Slavery in Haiti - Knowledge

2411: 2161: 1990: 2233: 1951:(tribal chief), "They tell us, these tyrants, that they adore a God of peace and equality, and yet they usurp our land and make us their slaves. They speak to us of an immortal soul and of their eternal rewards and punishments, and yet they rob our belongings, seduce our women, violate our daughters." Las Casas commented that the Spaniards' punishment of a Taino man by cutting off his ear "marked the beginning of the spilling of blood, later to become a river of blood, first on this island and then in every corner of these Indies." Las Casas' campaign led to an official end of the enslavement of Tainos in 1542; however, it was replaced by the African slave trade. As Las Casas had presaged, the Spaniards' treatment of the Tainos was the start of a centuries-long legacy of slavery in which abuse such as amputating body parts was commonplace. 2535: 3364:

addition to poverty, individual factors that can lead to exploitation include unemployment, illiteracy, poor educational opportunities, a history of physical or sexual abuse, homelessness, and drug abuse. These individual factors "push" people toward pathways of human trafficking and modern-day slavery. Oftentimes men, women and children accept slave-like work conditions because there is little hope for improvement and they need to survive. Some cross national borders in search of positive opportunities, but instead find themselves a part of the exploited work force. Additionally, factors that make people easy targets for traffickers make enslavement more likely. One group at high risk for sexual enslavement and other types of forced labor is

2153: 54: 1923:", who organized attacks against Spaniards' settlements. The Spanish responded to the native resistance with severe reprisals, for example destroying crops to starve the natives. The Spaniards brought to the island dogs trained to kill the natives and unleashed them upon those who rebelled against enslavement. In 1495, Spaniards sent 500 captured natives back to Spain as slaves, but 200 did not survive the voyage, and the others died shortly afterwards. In the late 1490s they planned to send 4,000 slaves back to Spain each year, but this expectation failed to take into account the rapid decline the native population would soon suffer and was never achieved. 3244:

degrading and inhumane treatment. Enacted in 2003, Article 335 of the Haitian Labor code prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15. Furthermore, an Act passed in June 2003 specifically outlawed the placement of children into restavek service. The law states that a child in domestic service must be treated in the same manner as the biological children of the family; however it does not contain any criminal sanctions for those who violate its provisions. Despite the enactment of these laws, the practice of restavek persists and grows. Political instability and lack of resources hinder efforts to curtail trafficking in children.

2229:, the belief of the soul's migration at death, committed suicide shortly after arriving on the island, as they believed that in death they could return to their home territory where they would regain the rank, wealth, relatives, and friends that they had. Some pregnant slaves living in poor conditions on sugar plantations did not survive long enough or have healthy enough pregnancies to birth live babies, but if they did, the children often died young due to malnourishment. On some sugar plantations, food was insufficient, and slaves were expected to grow and prepare it for themselves on top of their 12-hour workdays. 2887: 2494: 1927:

native population on the island died. Two million had been killed within ten years of the Spaniards' arrival and by 1514, 92% of the native population of the island had died from enslavement and European diseases. By the 1540s, the culture of the natives had disappeared from the island, and by 1548 the native population was under 500. The rapid rate at which the native slaves died necessitated the import of Africans, for whom contact with Europeans was not new and who therefore had already developed some immunity to European diseases. Columbus's son

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government. Under Christophe's rule it was also possible for black people to rent their own land or work in government, and agricultural workers on plantations could make complaints to the royal administration about working conditions. These ex-slaves might have also sometimes had a choice about what plantation they would work on — but they could not choose not to work, and they could not legally leave a plantation they were "attached" to. Many ex-slaves were probably forced to work on the same plantations they had worked on as slaves.

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further into the mountainous forests. Further expeditions were carried out against them with limited success, though they did succeed in capturing one of their leaders, Michel, in 1719. In subsequent expeditions, in 1728 and 1733, French forces captured 46 and 32 maroons respectively. No matter how many detachments were sent against these maroons, they continued to attract runaways. Expeditions in 1740, 1742, 1746, 1757 and 1761 had minor successes against these maroons, but failed to destroy their hideaways.

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mountainous forests where they could not be found. The detachment eventually returned, unsuccessful, and having lost many soldiers to illness and desertion. In the years that followed, the maroons attacked a number of settlements, including Fond-Parisien, for food, weapons, gunpowder and women. It was on one of these excursions that one of the maroon leaders, Kebinda, who had been born in freedom in the mountains, was captured. He later died in captivity.

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least less poor) households. Increasingly, children enter domestic servitude when a parent dies. Paid middlemen may act as recruiters, fetching the children for the host families. Unlike slaves in the traditional sense, restaveks are not bought or sold or owned, could run away or return to their families, and are typically released from servitude when they become adults; however, the restavek system is commonly understood to be a form of slavery.

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impossibility of suppressing the revolt, and confronted with the Spanish and the English, they were forced, in order to keep the hope of conserving Saint-Domingue to France, to give freedom to the slaves who would agree to fight alongside them, and then to extend this freedom to all the slaves of the colony. By February 1794, when the French government abolished slavery throughout its empire, all the slaves of Saint-Domingue had already been freed.

2945:, accounting for most of Haiti's human trafficking. About 19% of Haitian children ages 5 to 17 live away from their parents, and about 8.2% are considered domestic workers. In one survey, restaveks were present in 5.3% of households by their heads' own admission. In one study, 16% of Haitian children surveyed admitted to being restaveks. It is estimated that an additional 3,000 Haitian children are domestic servants in the Dominican Republic. 3404:; (6) restrictive immigration policies in some destination countries that have limited the opportunities for legal migration flows to occur; (7) government disinterest in the issue of human trafficking; and (8) limited economic opportunities for women. The restavek tradition is perpetuated by widespread tolerance for the practice throughout Haiti. Other contributing factors to the restavek system include poverty and lack of access to 2177:

plantation employed 300 slaves, and the largest sugar plantation on record employed 1400 slaves. These plantations took up only 14% of Saint-Domingue's cultivated land; comparatively, coffee was 50% of all cultivated land, indigo was 22%, and cotton only 5%. Because of the comparative investment requirement between sugar plantations and all other plantation types, there was a big economic gap between normal planters and sugar "lords."

2579:$ 19 billion in 2015. Haiti was saddled with this debt until 1947, and forced to forgo spending on humanitarian programs such as sanitation. In 1838, an estimated 30% of the country's yearly budget went to debt, and, in 1900, the amount had risen to 80%. Haiti took out loans from Germany, the U.S., and France itself to come up with this money, further increasing its debt burden and those countries' centrality in the Haitian economy. 3280:, do not apply to earthquake survivors who have crossed an international border. There is nothing protecting the externally displaced, which creates significant protection gaps for those most vulnerable to trafficking – girls and young women – who are treated as migration offenders rather than forced migrants in need of protection. No temporary protected status has been created or granted in the Dominican Republic. 3334: 1919:. Finding gold was a chief goal for the Spanish; they quickly forced enslaved natives to work in gold mines, which took a heavy toll in life and health. In addition to gold the slaves mined copper, and they grew crops for the Spaniards. In response to the brutality, the natives fought back. Some Taino escaped into remote parts of the island's mountains and formed communities in hiding as " 2941:. The practice has been around since the end of the revolution but became common in the 20th century as a way for rural people to cope with poverty. The number of restaveks increased after the 2010 earthquake, when many children became orphans or were separated from their families. The U.S. Department of State estimated in 2013 that between 150,000 and 500,000 children were in 3325:, which involved launching a public awareness campaign on child labor, and highlighting a national day against restavek abuse. In early 2013, the government created an inter-ministerial working group on human trafficking, chaired by the Judicial Affairs Director of the Foreign Affairs ministry, to coordinate all anti-trafficking executive branch initiatives. 2462: 2613:

resistance. Haitians had been afraid that U.S. investors were trying to convert the economy back into a plantation-based one, since U.S. businesses had been amassing land and evicting rural peasants from their family land. Rural Haitians formed armies that roamed around the countryside, stealing from farmers and raping women. The motivation of the

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and cared for. In some cases, traffickers run "orphanages" or "care facilities" for children that are difficult to distinguish from legitimate organizations. Children may be smuggled across the border by paid traffickers claiming to be their parents and subsequently forced into laboring for begging rings or as servants. Child trafficking spurred

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favor one African ethnic group over others. Most slaves who came to Saint-Domingue worked in fields or shops; younger slaves often became household servants, and old slaves were employed as surveillants. Some slaves became skilled workmen, and they received privileges such as better food, the ability to go into town, and

2477:. In 1804, the French were defeated. France officially gave up control of Haiti, making it the second independent country in the Americas (after the U.S.) and the first successful slave revolt in the world. Dessalines was the country's leader, first naming himself Governor-General-for-life, then Emperor of Haiti. 3291:

Since the 2010 Haiti earthquake, international aid and domestic effort has been focused on relief and recovery, and as a result few resources have been set aside for combating modern day slavery. There are no government-run shelters to aid human trafficking victims. The government refers victims to

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and other venues) or into sexual slavery as an export. Often, mothers need their young children to help provide for the family, which puts the children in vulnerable positions and allows them to fall prey to predators and traffickers. The number of children smuggled into the Dominican Republic is not

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was highly unpopular; Haitians widely believed that whites had returned to Haiti to force them back into slavery. The brutality of the forced labor system strengthened the Cacos; many Haitians escaped to the mountains to join them, and many more lent their help and support. Reports of the abuses led

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The United States passed laws to keep Haitian merchants away from U.S. soil because slaveholders there did not want their slaves getting ideas about revolt from the Haitians. However, the two countries continued trade, with Haiti purchasing the weapons it needed, albeit at disadvantageous prices. The

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In 1782, de Saint-Larry decided to offer peace terms to one of the maroon leaders, Santiago, granted them freedom in return for which they would hunt all further runaways and return them to their owners. Eventually, at the end of 1785, terms were agreed, and the more than 100 maroons under Santiago's

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Voyages d'un naturaliste, et ses observations faites sur les trois règnes de la nature, dans plusieurs ports de mer français, en Espagne, au continent de l'Amérique septentrionale, à Saint-Yago de Cuba, et à St.-Domingue, où l'auteur devenu le prisonnier de 40,000 noirs révoltés, et par suite mis en

3355:. The Haitians at gravest risk of victimization by human traffickers are its poorest people, particularly children. In Haiti, the poorest country in the Western hemisphere, over half the population lives on less than a dollar a day and over three quarters live on less than two dollars a day. Severe 2953:

were arrested trying to take 33 Haitian children out of the country to an orphanage—but the children were not orphans. Traffickers pretending to be workers from legitimate charitable organizations have been known to trick refugee families, convincing them that their children would be taken to safety

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was partly to protect investments and to prevent European countries from gaining too much power in the area. One stated justification for the occupation had been ending the practice of enslaving children as domestic servants in Haiti; however, the United States also then reinstituted the practice of

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invaded Haiti. Prior to the occupation peasants had staged uprisings to resist moves by US investors to appropriate their land and convert the style of agriculture in the area from subsistence back to a plantation-like system—the idea of going back to anything like the plantation system faced fierce

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to reimburse it for losses of "property" — mostly its slaves. In exchange, France would recognize Haiti as an independent nation, which it had thus far refused to do. Boyer agreed without making the decision public beforehand, a move which met with widespread outrage in Haiti. The amount was reduced

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Nicholas, P. K.; George, E. K.; Raymond, N; Lewis-Oʼconnor, A; Victoria, S; Lucien, S; Peters-Lewis, A; Hickey, N; Corless, I. B.; Tyer-Viola, L; Davis, S. M.; Barry, D; Marcelin, N; Valcourt, R (2012). "Orphans and at-risk children in Haiti: Vulnerabilities and human rights issues postearthquake".

