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1452:. He noted that despite the size of the UNITAF mission, a secure environment was not yet established and there was still no effective functioning government or local security/police force. The Secretary-General concluded therefore, that, should the Security Council determine that the time had come for the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II, the latter should be endowed with enforcement powers under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter to establish a secure environment throughout Somalia. The operation would therefore seek to complete the task begun by UNITAF for the restoration of peace and stability in Somalia. The new mandate would also empower UNOSOM II to assist the Somali people in rebuilding their economic, political and social life, through achieving national reconciliation so as to recreate a democratic Somali State. UNOSOM II was established by the Security Council in
1218:
1024:
2713:
239:
1129:"The deck was stacked against UNOSOM II, to some extent, from the beginning. The US was anxious to leave, feeling they had accomplished their somewhat limited objectives, but the UN was far from ready to receive the baton. The US, which had planned for a five or six weeks mission when it agreed to head UNITAF, was ready to turn over the command by mid-January. As the UNITAF commander was able to assign humanitarian relief sectors (HRS) to non-US forces, he began—with the approval of CINCCENT and the JCS—to reduce US forces and redeploy them to their home bases. In his words,
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mentioned "the offer by a Member State described in the
Secretary-General's letter to the Council of 29 November 1992 (S/24868) concerning the establishment of an operation to create such a secure environment". Resolution 794 was unanimously adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 3 December 1992, and they welcomed the United States offer to help create a secure environment for humanitarian efforts in Somalia. President
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712:
634:
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thousand
Somalis had already starved to death, and 1.5 million were at risk of starvation. Some elements were actively opposing the UNOSOM intervention. Troops were shot at, aid ships attacked and prevented from docking, cargo aircraft were fired upon and aid agencies, public and private, were subject to threats, looting and extortion. By November, General
999:, authorizing the use of "all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia". The Security Council urged the Secretary-General and member states to make arrangements for "the unified command and control" of the military forces that would be involved.
1360:
determined that the presence of UNITAF troops had a "positive impact on the security situation in
Somalia and on the effective delivery of humanitarian assistance." An epidemiological survey determined approximately 10,000 lives had been saved by the military intervention. While UNITAF saw a dramatic
1200:
region in the northwest. The intervention happened twenty-two months after the fall of Barre's regime. Other critics explain the intervention as the administration's way to maintain the size and expenditures of the post-Cold War military establishment, to deflect criticism for the president's failure
1282:(2/9) along with Delta Battery 2nd Battalion 12th Marines, performed simultaneous ship to objective amphibious assaults on the Port of Mogadishu and Mogadishu International Airport, establishing a foothold for additional incoming troops. Echo and Golf Company assaulted the airport by helicopter and
1164:
Prior to
Resolution 794, the United States had approached the UN and offered a significant troop contribution to Somalia, with the caveat that these personnel would not be commanded by the UN. Resolution 794 did not specifically identify the U.S. as being responsible for the future task force, but
953:
Over the final quarter of 1992, the situation in
Somalia continued to worsen. Factions were splintering into smaller factions, and then splintered again. Agreements for food distribution with one party were worthless when the stores had to be shipped through the territory of another. Three hundred
1447:
UNITAF was only intended as a transitional body. Once a secure environment had been restored, the suspended UNOSOM mission would be revived, albeit in a much more robust form. On 3 March 1993, the
Secretary-General submitted to the Security Council his recommendations for effecting the transition
991:
However, Boutros-Ghali felt that such action would be difficult to apply under the mandate for UNOSOM. Moreover, he realised that solving
Somalia's problems would require such a large deployment that the UN Secretariat did not have the skills to command and control it. Accordingly, he recommended
1389:
Operation
Continue Hope provided support of UNOSOM II to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations by providing personnel, logistical, communications, intelligence support, a quick reaction force, and other elements as required. Navy ships were involved, from the unit USS
1184:. He had been inserted prior to official U.S. presence on a special reconnaissance mission, serving as a liaison between the U.S. Embassy and the arriving military forces while providing intelligence for both. The first Marines of UNITAF landed on the beaches of Somalia on 9 December 1992 amid a
1479:
on the multinational force. On 3 May 1993, UNOSOM II officially assumed command, and on 4 May 1993 it assumed responsibility for the operations. Despite UNOSOM II being composed of a coalition of twenty-seven countries, most of the decision makers were still
Americans, giving the United States
1002:
UNITAF has been considered part of a larger state building initiative in
Somalia, serving as the military arm to secure the distribution of humanitarian aid. However, UNITAF cannot be considered a state building initiative due to its specific, limited and palliative aims, which it nonetheless
1413:
No disarmament of the rivalling factions within Somalia was undertaken. This meant that the situation stayed stable only for the time UNITAF's overwhelming presence was deterring the fighting. Therefore, the mandate to create a "secure environment" was not achieved in a durable fashion. The
1205:, or to leave office on a high note. To many in the administration, the intervention seemed like an optimal case for the use of military force – the chances of success seemed high, while the political risks and the danger to U.S. troops appeared to be limited. Acting Secretary of State
1365:. The primary reason was due to the sharp decline in mortality rates during October 1992, before the large scale deployment of troops. Studies on the intervention noted that UNITAF had the effect of speeding up the famines conclusion by about a month. According to an assessment by the
1233:
from Naval Special Warfare Task Unit TRIPOLI began conducting beach and port hydrographic and reconnaissance survey operations in the vicinity of the landing beach, airport, and harbor. These operations lasted three days. In the early hours of 8 December 1992, elements of the
1118:, however, the relationship between CentCom and the contributing nations varied. There were a few confrontations over the methods and mandates employed by some contingents. For example, the Italian contingent was accused of bribing local militias to maintain peace, whilst the
992:
that a large intervention force be constituted under the command of member states but authorised by the Security Council to carry out operations in Somalia. The goal of this deployment was "to prepare the way for a return to peacekeeping and post-conflict peace-building".
