3798:
73:
5194:
6292:
5354:
4477:
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2590:
6061:
3302:
93:
2484:
1805:
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64:
364:
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resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in
Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war.
1959:
376:
11875:" The principal cause of Japan's surrender was the ability of the United States to increase the military vulnerability of Japan's home islands, persuading Japanese leaders that defense of the homeland was highly unlikely to succeed. The key military factor causing this effect was the sea blockade, which crippled Japan's ability to produce and equip the forces necessary to execute its strategy. The most important factor accounting for the timing of surrender was the Soviet attack against Manchuria, largely because it persuaded previously adamant Army leaders that the homeland could not be defended.".
424:
113:
3428:
104:
436:
448:
9991:, p. 5, calls attention to the fact that "the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure. Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia. It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations, taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects." Dower goes on to note that, before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt, many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces.
3957:
400:
4346:
3582:
5518:
4770:
2895:
24484:
388:
4237:
5778:
6268:
2189:
6154:
6604:
2332:
5880:
5742:. By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, it continued in relative economic decline for decades. The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era, having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted
3690:
4632:
3896:, China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt.
6383:
2999:
8210:, p. 128, observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, "ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshaven. The French, who committed to attacking Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so."
84:
7533:: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies."
3782:, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo. At the same time, Japan was
6415:
Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if
Japanese colonies are included.
9500:, pp. 213–214, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before. ... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse."
2891:. On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather.
4216:, though the latter failed disastrously. By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another
3298:, but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean.
5992:. The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million.
5396:. In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A
6683:, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German
6900:
using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The USSR also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the
Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of
6414:
In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the
Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European
5792:
The Soviet Union alone lost around 27 million people during the war, including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. A quarter of the total people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed. Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the
Eastern Front
4056:
in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the
Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken
3935:
on
Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign.
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mineral raw materials are the basis of industrial power, and this in turn is the basis of military power. England and the United States of
America alone control economic proportions of nearly three-fourths of the world's production of minerals. Not less important, they control the seas over which
7304:
Subtitle: "Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the
Russian". Quote: "The state of war between the U.S.S.R. and Japan ends on the day the present
3789:
Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. During these negotiations, Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the
Americans as inadequate. At the same time the United
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The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the
3947:
of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans
3644:
was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend the offensive. Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its
6662:
with increases in speed, armour and firepower. At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding
6418:
The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg
3844:
to the Emperor. On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other
2553:
Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939
6355:
frequently turned local public opinion against them. During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels
3848:
Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. To prevent American
3449:
With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in
3218:. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940, Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an "
3478:
to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union.
3461:
Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later. On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of
13128:"Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators"
4430:, thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified
4415:. Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies'
5903:, civilian deaths are between 10 million and 20 million, whereas Chinese military casualties (killed and wounded) are estimated to be over five million. Other estimates say that up to 30 million people, most of them civilians, were killed. The most infamous Japanese atrocity was the
3936:
An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.
15364:
7052:
9405:, p. 26: "By 1 November had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½ million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."
6287:
of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.
6207:
found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the
14127:
By producing nearly two thirds of the munitions used by Allied forces – including huge numbers of aircraft, ships, tanks, trucks, rifles, artillery shells, and bombs – American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt once called 'the arsenal of democracy'
2677:
for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World
1930:, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the
7292:
2682:
I. Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.
2263:. The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing
6901:
resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $ 15 billion to $ 20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the
3735:
by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and
4035:
and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the
11713:
1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million
15378:
2656:
with Germany, after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western
2289:. Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the
4967:. By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland,
9943:, p. 26: "The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure."
6237:(Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java.
1950:
agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a
6654:, which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War
7357:
1711:, who stated that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and the two wars became World War II in 1941. Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the
6435:
contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of
27201:
7287:
2984:, with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. Meanwhile, German-Soviet political relations and economic co-operation gradually stalled, and both states began preparations for war.
3241:. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 when
13432:
Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August
10057:, p. 155, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front."
3474:. However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. In November 1940,
8381:
Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, pp. 186–87. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place."
1441:
World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world, and it set the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The
21218:
17813:
5270:
The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. In early August, the United States
2776:. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. followed by
5695:, and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of
3790:
States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. Roosevelt reinforced
2702:
in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador
4111:. Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and
3083:
rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able
6283:) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion U.S. dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the
3723:. In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the
2686:
In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish
2301:
as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War
3853:
and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous
18070:
Lee, En-han (2002). "The Nanking Massacre Reassessed: A Study of the Sino-Japanese Controversy over the Factual Number of Massacred Victims". In Robert Sabella; Fei Fei Li; David Liu (eds.).
5380:, both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the
7154:
27221:
11329:
3107:
2542:, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to
7324:
6663:
tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. Many means of
6941:
4561:
5653:
between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the
4615:
of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of
4584:, which were repulsed by the Axis troops. The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June.
2392:
1643:
4514:, while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat.
5691:
The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a
2930:
2040:
was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the
20371:
Steury, Donald P. (1987). "Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare".
10066:
6423:. While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the
2463:, which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at
7024:
2433:
by October. Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to
13053:
5699:
from 1945 to 1948. Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years.
13536:
Zur Debatte um die Ausstellung Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 im Kieler Landeshaus (Debate on the War of Extermination. Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941–1944)
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5785:
Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about
13725:
1898:
had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the
5294:, which was the largest Japanese fighting force. These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. The Red Army also captured the
4259:, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the
3996:
was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the
1638:
27186:
14762:
6561:
due to the relatively low cost of aircraft and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the
6192:. By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to
3226:
programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was
23055:
6131:
6107:
3550:. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel. By mid-August, however, the German
1446:
was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming
22800:
12313:
7347:
25125:
22408:
13749:
J. Arch Getty, Gábor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basisof Archival Evidence.
8348:
Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible."
