: 15440: 15425: 14982: 14731: 14726: 14706: 14671: 14146: 14136: 13929: 13529: 13519: 12266: 10636:"AP Exclusive: Somali Islamists produce martyr video, the latest tactic aligning them with global extremist groups" 10187: 10111: 7104: 4418: 4386: 4052: 3811: 3792: 3556: 3533: 3497: 3469: 3461: 3210: 2827: 2779: 2731: 2635: 2624: 2617: 2607: 2295: 2259:

massive battle between the ENDF and ICU that would last several days. After two days of large scale clashes, Sheik

2093: 1980: 1907: 1855: 1805: 1801: 1744: 1735:, far inside Somalia, in order to build a bridgehead for a future large scale military operation. On 16 June 2006, 1724: 1657:, which has a complex relationship with Ethiopia and who Ethiopia claimed to have been a supporter of the ICU. The 1647: 1611: 1511: 1449: 1441: 1430: 1422: 1402: 430: 329: 146: 10442: 8459: 5143: 1858:

occurred on 9 October 2006. TFG forces, backed by the Ethiopian troops, attacked the ICU positions at the town of

17237: 17232: 17207: 16822: 16794: 16096: 15884: 15859: 15849: 15379: 15133: 14741: 14696: 14661: 14616: 14591: 14576: 14360: 12989: 11467: 8168: 7384: 7347: 6027: 5180: 4727: 4333: 4145: 3976: 3726: 3716: 3524:

was facing a humanitarian catastrophe on a scale not witnessed since the early 1990s. They went on to accuse the

2760: 2639: 2361: 2328: 2191: 1566: 1457: 1235: 1130: 263: 201: 137: 8579: 5987:"Self-defence, Intervention by Invitation, or Proxy War? The Legality of the 2006 Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia" 5417: 4509: 3945:"Self-Defence, Intervention by Invitation, or Proxy War? The Legality of the 2006 Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia" 1691:, the Islamic Courts had committed no act or provocation to initiate the Ethiopian invasion. American historian 17242: 17227: 16906: 16895: 15568: 15522: 15327: 14895: 14746: 14651: 14646: 14621: 14536: 14496: 14245: 13798: 13017: 5798:

The TFG had Ethiopia's approval on the basis that under Yusuf, Somalia will rest its claim to the Ogaden region

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as a large number of Al Shabaab leaders who had held positions in government during the six-month reign of the

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carrier battlegroup was dispatched to the Somali coast to provide further air support and aerial surveillance.

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acquired a leaked document detailing a confidential meeting between senior American and Ethiopian officials in

1618:

was perceived as a security threat, and consequently the Ethiopian government heavily backed the presidency of

1252: 12070: 12042: 9438: 6235:

Most Somalis, including a significant chunk of the government, are deeply opposed to any foreign intervention.

6132: 3878: 17222: 17217: 17123: 16544: 16257: 16244: 15603: 15246: 14909: 14820: 14526: 14471: 14170: 13720: 13553: 13447: 12210: 11869: 10983: 9398: 8562: 8507: 7816: 7206: 6994: 4359: 1532: 1183: 37: 11381: 11244: 9581:"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia" 9175: 6603: 5762:"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia" 5712:"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia" 4019:"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia" 3868: 3464:

troops killed in Somalia from their deployment in early 2007 to 2009 has also never been publicly revealed.

2371:

After fighting for nine days in open battle with the Ethiopian army, the courts began to pull back from the

16656: 15976: 15894: 15578: 15470: 14996: 14721: 14716: 14686: 14601: 14596: 14516: 12569: 12109: 7180: 5240: 2826:

to bombard insurgent strongholds in the capital, resulting in the worst mass exodus in the city's history.

2021: 1144: 9525: 5599: 2722: 16855: 16650: 16268: 16073: 15945: 15819: 15638: 15517: 15282: 15048: 14856: 14756: 14691: 14676: 14546: 14441: 14285: 14240: 13805: 13656: 13606: 12686: 10359: 8075: 6607: 4281: 4204: 3765: 3671: 3652: 3380: 3082: 3055: 2978: 2847: 2840: 2692: 2470:

border. On December 31, 2006, A heavily armed column of Ethiopian troops advanced from Mogadishu towards

2255: 2040: 2029: 1949: 1748: 1515: 1461: 1414: 1076: 1019: 460: 125: 9266: 3862: 3588:

during the December 2006 and January 2007 invasion had fallen under the control of various Islamist and

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fell under the control of insurgents, who then began advancing on the strategic southern port city of

2843:

spokesman Mukhtar Robow stated that the group did not recognize and had no relationship with the ARS.

17197: 17192: 16922: 16838: 16766: 16364: 16274: 15450: 15399: 15292: 14825: 14736: 14626: 14481: 14215: 13725: 13386: 12507: 11574: 10557: 10054: 10014: 9580: 8962: 7533: 6843: 6738: 5761: 5711: 5553: 5457:"President Yusuf made the failed and unpopular decision to call in troops from neighbouring Ethiopia" 4578: 3926:– Channel 4 report on fighting between Ethiopian troops and insurgents in Mogadishu (3 December 2008) 3852: 3552: 3136: 3074: 3002: 2575: 1550: 1374:, was an armed conflict that lasted from late 2006 to early 2009. It began when military forces from 1323: 1069: 619: 12342: 9944: 9669: 7243:

The Genesis of the civil war in Somalia: the impact of foreign military intervention on the conflict

5873: 4047: 2145:

had at first endorsed the Ethiopian invasion, only to quickly retract the statement two days later.

17202: 17025: 16900: 16390: 16359: 16102: 15670: 15394: 15008: 14436: 14295: 14235: 13666: 12720:. The Henry L. Stimson lectures. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. pp. 458–461. 12460: 12319: 3262: 2864: 2538:

The United States admitted to conducting a strike against targets that they claimed were suspected

2240: 2224: 1437:(ARS), the successor to the ICU, further incited Islamist rebels and participated in the fighting. 1086: 11602:

Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, militarization and conflicting political visions

11335: 10472:

Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Lessons Learned from the African Union Mission in Somalia, 2007-2013

8108: 6290: 17020: 16756: 16557: 16408: 16385: 16311: 16174: 16146: 15899: 15864: 15598: 14936: 14766: 14656: 14486: 14476: 14431: 14325: 14290: 14260: 13689: 13641: 11804: 11012: 10661: 9978: 9502: 9335:"Somalis Rail at Ethiopian Forces Two Killed as Protesters Smash Cars, Throw Stones in Mogadishu" 8940: 6425: 5310: 5280: 5207: 3988: 3818:

continues to campaign for the withdrawal of the occupying Ethiopian forces. On 13 November 2020

3505: 3404: 3047: 2823: 2276: 2172: 1789: 1318: 1284: 1054: 301: 12125: 11169:"allAfrica.com: Somalia: Islamist Rebels in Secret Deal With Kismayo Port Militia (Page 1 of 1)" 8202: 7866: 7300: 3512:, including murder, rape, assault, and looting. In their December 2008 report 'So much to Fear' 2900:

of the insurgency on 27 March 2007, against an ENDF checkpoint in Tarbuunka, Mogadishu, using a

16733: 16551: 16340: 15940: 15889: 15829: 15798: 15698: 15633: 15553: 15100: 15041: 14541: 14456: 14410: 14320: 14305: 14151: 13793: 13730: 13534: 13022: 8678: 8618: 8547: 7910: 7226: 6922: 4337: 3823: 3631: 3344: 2973: 2089:, had been laying the ground work for the invasion within and outside Somalia since late 2005. 1785: 1736: 1279: 1274: 1156: 11934: 8283: 6175:. The Henry L. Stimson lectures. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. p. 459. 4806: 3944: 16685: 16262: 15988: 15708: 15628: 15465: 14924: 14914: 14551: 14446: 14390: 14380: 13863: 13815: 13684: 13631: 13601: 12928:"Thousands flee as shelling by Ethiopian tanks kills hundreds of civilians in Somali capital" 12836: 11609: 11390: 10703: 10393: 10291: 9887: 8031: 7984: 7473: 5894: 3879:“Why Am I Still Here?” The 2007 Horn of Africa Renditions and the Fate of Those Still Missing 3872: 3680: 3548: 3296: 3268: 3157: 3086: 2948: 2822:. During August violence in Mogadishu escalated sharply. Ethiopian troops utilized tanks and 2743: 2661: 2509: 2268: 2181: 2069: 1708: 1683: 1619: 1478: 1188: 1044: 1014: 745: 595: 13141: 13072: 12529:

Al-Qaeda's Post-9/11 Devolution: The Failed Jihadist Struggle Against the Near and Far Enemy

10053: 7776: 7272:

Al-Qaeda's Post-9/11 Devolution: The Failed Jihadist Struggle Against the Near and Far Enemy

16:

Ethiopian invasion and military occupation of southern and central Somalia from 2006 to 2009

17074: 17014: 16727: 15824: 15445: 15302: 15251: 15075: 14681: 14666: 14611: 14521: 14491: 14275: 14175: 13776: 13699: 13558: 13044: 12759: 11545: 9868: 9720: 9383: 9311: 8836: 8103: 7753: 7357: 7036: 6942: 6771: 5631: 4643: 4285: 3807: 3773: 3722: 3585: 3104: 2783: 2517: 2508:, and their pursuit using Ethiopian and American airstrikes until a final stand during the 2353: 1988: 1863: 1679: 1607: 1603: 1383: 1262: 1257: 1097: 709: 497: 484: 415: 131: 108: 15719: 12927: 12288: 9882: 9863:

Abdinur, Mustafa Haji (March 18, 2007). "Somali insurgents step up attacks in Mogadishu".

7584: 7464: 7462: 2496:

Military events in January 2007 focused on the southern section of Somalia, primarily the

8: 17038: 16414: 16214: 16136: 15680: 14799: 14701: 14641: 14400: 14385: 14355: 13902: 13786: 11960: 11313: 9359: 8044: 8026: 8010: 7136: 5191:

Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia in December 2006 to crush the Islamic Courts Union (ICU)

4550:

Terrorism and Political Contention: New Perspectives on North Africa and the Sahel Region

4255: 4097: 4069: 4038: 3984: 3815: 3656: 3613: 3420: 3332: 3181: 2656: 2594: 2396: 2324: 2312: 2244: 2130: 1876: 1764: 1658: 1493: 1465: 1350: 1220: 1149: 685: 3764:

and the new Transitional Government of led Sharif. A growing divide was reported in the

3156:. The agreement was met with resistance from elements within the TFG, chiefly President 16420: 16203: 16180: 15930: 15920: 15915: 15675: 15651: 15608: 15226: 15221: 15147: 14890: 14804: 14571: 14405: 14345: 14340: 13883: 13858: 13839: 13781: 12640:"Somali FM accuses Ethiopia of killing over 20,000 civilians during 2007-2008 invasion" 12614:

External Intervention in Somalia's civil war: Security promotion and national interests

12370: 11363: 10750: 10585: 9983: 9952: 9923: 9697: 9392: 9161:

Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005-2012

8990: 8528:

Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005-2012

8454: 8230: 7812: 7670: 7459: 7328: 6893: 6300: 6268: 5958: 5789: 5739: 5581: 5382: 5315: 4606: 4115: 3968: 3932:– Al Jazeera English report on Ethiopian military withdrawal from Somalia (15 Jan 2009) 3901: 3856: 3513: 3300: 2952: 2940: 2712: 2404: 2400: 2365: 2264: 2260: 2236: 2134: 2057: 2044: 2000: 1945: 1920: 1818: 1425:

peacekeeping operation, sending thousands of troops to Somalia to bolster the besieged

721: 697: 631: 607: 13287: 13257:"allAfrica.com: Somalia: Hawiye Elders Say Mediation Efforts Going Well (Page 1 of 1)" 12717:

Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north

12182: 11267: 11087: 10953: 10813: 9101: 8808: 6743: 6172:

Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north

3299:, accusing him of being a dictator and an obstacle to peace. After TFG prime minister 2888:

cutting across clan lines. The Ethiopian invasion was the groups primary catalyst for

2793:

In mid-2007, as Ethiopian troops were getting mired in the insurgency, Prime Minister

2578:, were fired for calling for a compromise with the ICU. Members of the TFG present in 2411:'s capital, Mogadishu having captured the strategic town of Jowhar. That same day the 17160: 17004: 16674: 16533: 16468: 16007: 15803: 15793: 15664: 15613: 15297: 15138: 14840: 14789: 14451: 14375: 14350: 14330: 14280: 13616: 13236: 13151: 13120: 13082: 13048: 12937: 12846: 12731: 12721: 12533: 12481: 12374: 12362: 11812: 11367: 11355: 11020: 10768: 10740: 10691: 10589: 10577: 10049: 10024: 9988: 9974: 9915: 9844: 9701: 9689: 9643: 9600: 9559: 9276: 9048: 8994: 8982: 8874: 8556: 8501: 8339: 8314: 8289: 8259: 8234: 8222: 8176: 8144: 7930: 7786: 7538: 7415: 7332: 7320: 7276: 7246: 7200: 6969: 6885: 6360: 6260: 6219: 6186: 6176: 6106: 6068: 6006: 5950: 5845: 5793: 5781: 5743: 5731: 5585: 5573: 5372: 5363:, Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts and Security, Pluto Press, pp. 156–177, 5320: 5284: 5215: 4735: 4673: 4610: 4598: 4554: 4353: 4003: 3491: 3375: 3094: 3067: 2876: 2803: 2756: 2677: 2652: 2564: 2531: 2451: 2432: 2220: 2017: 1984: 1755:

region reported about 50 ENDF armored vehicles had passed through the border town of

1029: 765: 509: 16849: 16038: 12156: 10912: 9501:

Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2008). "Ethiopian Occupation and American Terror in Somalia".

3923: 3917: 3907: 3399:

After the parliament took in 200 officials from the 'moderate' Islamist opposition,

3351:

shortly, and but later stated that it would first help secure the withdrawal of the

2441:

Route of ICU withdrawal from southern front and Mogadishu between 27 and 29 December

17108: 17008: 16800: 16503: 16107: 15312: 15307: 14953: 14335: 14310: 14131: 14004: 13834: 13694: 13611: 13596: 13514: 13442: 13211: 12814: 12512: 12354: 11723: 11347: 11247: 11115: 11057: 10886: 10732: 10681: 10673: 10569: 10534: 10152: 9786: 9681: 9592: 9215: 9133: 8974: 8214: 7979:"Somali Government, Islamists Reportedly in 'Heavy Fighting' on 'Several' Fronts". 7922: 7506: 7389: 7312: 6674: 5998: 5773: 5723: 5565: 5427: 5364: 5059: 4801: 4590: 4519: 4150: 4061: 4030: 3958: 3609: 3258:

in Mogadishu destroyed in an ambush while resupplying besieged troops (22 Nov 2008)

3063: 3018: 2960: 2872: 2773: 2747: 2521: 2185: 1937: 1837: 1634:

Somali rebels who assisted Ethiopian troops that invaded central Somali during the

1596: 1558: 1230: 1225: 1024: 1009: 749: 153: 41: 13961: 12358: 10754: 10736: 10724: 10573: 9685: 9596: 9137: 8978: 7221: 6926: 6209: 5777: 5727: 5569: 4594: 4065: 4034: 3431:, a blackout of information regarding the war prevailed. Opposition groups in the 3423:

enforced by the Ethiopian government government from 2006 to 2009. In early 2007,

2554:

publicly expressed concern that the American attacks would escalate the conflict.

17059: 16867: 16491: 16335: 15935: 15770: 15573: 15317: 15216: 15211: 15206: 14315: 14270: 14230: 14121: 13934: 13661: 13626: 13621: 13504: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13336:"Somali parties call for removal of Ethiopian troops, blast "colluding" AU envoy" 13256: 13230: 13146: 13077: 13038: 12882: 12527: 12475: 12391: 11432: 11351: 11255: 11228: 11199: 11168: 11142: 10940: 10235: 10212:

Hormuud Habaabay: Milicsiga Kacdoonkii Maxaakiimta Islaamiga Ahaa (2006-2009 kii)

10210: 10019: 9553: 9420: 9339: 8869: 8682: 8622: 8138: 8052: 7635: 7409: 7270: 6757: 6354: 6166: 5901: 5839: 5274: 4859: 4548: 3999: 3703: 3692: 3684: 3675:

fringe movement to a dominant insurgent political force. Instead of eliminating '

3622: 3023: 3014: 2963:

observed that the TFG was 'little more' than a collection of armed rival groups.

2919: 2811: 2751: 2673: 2669: 2513: 2505: 2497: 2463: 2459: 2454:

to the Ethiopian and TFG forces on December 28, the Islamists retreated from the

2208: 2118: 2013: 1692: 1570: 1081: 1039: 1034: 991: 986: 981: 12781: 12157:"Ethiopia to pullout Somalia after guarantying safe departure of AU troops – PM" 12014: 11904: 11687: 11659: 11628: 11405:"ICU Spokesman: We Will Continue Attacks on Ethiopian and Somali Military Bases" 11221: 10494: 10412: 10331: 10256: 10143: 10075: 9842:"Somali leader rules out Islamists participation in reconciliation conference". 9555:

The Muslims Are Coming!: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror

9237: 8904: 8770: 8639: 8401:

Hormuud Habaabay: Milicsiga Kacdoonkii Maxaakiimta Islaamiga Ahaa (2006-2009kii)

7951: 7222:"Puntland Islamist Fighters Join the Union of Islamic Courts in Central Somalia" 7062: 6700: 5810: 5682: 5654: 5456: 5357:"The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors" 5025: 4999: 4969: 4919: 4828: 4229: 4169: 4018: 3920:– Al Jazeera English report on insurgent advances across the south (31 Aug 2008) 3267:

Mired by infighting, the TFG was once again on the brink of collapse. President

3263:

Collapse of Abdullahi Yusuf administration and formation of coalition government

2702:

and more than a thousand people, mostly civilians, were killed. ICU insurgents,

2589:

On 19 January, insurgents in Mogadishu launched an assault on the ENDF/TFG held

2043:

ultimately became the most powerful and active element. The TFGs prime minister

16987: 16720: 16715: 16527: 16521: 16509: 16453: 15874: 15236: 15173: 15163: 14919: 14751: 14265: 13922: 13206: 12877: 12809: 12754: 12626:

No official figure for UPDF troop casualties in Somalia has ever been published

12131: 11878: 11513: 11409: 11308: 10988: 10846: 10116: 10060: 9849: 9530: 9306: 8482:"Somalia: Islamist fighters and Ethiopian backed militias clash in Bandiradley" 8399: 8364: 7871: 7748: 7501: 7352: 7162: 7031: 5386: 5356: 4475: 3835: 3448:

uniforms to conceal their presence. Shortly after the January 2009 withdrawal,

3368: 3244: 3130: 3098: 3051: 3010: 2956: 2897: 2815: 2739: 2628: 2526: 2392: 2164: 2126: 2110: 1973: 1833: 1814: 1328: 1215: 1176: 643: 8218: 7926: 7316: 7166: 3929: 3897: 3109:

By mid-2008, Al-Shabaab, Islamic Courts Union loyalists and supporters of the

2676:

fire volume. A large ENDF convoy was ambushed, leading to a major battle near

2250:

As the ENDF advanced towards Mogadishu, they encountered fierce resistance in

17181: 17145: 16946: 16928: 16884: 16776: 16539: 16515: 15548: 15496: 15430: 15332: 15168: 15064: 14973: 14861: 14511: 14009: 13917: 13810: 13452: 13399: 13155: 13086: 12994: 12941: 12850: 12735: 12588: 12366: 11991: 11816: 11784: 11633: 11359: 11024: 10695: 10612: 10581: 10182: 10028: 9992: 9919: 9781: 9693: 9604: 9280: 9079: 8986: 8878: 8701: 8226: 8180: 7934: 7790: 7726: 7542: 7443: 7324: 7099: 7027:"Somalia war fears soar as Islamists reinforce, Ethiopia says ready to fight" 6973: 6964: 6889: 6805: 6766: 6638: 6576: 6544: 6459: 6385: 6334: 6264: 6223: 6190: 6110: 6072: 6010: 5986: 5954: 5785: 5735: 5577: 5324: 5219: 5114: 5056:"Ethiopian PM says Somalia's Islamists have suffered thousands of casualties" 5029: 4955: 4768: 4739: 4677: 4602: 4450: 4413: 4381: 3972: 3800: 3560: 3465: 3440: 3308: 3186: 3169: 3022:

receiving significant funds from both the local business communities and the

2936: 2665: 2613: 2590: 2412: 2349: 2199:

tank captured by Islamic Courts Union fighters at the Idaale front (Dec 2006)

2142: 2122: 1931:

The most significant event to immediately prelude the war was the passing of

1871: 1826: 1740: 1703: 1554: 1418: 1379: 1343: 932: 777: 662: 650: 638: 521: 313: 214: 12453:"Ethiopia premier says army went to Somalia to foil Eritrean 'conspiracy'". 11746:

Mohamed Guled, Abdinasir; Amiin, Mohammed; Ahmed, Amir (November 23, 2008).

