362:, as well as by many other countries. According to that argument, "although South Vietnam is not an independent sovereign State or a member of the United Nations, it nevertheless enjoys the right of self-defense, and the United States is entitled to participate in its collective defense". Another aspect is if the right of self-defense still exists if the UN Security Council has taken measures to deal with the conflict. There are contradictory opinions whether this right still exists once the Security Council has taken action. Article 51 has been described as difficult to adjudicate with any certainty in real-life.
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the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the
Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.
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Nothing in the present
Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in
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Chapter VII resolutions are very rarely isolated measures. Often the first response to a crisis is a resolution demanding the crisis be ended. This is only later followed by an actual
Chapter VII resolution detailing the measures required to secure compliance with the first resolution. Sometimes
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Should the
Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations,
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The
Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail,
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should also have power over decisions made by the
Security Council, it was eventually decided by a large majority vote that the Security Council should maintain its executive power because, as the major powers emphasized, a strong executive organ would be needed for the maintenance of world peace.
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in the years between the First and Second World War. The
Security Council was thus granted broad powers through Chapter VII as a reaction to the failure of the League. These broad powers allow it to enjoy greater power than any other international organization in history. It can be argued that the
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is authorizing either a member state or a coalition of the willing to act nationally or through regional organizations to address this threat – if necessary with all necessary measures, including the use of outright force. The phrase ‘all necessary measures’ is to be taken literally. Any military
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A Security
Council Resolution is considered to be 'a Chapter VII resolution' if it makes an explicit determination that the situation under consideration constitutes a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression, and/or explicitly or implicitly states that the Council is
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Most
Chapter VII resolutions (1) determine the existence of a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression in accordance with Article 39, and (2) make a decision explicitly under Chapter VII. However, not all resolutions are that explicit, there is disagreement about the
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Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the
Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of
62:"starting or waging a war against the territorial integrity, political independence or sovereignty of a state, or in violation of international treaties or agreements" (crime against peace), which was held to be the crime that makes all war crimes possible.
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responsibility for strategic coordination of forces placed at the disposal of the UN Security Council. It is made up of the chiefs of staff of the five permanent members of the Council. Otherwise, that chapter is used when the
30:. It allows the Council to "determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression" and to take military and nonmilitary action to "restore international peace and security".
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action performed through land, air, and sea forces is specifically allowed (UN Charter Article 42). Such action could entail troop deployment, the enforcement of a no-fly-zone, even the use of aerial bombardment.
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to take action against states that acted unlawfully in the eyes of the League's Covenant. This meant that the peace process was largely dependent on the willingness of member states, because the
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Articles 41 and 42 jointly establish the right of the Security Council to arrange for the use of both non-armed (Article 41) and armed (Article 42) measures to put its decisions into effect.
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This can be seen as an authorization of the use of force and other enforcement measures, however, states repeatedly insisted that this did not make decisions by the League binding.
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did not provide binding decisions; The Council of the League was only responsible for recommending military force. As well as this, Article 11 paragraph 1 of the Covenant states:
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Commn. III, Cttee. C, Session of May 15, 1945, UNCIO XII, pp. 325–7, Doc. 355 III/3/17: the proposal of New Zealand with 22:4 votes, of Mexico with 23:7, and of Egypt with 18:12
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339:, between 1945 and 2018, UN Member States submitted 433 communications to the Security Council of measures taken in purported exercise of the right of self-defense.
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Chapter VII status of a small number of resolutions. As a reaction to this ambiguity, a formal definition of Chapter VII resolutions has recently been proposed:
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dozens of resolutions are passed in subsequent years to modify and extend the mandate of the first Chapter VII resolution as the situation evolves.
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The covenant of the League of Nations provided, for the first time in history, enforcement of international responsibilities (i.e. adhering to the
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Article 53 permits "the Security Council to use regional arrangements as appropriate or to authorize enforcement action by such arrangements".
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strong executive powers granted to it give it the role of 'executive of the international community' or even of an 'international government'.
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430:"'Acting under Chapter 7': Rhetorical entrapment, rhetorical hollowing, and the authorization of force in the UN Security Council, 1995–2017"
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This emphasis was advocated in particular by the Chinese representative, recalling the powerlessness of the League during the
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Krisch, Nico, and Frowein. The Charter Of The United Nations – A Commentary. New York, NY: C.H. Beck Verlag, 2002.
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sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.
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Commentaire théorique et pratique du Pacte de la Société des Nations et des statuts de l'Union Panaméricaine
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Johansson, Patrik. The Humdrum Use of Ultimate Authority: Defining and Analysing Chapter VII Resolutions,
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Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, The
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to submit to a central organ like that of the Security Council. Despite long debate over whether the
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blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.
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629:"Individual and Collective Self-Defense in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations"
754:, Benjamin B. Ferencz, The American University Law Review, Volume 17, Number 3, June 1968.
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Dupuy,P.-M.,'the Constitutional Dimension of the Charter of the United Nations Revisited',
8:
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317:, including collective self-defence, against an armed attack and was included during the
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Commn. III, Cttee. 3, Session of May 14, 1945, UNCIO XII, pp. 316–17, Doc. 320 III/3/15.