5907:, in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered. Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the
3727:—which banned U.S. exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. During 1939 Japan launched its
24693:
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by early February, followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in
3325:. The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The
1746:
The exact date of the war's end also is not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 (
5483:
4823:
against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern
1447:
22744:
7267:
6419:
attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of
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that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines. German special forces then
26384:
24878:
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The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate
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II issues. No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the
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23064:
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was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre.
4287:, demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security.
1763:
1358:, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies
16725:
Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.).
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11239:, pp. 406–407: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war."
10185:
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which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination,
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16702:(1998). "Hitler's Decision in Favour of War". In Horst Boog; Jürgen Förster; Joachim Hoffmann; Ernst Klink; Rolf-Dieter Muller; Gerd R. Ueberschar (eds.).
6699:, a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces.
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were kept in especially unbearable conditions, and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. In addition to
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Klavans, Richard A.; Di Benedetto, C. Anthony; Prudom, Melanie J. (1997). "Understanding Competitive Interactions: The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Market".
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in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the
4380:
After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to
2467:
in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a
1688:
1331:
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18582:(1993). "Reconstruction and the UK Postwar Welfare State: False Start and New Beginning". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
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about Germany, and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that "
4917:, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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In the 1930s Britain and the United States of America together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power.
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Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president,
2012:
was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.
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14740:
6254:
6184:
system of deadly camps during 1942–43, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, including foreign citizens of Poland and
5985:
5664:
in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to
4384:. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to
3948:
extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944.
3763:, effectively ending their co-operation. In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during
2880:
2662:
16195:(1993). "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
12052:
8899:
3165:
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region, which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. By successfully implementing new
2652:
The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed
27266:
24537:
22023:
21403:
11700:
8468:
7144:
6204:
5444:
4599:. In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, and Chinese forces that had
2980:. The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal
1166:
11321:
5895:
In Asia and the Pacific, the number of people killed by Japanese troops remains contested. According to R.J. Rummel, the Japanese killed between 3
3759:
in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces
3458:
in April 1941. By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border.
22460:
21772:
13806:
9715:
9633:
9209:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 267–312 (
7316:
5491:
5424:
3797:
2646:
1065:
19460:
13611:
27452:
26389:
25210:
25016:
24986:
24969:
22279:
21581:
16122:
11751:
4565:
2865:
982:
24278:
17374:(2003). "The Nazi Extermination Camps and the Ally to the East. Could the Red Army and Air Force Have Stopped or Slowed the Final Solution?".
16972:
16847:
5193:
2933:
allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there.
943:
27697:
26414:
25011:
23071:
23034:
23011:
22532:
21454:
21424:
13864:
8248:
5954:
4824:
3015:
2957:
1775:
1625:
22786:
10763:
10085:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 310 (
5404:
and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society.
4963:, hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at
4955:
On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch
1934:
by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the
72:
27241:
25759:
24944:
24809:
23164:
23020:
23004:
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22224:
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under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and
2559:
18148:
8162:
7707:
6279:
In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the
27261:
25026:
23921:
22988:
22900:
22844:
22807:
22089:
13480:
13104:
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formed in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943.
6303:
6189:
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million and more than 10 million people, with the most probable case of almost 6,000,000 people. According to the British historian
5825:
5669:
5436:
4600:
3597:
The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the
2363:
1692:
1225:
24673:
16928:
14652:
13043:
13021:
9887:
6769:
Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers (
27707:
25205:
25185:
22893:
21625:
16026:
13970:
Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. p. 9
13684:
13192:
5817:
5543:, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result,
5388:
controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries,
3893:
1366:
and pushed Germany and its allies westward. In 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the
725:
653:
19763:
13715:
12098:
11993:
11970:
6291:
5353:
27712:
26329:
24399:
23027:
21417:
21375:
14614:
12570:
12200:
9924:
6015:
5568:
5271:
4545:
3889:
3828:, after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, began to favour Japan's entry into the war. As a result, Prime Minister
2158:
2037:
1503:
1403:
1122:
148:
13538:
12788:
4521:, the Chinese awaited allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. In January 1944, the Allies launched a
27702:
26575:
25603:
25140:
24248:
22067:
21841:
21604:
21470:
21281:
16350:
16323:
Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945". In John K. Fairbank; Denis Twitchett (eds.).
15811:
15340:
Borstelmann, Thomas (2005). "The United States, the Cold War, and the colour line". In Melvyn P. Leffler; David S. Painter (eds.).
12242:
5576:
4154:, keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the
1670:
1596:
1560:
1471:
992:
764:
737:
278:
238:
20726:
4495:, the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. In November 1943,
4407:
In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in
3824:
Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American–British–Dutch sanctions, Japan prepared for war. Emperor
27692:
27687:
27216:
26922:
26472:
25243:
24995:
23143:
22940:
21977:
21477:
21389:
21325:
18749:
15244:
14702:
13556:
6365:
5977:
4719:
4311:
2282:
1583:
1515:
867:
14770:
13401:
7243:
5864:, with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the
2475:, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies.
27442:
25691:
24565:
23346:
22858:
21708:
21246:
17739:
17714:
12853:
9955:, p. 9, listing various military and diplomatic developments, observes that "the threat to Japan was not purely economic."
