1960:. Many historians consider the trafficking in slaves to be “an economy of trade according to “rational” sets of prices, and not as a pure extraction of theft of Africans from Africa by Europeans.” Indeed, the victims of chattel slavery became commodities, given a “rational” price tag. At the time the Dictionnaire universel was written the cost of a slave in a French colony was £19. While this is a somewhat arbitrary number, from an economic standpoint, this is an example of trade in the sense that goods of “similar” value were exchanged. However, the Europeans purchasing slaves directly from Africa bought them for about half the price of slaves in the "New World" with the thought that slaves in Africa did not have environmental factors or technology to be as efficient as slaves in the colonies. Examples of slave prices in Africa include 172 cowries, 1/25 of a horse, and 9000 pounds of sugar. The relativity of the price of a slave contributed to the centripetal force of triangular trade. It drew profits for merchants who bought the same slaves in Africa from Africans for a low cost and then upticked the price for Europeans in the American colonies. While the exchange itself might be considered trade, the power of Europeans to monopolize the trading and trafficking in slaves and control the market poses a strong confounder to the situation, pointing the trans-Atlantic trafficking of slaves from Africa to also be an economy of
2138:
1895:
2219:
2239:
consisted of clearing land, digging the holes for the plants, and more. Overseers used the whip in an attempt to both motivate and punish slaves. The slaves themselves were also working and living with barely adequate nourishment and in times of hard work would often be starved. This contributed to low birth rates and the extremely high mortality rates for the slaves. Some experts believe that the average infant mortality at plantations to be 50% or even higher. This extremely high rate of infant mortality meant that the slave population that existed in the Lesser
Antilles was not self-sustaining, thus requiring a constant importation of new slaves. Living and working conditions on non-sugar plantations was considered to be better, however, only marginally.
1973:
54:
1919:
1949:
trafficking of slaves was just one fraction of the mercantilist economy. In addition, Europeans brought “pacotille” or “cheaply made
European goods” to trade with Africans. This often took the form of colonial products such as sugar, rum, tobacco, coffee, or indigo. Thus African leaders, who themselves were in control of selling African captives with Europeans, did not retain the wealth they acquired in the trafficking of slaves. Rather they were the targeted customers of poorly-made pacotille. Their profits from the trafficking in slaves then circled back to manufacturers in Europe, just as the Exclusif had intended.
3674:
2203:. Most of the trafficking of slaves by the South Sea Company involved sales to Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, and to Mexico, as well as sales to British colonies in the Caribbean and in North America. Historian Vinita Ricks says the agreement allotted Queen Anne "22.5% (and King Philip V, of Spain 28%) of all profits collected for her personal fortune." Ricks concludes that the Queen's "connection to slave trade revenue meant that she was no longer a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on
1764:
4955:
4945:
3192:
2254:
1781:
1911:
travel from France to colonized
African countries, and then to the Caribbean colonies. The triangular setup was intentional, as France aimed to bring the African laborers to the New World, where their labor was of higher value because of the natural and cheap resources cultivated from the land, and then bring the product back to France. In French, the
2150:
order to keep up its production. Other crops besides sugar were also cultivated on the plantations. Tobacco, coffee, and livestock were all produced as well using slave labor. Sugar, however, stands out most prominently due to its exorbitant popularity during the time period and the dangers of its production, which claimed the lives of many slaves.
2215:
conditions suffered by slaves during the voyages were extraordinarily harsh. Slaves were placed in close quarters, fed barely enough to keep them alive, and oftentimes they fell victim to diseases contracted prior to the voyage. The slaves would not see sunlight during this period. They were prone to both weight loss and scurvy.
2039:
became the dominant economic system in Europe. The mercantilism model limited imports and highly valued exports, which largely drove imperial efforts across Europe by utilizing slave labor in order to produce cheap goods to be sold at higher market prices upon their return to Europe. By the middle of
1930:
In France, the slaving interest was based in Nantes, La
Rochelle, Bordeaux, and Le Havre during the years 1763 to 1792. The men involved defended their business against the abolition movement of 1789. They were merchants who specialized in funding and directing cargoes of stolen Black captives to the
1910:
each year. Slavery had been active in French colonies since the early 16th century; it was first abolished by the French government in 1794, whereupon it was replaced by forced labour before being reinstated by
Napoleon in 1802. The French slave trade ran along a triangular route, wherein ships would
2369:
whereby they would work for their former owners for a period of time; how long this would last would be up to the government authorities in each
British colony. On 1 August 1834 in Trinidad, an unarmed group of mainly elderly Black people being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the
2230:
The living and working conditions in the Lesser
Antilles were excruciating for the slaved who were brought in to work the sugar plantations. The average lifespan of a slave after "adjusting" to the climate and environmental conditions of Jamaica was expected to be less than two decades. This was due
2093:
In addition to sugar, France additionally capitalized on "pacotille," or cheap goods such as rum, tobacco, coffee and indigo. These cheap products were brought from Europe and traded to
African elites in exchange for enslaved people. Profiting from "pacotille" was another method of perpetuating the
2238:
Sugar production in the Lesser
Antilles was a very grisly business. On Jamaica from 1829 to 1832 the average mortality rate for slaves on sugar plantations was 35.1 deaths per 1000 enslaved people. The most dangerous part of the sugar plantation was the cane planting. Cane planting during this era
2149:
In 1640 the
English began sugar production with the help of the Dutch. This started the Anglo-American plantation societies which would later be led by Jamaica after it was fully developed. At its peak production between 1740 and 1807 Jamaica received 33% of the total slaves who were trafficked in
2074:
production economical. The low level of technology made production difficult and labor-intensive. At the same time, the demand for sugar was rising, particularly in Great Britain. The French colony of Saint-Domingue quickly began to out-produce all of the British islands combined. Though sugar
2234:
To help protect their investments, most slave owners would not immediately give the hardest tasks to the newest slaves. Slave owners would also set up a walled area away from the veteran slaves in order to stymie the spread of disease. These areas would contain 100–200 slaves at any time. Later,
2214:
alone accounted for roughly 10% of all deaths of trafficked African people. Some experts believe that one out of every three slaves died before ever reaching their African port of departure. The majority of slaves in English and later British colonies originated from Western Central Africa. The
3434:
An historical survey of the French colony in the island of St. Domingo : comprehending a short account of its ancient government, political state, population, productions, and exports ; a narrative of the calamities which have desolated the country ever since the year 1789, with some
2378:
freedom was achieved. This made Trinidad the first British colony with a slave population to completely abolish the institution of slavery. The successful resistance of the implementation of the full six-year term of the Apprenticeship system and Abolition of Slavery in Trinidad was marked by
1948:
in English), requiring French colonies to only sell exports to France and purchase imported goods from France. This promoted the concept of “centripetal trade” in which all profit and capital spread amongst the American colonies eventually circulated back into the hands of European powers. The
2235:
after new slaves had been purchased, they would be placed into the care of older and more experienced slaves who were already accustomed to the plantations in hopes of increasing their chances for survival. Examples of tasks assigned to new slaves include planting and constructing buildings.