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placed Haiti on the Tier 2 Watch List. Tier 2 Watchlist placement is given to countries whose governments do not fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act's (TVPA) minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards, and the

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forces (deployed in 2004 to quell political instability) were creating an increased demand for sex trafficking after 114 UN soldiers were expelled from Haiti for using prostitutes. In its 2007 yearly report, the US State Department found an increase in sex trafficking into Haiti of women and girls

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recognition to Haiti; Britain recognized Haitian independence in 1833, and the United States not until 1862. Haiti borrowed heavily from Western banks at extremely high interest rates to repay the debt. Although the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90 million in 1838, by 1900 80% of Haiti's

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The population's staunch resistance to working on plantations — owned by whites or otherwise — made it too difficult to perpetuate the system, despite its profitability. Christophe and other leaders enacted policies allowing state land to be broken up and sold to citizens, and the plantation system

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slaves and despite the presence of a rural police, due to Saint-Domingue's difficult terrain and the seclusion of various plantations, some slaves were abused. There are extreme cases recorded where slaves were whipped, burned, buried alive, restrained and allowed to be bitten by swarms of insects,

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Human trafficking along the Haitian-Dominican border persists because both sending and receiving countries have a huge economic stake in continuing the stream of undocumented migration, which directly leads to trafficking. Trafficking is a profitable business for traffickers both in Haiti and the

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and basic healthcare, increases a child's vulnerability to modern slavery. Factors that increase a child's likelihood of becoming a restavek include illness or loss of one or both parents, lack of access to clean water, lack of educational opportunities, and having access to family in a city. In

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as well as by the fragile situation of women and their families in Haiti. Women migrants are particularly vulnerable to human trafficking, violence and illicit smuggling. When attempting to cross the border, Haitian women are at risk of being robbed, assaulted, raped and murdered, at the hands of

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The restavek system accounts for the lion's share of human trafficking in Haiti. Families send the children into other households, exchanging their labor for upbringing. Impoverished rural parents hope for education and a better life for their children in the city, sending them to wealthier (or at

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Also like his predecessors Louverture and Dessalines, Christophe used military might to force former slaves to stay on the plantations. Plantation workers under Louverture and Christophe were not unpaid — they received one quarter of what they produced, paying the rest to plantation owners and the

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Some sugar planters, bent on earning high sugar yields, worked their slaves very hard. Costs to start a sugar cane plantation were very high, often causing the proprietor of the plantation to go into deep debt. Many slaves on sugar cane plantations died within a few years; it was cheaper to import

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After the revolution, newly freed slaves were violently opposed to remaining on plantations, but Dessalines, like Louverture, used military might to keep them there, thinking that plantation labor was the only way to make the economy function. Most ex-slaves viewed Dessalines' rule as more of the

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settlements, who had escaped the Spanish in the 17th century. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, there were a large number of maroons living in the Bahoruco mountains. In 1702, a French expedition against them killed three maroons and captured 11, but over 30 evaded capture, and retreated

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Planters took care to treat slaves well in the beginning of their time on the plantation, and they slowly integrated slaves into the plantation's labor system. On each plantation there was a black commander who supervised the other slaves on behalf of the planter, and the planter made sure not to

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There were numerous kinds of plantations in Saint-Domingue. Some planters produced indigo, cotton, and coffee; these plantations were small in scale, and usually only had 15-30 slaves, creating an intimate work environment. However, the most valuable plantations produced sugar. The average sugar

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in 2010 displaced many, rendering them homeless, isolated, and supremely vulnerable to exploitation by traffickers. The chaos following the quake also distracted authorities and hindered efforts to stop trafficking. The government has taken steps to prevent and stop trafficking, ratifying human

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in 1789, there were eight times as many slaves in the colony as there were whites and free people of color people combined. In 1789, the French were importing 30,000 slaves a year and there were half a million slaves in the French part of the island alone, compared to about 40-45,000 whites and

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It is not known how many Taino people were on the island prior to Columbus's arrival – estimates range from several thousand to eight million – but overwork in slavery and diseases introduced by the Europeans quickly killed a large part of the population. Between 1492 and 1494, one third of the

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Some restaveks do receive proper nutrition and education, but they are in the minority. Restaveks' labor includes hauling water and wood, grocery shopping, laundry, house cleaning, and childcare. Restaveks work long hours (commonly 10 to 14 a day) under harsh conditions, are frequently denied

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In 1776-7, a joint French-Spanish expedition ventured into the border regions of the Bahoruco mountains, with the intention of destroying the maroon settlements there. However, the maroons had been alerted of their coming, and had abandoned their villages and caves, retreating further into the

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in human history, and precipitated the end of slavery not only in Saint-Domingue, but in all French colonies. However, this revolt has only merited a marginal role in the histories of Portuguese and Spanish America. Moreover, the struggle for independence in Latin America can be traced to this

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Children are also trafficked out of Haiti by organizations claiming to be adoption agencies, into countries including the U.S. – but some are actually kidnapped from their families. This practice was particularly widespread in the chaos following the 2010 earthquake. While women migrants were

3321:) launched a human trafficking hotline and conducted a campaign to raise public awareness about child labor, child trafficking, and child sexual abuse. The government made a hotline to report cases of abuse of restaveks. In December 2012, the government created a national commission for the 3260:

which required it. In 2014 the law CL/2014-0010 was passed, criminalizing trafficking with penalties of up to 15 years of imprisonment. However, enforcement remains elusive. Impediments to combating human trafficking include widespread corruption, the lack of quick responses to cases with

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In accordance with these international conventions, Haitian law prohibits abuse, violence, exploitation and servitude of children of any kind that is likely to harm their safety, health, or morals. Additionally, it declares that all children have the right to an education and to be free from

1874:, other Caribbean tribes would sometimes attack the island to kidnap people into slavery. After the arrival of Columbus, the European colonists turned slavery on the island into a major business: colonists quickly began establishing sugar plantations dependent on slave labor. The practice of 2741:. By an order of 17 April 1826, the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty and formally recognized the independence of Haiti. The enforced payments to France hampered Haiti's economic growth for years, exacerbated by the fact that many Western nations continued to refuse formal 2429:

Two civil commissioners, Sonthonax and Polverel, were sent to the colony to implement the decree of April 4, 1792, which gave to free people of color and free Blacks the same rights as for the Whites. Their goal was also to maintain slavery and fight the slaves who revolted. Faced with the

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U.S. embargo of Haiti lasted 60 years, but Lincoln declared it unnecessary to deny the country's independence once the institution in the United States began to be ended. He encouraged newly freed slaves to emigrate there to attain a freedom he did not deem possible in the United States.

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vulnerable during this time, the situation of children was underscored because of the phenomenon of irregular adoptions (one facet of human trafficking) of supposed "orphans" through the Dominican Republic. International outcry arose when on January 29, 2010, ten members of the American

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new slaves than to improve working conditions. The death rate of slaves on Saint Domingue's sugar cane plantations was higher than anywhere else in the Western hemisphere; indeed, slaves working on sugar plantations in Saint-Domingue came to have a 6-10% annual mortality rate, causing

2592:, by which police and government authorities could force residents to work temporarily without pay on roads. These laws met with widespread resistance and were difficult to enforce since the workers' access to land provided them autonomy and they were able to hide from the government. 2341:

In addition to escaping, slaves resisted by poisoning slaveholders, their families, their livestock, and other slaves — this was a common and feared enough occurrence that in, December 1746, the French king banned poisoning in particular. Arson was another form of slave resistance.

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in the world. Known as the "Pearl of the Antilles", the colony became the world's foremost producer of coffee and sugar. The French, like the Spanish, imported slaves from Africa. In 1681, there were only 2,000 slaves in Saint Domingue; by 1789, there were almost half a million.

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that provide accommodation, educational and psycho-social services to victims. Additionally, the IOM has been cooperating with local NGOs and the Haitian Ministry of Social Affairs, the Institute for Social Welfare and Research or the Brigade for the Protection of Minors of the

5950:"STATUS AS AT : 26/09/2008 11:45:00 – CHAPTER XVIII – PENAL MATTERS – Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime" 3034:, legal and illegal entry, smuggling, and human trafficking. Haitians move across the Haitian-Dominican border in search of opportunities and they are highly vulnerable to exploitation. In fact, the Dominican Republic has one of the worst records of 1552: 2929:

infection. Those who are thrown out or run away from their host homes become street children, vulnerable to exploitation including forced prostitution. Those who return to their families may be unwelcome as an added economic burden or shamed and

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started the African slave trade to the island in 1505. Some newly arrived slaves from Africa and neighboring islands were able to escape and join maroon communities in the mountains. In 1519, Africans and Native Americans joined forces to start a

3074:(informal scouts), cousins and other distant family to accompany them across the border. These hired smugglers who have promised to help them, often through force and coercion, trick them instead into forced domestic labor in private homes in 2679:

is the application of the concept of reparations to victims of slavery and/or their descendants. In Haiti this has not occurred, but instead, Haiti paid for more than 120 years to France in order to obtain a "formal recognition" of freedom by

2962:, a branch of the national police that exists to monitor cases of child trafficking, to watch borders and refugee camps for such activity. Children in refugee camps are in particular danger of other kinds of trafficking as well, including 3228: 3177: 2813:

than any other Central or South American country. According to the United States Department of State 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report, "Haiti is a major source, passage, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to

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and sometimes beaten and abused, or even killed if they resisted. Peasants were told they would be paid for their labor and given food, working near their homes — but sometimes the promised food and wages were meager or altogether absent.

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While the French controlled Saint Domingue, they maintained a class system which covered both whites and free people of color. These classes divided up roles on the island and established a hierarchy. The highest class, known as the

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In 2004, the Haitian government demanded that France repay Haiti for the millions of dollars paid between 1825 and 1947 as compensation for the property loss of French slaveholders and landowners as a result of the slaves' freedom.

