Insurgency - Knowledge

70: 2768: 3589:." There are many selective incentives that encourage insurgency and violent movements against autocratic political regimes. For example, the supply of safety as a material good can be provided by the insurgents, which abolishes the exploitation of the government and thus forms one of the main incentives. The revolutionary power can help manifest a social-political network that in return provides access to political opportunities to diverse candidates, who share a collective identity and cultural homogeneity. Also, civil wars and insurgencies can provide employment and access to services and resources that were once taken over by the autocratic regimes. 3641:(armed groups which affect the outcome, such as militias) and fourth forces (unarmed groups which affect the outcome, such as international media), who may be distinct from the core insurgents and the recognized government. While overt state sponsorship becomes less common, sponsorship by transnational groups is more common. "The nesting of insurgency within complex conflicts associated with state weakness or failure..." (See the discussion of failed states below.) Metz suggests that contemporary insurgencies have far more complex and shifting participation than traditional wars, where discrete belligerents seek a clear strategic victory. 4404: 4174:

administrator" force, often multinational, which does what some call "nation-building", but, most importantly, connects the nation to the core and empowers the natives to communicate—that communication can be likened to swarm coordination. If the state is occupied, or in civil war, another paradigm comes into play: the leviathan, a first-world military force that takes down the opposition regular forces. Leviathan is not constituted to fight local insurgencies, but major forces. Leviathan may use extensive

27: 3505: 3353: 3857: 3849: 4275:, but, rather assuming the civilizations must clash, these civilizations simply can be recognized as actors in a multinational world. In the case of Iraq, Cordesman observes that the burden is on the Islamic civilization, not unilaterally the West, if for no other reason that the civilization to which the problematic nation belongs will have cultural and linguistic context that Western civilization cannot hope to equal. 3791:

concepts associated with insurgency fit, should not ignore those ideas in their planning. Additionally, the recommendations can be applied to the strategic campaign, even if it is politically unfeasible to use precise terminology. Insurgent groups often struggle to maintain coherency and authority due to their decentralized nature, and thus rely heavily upon ethnic, religious, or ideological bounds to avoid splintering.

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Walter adds that if there is a conflict between the government and the insurgents in the form of a civil war, that can bring about a new government that is accountable to a wider range of people, who have to commit to a compromise in political bargains. According to Walter, the presence of strong influential institutions can be beneficial to prevent the repetition of civil wars, but

4901:, U.S. State Department. "Following the U.S. announcement of its intention to establish an official blockade of Confederate ports, foreign governments began to recognize the Confederacy as a belligerent in the Civil War. Great Britain granted belligerent status on May 13, 1861, Spain on June 17, and Brazil on August 1. Other foreign governments issued statements of neutrality." 4303:

examples include the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. As the European countries intervenes in the conflicts, creating asymmetry between the government forces and rebels, asymmetric conflict is the most common form of subnational conflicts and the most civil conflicts where the western countries are likely to be involved. Such interventions and their impacts can be seen in the

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have traditionally provided another means to tell the two apart. Insurgencies normally field fighting forces orders of magnitude larger than those of terrorist organizations." Insurgencies have a political purpose, and may provide social services and have an overt, even legal, political wing. Their covert wing carries out attacks on military forces with tactics such as

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generally for a political or ideological (whether secular or religious) purpose. Terrorism is a criminal act, but it is more than mere criminality. To overcome the problem of terrorism it is necessary to understand its political nature as well as its basic criminality and psychology. The United Nations needs to address both sides of this equation.

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society, while Eizenstat addresses the "gaps" that form cracks in societal stability. McCormick's model shows the interplay among the actors: insurgents, government, population and external organizations. Barnett discusses the relationship of the country with the outside world, and Cordesman focuses on the specifics of providing security.

4884:"In supporting Lincoln on this issue, the Supreme Court upheld his theory of the Civil War as an insurrection against the United States government that could be suppressed according to the rules of war. In this way the United States was able to fight the war as if it were an international war, without actually having to recognize the 3544:, wars have a rationalist explanation behind them, which explains why leaders prefer to gamble in wars and avoid peaceful bargains. Fearon states that intermediate bargains can be a problem because countries cannot easily trade territories with the spread of nationalism. Furthermore, wars can take the form of 4326:

share local information with government forces, which would allow government forces to effectively use their asymmetric advantage to target rebels. Taking the role of civilians in this framework into consideration, the government and rebels will divert resources to provide services to civilians so as

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Kilcullen describes a framework for counterinsurgency. He gives a visual overview of the actors in his model of conflicts, which he represents as a box containing an "ecosystem" defined by geographic, ethnic, economic, social, cultural, and religious characteristics. Inside the box are, among others,

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in 1977 and 1999 in Pakistan, the initial actions focused internally on the government rather than on seeking broad support. While Tomes' definition fits well with Mao's Phase I, it does not deal well with larger civil wars. Mao does assume terrorism is usually part of the early phases, but it is not

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and Stathis Kalyvas, a central objective in insurgencies is to achieve control over civilians. To exercise control armed groups apply a variety of practices, including different types of violence, dispute resolution, taxation, regulation of movement, access to aid and services, and social strictures.

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McCormick's model is designed as a tool for counterinsurgency (COIN), but develops a symmetrical view of the required actions for both the Insurgent and COIN forces to achieve success. In this way the counterinsurgency model can demonstrate how both the insurgent and COIN forces succeed or fail. The

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The heart of strengthening weak nations must come from within, and that heart will fail if they deny that the real issue is the future of their civilization, if they tolerate religious, cultural or separatist violence and terrorism when it strikes at unpopular targets, or if they continue to try to

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As in swarming, in Kilcullen's view unity of effort "depends less on a shared command and control hierarchy, and more on a shared diagnosis of the problem (i.e., the distributed knowledge of swarms), platforms for collaboration, information sharing and deconfliction. Each player must understand the

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James Fearon and David Laitin define insurgency as "a technology of military conflict characterized by small, lightly armed bands practicing guerrilla warfare from rural base areas." Austin Long defines insurgency as "the use of political and military means by irregular forces to change an existing

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Projects that address the needs of the civilians in the local communities and conditioned on information sharing by the community are more effective in reducing rebel violence. In practice, these may be smaller projects that are developed through consultation with local communities, which are also

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This pillar most engages military commanders' attention, but of course military means are applied across the model, not just in the security domain, while civilian activity is critically important in the security pillar also ... all three pillars must develop in parallel and stay in balance, while