3104:
Enter Victor Schoelcher. After returning from Senegal in early March of 1848, the prominent abolitionist persuaded Arago to place him in charge of a commission to end the institution of slavery. On April 27, the commission drafted a decree of general and unconditional emancipation in the
2298:
that the institution was finally abolished, but on a gradual basis. Since slave owners in the various colonies (not only the Caribbean) were losing their unpaid labourers, the government set aside £20 million for compensation but it did not offer the former slaves any reparations.
1935:
to Black people. While they ridiculed the slaves as "dirty" and "savage", they often took a Black mistress (an enslaved woman forced into sexual services). The French government paid a bounty on each captive sold to the colonies, which made the business profitable and patriotic.
3177:
the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of the institution of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an "apprenticeship" of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field
1891:, who is considered to have presented the first modern concept of race, published his work “A New Division of the Earth according to the Different Species or Races of Men Who Inhabit It” in 1684, over 100 years after slaves were brought to the "New World" (the Americas).
2283:
revoked that decree in 1802. On March 29, 1815, Napoleon abolished the slave trade but the decree did not come into effect until 1826. France re-abolished the institution of slavery in its colonies in 1848 with a general and unconditional emancipation.
1552:
3795:
2231:
to their limited familiarity and immune defense against the diseases and illnesses present in Jamaica. Disease decimated incoming slave populations. Attempts were made to help curtail the problem, but ultimately were fruitless.
2271:. The caption says, "It is at this price that you eat sugar in Europe". The slave who utters the remark has had his hand cut off for getting a finger stuck in a millstone, and his leg cut off for trying to run away.
2330:
people who started arriving from 1845. Indentured Indians would prove to be an adequate alternative for the plantations that formerly relied upon slave labour. In addition, numerous former slaves migrated from the
1931:
Caribbean colonies, which had high death rates. Caribbean plantations relied on a continuous supply of newly trafficked slaves. Slaveholding plantation owners were strongly opposed to the application of the
3805:
3775:
3638:
2079:
to be heard. Sugar thus became inherently linked to the institution of slavery, and the link was publicized specifically in abolition and anti-sugar movements, but was understood by many French citizens.
2177:, which was signed in 1713. During the negotiations of the treaty, of special importance was the successful secret negotiation with France to obtain a 30-year monopoly on selling African slaves in the
2191:
also allowed her North American colonies like Virginia to make laws that promoted the institution of slavery. Anne had secretly negotiated with the French government to get its approval regarding the
1547:
3800:
3780:
1887:
In the mid-16th century, slaves were trafficked from Africa to the Caribbean by Europeans. Originally, white European indentured servants worked alongside enslaved Africans in the Americas.
3558:
3319:
2306:
was left with a shortage of labour. This shortage became worse after the abolition of the institution of slavery in 1833. To deal with this, plantation owners on Trinidad transported
3628:
3730:
2390:
After Great Britain abolished the institution of slavery, it began to pressure other nations to do the same. France abolished the institution of slavery in 1848, in its colonies of
3648:
3493:
3770:
3720:
1869:
in 1655. In these islands and England's other Caribbean colonies, white colonists would gradually introduce a system of slave-based labor to underpin a new economy based on
3825:
3785:
3765:
3735:
2365:, permanently abolishing the instutiton of slavery in Britain's overseas colonies. The Act also stipulated that all formerly enslaved people would undergo a system of
1673:
1944:
Slaves, wealth and goods were moved in an insular, unidirectional fashion to the exclusive benefit of Europe. In fact, the French had a policy called “the Exclusif” (
3790:
2374:" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish "apprenticeship" was passed and
2137:
3633:
3568:
2067:
of Jamaica details violence against enslaved people, and constitutes important historical documentation of the conditions for enslaved people from the Caribbean.
3755:
3750:
3745:
3543:
2430:
3725:
3740:
3663:
3608:
3578:
3498:
3244:
1537:
1068:
1802:
3695:
3618:
3593:
3553:
3508:
3337:
Couti, Jacqueline. "Dangerous Créole Liaisons, Sexuality and Nationalism in French Caribbean Discourses from 1806 to 1897" (Liverpool University Press, 2016)
3435:
reflections on their causes and probable consequences : and a detail of the military transactions of the British army in that island to the end of 1794
3710:
3705:
3658:
3573:
3563:
1422:
794:
531:
3613:
3583:
3225:
Bush, Barbara. "Hard Labor: Women, Childbirth, and Resistance in British Caribbean Slave Societies", in David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clarke Hine, eds,
1932:
1158:
799:
1894:
3700:
3533:
3623:
491:
3394:
Le cas particulier qui regarde les négresses : The Black Female Body in the Making of Eighteenth-Century French Subjectivity and Citizenship
846:
5004:
5009:
1542:
1392:
4984:
4979:
4619:
1619:
371:
1789:
1985:
821:
2604:
The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe
2218:
3483:
3465:
1592:
1412:
585:
17:
4566:
2170:
2063:. The decrease averaged about 3 percent per year in Jamaica and 4 percent a year in the smaller islands. The diary of slaveowner
1750:
2090:, writing: "C'est à ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe" ("this is what it costs for you to eat your sugar in Europe").