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rights conventions and enacting laws to protect the vulnerable, but enforcement remains difficult. The U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2 Watchlist" in 2017.

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Dominican Republic. As long as large economic and social disparities such as poverty, social exclusion, environmental crises, and political instability exist between the two countries, the trade will continue.

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in return for diplomatic recognition; Haiti accepted the claim, known today as Haiti indemnity controversy. The payment was later reduced to 90 million francs in 1838, comparable to US$ 21 billion as of 2004.

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in Haiti. The U.S. State Department's Trafficking in Persons Report has identified the following eight structural factors that contribute to human trafficking in Latin America and the Caribbean: (1) the high

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number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or significantly increasing. Some of Haiti's efforts to combat modern-day slavery include ratifying several key conventions, including the

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decreed there could be no slaves in Haitian territory, and no reimbursement could be given for their value. Slave ships had also been seized and their human cargo freed under previous leaders Christophe and

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Although slavery was outlawed, Louverture, believing that the plantation economy was necessary, forced laborers back to work on the plantations using military might. By 1801, the revolt had succeeded, and

2058:, and mainly lived in France. These individuals held most of the power and controlled much of the property on Saint-Domingue. Although their group was very small and exclusive, they were quite powerful. 3347:

The 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report identified several individual and structural factors that contribute to the persistence of human trafficking to, through, and out of Haiti, as well as throughout

1547: 3006:. Children tend to be trafficked within their own countries, while young women may be trafficked internally or internationally, sometimes with the consent of their husbands or other family members. 7724: 3396:(chauvinistic attitudes and practices) that tends to lead to discrimination against women and girls; (4) existence of established trafficking networks with sophisticated recruitment methods; (5) 2554:

which had entered Haiti's waters, and, acting on standing government orders, brought it ashore. All 171 captive Africans were liberated and joyfully accepted into Haitian society, and President

7704: 3408:, education, and employment in the countryside. Poor rural families with many children have few opportunities to feed and educate them, leaving few options other than servitude in the city. 2654:

the commander of the Marines to order an end to the practice in 1918; however, it continued illegally in the north until it was discovered — no one faced punishment for the infraction. With

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middle class to organize a revolt, which was followed shortly thereafter by them inciting a general slave revolt. In 1791, slaves revolted, massacring whites and torching plantations.

2173:(savannah liberty), a sort of freedom with certain rules. Slaves were considered to be valuable property, and slaves were attended by doctors who gave medical care when they were sick. 7594: 3091:

estimate placed the number at 2,000 in 2009 alone. Haitian officials report that there are three main fates met by children trafficked out of Haiti: domestic work, prostitution, and

7609: 7504: 5917: 2511:, another general in the revolution. Christophe, fearing another French invasion, continued in Dessalines' footsteps fortifying the country. For the construction of one citadel, 7694: 2934:

for having been a restavek. The trauma of abuse and the deprivation of free time and normal childhood experiences can stunt a child's development and have long-lasting effects.

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on the island in 1492 with the European colonists that followed from Portugal, Spain and France. The practice was devastating to the native population. Following the indigenous

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For decades Haitians have been crossing the Haitian-Dominican border for various reasons, including voluntary and involuntary migration, long- and short-term residence in the

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The natives living on the island that would come to be called Hispaniola welcomed Christopher Columbus and his crew when they landed on the island in October 1492. In the

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smugglers, delinquents and traffickers, both Dominican and Haitian. Given this threat of violence, women turn to alternative, unofficial routes and dependence upon hired

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economical power. As on other Caribbean islands, the majority of the population of Saint-Domingue was people of color, and they far outnumbered whites on the island.

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system of forced labor allowed by Haiti's 1864 Code Rural until 1918. Since the Haitian resistance fighters, or Cacos, hid out in remote, mountainous areas and waged

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to work as prostitutes for peacekeepers. It was the first mention in such a report of women being trafficked into Haiti from the Dominican Republic for sex work.

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Padgett, T. (March 5, 2001). "Of Haitian bondage: Haitian practice of child slavery brought to United States". Vol. 157, no. 9. Time. pp. 50–51.

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himself served as their godfather. The ship's captain, and later Cuban officials, protested to Boyer that his trade was legal, but Boyer maintained that the

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mutilated, raped, and had limbs amputated. On some plantations, slaves caught eating the sugar cane crop would be forced to wear tin muzzles in the fields.

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Over the colony's hundred-year course, about a million slaves succumbed to the conditions of slavery. Some slaves of African ethnicities who believed in

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held considerable power, they eventually became the subject of racism and a system of segregation due to the introduction of divisionist policies by the

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that restricted agricultural workers' autonomy, required them to work, and prohibited their travel without permission. It also reenacted the system of

1989: 4104:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 139-142. 2857:

across borders, it only requires "the use of force, fraud, or coercion to exploit a person for profit," and it is understood to be a form of slavery.

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People displaced by the 2010 earthquake are at an increased risk of sex trafficking and forced labor. The international protections in place for the

4091:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 136-8. 4078:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 135-6. 491: 2438:, having fetched control of the revolt and eliminated all opposition on the island, declared himself Governor-General-for-life of Saint-Domingue. 3392:, and factory labor; (2) political, social, or economic crises, as well as natural disasters such as the January 2010 earthquake; (3) lingering 2802:, Haiti has an estimated 237,700 enslaved persons making it the country with the second-highest prevalence of slavery in the world, behind only 2570:

In 1825, France sent an armada to Haiti and threatened to blockade the country, preventing trade unless Boyer agreed to pay France 150,000,000

846: 7481: 7042: 4464: 2662:, with men sometimes being arrested for this purpose when there were too few laborers available in prison. The occupation lasted until 1934. 2453:. As French soldiers and officers died, black Haitian soldiers who had allied themselves with the French began to defect to the other side. 6807: 2925:. Beatings are a daily occurrence for most restaveks, and most of the girls are sexually abused, which puts them at an elevated risk for 2755: 2102:; they held full citizenship and civil equality with other French subjects. Race was initially tied to culture and class, and some "white" 1542: 1392: 4995: 2567:, and slaves who managed to take control of ships and arrive in Haiti were given asylum. Slavers quickly learned to avoid Haiti's waters. 2298:, escaped into the mountains in the middle of the 18th century and went on to plan attacks on plantation owners. Mackandal was caught and 6780: 5224:

Abrams, J.S. (2010). ""The Kids Aren't Alright": Using a Comprehensive Anti-Trafficking Program to Combat the Restavek System in Haiti".

873: 5925: 2232: 1619: 371: 2890:

Internally displaced women and girls living in refugee camps after the 2010 earthquake are at particularly high risk for enslavement.

1875: 821: 3479: 2325:

and hunting. They were known to return to plantations to free family members and friends. On a few occasions, they also joined the

2075:(free people of color). These classes inhabited Saint Domingue and held a lot of local political power and control of the militia. 1592: 1412: 585: 2518:, Christophe is thought to have forced hundreds of thousands of people into laboring on it, killing an estimated 20,000 of them. 2290:. Those who were not caught and re-enslaved established communities away from settled areas. Maroons would organize raids called 1750: 6008: 2534: 2294:

on plantations, stealing supplies that their communities needed to survive, such as food, tools and weapons. One famous maroon,

6736: 5074: 3427: 856: 274: 5838:"New Challenges for the Realisation of Migrants' Rights Following the Haiti 2010 Earthquake: Haitian Women on the Borderlands" 5044: 3962:

liberté par une colonne de l'armée française, donne des détails circonstanciés sur l'expédition du général Leclerc. : Volume 3

2473:

In 1802, Louverture was arrested and deported to France, where he later died in prison, leaving leadership of the military to

7762: 7654: 6918: 6693: 6660: 6622: 6584: 6546: 6508: 6477: 6450: 6406: 6372: 6345: 6307: 6258: 6227: 6189: 6155: 6121: 6083: 6035: 5974: 5737: 3686: 3208: 3204: 3147: 2974:

Although a majority of the modern-day slavery cases in Haiti are due to the practice of the restavek system, trafficking for

1841:

is a significant problem in Haiti; trafficked people are brought into, out of, and through Haiti for forced labor, including

1434: 1111: 883: 7303: 5516: 5186: 5167: 2446: 1879: 1845:. The groups most at risk include the poor, women, children, the homeless, and people migrating across the border with the 1626: 1587: 1230: 5652: 6987: 6864: 2391:

were warriors who had been captured in war and enslaved by an opposing African ethnic group. Before the beginning of the

1668: 1305: 965: 816: 612: 521: 5531:"Chronic aftershocks of an earthquake on the well-being of children in Haiti: Violence, psychosocial health and slavery" 7134: 6775: 6538: 3047: 2038: 1778:

and with the blessing of the Catholic church, began engaging in earnest during the 17th century in the forced labor of

1688: 1382: 1136: 3296:(NGOs) for services like food and medical care. The majority of victim services are provided by Haitian NGOs such as 7474: 6977: 6923: 6879: 6874: 6857: 6852: 3212: 2614: 1815: 1510: 1387: 811: 580: 447: 5243: 3252:

The government took steps to legally address the issue of trafficking of women and children by submitting a bill to

7767: 7757: 7156: 5957: 2845:, and North American countries as well. Haiti is also a transit country for victims of trafficking en route to the 1947:

brought by the Spaniards had come to symbolize the brutality with which they had been treated; he quoted one Taino

1943:

spoke out against enslavement of the natives and the brutality of the Spaniards. He wrote that to the natives, the

1774:' near decimation from forced labor, disease and war, the Spanish, under initial advisement of the Catholic priest 1641: 851: 836: 782: 467: 457: 452: 281: 137: 4957: 2200:

and Creoles of color owned 6,000 plantations that mainly produced coffee of which they held an economic monopoly.

1357: 7434: 7273: 7144: 7027: 6749: 6051: 5615: 3050:

are widely disparaged as a migrant minority because of the countries' proximity. During the dictatorial reign of

2539: 1636: 1407: 213: 3227:. Conventions such as these, if enforced, could help to combat human trafficking. In 2000, Haiti signed the UN 3217:

Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor

1915:. They began stealing from, raping, and enslaving the natives—in some cases they held native women and girls as 6891: 3232: 3187: 1908:

of Spain that the natives were "tractable, and easily led; they could be made to grow crops and build cities".

1904:, they were friendly, exchanging gifts with the Spaniards and volunteering their help. He wrote in a letter to 1106: 1094: 674: 486: 132: 6903: 6898: 3368:, particularly women and children living in refugee camps, which offer little security. The estimated 10% of 2152: 2098:(ex-slaves), free blacks, and mixed-race people, and they controlled much wealth and land in the same way as 1798:; conditions on Saint-Domingue became notoriously bad even compared to chattel slavery conditions elsewhere. 7194: 5299: 3293: 3199: 3054:

in the 1970s and 80s, he sold Haitians at bulk rates to work on sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic.