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While not every insurgency involves terror, most involve an equally hard to define tactic, subversion. "When a country is being subverted it is not being outfought; it is being out-administered. Subversion is literally administration with a minus sign in front." The exceptional cases of insurgency

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warfare, as well as other political, economic and social actions of various kinds. Due to the blending of insurgents with the civilian population, insurgencies tend to involve considerable violence against civilians (by the state and the insurgents). State attempts to quell insurgencies frequently

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Recent studies have tried to model the conceptual architecture of insurgent warfare using computational and mathematical modelling. A recent study by Juan Camilo Bohorquez, Sean Gourley, Alexander R. Dixon, Michael Spagat, and Neil F. Johnson entitled "Common Ecology Quantifies Human Insurgency",

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parliamentary democracy by political, industrial or violent means." While insurgents do not necessarily use terror, it is hard to imagine any insurgency meeting its goals without undermining aspects of the legitimacy or power of the government or faction it opposes. Rosenau mentions a more recent

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Strategic Essay Contest, by Michael F. Morris, said "may pursue political, even revolutionary, goals, but their violence replaces rather than complements a political program." Morris made the point that the use, or non-use, of terrorism does not define insurgency, "but that organizational traits

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It is well to understand that counterterrorism, as used by Cordesman, does not mean using terrorism against the terrorism, but an entire spectrum of activities, nonviolent and violent, to disrupt an opposing terrorist organization. The French general, Joseph Gallieni, observed, while a colonial

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Without attempting a comprehensive definition of terrorism, it would be useful to delineate some broad characteristics of the phenomenon. Terrorism is, in most cases, essentially a political act. It is meant to inflict dramatic and deadly injury on civilians and to create an atmosphere of fear,

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Steven Metz observes that past models of insurgency do not perfectly fit modern insurgency, in that current instances are far more likely to have a multinational or transnational character than those of the past. Several insurgencies may belong to more complex conflicts, involving "third forces

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Institutions are responsible for checking the government, creating multiple peaceful routes to help the government solve problems, making the government committed to political terms that entails preserving peace, and creating an atmosphere where rebels do not need to form militias. Furthermore,

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in their review as conflicts where "the government forces have a clear advantage over rebels in coercive capacity." In this kind of conflicts, rebel groups can reintegrate into the civilian population after an attack if the civilians are willing to silently accept them. Some of the most recent

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In Thomas Barnett's paradigm, the world is divided into a "connected core" of nations enjoying a high level of communications among their organizations and individuals, and those nations that are disconnected internally and externally. In a reasonably peaceful situation, he describes a "system

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Social scientists, soldiers, and sources of change have been modeling insurgency for nearly a century if one starts with Mao. Counterinsurgency models, not mutually exclusive from one another, come from Kilcullen, McCormick, Barnett and Eizenstat. Kilcullen describes the "pillars" of a stable

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There may be utility in examining a war not specifically on the tactic of terror but in co-ordination among multiple national or regional insurgencies. It may be politically infeasible to refer to a conflict as an "insurgency" rather than by some more charged term, but military analysts, when

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Other than brief "Leviathan" takedowns, security building appears to need to be regional, with logistical and other technical support from more developed countries and alliances (e.g., ASEAN, NATO). Noncombat military assistance in closing the security gap begins with training, sometimes in

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Capacity: the survival needs of water, electrical power, food and public health, closely followed by education, communications and a working economic system. "An inability to do so creates a capacity gap, which can lead to a loss of public confidence and then perhaps political upheaval.

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In Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, segments of the population are cut off from their governments because of endemic insecurity. And in postconflict Iraq, critical capacity gaps exist despite the country's relative wealth and strategic

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Security: protection "... against internal and external threats, and preserving sovereignty over territory. If a government cannot ensure security, rebellious armed groups or criminal nonstate actors may use violence to exploit this security gap—as in Haiti, Nepal, and

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A country is not conquered and pacified when a military operation has decimated its inhabitants and made all heads bow in terror; the ferments of revolt will germinate in the mass and the rancours accumulated by the brutal action of force will make them grow again

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definition that suggests subversion includes measures short of violence, which still serve the purposes of insurgents. Rarely, subversion alone can change a government; this arguably happened in the liberalization of Eastern Europe. To the Communist government of

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suggests a common structure for 9 contemporary insurgent wars, supported on statistical data of more than 50,000 insurgent attacks. The model explains the recurrent statistical pattern found in the distribution of deaths in insurgent and terrorist events.

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framework to describe asymmetric conflicts on a local level. Three parties are involved in framework: government forces, rebels and civilians. Government forces and rebels attack each other and may inadvertently harm civilians whereas civilians can

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others' strengths, weaknesses, capabilities and objectives, and inter-agency teams must be structured for versatility (the ability to perform a wide variety of tasks) and agility (the ability to transition rapidly and smoothly between tasks)."

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Alignments during the heaviest fighting years of the Iraq War were very complex, with some militias supporting the new Iraq government-US coalition, and some receiving third-state state sponsorship such as Saudi-supported Sunni group the

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Anthony Cordesman notes that security requirements differ by region and state in region. Writing on the Middle East, he identified different security needs for specific areas, as well as the US interest in security in those areas.

3637:'s definition of counterinsurgency: "an interlocking system of actions—political, economic, psychological, military—that aims at the overthrow of the established authority in a country and its replacement by another regime." 3889:(between agencies or among government and non-government actors) means little in this environment." Unity of command is one of the axioms of military doctrine that change with the use of swarming:. In Edwards' 3936:

Note the similarity between Eizenstat's gaps and Kilcullen's three pillars. In the table below, do not assume that a problematic state is unable to assist less developed states while closing its own gaps.

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model's strategies and principle apply to both forces, therefore the degree the forces follow the model should have a direct correlation to the success or failure of either the Insurgent or COIN force.

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Where a revolt takes the form of armed rebellion, it may not be viewed as an insurgency if a state of belligerency exists between one or more sovereign states and rebel forces. For example, during the

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specifically recommended acts of terror, as a means of accomplishing something that fits the concept of opening the security gap. Mao considered terrorism to be part of forming a guerrilla movement.

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Innovations that increase the value of projects to local civilians, such as including development professionals in project design and implementation, will enhance the effect of violence-reducing.