856:
274:
4994:
3715:
2915:
2550:
2461:
1434:
1111:
883:
4519:
3306:
3088:
2979:
2119:
1626:
1587:
1230:
4591:
2481:
1668:
1305:
965:
816:
612:
521:
2956:
Keith Mason, "Demography, Disease and Medical Care in Caribbean Slave Societies." (1986): 109–119. DOI: 10.2307/3338787
4514:
2466:
2384:
2076:
1688:
1382:
1136:
4989:
4805:
4534:
4487:
2826:
2577:
2379:
ex-slaves and free people of colour joining in celebrations through the streets in what became known as their annual
2195:, since it had previously been awarded to France to the benefit of French merchants. The British government gave the
1510:
1387:
811:
580:
447:
4549:
3384:
Slave community foodways on a French colonial plantation : zooarchaeology at Habitation Crève Cœur, Martinique
2358:
2004:
2000:
1641:
851:
836:
782:
467:
457:
452:
281:
137:
3034:
1357:
3882:
3368:
1636:
1407:
213:
1972:
4461:
3137:
2680:
2008:
1106:
1094:
674:
486:
132:
4365:
3160:
3061:
1678:
1461:
322:
4395:
3653:
3458:
3349:
2451:
2350:, a wealthy slaveholder, plantation owner and Council member, became the first person to be hanged for the
2188:
2031:, switching to the institution of slavery by the end of the 17th century as their economies converted from
1882:
1683:
1527:
1397:
1058:
826:
806:
366:
334:
3358:
53:
4629:
4544:
4529:
3842:
1743:
1693:
1417:
1335:
462:
243:
63:
4691:
4671:
4651:
4257:
2440:
2362:
2295:
1602:
1454:
1439:
1330:
526:
196:
2387:
in the other British colonies which was legally granted two years ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838.
1918:
4999:
4958:
3268:
Miller, Joseph C., "The Way of Death: West Central Africa," (The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988)
3212:, and Andrew Downes. "The Economics of Transition to the Black Labor System in Barbados, 1630–1680,"
1698:
1597:
1128:
1116:
706:
679:
184:
4571:
4539:
4117:
3848:
3837:
3830:
3819:
3249:
Dunn, Richard S., "The Barbados Census of 1680: Profile of the Richest Colony in English America,"
3008:
2758:
Yee, Jennifer. 2016. “The Real Cost of Sugar: Ethics, the Slave Trade, and the Colonies.” Pg 62 in
2624:
Yee, Jennifer. 2016. “The Real Cost of Sugar: Ethics, the Slave Trade, and the Colonies.” Pg 60 in
2210:
Slaves incoming to the Anglo-American colonies were at high risk both mentally and physically. The
2028:
1850:
1478:
1347:
900:
689:
174:
75:
354:
4852:
4666:
4524:
4380:
4122:
3451:
3271:
Molen, Patricia A. "Population and Social Patterns in Barbados in the Early Eighteenth Century,"
3260:
2996:
the first abolition ... revoked in 1802. The second, and final, abolition will be passed in 1848.
2420:
1834:
1794:
1663:
1402:
1352:
1280:
1053:
831:
775:
758:
189:
2173:
and slave labor produced the sugar. English involvement in slavery increased as a result of the
4926:
4706:
3760:
3503:
3327:
Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Sugar Colonies of the Old Empire: Profit or Loss for Great Britain?"
2343:
2276:
2020:
1736:
1705:
1210:
951:
863:
711:
435:
401:
396:
2877:
2816:
4716:
4656:
4162:
3200:
2905:
2415:
2016:
2012:
1572:
1427:
1340:
1325:
1007:
995:
741:
726:
511:
286:
208:
179:
4217:
4132:
4020:
2471:
2347:
2291:
1710:
1614:
1577:
1505:
1449:
1318:
1275:
1089:
1019:
694:
474:
376:
260:
167:
1906:
As of 1778, French slave trade transported approximately 13,000 Africans as slaves to the
8:
4624:
4509:
4466:
3875:
3682:
3643:
3538:
2425:
2287:
2142:
2131:
2024:
1996:
1198:
1178:
1063:
1048:
917:
888:
878:
768:
716:
684:
481:
339:
307:
302:
255:
112:
1888:
4884:
4711:
4601:
4267:
3598:
3518:
2741:
2733:
2307:
2134:
in 1655. Colonists soon transformed Jamaica into a center of the Atlantic slave trade.
2064:
2041:
1907:
1854:
1444:
1290:
1265:
1255:
1220:
1215:
1183:
1148:
1141:
1082:
1075:
932:
751:
746:
736:
506:
359:
317:
312:
265:
233:
223:
160:
381:
327:
4815:
4681:
4596:
4070:
3603:
3528:
3523:
3513:
2911:
2870:
2822:
2745:
2725:
2721:
2706:"Slave Prices, the African Slave Trade, and Productivity in the Caribbean, 1674-1807"
2583:
2573:
2546:
2476:
2445:
2200:
2183:
2154:
1532:
1250:
1245:
1188:
1173:
1153:
975:
970:
905:
868:
701:
667:
496:
349:
238:
117:
1952:
The French trans-Atlantic trafficking of slaves has qualities of both an economy of
4879:
4721:
4643:
4277:
4075:
3588:
3288:
Ragatz, Lowell Joseph. "Absentee Landlordism in the British Caribbean, 1750–1833,"
2717:
2572:. Peabody, Sue., Stovall, Tyler Edward. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 20.
2456:
2174:
2075:
was driven by slavery, rising costs for the British made it easier for the British
1915:
referred to this Atlantic economy based on the trafficking of slaves from Africa.
1722:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1260:
1225:
1193:
1163:
1036:
1024:
1002:
980:
927:
763:
731:
33:
4862:
4784:
4492:
4471:
4385:
3548:
2785:
2332:
2111:
2107:
1992:
1977:
1923:
1631:
1522:
1517:
1270:
1240:
1235:
958:
922:
721:
639:
344:
90:
3324:
Smallwood, Stephanie. "Saltwater Slavery" (First Harvard University Press, 2008)
3298:
Reddock, Rhoda E. "Women and Slavery in the Caribbean: A Feminist Perspective",
2294:
abolished the trafficking of slaves in the British Empire. It was not until the
4948:
4872:
4867:
4825:
4789:
4584:
4559:
4451:
4441:
4409:
4272:
4242:
4060:
3974:
3915:
3901:
3868:
3209:
2775:, edited by M. Moriarty and J. Jennings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2366:
2211:
2178:
2115:
2045:
1838:
1715:
1609:
501:
142:
100:
4177:
4973:
4915:
4579:
4429:
4375:
4222:
4107:
4085:
4080:
4010:
2890:
Richard B. Sheridan, "Africa and the Caribbean in the Atlantic slave trade."