2950: 1678: 1461: 322: 2787:

Even though slavery has been prohibited for more than a century, many criminal organizations have practiced

2779:

Haiti has the second-highest incidence of slavery in the world, behind only Mauritania. (Estimates from the

7614: 7467: 7007: 6913: 4937:

M. Degros, Création des postes diplomatiques et consulaires, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1986; in French

3365: 3220: 1683: 1527: 1397: 1058: 826: 806: 366: 334: 5353: 53: 7222: 7127: 6765: 6052:

Qualitative Analysis of Child Trafficking in Haiti and the Dominican Republic Using the Capitalist Theory

5893: 5713:

Zhang, Sheldon. Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2007. Print.

5582: 3277: 2869: 2770: 2734: 2693: 1882:

that imports of African slaves outnumbered Spanish immigration to the New World by the end of the 1500s.

1743: 1693: 1417: 1335: 462: 243: 63: 7078: 6950: 6940: 6729: 6614: 6337: 4840: 4119: 3422: 2609: 1819: 1602: 1454: 1439: 1330: 526: 196: 5386: 2733:

agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence of the nation in exchange for

7752: 7246: 7117: 4912: 3062: 2853:, human trafficking has drastically increased. While trafficking often implies moving, particularly 1698: 1597: 1128: 1116: 706: 679: 184: 3098:

Women from the Dominican Republic have also reportedly been trafficked into Haiti to be sex slaves.

2582:

Under pressure to produce money to pay the debt, in 1826 Boyer enacted a new set of laws called the

1940: 1775: 7490: 7398: 7100: 7022: 6982: 6438: 3883:. New Orleans: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. pp. 10, 11. 3117: 3057:

Most people who move across the border are women and girls. The migration of Haitian women to the

2975: 2721:

to be paid by Haiti in claims over property – including Haitian slaves – that was lost through the

2003: 1478: 1347: 900: 689: 174: 75: 6396: 3317:

The government has made efforts to prevent and reduce human trafficking. In June 2012, the IBESR (

2994:

process is enabled through the use of force, fraud, or coercion." Most victims are trafficked for

2872:(lower house) are making significant efforts to the elimination of slavery and human trafficking. 2302:

in 1758, but his legend lived on to inspire rebellion among slaves — and fear among slaveholders.

1936:

that turned into a years-long uprising, which was eventually crushed by the Spanish in the 1530s.

354: 7151: 7032: 6992: 6770: 4864: 4828: 3306: 2676: 2671: 2474: 2322: 1663: 1402: 1352: 1280: 1053: 831: 775: 758: 189: 7336: 5995: 5129: 4946:

J-F. Brière, Haïti et la France, 1804–1848 : le rêve brisé, Paris, Karthala 2008; in French

2514: 2499: 7689: 7509: 7199: 7163: 6997: 6869: 6025: 5009: 3369: 2633: 2029:

The Spanish ceded control of the western part of the island of Hispaniola to the French in the

1783: 1736: 1705: 1210: 951: 863: 711: 435: 401: 396: 6677: 6608: 6570: 6532: 6213: 5727: 3229:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children

2746:

government spending was debt repayment and the country did not finish repaying it until 1947.

7326: 7293: 7263: 7105: 7088: 7068: 6945: 6908: 6834: 6722: 6463: 6442: 6362: 6244: 6179: 6069: 5873:"Haiti to overhaul adoption laws to protect its children, curb child trafficking and neglect" 3676: 3417: 2886: 2850: 2605: 2559: 2381: 2370: 2358: 1905: 1853: 1572: 1427: 1340: 1325: 1007: 995: 741: 726: 511: 286: 208: 179: 6331: 6181:

MUDHA: History of Haitian and Dominican-Haitian Women's Organizing in the Dominican Republic

6145: 5758:"Human Trafficking in Conflict Zones: The Role of Peacekeepers in the Formation of Networks" 3379:

There are also structural factors outside of the individual that explain the persistence of

2295: 2271: 7204: 7189: 7093: 7012: 7002: 6787: 6299: 3380: 3269: 3051: 3026:

Satellite image showing the border between Haiti (left) and the Dominican Republic (right).

2799: 2780: 2435: 2107: 2090: 2080: 2071: 2037:. The colony, based on the export of cash crops, particularly sugar cane, would become the 1998: 1993: 1982: 1911:

When Columbus returned to Europe in 1493, 30 Spaniards stayed to build a fort there called

1767: 1710: 1614: 1577: 1505: 1449: 1318: 1275: 1089: 1019: 694: 474: 376: 260: 167: 8: 7403: 7373: 7083: 6933: 6829: 6652: 3487: 3035: 2987: 2963: 2699: 2299: 2011: 1825:

Unpaid labor is still a practice in Haiti. As many as half a million children are unpaid

1198: 1178: 1063: 1048: 917: 888: 878: 768: 716: 684: 481: 339: 307: 302: 255: 112: 3908:

Meade, Tereas A. A History of Modern Latin America. 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing, 2016.

2564: 2493: 2282:

About 48,000 slaves in Saint Domingue escaped from their plantation; slaveholders hired

1822:

forced Haitians to work building roads for defense against Haitian resistance fighters.

1810:

rebellion in Haiti. However, several Haitian leaders following the revolution employed

7574: 7368: 7351: 7298: 7268: 7232: 7139: 7073: 6965: 6824: 5555: 5530: 5442: 5281: 5264:

Kennedy, C.L. (2014). "Toward Effective Intervention for Haiti's Former Child Slaves".

4679: 4517: 4492: 4187: 4170: 3814: 3400:, especially complicity between law enforcement and border agents with traffickers and 3360: 3058: 3031: 2942: 2861: 2826: 2722: 2405: 2388: 2362: 1846: 1802: 1444: 1290: 1265: 1255: 1220: 1215: 1183: 1148: 1141: 1082: 1075: 932: 751: 746: 736: 506: 359: 317: 312: 265: 233: 223: 160: 5674: 3065:" which is in turn part of the "new Haitian immigration," brought about by changes in 381: 327: 7579: 7524: 7519: 7408: 7393: 7383: 7283: 7056: 7037: 6928: 6689: 6656: 6618: 6580: 6542: 6504: 6473: 6446: 6431: 6402: 6368: 6341: 6303: 6254: 6223: 6185: 6151: 6117: 6079: 6031: 5733: 5696: 5630: 5560: 5434: 5285: 5155: 4869: 4522: 4192: 4171:"Denaturalizing "natural" disasters: Haiti's earthquake and the humanitarian impulse" 3820: 3682: 3397: 3385: 3257: 3082:

also sell women and children into the sex slave trade within the Dominican Republic (

2898: 2894: 2810: 2788: 2730: 2555: 2419: 2392: 2350: 2321:), meaning 'escaped slave'. The maroons formed close-knit communities that practised 2030: 1885: 1871: 1838: 1834: 1779: 1532: 1250: 1245: 1188: 1173: 1153: 975: 970: 905: 868: 701: 667: 496: 349: 238: 117: 5446: 4859: 4115: 2978:

is a widespread and pressing issue. In recent years, Haiti has become a magnet for

7427: 7388: 7313: 7288: 7227: 7217: 7177: 6886: 6844: 6797: 6757: 5849: 5769: 5686: 5550: 5542: 5426: 5361:

112th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Committee, October 8 & 9, 2014

5273: 5052: 4671: 4512: 4504: 4182: 3401: 3092: 2854: 2508: 2378: 2374: 2346: 2260: 2236: 2219: 1826: 1722: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1260: 1225: 1193: 1163: 1036: 1024: 1002: 980: 763: 731: 33: 4841:"France Urged to Pay $ 40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for "Independence Debt"" 3372:

Haitians, whose births go unreported, are at especially high risk of enslavement.

3302:

Centre d'Action pour le Developpement and Organisation des Jeunes Filles en Action

2366: 2196:

owned 5,700 plantations, counting 3,000 indigo, 2,000 coffee, and 700 cotton; the

1897:

When Columbus arrived in what is today Haiti in December 1492 and met the native

7534: 7341: 7331: 7278: 6792: 6646: 6494: 6293: 6107: 5430: 3262: 3039: 3010: 2707: 2310: 1933: 1920: 1842: 1806: 1631: 1522: 1517: 1270: 1240: 1235: 958: 922: 721: 639: 344: 90: 6534:

Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism, 1915-1940

6147:

Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti

2326: 1893:

initially approached Columbus and his soldiers with friendliness and generosity.

7443: 7378: 7361: 7356: 7258: 7209: 7122: 6839: 6802: 6500: 4493:"Poverty, Global Health, and Infectious Disease: Lessons from Haiti and Rwanda" 4465:"French President's Debt Comment in Haiti Reopens Old Wounds About Slave Trade" 3810: 3322: 3216: 3157: 2865: 2466: 2423: 2354: 2318: 2287: 2226: 2123: 2103: 2007: 1964: 1960: 1928: 1916: 1901: 1787: 1715: 1609: 501: 142: 100: 5774: 5757: 4508: 3341: 3283: 2775: 2373:

control of Saint-Domingue and enforce the social & political equality for

2017: 7746: 7346: 6819: 6433:

From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour, and National Independence in Haiti

6250: 6113: 6075: 5634: 4873: 4491:

Alsan, M.M.; Westerhaus, M.; Herce, M.; Nakashima, K.; Farmer, P. E. (2011).

3405: 3348: 3075: 3066: 2931: 2902: 2846: 2604:

In July 1915, after political unrest and the mob murder of Haiti's president

2283: 2203: 2138: 2119: 2115: 1653: 1582: 1029: 1012: 787: 617: 607: 391: 41: 6364:

Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong

2629:

was again employed in a public works program, this time ordered by the U.S.

7459: 7448: 6706: 6666: 6635: 6597: 6559: 6521: 6483: 6419: 6385: 6351: 6320: 6271: 6233: 6202: 6168: 6134: 6096: 5700: 5564: 5438: 4526: 4196: 3461: 2995: 2979: 2922: 2918: 2815: 2715: 2659: 2626: 2450: 2055: 1969: 1944: 1811: 1658: 1495: 1471: 1377: 1370: 1101: 629: 602: 565: 543: 430: 147: 127: 105: 95: 85: 80: 70: 18: 6054:. Proceedings of the National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR). 6009:

Report of the Independent Expert on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti

5277: 4209: 3824: 910: 7321: 6685: 6496:

Claims to Memory: Beyond Slavery and Emancipation in the French Caribbean

6219: 6215:

The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern,1492–1800

5691: 4895: 3389: 2999: 2983: 2819: 2792: 2711: 2526:

largely gave way to one in which Haitians owned and farmed smaller lots.