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5622:
4476:
4001:
3720:
3471:
3287:
1869:
1315:
566:
181:
17:
21001:
Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
16447:
13294:
12408:
5143:, while on 5 June all German political and military institutions were transferred under the control of the Allies through the
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27392:
26580:
26269:
24883:
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23374:
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19608:
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19405:
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19354:
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19308:
19285:
19259:
19236:
19213:
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19162:
19097:
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19017:
18992:
18971:
18950:
18922:
18897:
18878:
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18778:
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18711:
18688:
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17773:
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17647:
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17173:
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17019:
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16917:
16892:
16833:
16809:
16786:
16763:
16738:
16715:
16689:
16670:
16623:
Farrell, Brian P. (1993). "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941".
16613:
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16479:
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15771:
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15592:
15569:
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15407:
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14997:
14974:
14947:
14893:
14870:
14813:
14459:
14328:
14303:
14226:
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14108:
13640:
13582:
13474:
13451:
13349:
13274:
13231:
13098:
12939:
12755:
12712:
12319:
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11414:
10426:
9881:
9782:
9688:
9478:
9141:
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8450:
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7566:
7101:
7011:
6428:
6333:
6150:
from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy.
5514:
in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over.
5471:
5448:
4389:
4373:
3737:
3667:
which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese
2842:
2403:
in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens or hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were
1510:
877:
720:
35:
16271:
de Grazia, Victoria; Paggi, Leonardo (Autumn 1991). "Story of an Ordinary Massacre: Civitella della Chiana, 29 June, 1944".
14114:
11644:
8535:
7572:
27667:
27647:
24530:
24175:
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22100:
22096:
22074:
21678:
20095:
6612:
5260:
5241:
5155:
5096:
4302:
in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. This attack was followed up shortly after by
3989:
3862:
3322:
2872:
2446:
1268:
786:
757:
268:
14103:. American Business, Politics, and Society (reprint ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2.
13162:
8876:
8111:
3570:
was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further
27467:
26777:
24819:
24090:
23554:
22886:
22872:
22085:
9807:
6280:
5475:
4751:
4420:
3637:
3463:
3455:
2801:
2614:
2563:
2468:
1058:
923:
19341:
Radtke, K.W. (1997). "'Strategic' concepts underlying the so-called Hirota foreign policy, 1933–7". In Aiko Ikeo (ed.).
6462:
6060:
5361:, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of
4072:
With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture
27732:
27597:
27582:
27552:
27427:
27281:
27276:
26519:
25098:
24974:
24585:
24299:
24168:
24046:
23624:
23339:
23290:
23048:
22603:
21855:
21694:
21542:
21396:
19571:
12827:
10039:
5857:
5310:. On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio (
4991:
4906:
4581:
4334:
4021:
3487:
3242:
3062:
2722:
2589:
2575:
1923:
1578:
1379:
884:
11355:
7264:
5482:
that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States—became the
3301:
3094:, declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and
27722:
27672:
27612:
27577:
27527:
27502:
27367:
27271:
27246:
27166:
26434:
25195:
25120:
25066:
25046:
24814:
24756:
24723:
24647:
24580:
24415:
23297:
23269:
23086:
22668:
22387:
22354:
13781:
11153:
6258:
6215:
At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the
6067:(SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German
5989:
5821:
5786:
5730:
economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the
5385:
5295:
5232:
that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking
4852:
4381:
4306:, which resulted in the region joining the Allies. Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the
3402:
3058:
3023:
2715:
2483:
2260:
2052:
1630:
1491:
1483:
1319:
1003:
798:
559:
399:
162:
21570:
21190:
12264:
5746:
from its satellite states. Japan recovered much later. China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952.
4979:. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan.
4103:
took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the
3908:—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the
3390:
at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the
92:
27682:
27662:
27657:
27637:
27622:
27592:
27512:
27477:
27422:
27407:
27397:
26264:
25625:
25152:
24888:
24836:
24826:
24452:
23610:
23547:
22682:
22518:
21641:
12297:
10177:
7205:
6897:
6859:
have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited.
6068:
5560:
5321:
5202:
4577:
4549:
4167:
4024:. These easy victories over the unprepared U.S. and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended.
3854:
3786:, intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions.
3672:
3431:
3329:
also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a
2737:
2005:
1804:
1431:
595:
218:
25086:
22195:
21204:
14055:
13139:
10237:
10207:
10147:
9740:
5014:. In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched
4763:
4537:
3675:
that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west.
3261:
later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture
933:
27727:
27717:
27642:
27572:
27567:
27522:
27517:
27492:
27482:
27472:
27457:
27447:
27432:
27402:
27382:
27377:
27372:
27362:
26364:
26299:
25344:
24841:
24523:
23976:
23817:
23806:
23642:
23401:
23360:
23253:
23191:
22578:
21848:
21717:
21685:
20373:
19990:
19951:
19059:
17231:
17029:
15555:
14475:
10090:
9214:
6306:
at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million people in the occupied Soviet Union.
6185:
5981:
5706:
in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the
5564:
5511:
5487:
5151:
4780:
4743:
4691:
in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by
4116:
4061:
in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive
3993:
3791:
3246:
2571:
2355:
1985:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1451:
1272:
1244:
1105:—participated, with many investing all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities in pursuit of
908:
845:
694:
677:
288:
25021:
22365:
21933:
11369:
coup; postwar Romanian historians, however, ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow
4759:
4587:
The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions,
3230:
by Germany. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany.