2729:
2602:
2491:
2399:
1653:
1582:
1029:
1012:
787:
617:
607:
391:
41:
3316:
Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775
2818:
Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775
2587:
2510:
4774:
4762:
4686:
4661:
4554:
4502:
4360:
4297:
4292:
4112:
4090:
3942:
2486:
2248:
2095:
2036:
1658:
1495:
1471:
1377:
1370:
1101:
629:
602:
565:
543:
430:
147:
127:
105:
95:
85:
80:
70:
3860:
3443:
3438:
3427:
3417:
910:
4920:
4840:
4830:
4747:
4737:
4676:
4497:
4434:
4339:
4324:
4287:
4227:
4207:
4193:
4167:
4142:
4095:
4065:
4025:
4005:
4000:
3969:
2567:
2315:
2123:
2060:
1981:
1858:
1763:
1500:
1488:
841:
644:
634:
592:
406:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3369:
Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
2517:. E2BN – East of England Broadband Network and MLA East of England. 2009
4835:
4820:
4757:
4446:
4312:
4307:
4157:
4102:
4035:
4030:
4015:
3990:
3404:
Charles Auguste Bisette and The Police des Noirs in the French Atlantic
3332:
3293:
3276:
3254:
2737:
2705:
2666:
Perry Viles, "The Slaving Interest in the Atlantic Ports, 1763–1792,"
2655:
The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade
2642:
The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade
2543:
The French Atlantic Triangle: Literature and Culture of the Slave Trade
2395:
2391:
2204:
1899:
1768:
1648:
945:
649:
516:
4390:
3222:
Brown, Vincent. "The Reaper's Garden" (Harvard University Press, 2008)
3217:
2403:
4894:
4889:
4779:
4767:
4742:
4701:
4329:
4252:
4247:
4199:
4137:
3995:
3962:
3925:
3687:
3191:
2435:
2380:
2169:, which provided a steady flow of sugar to Europe and North America;
2110:
was an outgrowth of the demand for sugar and other crops. As part of
2071:
1870:
1830:
893:
558:
420:
3133:
2253:
575:
4752:
4334:
4212:
4152:
3920:
3673:
3475:
3351:
Producers, Reproducers, and Rebels: Grenadian Slave Women 1783–1833
2872:
The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440 – 1870
2841:
David A. G. Waddel, "Queen Anne's Government and the Slave Trade."
2319:
2303:
2280:
2268:
2258:
2158:
2081:
2059:
The death rates for Black slaves in these islands were higher than
1862:
1483:
1041:
985:
937:
597:
442:
297:
203:
3354:– Conference paper published by the University of the West Indies.
4899:
4810:
4456:
4424:
4355:
4282:
4232:
4172:
4147:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3930:
3196:
2339:
2323:
2263:
2223:
2166:
2153:
England had multiple sugar colonies in the Caribbean, especially
2127:
2086:
2052:) had become the largest slave societies of the region, rivaling
2032:
1866:
1826:
1466:
548:
228:
45:
3241:
The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823–1843
3229:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), pp. 193–217.
1780:
4857:
4845:
4317:
4262:
3935:
2351:
2053:
1168:
990:
570:
553:
415:
250:
218:
3374:
Archaeology, plantations and slavery in the French West Indies
4302:
4237:
4127:
4052:
3891:
2327:
2311:
2162:
2049:
425:
411:
386:
2760:
The Colonial Comedy: Imperialism in the French Realist Novel
2626:
The Colonial Comedy: Imperialism in the French Realist Novel
292:
122:
3227:
More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas
2803:
Slavery, Atlantic trade and the British economy, 1660–1800
2771:
Mander, Jenny. 2019. “Colonialism and Slavery.” Pg 272 in
4370:
2704:
Eltis, David; Lewis, Frank D.; Richardson, David (2005).
2101:
2084:, for example, wrote of a sighting of a maimed slave in
2569:
The color of liberty : histories of race in France
2431:
Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery
2511:"British Involvement in the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
2448:, Jesuit priest, slave holder, and currency speculator
3123:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–379.
2383:
celebrations. This event in Trinidad influenced full
3035:"Napoleon's Decree Abolishing the Slave Trade, 1815"
2703:
2106:
The system of African slavery that developed in the
1423:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2814:
1933:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2932:African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
2869:
3089:"SLAVERY AND THE REVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES OF 1848"
2907:Through the Lens of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
2903:
4971:
2326:were imported, but they were soon supplanted by
2027:were the first important slave societies of the
1876:
1538:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3216:Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn 1987), pp. 225–247
3275:Vol. 28, No. 2 (April 1971), pp. 287–300
3253:vol. 26, no. 1 (January 1969), pp. 3–30.
3236:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
3121:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838
2070:For centuries the institution of slavery made
3876:
3459:
1744:
3796:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3331:Vol. 21, No. 1 (April 1968), pp. 30–45
3318:(University of the West Indies Press, 1994)
3292:Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1931), pp. 7–24
3119:Dryden, John (1992), "Pas de Six Ans!", In:
2653:Miller, C. L. 2008. “Introduction.” Pg 5 in
2640:Miller, C. L. 2008. “Introduction.” Pg 4 in
1543:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
4697:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
3890:
3473:
3285:(Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1989).
3234:Slave Women in Caribbean society, 1650–1838
2930:Herbert S. Klein and Ben Vinson III, eds.,
2867:
2275:The institution of Black slavery was first
1823:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
3883:
3869:
3466:
3452:
2980:"French Revolutionary Wars Timeline: 1794"
2370:new apprenticeship laws, began chanting: "
1865:in 1623 and 1627 respectively, and later,
1751:
1737:
3115:
3113:
3086:
3039:Napoleon Series from Waterloo Association
2967:The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History
2945:The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History
1986:Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
3190:
3158:
3087:Dusenbury, Jonathan (October 10, 2016).
3059:
2267:and Cacambo meeting a maimed slave near
2252:
2217:
2136:
2056:as a destination for enslaved Africans.
1971:
1917:
1893:
1805:of all important aspects of the article.
1762:
1548:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1413:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1393:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3424:Guiana : British, Dutch and French
3363:British History: Empire & Sea Power
3159:Oldfield, Dr John (February 17, 2011).
3060:Oldfield, Dr John (February 17, 2011).
2790:Caribbean slavery in the Atlantic world
2773:The Cambridge History of French Thought
2600:
2594:
2141:A Linen Market with enslaved Africans.
14:
4972:
3110:
2565:
2540:
1801:Please consider expanding the lead to
3864:
3447:
3214:Journal of Interdisciplinary History,
3009:"CHRONOLOGY-Who banned slavery when?"
2545:. Duke University Press. p. 12.