1410:. The Marine units from 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) were involved. The USS Anchorage docked at the port of Mogadishu and spent several days there. Over 60 Army aircraft and approximately 1,000 aviation personnel operated in Somalia from 1992 to 1994.
1294:, as well as 3rd Battalion, 11th Marines (3/11 is an artillery battalion but operated as a provisional infantry battalion while in Somalia), arrived soon after the airport was secured. Elements of BLT 2/9's India Co, and 1/7 went on to secure the airport in
1488:
openly admitted that the critical posts in his headquarters were manned by Americans by May 1993, and it was observed that very few nations involved had any representation in the UN military command structure. In addition to this the representative of the
1271:. Although initially unopposed, the uncertain operating environment required using nonlinear, simultaneous forcible entry operations along multiple lines of operation from selected afloat and ashore basing throughout the amphibious operations area.
1107:(I MEF) staff made up the core of the JTF headquarters. (The name of this command started as CJTF Somalia but changed to United Task Force-UNITAF). The CJTF commanded Marine forces from I MEF (referred to as MARFOR Somalia) and Army forces from the
1385:
claimed that the intervention saved a quarter of a million Somali lives, a claim which has been disputed by other observers who have noted that there is minimal evidence to suggest that UNITAF had had any significant impact on mortality.
949:
mission in April 1992. However, the complete intransigence of the local faction leaders operating in Somalia and their rivalries with each other meant that UNOSOM I could not be performed. The mission never reached its mandated strength.
1111:(referred to as ARFOR Somalia), as well as Air Force and Navy personnel and units. There were also special operations forces components, in addition to the forces provided by countries contributing to the US-led, combined coalition.
1191:
Critics of U.S. involvement argued that the U.S. government was intervening so as to gain control of oil concessions for American companies, with a survey of Northeast Africa by the World Bank and UN ranking Somalia second only to
796:
976:
allows for "action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security." Boutros-Ghali believed the time had come for employing this clause and moving on from peacekeeping.
3753:
789:
1373:
Refugee Policy Group, only 10,000 to 25,000 lives of the approximately 100,000 rescued by international assistance had been saved by the UNITAF and UNOSOM II interventions, and according to Professor
3193:
782:
3739:
2031:
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as the top prospective producer. However, no American and UN troops were deployed in proximity to the major oil exploration areas in the northeastern part of the country or the autonomous
3628:
3391:
1842:"Column One; The Oil Factor In Somalia;Four American Petroleum Giants Had Agreements With The African Nation Before Its Civil War Began. They Could Reap Big Rewards If Peace Is Restored"
3326:
1484:, head of UNITAF, would state that although in his view UNITAF had been success US efforts and losses would be in vain if UNOSOM II was also not successful. UNOSOM II Force Commander
1045:
The vast bulk of UNITAF's total personnel strength was provided by the United States (some 25,000 out of a total of 37,000 personnel). Other countries that contributed to UNITAF were
958:
had grown confident enough to defy the Security Council formally and demand the withdrawal of peacekeepers, as well as declaring hostile intent against any further UN deployments.
3577:
3621:
3418:
3289:
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972:. Diplomatic avenues having proved largely fruitless, he recommended that a significant show of force was required to bring the armed groups to heel. Chapter VII of the
3955:
2920:
2908:
3384:
1475:, a United Nations led force. The major change in policy that the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II entailed is that the new mandate included the responsibility of
3925:
3220:
3930:
2993:
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1169:
responded to this by initiating Operation Restore Hope on 4 December 1992, under which the United States would assume command in accordance with Resolution 794.