1500: 1488: 841: 644: 634: 592: 406: 5546: 4683: 7017: 5854: 5837: 3253: 3003: 2803: 2645: 2547: 2267: 1912: 1890: 1648: 945: 649: 516: 5729:

From Human Trafficking to Human Rights: Reframing Contemporary Slavery

3265:

to resolve criminal cases, and scant funding for government agencies.

3022: 6469: 5975:"Ratifications of C189 – Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189)" 5484: 5482: 5458: 5456: 4675: 3352: 3043: 2991: 2909:

system, in which children are forced to work as domestic servants.

2838: 2742: 2718: 2641: 2485:

slavery. Dessalines was killed by a mob of his own officers in 1806.

2255: 2249: 2244: 2209: 1981:

whom I love." Intermarriage between Africans and Europeans created a

893: 558: 420: 5801:

Migration in the Caribbean: Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Beyond

2588: 575: 6576: 5415: 4996:"When Haiti paid France for freedom: The greatest heist in history" 3393: 3083: 2906: 2881: 2442: 2305:

Enslaved Africans who fled to remote mountainous areas were called

2051: 1830: 1483: 1041: 985: 937: 597: 442: 297: 203: 5479: 5453: 3878: 2798:

Slavery is still widespread in Haiti today. According to the 2014

2338:

command stopped making incursions into French colonial territory.

6714: 4891: 4889: 3678:

The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870

3356: 2905:, affecting an estimated 300,000 Haitian children, is called the 2834: 2830: 2630: 2482: 2213:

regulated behavior and treatment of slaves in the French colonies

2192:(people of color) owned 11,700 small scale plantations, of which 1948: 1795: 1466: 548: 228: 45: 2625:

As had occurred under the regimes of Dessalines and Christophe,

1833:, who routinely suffer physical and sexual abuse. Additionally, 5583:"Traffickers targeting Haiti's children, human organs, PM says" 3858: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3712: 3710: 3088: 2955: 2842: 2738: 2703: 2681: 2275: 1168: 990: 570: 553: 415: 250: 218: 5673:

Balsari, S.; Lemery, J.; Williams, T.P.; Nelson, B.D. (2010).

4886: 4749: 2825:

Haitians are trafficked out of Haiti and into the neighboring

6745: 5725: 5721: 5719: 5517:

Haiti – Restavek: The Persistence of Child Labour and Slavery

5187:

Modern-Day Slavery and Human Trafficking: An Overlooked Issue

4917:

Menu Contenu Plan du siteAmbassade de France à Port-au-Prince

4860:"Impoverished Haiti Pins Hopes for Future On a Very Old Debt" 4490: 3881:

The Road to Louisiana: The Saint-Domingue Refugees, 1792-1809

3695: 3337: 3333: 2571: 1898: 1791: 1771: 425: 411: 386: 22: 6007:

United Nations General Assembly Human Rights Council. 2013.

5835: 5616:"Shaking up the Grounds for Human Trafficking on Hispaniola" 4724: 4722: 4720: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4447: 4445: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4334: 3843: 3707: 3578: 6682:

The World of Child Labor: An Historical and Regional Survey

6144:

Accilien, Cécile; Adams, Jessica; Méléance, Elmide (2006).

6023: 5672: 5075:"Why Haiti Is One Of The Worst Countries For Child Slavery" 3874: 3872: 3870: 3739: 3737: 3595: 3593: 2551: 292: 122: 6648:

A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day Slavery

5716: 4601: 4599: 4297: 4295: 4056: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3958: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3819:(2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 45, 55. 3781: 3779: 6465:

Combating Human Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach

6333:

Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution

5313: 4717: 4690: 4638: 4584: 4442: 4430: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4324: 4322: 3610: 3608: 3554: 2926: 2901:

crisis in Haiti. One major form of child trafficking and

2576: 2414:

In 1791, slaves torched plantations and massacred whites.

5755: 5085: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4707: 4705: 4616: 4614: 4574: 4572: 4346: 4253: 4145: 4034: 4032: 4019: 4017: 4004: 4002: 3952: 3928: 3867: 3764: 3734: 3620: 3590: 3544: 3542: 3540: 2937:

The term restavek comes from the French "to live with",

2253:, a regulation of the treatment of slaves. Although the 4739: 4737: 4596: 4307: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4217: 4044: 3987: 3968: 3911: 3863:. New Orleans: The Collection. pp. 32, 55, 56, 58. 3831: 3776: 3754: 3752: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3231:, but has not ratified it. Haiti has not ratified the 2461: 6572:

The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. 1. A - K

5806: 5397: 4557: 4545: 4394: 4319: 4265: 4212:

La Révolution française, Saint-Domingue et l’esclavage

3605: 3274:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

5732:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 129–30. 5300:"Study: Thousands of Haitian children work as slaves" 4702: 4626: 4611: 4569: 4533: 4241: 4229: 4133: 4029: 4014: 3999: 3791: 3722: 3537: 3480:"Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements" 3466:

A History of Modern Latin America 1800 to the Present

5522: 4797: 4734: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4277: 3940: 3749: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3138:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

3128:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

2599: 2025:

planter and his wife visiting a Creole linen market.

2002:

who became a rich planter, an elected member of the

1423:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

4809: 3566: 3340:in the area of Bas-Ravine, in the northern part of 2749: 2399: 6675: 6430: 5886: 5488: 5462: 5354:"The Plight of Restavèk (Child Domestic Servants)" 5226:Temple International & Comparative Law Journal 3359:, combined with a lack of social services such as 2033:in 1697; France named its new colonial possession 4164: 4162: 4160: 3632: 2222:sugar planters to import new slaves frequently. 1865: 7744: 5049:Walk Free Foundation – Global Slavery Index 2014 2714:to reconquer Haiti. France demanded 150 million 1538:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 6143: 6024:Central Intelligence Agency (January 1, 2015). 5990: 5988: 3716: 6610:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion 6019: 6017: 5646: 5644: 4157: 3388:for domestic servants, agricultural laborers, 2687: 7475: 6730: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5756:Smith, C.A.; Miller-de la Cuesta, B. (2010). 5668: 5666: 5576: 5574: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 4905: 3323:Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor 3261:trafficking indicators, the slow pace of the 3247: 3168:CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children 2184:owned 800 large scale sugar plantations, the 1977:and an African woman. The caption reads "the 1954: 1744: 7489: 5985: 5528: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 3319:Institut du BienEtre Social et de Recherches 3078:, the capital of Dominican Republic. Hired 2756:Reparations for slavery in the United States 2636:. In 1916, the U.S. occupiers employed the 2575:to 90,000,000 francs in 1838, equivalent to 2441:With a view toward re-establishing slavery, 1543:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 6295:Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Haiti and the Duvaliers 6044: 6014: 5969: 5967: 5944: 5942: 5867: 5865: 5751: 5749: 5650: 5641: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5384: 5348: 5244:"France recognizes modern slavery as crime" 4497:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 3879:Carl A. Brasseaux, Glenn R. Conrad (1992). 3445: 3017: 7482: 7468: 6737: 6723: 5912: 5910: 5782: 5663: 5571: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5250: 5161: 5156:2012 Trafficking in Persons Report – Haiti 5135: 5130:Trafficking in Persons Report 2013 – Haiti 4913:"La première ambassade française en Haïti" 4857: 3668: 2665: 2465:Jean-Jacques Dessalines featured on a 250- 2456: 2384:soon lost control of the slave rebellion. 1751: 1737: 6606: 6568: 6492: 6461: 6211: 5853: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5773: 5690: 5554: 5192: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5091: 4833: 4516: 4186: 4151: 4114:Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003). 4062: 4050: 3981: 3934: 3770: 3743: 3701: 3626: 3599: 3584: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3439: 3256:, in response to its ratification of the 3225:Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children 2546:In 1817, a Haitian ship seized a Spanish 2387:Many of the slaves who fought during the 2259:was established to protect the rights of 1876:slavery in the Spanish New World colonies 6428: 6291: 6001: 5964: 5954:United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime 5939: 5862: 5746: 5726:Brysk, A.; Choi-Fitzpatrick, A. (2012). 5596: 5494: 5468: 5409: 5292: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5039: 5037: 4728: 4696: 4563: 4551: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4403: 4328: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4139: 4113: 4008: 3993: 3859:Historic New Orleans Collection (2006). 3837: 3803: 3797: 3785: 3728: 3332: 3282: 3021: 2885: 2829:, as well as to other countries such as 2774: 2706:, during a period of restoration of the 2658:no longer available, the U.S. turned to 2533: 2492: 2460: 2409: 2266: 2231: 2202: 2159: 2151: 2133:class began to distance themselves from 2016: 1988: 1968: 1884: 1805:of 1791-1803 became the only successful 1548:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1413:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1393:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 17: 6644: 6394: 6177: 5907: 5896:. Al Jazeera English. December 25, 2011 5836:Wooding, B.; Petrozziello A.J. (2013). 5812: 5613: 5474: 5403: 5367: 5325: 5319: 5263: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5066: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4711: 4662:Gunther, J. (July 1941). "Hispaniola". 4661: 4655: 4620: 4038: 4023: 3614: 3560: 3548: 3328: 3238: 3038:, including human trafficking, against 2050:(white noblemen), was composed of rich 7745: 6360: 6329: 6280: 6242: 6067: 5818: 5803:. Minority Rights Group International. 5223: 5172: 5158:. June 19, 2012. Accessed 12 May 2015. 4955: 4755: 4649: 4632: 4605: 4590: 4578: 4539: 4451: 4436: 4424: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4313: 4301: 4286: 3946: 3922: 3861:Common Routes: St. Domingue, Louisiana 3758: 3674: 3662: 3572: 3158:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 2481:same oppression they had known during 7463: 6718: 6676:Sommerfelt, T.; Pederson, J. (2011). 6530: 6105: 5580: 5072: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4743: 4475: 4168: 3898:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. 3893: 3809: 3645: 3209:Convention on the Rights of the Child 3205:Universal Declaration on Human Rights 3148:Convention on the Rights of the Child 2917:schooling, and are at severe risk of 2422:in 1789 presented an opportunity for 2137:and denigrate them. Influence by the 2106:had non-white ancestry. Although the 1435:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1112:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 6956:List of revolutions and coups d'état 6246:DK Discoveries: Christopher Columbus 5535:Canadian Medical Association Journal 5097: 5014: 4102:The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue 4089:The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue 4076:The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue 3101: 2986:includes the practices of coercion, 2529: 1880:Spain's colonization of the Americas 1786:, beginning in 1625, the economy of 1627:Slave marriages in the United States 1231:Human trafficking in the Middle East 6285:. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. 5994:United States Department of State. 5894:"Child trafficking surges in Haiti" 5842:Bulletin of Latin American Research 5154:United States Department of State. 5128:United States Department of State. 4851: 3959:Michel Etienne Descourtilz (1809). 2488: 2369:. Their main goal was to establish 966:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 13: 6776:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 6744: 6539:University of North Carolina Press 5996:Trafficking in Persons Report 2014 5675:"Protecting the Children of Haiti" 5073:Adwar, Corey (September 3, 2014). 3681:. Simon and Schuster. p. 89. 3428:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations 3048:Haitians in the Dominican Republic 3009:Suspicion was raised in 2007 that 2079:shared the same societal level as 1620:last survivors of American slavery 14: 7779: 6283:Haiti: The Aftershocks of History 5979:International Labour Organization 5651:Butterfield, Tania (6 May 2015). 5168:Talbot 2013. TIP Report Explained 4919:(in French). Government of France 3896:A History of Modern Latin America 3460: 3213:International Labour Organization 2960:Brigade de Protection des Mineurs 2600:Unfree labor during US occupation 581:Field slaves in the United States 448:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 7605:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5922:United Nations Treaty Collection 5707: 5385:Moloney, A. (December 5, 2012). 5236: 5002: 3061:is intrinsically linked to the " 2750:Reparations for slavery in Haiti 2400:Revolutionary period (1789–1804) 2156:Servants dancing at a plantation 458:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 453:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 282:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 52: 6060: 5679:New England Journal of Medicine 5581:Evans, Tom (January 27, 2010). 5529:Gupta, J.; Agrawal, A. (2010). 4988: 4975: 4958:"Haiti: a long descent to hell" 4956:Henley, Jon (14 January 2010). 4949: 4940: 4931: 4858:de Cordoba, Jose (2004-01-02). 4821: 4457: 4203: 4116:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 4107: 4094: 4081: 4068: 3902: 3887: 3309:, to tackle human trafficking. 3223:. In 2014 Haiti ratified the 2860:For this reason both houses of 2507:Dessalines' successor was King 2122:feared the united power of the 1878:would become so large-scale in 1408:Committee of Experts on Slavery 959:East, Southeast, and South Asia 6892:Anti-Duvalier protest movement 5489:Sommerfelt & Pederson 2011 5463:Sommerfelt & Pederson 2011 3964:. Saint-Domingue. p. 130. 3675:Thomas, Hugh (16 April 2013). 3472: 3468:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 65. 3454: 3294:non-governmental organizations 3233:Convention on Domestic Workers 2969: 1866:Spanish Hispaniola (1492–1625) 1107:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 5875:. Fox News. November 30, 2012 5653:"Quake refugees easy targets" 3433: 3312: 3200:Trafficking in Persons Report 2897:is a substantial part of the 2764: 2396:32,000 free people of color. 1983:multiracial Creole population 1889:The natives of the island of 7763:Human rights abuses in Haiti 7730:United States Virgin Islands 6109:Sugar: A Bittersweet History 5431:10.1097/ANS.0b013e318253f005 5302:. CNN.com. December 24, 2009 3450:. Destiny Books. p. 14. 3366:internally displaced persons 2976:sexual exploitation in Haiti 1398:Temporary Slavery Commission 1059:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 7: 6030:. Masterlab. p. 1606. 5419:Advances in Nursing Science 5387:"Haiti child slavery shock" 3411: 2875: 2771:Slavery in the 21st century 2694:Haiti indemnity controversy 2688:Haiti indemnity controversy 1818:between 1915 and 1934, the 1766:began after the arrival of 1418:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 463:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 7784: 7491:Slavery in North America 6680:. In Hindman, H.D. (ed.). 6615:Greenwood Publishing Group 6338:Cambridge University Press 5189:. Salve Regina University. 4983:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 4120:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3448:The Haitian Vodou Handbook 3248:Prosecution and protection 3063:feminization of migrations 2998:, but others are used for 2951:New Life Children's Refuge 2921:and verbal, physical, and 2879: 2768: 2753: 2691: 2669: 2610:United States Marine Corps 2403: 2365:aimed at overthrowing the 2361:revolutionaries incited a 2069:(white commoners) and the 2065:(white noblemen) were the 2012:French National Convention 2010:, and later Deputy of the 1958: 1955:Saint Domingue (1625–1789) 1860: 1603:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1440:Anti-Slavery International 1205:North Africa and West Asia 7705:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7623: 7497: 7421: 7312: 7254: 7245: 7185: 7176: 7064: 7055: 6973: 6964: 6865:Unification of Hispaniola 6756: 6071:Haiti: A Shattered Nation 5775:10.1007/s12142-010-0181-8 5614:Wooding, Bridget (2011). 4509:10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004 2445:sent his brother-in-law, 2243:In 1685, the French king 1699:Emancipation Proclamation 1371:Opposition and resistance 1129:Sex trafficking in Europe 1117:Blackbirding in Polynesia 680:Trans-Saharan slave trade 7725:Turks and Caicos Islands 6978:Administrative divisions 6607:Rodriguez, J.P. (2007). 6569:Rodriguez, J.P. (1997). 6493:Reinhardt, C.A. (2008). 6462:Palmiotto, M.J. (2014). 6439:Rutgers University Press 6398:Slavery: A World History 5008:Copied from the article 4827:Copied from the article 4758:, pp. 225–229, 239. 3188:Domestic Work Convention 3118:Forced Labour Convention 3018:Haitian–Dominican border 1479:Compensated emancipation 690:Indian Ocean slave trade 7768:Reparations for slavery 7758:Social history of Haiti 5998:. Accessed 12 May 2015. 4900:Encyclopædia Britannica 4865:The Wall Street Journal 4829:Reparations for slavery 3423:Women's rights in Haiti 3307:Haitian national police 3178:UN Trafficking Protocol 2677:Reparations for slavery 2672:Reparations for slavery 2666:Reparations for slavery 2618:forced labor under the 2475:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 2457:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 2323:small-scale agriculture 2147:gens de couleur libres' 1403:1926 Slavery Convention 1159:Germany in World War II 776:North and South America 298:Contract of manumission 7655:British Virgin Islands 6914:2010s cholera outbreak 6875:Post-imperial Republic 6678:"Child labor in Haiti" 6645:Skinner, E.B. (2008). 6212:Blackburn, R. (1998). 6178:Adamson, E.M. (2007). 5515:United Nations. 2011. 5266:Human Rights Quarterly 5010:External debt of Haiti 4981:Clammer, Paul, (2016) 4343:, pp. 34, 47, 66. 4100:Moreau de Saint-Mery, 4087:Moreau de Saint-Mery, 4074:Moreau de Saint-Mery, 3894:Meade, Teresa (2016). 3344: 3288: 3276:Guiding Principles on 3221:Minimum Age Convention 3027: 2891: 2868:(upper house) and the 2784: 2634:William Banks Caperton 2615:US occupation of Haiti 2543: 2504: 2470: 2415: 2279: 2240: 2214: 2165: 2157: 2135:gens de couleur libres 2091:gens de couleur libres 2082:gens de couleur libres 2072:gens de couleur libres 2026: 2014: 1986: 1941:Bartolomé de las Casas 1894: 1854:devastating earthquake 1784:French colonial period 1776:Bartolomé de las Casas 884:British Virgin Islands 436:Circassian slave trade 402:Safavid imperial harem 397:Ottoman Imperial Harem 26: 7595:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6924:Crisis (2018–present) 6429:Nicholls, D. (1996). 6361:Loewen, J.W. (2008). 