2462:Slavery in the British Virgin Islands
2310:from the 1810s until 1917. Initially
2102:Anglo-American institution of slavery
1435:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1112:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
5005:British colonization of the Americas
2681:"Haiti: The Revolution of 1791-1803"
2636:
2634:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2279:by the French Republic in 1794, but
1774:
1627:Slave marriages in the United States
1231:Human trafficking in the Middle East
5010:French colonization of the Americas
2482:1733 slave insurrection on St. John
1967:
1898:Black slaves serving in a house of
966:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
4985:Slavery in the British West Indies
2467:Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
1620:last survivors of American slavery
25:
5021:
4980:Slavery in the French West Indies
4806:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
3902:List of sugars and sugar products
3426:, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
3342:
3311:(2007) Monday, November 26, 2007.
3308:Tradition and Women in Resistance
3015:. Thomson Reuters. March 22, 2007
2904:Vinita Moch Ricks (August 2013).
2631:
2611:
2607:. London: R. Baldwin. p. 21.
2559:
2529:
581:Field slaves in the United States
448:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
4954:
4953:
4944:
4943:
3672:
3639:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3437:, London, John Stockdale, 1797.
3140:from the original on 24 May 2008
2821:. Canoe Press. pp. 415–26.
2722:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2005.00318.x
2372:Pas de six ans. Point de six ans
2222:Slaves in the British colony of
2005:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1779:
458:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
453:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
282:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
52:
3359:Slavery and Economy in Barbados
3186:
3152:
3126:
3080:
3053:
3027:
3001:
2972:
2959:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2897:
2884:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2808:
2795:
2778:
2765:
2752:
2697:
2118:, the English captured several
1793:may be too short to adequately
1408:Committee of Experts on Slavery
959:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3262:Obeah: The Ultimate Resistance
2876:. Simon and Schuster. p.
2673:
2660:
2647:
2503:
1939:
1803:provide an accessible overview
1107:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
2497:
1877:French Institution of Slavery
1767:Emancipation proclamation of
4995:Agriculture in the Caribbean
3302:, 12:1 (Winter 1985), 63–80.
3283:Slave women in the New World
3134:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833"
2815:Richard B. Sheridan (1974).
2541:Miller, Christopher (2008).
2452:Natural person in French law
2242:
2120:Spanish colonial possessions
2035:to sugar production, and as
1883:Natural person in French law
1398:Temporary Slavery Commission
1059:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
3416:, [s.l. ; s.n., 1919.
3300:Latin American Perspectives
3273:William and Mary Quarterly,
3251:William and Mary Quarterly,
2710:The Economic History Review
2409:
2189:Queen Anne of Great Britain
1418:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
463:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
5026:
4692:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
4672:Demerara rebellion of 1823
4652:1811 German Coast uprising
4258:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
2892:American Historical Review
2628:. Oxford University Press.
2441:Demerara rebellion of 1823
2322:people from the island of
2296:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
2246:
2040:the 18th century, British
1980:, slave/plantation owner,
1880:
1844:
1603:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1440:Anti-Slavery International
1205:North Africa and West Asia
4939:
4908:
4798:
4730:
4642:
4612:
4480:
4417:
4408:
4348:
4186:
4051:
4044:
3983:
3908:
3899:
3814:
3781:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3681:
3670:
3482:
3365:. The BBC, online series.
2762:. Oxford University Press
2668:French Historical Studies
2338:In 1811 on the island of
1857:colonised the islands of
1699:Emancipation Proclamation
1371:Opposition and resistance
1129:Sex trafficking in Europe
1117:Blackbirding in Polynesia
680:Trans-Saharan slave trade
4990:History of the Caribbean
4118:High-fructose corn syrup
3801:Turks and Caicos Islands
3348:Phillip, Nicole (2002).
2910:. BookBaby. p. 77.
2657:. Duke University Press.
2644:. Duke University Press.
2601:Kitchin, Thomas (1778).
1479:Compensated emancipation
690:Indian Ocean slave trade
18:Slavery in the Caribbean
4667:Colonial molasses trade
4123:High-maltose corn syrup
3329:Economic History Review
3239:Butler, Kathleen Mary.
2670:(1972) 7#4 pp-529-43.
2566:Pierre, Boulle (2003).
2421:Barbados Cricket Buckle
2354:of an enslaved person.
1403:1926 Slavery Convention
1159:Germany in World War II
776:North and South America
298:Contract of manumission
4927:Pure, White and Deadly
4707:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
4613:By region (historical)
3716:British Virgin Islands
3204:
3161:"British Anti-slavery"
3062:"British Anti-slavery"
2344:British Virgin Islands
2272:
2227:
2146:
1988:
1927:
1903:
1772:
884:British Virgin Islands
436:Circassian slave trade
402:Safavid imperial harem
397:Ottoman Imperial Harem
4717:Taiwan Sugar Railways
4657:Amelioration Act 1798
3629:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3357:Watson, Karl (2001).
3314:Sheridan; Richard B.
3290:Agricultural History,
3281:Morrissey, Marietta.
3201:Salt evaporation pond
3194:
2858:(2001), pp. 341, 361.
2515:The Abolition Project
2416:Amelioration Act 1798
2363:Slavery Abolition Act
2335:to Trinidad to work.
2256:
2221:
2140:
1975:
1921:
1913:commerce triangulaire
1897:
1766:
1123:Europe and North Asia
1083:Australia and Oceania
783:Pre-Columbian America
355:Slave raid of Suðuroy
287:Slavery in al-Andalus
209:Black Sea slave trade
138:21st-century jihadism
4396:Unrefined sweeteners
4218:Crystalline fructose
4133:Inverted sugar syrup
3259:Giraldo, Alexander.
3210:Beckles, Hilary McD.
2868:Hugh Thomas (1997).
2348:Arthur William Hodge
2292:Slave Trade Act 1807
2199:to the newly-formed
2132:invaded and occupied
1902:, early 19th century
1829:in the parts of the
1578:Indentured servitude
1506:Underground Railroad
1306:United Arab Emirates
695:Zanzibar slave trade
662:By country or region
475:Atlantic slave trade
377:Ma malakat aymanukum
261:Venetian slave trade
4481:By region (current)
4381:Sugar confectionery
3806:U.S. Virgin Islands
3649:Trinidad and Tobago
3494:Antigua and Barbuda
3305:Sainvil, Talisha.
2894:77.1 (1972): 15–35.