928:
27652:
27632:
27617:
27607:
27587:
27562:
27497:
27487:
27412:
27387:
25555:
25175:
25130:
24713:
24703:
24362:
24334:
24212:
24005:
23242:
22693:
22619:
22415:
21786:
21505:
21410:
21295:
20337:
19734:
19228:
18427:
15924:
15174:
8780:
6889:
6457:
6369:
6337:
6250:
6003:
5755:
5552:
5116:
5108:
5031:
4510:. The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the
3744:
3732:
2456:
2115:
1732:
1704:
1391:
1189:
1051:
1018:
857:
353:
7990:
Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".
7372:
6747:
5186:
of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating
4905:
In the Pacific, U.S. forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their
4453:
and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. Germany, with the help of fascists, responded to the armistice by
63:
27737:
27677:
27602:
27547:
27532:
27507:
27462:
27417:
27256:
25708:
24863:
24848:
24771:
24741:
24718:
24560:
24422:
24355:
24306:
24237:
24062:
23568:
23519:
23283:
23276:
22879:
22640:
22431:
21484:
20342:
18158:
14903:
Bacon, Edwin (1992). "Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II".
14404:
Burns, R. W. (September 1994). "Impact of technology on the defeat of the U-boat September 1939 – May 1943".
12978:
9518:
7825:
6893:
6321:
5797:
5594:
Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led
5556:
5299:
5179:
5139:
until 11 May. On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by the Allied Forces in
4792:
4715:
4155:
3909:
3878:
3794:
and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries".
3614:
3283:
3203:
3066:
2945:
for this crime of aggression. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the
1872:. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and
1296:
821:
803:
39:
13554:
Pascale R . Bos, "Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945"; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993
8751:
8045:
2153:
was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in
27627:
27557:
27542:
27537:
27437:
26319:
26304:
26199:
25190:
25071:
25061:
25051:
24939:
24787:
24761:
24751:
24637:
24496:
24392:
23767:
23728:
22647:
22482:
22467:
22394:
22373:
22191:
21869:
21655:
21648:
21632:
21343:
21302:
21274:
19441:
17809:
17616:
16305:
16253:
14794:
13865:"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War"
7856:
6702:
Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large
6553:
became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the
5311:
5287:
5220:, overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern
4910:
4899:
4808:
3613:, which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. In late August the British and Soviets
3598:
3490:; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the
3475:
3422:
3199:
3111:
2993:
2642:
2314:
2041:
2029:
1663:
1591:
1423:
1308:
1035:
1013:
889:
689:
638:
413:
233:
130:
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Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). "The Military Dimension, 1942–1945". In James C. Hsiung; Steven I. Levine (eds.).
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918:
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25081:
25041:
25036:
24766:
24698:
24459:
23783:
23735:
23353:
23325:
23178:
22793:
22772:
22293:
21956:
21862:
21352:
20631:
20062:
18535:
17838:
17139:
16625:
16524:
16069:
15088:
15059:
14451:
12935:
12033:
8891:
8282:
Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939".
7111:
6299:
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6142:
were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used
6000:
5707:
5572:
5548:
5175:
5077:
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4244:
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and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to
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3833:
3813:
3752:
2653:
2618:
2602:
2534:
population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister
2399:, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back,
2371:
2106:, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's
2009:
1755:
1232:
1114:
872:
850:
793:
18814:(2010). "The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.).
13897:
13633:
The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
11692:
8464:
7092:
7003:
4902:
by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December.
3002:
German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May – 4 June 1940, sweeping past the
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27337:
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27327:
27322:
27317:
27312:
25596:
25319:
25157:
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22305:
22265:
22238:
21970:
21903:
21498:
21309:
21239:
20851:
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20415:
20340:(1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4".
19623:
19397:
19205:
18842:
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18793:
18635:
18377:
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18255:
Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present
13898:"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"
13814:
9707:
9625:
4146:
Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in
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3355:
which drove back Commonwealth forces. In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and
3123:
1323:
913:
27347:
27191:
27108:
26244:
26204:
25645:
25093:
24858:
24678:
24632:
24159:
24076:
23861:
23721:
23693:
23526:
23431:
23221:
22654:
21728:
21382:
20983:
19479:
18914:
18450:
17535:
17481:
17068:
16755:
16489:
14766:
11459:[The war criminals tries to be the first to see their ancestors] (in Chinese). Archived from
9470:
6502:(the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war).
5677:
5638:
5344:
5144:
5073:
4987:
4887:
4870:
By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in
4804:
4620:
4416:
4326:
4053:
4049:
3988:, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Despite stubborn
3768:
3728:
3555:
3495:
3383:
3291:
3215:
3122:, which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which
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2888:
2838:
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2154:
2146:
1684:
1351:
699:
665:
309:
177:
21926:
19367:(2001). "The War in the Pacific". In Horst Boog; Werner Rahn; Reinhard Stumpf; Bernd Wegner (eds.).
14823:
Anderson, Irvine H. Jr. (1975). "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex".
13972:"Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000"
11755:
6565:, were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on
6549:
established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). In the Atlantic,
6395:
5872:, between 1943 and 1945. At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish
3943:
in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the
3198:
In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the
2100:
2008:, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the
1695:'s declaration of war on Germany two days later on 3 September 1939. Dates for the beginning of the
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25794:
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16863:
16605:
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7106:
There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same "
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and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the
6271:
Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before being massacred by German soldiers in
6135:
6031:
5939:
5865:
5796:
An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's
5743:
5735:
5703:
4755:
4739:
4446:
4159:
3965:
3760:
3386:, commencing on 6 April 1941; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. The airborne
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to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the
2326:
2264:
1880:
1700:
1463:
1355:
1197:
1177:
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of European Jews, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. Following the Allied powers' victory,
715:
243:
21942:
21919:
14678:
Macintyre, Ben (10 December 2010). "Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory".