7439:"Ethiopia issues arrest warrant for Colonel who led deadly Somalia invasion" 6002: 5368: 3963: 3806:

In late 2011, Ethiopian troops returned to Somalia Somalia (coinciding with

3584:

By the end of the occupation, the majority of the territory seized from the

2159:

The first battle of the full-scale invasion began soon after the withdrawal

16081: 15834: 15777: 15543: 15231: 14885: 13764: 13182: 12990:"Who Could Have Predicted the U.S. War in Somalia Would Fail? The Pentagon" 12932: 12841: 12715: 11433:"allAfrica.com: Somalia: Islamic Court Opened Near Mogadishu (Page 1 of 1)" 10121: 9622: 9271: 9016: 7781: 6214: 6196:

the regime. It began its unprovoked and ultimately unsuccessful invasion...

6170: 5185: 4915: 4703: 4668: 3826:

withdrew thousands of troops from Somalia and redeployed them to fight the

3761: 3691:, but was rebuffed by bin Laden. Several months after the ENDF withdrawal, 3660: 3564: 3449: 3313: 3059: 2927: 2923: 2889: 2819: 2794: 2583: 2547: 2437: 2348:

from various Somali clans. Fighting against forces with complete armor and

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began on December 23, 2006, when Ethiopian and Puntland forces, along with

2251: 2232: 2216: 2101: 2065: 2005: 1867: 1732: 1712: 1662:

Somalia, even after Ethiopia had admitted its troops were inside Somalia.

667: 655: 583: 571: 547: 12584:"At least 3,500 AU soldiers killed in fight against Al-Shabaab in Somalia" 12428: 11935:"Somali gov't, opposition sign power-sharing deal – People's Daily Online" 11843: 11143:"allAfrica.com: Somalia: Somali Rebels Seize Two More Towns (Page 1 of 1)" 11050:"Mogadishu residents express outrage after Ethiopian troops attack mosque" 9205: 8734: 7563:"FAST Update Somalia: Trends in conflict and cooperation Feb - Mar 2007". 5493: 1956:

issued a statement openly accusing the ICU leadership of being members of

17155: 17150: 16700: 16474: 16229: 15490: 15241: 15178: 13769: 13310: 11986: 10607: 10227: 10177: 9776: 9074: 8832:"Expelling the Infidel: Historical Look at Somali Resistance to Ethiopia" 8696: 7094: 6800: 6761: 6633: 6571: 6539: 6454: 6380: 6286: 5110:"Ethiopian troops unwelcome to Somalia, they killed 20,000 citizens - FM" 4445: 4408: 4376: 3730: 3589: 3537: 3428: 3390:

Situation in Somalia in February 2009, following the Ethiopian withdrawal

2738:

During the fierce fighting, the Ethiopian army reportedly engaged in the

2708: 2568: 2551: 2416: 2300: 2167:

teams clashed at around the settlement of Idaale, 60 kilometres south of

1992: 1900: 1767:

claimed that 300 ENDF had entered the country through the border town of

1675: 1615: 1557:

lands during the 1890s, initiating the process of incorporation into the

1161: 559: 49: 12262: 9927: 9903: 6094: 5962: 5938: 4821: 4119: 4101: 3571:

and executions. Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi publicly dismissed reports of

3105:

Islamist territorial expansion and Djibouti Agreement (June–August 2008)

1390:(TFG). The conflict continued after the invasion when an anti-Ethiopian 16771: 15925: 15869: 15839: 15287: 15277: 14871: 12075: 12047: 10107: 9904:"Kapitel 12 Harakat al-Shabaab, and Somalia's current state of affairs" 9864: 9749: 8584: 7835: 7565: 7095:"Ogaden rebels to resist Ethiopian army if it attacks Somali-statement" 6999: 6897: 6873: 6325: 6295: 6272: 6248: 6032: 5895:

President Isaias reiterates that Eritrea did not send troops to Somalia

5554:"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" 4579:"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" 4409:"Ogaden rebels to resist Ethiopian army if it attacks Somali-statement" 4205:"Inside Look at the Fighting Between Al-Shabab and Ahlu-Sunna wal-Jama" 4048:"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" 3827: 3509: 3231: 3126: 3090: 3078: 3031: 2767: 2727: 2716: 2680:, and a high-ranking TFG regional police commander was assassinated in 2455: 2372: 2357: 2320: 2280: 1916: 1892: 1804:

troops had built up inside Somalia by this point. On 23 July 2006, the

1631: 1584: 1562: 1391: 1338: 1198: 1171: 112: 13391: 12682:"TPLF loyalists should understand that selective justice is injustice" 10686: 8024:"Somalia fighting enters second day, Islamists reportedly advancing". 3243:

loyal to the Islamic Courts Union and Al-Shabaab fought each other in

2163:

expired on 19 December 2006. Fighting broke out that evening when two

1702:, deeply opposed any foreign military intervention on Somali soil. An 14866: 11883: 10881: 10677: 10529: 9075:"Somalia: Warlordism, Ethiopian Invasion, Dictatorship and US's Role" 9044: 8935: 8673: 8634: 8632: 8613: 8140:

Inside Al-Shabaab The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally

7691: 6917: 6838: 6508: 6483: 6420: 6416:"Border war feared as Somali Islamists vow holy war against Ethiopia" 6142: 6137: 5422: 4514: 4377:"Ogaden rebels destroy Ethiopian military convoy en route to Somalia" 4340:. February 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007 4300: 4274: 3911: 3597: 3572: 3529: 3255: 3218: 3165: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2668:

with mortars moments after he arrived. In a telephone interview with

2447: 2388: 2316: 2212: 2196: 2177: 2160: 2086: 2073: 1903:. The next day ICU forces ambushed an ENDF convoy outside of Baidoa. 1888: 1859: 1671: 1641: 1500: 1470: 1453: 1410: 142:

Insurgency recaptures majority of south/central Somalia and Mogadishu

59: 12562:

Twenty Years of Collapse and Counting The Cost of Failure in Somalia

10286:"Somali militant group vows to continue with attacks in Mogadishu". 5627:"The New Humanitarian | Puntland capital calm but "extremely tense"" 1561:. Several decades of growing tension and conflict culminated in the 16597: 16318: 16070: 15966: 15765: 15750: 15618: 15558: 15435: 15267: 15183: 15158: 15090: 14968: 14948: 13897: 13878: 13759: 13369: 13178:"وزير العدل الصومالي: السياسة الإثيوبية تجاه الصومال ستشعل المنطقة" 12423: 12187: 12019: 11987:"Think-tank calls to involve Somali Islamists in political process" 11692: 11664: 11638: 10818: 10499: 10336: 10080: 9242: 9210: 9106: 8803: 8775: 8729: 8644: 8408: 8070: 7956: 7187:. December 5, 2006. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010 7067: 6705: 5815: 5687: 5659: 5498: 5461: 4924: 3742: 3688: 3676: 3517: 3473: 3424: 3276: 3153: 2901: 2875:

observed at the end of 2007 that the Ethiopian army aimed to win a

2807: 2799: 2688: 2586:

after they publicly called for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops.

2539: 1957: 1822: 1723:

The Ethiopian invasion began with the dispatch of several thousand

1698:

The majority of Somali society, including much of the newly formed

1542: 1398: 1375: 626: 578: 566: 554: 542: 289: 276: 251: 189: 11719:"Unified Ethiopian Opposition Seeks Troop Withdrawal From Somalia" 10525:"Prospects 2008: Worsening crises wrack Horn of Africa - Ethiopia" 8629: 4764:"Ethiopian army pays tribute to its soldiers that died in Somalia" 4326: 3172:

during 2008, an increase from several hundred at the end of 2006.

2664:

accused ICU rebels in Mogadishu of being responsible for shelling

2085:

reported American and British Special Forces, along with US-hired

1899:. On 29 November, the courts claimed Ethiopian forces had shelled 15322: 14943: 14931: 14904: 13892: 13848: 13824: 13350:"Ethiopia Withdraws Thousands of Troops From Neighboring Somalia" 12289:"Moderate Islamic group claims victory over rival hardline group" 12104: 11204: 10851: 9754: 9472: 9387:. January 7, 2007. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. 9041:

US Strategy in Africa: AFRICOM, Terrorism and Security Challenges

8909: 8006: 7839: 7696: 7640: 7529:"In Somalia, foreign intervention won't resolve Al Shabab threat" 7497:"Somali Prime Minister Conciliatory After Talks About His Future" 6913:"Ethiopian Troops Capture Burhakaba 180 Km Away From the Capital" 6513: 5245: 4864: 4480: 4174: 3781: 3769: 3536:

for increasing violent criminality. Under the command of Colonel

3521: 3356: 3348: 3118: 3035: 3017:

became a target for looting and vandalism by the Ethiopian army.

2982: 2947:

obstruction of relief aid deliveries. During 2008, TFG President

2681: 2579: 2501: 2475: 2471: 2408: 2384: 2204: 2082: 2035: 1849: 1842: 1797: 1654: 1538: 614: 602: 590: 467: 441: 383: 344: 258: 196: 86: 15033: 12805:"Ethiopia PM Charges 'Smear Campaign' Against Troops in Somalia" 11874:"How the War on Terror pushed Somalia into the arms of al-Qaeda" 8038: 7181:"Somaliland: Defected Officers Join Islamic Courts in Mogadishu" 6801:"Somali ministers resigns to protest Ethiopian troop deployment" 5026:"Ethiopian army accomplished 75% of mission in Somalia – Zenawi" 5000:"Ethiopian army accomplished 75% of mission in Somalia – Zenawi" 3295:

In December 2008, the TFG parliament moved to impeach President

2774:

Widening of conflict and rebel consolidation (May–December 2007)

2458:

valley. Heavy artillery fire was reported on December 31 in the

2100:

over the months since the first incursion in June 2006. Much of

15844: 11080:"Bush/Neocon, Zinawi's Tigre Christian Crusade Against Somalia" 6572:"Somali Islamists urge pressure on Ethiopia to withdraw troops" 4222: 3796: 3777: 3601: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3304: 3227: 3122: 3114: 3005:

was carried out by Ethiopian troops, inflaming the insurgency.

2931: 2852: 2703: 2645: 2376: 2291: 2287: 2168: 2105: 2097: 1911: 1896: 1809: 1781: 1728: 1546: 1474: 396: 370: 118: 13284:"Somalia's New President Continues Push for Insurgent Support" 12229: 9883:"Somalia: Routinely Targeted: Attacks on Civilians in Somalia" 7470:"Remnants of Somalia Islamists still pose a threat – official" 4884:"The Somali National Army Versus al-Shabaab: A Net Assessment" 4542: 4540: 3787:

Despite the withdrawal of most ENDF troops following the 2008

3175: 2966: 2574:

Several high ranking figures of the TFG, including ex-speaker

12964:"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, a Debacle U.S. Official says" 6095:"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame" 5939:"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame" 4334:"Ugandan Troops Set to Arrive in Somalia as Part of AU Force" 4123: 4102:"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame" 3235: 3027: 2479: 2467: 1880: 1817:, taking control of the airport and landing two helicopters. 1768: 1756: 1492:

During January 2009, former head of the Islamic Courts Union

357: 230: 15665:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

12503:"Ethiopia readying southern Somalia surge against Al-shabab" 10439:"Al Jazeera English - News - Somalia Says Rebels Regrouping" 9352: 9350: 8543:"Islamists claim they seized Gasarte quite closer to Baidoa" 7666:"So Much to Fear: War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia" 7615:

Hollar, Jullie (March–April 2008). "Rediscovering Somalia".

6834:"Somalia's transitional government on the verge of collapse" 3699:

in 2011, Al-Shabaab pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda in 2012.

3367:

peacekeepers was seen as putting additional pressure on the

2520:(KDF) convoys driving over the border, and residents in the 2423:, called for Ethiopia to withdraw from Somalia immediately. 2056:

Prior to the invasion significant military intelligence and

1127: 15749: 15153: 15143: 11780:"7 Somali soldiers, Ethiopian officer defect to insurgency" 11460:

Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia

9639:

Peacekeeping and the African Union: Building Negative Peace

9130:"Military Official Reports Second US Air Strike in Somalia" 7141: 6540:"Somali govt restricts Shabelle radio over Ethiopia claims" 4797:"Somali Capital Empties as Residents Flee Renewed Violence" 4537: 3209:

Footage uploaded on Islamic Courts insurgent website of an

1772: 1760: 1752: 1417:

eventually assumed a pivotal role. In the same period, the

924: 888: 862: 55: 12474:

Vrey, Francois; Mandrup, Thomas, eds. (October 28, 2017).

12239:. Monstersandcritics.com. January 29, 2009. Archived from 10662:"Revenge or reward? The case of Somalia's suicide bombers" 7167:

The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis

6604:"Ethiopian Troops Enter Somalia to Resist Islamic Militia" 3904:

report on ICU insurgents in southern Somalia (14 Sep 2007)

3853:

So Much To Fear: War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia

3830:. In July 2022, as the Tigray War was ongoing, Al-Shabaab 3791:, there has been a continued occupation of Somalia by the 2582:

were threatened with expulsion by Kenyan foreign minister

2343:

Map of the initial Ethiopian advancements in December 2006

2081:

were on the ground before the Ethiopians had intervened.

12911: 11752: 11232: 10558:"Political, Economic, and Ideological Warfare in Somalia" 10364: 9347: 8697:"Ethiopian planes bomb Islamist-held airports in Somalia" 7589: 7301:"Incorporating Africa's Conflicts into the War on Terror" 6210:"Sending African troops into Somalia 'would trigger war'" 6022: 6020: 5604: 5206:

Ibrahim, Mohamed; Gettleman, Jeffrey (January 13, 2009).

4632:"Ethiopia Faces Ethnic Fallout from Somalia Intervention" 3885:

Copy of Djibouti Agreement signed between the ARS and TFG

3410: 2806:. In July 2007, the insurgency had spread to the greater 2726:

Civilians undergo a mass exodus from Mogadishu to escape

2557: 1747:'heavy armoured vehicles' along many of the towns on the 76:(2 years, 7 months, 1 week and 1 day) 10178:"Ogaden rebels denounce Ethiopian war crimes in Somalia" 7687:"Somali PM says 8,000 foreign fighters with Islamists -" 5309:

Ibrahim, Mohamed; Gettleman, Jeffrey (January 2, 2009).

4446:"Ethiopia prepares to attack Somali Islamists – Eritrea" 3476:

in support of his government suffered heavy casualties.

1987:

and jets had been involved in the offensive against the

1784:. Additionally, the TFG arrested several reporters from 1569:

in the hope of incorporating the Ogaden into a unitary '

12343:"Fragmented Peacekeeping: The African Union in Somalia" 12263:"Ahlu Suna Wal Jamea supported by Ethiopian government" 11745: 11482:"Somalia: Situation Report No. 29 - 25 Jul 2008 | OCHA" 10877:"Fractured TFG undermines security prospects - Somalia" 9777:"Insurgency and intrigue could return Somalia to chaos" 9670:"Fragmented Peacekeeping: The African Union in Somalia" 9302:"Former member of Islamic movement killed in Mogadishu" 8669:"Ethiopian Gunship Helicopter Shot Down in Bandiradley" 8609:"Ethiopian Warplane Air Bombs Mogadishu's Main Airport" 7777:"How US forged an alliance with Ethiopia over invasion" 5018: 2092:

Before the full-scale invasion began, more than 10,000

1792:

to pressure Ethiopian forces to withdraw from Somalia.

12392:"Somalia: Ethiopian troops 'to hand over to AU force'" 12237:"Moderate Islamists seize town from Somali insurgents" 10360:"Crowd drags Ethiopian corpse, echoing 1993 brutality" 8905:"Somalia insurgents accuse Kenya over border security" 6017: 5355:

Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2013), Bereketeab, Redie (ed.),

4546: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4170:"Somalia insurgents accuse Kenya over border security" 3592:

resistance groups. The invasion failed to empower the

3540:, nicknamed 'Butcher of Mogadishu', soldiers from the 3197:

and the TFG. It was to go into effect on 5 November.

3152:

signed a ceasefire agreement after months of talks in

2715:

reported that the Ethiopian army extensively utilized

16068: 13040:

Who's who in the Somali Insurgency: A Reference Guide

12907:"Ethiopia Invades Somalia In Fight Against Al-Shabab" 12709: 12707: 11336:"Somalia and global terrorism: A growing connection?" 8931:""A big white plane" spreads fear in Somali villages" 7999:"Somali govt, Islamists to resume talks amid clashes" 7659: 7657: 7655: 6061:"Somali Says Ethiopian Presence Is Just the Uniforms" 3989:"Ethiopian Occupation and American Terror in Somalia" 3841: 3659:, which described the ICU groups as the governments ' 3479: 2601: 2020:, directly intervened in support of the ENDF. The US 1630:(TNG) formed in 2000, and prior to that had led anti- 12341:

Albrecht, Peter; Haenlein, Cathy (January 2, 2016).

10934:

al-Shabaab reenter Dinsor, threaten to attack Baidoa

10144:"SOMALIA: Resistance to TFG deepens and diversifies" 9668:

Albrecht, Peter; Haenlein, Cathy (January 2, 2016).