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Anthony Cordesman, while speaking of the specific situation in Iraq, makes some points that can be generalized to other nations in turmoil. Cordesman recognizes some value in the groupings in

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has presented a theory that explains the role of strong institutions in preventing insurgencies that can result in civil wars. Walter believes that institutions can contribute to four goals.

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Human security, building a framework of human rights, civil institutions and individual protections, public safety (fire, ambulance, sanitation, civil defense) and population security.

3780:'s "clash of civilizations." Addressing Huntington's thesis, Fukuyama stressed that the US and its allies need to focus on specific radical groups rather than clash with global Islam. 3438:

lead to the infliction of indiscriminate violence, whereas rebel control of territory frequently involves violence against the civilian population. Insurgency sets itself apart from

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While the term "subversion" is less commonly used by current U.S. spokesmen, that may be due to the hyperbolic way it was used in the past, in a specifically anticommunist context.

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Mao considered terrorism a basic part of his first part of the three phases of revolutionary warfare. Several insurgency models recognize that completed acts of terrorism widen the

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Berman, Eli; Callen, Michael; Felter, Joseph H.; Shapiro, Jacob N. (2011-08-01). "Do Working Men Rebel? Insurgency and Unemployment in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines".

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The counterinsurgency strategy can be described as efforts to end the insurgency by a campaign developed in balance along three "pillars": security, political, and economical.

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did in April 1962, when he declared that urgent action was required before the "enemy's subversive politico-military teams find fertile spawning grounds for their fish eggs."

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as a sovereign state, but it was recognized as a belligerent power, and thus Confederate warships were given the same rights as United States warships in foreign ports.

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explains that participants in high-risk activism are very aware of the costs and benefits of engaging in civil wars. Wood suggests that "participants in the 1964

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political order. These forces typically mingle with civilians in order to hide from the forces defending the political order." According to Matthew Adam Kocher,

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Insurgencies, according to Stuart Eizenstat grow out of "gaps". To be viable, a state must be able to close three "gaps", of which the first is most important:

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Before one counters an insurgency, one must understand what one is countering. Typically the most successful counter-insurgencies have been the British in the

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While it may be reasonable to consider transnational insurgency, Anthony Cordesman points out some of the myths in trying to have a worldwide view of terror:

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Both Kilcullen and Eizenstat define a more abstract goal than does Cordesman. Kilcullen's security pillar is roughly equivalent to Eizenstat's security gap:

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Insurgencies differ in their use of tactics and methods. In a 2004 article, Robert R. Tomes spoke of four elements that "typically encompass an insurgency":

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wrote "We must distinguish Al Qa'eda and the broader militant movements it symbolises – entities that use terrorism – from the tactic of terrorism itself."

3430:) where they gradually expand territorial control and military forces. Insurgency frequently hinges on control of and collaboration with local populations. 5642: 5785: 4899:

Bureau of Public Affairs: Office of the Historian -> Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History -> 1861–1865:The Blockade of Confederate Ports, 1861–1865

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These implications are tested by empirical evidences from conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq and several other subnational conflicts. Further research on

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Legitimacy: closing the legitimacy gap is more than an incantation of "democracy" and "elections", but a government that is perceived to exist by the

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for the Policy Working Group on the United Nations and Terrorism. Reporting to the Secretary-General in 2002, the Working Group stated the following:

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Often, but not always, states or groups that aid one side or the other are outside the box. Outside-the-box intervention has dynamics of its own.

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specialized areas such as intelligence. More direct, but still noncombat support, includes intelligence, planning, logistics and communications.

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adversary. Due to this asymmetry, insurgents avoid large-scale direct battles, opting instead to blend in with the civilian population (often in

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are less likely to accept the emergence of strong institutions because of their resulting constraint of governmental corruption and privileges.

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at the tactical level, but its dispatch is a strategic decision that may be made unilaterally, or by an established group of the core such as

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governments, counterinsurgent forces, insurgent leaders, insurgent forces, and the general population, which is made up of three groups:

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If either side of the government forces or rebels causes casualties among civilians, civilians will reduce their support for that side.

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The government and rebels have an incentive to provide services to civilians, which increases with the value of the information shared.

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Fjelde, Hanne; Nilsson, Desirée (September 2018). "The rise of rebel contenders: Barriers to entry and fragmentation in civil wars".

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Information can be shared anonymously without endangering the civilians who do so and civilians are assumed to respond to incentives.

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Fukuyama argued that political means, rather than direct military measures, are the most effective ways to defeat that insurgency.

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by aiming for political control rather than resorting to indiscriminate violence, however, it may incorporate terrorist tactics.

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Military security (securing the population from attack or intimidation by guerrillas, bandits, terrorists or other armed groups)

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Thomas Willis, "Lessons from the past: successful British counterinsurgency operations in Malaya 1948–1960", July–August 2005,

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Police security (community policing, police intelligence or "Special Branch" activities, and paramilitary police field forces).

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is one example of a recognized government versus multiple groups of insurgents. Other historic insurgencies, such as the

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Innovations that make anonymous tips to the government easier, of which are often technical, can reduce rebel violence.

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The Indirect Approach: the role of Aviation Foreign Internal Defense in Combating Terrorism in Weak and Failing States

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Security provided by the government and service provision (i.e. development spending) are complementary activities.

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Yet another conflict of definitions involves insurgency versus terrorism. The winning essay of the 24th Annual

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without subversion are those where there is no accepted government that is providing administrative services.

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Many insurgencies include terrorism. While there is no accepted definition of terrorism in international law,

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Neither side of government forces and rebels will actively target civilians with coercion or intimidation.

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Cooperation can be based on trust and common values: one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.

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French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria: The Analysis of a Political and Military Doctrine

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All of these interact, and the different elements have to assess their best options in a set of actions:

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multifaceted attempts to cultivate support in the general population, often by undermining the new regime

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Internal instability and security issues do not require compartmentation and secrecy at national level.

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Sometimes there may be two or more simultaneous insurgencies (multipolar) occurring in a country. The

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and to have better informed decisions made at the tactical, strategic and public policy levels.

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ran high risks of bodily harm in challenging the long-standing practices of racial exclusion in

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Secretary General's Policy Working Group on the United Nations and Terrorism (December 2004),

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used to foster insecurity among the population and drive them to the insurgents for protection

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Tomes' is an example of a definition that does not cover all insurgencies. For example, the

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The Importance of Building Local Capabilities: Lessons from the Counterinsurgency in Iraq

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The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century

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Eizenstat, Stuart E.; Porter, John Edward; Weinstein, Jeremy M. (January–February 2005).