3935:
3635:
3462:
2984:
3347:
1122:
troops were accused of over-vigorous use of force in disarming militiamen. The Canadian contingent of the operation was known by the Canadian operation name
3940:
3563:
3368:
2903:
2062:(Incorporating Change 1, 22 October 2018 ed.). Joint Chiefs of Staff: US Government Printing Office. pp. V-17 to V-18, VIII-12 to VIII-13, GL-10.
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3275:
3268:
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2627:
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authorizing UNOSOM II was not passed until late March, and the first staff members were not in place and ready to start the transition until April."
861:
3890:
3732:
1326:
1096:
For UNITAF, "the task of organizing and subordinating the units became largely a negotiation between the supplying governments and the JTF staff."
1093:
from New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe.
980:
1188:. The press "seemed to know the exact time and place of the Marines' arrival" and waited on the airport runway and beaches to capture the moment.
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Concurrently, various Somali factions returned to the negotiating table in an attempt to end the civil war. This effort was known as the
2689:
3361:
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866:
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described the situation in Somalia as "a tragedy of massive proportions, and, underline this, one that we could do something about.”
99:
3774:
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3206:
3188:
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3127:
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1657:
United Nations, 1992, Letter dated 92/11/29 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, page 6.
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2013:
1490:
1230:
3340:
1302:, while BLT 2/9's Golf Company, and elements of the Belgian Special Forces, conducted an amphibious landing at the port city of
2943:
1431:
1108:
855:
2595:
Miller, Laura L.; Moskos, C. (1995). "Humanitarians or Warriors?: Race, Gender, and Combat Status in Operation Restore Hope".
2475:
3137:
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2239:
2212:
1901:
1362:
1353:
As UNITAF's mandate was to protect the delivery of food and other humanitarian aid, the operation was regarded as a success.
816:
1677:
3760:
2818:
1841:
2506:
1648:
United Nations, 1992, Letter dated 92/11/24 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council.
3880:
3693:
3545:
3305:
3298:
2753:"United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview: The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994"
1346:
1003:
exercised forcefully. The primary objective of UNITAF was security rather than larger institution building initiatives.
3679:
3649:
2678:
2523:
2351:
1687:
1235:
3254:
2842:
2515:
2485:
1824:
1633:
1193:
1136:“knew his mission had been accomplished” and was waiting for the UN to assume the greater mission formally. However,
1917:
Baum, Matthew A. (June 2004). "How Public Opinion Constrains the Use of Force: The Case of Operation Restore Hope".
1497:, staffed his headquarters with twenty-eight US officers in key positions. Months into the operation, following the
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3433:
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Patman, R.G., 2001, ‘Beyond ‘the Mogadishu Line’: Some Australian Lessons for Managing Intra-State Conflicts’,
1239:
1217:
1089:(brigade HQ at Baidoa and three battalions), Ireland (transport company), Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, elements of
933:
to create a protected environment for conducting humanitarian operations in the southern half of the country.
3598:
2876:
1370:
973:
2344:
The United States and Post-cold War Interventions: Bush and Clinton in Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia, 1992–1998
3501:
2835:
1976:
1740:
Relations with Humanitarian Relief Organizations: Observations from Restore Hope, Center for Naval Analysis
1703:
1460:
1333:
signed on 27 March 1993. The conference, however, had little result as the civil war continued afterwards.
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2207:(Repr ed.). Solna, Sweden: Sipri, Stockholm International Peace Research Inst. pp. 56–57.
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in Somalia, exacerbated by a complete breakdown in civil order, the United Nations had created the
882:
822:
528:
82:
3718:
2765:
896:
2814:
1805:
Bush, George H., Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia, 4/12/92 On 23 December 1992,
3767:
3663:
3485:
2964:
2398:
1395:
1103:(USCINCCENT) established Joint Task Force (JTF) Somalia to perform Operation Restore Hope. The
942:
3198:
2806:
2149:
2098:. Joint Chiefs of Staff: US Government Printing Office. pp. II-9 to II-13, IV-4 to IV-19.