9416:"Major Warlord Surrenders Arms to Somali Government" 9122: 8749: 8203:"The U.S.–Africa Command and Pan-African Resistance" 8045:

Fighting erupts on Somali front near govt stronghold

6479:"Ethiopia troops crossing into Somalia-top Islamist" 5991:

African Journal of International and Comparative Law

5144:"Number of displaced in Somalia tops 1 million mark" 5089:"Sharif back in Mogadishu as death toll hits 16,210" 5083: 5081: 3950:

African Journal of International and Comparative Law

2352:

the ICU front line began to collapse in the face of

13991: 13716:

2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash

12100:"Ethiopia says AU peacekeepers to quit Somalia too" 11383:

Routinely Targeted: Attacks on civilians in Somalia

11111:"Divide Widens Between Insurgent Groups in Somalia" 9433: 9431: 8551:. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. 8444: 8442: 8169:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op" 7775:Rice, Xan; Goldenberg, Suzanne (January 13, 2007). 7472:. Associated Press. January 4, 2007. Archived from 7385:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op" 7245:(1st ed.). London: I. B. Tauris. p. 144. 5104: 5102: 4728:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op" 4458: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4308:"Nigeria to send peacekeeping battalion to Somalia" 4256:"Burundi troops ready to join Somalia peacekeepers" 4146:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op" 3914:

report on insurgency in Mogadishu (10 October 2007)

3869:

Routinely targeted: Attacks on civilians in Somalia

2855:, which was then taken quickly over by insurgents. 158:

conflict between 'radical' and 'moderate' Islamists

13392:Articles related to the war in Somalia (2006–2009) 12750:"Ethiopian troops cut throats in Somalia: Amnesty" 12704: 12124: 10209:Garyare, Suldaan Maxamed Suldaan Ibraahim (2015). 10142: 10055:"Ethiopian Helicopter Shot Down in Somali Capital" 9716:"Violence out of control, say Mogadishu residents" 9504:Post-Conflict Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa 9267:"Return of warlords as Somali capital is captured" 9176:"Ethiopian troops to leave Somalia 'within weeks'" 8488:. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007 8474: 7744:"Lawless Somalia draws influx of foreign fighters" 7652: 6957: 6950: 6504:"Somalia gov't says Islamists plan to attack base" 6410: 6408: 4371: 4369: 3996:Post-Conflict Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa 3394: 1948:and an international endorsement of the invasion. 1891:. The distance between the opposing forces on the 1642:Information warfare, disinformation and propaganda 13365:"Al-Shabab seeks to 'put down roots' in Ethiopia" 11568:Albadri, Abukar; Sanders, Edmund (June 1, 2008). 10468: 10464: 10462: 10460: 9902:Hansen, Stig Jarle; Gaas, Mohamed Husein (2011). 9663: 9661: 9659: 9068: 9066: 9064: 8249: 8247: 7911:"The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts" 7823: 6455:"Ethiopian troops enter Somalia – Islamic leader" 5932: 5930: 5078: 3605:achieving several of its most important demands. 3379:under control of Islamist factions, particularly 2935:Ethiopian and TFG forces. In early January 2008, 1565:where Somalia launched an invasion to assist the 17179: 12340: 11194: 11192: 11190: 10731:(1 ed.), RAND Corporation, pp. 39–70, 10389:"Familiar Scenes of Violence Arise in Mogadishu" 10306:"Somalia: Situation Report - 19 Oct 2007 | OCHA" 9667: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9428: 8439: 8063: 6634:"ONLF shoots down Ethiopian military helicopter" 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5308: 5205: 5099: 4992: 4758: 4756: 4433: 3863:Shell-Shocked Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu 3363:before withdrawing. The quick withdrawal of the 3062:was reported to have been present. According to 2759:was shot down by Somali fighters using portable 1942:Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs 1695:observes that the invasion had been unprovoked. 12554: 12552: 11838: 11836: 10789:"The Impacts of Ethiopia's Invasion of Somalia" 9206:"Islamic fighters defeated, Somali leader says" 8521: 8519: 8517: 8017: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7610: 7608: 7294: 7292: 6867: 6865: 6495: 6405: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5494:"Last Ethiopian troops leave Somalia's capital" 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5304: 5302: 5300: 4366: 3930:Chaos feared in Somalia as Ethiopians pull back 3749: 3666: 3125:. By July, ICU forces controlled the cities of 2360:concurrent to Ethiopian airstrikes against the 1606:during the early 2000s, along with the growing 13429: 13016:Bradbury, Mark; Healy, Sally (February 2010). 12384: 12211:"Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president" 11844:"Somali Islamists emboldened, eyes on capital" 11567: 10469:Williams, Paul D.; E. Bruton, Bronwyn (2014). 10457: 9656: 9061: 8360:"'Somali Islamic Courts' Withdrawal Tactical'" 8327: 8244: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8064:Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed (December 22, 2006). 7774: 7664:Albin-Lackey, Christopher (December 8, 2008). 6471: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5526:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 4079:"Ethiopia's intervention in Somalia 2006-2009" 3234:. The TFG lost control of the vital port city 1850:September–November 2006 incursions and clashes 1759:and pushed 50 km inland near the town of 1718: 1372:Ethiopian intervention in the Somali Civil War 962: 16054: 15855:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa 15735: 15049: 14427:2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu 13977: 13415: 13015: 12837:"EU given war crime warning over Somalia aid" 12661:Albin-Lackey, Christopher (August 12, 2008). 12654: 11304:"US' Somalia Policy Likely to Bring Blowback" 11187: 10773:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 9487: 9465:"Gunmen attack Ethiopian troops in Mogadishu" 9410: 9408: 9012:"Did U.S. action create Somali pirate haven?" 8725:"Ethiopians closing in on capital of Somalia" 7768: 7264: 7262: 6240: 5907: 5481: 5442: 5149:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 4753: 4699:"Did U.S. action create Somali pirate haven?" 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 3918:Opposition fighters gaining ground in Somalia 3760:Mediation had begun between the newly formed 2466:, without a fight and retreating towards the 1113: 948: 925:§ Casualties and human rights violations 149:from Mogadishu and majority of Somalia (2009) 14366:2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer 13362: 13308: 13281: 13110: 12660: 12558: 12549: 12448: 12446: 11937:. English.people.com.cn. November 26, 2008. 11833: 11805:"Islamists Continue Advance Through Somalia" 11713: 11711: 10708:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 10608:"Ethiopian soldiers beat, rape Somali woman" 9979:"Somali Battles Bring Charges of War Crimes" 9814: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 8865:"U.S. drone base in Ethiopia is operational" 8514: 8397: 8162: 8160: 8143:. Indiana University Press. pp. 27–45. 7908: 7891: 7663: 7636:"Somali Islamists weakened but not defeated" 7605: 7289: 6862: 5703: 5532: 5418:"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia" 5341: 5297: 5268: 5266: 5264: 4860:"Somali Islamists weakened but not defeated" 4553:. Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 376. 4510:"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia" 4471:"Ethiopian troops cross border into Somalia" 3768:organization that controls much of southern 3683:in 2008, Al-Shabaab began publicly courting 3347:announced it would withdraw its troops from 3066:, US officials claimed the town was held by 2646:Rise of the insurgency (February–April 2007) 1910:(ONLF) declared that it would not allow the 1776:crossed our borders and are heading for us.” 99: 15624:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 14127:Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa 13510:Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa 12473: 12419:"Ethiopia finds itself ensnared in Somalia" 12159:. SudanTribune article. December 24, 2008. 11748:"Ethiopian troops remain in Somali capital" 9745:"First AU peacekeepers arrive in Mogadishu" 8961:Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (November 2, 2018). 8338:. New York, NY: Nation Books. p. 208. 8258:. New York, NY: Nation Books. p. 219. 8123: 7234: 6756: 6667:"Ethiopian troops enter second Somali town" 6291:"Somalia for the Somalis: An idea in peril" 5969: 5838:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (February 25, 2003). 5163: 4877: 4875: 4625: 4623: 4310:. Reuters. January 24, 2007. Archived from 3702:A sharp increase in radical recruitment in 3176:Insurgent victory (September–December 2008) 2967:Escalation of insurgency (January–May 2008) 16061: 16047: 15742: 15728: 15056: 15042: 13984: 13970: 13422: 13408: 12873:"Call for inquiry into US role in Somalia" 12532:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 133. 12123:Dickinson, Elizabeth (December 12, 2008). 11013:"Somalia's Government Teeters on Collapse" 10943:on Garoweonline accessed at March 19, 2008 9901: 9405: 9238:"Fears stalk Somalia's capital once again" 9073:Samatar, Abdi Ismail (February 14, 2007). 7346:Abdinur, Mustafa Haji (December 9, 2006). 7275:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 133. 7259: 6381:"Ethiopian troops massed on Somali border" 6133:"Tentative hope and little else - Somalia" 5241:"Ethiopian troops quit bases in Mogadishu" 5002:. SudanTribune article. December 3, 2006. 4248: 4185: 3729:carried out by the Islamic Courts Union's 3579: 3140:Somali insurgents on patrol (27 July 2008) 3009:ENDF troops repeatedly looted Mogadishu's 2951:began undermining the new Prime Minister, 2691:region and from Somalis across the world. 2356:. Defending Islamist forces withdrew from 1954:United States Assistant Secretary of State 1514:in 2014 in order to counter the growth of 1120: 1106: 955: 941: 13235:. African Books Collective. p. 111. 13175: 12443: 12416: 12122: 11802: 11708: 11626: 11010: 10685: 10386: 10225: 10048: 9973: 9793: 9332: 8157: 7832:"Troops dig in as Somalia war fears grow" 7813:"Ethiopia intervenes in Somali civil war" 7684: 7130:Pflanz, Mike Pflanz (November 24, 2006). 6501: 6058: 5311:"Ethiopian Army Begins Leaving Mogadishu" 5273:Cook, Joana; Maher, Shiraz, eds. (2023). 5272: 5261: 3962: 3649:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia 3487:Elman Peace and Human Rights Organisation 3221:to ICU fighters in Mogadishu (7 Sep 2008) 3195:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia 3111:Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia 2837:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia 1510:, Ethiopia became re-involved and joined 1435:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia 919:Over 1 million displaced (Nov. 2007) 16210:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 15421:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 14507:2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack 13363:Hochet-Bodin, Noé (September 14, 2022). 13036: 12610: 11961:"DAILY NATION – Somali MPs accept terms" 11868: 11803:Gettleman, Jeffrey (November 13, 2008). 9821:Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State 9774: 9551: 9523: 9333:McCrummen, Stephanie (January 7, 2007). 8960: 8862: 8829: 8667:Yusuf, Aweys Osman (December 25, 2006). 8607:Yusuf, Aweys Osman (December 25, 2006). 8541:Yusuf, Aweys Osman (December 24, 2006). 8285:Middle East Airpower in the 21st Century 7494: 7220:Yusuf, Aweys Osman (November 15, 2006). 7132:"Rebels answer Mogadishu's call to arms" 6762:"Ethiopian Generals and Somali Warlords" 6130: 5888: 5600:"Ethiopia pulls its troops from Somalia" 5592: 4888:Combating Terrorism Center at West Point 4881: 4872: 4794: 4661: 4629: 4620: 4282:"Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia" 3832:launched a major incursion into Ethiopia 3618:Royal Institute of International Affairs 3385: 3285:Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia 3249: 3199: 3135: 2896:Al-Shabaab forces carried out the first 2721: 2436: 2403:, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and Sheikh 2338: 2190: 16752:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 16427:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 15129:Operation Enduring Freedom participants 14562:December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing 13195: 13193: 13066: 13064: 12925: 12901: 12899: 12501:Mohamed, Abdullahi (February 8, 2009). 12500: 12417:McCrummen, Stephanie (April 27, 2007). 12097: 11594: 11592: 11570:"Somalia teeters on brink of breakdown" 11535: 11533: 11531: 11340:Journal of Contemporary African Studies 11333: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11043: 11041: 10871: 10869: 10555: 10519: 10517: 10401:from the original on December 23, 2023. 10228:"Ethiopian PM admits errors on Somalia" 10208: 10172: 10170: 9862: 9742: 9635: 9578: 9519: 9517: 9500: 9072: 9039:Francis, David J. (February 25, 2010). 9038: 8928: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8574: 8572: 8398:Suldaan Ibraahim, Dr. Suldaan Maxamed. 8393: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8333: 8308: 8253: 7846:from the original on September 27, 2007 7738: 7736: 7685:Cawthorne, Andrew (December 25, 2006). 7627: 7526: 7433: 7431: 7407: 7345: 7298: 7161: 6871: 6596: 6491:from the original on November 13, 2022. 6467:from the original on September 3, 2024. 6352: 6246: 6092: 6028:"Ethiopia denies crossing into Somalia" 5936: 5837: 5759: 5709: 5551: 5354: 5142:Mutuli, Millicent (November 20, 2007). 4851: 4576: 4096: 4086:Yonsei Journal of International Studies 4045: 4016: 3983: 3943:Khayre, Ahmed Ali M. (March 21, 2013). 3338: 3312:Mogadishu as well. Ethiopian president 2096:forces had been built up in and around 1595:1996–2003 border incursions during the 17180: 13637:Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007) 13228: 13202:"Piracy Off Somalia's Coast Increases" 13199: 13139: 13111:Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl (2015). 13070: 12870: 12637: 12559:Bruton, Bronwyn; Norris, John (2011). 12313: 12295:from the original on September 3, 2012 12269:from the original on February 13, 2009 12098:Tadesse, Tsegaye (December 11, 2008). 11217: 11215: 11200:"Islamists close in on Somali capital" 10964:from the original on February 29, 2008 10722: 10659: 10419:from the original on December 31, 2007 10226:McCrummen, Stephanie (June 30, 2007). 9939: 9937: 9158: 9006: 9004: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8830:McGregor, Andrew (February 21, 2007). 8525: 8417:"Carnage as Somalia 'in state of war'" 8414: 8372:from the original on December 14, 2023 8336:Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield 8311:Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield 8281: 8277: 8275: 8256:Dirty Wars: The World Is A Battlefield 8200: 8096: 7946: 7944: 7909:Barnes, Cedric; Hassan, Harun (2007). 7865:Dini, Abdirahman (December 14, 2006). 7810: 7633: 7614: 7411:Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield 7378: 7376: 7374: 7240: 7129: 7111:from the original on December 16, 2023 7075:from the original on December 19, 2008 6940:"Somali incursion provokes war fear". 6911:Yusuf, Aweys Osman (October 9, 2006). 6850:from the original on September 3, 2024 6831: 6731: 6681:from the original on December 13, 2023 6665:Hassan, Mohamed Olad (July 23, 2006). 6664: 6646:from the original on December 13, 2023 6584:from the original on September 3, 2024 6432:from the original on November 13, 2022 6393:from the original on September 2, 2024 6161: 6159: 6131:Cobb Jr., Charles (January 22, 2007). 6126: 6124: 5984: 5469:from the original on December 31, 2008 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5066:from the original on February 26, 2008 4980:from the original on December 13, 2008 4857: 4487:from the original on September 3, 2024 4236:from the original on February 10, 2007 4202: 4076: 3942: 3908:Mohammed Abdullahi Farah Somalia Piece 3411:Casualties and human rights violations 2839:(ARS) was formed. The following month 2558:Occupation of Mogadishu (January 2007) 2109:December, locals and ICU officials in 1926: 1653:may lead to a regional war, involving 1526: 16941:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 16862:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 16042: 15723: 15658:Targeted Killing in International Law 15539:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse 15037: 14467:2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack 14371:December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe 13965: 13403: 13390: 12987: 12961: 12679: 12525: 12217:from the original on February 2, 2009 11941:from the original on November 2, 2009 11915:from the original on December 8, 2008 11627:Middleton, Roger (December 2, 2008). 11598: 11507:Xasan, Salaad Iidow (July 24, 2008). 11506: 11011:Gettleman, Jeffrey (March 29, 2008). 10492: 10387:Thompkins, Gwen (November 20, 2007). 10012: 9186:from the original on January 16, 2017 8666: 8606: 8580:"Ethiopia launches attack on Somalia" 8540: 8201:Otieno, Orwa Michael (May 20, 2010). 8136: 7879:from the original on November 5, 2023 7268: 7219: 7043:from the original on February 4, 2024 7007:from the original on October 29, 2020 6910: 6795: 6793: 6713:from the original on December 5, 2006 6614:from the original on January 19, 2014 6552:from the original on November 7, 2023 6324: 6285: 6040:from the original on October 31, 2023 5552:Mueller, Jason C. (January 2, 2018). 4914: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4795:Heinlein, Peter (November 13, 2007). 4790: 4788: 4786: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4577:Mueller, Jason C. (January 2, 2018). 3013:and Somali telecom companies such as 2882: 1960:. On 8 December 2006, two days after 1829:to drive out ENDF forces in Somalia. 1101: 936: 111:government and emergence of Islamist 15704: 14831:Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy 14396:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia 13356: 13311:"Ethiopian troops return to Somalia" 13263:from the original on October 7, 2012 13190: 13140:Bruton, Bronwyn (November 1, 2009). 13071:Bruton, Bronwyn (November 1, 2009). 13061: 12896: 12834: 12802: 12713: 12673: 12526:Celso, Anthony (February 27, 2014). 12163:from the original on October 4, 2013 11796: 11589: 11528: 11509:"Ethiopian Troops Attack Beledweyne" 11439:from the original on October 4, 2012 11301: 11290: 11077: 11038: 10866: 10660:Hansen, Stig Jarle (July 22, 2010). 10514: 10267:from the original on August 17, 2007 10215:(in Somali). Hill Press. p. 64. 10167: 10106: 9636:Cocodia, Jude (September 27, 2017). 9545: 9514: 9439:"Ethiopian troops in Somalia ambush" 9264: 9173: 8929:Albadri, Abukar (January 11, 2007). 8863:Whitlock, Craig (October 11, 2011). 8851: 8569: 8384: 7864: 7829: 7733: 7648:from the original on March 10, 2024. 7621:Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting 7527:Baldauf, Scott (September 2, 2010). 7495:Heinlein, Peter (October 19, 2007). 7428: 7397:from the original on March 29, 2015. 6995:"Ethiopia 'helps seize Somali town'" 6778:from the original on August 25, 2024 6207: 6165: 6059:Gettleman, Jeffrey (July 22, 2006). 5208:"Ethiopians Withdraw From Key Bases" 5201: 5199: 5178: 5036:from the original on January 2, 2007 5006:from the original on January 2, 2007 4920:"US fails to break Somali Islamists" 4882:Williams, Paul D. (April 30, 2024). 4839:from the original on January 7, 2007 4664:"The Truth About the Somali Pirates" 3834:in order to infiltrate the southern 2492:Timeline of the War in Somalia: 2007 2294:region to reach the front line, the 2155:Timeline of the War in Somalia: 2006 1933:United Nations Security Council 1725 1739:reported that sources in Ethiopia's 19:For the ongoing war in Somalia, see 17031:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 16982:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 16498:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 15972:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso 14637:28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings 14557:November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing 14159:2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive 14142:Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts 13647:Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007) 13542:2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive 13525:Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts 13176:Al-Khatib, Anwar (March 16, 2024). 12638:Maalim, Mohamed (August 22, 2024). 12183:"Thousands cheer Ethiopia pull-out" 12071:"Ethiopia set for Somalia pull out" 12043:"Somali president sacks government" 11788:. September 7, 2008. Archived from 11688:"Carnage in Somali market shelling" 11660:"'Thousands' desert Somalia forces" 11212: 11108: 11047: 10814:"Somali insurgents in deadly fight" 10493:Plaut, Martin (December 28, 2007). 10480:Joint Special Operations University 10088:from the original on August 8, 2007 9934: 9552:Kundnani, Arun (February 4, 2014). 9524:Menkhaus, Ken (February 13, 2007). 9102:"Somali herders hit by air attacks" 9001: 8917: 8807:. December 27, 2006. Archived from 8771:"Ethiopians nearing Somali capital" 8733:. December 27, 2006. Archived from 8640:"Ethiopia admits Somalia offensive" 8458:. December 22, 2006. Archived from 8415:Apunyu, Bonny (December 22, 2006). 8272: 8009:. December 20, 2006. Archived from 7941: 7382: 7371: 7063:"Islamists 'ambush' Ethiopia truck" 6959:"Islamists half-ready for holy war" 6878:Review of African Political Economy 6502:Cawthorne, Andrew (June 18, 2006). 6359:. Red Sea Press. pp. 144–146. 6253:Review of African Political Economy 6156: 6121: 6099:Review of African Political Economy 5943:Review of African Political Economy 5872:. November 27, 2006. Archived from 5399: 5130: 4970:"'Thousands' desert Somalia forces" 4772:. November 23, 2007. Archived from 4230:"Burundi joins Somalia peace force" 4143: 4107:Review of African Political Economy 3881:– Human Rights Watch (October 2008) 3627:United States Department of Defense 3327:2009 timeline of the War in Somalia 2914:2008 timeline of the War in Somalia 2642:alongside three military vehicles. 1883:against Ethiopian military forces. 13: 16746:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 16282:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 15880:Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin 14762:Mogadishu military academy bombing 14607:2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing 14582:14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings 14251:2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash 13282:Derek Kilner (February 10, 2009). 12622:Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut 12456:Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation 11967:from the original on July 23, 2011 10954:"Somali town overrun by Islamists" 10556:Mueller, Jason C. (July 3, 2019). 10495:"Ethiopia in Somalia: One year on" 10332:"Heavy fighting in Somali capital" 10257:"Bomb attack on Somali PM's house" 9775:Tomilson, Chris (March 15, 2007). 9136:. January 24, 2007. Archived from 8309:Scahill, Jeremy (April 23, 2013). 8097:Roggio, Bill (December 24, 2006). 7952:"Heavy fighting erupts in Somalia" 7915:Journal of Eastern African Studies 7830:Yare, Hassan (December 13, 2006). 7811:Pflanz, Mike (December 26, 2006). 7408:Scahill, Jeremy (April 23, 2013). 7269:Celso, Anthony (August 27, 2015). 6813:from the original on March 9, 2024 6790: 6701:"Ethiopians enter new Somali town" 5181:"Ethiopia ends Somalia occupation" 4901: 4829:"Somalia 'needs peace force soon'" 4783: 4662:Griswold, Eliza (April 20, 2009). 4650: 4262:from the original on April 1, 2007 3898:Islamic Courts ready for offensive 3865:– Human Rights Watch (August 2007) 3842:Further reading and external links 3480:Civilian casualties and war crimes 3081:resulting in the assassination of 2698:By the end of March, the fighting 2602:Deployment of African Union forces 2462:and the ICU withdrew by midnight, 1967: 1440:Over the following two years, the 14: 17264: 17248:Wars involving the United Kingdom 16976:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 16680:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 15589:Enhanced interrogation techniques 15385:Georgia Sustainment and Stability 15273:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 15063: 14795:Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt 14632:4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing 14587:28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks 14567:2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings 14502:Garissa University College attack 14301:Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt 14226:Battle for Central Somalia (2009) 14181:Somali Reconciliation Conferences 13564:Somali Reconciliation Conferences 13309:SudanTribune (February 4, 2009). 12962:Sahra, Mohamud (March 12, 2010). 12926:McGreal, Chris (April 27, 2007). 12782:"Clerics killed in Somali mosque" 12480:. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 56. 12314:Sheikh, Abdi (February 7, 2009). 11905:"Somali parliament to be doubled" 11268:"Air raid kills Somali militants" 11222:US bombs Islamist town in Somalia 11175:from the original on May 26, 2008 11149:from the original on May 20, 2008 10413:"Ethiopia leaves key Somali town" 10076:"Helicopter shot down in Somalia" 8799:"Ethiopia urged to leave Somalia" 7634:Nguyen, Katie (January 5, 2007). 7299:Collins, Greg (August 23, 2007). 5683:"Somali leader lambasts Ethiopia" 5196: 4858:Nguyen, Katie (January 5, 2007). 4630:McGregor, Andrew (June 5, 2007). 4046:Mueller, Jason C. (May 9, 2016). 