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Clauset A, Gleditsch KS (2012), "The Developmental Dynamics of Terrorist Organizations",

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Other states can be counted on to keep information secure and use it to mutual advantage.

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In most environments, a capacity gap coexists with—or even grows out of—a security gap.

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Bohorquez; et al. (December 2009), "Common Ecology Quantifies Human Insurgency",

3480:. At the same time, there was another separatist movement for the independence of the 5986: 5907: 5870: 5612: 5550: 5367: 5142: 5120: 5009: 4958: 4915: 4874: 4805: 4769: 4764: 4703: 4658: 4644: 4603: 4475: 4460: 4455: 4394: 4291: 3696: 3618: 3552: 3469: 3465: 3403: 3320: 3290: 3258: 3198: 3030: 2925: 2915: 2845: 2820: 2691: 2454: 2434: 2232: 2164: 2022: 1931: 1878: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1736: 1719: 1714: 1687: 1632: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1228: 1218: 1213: 1188: 1158: 1048: 1018: 1013: 1003: 998: 988: 903: 856: 826: 665: 458: 435: 369: 5998: 5864: 5361: 5082: 4978: 4819: 4796:. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4723: 2893: 1991: 5978: 5949: 5759: 5602: 5592: 5562: 5542: 5483: 5387: 5108: 5062: 5001: 4948: 4797: 4759: 4693: 4685: 4636: 4615: 4595: 4308: 4279:

export the blame for their own failures to other nations, religions, and cultures.

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Walter, Barbara (March 31, 2014). "Why Bad Governance Leads to Repeat Civil War".

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This framework leads to five major implications for counterinsurgency strategies:

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These points are emphasized in many works on insurgency, including Peter Paret,

4381:, attitudes, dynamics and agency between allies are needed to better understand 3660: 3656: 3575: 3423: 2982: 2883: 2873: 2496: 2414: 2347: 2281: 2179: 2114: 1981: 1729: 1153: 1113: 1091: 1078: 1068: 1038: 955: 908: 711: 702: 593: 546: 526: 516: 486: 453: 341: 298: 253: 125: 58: 5650:. U.S. Government Counterinsurgency Conference, Washington D.C. Archived from 5066: 4689: 4599: 3819:

Global and regional cooperation is the natural basis for international action.

6048: 5990: 5982: 5487: 5112: 4962: 4801: 4773: 4707: 4607: 4423: 4407: 3761: 3673: 3579: 3519: 3504: 2977: 2910: 2474: 2209: 1828: 1816: 1672: 1592: 1508: 1491: 1348: 1203: 1183: 866: 861: 841: 821: 736: 707: 682: 558: 536: 521: 496: 336: 258: 221: 216: 113: 26: 5693: 5616: 5554: 5028:

Bahiss, Ibraheem; Jackson, Ashley; Mayhew, Leigh; Weigand, Florian (2022).

4327:

to influence their decision about sharing information with the government.

4294:), as the emerging type of insurgencies in recent history, is described by 4230: 4204: 3977:

Continuing development of working institutions. Focused private investment

3541: 2484: 2409: 2015: 1941: 1921: 1916: 1811: 1756: 1390: 1385: 1208: 1123: 871: 605: 506: 303: 207: 4640: 3885:"Obviously enough, you cannot command what you do not control. Therefore, 4953: 4936: 4378: 4041: 4029: 4013: 3980: 3967: 3586: 3305: 2397: 2392: 2296: 1926: 1677: 1642: 1481: 1168: 1133: 846: 789: 692: 476: 197: 192: 5771: 5546: 5189: 4970: 4715: 4673: 4351:

Rebel violence may be reduced by service provision from the government.

3352: 5074: 4746:

Kocher, Matthew Adam; Pepinsky, Thomas B.; Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2011).

4698: 4411: 4374: 4314: 4295: 4069: 4065: 4045: 4033: 3708: 3625:, little to no attempt was made to terrorize civilians. In consecutive 3427: 3327: 2759: 2444: 2402: 1883: 1853: 1575: 944: 4992:

Long, Austin (2018), Gheciu, Alexandra; Wohlforth, William C. (eds.),

3816:

The "war on terrorism" creates common priorities and needs for action.

5763: 4498:

Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)

4021: 3996: 3848: 3768:

said the United States was not fighting terrorism generically, as in

3721: 3650: 3634: 3604: 3560: 3545: 3439: 3407: 3399: 2940: 2878: 2054: 1873: 1697: 1647: 1597: 1587: 1582: 1447: 1238: 1233: 1198: 640: 326: 293: 182: 31: 5688: 5030:"Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework" 3856: 5743:; John Edward Porter; Jeremy M. Weinstein (January–February 2005), 4073: 4037: 3988: 3769: 3515: 2972: 2377: 2087: 1888: 1863: 1496: 1128: 1103: 721: 276: 150: 3825:

Human rights and rule of law differences do not limit cooperation.

5423:

Countering Global Insurgency: A Strategy for the War on Terrorism

5053:

Fearon, James (Summer 1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War".

4632:

How Insurgency Begins: Rebel Group Formation in Uganda and Beyond

4223: 4123: 4106: 4098: 4049: 3992: 3831:

Co-operation can be separated from financial needs and resources.

2935: 2868: 2429: 2367: 1898: 1858: 1622: 1456: 1452: 799: 784: 660: 321: 316: 286: 225: 187: 5916:, Center for Strategic and International Studies, archived from 5510:, Center for Strategic and International Studies, archived from 19:"Insurgent" and "Insurgence" redirect here. For other uses, see 6027: 5393:

Phase III in the War on Terrorism: Challenges and Opportunities

4299: 4219: 4211: 4086: 4000: 3745: 3685: 2930: 2464: 1405: 806: 623: 359: 3633:

Tomes offers an indirect definition of insurgency, drawn from

5315:"The Theory and Practice of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency" 4334:

The consequential action of civilians is information sharing.

4226:, but can improve security cooperation with all these states. 4215: 4183: 4161:

Disrupt opponent's relations with the international community

4094: 4061: 4057: 4017: 3984: 3801:

A definition of terrorism exists that can be accepted by all.

3510: 3477: 881: 417: 412: 4410:

counterinsurgency forces demonstrating tactics used against

4179: 4025: 3963: 3485: 3473: 2967: 177: 172: 5363:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

5027: 5968: 4871:

The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions

4748:"Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War" 4263:

being firmly based in an effective information campaign.