1418:
was disbanded due to its conduct at UNITAF that was revealed during an investigation into the
1023:
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995:
Following this recommendation, on 3 December 1992 the Security Council unanimously adopted
962:
955:
921:) was a United States-led, United Nations-sanctioned multinational force which operated in
566:
478:
1528:"The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994 | U.S. Army Center of Military History"
8:
3811:
3447:
2827:
1361:
increase in the scope of the military intervention, no more lives were saved compared to
1258:
1027:
2576:
1180:, became the first U.S. casualty of the conflict in Somalia when his vehicle struck an
925:
from 5 December 1992 until 4 May 1993. A United States initiative (code-named
2659:
2614:
2309:
2103:
2067:
2006:
1775:
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1403:
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32:
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1476:
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871:
108:
1974:
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rubber boat assault. The 1st Marine Division's Air Contingency Battalion (ACB),
3016:
2862:
2719:
2610:
2537:
1419:
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985:
845:
491:
78:
2414:
2266:
1666:
United Nations, Security Council resolution 794 (1992), 24 April 1992, para. 3
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3021:
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2453:
2422:
2305:
1953:
1938:
1563:
1541:
1494:
504:
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3478:
3092:
1704:"UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA II (UNOSOM II) - Background (Summary)"
1374:
1185:
553:
426:
2201:
Humanitarian military intervention: the conditions for success and failure
2089:"Chapter II – Types of Amphibious Operations, Chapter IV – Planning Phase"
1485:
3333:
3087:
3059:
1399:
1377:
the true figure may have been even lower. Figures like Secretary-General
1202:
1086:
374:
2313:
2281:
1246:. At 0540, on 9 December, the MEU performed a combined methods of entry
1011:
3054:
2974:
1564:"American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics"
1226:
1197:
1054:
1034:
179:
92:
2256:
1817:
Somalia Diary: The President of CARE Tells One Country's Story of Hope
804:
2718:. The United Nations Blue Book Series. Vol. VIII. New York, NY:
2297:
1764:
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AUPress/SAASS-Theses/smdpage15021/6/
1730:
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AUPress/SAASS-Theses/smdpage15021/6/
1625:
Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention
1472:
1449:
1440:
1243:
1148:
1050:
309:
166:
2012:. United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College. p. 23.
3508:
3097:
1975:
Borchini, Charles P. (Lt. Col.); Borstelmann, Mari (October 1994).
1307:
1062:
946:
517:
413:
348:
244:
205:
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1436:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1078:
1058:
922:
452:
387:
361:
270:
192:
66:
3578:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
2033:
Restoring Hope: In Somalia with the Unified Task Force 1992–1993
1480:
significant control over much of the operation. Marine Lt. Gen.
3228:
3082:
3011:
3006:
2124:"The General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993"
1306:. Air support was provided by the combined helicopter units of
1295:
1082:
1074:
1066:
465:
400:
335:
283:
257:
218:
2815:
Bibliography of Contingency Operations: Somalia (Restore Hope)
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3049:
3044:
3001:
2551:
Stability Operations in Somalia 1992-1993 : A Case Study
1070:
439:
322:
296:
231:
1114:
The national contingents were co-ordinated and overseen by
1016:
969:
2857:
2399:"Fateful Encounter: The United States and UN peacekeeping"
2258:
Scramble for Africa : Darfur-intervention and the USA
1628:(1st ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 155.
1456:
on 26 March 1993 and formally took over two months later.
1896:. Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, Inc. pp. 156–160.
1173:
961:
In the face of mounting public pressure and frustration,
765:
Several thousand both civilians and military insurgents (
1280:
Battalion Landing Team (BLT) 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines
1242:(MEU) conducted leaflet drops over the capital city of
3636:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
3181:
2442:"US Backs Up UN in Somalia, Protecting Its Investment"
2086:
1250:
into the city of Mogadishu and surrounding areas from
2057:
1505:, the US would effectively take lead of the mission.
1493:
in Somalia and head of UNOSOM II, retired US Admiral
3564:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1887:
1885:
1601:"United Nations Operation In Somalia I – (Unosom I)"
1471:, which marked the transfer of power from UNITAF to
2628:"The Effort to Save Somalia August 1992-March 1994"
2565:: Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute.
2282:"The Lessons of Somalia: Not Everything Went Wrong"
1865:"Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey"
2658:
2126:. United States Institute of Peace. Archived from
1819:. Atlanta, Georgia: Longstreet Press. p. 73.
806:United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992–1995)
3956:United Nations Security Council subsidiary organs
3710:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
2007:"A Comparative Analysis of Offensive Air Support"
1882:
1682:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 86.
3926:Military operations involving the United Kingdom
3872:
3733:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
2661:Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy in Somalia
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1542:"United Nations Operation in Somalia UNSOM 1992"
1327:Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia
3931:Military operations involving the United States
2326:
3961:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
1894:From Tyranny to Anarchy: The Somali Experience
1138:United Nations Security Council Resolution 814
931:United Nations Security Council Resolution 794
3936:Pakistan military presence in other countries
3703:Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
3214:
2843:
2761:United States Army Center of Military History
2751:
2694:United States Army Center of Military History
2690:"The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994"
2039:. United States Marines Corps. pp. 31–34
1584:
1286:, while Fox Company secured the port with an
1225:The operation began on 6 December 1992, when
790:
2594:
57:(6 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
16:1992–1993 UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia
3941:Military operations of the Somali Civil War
3726:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
2108:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2072:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2029:
2023:
3221:
3207:
2850:
2836:
1425:
797:
783:
3916:Military operations involving New Zealand
3789:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
2807:Global Security on Operation Restore Hope
2656:
2508:Somalia Operations : Lessons Learned
2329:Peacekeeping and the International System
2087:Joint Publication 3-02 (4 January 2019).