2843:Caribbean Quarterly
2784:Hilary Beckles and
2685:faculty.webster.edu
2426:Barbados Slave Code
2308:indentured servants
2288:William Wilberforce
2257:This scene depicts
2143:British West Indies
2126:, most prominently
1664:Slave Route Project
795:Americas indigenous
685:Red Sea slave trade
675:Contemporary Africa
538:Topics and practice
308:Crimean slave trade
303:Bukhara slave trade
256:Genoese slave trade
133:Contemporary Africa
113:Forced prostitution
4885:Sweetened beverage
4712:Sugar Intervention
4620:Danish West Indies
4602:U.S. Sugar Program
4361:Cotton candy floss
4268:Plantation Reserve
4163:Steen's cane syrup
3559:Dominican Republic
3205:
3136:. 28 August 1833.
3093:Age of Revolutions
2359:British Parliament
2273:
2228:
2147:
2065:Thomas Thistlewood
1989:
1928:
1908:French West Indies
1904:
1773:
1445:Blockade of Africa
752:Somali slave trade
668:Sub-Saharan Africa
360:Turkish Abductions
318:Khivan slave trade
313:Khazar slave trade
266:Balkan slave trade
224:Prague slave trade
4967:
4966:
4816:Blood sugar level
4682:Leith Sugar House
4638:
4637:
4597:Sugar Association
4404:
4403:
4366:Maple sugar foods
4071:Barley malt syrup
3894:as food commodity
3858:
3857:
2917:978-1-4835-1364-5
2845:6.1 (1960): 7–10.
2552:978-0-8223-4151-2
2477:Berbice Rebellion
2472:Bussa's rebellion
2446:Antoine Lavalette
2201:South Sea Company
2184:Asiento de Negros
2175:Treaty of Utrecht
1820:
1819:
1761:
1760:
1711:Freedmen's Bureau
1533:Third Servile War
1528:International law
1095:Human trafficking
857:Human trafficking
532:Thirteen colonies
350:Sack of Baltimore
118:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
5017:
5000:History of sugar
4957:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4880:Sugar substitute
4722:Triangular trade
4415:
4414:
4076:Brown rice syrup
4049:
4048:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3843:Hispanic America
3771:Saint Barthélemy
3731:Falkland Islands
3676:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3432:Edwards, Bryan.
3181:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3041:. September 2000
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2812:
2806:
2801:Kenneth Morgan,
2799:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2538:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2457:Slavery in Haiti
2098:economic model.
1968:General overview
1889:Francois Bernier
1815:
1812:
1806:
1783:
1775:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1723:Emancipation Day
1556:
1523:Slave Trade Acts
214:Byzantine Empire
56:
29:
28:
21:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5014:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4935:
4904:
4863:Sugar addiction
4794:
4785:Sugar sculpture
4726:
4634:
4608:
4585:Tate & Lyle
4576:United Kingdom
4493:Bundaberg Sugar
4476:
4472:Sugar marketing
4400:
4386:Sugarcane juice
4344:
4182:
4040:
3979:
3904:
3895:
3889:
3859:
3854:
3826:Central America
3810:
3685:
3677:
3668:
3485:
3478:
3474:Slavery in the
3472:
3422:Rodway, James.
3345:
3340:
3232:Bush, Barbara.
3189:
3184:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3111:
3097:
3095:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2786:Verene Shepherd
2783:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2612:
2599:
2595:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2539:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2412:
2333:Lesser Antilles
2251:
2245:
2181:, known as the
2112:Oliver Cromwell
2108:Lesser Antilles
2104:
1993:Lesser Antilles
1978:Stedman Rawlins
1970:
1942:
1922:Saint-Domingue
1885:
1879:
1847:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1800:
1788:This article's
1784:
1757:
1728:
1727:
1632:Slave narrative
1588:Fugitive slaves
1568:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1518:Slave rebellion
1373:
1363:
1362:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1133:United Kingdom
1069:Yankee princess
663:
655:
654:
382:Avret Pazarları
328:Avret Pazarları
197:Medieval Europe
163:
153:
152:
91:Forced marriage
66:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5023:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4873:Residual sugar
4868:Sugars in wine
4865:
4860:
4855:
4853:Health effects
4850:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4828:
4826:Flavored syrup
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4790:Treacle mining
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4560:Tongaat Hulett
4557:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Sugarcane mill
4449:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Molasses sugar
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:List of syrups
4057:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3975:Reducing sugar
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3916:Monosaccharide
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Sint Eustatius
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Cayman Islands
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3420:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3355:
3344:
3343:External links
3341:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3325:
3322:
3320:online edition
3312:
3303:
3296:
3286:
3279:
3269:
3266:
3257:
3247:
3245:online edition
3237:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3206:
3195:Slave huts in
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3151:
3125:
3109:
3079:
3052:
3026:
3000:
2971:
2958:
2949:
2936:
2923:
2916:
2896:
2883:
2860:
2854:Edward Gregg.
2847:
2834:
2827:
2807:
2794:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2716:(4): 673–700.