3893:

model, as in Kilcullen's mode, unity of command becomes "

50: 5810: 5139:

Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador

4164:

Establish relationships with the international community

5574: 5450:

An Alternate Military Strategy for the War on Terrorism

5141:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–30. 3899:

at best, and collaboration or deconfliction at least."

3755: 5826:(1). Council on Foreign Relations: 136. Archived from 5499: 5497: 4912:

Power and stability: British foreign policy, 1865–1965

3810:

International institutions are secure and trustworthy.

3659:-sponsored working definitions include one drafted by 34:

insurgent next to a propaganda poster during the 1944

5906: 5695:

FM 3–0, Operations (with included Change 1)

5356: 4745: 4282: 4168: 3568:

Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in Salvador

5859: 5237:, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College 3822:

Legal systems are compatible enough for cooperation.

5889: 5494: 4355:

more easily revoked when information is not shared.

3410:. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its 5783: 5722: 5446: 5352: 5350: 5213:Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency 4935:Kalyvas, Stathis N.; Kocher, Matthew Adam (2007). 5843: 3957:Militarily strong but weak in other institutions 3875:those who simply wish to get on with their lives. 6046: 5456:, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, archived from 5183: 5181: 5179: 4422:and the Filipino government's countering of the 4131:The model depicts four key elements or players: 5883: 5793:, Air Command and Staff College, archived from 5347: 4671: 4330:The framework is based on several assumptions: 3692: 5935: 5900: 5733: 5670:"Patterns of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency" 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5334: 5332: 4635:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. 4155:Disrupt opponent's control over the population 4138:Counterinsurgency force (i.e., the government) 3727:In a Western context, Rosenau cites a British 5936:Berman, Eli; Matanock, Aila M. (2015-05-11). 5667: 5473: 5410: 5176: 5000:, Oxford University Press, pp. 546–561, 4998:The Oxford Handbook of International Security 4934: 3906: 3375: 2728: 2023: 5848:, RAND Corporation, Document Number: P-7297. 5716: 5380: 5216:, Editions de la Table Ronde, archived from 5187: 4904: 4672:Kalyvas, Stathis N.; Balcells, Laia (2010). 4581: 3630:always present in revolutionary insurgency. 3535: 5622: 5329: 4582:Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2003). 3852:Kilcullen Figure 1: Ecosystem of Insurgency 3731:definition as "a generalized intention to ( 3402:by small, lightly armed bands who practice 5343:, RAND National Defense Research Institute 5296: 5290: 5267: 4114: 3382: 3368: 2735: 2721: 2030: 2016: 5953: 5837: 5729:, PhD thesis, Pardee RAND Graduate School 5637: 5606: 5596: 5524: 5504:Cordesman, Anthony H. (29 October 2007), 5503: 5416: 5263:(1 & 2), (A/57/273-S/2002/875, annex) 5206: 5200: 5155: 4952: 4888:existence of the Confederate government." 4763: 4697: 4189: 3872:those committed to the counterinsurgents; 5777: 5440: 5386: 5306: 5224: 4402: 4122: 3855: 3847: 3503: 2190:Special-interest / Single-issue 994:List of military strategies and concepts 25: 5853: 5846:The Shining Path and Peruvian terrorism 5568: 5507:Security Cooperation in the Middle East 5399:, Brookings Institution, archived from 5338: 4863: 4789: 4309:French-led intervention in Mali in 2013 3550:Why Bad Governance Leads to Civil Wars, 6047: 5518: 5273: 5241: 5164:"Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare" 5098: 5052: 4584:"Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War" 3960:Lower tensions before working on gaps 3843: 2538:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 16:Revolt or uprising by irregular forces 5955:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553 5931: 5929: 5927: 5890:McClintock, Michael (November 2005), 5723:Edwards, Sean J.A. (September 2004), 5682: 5161: 5132: 5130: 5094: 5092: 5048: 5046: 5006:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.36 4910:Goldstein, Erik; McKercher, B. J. C. 4891: 4873:, Oxford University Press US, 2001, 4752:American Journal of Political Science 4678:The American Political Science Review 4628: 4530:Islamic insurgency in the Philippines 4388: 3752:appeared subversive but not violent. 3695:; the Marxist guerrilla theoretician 3677:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 5690:Headquarters, Department of the Army 5661: 5447:Canonico, Peter J. (December 2004), 5230: 5136: 4991: 4785: 4783: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4577: 4575: 3756:Political rhetoric, myths and models 3601:cell-networks that maintain secrecy 13: 6041:by Ben Connable, Martin C. Libicki 5942:Annual Review of Political Science 5924: 5668:Lynn, John A. (July–August 2005), 5644:Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency 5127: 5089: 5043: 4793:The Logic of Violence in Civil War 4510:List of revolutions and rebellions 4283:Asymmetric and irregular conflicts 4169:Barnett and connecting to the core 3869:those committed to the insurgents; 3804:Intelligence can be freely shared. 14: 6071: 6020: 5784:Sagraves, Robert D (April 2005), 5300:Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla 4780: 4730: 4588:American Political Science Review 4572: 4152:Gaining support of the population 6026: 5312: 4836:, Pall Mall Press, London, 1964. 4765:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x 4525:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4091:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3433:An insurgency can be fought via 3351: 2766: 68: 6005: 5962: 5804: 5467: 5021: 4985: 4928: 4548: 4305:NATO operation in Libya in 2011 3621:had no cell system, and in the 5971:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5726:Swarming and the Future of War 5285:United States Army War College 5194:Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung 4847:"The A to Z of military terms" 4839: 4826: 4665: 4622: 4520:Insurgency in North East India 4158:Direct action against opponent 3941:Rough classification of states 3613:attacks against the government 1: 5938:"The Empiricists' Insurgency" 5893:Great Power Counterinsurgency 4566: 3702: 3499: 3451:Confederate States of America 3418:face a large, well-equipped, 5598:10.1371/journal.pone.0048633 5321:(April 1965), archived from 5231:Metz, Steven (5 June 2007), 5037:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups 4790:Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006). 