2058:Joint Publication 3-0 (17 January 2017).
3775:North American Wetlands Conservation Act
3192:) is being considered for deletion. See
2715:The United Nations and Somalia 1992-1996
2477:The Somali Conflict: Prospects for Peace
2473:
1814:
1435:
1340:
1216:
1147:
1047:1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment
1033:
1022:
1010:
979:
929:), UNITAF was charged with carrying out
3891:Military operations involving Australia
3833:Water Resources Development Act of 1992
3826:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
3754:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990
3571:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
3410:
2799:UN Department of Peacekeeping: UNOSOM 2
2791:UN Department of Peacekeeping: UNOSOM 1
2687:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2368:"United Nations Operation in Somalia 2"
2279:
2197:
2175:"United Nations Operation in Somalia I"
1839:
1833:
1231:special warfare combatant-craft crewmen
3921:Military operations involving Pakistan
3911:Military operations involving Malaysia
3873:
2547:
2504:
2403:Survival: Global Politics and Strategy
2396:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2030:Mroczkowski, Dennis P. (Col.) (2005).
1862:
1719:; Ramsbothan and Woodhouse, 1999, 225.
1675:
1621:
1499:5 June 1993 killings of the Pakistanis
1432:United Nations Operation in Somalia II
3896:Military operations involving Belgium
3202:
2831:
2625:
2341:
2227:
2193:
2191:
1977:"PSYOP in Somalia: The Voice of Hope"
1776:"Security Council resolutions – 1992"
778:
3951:United Nations operations in Somalia
3761:National Environmental Education Act
2819:U.S. Army Center of Military History
2429:
2254:
2019:from the original on 12 August 2014.
2004:
1998:
1951:
1916:
1891:
1459:One day prior to the signing of the
3906:Military operations involving Italy
3901:Military operations involving India
3694:U.S. Global Change Research Program
2467:
2385:
13:
3680:Global Change Research Act of 1990
3650:Integrated Farm Management Program
3123:Presidency of the Security Council
2248:
2188:
1679:Exit Strategies and State Building
1236:4th Psychological Operations Group
14:
3972:
3196:to help reach a consensus. ›
2784:
2516:National Defense University Press
1840:Fineman, Mark (18 January 1993).
1085:(medical company at Waajid), the
968:presented several options to the
3886:Humanitarian military operations
3805:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
3599:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
3166:
3165:
2723:Department of Public Information
2261:. Black Rose Books. p. 71.
1954:"United States PSYOP in Somalia"
1931:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00028.x
1863:Hassan, Abdiqani (21 May 2008).
1355:United Nations Secretary-General
1143:
1077:(brigade HQ and one battalion),
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
662:
652:
642:
632:
622:
612:
602:
592:
510:
497:
484:
471:
458:
445:
432:
419:
406:
393:
380:
367:
354:
341:
328:
315:
302:
289:
276:
263:
250:
237:
224:
211:
198:
185:
172:
159:
147:
141:
39:
3946:Somalia–United States relations
3230:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
3189:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
2498:
2360:
2335:
2320:
2273:
2221:
2167:
2142:
2116:
2080:
2051:
1968:
1945:
1910:
1856:
1808:
1799:
1796:Security Council Resolution 794
1790:
1768:
1756:
1743:
1734:
1722:
1696:
1465:United Nations Security Council
1394:. The ships included the ship
3657:Stewardship Incentives Program
3133:Reform of the Security Council
2563:United States Army War College
1919:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1615:
1556:
1534:
1520:
1240:15th Marine Expeditionary Unit
1176:paramilitary officer from the
1006:
1:
2877:Charter of the United Nations
2005:Buer, Eric F. (Maj.) (2002).
1892:Adam, Dr. Hussein M. (2008).
1815:Johnston, Dr. Philip (1994).
1508:
974:Charter of the United Nations
936:
3128:Chapter VI of the UN Charter
2688:Stewart, Richard W. (2003).
2657:Stevenson, Jonathan (1995).
2346:. Regina Books. p. 33.
2280:Crocker, Chester A. (1995).
1513:
1221:U.S. and Italian light armor
1212:
1105:I Marine Expeditionary Force
1038:Participating forces of the
55:5 December 1992 – 4 May 1993
7:
3687:National Climate Assessment
2939:Counter-Terrorism Committee
2234:. Free Press. p. 214.
2198:Seybolt, Taylor B. (2012).