2696:
2672:
2659:
2646:
2630:
2610:
2593:
2578:
2558:
2551:
2528:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2367:apprenticeship
2302:The colony of
2247:Main article:
2244:
2241:
2212:Middle Passage
2179:Spanish Empire
2116:Western Design
2103:
2100:
2046:Saint-Domingue
1969:
1966:
1941:
1938:
1878:
1875:
1846:
1843:
1839:British Empire
1818:
1817:
1797:the key points
1787:
1785:
1778:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1610:List of slaves
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:Dutch Republic
1151:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1000:
999:
998:
993:
988:
978:
973:
968:
962:
961:
955:
954:
949:
942:
941:
940:
935:
925:
920:
915:
914:
913:
903:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
871:
866:
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
804:
803:
802:
792:
791:
790:
779:
778:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
755:
754:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
698:
697:
687:
682:
677:
671:
670:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
621:
620:
615:
613:Child soldiers
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
589:
588:
578:
573:
568:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
540:
539:
535:
534:
529:
524:
522:Spanish Empire
519:
514:
509:
504:
502:Middle Passage
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
477:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
332:
331:
330:
323:Ottoman Empire
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
278:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
258:
253:
248:
247:
246:
241:
236:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
199:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
170:
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
143:Sexual slavery
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
109:
108:
103:
101:Child marriage
98:
88:
83:
78:
76:Child soldiers
73:
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
38:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5022:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4960:
4952:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Robert Lustig
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4592:United States
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:British Sugar
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Sugar alcohol
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Glucose syrup
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Maesil-cheong
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3851:
3850:
3849:South America
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Latin America
3836:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:North America
3817:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:French Guiana
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:United States
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:French Guiana
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3179:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2946:
2943:K. F. Kiple,
2940:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2828:9789768125132
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2579:0-8223-3130-6
2575:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2492:Denmark Vesey
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:French Guiana
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:In 1833, the
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:people, free
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:abolitionists
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1937:
1934:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:dominated by
1832:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Slave catcher
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Forced labour
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:Abolitionists
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:comfort women
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:Chukri System
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
902:
901:Latin America
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
853:
852:interregional
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:prison labour
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:United States
805:
801:
798:
797:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
774:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
666:
665:
659:
658:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
622:
619:
618:White slavery
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Slave raiding
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
577:
576:Corvée labour
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Abbasid harem
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:Barbary Coast
333:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
272:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
157:
156:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
65:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:Forced labour
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4925:
4775:Sugar people
4763:Sugar packet
4696:
4687:Molasses Act
4662:Blackbirding
4555:Illovo Sugar
4550:South Africa
4503:Wilmar Sugar
4298:Butterscotch
4293:Barley sugar
4198:
4113:Golden syrup
4091:Mogwa-cheong
3943:Disaccharide
3847:
3818:
3791:Sint Maarten
3776:Saint Martin
3683:Dependencies
3433:
3423:
3413:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3362:
3350:
3328:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3289:
3282:
3272:
3261:
3250:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3213:
3187:Bibliography
3176:
3169:. Retrieved
3164:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3128:
3120:
3103:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3065:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3038:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3012:
3003:
2995:
2988:. Retrieved
2984:Emerson Kent
2983:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2625:
2603:
2596:
2568:
2561:
2542:
2519:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2487:Prince Klaas
2389:
2385:emancipation
2375:
2371:
2356:
2337:
2318:people, and
2316:West African
2301:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2249:Abolitionism
2237:
2233:
2229:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2152:
2148:
2145:, circa 1780
2130:, which was
2105:
2096:mercantilism
2092:
2085:
2069:
2058:
2037:mercantilism
1990:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1929:
1924:slave revolt
1912:
1905:
1886:
1873:production.
1848:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1792:
1790:lead section
1659:Slave patrol
1496:Freedom suit
1472:Sierra Leone
1462:Colonization
1378:Abolitionism
1358:Baháʼí Faith
1331:Christianity
1281:Saudi Arabia
1137:Penal Labour
1102:Blackbirding
1008:Debt bondage
996:penal system
873:
822:Contemporary
812:Field slaves
800:U.S. Natives
759:South Africa
630:Galley slave
603:Slave market
593:House slaves
566:Blackbirding
544:Conscription
468:21st century
431:Umm al-walad
275:Muslim world
244:Emancipation
148:Wage slavery
128:Penal labour
106:Wife selling
96:Bride buying
81:Conscription
71:Child Labour
64:Contemporary
26:
4921:John Yudkin
4831:Fruit syrup
4748:Sugar shack
4738:Added sugar
4677:Holing cane
4535:Philippines
4435:Casa-grande
4349:Other forms
4325:Sugar glass
4288:Sugar candy
4228:Gula melaka
4208:Candi sugar
4187:Solid forms
4178:Yacón syrup
4168:Table syrup
4143:Maple syrup
4096:Yuja-cheong
4066:Agave syrup
4001:Agave syrup
3970:Added sugar
3761:Puerto Rico
3688:territories
3634:Saint Lucia
3569:El Salvador
3406:– Video by
3396:– Video by
3386:– Video by
3376:– Video by
3165:BBC History
3098:February 2,
3066:BBC History
3045:30 November
3019:February 2,
2990:February 2,
2361:passed the
2205:slave ships
2124:West Indies
2061:birth rates
2044:and French
2021:Saint Lucia
1995:islands of
1982:Saint Kitts
1940:Slave trade
1674:court cases
1551: [
1501:Slave Power
1489:Manumission
1336:Catholicism
1211:Afghanistan
952:Puerto Rico
864:The Bahamas
842:Slave codes
645:Shanghaiing
635:Impressment
527:Slave Coast
407:Qajar harem
367:Concubinage
340:slave trade
4974:Categories
4959:Production
4836:Date honey
4821:Cane knife
4758:Sugar nips
4447:Sugar bush
4430:Plantation
4418:Production
4313:Rock candy
4278:Preserving
4158:Pine honey
4103:Corn syrup
3991:Sugar beet
3756:Montserrat
3751:Martinique
3746:Guadeloupe
3544:Costa Rica
3171:January 2,
3072:January 2,
2856:Queen Anne
2690:2020-12-08
2498:References
2396:Martinique
2392:Guadeloupe
2320:Portuguese
2171:indentured
2017:Guadeloupe
2013:Martinique
1900:Martinique
1881:See also:
1825:refers to
1769:Guadeloupe
1689:J.Q. Adams
1679:Washington
1649:Slave name
1598:convention
1573:Common law
946:Encomienda
742:Seychelles
727:Mauritania
650:Slave ship
517:Panyarring
512:New France
161:Historical
4895:Sweetness
4890:Sweetener
4780:Sugar tit
4768:Sucrology
4743:Crop Over
4702:Sugar Act
4545:Sri Lanka
4530:Mauritius
4515:Caribbean
4488:Australia
4330:Sugarloaf
4248:Muscovado
4200:Peen tong
4138:Kuromitsu
3996:Sugarcane
3963:Trehalose
3926:Galactose
3909:Chemistry
3831:Caribbean
3741:Greenland
3664:Venezuela
3609:Nicaragua
3579:Guatemala
3499:Argentina
3484:Sovereign
3105:colonies.