3600:and its original 2006 capital of 3596:, which only controlled parts of 3559:accused the ENDF of hunting down 3542:Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front 2426: 2306: 2148: 1862:, forcing the courts to retreat. 1856:Ethiopian National Defence Forces 1665: 1549:region date to Ethiopian Emperor 17253:Wars involving the United States 16806:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 15962:Islamist insurgency in the Sahel 15703: 15694: 15693: 15564:Combatant Status Review Tribunal 15513:President's Surveillance Program 15508:Military Commissions Act of 2009 15503:Military Commissions Act of 2006 15456:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 15431:Moro conflict in the Philippines 15426:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 15002: 14988: 14961: 14942: 14930: 14903: 14879: 14732:October 2022 Beledweyne bombings 14727:September 2022 Beledweyne attack 14707:February 2022 Beledweyne bombing 14672:2020 Mogadishu army base bombing 13910: 13891: 13871: 13847: 13823: 13752: 13342: 13328: 13302: 13275: 13249: 13222: 13200:Maliti, Tom (October 17, 2007). 13169: 13133: 13104: 13030: 13009: 12981: 12955: 12919: 12864: 12828: 12796: 12774: 12742: 12631: 12604: 12576: 12519: 12494: 12467: 12410: 12334: 12318:. In.reuters.com. Archived from 12307: 12281: 12255: 12203: 12175: 12149: 12116: 12091: 12063: 12035: 12015:"Profile: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed" 12007: 11979: 11953: 11927: 11897: 11862: 11772: 11739: 11680: 11652: 11620: 11561: 11500: 11474: 11451: 11425: 11397: 11374: 11327: 11278:from the original on May 4, 2008 11260: 11245:US Launches Airstrike in Somalia 11238: 11161: 11135: 11102: 11071: 11004: 10984:"ICU seizes central Somali town" 10976: 10946: 10927: 10901: 10834: 10806: 10781: 10716: 10653: 10628: 10600: 10549: 10486: 10431: 10405: 10380: 10352: 10324: 10298: 10279: 10249: 10219: 10202: 10188:Ogaden National Liberation Front 10135: 10100: 10068: 10042: 10006: 9967: 9895: 9875: 9856: 9835: 9768: 9743:Abdulle, Sahal (March 6, 2007). 9736: 9708: 9629: 9615: 9572: 9457: 9371: 9357:"A sheikh returns to the fray". 9326: 9294: 9258: 9230: 9198: 9167: 9152: 9094: 9032: 8954: 8897: 8823: 8791: 8763: 8717: 8689: 8660: 8600: 8534: 8352: 8302: 8194: 8090: 8057: 7991: 7972: 7858: 7804: 7710: 7678: 7577: 7556: 7520: 7488: 7348:"President joins Somali clashes" 7105:Ogaden National Liberation Front 6330:"Ethiopia's Invasion of Somalia" 5904:Eritrean Ministry of Information 5841:Historical Dictionary of Somalia 5811:"Profile: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed" 5558:Terrorism and Political Violence 5058:. International Herald Tribune, 4583:Terrorism and Political Violence 4419:Ogaden National Liberation Front 4387:Ogaden National Liberation Front 4053:Terrorism and Political Violence 3073:A month later on 1 May 2008, US 3041: 2780:Ogaden National Liberation Front 2742:of neighborhoods. TFG President 2618:African Union Mission to Somalia 2608:African Union Mission to Somalia 2207:, including helicopters and the 1981:Ethiopian National Defence Force 1908:Ogaden National Liberation Front 1806:Ogaden National Liberation Front 1725:Ethiopian National Defence Force 1648:Propaganda in the War in Somalia 1628:Transitional National Government 1612:Ogaden National Liberation Front 1403:Ethiopian National Defence Force 1382:, invaded Somalia to depose the 771: 759: 739: 727: 715: 703: 691: 679: 661: 649: 637: 625: 613: 601: 589: 577: 565: 553: 541: 515: 503: 491: 478: 466: 454: 435: 424: 409: 389: 376: 363: 350: 337: 323: 306: 295: 282: 269: 257: 244: 223: 207: 195: 182: 98:Islamist insurgent victory, see 48: 16823:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 15984:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 15850:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 15380:Georgia Train and Equip Program 14742:October 2022 Mogadishu bombings 14697:November 2021 Mogadishu bombing 14662:December 2019 Mogadishu bombing 14617:December 2018 Mogadishu bombing 14592:February 2018 Mogadishu attacks 14577:February 2017 Mogadishu bombing 14361:November 2017 Somalia airstrike 14256:Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011) 13993:Somali civil war (2009–present) 13951:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 13854:Transitional Federal Parliament 13352:. Bloomberg. November 13, 2020. 13338:. Somali Affairs. May 21, 2020. 12611:Eriksson, Micheal, ed. (2013). 11468:United Nations Security Council 11302:Lobe, Jim (September 4, 2008). 10015:"Mogadishu Slides Toward Chaos" 9579:Cocodia, Jude (April 3, 2021). 9379:"Kenya to expel Somali leaders" 9265:Rice, Xan (December 29, 2006). 8166: 7401: 7383:Axe, David (December 2, 2010). 7339: 7213: 7173: 7155: 7123: 7087: 7055: 7019: 6987: 6933: 6904: 6825: 6750: 6725: 6693: 6658: 6626: 6564: 6532: 6447: 6373: 6346: 6318: 6279: 6208:Rice, Xan (November 11, 2006). 6201: 6086: 6052: 5858: 5844:. Scarecrow Press. p. 16. 5831: 5803: 5760:Cocodia, Jude (April 3, 2021). 5753: 5710:Cocodia, Jude (April 3, 2021). 5675: 5655:"Ethiopian troops 'in Somalia'" 5647: 5619: 5514: 5233: 5048: 4962: 4939: 4725: 4719: 4691: 4570: 4502: 4401: 4203:Hassan, Abdulahi (March 2008). 4144:Axe, David (December 2, 2010). 3977:Social Science Research Network 3936: 3756:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 3735:Seafarers' Assistance Programme 3717:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 3594:Transitional Federal Government 3528:of terrorizing the citizens of 3502:Transitional Federal Government 3395:Election of Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 1997:Tigray Peoples Liberation Front 1983:(ENDF) troops backed by tanks, 1979:Approximately 50,000 to 60,000 1700:Transitional Federal Government 1624:Transitional Federal Government 1567:Western Somali Liberation Front 1388:Transitional Federal Government 1368:Ethiopian occupation of Somalia 901:7,000 wounded (Ethiopian claim) 21:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 15569:Criticism of the war on terror 15523:Terrorist Surveillance Program 15328:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 15081:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 14896:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 14747:Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel 14652:24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing 14647:22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing 14622:Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack 14537:February 2016 Mogadishu attack 14497:Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack 14117:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 13799:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 13500:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 13142:"In the Quicksands of Somalia" 13073:"In the Quicksands of Somalia" 11048:Ryu, Alisha (April 22, 2008). 10013:Perry, Alex (April 25, 2007). 8313:. PublicAffairs. p. 208. 7414:. PublicAffairs. p. 208. 6832:Crilly, Rob (August 4, 2006). 6734:"Fears of war in Somalia grow" 5276:The Rule Is For None But Allah 5179:Rice, Xan (January 26, 2009). 4162: 4137: 4017:Cocodia, Jude (May 24, 2021). 3784:, but it had not acted on it. 3737:reported that elements of the 3470:Ugandan Peoples Defence Forces 2625:Ugandan Peoples Defence Forces 2184:armor months prior during the 1991:during December 2006. Colonel 1689:Congressional Research Service 1508:present phase of the civil war 1458:Piracy of the coast of Somalia 1253:Somaliland War of Independence 74:17 June 2006 – 30 January 2009 1: 17124:2014 Lesotho political crisis 17081:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 16245:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 15604:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 15247:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq 14910:Federal Government of Somalia 14821:Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor 14527:January 2016 Mogadishu attack 14472:Westgate shopping mall attack 13736:2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings 13721:February 2008 Bosaso bombings 13286:. Voanews.com. Archived from 12988:Turse, Nick (March 7, 2024). 12680:Osman, Jamal (May 27, 2021). 12359:10.1080/03071847.2016.1152121 12316:"Rebels target new president" 11599:Hoehn, Markus Virgil (2018). 11109:Ryu, Alisha (April 3, 2008). 11078:Mire, Amina (July 25, 2007). 10737:10.7249/mg782af.12?seq=26 10725:"The Growth of Radical Islam" 10666:Journal of Terrorism Research 10574:10.1080/10402659.2019.1735174 9945:"World Report 2008 - Somalia" 9686:10.1080/03071847.2016.1152121 9597:10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 9174:Rice, Xan (January 3, 2007). 8979:10.1080/01436597.2018.1479186 8404:. Hill Press. pp. 34–36. 8282:Ripley, Tim (July 19, 2010). 8137:Maruf, Harun (October 2018). 7817:The Christian Science Monitor 6872:Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2006). 6732:Reagan, Tom (July 21, 2006). 6353:Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2022). 6247:Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2006). 6093:Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2007). 5985:Khayre, Ahmed Ali M. (2014). 5937:Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2007). 5866:"Somalia Conflict Risk Alert" 5778:10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 5728:10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 5570:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 4595:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 4131: 4066:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 4035:10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 3279:over a ceasefire between the 3144:During June a faction of the 2243:, head of the Islamic Courts 2012:units, supported by American 1800:estimated that roughly 5,000 1521: 1364:Ethiopian invasion of Somalia 31:Ethiopian invasion of Somalia 17118:SADC intervention in Lesotho 16721:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 16675:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 16432:ECOWAS military intervention 16152:2011–2014 factional violence 15977:Jihadist insurgency in Niger 15895:Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) 15579:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri 15471:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 14722:August 2022 Mogadishu attack 14717:April 2022 Mogadishu bombing 14687:March 2021 Mogadishu bombing 14602:July 2018 Mogadishu bombings 14597:March 2018 Mogadishu bombing 14517:Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing 13150:. Vol. 88, no. 6. 13081:. Vol. 88, no. 6. 12570:Center for American Progress 11629:"Ethiopia's Somalia dilemma" 11352:10.1080/02589001.2010.497350 10729:Radical Islam in East Africa 10149:Oxford Analytica Daily Brief 10112:"Inside Africa's Guantánamo" 3924:Lindsey Hilsum Somalia Piece 3846: 3750:Continuation of the conflict 3667:Radicalization and terrorism 3343:Early during December 2008, 2858:At the end of the year, the 1995:, a senior ENDF officer and 1309:Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict 1145:Eritrean War of Independence 7: 16795:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 16651:Insurgency in Northern Chad 15900:Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) 15647:State Sponsors of Terrorism 15518:Protect America Act of 2007 14757:2023 Mogadishu hotel attack 14692:June 2021 Mogadishu bombing 14677:2020 Mogadishu hotel attack 14547:June 2016 Mogadishu attacks 14442:May 2010 Mogadishu bombings 14286:Battle of Beledweyne (2011) 14241:Battle of Beledweyne (2010) 13657:Battle of Beledweyne (2008) 13607:Battle of Beledweyne (2006) 12835:Rice, Xan (April 7, 2007). 12687:Fana Broadcasting Corporate 10911:. SomaliNet. Archived from 10739:(inactive April 27, 2024), 9526:"Somalia: The Back-up Plan" 9159:Hansen, Stig Jarle (2013). 8526:Hansen, Stig Jarle (2013). 7585:"Tense Standoff In Somalia" 4258:. Reuters. March 27, 2007. 3687:in a bid to become part of 2263:announced Somalia was in a 2060:support was offered by the 1743:had witnessed a massing of 1719:June–August 2006 incursions 1670:British television station 1477:. That month TFG President 10: 17269: 17188:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 17086:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 16907:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 16762:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 16628:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 16439:Western Togoland Rebellion 15994:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 15584:Killing of Osama bin Laden 15461:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 15416:Operation Active Endeavour 15023:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 14836:Daallo Airlines Flight 159 14772:Mogadishu tea shop bombing 14712:March 2022 Somalia attacks 14532:Daallo Airlines Flight 159 14462:June 2013 Mogadishu attack 14221:Battle of Mogadishu (2009) 14164:Battle of Mogadishu (2006) 13652:Battle of Mogadishu (2008) 13431:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 13117:Cambridge University Press 12126:"Somalia's coming anarchy" 11541:"TFG on brink of collapse" 10842:"Somalia heads for crisis" 10680:(inactive June 15, 2024). 10415:. BBC. December 28, 2007. 9829:International Crisis Group 8450:"Somalia fighting resumes" 7719:Combatants on Foreign Soil 6874:"The Miracle of Mogadishu" 6249:"The Miracle of Mogadishu" 5870:International Crisis Group 4948:Combatants on Foreign Soil 3891: 3814:. Former head of the ICU, 3753: 3714: 3697:killing of Osama bin Laden 3335:to the Somali presidency. 3324: 3289:International Crisis Group 2911: 2832:white phosphorus munitions 2605: 2489: 2430: 2223:for Ethiopian troops. The 2152: 1645: 1530: 966:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 18: 17138: 17095: 17067: 17058: 16997: 16968: 16923:Second Sudanese Civil War 16915: 16877: 16831: 16787: 16708: 16699: 16667: 16638: 16607: 16567: 16484: 16461: 16452: 16401: 16375: 16349: 16328: 16291: 16237: 16228: 16196: 16167: 16129: 16089: 16080: 16002: 15954: 15908: 15812: 15786: 15758: 15689: 15531: 15483: 15451:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia 15408: 15400:Drone strikes in Pakistan 15356: 15349: 15293:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami 15260: 15199: 15192: 15116: 15109: 15071: 15017: 14849: 14826:London Somalia Conference 14813: 14780: 14737:2022 Kismayo hotel attack 14627:Nairobi Latema Road blast 14482:2014 Villa Somalia attack 14419: 14216:Battle of South Mogadishu 14206: 14171:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 14109: 14018: 13999: 13945: 13744: 13726:Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre 13708: 13675: 13589: 13554:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 13492: 13461: 13448:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 13437: 13397: 13037:McGregor, Andrew (2009). 12714:Polk, William R. (2018). 12213:. CNN. January 31, 2009. 11575:The Philadelphia Inquirer 11334:Ibrahim, Mohamed (2010). 9397:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8561:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8506:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8219:10.1080/10402651003751362 8051:October 13, 2008, at the 7927:10.1080/17531050701452382 7534:Christian Science Monitor 7317:10.1080/10402650701524998 7205:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6844:Christian Science Monitor 6739:Christian Science Monitor 4358:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4232:. BBC. February 1, 2007. 3710: 3553:Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre 3371:to provide peacekeeping. 3003:Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre 2576:Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden 2530:resulting in significant 1622:and the formation of the 1533:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 1184:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 1140: 974: 908: 850: 786: 531: 169: 66: 47: 38:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 35: 30: 17026:2008 invasion of Anjouan 16623:Civil War (2012–present) 16592:Pool Department conflict 15671:Unitary executive theory 15009:Islamic State in Somalia 14437:2009 Hotel Shamo bombing 14296:Battle of Kismayo (2012) 14236:Battle of Kismayo (2009) 13667:Battle of Kismayo (2008) 13547:2006 Battle of Mogadishu 9367:(25). December 12, 2008. 8334:Scahill, Jeremy (2013). 8254:Scahill, Jeremy (2013). 5522:ACLED Report for Somalia 3780:would be implemented in 2879:against the insurgency. 2784:insurgency in the Ogaden 2700:intensified in Mogadishu 2225:USS Dwight D. Eisenhower 2077:summer of 2006 and that 2032:agents in the campaign. 1608:insurgency in the Ogaden 1485:At the end of 2008, the 1314:Ethiopian civil conflict 17213:Wars involving Ethiopia 17021:Hanish Islands conflict 16558:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 16409:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 16251:Herder–farmer conflicts 16175:Western Sahara conflict 15865:Macina Liberation Front 15599:Extraordinary rendition 15594:Extrajudicial prisoners 14767:2023 Beledweyne bombing 14657:2019 Kenya bus shooting 14487:2014 Hotel Amalo attack 14477:2013 Beledweyne attacks 14432:2009 Beledweyne bombing 14326:Battle of Janale (2015) 14291:Battle of Yurkud (2012) 14261:Battle of Jubbada Hoose 13690:Battle of Bargal (2007) 13642:Battle of Bargal (2007) 8941:Deutsche Presse Agentur 8759:. Standford University. 8530:. 2013. pp. 46–47. 8288:. Casemate Publishers. 8099:"The Battle of Somalia" 7729:. June 2007. p. 7. 6426:Deutsche Presse Agentur 6003:10.3366/ajicl.2014.0090 5369:10.2307/j.ctt183p650.14 5281:Oxford University Press 4958:. June 2007. p. 7. 4077:Civins, Braden (2010). 3964:10.3366/ajicl.2014.0090 3580:Result and consequences 3520:had intervened in 2006 3320: 3058:where insurgent leader 2907: 2761:surface-to-air missiles 2485: 2277:Somali Warlord Alliance 2051: 1790:international community 1749:Ethiopian–Somali border 1737:Shabeelle Media Network 1285:Hanish Islands conflict 17238:Wars involving Somalia 17233:Wars involving Nigeria 17208:Wars involving Burundi 16844:Somali–Kenyan conflict 16740:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 16734:Second Afar insurgency 16341:Sierra Leone Civil War 15890:Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) 15830:Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya 15799:Islamic fundamentalism 15634:Operation Eagle Assist 15554:Clash of Civilizations 15101:Symbolism of terrorism 14542:Baidoa suicide bombing 14457:2011 Mogadishu bombing 14411:Battle of Buulo Mareer 14321:Battle of Leego (2015) 14306:Operation Indian Ocean 13794:al-Itihaad al-Islamiya 13731:2008 Mogadishu bombing 13229:Mentan, Tatah (2010). 13023:Conciliation Resources 11792:on September 13, 2008. 11393:. May 2008. p. 3. 11254:March 9, 2008, at the 11227:March 5, 2008, at the 10939:March 5, 2008, at the 10723:Rabasa, Angel (2009), 8757:"Islamic Courts Union" 8679:Shabelle Media Network 8619:Shabelle Media Network 8548:Shabelle Media Network 7241:Yuusuf, Muuse (2021). 7227:Shabelle Media Network 6923:Shabelle Media Network 4776:on November 26, 2007. 4338:Shabelle Media Network 3727:anti-piracy operations 3644: 3632:Conciliation Resources 3516:warned that since the 3484:In December 2008, the 3458: 3391: 3259: 3222: 3141: 2997:During the April 2008 2974:assassination campaign 2750:behavior of the TFG. 2735: 2442: 2344: 2200: 2182:Israeli Defense Forces 2062:United States military 1875:Following the battle, 1786:Shabelle Media Network 1386:(ICU) and install the 1290:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 1275:Second Afar insurgency 1167:Somali–Kenyan conflict 1157:1961 revolt in Somalia 532:Commanders and leaders 107:Disintegration of the 17243:Wars involving Uganda 17228:Wars involving Malawi 17103:Bophuthatswana crisis 16767:Oromia–Somali clashes 16686:Boko Haram insurgency 16646:Civil War (2005–2010) 16263:Boko Haram insurgency 16186:Clashes, 2020–present 16012:Militant Islamism in 15989:Boko Haram insurgency 15753:in Sub-Saharan Africa 15629:Operation Noble Eagle 15466:2007 Lebanon conflict 14925:Mohamed Sheikh Hassan 14915:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 14552:2016 Galkayo bombings 14447:2010 Kampala bombings 14391:2021 Galmudug clashes 14381:2021 Mogadishu mutiny 13864:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 13816:Aden Hashi Farah Aero 13685:Battle of Ras Kamboni 13632:Battle of Ras Kamboni 13602:Battle of Bandiradley 12477:African Standby Force 11911:. November 26, 2008. 11872:(November 18, 2008). 11610:Rift Valley Institute 11391:Amnesty International 10960:. February 25, 2008. 10394:National Public Radio 10292:World News Connection 9888:Amnesty International 9850:BBC Monitoring Africa 8967:Third World Quarterly 8685:on December 26, 2006. 8625:on December 26, 2006. 8032:World News Connection 7985:World News Connection 7169:(Report). p. 23. 7107:. November 28, 2006. 7071:. November 30, 2006. 7039:. November 25, 2006. 6943:Agence France-Presse 5465:. December 30, 2008. 5062:. December 26, 2006. 5032:. December 29, 2006. 4976:. December 12, 2008. 3873:Amnesty International 3639: 3549:Amnesty International 3454: 3421:censorship on the war 3389: 3253: 3208: 3139: 3046:On 3 March 2008, the 2981:captured the town of 2788:April 2007 Abole raid 2725: 2544:1998 embassy bombings 2518:Kenyan Defence Forces 2510:Battle of Ras Kamboni 2498:withdrawal of the ICU 2450:unopposed. After the 2440: 2342: 2269:Battle of Bandiradley 2194: 2153:Further information: 2070:aerial reconnaissance 1999:(TPLF) official, was 1727:(ENDF) troops around 1421:(AU) established the 1189:1963 Ogaden Rebellion 1133:in the Horn of Africa 916:16,210–20,000 killed 851:Casualties and losses 85:Southern and Central 17223:Wars involving Kenya 17218:Wars involving Ghana 17075:Mozambican Civil War 17035:Burundian conflicts 17015:Djiboutian Civil War 16728:Insurgency in Ogaden 16356:Liberian Civil Wars 16269:Niger Delta conflict 15825:Islamic Courts Union 15446:Operation Linda Nchi 15390:OEF – Horn of Africa 15303:Islamic Courts Union 15252:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 15076:September 11 attacks 14937:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 14682:2020 Galkayo bombing 14667:2020 Afgooye bombing 14612:Sahafi Hotel attacks 14522:Sahafi Hotel attacks 14492:Central Hotel attack 14276:Operation Linda Nchi 14176:Insurgency in Ogaden 13777:Islamic Courts Union 13700:Dhusamareb airstrike 13559:Insurgency in Ogaden 13218:on December 7, 2010. 13045:Jamestown Foundation 12760:Agence France-Presse 12112:on January 10, 2009. 11696:. September 22, 2008 11546:The New Humanitarian 11208:. December 14, 2008. 9908:Jahrbuch Terrorismus 9869:Agence France-Presse 9831:. December 23, 2008. 9721:The New Humanitarian 9384:The Standard (Kenya) 9312:Agence France-Presse 9140:on February 15, 2007 8837:Jamestown Foundation 8104:The Long War Journal 8034:. December 21, 2006. 8013:on January 17, 2008. 7987:. December 20, 2006. 7981:Agence France-Presse 7754:Agence France-Presse 7573:: 2. March 30, 2007. 7358:Agence France-Presse 7037:Agence France-Presse 7003:. October 10, 2006. 6968:. October 12, 2006. 6929:on October 11, 2006. 6746:on October 17, 2006. 6520:on November 13, 2022 5632:The New Humanitarian 5095:. December 11, 2008. 4809:on November 14, 2007 4644:Jamestown Foundation 4314:on February 16, 2007 4098:Samatar, Abdi Ismail 4070:Taylor & Francis 4039:Taylor & Francis 3985:Samatar, Abdi Ismail 3774:Islamic Courts Union 3586:Islamic Courts Union 3433:Ethiopian Parliament 3405:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 3339:Ethiopian withdrawal 3275:After long talks in 2730:bombardments by the 2354:conventional warfare 1989:Islamic Courts Union 1680:Islamic Courts Union 1604:Islamic Courts Union 1551:Menelik's expansions 1384:Islamic Courts Union 1366:, also known as the 1303:OEF – Horn of Africa 1263:Insurgency in Ogaden 1258:Djiboutian Civil War 498:Ras Kamboni Brigades 416:Islamic Courts Union 132:Insurgency in Ogaden 109:Islamic Courts Union 17114:Lesothan conflicts 17039:1993–2005 Civil War 16757:Afar–Somali clashes 16545:2022–2024 offensive 16540:2012–2013 rebellion 16382:Ivorian Civil Wars 16215:Tunisian revolution 16157:2014–2020 civil war 16137:2008 Kufra conflict 16074:conflicts in Africa 14800:2013 raid on Barawe 14702:2022 Mandera attack 14642:Asasey Hotel attack 14386:2021 Golweyn ambush 14356:2017 Golweyn ambush 13903:Mohamed Warsame Ali 13787:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 12915:. January 11, 2012. 