13872:
11460:
8240:
6051:
5988:
annexed by the Red Army. Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially
5731:
5490:. The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes,
4131:
3664:
3057:
fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of
2805:
2133:
to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being
1287:. By mid-1941, through a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany occupied or controlled much of
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26122:
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25324:
25135:
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24605:
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24264:
24134:
23994:
23679:
23332:
23228:
23134:
22702:
22570:
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22504:
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22361:
22253:
22231:
22177:
22163:
22145:
21809:
21590:
21318:
21267:
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20872:
Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953
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20128:
19903:
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17912:
17091:
17011:
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15547:
10760:
6581:
6546:
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5377:
5373:
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5283:
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5104:
5058:
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4522:
4462:
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4037:
3985:
3944:
3748:
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was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The
3575:
3551:
3352:
3258:
3254:
3189:
2834:
2781:
2726:
2641:. Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the
2464:
2422:
2378:
2354:, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China. The Soviets quickly signed a
2290:
2092:
1992:
and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself
1958:
1931:
1907:
1873:
1759:
1724:
1656:
1419:
1371:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1098:
1008:
987:
752:
611:
538:
497:
324:
283:
24515:
17353:
11299:, p. 7: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II."
10418:
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5027:
4177:, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split
3011:
633:
26550:
26499:
26458:
26294:
26284:
25873:
25804:
25789:
25270:
25229:
24792:
24746:
24663:
24615:
24012:
23905:
23707:
23658:
23561:
23454:
23424:
23207:
23095:
22821:
22612:
22203:
22184:
22154:
21701:
21671:
20898:
20732:
20481:
20042:
19112:
18731:
18373:
The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
18152:
17982:
17539:
17211:
16569:
15447:
15322:
13406:
8146:
7691:
6616:
6566:
6542:
6498:(the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); and
6246:
6123:
5935:
5884:
5684:, their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to
5348:
5244:
was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces.
4553:
4450:
4431:
4359:
4260:
4123:
behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.
4066:
4005:
4000:
and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the
3932:
3858:
3841:
3809:
3660:
3606:
3524:, and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals.
3435:
3379:
3334:
3177:
3161:, but largely ended in May 1941 after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort.
2830:
2809:
2773:
2753:
2658:
2630:
2594:
2381:
2335:
2294:
2025:
1903:
1792:
1747:
1467:
1462:. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the
1435:
1375:
1367:
1327:
1284:
1264:
1173:
1090:
862:
781:
331:
305:
263:
228:
141:
20755:(2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
14984:
Barber, John; Harrison, Mark (2006). "Patriotic War, 1941–1945". In Ronald Grigor Suny (ed.).
13656:
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13088:
12878:
12747:
12741:
12702:
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2937:
refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union.
2742:
1330:, which resulted in the United States and the United Kingdom declaring war against Japan. The
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27005:
26827:
26616:
26565:
26404:
26379:
26309:
25992:
25720:
25493:
25451:
25421:
24898:
24873:
24831:
24600:
24570:
24503:
24226:
24069:
23965:
23935:
23891:
23631:
23596:
23589:
23512:
23410:
22851:
22828:
22675:
22286:
21823:
21563:
21549:
21232:
20757:
19680:
19180:
17407:
The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944
17183:
Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World War II: an overview". In Mark Harrison (ed.).
16935:
16778:
16547:
16132:
16012:
15974:
15422:
14656:
14035:
13013:
12079:"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background"
10374:
9871:
8761:
8363:
7382:
6814:
6751:
6734:
enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of
6659:
6569:
6503:
6095:
5995:
The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no
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5120:
5081:
4945:
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4496:
4439:
4366:
4352:
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by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both
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3095:
2969:
2845:
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2634:
2411:
2216:
1854:
1395:
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in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including German defeats on the Eastern Front, the
1110:
1030:
938:
380:
112:
31:
22121:
20679:
19753:
19576:
From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s
18210:
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9464:
5427:
of the nine million Germans from these provinces, as well as three million Germans from the
2960:
the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Romanian regions of
2804:, which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. Germany responded by ordering
1876:, as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration.
103:
27081:
26990:
26696:
26399:
26154:
26067:
26045:
25968:
25964:
25893:
25809:
25754:
25749:
25572:
25416:
25305:
24908:
24327:
24182:
23833:
23790:
23760:
23686:
23496:
23475:
22401:
21878:
21556:
20799:
20736:
19089:
18735:
17045:
17033:
16128:
15704:
15645:
15529:
13411:
12774:
12078:
12012:
11948:
6739:
6735:
6223:, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. In
6200:
5719:
5580:
5536:
5503:
5329:
5229:
5206:
5112:
5054:
4922:
4879:
4392:. By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also
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4139:
4100:
4058:
3483:
3227:
3219:
3087:
from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment.
2772:
as a pretext to initiate the invasion. The first German attack of the war came against the
1899:
1861:
were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires.
1767:
1347:
1304:
894:
155:
27139:
19641:
Roberts, Cynthia A. (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941".