1751:Small Wars and Insurgencies
1284:Amphibious Assault Vehicles
1178:Special Activities Division
1073:(one battalion), Ethiopia,
107:
91:
10:
3977:
3881:Battles involving Botswana
3392:Presidential proclamations
2633:. Joint History Office of
2611:10.1177/0095327x9502100406
2598:Armed Forces & Society
1429:
1416:Canadian Airborne Regiment
1392:Amphibious Readiness Group
1336:
1292:1st Battalion, 7th Marines
3842:
3782:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
3615:Energy Policy Act of 1992
3555:
3461:
3419:Joint session of Congress
3313:White House horseshoe pit
3237:
3161:
3110:
3068:
3030:
2992:
2983:
2957:
2919:
2869:
2626:Poole, Walter S. (2005).
2548:Harned, Glenn M. (2016).
2446:Christian Science Monitor
2415:10.1080/00396339408442722
2342:Brune, Lester H. (1998).
1544:. Australian War Memorial
1349:armored personnel carrier
1347:Paratrooper Battalion 261
867:UN killings of protestors
812:
572:
534:
130:
47:
38:
30:
25:
3858:Clinton administration →
3671:Wetlands Reserve Program
3592:Civil Rights Act of 1991
3362:Supreme Court candidates
3194:templates for discussion
2949:Military Staff Committee
2934:Peacebuilding Commission
2505:Allard, Kenneth (1995).
2397:Berdal, Mats R. (1994).
2327:Norrie MacQueen (2006).
2150:"Operation Restore Hope"
1676:Caplan, Richard (2012).
529:Somali National Alliance
83:Somali National Alliance
3849:← Reagan administration
3719:Immigration Act of 1990
3502:Chemical Weapons Accord
2474:Bradbury, Mark (1994).
2228:Maren, Michael (1997).
1753:, Vol, 12, No. 1, p. 69
1622:Clarke, Walter (1997).
1426:Transition to UNOSOM II
1329:and it resulted in the
3768:National Space Council
3664:USDA Rural Development
3516:1991 Madrid Conference
3138:Security Council mural
2965:United Nations Command
2764:. 2003. Archived from
1444:
1381:and American diplomat
1350:
1322:, and HC-11's DET 10.
1222:
1161:
1109:10th Mountain Division
1042:
1031:
1020:
988:
927:Operation Restore Hope
862:Pakistani Peacekeepers
535:Commanders and leaders
26:Operation Restore Hope
3643:Forest Legacy Program
3348:Judicial appointments
3143:Arria formula meeting
2671:Naval Institute Press
2635:Joint Chiefs of Staff
2096:Amphibious Operations
1952:Friedman, Herbert A.
1461:Addis Ababa Agreement
1439:
1358:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1344:
1331:Addis Ababa Agreement
1276:ground combat element
1220:
1151:
1124:Operation Deliverance
1120:French Foreign Legion
1091:No. 40 Squadron RNZAF
1037:
1026:
1014:
983:
966:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
943:humanitarian disaster
573:Casualties and losses
544:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
81:operational success,
3796:Truth in Savings Act
3747:Lead and Copper Rule
3622:FDIC Improvement Act
3472:Soviet Union summits
3320:Presidential pardons
2255:Funk, Kevin (2009).
1986:. United States Army
1852:on 24 February 2012.
1491:UN Secretary-General
1116:U.S. Central Command
1101:U.S. Central Command
1053:(January-May 1993),
963:UN Secretary-General
956:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
567:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
3819:1992 VRA Amendments
3812:Ryan White CARE Act
3327:International trips
2130:on 29 December 2006
1848:: 1. Archived from
1708:peacekeeping.un.org
1501:and the passing of
1443:area of operations.
3546:NAFTA negotiations
3537:Unified Task Force
3495:Invasion of Panama
3401:Clinton transition
2970:Unified Task Force
2514:. Washington, DC:
2154:Globalsecurity.org
1482:Robert B. Johnston
1445:
1369:based independent
1351:
1248:amphibious assault
1223:
1172:Larry Freedman, a
1162:
1134:Robert B. Johnston
1131:Lieutenant General
1043:
1040:United States Navy
1032:
1021:
989:
915:Unified Task Force
559:Robert B. Johnston
85:political victory
3868:
3867:
3606:Acid Rain Program
3457:
3456:
3441:1992 SOTU Address
3434:1991 SOTU Address
3427:1990 SOTU Address
3378:Executive actions
3306:Broccoli comments
3299:Vomiting incident
3179:
3178:
3106:
3105:
2929:Military Observer
2732:978-92-1-100566-0
2572:978-0-9861865-8-5
2559:Carlisle Barracks
2543:on 8 August 2022.