12871:Bloomfield, Steve. 12663:""So Much to Fear"" 12650:on August 24, 2024. 12079:. December 23, 2008 12051:. December 14, 2008 12023:. December 29, 2008 11995:. December 24, 2008 11850:. November 15, 2008 11760:on January 29, 2011 11668:. December 12, 2008 11549:. November 17, 2008 11314:Inter Press Service 10537:. December 27, 2007 10294:. October 29, 2007. 10050:Gettleman, Jefferey 9724:. February 19, 2007 9623:"AMISOM background" 9424:. January 20, 2007. 9360:Africa Confidential 9163:. 2013. p. 47. 8885:on November 7, 2013 8779:. December 27, 2007 8705:. December 26, 2006 8648:. December 24, 2006 8588:. December 24, 2006 8066:"Afghanistan Again" 8027:HornAfrik Media Inc 7960:. December 20, 2006 7593:. December 18, 2006 7476:on February 3, 2007 6342:on August 20, 2007. 6301:Mail & Guardian 6289:(August 15, 2006). 5819:. December 29, 2008 5635:. November 26, 2001 4918:(January 1, 2009). 4916:Plaut, Martin Plaut 4835:. January 5, 2007. 4421:. November 28, 2006 4389:. December 24, 2006 3816:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 3725:were suppressed by 3614:military occupation 3569:arbitrary detention 3506:human rights abuses 3333:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 3182:military occupation 2999:Battle of Mogadishu 2657:hit-and-run attacks 2595:military occupation 2532:civilian casualties 2415:, supported by the 2325:Ethiopian Air Force 2315:began carrying out 2313:Ethiopian Air Force 2245:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 2131:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 2068:provided access to 2022:Bush administration 2018:helicopter gunships 1985:helicopter gunships 1927:Early December 2006 1659:Eritrean government 1527:Historic background 1494:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 1466:military occupation 1378:, supported by the 1351:Al-Fashaga conflict 1236:Puntland–Somaliland 1221:Ethiopian Civil War 1150:Eritrean civil wars 910:Civilian casualties 17161:Colour revolutions 16959:Sudanese civil war 16811:2009–present phase 16552:Batwa–Luba clashes 16421:Casamance conflict 16298:Tuareg rebellions 16258:Religious violence 16204:Algerian Civil War 16120:Terrorism in Egypt 15931:Mokhtar Belmokhtar 15921:Hassan Dahir Aweys 15916:Ali Yassin Mohamed 15676:Unlawful combatant 15609:Iranian Revolution 15395:OEF – Trans Sahara 15370:War in Afghanistan 15227:Jalaluddin Haqqani 15222:Sirajuddin Haqqani 15148:Iraqi Armed Forces 14891:Hassan Dahir Aweys 14805:2017 raid on Barii 14572:Dayah Hotel attack 14406:Battle of Runirgod 14346:2017 raid on Barii 14341:Battle of Kulbiyow 13884:Mohamud Muse Hersi 13859:Ali Mohammed Ghedi 13840:Mohamed Omar Habeb 13782:Hassan Dahir Aweys 12667:Human Rights Watch 12515:on April 14, 2009. 12431:on October 5, 2022 12265:. Ethioforum.org. 12191:. January 16, 2009 11809:The New York Times 11727:. October 27, 2008 11612:. pp. 75–76. 11017:The New York Times 10822:. January 29, 2008 10755:10.7249/mg782af.12 10482:. pp. 11, 94. 10368:. November 8, 2007 10340:. October 27, 2007 10312:. October 19, 2007 10110:(April 28, 2007). 10084:. March 30, 2007. 10052:(March 30, 2007). 9984:The New York Times 9975:Gettleman, Jeffrey 9955:. January 31, 2008 9953:Human Rights Watch 9445:. January 20, 2007 9246:. January 11, 2007 9110:. January 10, 2007 8462:on January 3, 2007 8427:on January 6, 2007 8111:on October 6, 2008 7671:Human Rights Watch 6946:. October 9, 2006. 6760:(August 2, 2006). 6328:(April 16, 2007). 6065:The New York Times 5900:2007-02-24 at the 5876:on January 9, 2007 5502:. January 15, 2009 5430:. November 5, 2008 5361:The Horn of Africa 5316:The New York Times 5249:. January 13, 2009 5212:The New York Times 4707:. December 4, 2008 4522:. November 5, 2008 4454:. August 21, 2006. 4288:. January 22, 2007 3902:Al Jazeera English 3857:Human Rights Watch 3789:Djibouti Agreement 3534:Ethiopian soldiers 3514:Human Rights Watch 3392: 3355:peacekeepers from 3260: 3223: 3142: 3068:Islamic extremists 2953:Nur Hassan Hussein 2941:Philippe Lazzarini 2883:Rise of Al-Shabaab 2757:helicopter gunship 2736: 2713:Human Rights Watch 2443: 2405:Abdirahman Janaqow 2401:Hassan Dahir Aweys 2366:Baledogle airports 2345: 2290:drove through the 2261:Hassan Dahir Aweys 2201: 2173:Daveed Gartenstein 2135:Hassan Dahir Aweys 2001:commander-in-chief 1946:declaration of war 1819:Abdirahman Janaqow 1765:Sheik Sharif Ahmed 1280:Gedeo–Guji clashes 898:6,000–8,000 killed 722:Abdirahman Janaqow 17175: 17174: 17169: 17168: 17134: 17133: 17054: 17053: 17005:Rwandan Civil War 16953:Blue Nile clashes 16935:Nomadic conflicts 16891:Nomadic conflicts 16695: 16694: 16534:March 23 Movement 16469:Angolan Civil War 16448: 16447: 16224: 16223: 16036: 16035: 15804:Islamic terrorism 15794:Islamic extremism 15751:Militant Islamism 15717: 15716: 15614:Islamic terrorism 15479: 15478: 15375:OEF – Philippines 15345: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15298:Hizbul Mujahideen 15139:Northern Alliance 15031: 15030: 14841:Awdiinle massacre 14790:2009 Baraawe raid 14452:Muna Hotel attack 14376:Camp Simba attack 14351:Battle of Af Urur 14331:Battle of El Adde 14281:Battle of Deynile 13959: 13958: 13617:Fall of Mogadishu 13290:on March 18, 2009 13242:978-9956-578-61-0 13126:978-1-107-07893-2 13054:978-0-615-33338-0 12803:Heinlein, Peter. 12727:978-0-300-22290-6 12539:978-1-4411-8042-1 12487:978-1-928357-57-5 12463:. March 19, 2009. 12398:. January 6, 2012 12322:on April 14, 2009 11123:on April 10, 2008 10746:978-0-8330-4519-5 10445:on March 10, 2008 9977:(April 6, 2007). 9852:. March 16, 2007. 9845:Al-Sharq al-Awsat 9649:978-1-351-59757-9 9565:978-1-78168-521-1 9475:. January 7, 2007 9314:. January 7, 2007 9218:. January 2, 2007 9054:978-1-136-99662-7 9020:. January 7, 2024 8973:(11): 2033–2052. 8737:on March 21, 2023 8368:. April 6, 2007. 8345:978-1-56858-671-7 8320:978-1-56858-727-1 8295:978-1-78346-111-0 8265:978-1-56858-671-7 7421:978-1-56858-727-1 7282:978-1-5013-1244-1 7252:978-0-7556-2712-7 6809:. July 28, 2006. 6772:Harper's Magazine 6709:. July 22, 2006. 6642:. July 24, 2006. 6610:. July 20, 2006. 6580:. June 19, 2006. 6548:. June 18, 2006. 6487:. June 17, 2006. 6428:. June 18, 2006. 6389:. June 17, 2006. 6366:978-1-56902-789-9 6182:978-0-300-22290-6 6036:. June 17, 2006. 5868:(Press release). 5851:978-0-8108-6604-1 5378:978-0-7453-3311-3 4560:978-3-031-53428-7 4483:. June 18, 2006. 4178:. March 8, 2009. 4009:978-91-7267-256-7 3504:forces committed 3492:Ahmed Moalim Fiqi 3427:reported that in 3376:Mogadishu Stadium 3206: 3075:Tomahawk missiles 2804:Ali Mohamed Ghedi 2670:Al-Sharq al-Awsat 2640:Mogadishu airport 2565:Fall of Mogadishu 2452:Fall of Mogadishu 2433:Fall of Mogadishu 2329:Mogadishu airport 2229:US Special forces 2079:US special forces 2026:US Special Forces 1537:Disputes between 1359: 1358: 1334:Benishangul-Gumuz 1095: 1094: 1070:Al-Hidayah Mosque 931: 930: 841:Foreign fighters: 510:Jabhatul Islamiya 165: 164: 136:Proliferation of 58:tank advances on 17260: 17198:2000s in Somalia 17193:Somali Civil War 17109:Caprivi conflict 17065: 17064: 17044:2015–2018 unrest 16850:Likoni massacres 16839:Ethnic conflicts 16801:Somali Civil War 16706: 16705: 16504:Second Congo War 16459: 16458: 16235: 16234: 16114:Post-coup unrest 16108:Sinai insurgency 16087: 16086: 16063: 16056: 16049: 16040: 16039: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15721: 15720: 15707: 15706: 15697: 15696: 15652:Targeted killing 15441:Iraqi insurgency 15361:Enduring Freedom 15354: 15353: 15313:Jemaah Islamiyah 15308:Jaish-e-Mohammed 15197: 15196: 15114: 15113: 15058: 15051: 15044: 15035: 15034: 15021:Previous phase: 15007: 15006: 15005: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14967: 14965: 14964: 14954:Abdi Hasan Awale 14947: 14946: 14935: 14934: 14908: 14907: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14401:Battle of Bal'ad 14336:Qandala campaign 14311:Galgala campaign 14246:2010 Ayn clashes 14132:Somali Civil War 14005:Somali Civil War 13986: 13979: 13972: 13963: 13962: 13916: 13914: 13913: 13896: 13895: 13877: 13875: 13874: 13852: 13851: 13835:Abdi Hasan Awale 13828: 13827: 13758: 13756: 13755: 13695:Dobley airstrike 13612:Battle of Jowhar 13597:Battle of Baidoa 13515:Somali Civil War 13443:Somali Civil War 13424: 13417: 13410: 13401: 13400: 13388: 13387: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13360: 13354: 13353: 13346: 13340: 13339: 13332: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13321: 13306: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13253: 13247: 13246: 13226: 13220: 13219: 13214:. Archived from 13212:Associated Press 13197: 13188: 13187: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13095: 13093: 13068: 13059: 13058: 13034: 13028: 13027: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12959: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12923: 12917: 12916: 12903: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12889: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12832: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12815:Voice of America 12800: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12784:. April 21, 2008 12778: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12746: 12740: 12739: 12711: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12694: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12646:. Archived from 12635: 12629: 12628: 12619: 12608: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12567: 12556: 12547: 12546: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12511:. Archived from 12498: 12492: 12491: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12450: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12427:. Archived from 12414: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12388: 12382: 12381: 12347:The RUSI Journal 12338: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12285: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12243:on July 31, 2010 12233: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12139: 12128: 12120: 12114: 12113: 12108:. Archived from 12095: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12067: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12011: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11963:. Nation.co.ke. 11957: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11870:Fletcher, Martin 11866: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11840: 11831: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11756:. Archived from 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11724:Voice of America 11715: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11607: 11596: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11537: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11504: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11470:. July 16, 2008. 11465: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11388: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11299: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11264: 11258: 11250:, March 3, 2008 11248:Associated Press 11242: 11236: 11219: 11210: 11209: 11196: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11119:. Archived from 11116:Voice of America 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11090:on July 20, 2008 11086:. Archived from 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11058:Voice of America 11045: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10992:. March 31, 2008 10980: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10950: 10944: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10915:on July 19, 2011 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10887:Oxford Analytica 10873: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10854:. March 12, 2008 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10785: 10779: 10778: 10772: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10707: 10699: 10689: 10678:10.15664/jtr.165 10657: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10616:. March 14, 2007 10604: 10598: 10597: 10553: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10535:Oxford Analytica 10521: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10477: 10466: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10441:. Archived from 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10263:. June 3, 2007. 10253: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10190:. April 11, 2007 10174: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10155:. April 26, 2007 10153:Oxford Analytica 10146: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10057: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9826: 9816: 9791: 9790: 9787:Associated Press 9772: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9674:The RUSI Journal 9665: 9654: 9653: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9585:African Security 9576: 9570: 9569: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9521: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9498: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9412: 9403: 9402: 9396: 9388: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9354: 9345: 9344: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9216:Associated Press 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9134:Voice of America 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9070: 9059: 9058: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9008: 8999: 8998: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8926: 8915: 8914: 8913:. March 8, 2009. 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8881:. Archived from 8860: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8681:. Archived from 8664: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8636: 8627: 8626: 8621:. Archived from 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8560: 8552: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8523: 8512: 8511: 8505: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8486:www.shabelle.net 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8446: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8423:. Archived from 8412: 8406: 8405: 8395: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8279: 8270: 8269: 8251: 8242: 8241: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8134: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8107:. Archived from 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8074:. Archived from 8061: 8055: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8021: 8015: 8014: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7948: 7939: 7938: 7906: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7756:. March 27, 2009 7740: 7731: 7730: 7724: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7661: 7650: 7649: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7612: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7507:Voice of America 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7390:Wired (magazine) 7380: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7204: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6961: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6925:. Archived from 6908: 6902: 6901: 6884:(109): 581–587. 6869: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6758:Silverstein, Ken 6754: 6748: 6747: 6742:. Archived from 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6675:Associated Press 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6516:. Archived from 6499: 6493: 6492: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6437: 6412: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6338:. Archived from 6322: 6316: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6259:(109): 581–587. 6244: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6167:Polk, William R. 6163: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6105:(111): 155–165. 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6024: 6015: 6014: 5982: 5967: 5966: 5949:(111): 155–165. 5934: 5905: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5766:African Security 5757: 5751: 5750: 5716:African Security 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5549: 5530: 5529: 5528:. February 2009. 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5490: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5453: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5428:Oxford Analytica 5414: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5352: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5306: 5295: 5294: 5270: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5176: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5139: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5060:Associated Press 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4912: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4805:. Archived from 4802:Voice of America 4792: 4781: 4780: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4659: 4648: 4647: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4520:Oxford Analytica 4506: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4467: 4456: 4455: 4442: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4200: 4183: 4182: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4141: 4127: 4114:(111): 155–165. 4093: 4083: 4073: 4042: 4023:African Security 4013: 3993: 3980: 3966: 3808:Kenya's invasion 3721:Attacks off the 3498:Ethiopian troops 3460:The figures for 3207: 3117:. The Mogadishu- 3087:Aden Hashi Eyrow 3019:Voice of America 2961:Oxford Analytica 2877:war of attrition 2873:Oxford Analytica 2830:forces utilized 2522:Afmadow district 2387:, Daynuunay and 1906:That month, the 1838:2006 Lebanon War 1731:city located in 1602:The rise of the 1597:Somali Civil War 1559:Ethiopian Empire 1473:and the city of 1226:Somali Civil War 1135: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1099: 1098: 1030:Mogadishu (fall) 969: 967: 957: 950: 943: 934: 933: 776: 775: 774: 764: 763: 762: 754: 744: 743: 742: 732: 731: 730: 720: 719: 718: 708: 707: 706: 696: 695: 694: 684: 683: 682: 666: 665: 654: 653: 642: 641: 630: 629: 618: 617: 606: 605: 594: 593: 582: 581: 570: 569: 558: 557: 546: 545: 520: 519: 518: 508: 507: 506: 496: 495: 494: 483: 482: 481: 471: 470: 459: 458: 457: 440: 439: 438: 429: 428: 427: 414: 413: 412: 395: 393: 392: 382: 380: 379: 369: 367: 366: 356: 354: 353: 343: 341: 340: 328: 327: 326: 312: 310: 309: 300: 299: 298: 288: 286: 285: 275: 273: 272: 262: 261: 250: 248: 247: 229: 227: 226: 213: 211: 210: 200: 199: 188: 186: 185: 154:Somali Civil War 68: 67: 52: 42:Somali Civil War 28: 27: 17268: 17267: 17263: 17262: 17261: 17259: 17258: 17257: 17203:2000s conflicts 17178: 17177: 17176: 17171: 17170: 17165: 17130: 17091: 17060:Southern Africa 17050: 16993: 16964: 16911: 16896:Ethnic violence 16873: 16868:Baragoi clashes 16827: 16783: 16691: 16663: 16653:(2016–present) 16634: 16609: 16608:Central African 16603: 16569: 16563: 16492:First Congo War 16480: 16444: 16397: 16371: 16345: 16336:Ndogboyosoi War 16324: 16287: 16271:(2003–present) 16247:(1998–present) 16220: 16192: 16177:(1970–present) 16163: 16125: 16103:2011 revolution 16097:Egyptian Crisis 16076: 16067: 16037: 16032: 15998: 15950: 15936:Abubakar Shekau 15904: 15808: 15782: 15771:Salafi jihadism 15754: 15748: 15718: 15713: 15685: 15574:CIA black sites 15527: 15475: 15404: 15359: 15337: 15318:Lashkar-e-Taiba 15256: 15217:Anwar al-Awlaki 15212:Hamza bin Laden 15207:Osama bin Laden 15188: 15105: 15067: 15062: 15032: 15027: 15013: 15003: 15001: 14989: 14987: 14962: 14960: 14941: 14929: 14902: 14880: 14878: 14845: 14809: 14776: 14415: 14316:Battle of Baure 14271:Battle of Elwaq 14231:Battle of Wabho 14208: 14202: 14122:Greater Somalia 14105: 14014: 13995: 13990: 13960: 13955: 13941: 13935:Yoweri Museveni 13911: 13909: 13890: 13872: 13870: 13846: 13822: 13753: 13751: 13740: 13704: 13671: 13662:Siege of Baidoa 13627:Fall of Kismayo 13622:Battle of Jilib 13585: 13505:Greater Somalia 13488: 13457: 13433: 13428: 13393: 13385: 13375: 13373: 13361: 13357: 13348: 13347: 13343: 13334: 13333: 13329: 13319: 13317: 13307: 13303: 13293: 13291: 13280: 13276: 13266: 13264: 13255: 13254: 13250: 13243: 13227: 13223: 13198: 13191: 13174: 13170: 13160: 13158: 13147:Foreign Affairs 13138: 13134: 13127: 13109: 13105: 13091: 13089: 13078:Foreign Affairs 13069: 13062: 13055: 13035: 13031: 13014: 13010: 13000: 12998: 12986: 12982: 12972: 12970: 12960: 12956: 12946: 12944: 12924: 12920: 12905: 12904: 12897: 12887: 12885: 12883:The Independent 12869: 12865: 12855: 12853: 12833: 12829: 12819: 12817: 12801: 12797: 12787: 12785: 12780: 12779: 12775: 12765: 12763: 12748: 12747: 12743: 12728: 12712: 12705: 12692: 12690: 12678: 12674: 12659: 12655: 12636: 12632: 12617: 12609: 12605: 12595: 12593: 12592:. June 30, 2020 12582: 12581: 12577: 12565: 12557: 12550: 12540: 12524: 12520: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12472: 12468: 12452: 12451: 12444: 12434: 12432: 12415: 12411: 12401: 12399: 12390: 12389: 12385: 12339: 12335: 12325: 12323: 12312: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12272: 12270: 12261: 12260: 12256: 12246: 12244: 12235: 12234: 12230: 12220: 12218: 12209: 12208: 12204: 12194: 12192: 12181: 12180: 12176: 12166: 12164: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12137: 12135: 12121: 12117: 12096: 12092: 12082: 12080: 12069: 12068: 12064: 12054: 12052: 12041: 12040: 12036: 12026: 12024: 12013: 12012: 12008: 11998: 11996: 11985: 11984: 11980: 11970: 11968: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11944: 11942: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11918: 11916: 11903: 11902: 11898: 11888: 11886: 11867: 11863: 11853: 11851: 11842: 11841: 11834: 11821: 11819: 11801: 11797: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11744: 11740: 11730: 11728: 11717: 11716: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11686: 11685: 11681: 11671: 11669: 11658: 11657: 11653: 11643: 11641: 11625: 11621: 11605: 11597: 11590: 11580: 11578: 11566: 11562: 11552: 11550: 11539: 11538: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11505: 11501: 11491: 11489: 11488:. July 25, 2008 11480: 11479: 11475: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11442: 11440: 11431: 11430: 11426: 11416: 11414: 11413:. June 15, 2008 11403: 11402: 11398: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11375: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11300: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11274:. May 1, 2008. 11266: 11265: 11261: 11256:Wayback Machine 11243: 11239: 11235:, March 3, 2008 11229:Wayback Machine 11220: 11213: 11198: 11197: 11188: 11178: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11141: 11140: 11136: 11126: 11124: 11107: 11103: 11093: 11091: 11076: 11072: 11062: 11060: 11046: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11009: 11005: 10995: 10993: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10967: 10965: 10952: 10951: 10947: 10941:Wayback Machine 10932: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10890: 10889:. April 7, 2008 10875: 10874: 10867: 10857: 10855: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10797: 10795: 10793:www.hiiraan.com 10787: 10786: 10782: 10766: 10765: 10759: 10757: 10747: 10721: 10717: 10701: 10700: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10642: 10640:www.hiiraan.com 10634: 10633: 10629: 10619: 10617: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10554: 10550: 10540: 10538: 10523: 10522: 10515: 10505: 10503: 10491: 10487: 10475: 10467: 10458: 10448: 10446: 10437: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10369: 10358: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10341: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10315: 10313: 10304: 10303: 10299: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10270: 10268: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10238: 10236:Washington Post 10224: 10220: 10207: 10203: 10193: 10191: 10176: 10175: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10126: 10124: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10074: 10073: 10069: 10047: 10043: 10033: 10031: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9995: 9972: 9968: 9958: 9956: 9943: 9942: 9935: 9900: 9896: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9861: 9857: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9794: 9773: 9769: 9759: 9757: 9741: 9737: 9727: 9725: 9714: 9713: 9709: 9666: 9657: 9650: 9634: 9630: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9577: 9573: 9566: 9558:. Verso Books. 