3760:In arguing against the term 3644: 7: 5297:Marighella, Carlos (1969), 5274:Morris, Michael F. (2005), 4433: 3729:Secret Intelligence Service 3472:there were two main sides: 2533:Designated terrorist groups 1487:Military–industrial complex 966:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 6076: 5850:often called Magic Diamond 5844:McCormick, Gordon (1987), 5257:Focus on Crime and Society 5055:International Organization 4515:Hearts and Minds (Vietnam) 4392: 4317:and Matanock suggested an 4127:McCormick insurgency model 3907:Eizenstat and closing gaps 3706: 3648: 3592: 2702:Anti-terrorism legislation 21:Insurgent (disambiguation) 18: 5476:Journal of Peace Research 5341:Subversion and Insurgency 5339:Rosenau, William (2007), 5196:, Foreign Languages Press 5162:Tomes, Robert R. (2004), 5067:10.1017/s0020818300033324 4690:10.1017/S0003055410000286 4600:10.1017/S0003055403000534 4535:South Thailand insurgency 4451:Insurrectionary anarchism 4446:Fourth generation warfare 3860:Kilcullen's Three Pillars 3828:Most needs are identical. 3626: 3536:Insurgency and civil wars 2697:International conventions 2604:State-sponsored terrorism 1551:Loss-of-strength gradient 408:Combat information center 5983:10.1177/0022002710393920 5813:"Rebuilding Weak States" 5745:"Rebuilding Weak States" 5488:10.1177/0022343318767497 5366:. Simon & Schuster. 5319:Naval War College Review 5137:Wood, Elisabeth (2003). 5113:10.1177/0022002714528006 4802:10.1017/cbo9780511818462 4629:Lewis, Janet I. (2020). 4541: 4488:Foreign internal defense 4399:Foreign internal defense 3952:Representative examples 3494:period from 1998 to 2006 2560:Violent non-state actors 1869:Military science fiction 1354:Technology and equipment 775:List of military tactics 4471:Violent non-state actor 4428:Philippine–American War 4238:administrator in 1898, 4144:International community 4115:McCormick Magic Diamond 3930:consent of the governed 3719:U.S. Secretary of State 2815:By other characteristic 2302:Clandestine cell system 1937:Wartime sexual violence 1693:Full-spectrum dominance 1504:Supply-chain management 5277:Al Qaeda as Insurgency 4415: 4273:clash of civilizations 4265: 4245: 4190:Cordesman and security 4128: 4010:Close one or two gaps 3861: 3853: 3670: 3561:autocratic governments 3523: 3522:between 1671 and 1711. 2470:Propaganda of the deed 1849:Awards and decorations 1822:Peace through strength 1797:Low-intensity conflict 1431:Conscientious objector 1304:Area of responsibility 38: 5908:Cordesman, Anthony H. 5692:(22 February 2011) . 5641:(28 September 2006). 5358:Huntington, Samuel P. 5234:Rethinking Insurgency 5188:Mao Tse-tung (1967), 4641:10.1017/9781108855969 4557:Islamic State in Iraq 4466:Revolutionary warfare 4406: 4260: 4240: 4126: 4054:Republic of the Congo 3859: 3851: 3665: 3507: 3117:Bulgarian unification 2793:Counter-revolutionary 2686:Response to terrorism 2307:Leaderless resistance 441:Torpedo data computer 431:Ship gun fire-control 29: 6039:How Insurgencies End 6035:at Wikimedia Commons 5896:, Human Rights First 5861:Barnett, Thomas P.M. 5741:Eizenstat, Stuart E. 5325:on December 12, 2012 5101:Conflict Resolutions 4994:"Counter Insurgency" 4954:10.1353/wp.2007.0023 4383:asymmetric conflicts 4288:Asymmetric conflicts 4269:Samuel P. Huntington 3762:Global War on Terror 3484:region headed up by 3398:is a violent, armed 2889:Contentious politics 2760:Political revolution 2125:Right-wing/Far-right 1967:Military occupations 1802:Military engineering 1704:Unrestricted Warfare 1561:Force multiplication 459:Military manoeuvrers 5589:2012PLoSO...748633C 5547:10.1038/nature08631 5539:2009Natur.462..911B 5190:"On Protracted War" 4914:, Routledge, 2003, 4319:information-centric 4292:irregular conflicts 3942: 3844:Kilcullen's pillars 3623:American Revolution 3572:Elisabeth Jean Wood 3358:Politics portal 2707:Terrorism insurance 2508:Rockets and mortars 2248:Resistance movement 1653:Penal military unit 1638:Rules of engagement 1314:Command and control 939:Operations research 403:Director (military) 393:Fire-control system 163:Command and control 44:Part of a series on 6060:Military doctrines 5910:(August 1, 2006), 5701:. Washington, DC: 5657:on April 14, 2008. 5313:Fall, Bernard B., 4482:National doctrines 4441:Asymmetric warfare 4416: 4389:Counter-insurgency 4129: 3940: 3862: 3854: 3524: 3447:American Civil War 3435:counter-insurgency 3333:Second Arab Spring 2353:Aircraft hijacking 2110:Left-wing/Far-left 1762:Counter-insurgency 1683:Command of the sea 1628:Jewish laws on war 1603:Geneva Conventions 1139:Divide and conquer 934:Military operation 899:Tactical objective 398:Fire-control radar 375:Electronic-warfare 39: 6031:Media related to 6013:Infantry Magazine 5920:on April 10, 2008 5869:, Berkley Trade, 5533:(7275): 911–914, 5388:Fukuyama, Francis 5015:978-0-19-877785-4 4920:978-0-7146-8442-0 4879:978-0-19-513924-2 4811:978-0-521-85409-2 4650:978-1-108-47966-0 4476:COIN (board game) 4461:Political warfare 4456:Irregular warfare 4395:Counterinsurgency 4112: 4111: 3778:Samuel Huntington 3697:Carlos Marighella 3619:French Revolution 3553:Barbara F. Walter 3548:. In her article 3492:, especially the 3470:Angolan Civil War 3466:Russian Civil War 3406:against a larger 3404:guerrilla warfare 3392: 3391: 2926:Mass mobilization 2916:Guerrilla warfare 2745: 2744: 2692:Counter-terrorism 2677: 2676: 2435:Individual terror 2256: 2255: 2233:Violent extremism 2040: 2039: 1932:Horses in warfare 1879:Anti-war movement 1782:Gunboat diplomacy 1772:Disaster response 1720:Philosophy of war 1715:Principles of war 1688:Deterrence theory 1633:Right of conquest 1556:Lanchester's laws 1324:Principles of war 1014:Counter-offensive 999:Military campaign 904:Target saturation 827:Counterinsurgency 436:Gun data computer 370:Close air support 332:Aircraft carriers 6067: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5933: 5922: 5921: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5817: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5792: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5764:10.2307/20034213 5749: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5700: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5649: 5639:Kilcullen, David 5635: 5620: 5619: 5610: 5600: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5514:on 10 April 2008 5501: 5492: 5491: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5455: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5429:, archived from 5428: 5418:Kilcullen, David 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5398: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5254: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5208:Trinquier, Roger 5204: 5198: 5197: 5185: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5107:(7): 1242–1272. 5096: 5087: 5086: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4956: 4932: 4926: 4908: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4869:Hall, Kermit L. 