14687:
14607:
12566:
12192:
9921:
4695:
in the Netherlands failed. After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but
4255:. By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa,
3956:
3774:
German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in
3510:. Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate
8:
27307:
27211:
27044:
26857:
26817:
26730:
26560:
26424:
26289:
26159:
25949:
25878:
25635:
25608:
25591:
25579:
25401:
25357:
24445:
24219:
24097:
24053:
23575:
22709:
22475:
22002:
21832:
21816:
21765:
21165:
21052:
20971:
20699:
Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.).
20101:
19643:
19269:
18381:
18371:
18170:
18023:
17593:
16699:
16414:
16358:
13535:
12796:
11640:
The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It
11161:
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6763:
6759:
6352:
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5591:
was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West.
5307:
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5132:
4983:
4956:
4707:
4672:
4393:
4385:
4120:
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3694:
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purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the
3146:
3035:
2965:
2950:
2861:
2820:
2610:
2535:
2487:
2244:
2236:
2211:
that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the
2166:
2138:
2080:
2064:
1989:
1947:
1838:
1399:
1240:
1185:
1150:
948:
828:
20410:
Stueck, William (2010). "The Korean War". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.).
16391:
15649:
12234:
6750:, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. Another component of
6196:
evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators.
4310:; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to
2491:
27171:
27093:
26867:
26837:
26812:
26804:
26789:
26639:
26144:
26060:
26050:
25883:
25846:
25776:
25715:
25698:
25652:
25562:
25476:
25290:
24438:
24271:
24196:
24150:
24120:
24028:
23868:
23533:
23417:
23311:
23262:
23200:
22956:
22907:
22716:
22340:
21995:
21793:
20976:
20959:
20825:
20782:
20774:
20722:
20498:
20398:
20390:
20359:
20325:
20317:
20298:
Spring, D. W. (1986). "The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939".
20121:
20079:
20019:
19999:
19976:
19968:
19922:
19897:
19878:
19842:
19702:
19660:
19391:
19277:
19274:
The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome
19137:
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19083:
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18483:
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18258:
18129:
18007:
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16383:
16375:
16288:
16223:
16188:
15895:
15879:
15871:
15852:
Cienciala, Anna M. (2010). "Another look at the Poles and Poland during World War II".
15805:
15741:
15193:
15168:
15164:
14959:
14922:
14840:
14803:
14546:
14047:
11794:
11145:
11128:
The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy (
9107:
8521:
8307:
8299:
8015:
8007:
7299:
7197:
7107:
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for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the
6577:
6209:
6139:
6035:
6011:
5927:
5673:
5407:
Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories,
5317:
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5233:
5183:
5171:
5062:
5035:
4891:
4836:
4832:
4812:
4680:
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4604:
4435:
4349:
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3724:
3709:
3633:
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3150:
3084:
3027:
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2622:
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2096:
2036:, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the
1997:
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1427:
1415:
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1228:
1217:
601:
248:
166:
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14710:
3482:
On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in
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26757:
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25959:
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19684:
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19604:
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19557:
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Moscow – The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42
19531:
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18109:
18093:
18079:
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18052:
18033:
18011:
17980:
Koch, H.W. (1983). "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'".
17916:
17891:
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Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up
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13345:
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13094:
12751:
12708:
12042:
12002:
11847:
Ward Wilson. "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima".
11798:
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9877:
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7007:
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6420:
6356:(7,900,000 m) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate.
5908:
5829:
5739:
5661:
5642:
5252:
5237:
5198:
4999:
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forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviets formed the
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When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the
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2001:
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launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the
3849:
intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the
2297:, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this
1208:. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when
27015:
26971:
26917:
26907:
26852:
26762:
26740:
26708:
26035:
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19960:
19834:
19672:
19652:
19199:
19172:
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19068:
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18459:
18448:(1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945".
17991:
17960:
17385:
17321:
17240:
16634:
16593:
16565:
16423:
16406:
16367:
16280:
15863:
15733:
15653:
15493:
15441:
15012:
14961:
Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948
14914:
14856:
14832:
14763:"Discovery and Development of Penicillin: International Historic Chemical Landmark"
14707:
Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School
14703:"Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare"
14528:
14518:
14413:
13290:
12400:
12090:
11960:
11949:"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality"
11786:
11132:, pp. 500–502). The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at
9089:
8291:
7999:
7189:
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6802:
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and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. By this point, the communist-led
4596:
4592:
4557:
4541:
4503:
4492:
4397:
4272:
4241:
4209:
4178:
4115:. In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous
4084:. The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern
4062:
3973:
3913:
3874:
3716:
3663:
allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as
3641:
3618:
3610:
3590:
3571:
3050:
2973:
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2703:
2539:
2522:
from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the
2514:
In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany
2507:
2499:
2418:
2404:
2374:
2286:
2220:
2212:
2192:
2048:
2033:
1981:
1952:
1939:
1850:
1383:
1339:
1256:
1205:
1162:
643:
621:
452:
170:
21528:
19600:
Hitler's War Aims, Volume I: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion
16284:
13223:
9084:
Morrisey, Will (2019), "What Churchill and De Gaulle learned from the Great War",
8074:
7348:"Paris Peace Treaties failed to create a secure, peaceful and lasting world order"
7193:
6391:
6168:. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and
5726:, and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the U.S.
5602:. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the
4461:, who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the
4020:, Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese
3625:, and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India.