2746:133182974
2730:0013-0117
2436:Code Noir
2381:Canboulay
2277:abolished
2243:Abolition
2072:sugarcane
2029:Caribbean
2001:St. Kitts
1946:exclusive
1871:cash crop
1859:St. Kitts
1851:Caribbean
1831:Caribbean
1795:summarize
1684:Jefferson
1341:Mormonism
1276:Palestine
1090:Australia
1020:Indonesia
911:Lei Áurea
894:Code Noir
874:Caribbean
847:Treatment
586:Treatment
559:Devshirme
421:Odalisque
239:In Russia
180:Babylonia
168:Antiquity
4949:Category
4909:Research
4753:Sugaring
4567:Tanzania
4442:Refinery
4410:Industry
4335:Wasanbon
4273:Powdered
4213:Chancaca
4153:Molasses
4045:Products
4021:Honeydew
3921:Fructose
3696:Anguilla
3644:Suriname
3619:Paraguay
3594:Honduras
3554:Dominica
3539:Colombia
3509:Barbados
3476:Americas
3333:in JSTOR
3294:in JSTOR
3277:in JSTOR
3255:in JSTOR
3218:in JSTOR
3138:Archived
2588:51519592
2410:See also
2376:de facto
2304:Trinidad
2281:Napoleon
2269:Suriname
2259:Voltaire
2159:Barbados
2082:Voltaire
2025:Dominica
1997:Barbados
1863:Barbados
1811:May 2022
1716:Iron bit
1706:40 acres
1669:breeding
1484:Freedman
1319:Religion
1179:Portugal
1064:Thailand
1054:Maldives
1049:Malaysia
1042:Kwalliso
986:Booi Aha
938:Restavek
918:Colombia
889:Trinidad
879:Barbados
769:Zanzibar
717:Ethiopia
598:Saqaliba
492:Database
443:Saqaliba
204:Ancillae
34:a series
32:Part of
4900:Vinasse
4811:Bagasse
4799:Related
4731:Culture
4644:History
4457:Engenho
4425:Boilery
4391:Tuzemák
4356:Caramel
4283:Sucanat
4233:Jaggery
4223:Gelling
4173:Treacle
4148:Mizuame
4011:Coconut
3984:Sources
3958:Sucrose
3953:Maltose
3948:Lactose
3931:Glucose
3726:Curaçao
3711:Bonaire
3706:Bermuda
3659:Uruguay
3599:Jamaica
3574:Grenada
3564:Ecuador
3519:Bolivia
3504:Bahamas
3243:(1995)
3199:at the
3197:Bonaire
3013:Reuters
2969:(1985).
2965:Kiple,
2947:(1985).
2934:(2007).
2805:(2000).
2792:(2000).
2788:, eds.
2738:3698795
2521:28 June
2404:Réunion
2342:in the
2340:Tortola
2324:Madeira
2312:Chinese
2264:Candide
2224:Antigua
2197:asiento
2193:asiento
2167:Antigua
2155:Jamaica
2128:Jamaica
2122:in the
2087:Candide
2042:Jamaica
2033:tobacco
2009:Antigua
1926:in 1791
1867:Jamaica
1855:England
1849:In the
1845:History
1837:or the
1827:slavery
1694:Lincoln
1567:Related
1467:Liberia
1353:Judaism
1291:Tunisia
1266:Morocco
1256:Lebanon
1221:Bahrain
1216:Algeria
1184:Romania
1149:Denmark
1142:Slavery
1076:Vietnam
747:Somalia
737:Nigeria
712:Comoros
640:Pirates
549:Ghilman
482:Bristol
372:history
345:pirates
234:History
123:Peonage
46:slavery
4930:(1972)
4858:Nectar
4846:Jallab
4630:Hawaii
4572:Uganda
4540:Rwanda
4318:Toffee
4263:Panela
4081:Cheong
4053:Syrups
3936:Xylose
3614:Panama
3604:Mexico
3584:Guyana
3529:Canada
3524:Brazil
3514:Belize
3486:states
3439:Manioc
3428:Manioc
3418:Manioc
3408:Manioc
3398:Manioc
3388:Manioc
3378:Manioc
3265:(2007)
3144:4 June
2986:. 2016
2914:
2825:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2586:
2576:
2549:
2352:murder
2328:Indian
2226:, 1823
2165:, and
2054:Brazil
1962:traite
1958:traite
1835:France
1615:owners
1251:Kuwait
1246:Jordan
1199:Sweden
1189:Russia
1174:Poland
1169:Norway
991:Laogai
976:Brunei
971:Bhutan
933:revolt
906:Brazil
869:Canada
832:partus
817:female
702:Angola
571:Coolie
554:Mamluk
507:Nantes
487:Brazil
416:Cariye
251:Thrall
219:Kholop
185:Greece
4841:Grape
4525:India
4520:Kenya
4467:Zafra
4462:Batey
4340:White
4303:Candy
4238:Misri
4194:Brown
4128:Honey
4026:Maple
4006:Birch
3892:Sugar
3701:Aruba
3589:Haiti
3534:Chile
3361:. In
3178:hands
3167:. BBC
3068:. BBC
2742:S2CID
2734:JSTOR
2163:Nevis
2050:Haiti
2048:(now
1954:trade
1642:songs
1637:films
1555:]
1511:songs
1348:Islam
1326:Bible
1301:Yemen
1296:Qatar
1286:Syria
1261:Libya
1226:Egypt
1194:Spain
1164:Malta
1037:Korea
1025:Japan
1003:India
981:China
928:Haiti
788:Aztec
764:Sudan
732:Niger
624:Naval
497:Dutch
426:Qiyan
412:Jarya
387:Harem
229:Serfs
175:Egypt
4625:Fiji
4510:Cuba
4308:Hard
4036:Malt
4031:Palm
4016:Date
3766:Saba
3686:and
3624:Peru
3549:Cuba
3173:2017
3146:2008
3100:2017
3074:2017
3047:2021
3021:2017
2992:2017
2912:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2726:ISSN
2584:OCLC
2574:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2523:2014
2402:and
2023:and
1991:The
1976:Hon
1956:and
1861:and
1593:laws
1455:U.S.
1450:U.K.
1388:U.S.
1383:U.K.
1271:Oman
1241:Iraq
1236:Iran
923:Cuba
827:maps
722:Mali
707:Chad
293:Baqt
190:Rome
86:Debt
44:and
4498:CSR
4371:Rum
4253:Nib
2878:236
2718:doi
2290:'s
2261:'s
2207:."
2114:'s
4976::
3175:.
3163:.
3112:^
3102:.
3091:.
3064:.
3037:.
3011:.
2994:.
2982:.
2740:.
2732:.
2724:.
2714:58
2712:.
2708:.
2683:.
2633:^
2613:^
2582:.
2531:^
2513:.
2406:.
2398:,
2394:,
2346:,
2161:,
2157:,
2019:,
2015:,
2011:,
2007:,
2003:,
1999:,
1984:,
1964:.
1853:,
1841:.
1553:fa
36:on
3884:e
3877:t
3870:v
3467:e
3460:t
3453:v
3410:.
3400:.
3390:.
3380:.
3203:)
3148:.
3076:.
3049:.
3023:.
2920:.
2880:.
2831:.
2748:.
2720::
2693:.
2590:.
2555:.
2525:.
2186:.
1813:)
1809:(
1799:.
1771:.
1752:e
1745:t
1738:v
948:)
944:(
414:/
289:
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