6300:John Wiley & Sons 6292:Ferguson, J. (1988). 5363:. September 12, 2014. 5278:10.1353/hrq.2014.0059 4169:Pinto, A. D. (2010). 3418:Human rights in Haiti 3336: 3286: 3278:Internal Displacement 3272:, primarily the 1998 3025: 2889: 2851:2010 Haiti earthquake 2778: 2606:Vilbrun Guillaume Sam 2537: 2496: 2464: 2413: 2270: 2239:servant women bathing 2235: 2206: 2163: 2155: 2094:class was made up of 2020: 1992: 1972: 1959:Further information: 1888: 1123:Europe and North Asia 1083:Australia and Oceania 783:Pre-Columbian America 355:Slave raid of Suðuroy 287:Slavery in al-Andalus 209:Black Sea slave trade 138:21st-century jihadism 21: 7337:Citadelle Laferrière 7304:Water and sanitation 7043:World Heritage Sites 6788:Atlantic slave trade 6653:Simon & Schuster 6531:Renda, M.A. (2001). 6395:Meltzer, M. (1971). 6150:. Educa Vision Inc. 5692:10.1056/NEJMp1001820 3717:Accilien et al. 2003 3446:Kevin Filan (2007). 3329:Contributing factors 3270:internally displaced 3239:Anti-restavek action 3052:Jean-Claude Duvalier 2800:Global Slavery Index 2781:Walk Free Foundation 2515:Citadelle Laferrière 2500:Citadelle Laferrière 2436:Toussaint Louverture 1994:Jean-Baptiste Belley 1768:Christopher Columbus 1578:Indentured servitude 1506:Underground Railroad 1306:United Arab Emirates 695:Zanzibar slave trade 662:By country or region 475:Atlantic slave trade 377:Ma malakat aymanukum 261:Venetian slave trade 7610:Trinidad and Tobago 7505:Antigua and Barbuda 7128:Chamber of Deputies 7111:Commanders-in-chief 6330:Ferrer, A. (2014). 6281:Dubois, L. (2012). 6243:Chrisp, P. (2006). 6068:Abbott, E. (2011). 5762:Human Rights Review 5547:10.1503/cmaj.100526 4794:, pp. 149–150. 4782:, pp. 150–151. 4770:, pp. 147–148. 4652:, pp. 207–209. 4593:, pp. 106–107. 4454:, pp. 101–103. 4439:, pp. 101–102. 4427:, pp. 329–332. 3704:, p. 606, 626. 3587:, pp. 227–228. 3563:, pp. 105–106. 3402:smugglers of people 3036:human rights abuses 2988:forced prostitution 2964:sexual exploitation 2870:Chamber of Deputies 2538:Jean-Pierre Boyer, 2349:Creoles began the 2300:burned at the stake 2171:liberté des savanes 2164:A coffee plantation 1939:Spanish missionary 1664:Slave Route Project 795:Americas indigenous 685:Red Sea slave trade 675:Contemporary Africa 538:Topics and practice 308:Crimean slave trade 303:Bukhara slave trade 256:Genoese slave trade 133:Contemporary Africa 113:Forced prostitution 7545:Dominican Republic 7409:The Unknown Maroon 7223:Telecommunications 6825:Haitian Revolution 6808:Colonial governors 6781:Colonial governors 6106:Abbot, E. (2010). 6027:The World Factbook 5855:10.1111/blar.12073 4503:(3): 611–622, ix. 4355:, pp. 34, 66. 3816:The Black Jacobins 3381:modern-day slavery 3345: 3289: 3059:Dominican Republic 3032:Dominican Republic 3028: 2943:domestic servitude 2892: 2862:Haitian Parliament 2827:Dominican Republic 2785: 2723:Haitian Revolution 2544: 2542:from 1818 to 1843. 2540:president of Haiti 2505: 2471: 2443:Napoleon Bonaparte 2416: 2406:Haitian revolution 2389:Haitian Revolution 2296:François Mackandal 2280: 2272:François Mackandal 2241: 2215: 2166: 2158: 2139:Bourbon government 2027: 2015: 1987: 1985:in Saint-Domingue. 1895: 1847:Dominican Republic 1803:Haitian Revolution 1445:Blockade of Africa 752:Somali slave trade 668:Sub-Saharan Africa 360:Turkish Abductions 318:Khivan slave trade 313:Khazar slave trade 266:Balkan slave trade 224:Prague slave trade 27: 7738: 7737: 7627:other territories 7457: 7456: 7417: 7416: 7394:Sans-Souci Palace 7241: 7240: 7172: 7171: 7135:Political parties 7079:Foreign relations 7051: 7050: 6951:List of massacres 6941:COVID-19 pandemic 6919:Hurricane Matthew 6695:978-0-7656-2647-9 6662:978-0-7432-9007-4 6624:978-0-313-33272-2 6586:978-0-87436-885-7 6548:978-0-8078-6218-6 6510:978-1-84545-412-8 6479:978-1-4822-4039-9 6452:978-0-8135-2240-1 6408:978-0-306-80536-3 6401:. Da Capo Press. 6374:978-1-59558-326-0 6367:. The New Press. 6347:978-1-316-14799-3 6309:978-0-631-16579-8 6260:978-0-7566-8616-1 6229:978-1-85984-195-2 6191:978-0-549-13413-8 6157:978-1-58432-293-1 6123:978-1-59020-772-7 6085:978-1-4683-0160-1 6037:978-83-7991-213-1 5739:978-0-8122-0573-2 5541:(18): 1997–1999. 5322:, pp. 32–34. 4731:, pp. 24–26. 4699:, pp. 23–24. 4608:, pp. 43–44. 4316:, pp. 53–54. 4304:, pp. 48–52. 4065:, pp. 61–62. 3925:, pp. 26–27. 3688:978-1-4767-3745-4 3398:public corruption 3196: 3195: 3102:Government action 2899:human trafficking 2895:Child trafficking 2811:human trafficking 2789:human trafficking 2731:Jean-Pierre Boyer 2560:1816 constitution 2556:Jean-Pierre Boyer 2530:Jean-Pierre Boyer 2420:French Revolution 2393:French Revolution 2351:French Revolution 2031:Treaty of Ryswick 1872:Pre-Columbian era 1839:child trafficking 1835:human trafficking 1827:domestic servants 1780:enslaved Africans 1761: 1760: 1711:Freedmen's Bureau 1533:Third Servile War 1528:International law 1095:Human trafficking 857:Human trafficking 532:Thirteen colonies 350:Sack of Baltimore 118:Human trafficking 7775: 7753:Slavery in Haiti 7695:Saint Barthélemy 7625:Dependencies and 7498:Sovereign states 7484: 7477: 7470: 7461: 7460: 7437: 7430: 7252: 7251: 7213: 7183: 7182: 7062: 7061: 6971: 6970: 6904:2004 coup d'état 6899:1991 coup d'état 6887:Duvalier dynasty 6798:Peace of Ryswick 6739: 6732: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6670: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6487: 6456: 6436: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6355: 6324: 6318: 6316: 6286: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6237: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6021: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5956:. Archived from 5946: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5924:. Archived from 5914: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5833: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5799:Ferguson. 2003. 5797: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5723: 5714: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5620: 5611: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5492: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5382: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5261: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5221: 5190: 5183: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5152: 5133: 5126: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5079:Business Insider 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5051:. Archived from 5041: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4909: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4732: 4726: 4715: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4676:10.2307/20029111 4659: 4653: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4488: 4473: 4472: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4262:, pp. 8–10. 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4181:(4): e193–e196. 4166: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4021: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3486:. Archived from 3476: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3258:Palermo Protocol 3106: 3105: 3093:organ harvesting 2855:smuggling people 2565:Alexandre Pétion 2509:Henry Christophe 2489:Henri Christophe 2424:Saint-Domingue's 2116:royal government 2108:Creoles of color 1794:), was based on 1764:Slavery in Haiti 1753: 1746: 1739: 1723:Emancipation Day 1556: 1523:Slave Trade Acts 214:Byzantine Empire 56: 29: 28: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7734: 7628: 7626: 7619: 7493: 7488: 7458: 7453: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7413: 7399:Public holidays 7389:National anthem 7308: 7237: 7211: 7168: 7101:Law enforcement 7047: 6983:Arrondissements 6960: 6946:2021 earthquake 6909:2010 earthquake 6880:U.S. occupation 6771:Taíno chiefdoms 6752: 6743: 6713: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6663: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6480: 6453: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6348: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6230: 6222:. p. 459. 6196: 6194: 6192: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6063: 6058: 6050:Pena, S. 2012. 6049: 6045: 6038: 6022: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5986: 5973: 5972: 5965: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5929: 5916: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5878: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5834: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5798: 5783: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5671: 5664: 5649: 5642: 5618: 5612: 5597: 5588: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5495: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5454: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5383: 5368: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5262: 5251: 5246:. 25 July 2013. 5242: 5241: 5237: 5222: 5193: 5185:Kuhl, M. 2011. 5184: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5136: 5127: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5043: 5042: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4894: 4887: 4878: 4876: 4856: 4852: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4664:Foreign Affairs 4660: 4656: 4648: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4489: 4476: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4410: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226:, pp. 7–8. 4222: 4218: 4208: 4204: 4167: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3996:, pp. 1–3. 3992: 3988: 3980: 3969: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3892: 3888: 3877: 3868: 3857: 3844: 3840:, pp. 2–3. 3836: 3832: 3811:James, C. L. R. 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788:, pp. 1–2. 3784: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3652: 3644: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3459: 3455: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3414: 3331: 3315: 3263:judicial branch 3250: 3241: 3104: 3040:migrant workers 3020: 3011:UN peacekeeping 2972: 2884: 2878: 2809:Haiti has more 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2737:of 150 million 2708:French monarchy 2696: 2690: 2674: 2668: 2602: 2532: 2491: 2459: 2447:Charles Leclerc 2408: 2402: 2377:Creoles. These 2363:slave rebellion 2286:to catch these 2190:gens de couleur 2145:envious of the 2129:Members of the 2004:Estates General 1967: 1957: 1934:slave rebellion 1868: 1863: 1843:sex trafficking 1816:U.S. occupation 1757: 1728: 1727: 1632:Slave narrative 1588:Fugitive slaves 1568: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1518:Slave rebellion 1373: 1363: 1362: 1321: 1311: 1310: 1133:United Kingdom 1069:Yankee princess 663: 655: 654: 382:Avret Pazarları 328:Avret Pazarları 197:Medieval Europe 163: 153: 152: 91:Forced marriage 66: 12: 11: 5: 7781: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7715:Sint Eustatius 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7660:Cayman Islands 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7362:Haitian French 7359: 7357:Haitian Creole 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7152:Prime Minister 7149: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7028:National parks 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6803:Saint-Domingue 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6742: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6712: 6711: 6694: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6641: 6640: 6623: 6603: 6602: 6585: 6565: 6564: 6547: 6527: 6526: 6509: 6501:Berghahn Books 6489: 6488: 6478: 6458: 6457: 6451: 6425: 6424: 6407: 6391: 6390: 6373: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6326: 6325: 6308: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6276: 6259: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6208: 6207: 6190: 6174: 6173: 6156: 6140: 6139: 6122: 6102: 6101: 6084: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6043: 6036: 6013: 6000: 5984: 5963: 5960:on 2009-05-31. 5938: 5906: 5885: 5861: 5817: 5805: 5781: 5745: 5738: 5715: 5706: 5662: 5640: 5595: 5570: 5521: 5493: 5491:, p. 429. 5478: 5467: 5465:, p. 428. 5452: 5408: 5396: 5366: 5324: 5312: 5291: 5272:(4): 756–778. 5249: 5235: 5191: 5171: 5160: 5134: 5096: 5092:Palmiotto 2014 5084: 5065: 5013: 5001: 4998:. 2 July 2020. 4987: 4974: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4904: 4885: 4850: 4845:Democracy Now! 4832: 4820: 4808: 4806:, p. 150. 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4746:, p. 148. 4733: 4716: 4701: 4689: 4654: 4637: 4635:, p. 210. 4625: 4610: 4595: 4583: 4581:, p. 105. 4568: 4556: 4544: 4542:, p. 103. 4532: 4474: 4456: 4441: 4429: 4408: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4357: 4345: 4333: 4318: 4306: 4291: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4202: 4156: 4154:, p. 325. 4152:Rodriguez 1997 4144: 4132: 4106: 4093: 4080: 4067: 4063:Reinhardt 2008 4055: 4051:Reinhardt 2008 4043: 4028: 4013: 3998: 3986: 3982:Reinhardt 2008 3967: 3951: 3939: 3937:, p. 229. 3935:Rodriguez 2007 3927: 3910: 3901: 3886: 3866: 3842: 3830: 3802: 3790: 3775: 3773:, p. 501. 3771:Rodriguez 2007 3763: 3748: 3746:, p. 228. 3744:Rodriguez 2007 3733: 3721: 3706: 3702:Rodriguez 1997 3694: 3687: 3667: 3650: 3631: 3629:, p. 500. 3627:Rodriguez 2007 3619: 3617:, p. 106. 3604: 3602:, p. 499. 3600:Rodriguez 2007 3589: 3585:Rodriguez 2007 3577: 3565: 3553: 3551:, p. 105. 3536: 3534:, p. 141. 3532:Blackburn 1998 3524: 3522:, p. 137. 3520:Blackburn 1998 3512: 3510:, p. 227. 