2241:978-0-7432-2786-5
2214:978-0-19-955105-7
1903:978-1-56902-288-7
1846:Los Angeles Times
1167:George H. W. Bush
1158:Thomas Mikolajcik
1154:George H. W. Bush
908:
907:
773:
772:
549:George H. W. Bush
126:
125:
3968:
3861:
3852:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3548:
3539:
3532:
3530:Somali Civil War
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3387:
3385:Executive orders
3380:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3334:Oval Office desk
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3169:
3168:
3153:Small Five Group
2990:
2989:
2859:Security Council
2852:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2817:compiled by the
2780:
2778:
2776:
2771:on 1 August 2022
2770:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2739:on 8 August 2022
2735:. Archived from
2709:
2707:
2705:
2696:. Archived from
2684:
2664:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2637:. Archived from
2632:
2622:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2582:on 17 April 2018
2581:
2575:. Archived from
2556:
2544:
2542:
2536:. Archived from
2513:
2492:
2491:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2298:10.2307/20047117
2277:
2271:
2270:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2231:The Road to Hell
2225:
2219:
2218:
2206:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2060:Joint Operations
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1597:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1298:and the city of
1288:economy of force
1238:attached to the
970:Security Council
877:Checkpoint Pasta
807:
799:
792:
785:
776:
775:
755:
754:
753:
745:
744:
743:
735:
734:
733:
725:
724:
723:
715:
714:
713:
705:
704:
703:
695:
694:
693:
681:
667:
666:
665:
657:
656:
655:
647:
646:
645:
637:
636:
635:
627:
626:
625:
617:
616:
615:
607:
606:
605:
597:
596:
595:
583:
516:
514:
513:
503:
501:
500:
490:
488:
487:
477:
475:
474:
464:
462:
461:
451:
449:
448:
438:
436:
435:
425:
423:
422:
412:
410:
409:
399:
397:
396:
386:
384:
383:
373:
371:
370:
360:
358:
357:
347:
345:
344:
334:
332:
331:
321:
319:
318:
308:
306:
305:
295:
293:
292:
282:
280:
279:
269:
267:
266:
256:
254:
253:
243:
241:
240:
230:
228:
227:
217:
215:
214:
204:
202:
201:
191:
189:
188:
178:
176:
175:
165:
163:
162:
150:
146:
145:
144:
49:
48:
43:
33:Somali Civil War
23:
22:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3740:JFK Records Act
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3585:Cannabis policy
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3556:Domestic policy
3551:
3544:
3535:
3528:
3523:New world order
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3233:
3227:
3197:
3180:
3175:
3157:
3102:
3064:
3026:
2979:
2953:
2915:
2865:
2856:
2787:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2700:on 19 June 2022
2681:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2630:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2554:
2540:
2526:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2448:. 25 May 1993.
2440:
2439:
2430:
2395:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2340:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2286:Foreign Affairs
2278:
2274:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1984:Special Warfare
1979:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1857:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1477:nation-building
1448:from UNITAF to
1434:
1428:
1383:Chester Crocker
1339:
1215:
1146:
1009:
939:
911:
910:
909:
904:
890:Black Hawk Down
872:Abdi House raid
808:
805:
803:
762:
759:
751:
749:
741:
739:
731:
729:
721:
719:
711:
709:
701:
699:
691:
689:
683:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
663:
661:
653:
651:
643:
641:
633:
631:
623:
621:
613:
611:
603:
601:
593:
591:
585:
584:
581:
563:
525:
522:
511:
509:
498:
496:
485:
483:
472:
470:
459:
457:
446:
444:
433:
431:
420:
418:
407:
405:
394:
392:
381:
379:
368:
366:
355:
353:
342:
340:
329:
327:
316:
314:
303:
301:
290:
288:
277:
275:
264:
262:
251:
249:
238:
236:
225:
223:
212:
210:
199:
197:
186:
184:
173:
171:
160:
158:
152:
151:
142:
140:
139:
122:
111:
102:
95:
69:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3467:
3465:
3463:Foreign policy
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:United Kingdom
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2863:United Nations
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2826:
2825:
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3448:Chicken Kiev
3255:Inauguration
3187:
3093:Sierra Leone
2969:
2944:Peacekeeping
2921:Organization
2773:. Retrieved
2766:the original
2759:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:the original
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:the original
2660:
2646:. Retrieved
2639:the original
2602:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2550:
2538:the original
2507:
2499:Bibliography
2476:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2445:
2409:(1): 30–50.
2406:
2402:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:
2362:
2343:
2337:
2331:. Routledge.