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4767: 4743: 4728: 4727: 4701: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4579: 4560: 4552: 3974:Good performers 3943: 3939: 3887:unity of command 3766:Francis Fukuyama 3578:campaign in the 3514:were armed anti- 3490:Somali Civil War 3420:regular military 3416:irregular forces 3384: 3377: 3370: 3356: 3355: 3209:Hungarian (1956) 3041:Spanish American 2770: 2747: 2746: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2554: 2553: 2527:Terrorist groups 2509: 2243:Militia movement 2210:Green/Ecological 2115:Narcotics-driven 2093: 2092: 2042: 2041: 2032: 2025: 2018: 1787:Humanitarian aid 1725:Security dilemma 1546:Power projection 1329:Economy of force 1309:Chain of command 1024:Defence in depth 1009:Commerce raiding 832:Defeat in detail 168:Defense ministry 72: 63: 62: 53: 41: 40: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6045: 6044: 6023: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5967: 5963: 5934: 5925: 5905: 5901: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5858: 5854: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5820:Foreign Affairs 5815: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5752:Foreign Affairs 5747: 5738: 5734: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5698: 5687: 5683: 5677:Military Review 5672: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5647: 5636: 5623: 5573: 5569: 5523: 5519: 5502: 5495: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5426: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5396: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5355: 5348: 5337: 5330: 5311: 5307: 5295: 5291: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5205: 5201: 5186: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5135: 5128: 5097: 5090: 5051: 5044: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5016: 4990: 4986: 4933: 4929: 4909: 4905: 4896: 4892: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4831: 4827: 4812: 4788: 4781: 4744: 4731: 4670: 4666: 4651: 4627: 4623: 4580: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4493:Reagan Doctrine 4436: 4420:Malay Emergency 4401: 4391: 4285: 4271:'s idea of the 4192: 4171: 4135:Insurgent force 4117: 4083:Close all gaps 3909: 3896:unity of effort 3846: 3785:David Kilcullen 3758: 3711: 3705: 3653: 3647: 3595: 3542:James D. Fearon 3538: 3529:Thomas Pepinsky 3502: 3462:Iraq insurgency 3388: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2778: 2741: 2712: 2711: 2687: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2598: 2569:State terrorism 2551: 2543: 2542: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2514:Vehicle-ramming 2507: 2342: 2340: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2238:Ethnic violence 2219: 2184: 2129: 2090: 2079: 2036: 2007: 2006: 1957: 1947: 1946: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1844: 1834: 1833: 1807:Multilateralism 1792:Law enforcement 1752: 1742: 1741: 1710:Just war theory 1668: 1658: 1657: 1608:Geneva Protocol 1578: 1568: 1567: 1541: 1531: 1530: 1472: 1462: 1461: 1369: 1359: 1358: 1299: 1289: 1288: 1254: 1244: 1243: 1174:Network-centric 1094: 1084: 1083: 991: 981: 980: 929: 919: 918: 867:Rapid dominance 772: 762: 761: 717:Electromagnetic 626: 616: 615: 602: 555: 503: 479: 469: 468: 464:Combat training 445: 422: 388:Combat systems: 384: 346: 342:Auxiliary ships 308: 268: 264:Military police 230: 153: 143: 142: 82: 56: 55: 54: 49: 36:Warsaw Uprising 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6073: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6043: 6042: 6036: 6022: 6021:External links 6019: 6017: 6016: 6004: 5977:(4): 496–528. 5961: 5923: 5899: 5882: 5879:, Barnett-2005 5876:978-0425202395 5875: 5852: 5836: 5833:on 2011-06-04. 5803: 5776: 5732: 5715: 5681: 5660: 5621: 5583:(11): e48633, 5567: 5517: 5493: 5482:(5): 551–565. 5466: 5439: 5409: 5379: 5373:978-0684811642 5372: 5346: 5328: 5305: 5289: 5266: 5240: 5223: 5199: 5175: 5154: 5147: 5126: 5088: 5061:(3): 379–414. 5042: 5020: 5014: 4984: 4947:(2): 177–216. 4941:World Politics 4927: 4903: 4890: 4862: 4838: 4825: 4810: 4779: 4758:(2): 201–218. 4729: 4684:(3): 415–429. 4664: 4649: 4621: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4390: 4387: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4284: 4281: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4208: 4191: 4188: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4084: 4081: 4080:Failed states 4077: 4076: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3905: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3845: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3757: 3754: 3733:emphasis added 3707:Main article: 3704: 3701: 3661:Alex P. Schmid 3657:United Nations 3649:Main article: 3646: 3643: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3594: 3591: 3576:Freedom Summer 3537: 3534: 3508:The so-called 3501: 3498: 3455:not recognized 3414:nature: small 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3090:Italian states 3082: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2983:Tax resistance 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2884:Class conflict 2881: 2876: 2874:Civil disorder 2871: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2497:Suicide attack 2494: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2430:Hostage-taking 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415:Cyberterrorism 2412: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2375: 2365: 2360: 2350: 2348:Agro-terrorism 2344: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2282:Radicalization 2279: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224:Related topics 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2169:Salafi-Wahhabi 2162: 2157: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1972:Military terms 1969: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730:Tripwire force 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1252:Administrative 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1179:New generation 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1154:Fleet in being 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1092:Grand strategy 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1079:Scorched earth 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 992: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 956:Deep operation 953: 948: 941: 936: 930: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 885: 884: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 803: 802: 797: 792: 782: 773: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 757:Unconventional 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 705: 703:Disinformation 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 674: 673: 668: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 608: 601: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 554: 553: 552: 551: 550: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 502: 501: 500: 499: 494: 489: 480: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 454:Basic training 451: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 383: 382: 380:Reconnaissance 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 307: 306: 301: 299:Special forces 296: 291: 290: 289: 279: 274: 267: 266: 