3508:Rodriguez 2007 3500: 3471: 3453: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3330: 3327: 3314: 3311: 3298:Foyer l'Escale 3287:Haitian Police 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3219:, and the ILO 3198:The 2014 U.S. 3194: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3042:in all of the 3019: 3016: 2971: 2968: 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2769:Main article: 2766: 2763: 2751: 2748: 2700:King Charles X 2698:In July 1825, 2692:Main article: 2689: 2686: 2667: 2664: 2601: 2598: 2531: 2528: 2490: 2487: 2458: 2455: 2404:Main article: 2401: 2398: 2367:Bourbon Regime 2355:Saint-Domingue 2319:Haitian Creole 2284:bounty hunters 2227:metempsychosis 2124:St. Dominicans 2120:Bourbon regime 2104:St. Dominicans 2035:Saint-Domingue 2008:Saint-Domingue 1965:St. Dominicans 1961:Saint-Domingue 1956: 1953: 1929:Diego Columbus 1906:Queen Isabella 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1788:Saint-Domingue 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1610:List of slaves 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1154:Dutch Republic 1151: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 978: 973: 968: 962: 961: 955: 954: 949: 942: 941: 940: 935: 925: 920: 915: 914: 913: 903: 898: 897: 896: 891: 886: 881: 871: 866: 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 804: 803: 802: 792: 791: 790: 779: 778: 772: 771: 766: 761: 756: 755: 754: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 698: 697: 687: 682: 677: 671: 670: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 625: 621: 620: 615: 613:Child soldiers 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 589: 588: 578: 573: 568: 563: 562: 561: 556: 551: 540: 539: 535: 534: 529: 524: 522:Spanish Empire 519: 514: 509: 504: 502:Middle Passage 499: 494: 489: 484: 478: 477: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 439: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 364: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 332: 331: 330: 323:Ottoman Empire 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 284: 278: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 258: 253: 248: 247: 246: 241: 236: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 199: 193: 192: 187: 182: 177: 171: 170: 164: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 143:Sexual slavery 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 109: 108: 103: 101:Child marriage 98: 88: 83: 78: 76:Child soldiers 73: 67: 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7780: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7622: 7616: 7615:United States 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7473: 7471: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7274:Ethnic groups 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7200:External debt 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7164:Supreme Court 7162: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998:Deforestation 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870:Second Empire 6868: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:1804 massacre 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820:Le Jeune Case 6818: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6708: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6376: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6262: 6256: 6252: 6251:Penguin Books 6248: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6114:Penguin Books 6111: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6076:Penguin Books 6073: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6053: 6047: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6018: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5928:on 2020-11-27 5927: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5895: 5889: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5856: 5851: 5848:(4): 407–20. 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5815:, p. 40. 5814: 5809: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5406:, p. 34. 5405: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5094:, p. 35. 5093: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5055:on 2016-08-06 5054: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818:, p. 88. 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4730: 4729:Ferguson 1988 4725: 4723: 4721: 4714:, p. 15. 4713: 4708: 4706: 4698: 4697:Ferguson 1988 4693: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670:(4): 764–77. 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4634: 4629: 4623:, p. 14. 4622: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4566:, p. 17. 4565: 4564:Ferguson 1988 4560: 4554:, p. 21. 4553: 4552:Ferguson 1988 4548: 4541: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4471:. 2015-05-12. 4470: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4406:, p. 54. 4405: 4404:Nicholls 1996 4400: 4398: 4391:, p. 67. 4390: 4385: 4379:, p. 66. 4378: 4373: 4367:, p. 68. 4366: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4331:, p. 12. 4330: 4329:Ferguson 1988 4325: 4323: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4289:, p. 47. 4288: 4283: 4281: 4274:, p. 10. 4273: 4272:Ferguson 1988 4268: 4261: 4260:Ferguson 1988 4256: 4249: 4248:Ferguson 1988 4244: 4237: 4236:Ferguson 1988 4232: 4225: 4224:Ferguson 1988 4220: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175:Open Medicine 4172: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4140:Ferguson 1988 4136: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4053:, p. 62. 4052: 4047: 4041:, p. 36. 4040: 4035: 4033: 4026:, p. 31. 4025: 4020: 4018: 4010: 4009:Ferguson 1988 4005: 4003: 3995: 3994:Ferguson 1988 3990: 3984:, p. 61. 3983: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3955: 3949:, p. 27. 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3905: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3838:Ferguson 1988 3834: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3798:Ferguson 1988 3794: 3787: 3786:Ferguson 1988 3782: 3780: 3772: 3767: 3761:, p. 59. 3760: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3729:Ferguson 1988 3725: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3671: 3665:, p. 34. 3664: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3581: 3575:, p. 52. 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3490:on 2017-06-28 3489: 3485: 3484:www.state.gov 3481: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3462:Meade, Teresa 3457: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3406:contraception 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:Latin America 3343: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3087:known, but a 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:Santo Domingo 3073: 3068: 3067:labor markets 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2903:child slavery 2900: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:United States 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2762: 2757: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2407: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379:St. Dominican 2376: 2375:St. Dominican 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:St. Dominican 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2261:St. Dominican 2258: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2238: 2237:St. Dominican 2234: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2220:St. Dominican 2212: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2194:petits blancs 2191: 2187: 2186:petits blancs 2183: 2182:grands blancs 2178: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2143:petits blancs 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:petits blancs 2097: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2077:Petits blancs 2074: 2073: 2068: 2067:petits blancs 2064: 2063:grands blancs 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:grands blancs 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1902:Arawak people 1900: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782:. During the 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654:Slave catcher 1652: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583:Forced labour 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428:Abolitionists 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030:comfort women 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013:Chukri System 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 960: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 943: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 912: 909: 908: 907: 904: 902: 901:Latin America 899: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 858: 855: 853: 852:interregional 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 837:prison labour 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 808: 807:United States 805: 801: 798: 797: 796: 793: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 753: 750: 749: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 696: 693: 692: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 669: 666: 665: 659: 658: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 623: 622: 619: 618:White slavery 616: 614: 611: 609: 608:Slave raiding 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 577: 576:Corvée labour 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 541: 537: 536: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 476: 473: 472: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Abbasid harem 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 368: 365: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335:Barbary Coast 333: 329: 326: 325: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 272: 267: 264: 263: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 157: 156: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 65: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42:Forced labour 40: 39: 35: 31: 30: 24: 20: 16: 7740: 7720:Sint Maarten 7700:Saint Martin 7564: 7327:Coat of arms 7294:Social class 7264:Demographics 7195:Central bank 7089:Human rights 7069:Constitution 6835:First Empire 6814: 6707:Google Books 6705:– via 6699:. Retrieved 6681: 6667:Google Books 6665:– via 6647: 6636:Google Books 6634:– via 6628:. Retrieved 6609: 6598:Google Books 6596:– via 6590:. Retrieved 6571: 6560:Google Books 6558:– via 6552:. Retrieved 6533: 6522:Google Books 6520:– via 6514:. Retrieved 6495: 6484:Google Books 6482:– via 6464: 6432: 6420:Google Books 6418:– via 6412:. Retrieved 6397: 6386:Google Books 6384:– via 6378:. Retrieved 6363: 6352:Google Books 6350:– via 6332: 6321:Google Books 6319:– via 6313:. Retrieved 6294: 6282: 6272:Google Books 6270:– via 6264:. Retrieved 6245: 6234:Google Books 6232:– via 6214: 6203:Google Books 6201:– via 6195:. Retrieved 6180: 6169:Google Books 6167:– via 6161:. Retrieved 6146: 6135:Google Books 6133:– via 6127:. Retrieved 6108: 6097:Google Books 6095:– via 6089:. Retrieved 6070: 6061:Bibliography 6046: 6026: 6003: 5978: 5958:the original 5953: 5930:. Retrieved 5926:the original 5921: 5898:. Retrieved 5888: 5877:. Retrieved 5845: 5841: 5813:Skinner 2008 5808: 5765: 5761: 5728: 5709: 5682: 5678: 5656: 5626: 5622: 5587:. Retrieved 5538: 5534: 5524: 5470: 5425:(2): 182–9. 5422: 5418: 5411: 5404:Skinner 2008 5399: 5390: 5360: 5320:Skinner 2008 5315: 5304:. Retrieved 5294: 5269: 5265: 5238: 5229: 5225: 5163: 5087: 5078: 5068: 5057:. Retrieved 5053:the original 5048: 5004: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4965:. Retrieved 4962:The Guardian 4961: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4916: 4907: 4899: 4877:. Retrieved 4863: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4712:Skinner 2008 4692: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4628: 4621:Skinner 2008 4586: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4500: 4496: 4468: 4459: 4432: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4309: 4267: 4255: 4250:, p. 8. 4243: 4238:, p. 7. 4231: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4178: 4174: 4147: 4142:, p. 5. 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4109: 4101: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4075: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4039:Adamson 2007 4024:Meltzer 1971 4011:, p. 3. 3989: 3960: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3880: 3860: 3833: 3815: 3805: 3800:, p. 2. 3793: 3766: 3731:, p. 1. 3724: 3719:, p. 2. 3697: 3677: 3670: 3622: 3615:Meltzer 1971 3580: 3568: 3561:Meltzer 1971 3556: 3549:Meltzer 1971 3527: 3515: 3503: 3492:. Retrieved 3488:the original 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3378: 3374: 3370:undocumented 3346: 3318: 3316: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3267: 3251: 3242: 3207:(UHDR), the 3197: 3097: 3079: 3071: 3056: 3029: 3008: 2996:prostitution 2980:sex tourists 2973: 2959: 2958:to fund the 2947: 2938: 2936: 2923:sexual abuse 2919:malnutrition 2915: 2911: 2893: 2859: 2849:. After the 2824: 2816:forced labor 2808: 2797: 2786: 2759: 2728: 2697: 2675: 2660:prison labor 2655: 2650: 2637: 2627:unfree labor 2624: 2619: 2603: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2569: 2545: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2506: 2497: 2479: 2472: 2451:yellow fever 2440: 2432: 2428: 2417: 2386: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2314: 2306: 2304: 2291: 2281: 2254: 2248: 2247:decreed the 2242: 2224: 2216: 2208: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2054:, including 2047: 2044: 2034: 2028: 2022: 1997: 1978: 1974: 1945:Christianity 1938: 1925: 1910: 1896: 1869: 1851: 1837:, including 1824: 1820:U.S. marines 1812:forced labor 1807:slave revolt 1800: 1763: 1762: 1659:Slave patrol 1496:Freedom suit 1472:Sierra Leone 1462:Colonization 1378:Abolitionism 1358:Baháʼí Faith 1331:Christianity 1281:Saudi Arabia 1137:Penal Labour 1102:Blackbirding 1008:Debt bondage 996:penal system 927: 822:Contemporary 812:Field slaves 800:U.S. Natives 759:South Africa 630:Galley slave 603:Slave market 593:House slaves 566:Blackbirding 544:Conscription 468:21st century 431:Umm al-walad 275:Muslim world 244:Emancipation 148:Wage slavery 128:Penal labour 106:Wife selling 96:Bride buying 81:Conscription 71:Child Labour 64:Contemporary 15: 7690:Puerto Rico 7600:Saint Lucia 7550:El Salvador 7205:Foreign aid 7190:Agriculture 7094:LGBT rights 7013:Environment 7008:Earthquakes 7003:Departments 6934:2022 crisis 6701:22 February 6686:M.E. 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