9550: 9546: 9536: 9534: 9522: 9515: 9507: 9499: 9488: 9478: 9476: 9469:www.hiiraan.com 9463: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9421:Washington Post 9414: 9413: 9406: 9390: 9389: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9356: 9355: 9348: 9340:Washington Post 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9263: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9172: 9168: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9128: 9127: 9123: 9113: 9111: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9085: 9083: 9071: 9062: 9055: 9047:. p. 121. 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9010: 9009: 9002: 8959: 8955: 8945: 8943: 8927: 8918: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8888: 8886: 8870:Washington Post 8861: 8852: 8842: 8840: 8828: 8824: 8814: 8812: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8782: 8780: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8708: 8706: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8665: 8661: 8651: 8649: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8605: 8601: 8591: 8589: 8578: 8577: 8570: 8554: 8553: 8539: 8535: 8524: 8515: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8489: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8413: 8409: 8396: 8385: 8375: 8373: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8332: 8328: 8321: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8252: 8245: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8135: 8124: 8114: 8112: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8078:on July 4, 2008 8062: 8058: 8053:Wayback Machine 8043: 8039: 8023: 8022: 8018: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7950: 7949: 7942: 7907: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7828: 7824: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7742: 7741: 7734: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7662: 7653: 7632: 7628: 7613: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7447:. June 30, 2020 7437: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7406: 7402: 7381: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7239: 7235: 7218: 7214: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7163:Marchal, Roland 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7078: 7076: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6909: 6905: 6870: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6830: 6826: 6816: 6814: 6799: 6798: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6755: 6751: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6671:The Star Banner 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6500: 6496: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6435: 6433: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6356:Framing Somalia 6351: 6347: 6323: 6319: 6305: 6303: 6284: 6280: 6245: 6241: 6228: 6226: 6206: 6202: 6183: 6164: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6129: 6122: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6025: 6018: 5983: 5970: 5935: 5908: 5902:Wayback Machine 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5758: 5754: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5691:. July 12, 2003 5681: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5550: 5533: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5492: 5491: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5455: 5454: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5416: 5415: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5387:j.ctt183p650.14 5379: 5353: 5342: 5329: 5327: 5307: 5298: 5291: 5283:. p. 111. 5271: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5204: 5197: 5177: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5140: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5118:. June 30, 2020 5108: 5107: 5100: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4913: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4880: 4873: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4793: 4784: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4660: 4651: 4636:Terrorism Focus 4628: 4621: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4545: 4538: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4490: 4488: 4469: 4468: 4459: 4444: 4443: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4351: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4207: 4201: 4186: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4081: 4010: 4000:Lund University 3991: 3939: 3894: 3887:– (9 June 2008) 3859:(December 2008) 3849: 3844: 3799:to Al-Shabaab. 3758: 3752: 3719: 3713: 3704:Somali diaspora 3693:Foreign Affairs 3685:Osama bin Laden 3681:Aden Hashi Ayro 3669: 3623:Donald Yamamoto 3582: 3567:in Somalia for 3482: 3413: 3397: 3341: 3329: 3323: 3297:Abdullahi Yusuf 3269:Abdullahi Yusuf 3265: 3200: 3178: 3158:Abdullahi Yusuf 3107: 3099:suicide bombing 3054:on the town of 3052:cruise missiles 3044: 3024:Somali diaspora 2977:February 2008, 2969: 2949:Abdullahi Yusuf 2926:along with the 2916: 2910: 2885: 2824:heavy artillery 2812:Middle Shabelle 2776: 2744:Abdullahi Yusuf 2734:(21 April 2007) 2662:Abdullahi Yusuf 2648: 2610: 2604: 2560: 2527:Cruise missiles 2514:AC-130 gunships 2506:Battle of Jilib 2494: 2488: 2464:leaving Kismayo 2460:Battle of Jilib 2435: 2429: 2319:on the city of 2309: 2157: 2151: 2121:and his deputy 2119:Yusuf Indhacade 2054: 1970: 1968:Forces involved 1929: 1852: 1721: 1709:Abdullahi Yusuf 1693:William R. Polk 1668: 1650: 1644: 1620:Abdullahi Yusuf 1571:Greater Somalia 1535: 1529: 1524: 1506:Years into the 1479:Abdullahi Yusuf 1360: 1355: 1295:border conflict 1209:2022 Al-Shabaab 1136: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1096: 1091: 1001: 970: 965: 963: 961: 922: 904: 881: 878:15,000 deserted 867: 846: 843:Several hundred 836: 834: 819: 804:10,000 soldiers 782: 772: 770: 760: 758: 750: 740: 738: 734:Hassan al-Turki 728: 726: 716: 714: 704: 702: 692: 690: 680: 678: 672: 660: 648: 636: 624: 612: 600: 596:Abdullahi Yusuf 588: 576: 564: 552: 540: 527: 526: 516: 514: 504: 502: 492: 490: 479: 477: 465: 455: 453: 444: 436: 434: 433: 425: 423: 422: 418: 410: 408: 401: 390: 388: 377: 375: 364: 362: 351: 349: 338: 336: 333: 332: 324: 322: 318: 307: 305: 304: 296: 294: 283: 281: 270: 268: 256: 245: 243: 233: 224: 222: 221: 217: 208: 206: 194: 183: 181: 89: 75: 62:(December 2006) 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17266: 17256: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17142: 17140: 17139:Related topics 17136: 17135: 17132: 17131: 17129: 17128: 17127: 17126: 17121: 17112: 17106: 17099: 17097: 17093: 17092: 17090: 17089: 17088:(2017–present) 17083: 17078: 17071: 17069: 17062: 17056: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17049: 17048: 17047: 17046: 17041: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17012: 17001: 16999: 16995: 16994: 16992: 16991: 16988:Kasese clashes 16985: 16984:(1996–present) 16979: 16978:(1987–present) 16972: 16970: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16962: 16961:(2023–present) 16956: 16950: 16944: 16938: 16937:(2009–present) 16932: 16926: 16919: 16917: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16904: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16881: 16879: 16875: 16874: 16872: 16871: 16865: 16859: 16853: 16847: 16846:(1963–present) 16841: 16835: 16833: 16829: 16828: 16826: 16825: 16820: 16819: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16798: 16797:(1998–present) 16791: 16789: 16785: 16784: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16749: 16743: 16737: 16731: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16716:Oromo conflict 16712: 16710: 16703: 16697: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16689: 16688:(2009–present) 16683: 16682:(1987–present) 16677: 16671: 16669: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16657:2021 offensive 16648: 16642: 16640: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16620: 16613: 16611: 16605: 16604: 16602: 16601: 16595: 16589: 16588: 16587: 16582: 16573: 16571: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16561: 16555: 16549: 16548: 16547: 16542: 16531: 16530:(2009–present) 16528:Ituri conflict 16525: 16522:Dongo conflict 16519: 16518:(2004–present) 16513: 16510:Ituri conflict 16507: 16501: 16500:(1996–present) 16495: 16488: 16486: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16477:(1975–present) 16472: 16465: 16463: 16456: 16454:Central Africa 16450: 16449: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16441:(2020–present) 16436: 16435: 16434: 16424: 16423:(1982–present) 16418: 16415:Guinea clashes 16412: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16393: 16388: 16379: 16377: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16369: 16368: 16367: 16362: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16343: 16338: 16332: 16330: 16326: 16325: 16323: 16322: 16321:(2012–present) 16316: 16315: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16295: 16293: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16285: 16284:(2021–present) 16279: 16278: 16277: 16266: 16265:(2009–present) 16260: 16255: 16254: 16253: 16241: 16239: 16232: 16226: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16212: 16207: 16200: 16198: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16181:War, 1975–1991 16171: 16169: 16168:Western Sahara 16165: 16164: 16162: 16161: 16160: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16147:2011 civil war 16139: 16133: 16131: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16123: 16122:(2013–present) 16117: 16111: 16110:(2011–present) 16105: 16100: 16093: 16091: 16084: 16078: 16077: 16066: 16065: 16058: 16051: 16043: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16026:Southeast Asia 16023: 16018: 16010: 16003: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15980: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15958: 15956: 15952: 15951: 15949: 15948: 15946:Mohammed Yusuf 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15912: 15910: 15906: 15905: 15903: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15875:Al-Mulathameen 15872: 15867: 15862: 15860:Al-Mourabitoun 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15790: 15788: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15780: 15775: 15774: 15773: 15762: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15747: 15746: 15739: 15732: 15724: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15711: 15701: 15690: 15687: 15686: 15684: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15661: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15640:Situation Room 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15535: 15533: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15494: 15487: 15485: 15481: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15412: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15366: 15364: 15351: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15264: 15262: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15237:Khalil Haqqani 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15203: 15201: 15194: 15190: 15189: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15174:European Union 15171: 15166: 15164:United Kingdom 15161: 15156: 15151: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15120: 15118: 15111: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15098: 15088: 15078: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15061: 15060: 15053: 15046: 15038: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15025: 15018: 15015: 15014: 15012: 15011: 14999: 14995:United States 14985: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14977: 14976: 14958: 14957: 14956: 14939: 14927: 14922: 14920:Omar Sharmarke 14917: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14893: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14853: 14851: 14847: 14846: 14844: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14817: 14815: 14811: 14810: 14808: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14786: 14784: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14752:Mahas bombings 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14423: 14421: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14266:Battle of Gedo 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14212: 14210: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14156: 14155: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14113: 14111: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14022: 14020: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14012: 14007: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13989: 13988: 13981: 13974: 13966: 13957: 13956: 13954: 13953: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13923:Jendayi Frazer 13907: 13906: 13905: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13868: 13867: 13866: 13861: 13844: 13843: 13842: 13837: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13813: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13791: 13790: 13789: 13784: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13748: 13746: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13712: 13710: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13681: 13679: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13593: 13591: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13550: 13549: 13539: 13538: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13465: 13463: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13427: 13426: 13419: 13412: 13404: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13384: 13383: 13355: 13341: 13327: 13301: 13274: 13248: 13241: 13221: 13207:Hiiraan Online 13189: 13168: 13132: 13125: 13119:. p. 83. 13103: 13060: 13053: 13047:. p. 22. 13029: 13008: 12980: 12954: 12918: 12895: 12878:Hiiraan Online 12863: 12827: 12810:Hiiraan Online 12795: 12773: 12755:Hiiraan Online 12741: 12726: 12703: 12672: 12653: 12630: 12624:. p. 87. 12603: 12575: 12548: 12538: 12518: 12493: 12486: 12466: 12442: 12409: 12383: 12333: 12306: 12291:. Mareeg.com. 12280: 12254: 12228: 12202: 12174: 12148: 12132:Foreign Policy 12115: 12090: 12062: 12034: 12006: 11978: 11952: 11926: 11896: 11879:Hiiraan Online 11861: 11832: 11795: 11771: 11738: 11707: 11679: 11651: 11619: 11588: 11560: 11527: 11514:Hiiraan Online 11499: 11486:www.unocha.org 11473: 11450: 11424: 11410:Hiiraan Online 11396: 11373: 11346:(3): 283–295. 11326: 11309:Hiiraan Online 11289: 11259: 11237: 11211: 11186: 11160: 11134: 11101: 11070: 11037: 11003: 10989:Hiiraan Online 10975: 10945: 10926: 10900: 10865: 10847:Hiiraan Online 10833: 10805: 10780: 10745: 10715: 10652: 10627: 10599: 10568:(3): 372–380. 10548: 10513: 10485: 10456: 10430: 10404: 10379: 10351: 10323: 10310:www.unocha.org 10297: 10288:Radio Banaadir 10278: 10248: 10218: 10201: 10166: 10134: 10117:Hiiraan Online 10099: 10067: 10061:New York Times 10041: 10005: 9966: 9933: 9894: 9891:. May 6, 2008. 9874: 9855: 9834: 9792: 9767: 9735: 9707: 9655: 9648: 9628: 9614: 9591:(2): 110–131. 9571: 9564: 9544: 9531:Hiiraan Online 9513: 9486: 9456: 9427: 9404: 9370: 9346: 9325: 9307:Hiiraan Online 9293: 9257: 9229: 9197: 9166: 9151: 9121: 9093: 9060: 9053: 9031: 9000: 8953: 8916: 8896: 8850: 8822: 8811:on May 3, 2008 8790: 8762: 8748: 8716: 8688: 8659: 8628: 8599: 8568: 8533: 8513: 8473: 8438: 8407: 8383: 8365:Hiiraan Online 8351: 8344: 8326: 8319: 8301: 8294: 8271: 8264: 8243: 8213:(2): 136–143. 8193: 8156: 8149: 8122: 8089: 8056: 8037: 8016: 7990: 7971: 7940: 7921:(2): 151–160. 7890: 7872:Hiiraan Online 7857: 7822: 7803: 7767: 7749:Hiiraan Online 7732: 7709: 7677: 7651: 7626: 7604: 7576: 7555: 7519: 7502:Hiiraan Online 7487: 7458: 7427: 7420: 7400: 7370: 7353:Hiiraan Online 7338: 7311:(3): 397–406. 7288: 7281: 7258: 7251: 7233: 7212: 7172: 7154: 7122: 7086: 7054: 7032:Hiiraan Online 7018: 6986: 6949: 6932: 6903: 6861: 6824: 6789: 6749: 6724: 6692: 6657: 6625: 6595: 6563: 6531: 6494: 6470: 6446: 6404: 6372: 6365: 6345: 6317: 6278: 6239: 6200: 6181: 6155: 6120: 6085: 6051: 6016: 5997:(2): 208–233. 5968: 5906: 5887: 5857: 5850: 5830: 5802: 5772:(2): 110–131. 5752: 5722:(2): 110–131. 5702: 5674: 5663:. May 15, 2002 5646: 5618: 5591: 5564:(1): 116–141. 5531: 5513: 5480: 5441: 5398: 5377: 5340: 5296: 5289: 5260: 5232: 5195: 5162: 5129: 5098: 5077: 5047: 5017: 4991: 4961: 4938: 4900: 4871: 4850: 4820: 4782: 4752: 4718: 4690: 4649: 4619: 4589:(1): 116–141. 4569: 4559: 4536: 4501: 4476:Times of Malta 4457: 4432: 4400: 4365: 4325: 4299: 4273: 4247: 4221: 4184: 4161: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4100:(March 2007). 4094: 4074: 4060:(1): 116–141. 4043: 4029:(2): 110–131. 4014: 4008: 3981: 3957:(2): 208–233. 3938: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3905: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3866: 3860: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3836:Bale Mountains 3822:reported that 3793:Ethiopian army 3754:Main article: 3751: 3748: 3715:Main article: 3712: 3709: 3668: 3665: 3651:or had joined 3636:'Endless War': 3634:report titled 3581: 3578: 3561:Ogaden Somalis 3481: 3478: 3435:to the ruling 3412: 3409: 3396: 3393: 3369:United Nations 3340: 3337: 3325:Main article: 3322: 3319: 3264: 3261: 3177: 3174: 3106: 3103: 3043: 3040: 3011:Bakaara market 2968: 2965: 2957:Bakaara Market 2912:Main article: 2909: 2906: 2898:suicide attack 2884: 2881: 2816:Lower Shabelle 2775: 2772: 2740:carpet bombing 2678:Mogadishu port 2647: 2644: 2629:European Union 2614:regime changer 2606:Main article: 2603: 2600: 2559: 2556: 2548:The Pentagon's 2504:following the 2490:Main article: 2487: 2484: 2431:Main article: 2428: 2427:December 28–31 2425: 2308: 2307:December 24–27 2305: 2211:, flew out of 2165:reconnaissance 2150: 2149:December 19–23 2147: 2127:European Union 2053: 2050: 1974:disinformation 1969: 1966: 1928: 1925: 1851: 1848: 1834:Horn of Africa 1720: 1717: 1667: 1666:Prelude to war 1664: 1646:Main article: 1643: 1640: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329:OLA insurgency 1326: 1321: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1223: 1218: 1216:Oromo conflict 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1110: 1102: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1077:2nd Beledweyne 1074: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1020:1st Beledweyne 1017: 1012: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 984: 975: 972: 971: 960: 959: 952: 945: 937: 929: 928: 921: 920: 917: 913: 906: 905: 903: 902: 899: 895: 893: 880: 879: 876: 872: 860: 853: 852: 848: 847: 845: 844: 838: 829: 822: 820: 818: 817: 811: 810:5,250 soldiers 805: 799: 792: 789: 788: 784: 783: 781: 780: 768: 756: 736: 724: 712: 700: 688: 675: 673: 671: 670: 658: 646: 644:George W. Bush 634: 622: 620:Barre Hiiraale 610: 598: 586: 574: 562: 550: 537: 534: 533: 529: 528: 525: 524: 512: 500: 488: 475: 463: 450: 407: 402: 400: 399: 386: 373: 360: 347: 321: 320: 319: 317: 316: 292: 279: 266: 254: 235: 234: 204: 192: 178: 172: 171: 167: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 150: 145:Withdrawal of 143: 140: 134: 130:Escalation of 128: 122: 117:Deployment of 115: 95: 91: 90: 84: 82: 78: 77: 72: 64: 63: 45: 44: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17265: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17146:War on terror 17144: 17143: 17141: 17137: 17125: 17122: 17119: 17116: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17107: 17104: 17101: 17100: 17098: 17094: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17076: 17073: 17072: 17070: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17057: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17036: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17016: 17013: 17010: 17006: 17003: 17002: 17000: 16996: 16989: 16986: 16983: 16980: 16977: 16974: 16973: 16971: 16967: 16960: 16957: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16947:Heglig Crisis 16945: 16942: 16939: 16936: 16933: 16930: 16929:War in Darfur 16927: 16924: 16921: 16920: 16918: 16914: 16908: 16905: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16886: 16885:Heglig Crisis 16883: 16882: 16880: 16876: 16869: 16866: 16863: 16860: 16857: 16856:Kenyan crisis 16854: 16851: 16848: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16836: 16834: 16830: 16824: 16821: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16799: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16786: 16778: 16777:War in Amhara 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16750: 16747: 16744: 16741: 16738: 16735: 16732: 16729: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16687: 16684: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16641: 16637: 16629: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16618: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16606: 16599: 16596: 16593: 16590: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16577: 16575: 16574: 16572: 16566: 16559: 16556: 16553: 16550: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16529: 16526: 16523: 16520: 16517: 16516:Kivu conflict 16514: 16511: 16508: 16505: 16502: 16499: 16496: 16493: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16476: 16473: 16470: 16467: 16466: 16464: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16451: 16440: 16437: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16428: 16425: 16422: 16419: 16416: 16413: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16400: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16376:Côte d'Ivoire 16374: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16357: 16355: 16354: 16352: 16348: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16327: 16320: 16317: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16290: 16283: 16280: 16276: 16275:2016 conflict 16273: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16252: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16227: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16205: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16195: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16172: 16170: 16166: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16143: 16142:Libyan Crisis 16140: 16138: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16128: 16121: 16118: 16115: 16112: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16098: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16072: 16064: 16059: 16057: 16052: 16050: 16045: 16044: 16041: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16009: 16005: 16004: 16001: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15964: 15963: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15953: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15907: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15885:Ansarul Islam 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15813:Organisations 15811: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15789: 15785: 15779: 15776: 15772: 15769: 15768: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15757: 15752: 15745: 15740: 15738: 15733: 15731: 15726: 15725: 15722: 15710: 15702: 15700: 15692: 15691: 15688: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15666: 15662: 15660: 15659: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15641: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15549:Bush Doctrine 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15534: 15530: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15498: 15497:Torture Memos 15495: 15492: 15489: 15488: 15486: 15482: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15407: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15362: 15355: 15352: 15348: 15334: 15333:Islamic State 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15259: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15202: 15198: 15195: 15191: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15169:United States 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15149: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15112: 15108: 15102: 15099: 15096: 15093:(2003–2011) ( 15092: 15089: 15086: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15070: 15066: 15065:War on terror 15059: 15054: 15052: 15047: 15045: 15040: 15039: 15036: 15024: 15020: 15019: 15016: 15010: 15000: 14998: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14975: 14974:Abdiweli Gaas 14972: 14971: 14970: 14959: 14955: 14952: 14951: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14862:Mukhtar Robow 14860: 14859: 14858: 14855: 14854: 14852: 14848: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14812: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14785: 14783: 14779: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14512:Garowe attack 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14205: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14017: 14011: 14010:War on terror 14008: 14006: 14002: 14001: 13998: 13994: 13987: 13982: 13980: 13975: 13973: 13968: 13967: 13964: 13952: 13948: 13947: 13944: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13931: 13928: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13918:United States 13908: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13869: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13811:Mukhtar Robow 13809: 13808: 13807: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13792: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13762: 13761: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13743: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13707: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13543: 13540: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13460: 13454: 13453:War on terror 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13432: 13425: 13420: 13418: 13413: 13411: 13406: 13405: 13402: 13396: 13389: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13359: 13351: 13345: 13337: 13331: 13316: 13315:Sudan Tribune 13312: 13305: 13289: 13285: 13278: 13262: 13258: 13252: 13244: 13238: 13234: 13233: 13225: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13208: 13203: 13196: 13194: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13172: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13148: 13143: 13136: 13128: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13107: 13100: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13079: 13074: 13067: 13065: 13056: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13041: 13033: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13018:"Endless War" 13012: 12997: 12996: 12995:The Intercept 12991: 12984: 12969: 12965: 12958: 12943: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12922: 12914: 12913: 12908: 12902: 12900: 12884: 12880: 12879: 12874: 12867: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12831: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12799: 12783: 12777: 12762:. May 6, 2008 12761: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12745: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12710: 12708: 12700: 12689: 12688: 12683: 12676: 12668: 12664: 12657: 12649: 12645: 12644:Somali Signal 12641: 12634: 12627: 12623: 12616: 12615: 12607: 12591: 12590: 12589:Garowe Online 12585: 12579: 12572:. p. 29. 