3581:
2137:
for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in
2032:
with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's
27098:
27054:
26887:
26882:
26862:
26842:
26784:
26750:
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23956:
23854:
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19807:
19553:
19545:
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18942:
18860:
18658:
18579:
18097:
17561:
17298:
16707:
15696:
15551:
15518:
15143:
Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery
15111:
14098:
13785:
13542:
12301:
11638:
10767:
9928:
9873:
Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan
8515:
7556:
7352:
7296:
7271:
6806:
6782:
6329:
6103:
5958:
5681:
5588:
5217:
5163:
5159:
5100:
5069:
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4784:
4769:
4735:
4696:
4533:
4526:
4500:
4484:
4458:
4454:
4412:
4390:
breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands
4303:
4151:
4119:
in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. The second was the
4085:
3705:
3585:
Russian civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the
3563:
3521:
3398:
3387:
3371:
3356:
3234:
2898:
2894:
2796:
period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a
2699:
2687:
2430:
2388:
2232:
2111:
2103:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1910:
were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's
1902:. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all
1857:, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new
1830:
1728:
1708:
1300:
1292:
811:
732:
435:
404:
273:
27134:
24483:
19825:
Rotundo, Louis (1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign".
16727:
A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945
16371:
7728:
Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan"
5517:
5085:
4831:, with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint
2852:. Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the
27231:
27122:
27032:
26847:
26718:
26439:
26359:
26314:
26254:
26219:
26011:
25924:
25829:
25737:
25528:
25362:
25285:
24378:
23914:
23840:
21892:
21751:
20515:
20386:
20300:
20011:
19964:
19320:
The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century
18811:
18612:
18352:
18349:
The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship
18329:
17339:
17244:
17116:
16819:
16654:
16346:
16230:
15807:
Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras
15240:
14905:
14852:
13720:
13574:
10086:
9770:
9210:
8872:
8107:
7554:
7240:"German-American Relations – Treaty on the Final Settlement concerning Germany"
6794:
6743:
6715:
6688:
6680:
6631:
6593:
6550:
6511:
6336:
during the war in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Although
6317:
6007:
5965:
5912:
5685:
5626:
5522:
5467:
5452:
5397:
5264:
5221:
5046:
on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin.
4875:
4664:
4588:
4511:
4408:
4213:
4147:
4041:
3924:
3917:
3905:
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3775:
3653:
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3451:
3401:
which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled
2797:
2527:
2503:
2142:
1842:
1826:
1443:
1260:
747:
742:
387:
20770:
20494:
20313:
19656:
19343:
Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context
19003:
18982:
17995:
17760:(1990). "The historical perspective". In Alex Pravda; Peter J. Duncan (eds.).
17086:
Grove, Eric J. (1995). "A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946". In J.R. Hill (ed.).
16427:
16044:
What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century History
15921:
Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945
14918:
14523:
14506:
14417:
13523:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
11790:
9799:
5092:
2107:
27296:
26951:
26767:
26725:
26669:
26555:
26514:
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26394:
26279:
26194:
26139:
25999:
25919:
25814:
25664:
25657:
25550:
25503:
25396:
25252:
24189:
22114:
21963:
21802:
21089:
20355:
19726:
19708:
19498:
19154:
19009:
18932:
18489:
18445:
18019:
17887:
17757:
16859:
16751:
Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration
16597:
16575:
16218:
16162:
16158:
16118:
16100:
16065:
16017:
15891:
15610:
15505:
15366:
The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology
15250:
15030:
14885:
14862:
14542:
7145:"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'"
7048:
6902:
6836:
6770:
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6672:
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6647:
6522:
6111:
6087:
6064:
6027:
5900:
5805:
5727:
5723:
5630:
5535:
Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet
5440:
5291:
5089:
5022:. Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to
4949:
4314:
to prevent its capture by German forces. Axis forces in Africa withdrew into
4236:
4205:
3792:
the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946)
3668:
3491:
3467:
3031:
2981:
2926:
2638:
2598:
2385:
2310:
2134:
1834:
1716:
1138:
447:
375:
368:
126:
26450:
25221:
19073:
19054:
17516:
16984:
16661:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
16150:
15722:
Cantril, Hadley (1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion".
15497:
14505:
Castaldi, Carolina; Fontana, Roberto; Nuvolari, Alessandro (1 August 2009).
12819:
10148:"The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942"
9093:
6471:
5107:); Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by
4329:
against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and "
4208:. The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an
551:
27226:
27196:
27103:
27071:
27000:
26877:
26872:
26686:
26679:
26524:
26429:
26229:
26134:
25980:
25954:
25863:
25545:
25533:
25441:
25436:
25300:
25295:
24981:
24488:
24292:
22592:
22497:
22128:
21491:
20939:
20060:
Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth".
19758:. History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series. London:
18479:
18029:
17791:
17371:
17185:
The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison
16843:
16443:
15602:
15040:
12925:
11351:
6885:
6707:
6692:
6627:
6597:
6515:
6284:
6267:
6262:
6079:
6075:
5996:
5801:
5544:
5540:
5529:
5479:
5470:, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, and adopted the
5420:
5393:
5389:
5362:
5019:
5007:
4800:
4796:
4190:
4182:
4112:
4104:
4073:
4045:
4028:
3928:
3817:
3609:
and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the
3439:
3349:
3345:
3326:
3310:
3119:
3054:
3003:
2637:
pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the
2567:
2495:
2460:
2255:
as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations,
2208:
2188:
2150:
2119:
2021:
1977:
1962:
1858:
1853:, which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious
1736:
1236:
1213:
1209:
428:
423:
363:
18025:
The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945
17389:
17342:(1994). "Labor as spoils of conquest, 1933–1945". In David F. Crew (ed.).
15467:
The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940
13779:
13738:
Kwoka was murdered with a phenol injection to the heart a few weeks later.