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O'Connell, Mary Ellen (2000). "The UN, NATO, and International Law after Kosovo".
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78:3 (2009), pp. 309–342. An appendix lists all Chapter VII resolutions 1946–2008.
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299:, some of which were created under the authority of Chapter VI rather than VII.
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acting under Chapter VII in the adoption of some or all operative paragraphs.
103:) through economic and military sanctions. Member states were also obliged,
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Chapter that sets out the UN Security Council's powers to maintain peace
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571:"UN Security Council Chapter VII resolutions, 1946–2002 – An Inventory"
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576:. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Archived from
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843:"At U.N., U.S. justifies killing Iranian commander as self-defense"
769:"The right to self defense once the security council takes actions"
54:: to prevent war. This overriding concern is also reflected in the
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United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission
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This resulted in an unprecedented will by both the powers at the
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504:(2nd edn., 1924), Art. 16, pp. 623–7; Ruzié, pp. 63–5; Cavaré
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Article 51 provides for the right of countries to engage in
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Divisions and sections of the Charter of the United Nations
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United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo
42:'s prohibition of member states of the UN attacking other
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Lewis, Dustin; Modirzadeh, Naz; Blum, Gabriella (2019).
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United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
862:"As U.N. Security Council met, Russia attacked Ukraine"
47:
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Pamuk, Humeyra; Nichols, Michelle (24 February 2022).
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461:
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365:In a letter to the UN Security Council requesting
380:and U.S. airstrikes in Iraq and Syria against an
376:The United States used Article 51 to justify the
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297:Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions
192:The list of Chapter VII interventions includes:
686:'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the UN Charter
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289:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2699
272:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
203:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267
278:United Nations Security Council Resolution 502
266:United Nations Security Council Resolution 678
50:was founded in the wake of the destruction of
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261:United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
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603:"Law Essay on Article 51 of the UN Charter"
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105:even without prior decision by the council
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83:The United Nations was established after
20:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
1605:Conference on International Organization
886:Schmitt, Michael N. (28 February 2022).
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46:is central to the purpose for which the
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569:Johansson, Patrik (21 September 2005).
335:According to a study by researchers at
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752:War Crimes Law And The Vietnam War
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525:, ii (1935), Art. XI, pp. 9, 41–5.
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342:This article was the impetus for
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605:. Nottingham, UK: UKEssays.com
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428:Scherzinger, Johannes (2023).
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790:: CS1 maint: date and year (
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91:despite the existence of the
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601:Essays, UK (November 2018).
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331:Usage by sovereign countries
284:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
87:and the ultimate failure of
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1694:United Nations peacekeeping
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500:Schükling, W./Wehberg, H.,
360:legality of the Vietnam War
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694:10.1017/CBO9780511779527
397:2022 invasion of Ukraine
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303:Article 51: Self-defence
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384:-backed militia group.
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369:, Yemen's President
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1492:Trusteeship Council
780:. pp. 229–230.
391:, cited Article 51
350:as support for the
251:(former Yugoslavia)
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684:Ruys, Tom (2010).
478:1 (1997), pp.21–4.
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1220:South Korea
1192:Switzerland
1019:Chapter VII
393:in a speech
280:(Argentina)
163:Article 42:
152:Article 41:
1678:Categories
1530:Background
1459:Amendments
1187:Mozambique
1107:UN Mandate
1031:Resolution
738:2023-08-08
609:4 November
587:2006-08-02
415:References
407:Article 53
358:, and the
321:in 1945.
268:(Gulf War)
40:UN Charter
1364:Chapter I
1250:Elections
1202:2024–2025
1164:2023–2024
1126:Permanent
1014:Chapter V
950:146137597
934:0275-0392
723:HLS PILAC
671:147368567
655:0002-9300
508:, p. 650.
295:See also
89:diplomacy
34:Rationale
1359:Preamble
1303:Category
1230:Slovenia
1090:Missions
786:cite web
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116:nations.
1522:History
1501:statute
1243:Related
1210:Algeria
1172:Ecuador
1117:Members
993:of the
942:4489267
866:Reuters
847:Reuters
663:2193095
291:(Haiti)
274:(Libya)
199:(Korea)
1607:(1945)
1601:(1945)
1595:(1944)
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1144:Russia
1139:France
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257:(Iraq)
1449:XVIII
1182:Malta
1177:Japan
1134:China
1036:lists
1002:Power
946:S2CID
938:JSTOR
772:(PDF)
667:S2CID
659:JSTOR
581:(PDF)
574:(PDF)
519:supra
506:RGDIP
28:peace
1444:XVII
1424:XIII
1399:VIII
1352:Text
1280:P5+1
1024:Veto
930:ISSN
899:2024
873:2024
792:link
698:ISBN
651:ISSN
611:2019
382:Iran
371:Hadi
72:UNSC
38:The
1454:XIX
1439:XVI
1429:XIV
1419:XII
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