12571: 12564: 12563: 12555: 12553: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12531: 12530: 12522: 12514: 12510: 12509: 12508:Geeska Afrika 12504: 12497: 12489: 12483: 12479: 12478: 12470: 12462: 12461:BBC Worldwide 12458: 12457: 12449: 12447: 12430: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12413: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12337: 12321: 12317: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12190: 12189: 12184: 12178: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12145: 12134: 12133: 12127: 12119: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12101: 12094: 12078: 12077: 12072: 12066: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12038: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12010: 11994: 11993: 11992:Sudan Tribune 11988: 11982: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11900: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11849: 11845: 11839: 11837: 11829: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11785:Garowe Online 11781: 11775: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11742: 11726: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11695: 11694: 11689: 11683: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11655: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11634:Chatham House 11630: 11623: 11616: 11611: 11604: 11603: 11595: 11593: 11577: 11576: 11571: 11564: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11516: 11515: 11510: 11503: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11469: 11462: 11461: 11454: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11400: 11392: 11385: 11384: 11377: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11330: 11315: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11241: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11218: 11216: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11174: 11170: 11164: 11148: 11144: 11138: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11105: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11059: 11055: 11054:reliefweb.int 11051: 11044: 11042: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11007: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10979: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10949: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10930: 10914: 10910: 10909:"Latest News" 10904: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10872: 10870: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10809: 10794: 10790: 10784: 10776: 10770: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10719: 10711: 10705: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10656: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10615: 10614: 10613:Sudan Tribune 10609: 10603: 10596: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10552: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10520: 10518: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10489: 10481: 10474: 10473: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10355: 10339: 10338: 10333: 10327: 10311: 10307: 10301: 10293: 10289: 10282: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10237: 10233: 10232:Sudan Tribune 10229: 10222: 10214: 10213: 10205: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10183:Sudan Tribune 10179: 10173: 10171: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10138: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10071: 10063: 10062: 10056: 10051: 10045: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10009: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9970: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9838: 9830: 9823: 9822: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9782:Sudan Tribune 9778: 9771: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9739: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9711: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9651: 9645: 9642:. Routledge. 9641: 9640: 9632: 9624: 9618: 9611: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9561: 9557: 9556: 9548: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9520: 9518: 9506: 9505: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9411: 9409: 9400: 9394: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9353: 9351: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9329: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9297: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9201: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9162: 9155: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9097: 9082: 9081: 9080:Sudan Tribune 9076: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9056: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9035: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8957: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8900: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8826: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8794: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8766: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8720: 8704: 8703: 8702:Sudan Tribune 8698: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8663: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8603: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8564: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8537: 8529: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8509: 8503: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8403: 8402: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8278: 8276: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8161: 8152: 8150:9780253037503 8146: 8142: 8141: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7878: 7875:(in Somali). 7874: 7873: 7868: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7728: 7727:African Union 7721: 7720: 7713: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7609: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7446: 7445: 7444:Garowe Online 7440: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7363:September 10, 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7265: 7263: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7137:The Telegraph 7133: 7126: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7100:Sudan Tribune 7096: 7090: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7022: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6965:The Economist 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1836:, though the 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:Somali Region 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1704:African Union 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610:waged by the 1609: 1605: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:1977–1978 War 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:African Union 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:United States 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344:War in Amhara 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1324:Oromia–Somali 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1296: 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Retrieved 4224: 4215: 4212:CTC Sentinel 4211: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4149: 4139: 4122:– via 4111: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4068:– via 4057: 4051: 4037:– via 4026: 4022: 3995: 3975:– via 3954: 3948: 3937:Bibliography 3819: 3805: 3786: 3762:Hizbul Islam 3759: 3723:Somali coast 3720: 3701: 3670: 3661:paramilitary 3657:Sharif Ahmed 3645: 3640: 3635: 3607: 3583: 3546: 3496: 3485: 3483: 3459: 3455: 3450:Meles Zenawi 3418: 3414: 3398: 3373: 3342: 3330: 3314:Meles Zenawi 3294: 3274: 3266: 3241: 3224: 3213:officer and 3191: 3179: 3162: 3143: 3108: 3095:Ahmed Godane 3072: 3060:Hassan Turki 3045: 2996: 2970: 2945: 2937:Seyum Mesfin 2924:Jubba Valley 2917: 2895: 2890:mobilization 2886: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2820:Jubba Valley 2795:Meles Zenawi 2792: 2777: 2765: 2737: 2709:mass arrests 2697: 2686: 2655:engaging in 2649: 2634:Days before 2633: 2622: 2611: 2588: 2584:Raphael Tuju 2573: 2561: 2537: 2495: 2444: 2397:Sharif Ahmed 2370: 2346: 2333:Meles Zenawi 2310: 2285: 2273:Abdi Qeybdid 2265:state of war 2249: 2233:paramilitary 2217:Diego Garcia 2202: 2158: 2115: 2091: 2066:The Pentagon 2055: 2034: 2006:paramilitary 1978: 1971: 1938:Herman Cohen 1930: 1905: 1885: 1877:Sharif Ahmed 1853: 1831: 1794: 1777: 1722: 1713:Meles Zenawi 1697: 1669: 1651: 1601: 1536: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1484: 1439: 1396: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1302: 1246:2009–present 1240: 1003: 1002: 976: 964: 909: 889: 883: 882: 868: 863: 856: 840: 837:3,000 (2009) 835:2,000 (2008) 831: 828:4,000 (2006) 825: 813: 807: 801: 795: 766:Ahmed Godane 751: 698:Hassan Aweys 686:Sharif Ahmed 668:Robert Gates 656:Barack Obama 584:Samora Yunis 572:Kuma Demeksa 548:Meles Zenawi 446: 445: 419: 404: 237: 236: 218: 175: 170:Belligerents 101:Consequences 100: 97: 36:Part of the 25: 17156:Arab Winter 17151:Arab Spring 17120:(1998–1999) 17111:(1994–1999) 17077:(1977–1992) 17017:(1991–1994) 17011:(1990–1994) 16955:(2022–2023) 16943:(2011–2020) 16931:(2003–2020) 16925:(1983–2005) 16903:(2013–2020) 16878:South Sudan 16864:(2012–2013) 16858:(2007–2008) 16748:(2000–2018) 16742:(1998–2000) 16736:(1995–2018) 16730:(1994–2018) 16701:East Africa 16619:(2004–2007) 16600:(2016–2017) 16594:(2002–2003) 16576:Civil wars 16560:(2016–2019) 16554:(2013–2018) 16512:(1999–2007) 16506:(1998–2003) 16494:(1996–1997) 16475:Cabinda War 16471:(1975–2002) 16411:(1998–1999) 16230:West Africa 16217:(2010–2011) 16206:(1991–2002) 16116:(2013–2014) 16099:(2011–2014) 16016:MENA region 15491:Patriot Act 15242:Hafiz Saeed 15200:Individuals 15179:Philippines 15134:Afghanistan 15117:Operational 14850:Key players 14209:and battles 14152:Disarmament 13770:Gabre Heard 13745:Key players 13535:Disarmament 13320:October 26, 12596:October 30, 12435:October 27, 12402:October 27, 10595:al-Shabaab. 10241:November 8, 10108:Lone, Salim 9914:: 279–294. 9479:December 2, 9449:December 2, 9318:December 2, 9144:February 6, 8815:November 8, 8709:January 12, 8492:January 12, 7597:January 11, 7548:January 11, 7512:January 11, 7079:October 25, 7011:October 25, 6979:October 25, 6588:January 11, 6556:November 7, 6326:Lewis, I.M. 5506:October 26, 5392:January 11, 5330:January 12, 4813:January 11, 4318:February 9, 4292:February 9, 4240:February 9, 3731:coast guard 3590:nationalist 3538:Gabre Heard 3429:Addis Ababa 2569:martial law 2552:Ban Ki-moon 2417:Arab League 2393:David Shinn 2301:Korahe Zone 2221:air support 2219:to provide 2186:Lebanon War 2087:mercenaries 2008:units, and 1993:Gabre Heard 1901:Bandiradley 1773:Gedo region 1763:. ICU head 1676:Addis Ababa 1616:Addis Ababa 1407:US military 1319:Afar–Somali 1162:Bale revolt 1087:2nd Kismayo 1045:Ras Kamboni 1040:1st Kismayo 1015:Bandiradley 832:Al-Shabaab: 560:Gabre Heard 447:Insurgency: 238:Insurgency: 17182:Categories 17068:Mozambique 16772:Tigray War 16021:South Asia 15941:Ahmad Umar 15926:Fuad Qalaf 15870:Ansar Dine 15840:Boko Haram 15820:Al-Shabaab 15642:photograph 15288:Boko Haram 15283:Al-Shabaab 15278:Abu Sayyaf 15095:Withdrawal 15085:Withdrawal 14872:Fuad Qalaf 14857:Al-Shabaab 14207:Operations 14147:Propaganda 14110:Background 13806:al-Shabaab 13530:Propaganda 13493:Background 12973:August 25, 12693:August 19, 12076:Al Jazeera 12048:Al Jazeera 11854:January 9, 11615:Mogadishu. 11492:January 9, 11094:August 29, 10687:10023/5595 10506:August 25, 10159:August 29, 9998:August 30, 9865:LexisNexis 9750:Relief Web 9610:operation. 9443:Al Jazeera 9182:. London. 8652:January 7, 8585:Al Jazeera 8455:Al Jazeera 8431:January 5, 8115:January 7, 7850:January 5, 7836:Relief Web 7566:Swisspeace 7480:January 4, 7000:Al Jazeera 6782:August 25, 6618:January 5, 6296:Relief Web 6033:Al Jazeera 5880:January 5, 5122:August 29, 5070:January 5, 5040:January 5, 4132:References 3875:(May 2008) 3828:Tigray War 3778:Sharia law 3766:Al Shabaab 3672:Al-Shabaab 3653:Al-Shabaab 3573:war crimes 3518:Ethiopians 3510:war crimes 3381:Al-Shabaab 3301:Nur Hassan 3232:Beledweyne 3127:Beledweyne 3091:insurgency 3083:Al-Shabaab 3079:Dhusamareb 3077:bombarded 3032:Harardhere 2979:Al Shabaab 2865:Al-Jazeera 2841:Al-Shabaab 2768:Salim Lone 2728:BM-21 Grad 2717:BM-21 Grad 2693:Al-Shabaab 2456:Juba River 2373:front line 2358:Beledweyne 2321:Beledweyne 2317:airstrikes 2281:blitzkrieg 2256:Al-Shabaab 2252:Bay region 2241:Al-Jazeera 2139:UNSCR 1725 2041:Al-Shabaab 1962:UNSCR 1725 1950:Al-Shabaab 1921:logistical 1917:Somaliland 1893:front line 1733:Bay region 1591:Border War 1585:Ogaden War 1583:1977–1978 1579:Border War 1522:Background 1516:Al-Shabaab 1462:Al-Shabaab 1415:Al-Shabaab 1392:insurgency 1339:Tigray war 1129:Post-1960 1082:2nd Baidoa 1010:1st Baidoa 890:Casualties 864:Casualties 814:US Forces: 746:Aden Ayrow 461:Al-Shabaab 126:Al-Shabaab 113:insurgency 16901:Civil War 16585:1997–1999 16580:1993–1994 16536:conflict 16391:2010–2011 16386:2002–2007 16365:1999–2003 16360:1989–1996 16307:2007–2009 16302:1990–1995 15787:Phenomena 15358:Operation 15350:Conflicts 14867:Ali Dhere 13156:0015-7120 13113:Eurojihad 13087:0015-7120 13026:. Accord. 12947:August 9, 12942:0261-3077 12851:0261-3077 12788:March 23, 12736:982652240 12375:155893368 12367:0307-1847 11889:August 5, 11884:The Times 11817:0362-4331 11368:153548813 11360:0258-9001 11063:April 20, 11025:0362-4331 10882:ReliefWeb 10760:March 31, 10696:2049-7040 10645:March 31, 10590:219267475 10582:1040-2659 10530:ReliefWeb 10029:0040-781X 9993:0362-4331 9920:2512-6040 9728:March 10, 9702:155893368 9694:0307-1847 9625:. AMISOM. 9605:1939-2206 9393:cite news 9286:March 18, 9281:0261-3077 9250:March 18, 9222:March 14, 9045:Routledge 9024:March 13, 8995:158246584 8987:0143-6597 8936:ReliefWeb 8879:0190-8286 8674:AllAfrica 8614:AllAfrica 8235:146737860 8227:1040-2659 8181:1059-1028 7935:1753-1055 7791:0261-3077 7692:ReliefWeb 7543:0882-7729 7333:144596992 7325:1040-2659 6974:0013-0613 6918:AllAfrica 6890:0305-6244 6839:ReliefWeb 6509:ReliefWeb 6484:One India 6421:ReliefWeb 6313:presence. 6265:0305-6244 6224:0261-3077 6191:982652240 6143:Reliefweb 6138:AllAfrica 6111:0305-6244 6073:0362-4331 6011:0954-8890 5955:0305-6244 5794:236350899 5786:1939-2206 5744:236350899 5736:1939-2206 5586:148494845 5578:0954-6553 5423:ReliefWeb 5325:0362-4331 5220:0362-4331 5155:March 18, 4740:1059-1028 4711:March 13, 4683:March 12, 4678:2151-9463 4611:148494845 4603:0954-6553 4515:ReliefWeb 3973:1755-1609 3912:Channel 4 3847:Documents 3820:Bloomberg 3598:Mogadishu 3530:Mogadishu 3219:defecting 3217:soldiers 3166:Jalalaqsi 3050:launched 2991:Buloburde 2987:Mogadishu 2920:Shabeelle 2653:guerillas 2448:Mogadishu 2389:Burhakaba 2362:Mogadishu 2213:Dire Dawa 2203:American 2178:Hezbollah 2161:ultimatum 2074:satellite 2058:logistics 1940:, the US 1889:Burhakaba 1860:Burhakaba 1672:Channel 4 1545:over the 1501:Mogadishu 1471:Mogadishu 1454:Mogadishu 1411:Mogadishu 1231:Rebellion 1131:conflicts 796:Ethiopia: 632:Adde Musa 487:loyalists 405:Invasion: 176:Invasion: 60:Mogadishu 17009:genocide 16709:Ethiopia 16617:Bush War 16610:Republic 16598:Pool War 16568:Republic 16485:DR Congo 16319:Mali War 16071:Cold War 16008:Islamism 16006:Part of 15967:Mali War 15766:Jihadism 15759:Ideology 15699:Category 15619:Islamism 15559:Cold War 15484:Policies 15436:Iraq War 15268:al-Qaeda 15261:Factions 15184:Ethiopia 15159:Pakistan 15091:Iraq War 14969:Puntland 14949:Galmudug 14137:Factions 14019:Timeline 13898:Galmudug 13879:Puntland 13760:Ethiopia 13520:Factions 13462:Timeline 13376:July 14, 13370:Le Monde 13261:Archived 13161:July 25, 13092:July 25, 13001:July 27, 12888:June 20, 12856:June 20, 12820:June 19, 12766:June 19, 12424:NBC News 12396:BBC News 12293:Archived 12267:Archived 12215:Archived 12195:March 9, 12188:BBC News 12161:Archived 12020:BBC News 11965:Archived 11939:Archived 11913:Archived 11909:BBC News 11848:NBC News 11700:March 9, 11693:BBC News 11665:BBC News 11639:BBC News 11581:July 26, 11520:June 19, 11443:June 11, 11437:Archived 11417:June 19, 11319:June 19, 11276:Archived 11272:BBC News 11252:Archived 11225:Archived 11179:June 11, 11173:Archived 11153:June 11, 11147:Archived 11127:July 29, 11030:July 26, 10962:Archived 10958:BBC News 10937:Archived 10858:June 19, 10826:March 9, 10819:BBC News 10769:citation 10500:BBC News 10417:Archived 10399:Archived 10344:July 29, 10337:BBC News 10265:Archived 10261:BBC News 10127:July 21, 10086:Archived 10081:BBC News 9949:Refworld 9928:24916969 9760:July 21, 9243:BBC News 9211:NBC News 9184:Archived 9114:March 9, 9107:BBC News 8946:March 9, 8804:BBC News 8776:BBC News 8730:NBC News 8645:BBC News 8592:July 28, 8557:cite web 8502:cite web 8370:Archived 8186:June 21, 8071:PJ Media 8049:Archived 8047:Reuters 8003:AlertNet 7964:March 9, 7957:BBC News 7877:Archived 7844:Archived 7796:June 20, 7646:Archived 7623:: 13–15. 7395:Archived 7201:cite web 7191:July 12, 7185:unpo.org 7165:(2010). 7109:Archived 7073:Archived 7068:BBC News 7041:Archived 7005:Archived 6848:Archived 6817:March 9, 6811:Archived 6776:Archived 6711:Archived 6706:BBC News 6679:Archived 6644:Archived 6612:Archived 6582:Archived 6550:Archived 6489:Archived 6465:Archived 6430:Archived 6391:Archived 6306:July 24, 6229:July 27, 6169:(2018). 6078:June 21, 6038:Archived 5963:20406369 5898:Archived 5823:March 9, 5816:BBC News 5688:BBC News 5660:BBC News 5639:April 6, 5611:June 24, 5499:NBC News 5467:Archived 5462:BBC News 5253:June 24, 5225:June 24, 5064:Archived 5034:Archived 5004:Archived 4978:Archived 4974:BBC News 4931:March 9, 4925:BBC News 4837:Archived 4833:BBC News 4745:June 21, 4485:Archived 4354:cite web 4266:April 2, 4260:Archived 4234:Archived 4120:20406369 3987:(2008). 3824:Ethiopia 3743:Puntland 3689:Al-Qaeda 3677:Jihadist 3532:and the 3474:Puntland 3425:NBC News 3345:Ethiopia 3307:and the 3283:and the 3277:Djibouti 3154:Djibouti 3148:and the 3007:Tigrayan 2902:car bomb 2818:and the 2810:region, 2808:Banaadir 2800:Al-Qaeda 2689:Banaadir 2540:Al-Qaeda 2419:and the 2286:As ENDF 2237:Ali Gedi 2231:and CIA 2205:gunships 2180:against 2045:Ali Gedi 1958:Al-Qaeda 1827:holy war 1823:BBC News 1684:Jon Snow 1636:1982 war 1543:Ethiopia 1399:de facto 1376:Ethiopia 977:Timeline 857:Ethiopia 787:Strength 608:Ali Gedi 290:Galmudug 277:Puntland 252:Ethiopia 190:Ethiopia 124:Rise of 81:Location 40:and the 16788:Somalia 16350:Liberia 16238:Nigeria 15909:Leaders 15709:Commons 15532:Related 15323:Taliban 15193:Targets 14997:AFRICOM 14782:OEF–HOA 14420:Attacks 13677:OEF–HOA 13590:Battles 13294:July 9, 12326:July 9, 12299:July 9, 12273:July 9, 12247:July 9, 12221:July 9, 12167:July 9, 12105:Reuters 11971:July 9, 11945:July 9, 11919:May 27, 11822:May 29, 11644:May 29, 11282:May 27, 11205:Reuters 10968:May 27, 10919:July 9, 10852:Reuters 10620:July 9, 10271:May 27, 10194:July 9, 9755:Reuters 9473:Reuters 9190:May 27, 8910:Reuters 8007:Reuters 7840:Reuters 7760:May 12, 7702:May 12, 7697:Reuters 7641:Reuters 7451:July 6, 6898:4007061 6514:Reuters 6273:4007061 5695:May 11, 5667:May 11, 5473:July 9, 5246:Reuters 5093:Reuters 5010:July 9, 4984:May 27, 4865:Reuters 4843:May 27, 4481:Reuters 4175:Reuters 3892:Footage 3782:Somalia 3770:Somalia 3522:Somalia 3357:Burundi 3349:Somalia 3119:Afgooye 3085:leader 3056:Dhobley 3036:Kismayo 3015:Hormuud 2983:Dinsoor 2848:Dhobley 2682:Kismayo 2580:Nairobi 2535:bases. 2502:Kismayo 2476:Kismayo 2472:Kismayo 2409:Somalia 2385:Dinsoor 2375:around 2327:bombed 2288:convoys 2275:of the 2083:Reuters 2036:Reuters 2014:AC-130s 1843:Eritrea 1798:Reuters 1655:Eritrea 1539:Somalia 1370:or the 1268:2007–08 1241:2006–09 1004:Battles 884:AMISOM: 875:Unknown 816:Unknown 808:AMISOM: 752:† 442:Eritrea 384:Nigeria 345:Burundi 87:Somalia 17105:(1994) 17096:Others 16998:Others 16990:(2016) 16969:Uganda 16949:(2012) 16887:(2012) 16870:(2012) 16852:(1997) 16816:AMISOM 16668:Others 16524:(2009) 16462:Angola 16417:(2013) 16402:Others 16197:Others 15955:Events 15845:Ansaru 15499:(2002) 15493:(2001) 14993: 14983:AMISOM 14966: 13930:AMISOM 13915: 13876: 13757: 13239: 13154: 13123: 13085: 13051: 12968:Mshale 12940: 12849: 12734: 12724: 12536: 12484: 12373: 12365: 12027:May 4, 11815: 11672:May 6, 11553:May 6, 11366: 11358: 11023: 10996:May 8, 10893:May 4, 10753: 10743: 10694: 10588: 10580: 10541:May 4, 10034:May 4, 10027: 9991: 9926: 9918: 9700: 9692: 9646: 9603: 9562: 9279: 9051: 8993: 8985: 8889:May 4, 8877: 8342: 8317: 8292: 8262: 8233: 8225: 8179: 8147: 7933: 7789: 7617:Extra! 7541: 7418: 7331: 7323: 7279: 7249: 6972: 6896: 6888: 6363: 6271: 6263: 6222: 6189: 6179: 6109: 6071: 6009: 5961: 5953: 5848: 5792: 5784: 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The 3462:AMISOM 3365:AMISOM 3361:Uganda 3353:AMISOM 3305:Baidoa 3228:Jowhar 3123:Baidoa 3115:Jowhar 3001:, the 2932:Bakool 2922:, the 2853:Guriel 2704:Hawiye 2674:mortar 2636:AMISOM 2468:Kenyan 2381:Idaale 2377:Baidoa 2292:Ogaden 2209:AC-130 2169:Baidoa 2106:Bakool 2098:Baidoa 2010:Marine 1912:Ogaden 1897:Baidoa 1810:Ogaden 1782:Baidoa 1729:Baidoa 1555:Somali 1547:Ogaden 1512:AMISOM 1475:Baidoa 1450:AMISOM 1444:, the 1433:. 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