2328:
2322:
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2275:
2257:
2250:
2230:
2223:
2200:
2178:. Retrieved
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2118:
2095:
2082:
2059:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2032:
2025:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1983:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1956:. Psywarrior
1947:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1893:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1850:the original
1845:
1835:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1770:
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1750:
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1736:
1724:
1713:16 September
1711:. Retrieved
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1605:. Retrieved
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1536:
1522:
1458:
1446:
1412:
1388:
1375:Alex de Waal
1352:
1324:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1224:
1190:
1186:media circus
1171:
1163:
1156:and General
1128:
1113:
1098:
1095:
1044:
1028:Turkish Army
1015:Indian Army
1001:
994:
990:
960:
952:
940:
926:
918:
914:
912:
895:
888:
881:
854:
839:
833:Restore Hope
832:
830:
821:
766:
680:~300 wounded
554:Bill Clinton
427:Saudi Arabia
131:Participants
77:
31:Part of the
18:
3232:(1989–1993)
3182:‹ The
3088:South Korea
3060:Switzerland
2887:Chapter VII
2134:30 November
2043:13 February
1400:USS Peleliu
1207:Eagleburger
1087:Indian Army
1007:Composition
840:Deliverance
706:75+ wounded
696:153 wounded
375:New Zealand
100:Chapter VII
3875:Categories
3248:Transition
3055:Mozambique
2975:UN Mandate
2899:Resolution
2377:2 December
2292:(3): 2–8.
2267:1342130779
2180:2 December
2159:2 December
1990:2 December
1960:2 December
1782:29 January
1607:29 January
1509:References
1404:USS Duluth
1367:Washington
1274:The MEU's
1227:Navy SEALs
1201:to act in
1198:Somaliland
1160:in Somalia
1152:President
1055:Bangladesh
937:Background
746:2+ wounded
726:23 wounded
716:36 wounded
180:Bangladesh
93:UN Charter
3629:FIRRE Act
3118:Elections
3070:2024–2025
3032:2023–2024
2994:Permanent
2882:Chapter V
2619:144654522
2480:. Oxfam.
2454:0882-7729
2423:0039-6338
2306:0015-7120
2104:cite book
2068:cite book
1939:0360-4918
1874:26 August
1576:4 October
1514:Footnotes
1503:UNSCR 837
1486:Cevik Bir
1473:UNOSOM II
1450:UNOSOM II
1441:UNOSOM II
1266:USS
1259:USS
1252:USS
1244:Mogadishu
1213:Operation
1051:Australia
856:UNOSOM II
831:UNITAF /
767:per Aidid
756:4 wounded
736:3 wounded
608:24 killed
598:43 killed
582:82 killed
310:Indonesia
167:Australia
3509:Gulf War
3486:Helsinki
3411:Speeches
3262:Timeline
3239:Timeline
3184:template
3171:Category
3098:Slovenia
2958:Missions
2823:Archived
2810:Archived
2802:Archived
2794:Archived
2775:7 August
2743:8 August
2725:. 1996.
2704:6 August
2648:7 August
2586:8 August
2534:32155661
2314:20047117
2014:Archived
1778:. Un.org
1603:. Un.org
1390:Peleliu
1363:UNOSOM I
1308:HMLA-267
1268:Rushmore
1063:Botswana
1030:briefing
947:UNOSOM I
817:UNOSOM I
668:1 killed
658:1 killed
648:1 killed
638:3 killed
628:3 killed
618:6 killed
518:Zimbabwe
414:Pakistan
349:Malaysia
245:Ethiopia
206:Botswana
62:Location
3341:Cabinet
3290:1992–93
3186:below (
3111:Related
3078:Algeria
3040:Ecuador
2985:Members
2861:of the
1869:Reuters
1571:Fas.org
1467:passed
1345:German
1337:Results
1320:HMM-164
1316:HMH-466
1312:HMH-363
1304:Kismayo
1300:Bardera
1254:Tripoli
1079:Germany
1059:Belgium
984:UNOSOM
923:Somalia
453:Tunisia
388:Nigeria
362:Morocco
271:Germany
193:Belgium
67:Somalia
3421:(1989)
3355:Thomas
3083:Guyana
3012:Russia
3007:France
2909:vetoed
2729:
2677:
2617:
2569:
2561:, PA:
2532:
2522:
2484:
2459:17 May
2452:
2421:
2372:Un.org
2350:
2312:
2304:
2265:
2238:
2211:
1937:
1900:
1823:
1686:
1632:
1548:31 May
1463:, the
1296:Baidoa
1264:, and
1261:Juneau
1203:Bosnia
1083:Greece
1075:France
1067:Canada
919:UNITAF
515:
502:
489:
476:
466:Turkey
463:
450:
437:
424:
411:
401:Norway
398:
385:
372:
359:
346:
336:Kuwait
333:
320:
307:
294:
284:Greece
281:
268:
258:France
255:
242:
229:
219:Canada
216:
203:
190:
177:
164:
148:UNITAF
74:Result
3479:Malta
3050:Malta
3045:Japan
3002:China
2904:lists
2870:Power
2769:(PDF)
2756:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
2631:(PDF)
2615:S2CID
2580:(PDF)
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