261: 256: 254:Reconnaissance 251: 246: 241: 236: 229: 228: 219: 214: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 154: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 133: 123: 122: 121: 116: 106: 105: 104: 97:Post-classical 94: 89: 83: 78: 77: 74: 73: 65: 64: 46: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6072: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5895: 5894: 5886: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5847: 5840: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800:on 2008-04-14 5796: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5704: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5653: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5463:on 2008-04-14 5459: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5436:on 2006-05-26 5432: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5406:on 2007-06-15 5402: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5301: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5235: 5227: 5220:on 2008-01-12 5219: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5148:9780511808685 5144: 5140: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4852: 4851:The Economist 4848: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4424:Huk Rebellion 4421: 4413: 4409: 4408:Nigerian Army 4405: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3674:United States 3669: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566:In her book, 3564: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3540:According to 3533: 3530: 3521: 3520:Royal Hungary 3517: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2978:Strike action 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2911:Direct action 2909: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2899:Demonstration 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2664:United States 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2589:United States 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2425:Environmental 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2292:Training camp 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2261: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2205:Anti-abortion 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1859:Warrior caste 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1829:Show of force 1827: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1817:Peacebuilding 1815: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1746: 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Retrieved 4850: 4841: 4833: 4828: 4792: 4755: 4751: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4631: 4624: 4594:(1): 75–90. 4591: 4587: 4550: 4504:Case studies 4503: 4502: 4481: 4480: 4417: 4372: 4343: 4329: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4286: 4277: 4266: 4261: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231:Persian Gulf 4205:North Africa 4197: 4193: 4172: 4147: 4130: 4118: 4007:Weak states 3935: 3925:importance." 3921: 3910: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3863: 3838: 3834: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3759: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3716: 3712: 3693:security gap 3690: 3671: 3666: 3654: 3639: 3632: 3616: 3596: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3539: 3525: 3509: 3459: 3444: 3432: 3395: 3393: 3244:People Power 2961:Disobedience 2920: 2654:Saudi Arabia 2648:Soviet Union 2584:Soviet Union 2439: 2410:Bioterrorism 2373:Animal-borne 1942:Fifth column 1922:War resister 1917:Women in war 1812:Peacekeeping 1757:Arms control 1702: 1391:Mobilization 1386:Conscription 1344:Intelligence 1297:Organization 943: 872:Encirclement 752:Radiological 688:Conventional 542:Subterranean 449:Development: 448: 425: 387: 349: 312:Naval units: 311: 304:Signal corps 271: 249:Intelligence 234:Specialties: 233: 158:Organization 109:Early modern 5948:: 443–464. 4699:10261/45454 4379:rule of law 4324:anonymously 4042:Philippines 4030:Ivory Coast 4014:Afghanistan 3981:El Salvador 3968:North Korea 3946:State type 3587:Mississippi 3428:rural areas 3306:Arab Spring 2904:Human chain 2894:Coup d'état 2803:Proletarian 2297:Death squad 2200:Suffragette 2120:Nationalist 2065:Definitions 1927:War studies 1750:Non-warfare 1678:Appeasement 1643:Martial law 1482:War economy 1421:Transgender 1374:Recruitment 1134:Containment 1019:Culminating 927:Operational 847:Envelopment 790:Air assault 671:Air cavalry 631:Air defence 611:Information 512:Cold-region 477:Battlespace 426:Historical: 272:Land units: 198:Space force 193:Coast guard 126:Late modern 87:Prehistoric 6055:Insurgency 6049:Categories 6033:Insurgency 5758:(1): 134, 5171:Parameters 4856:2023-12-18 4567:References 4412:Boko Haram 4393:See also: 4375:governance 4141:Population 4070:Uzbekistan 4066:Tajikistan 4046:Kyrgyzstan 4034:Kazakhstan 3750:Solidarity 3709:Subversion 3703:Subversion 3546:civil wars 3518:rebels in 3500:Definition 3412:asymmetric 3396:insurgency 3328:Euromaidan 3276:Bolivarian 3224:Nicaraguan 3204:Guatemalan 3142:Young Turk 3122:Philippine 2951:Nonviolent 2946:Resistance 2921:Insurgency 2831:Nonviolent 2826:From above 2798:Democratic 2594:Uzbekistan 2579:Kazakhstan 2445:Kidnapping 2440:Insurgency 2388:Improvised 2215:Misogynist 1987:War crimes 1977:Operations 1884:Foot drill 1854:Battle cry 1767:deterrence 1426:Harassment 1401:Specialism 1224:Technology 1219:Succession 1164:Liberation 1099:Asymmetric 1034:Empty fort 945:Blitzkrieg 914:Withdrawal 877:Investment 656:Camouflage 651:Biological 589:Underwater 564:Amphibious 483:Aerospace 350:Air units: 327:Submarines 136:fourth-gen 131:industrial 119:napoleonic 5991:0022-0027 5708:31 August 5250:"Preface" 5121:154632359 4963:0043-8871 4774:1540-5907 4708:0003-0554 4659:225014676 4608:1537-5943 4426:. 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785:Airlift 770:Tactics 742:Nuclear 732:Missile 661:Cavalry 646:Barrage 624:Weapons 584:Surface 365:Command 360:Bombers 317:Frogman 287:Cavalry 259:Medical 226:Militia 208:Regular 188:Marines 102:castles 92:Ancient 80:History 59:outline 5997: 5989: 5873: 5770: 5615: 5605: 5561: 5553: 5527:Nature 5370: 5145: 5119: 5081: 5073: 5012: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4918: 4882:p. 246 4877: 4818: 4808: 4772: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4657: 4647: 4614: 4606: 4414:, 2016 4315:Berman 4296:Berman 4222:, and 4220:Jordan 4212:Levant 4089:, the 4087:Angola 4001:Uganda 3949:Needs 3746:Poland 3449:, the 3422:force 3321:Yemeni 3301:Kyrgyz 3291:Orange 3259:Velvet 3254:Yogurt 3199:August 3182:German 3155:Xinhai 3135:Second 3112:Eureka 3100:German 3031:French 2988:Terror 2931:Mutiny 2846:Social 2821:Colour 2644:Russia 2624:Kuwait 2619:Israel 2480:School 2465:Piracy 2398:Threat 2393:Letter 2286:online 2175:Jewish 2154:Mormon 1982:Sieges 1666:Theory 1406:Morale 1264:Policy 1259:Branch 1039:Mosaic 1029:Fabian 976:Covert 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