13635:(2nd ed.), 2006. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
13502:
Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".
12820:"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm"
12094:
11743:
6320:
policies denied resources to the German invaders. Unlike in the West, the
6203:, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The
6153:
6126:) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a "
5777:
5282:. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement,
3778:. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the
2808:
against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the
2425:; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at
27176:
27059:
26956:
26691:
26597:
26570:
26369:
26117:
26112:
26104:
26089:
25914:
25819:
25630:
25466:
25431:
25411:
25391:
25369:
25334:
24127:
24113:
23775:
22451:
22272:
22257:
21611:
20752:
19946:
19364:
19107:
18676:
18507:
18075:
17856:
17783:
17557:
17433:
16798:
Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism
16468:
Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance
15834:
15763:
15199:
14166:
The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II
13869:
Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes of the June 2002 Conference
13193:"Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji Wisła. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947"
12268:
11777:
Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".
10027:
7040:
6956:
The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War
6831:
6603:
6585:
6562:
6534:
6518:
was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide.
6432:
6325:
6147:
6115:
5650:
5646:
5599:
5463:
5432:
5428:
5306:
announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the
5150:
In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the
5011:
4914:
4864:
4700:
4636:
4470:
4355:
4284:
4186:
4089:
3837:
3802:
3684:
3566:
to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. The
3503:
3443:
3410:
3238:
2523:
2519:
2472:
2256:
2084:
2060:
2056:
1895:
1888:
1822:
1696:
1335:
1102:
1094:
708:
626:
338:
223:
20701:
Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe
17943:
15875:
15488:
Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War".
14296:
Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft
12295:
11752:"Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II"
10770:
the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)
7558:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
7201:
7177:
6938:
Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy
6343:
In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the
4878:
while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces
4231:
2331:
2087:
and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in
1825:
had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the
27064:
26509:
25900:
25888:
25858:
25824:
25764:
25446:
23482:
23235:
23214:
22107:
21440:
21368:
20963:
20778:
20681:
Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History
19846:
19393:
Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers
19133:
18548:
18515:
18471:
18003:
17972:
17815:
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945
17508:
17410:
16884:
16646:
16544:
Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy
15753:
15745:
15470:
14844:
14533:
14100:
Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II
14051:
13127:
12743:
China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China
8303:
7911:
7025:"'Goak here': A.J.P. Taylor and 'The Origins of the Second World War.'"
6810:
6786:
6620:
6558:
6467:
6312:
6119:
6099:
5845:
5654:
5400:
program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the
4913:. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister,
4883:
4569:
4307:
4253:
the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast
3702:
3622:
3516:
3367:
3306:
3223:
3181:
3169:
3157:
offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in
3138:
3115:
3075:
2946:
2906:
2793:
2695:
2674:
2547:
2240:
2076:
1911:
1892:
1455:
1248:
616:
606:
137:
20394:
20363:
20321:
20083:
20003:
19972:
19664:
17252:
16435:
16379:
16302:
Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow
16292:
15658:
15629:
15443:
The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936
14926:
14039:
11965:
10080:
9204:
8559:
8011:
8003:
7289:
Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol.
6390:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
6233:
5879:
4921:; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the
4197:. The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga.
1303:, and other countries. In June 1941, Germany led the European Axis in
26939:
26929:
26545:
26504:
26334:
26171:
25906:
25868:
25461:
25275:
24929:
24802:
23745:
23150:
22947:
22758:
22556:
22511:
21026:
Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?
21006:
20921:
20654:
A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963
20235:
20174:
19784:
19506:
19346:
19323:
19251:
18890:
In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945
18587:
18281:
18235:
18188:
Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies
17349:
17165:
16471:
16200:
16047:
15867:
15561:
15370:
15345:
15299:
15276:
7149:
6959:
6755:
6635:
6530:
6424:
6165:
5873:
5611:
5607:
5526:
5416:
5325:
5275:
5140:
4847:
in February 1945. Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans,
4723:
4608:
4469:. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the
4330:
4163:
3931:
was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward,
3783:
3689:
3645:
main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet
3511:
3507:
3158:
2922:
2825:
2777:
2748:
2515:
2452:
2434:
2421:
in May. In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by
2298:
2123:
1970:
1407:
1338:, but its advances were halted in 1942 after its defeat in the naval
1280:
1201:
1134:
1106:
1086:
27129:
22032:
20955:
20575:
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
19838:
19125:
18463:
17964:
16638:
15546:
14836:
10519:
9366:
8295:
6510:
and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the
5841:
5316:, literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). On 15 August 1945,
4706:
On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ("
4631:
2860:
in occupied Poland. A significant part of Polish military personnel
2691:
2346:
In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of
1322:. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories
1109:, blurring the distinction between military and civilian resources.
27037:
27020:
26966:
26961:
26946:
26934:
26912:
26735:
26703:
26634:
26609:
26324:
26020:
25841:
25669:
25584:
25523:
25486:
22016:
21744:
20230:
Smith, David J.; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002).
20123:
What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy
20075:
17136:
Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"
16929:"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay"
16325:
The Cambridge History of China - Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2
16250:
In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army
15737:
14655:. History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from
12771:
Quick Reference Handbook Set, Basic Knowledge and Modern Technology
11328:. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic.
10414:
The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day
10272:
9510:
8826:
8556:
Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327
6703:
6639:
6348:
6324:
encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the "
6127:
5945:
5920:
5861:
5849:
5603:
5303:
5279:
5043:
4828:
4747:
4659:. After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also
4480:
4280:
4135:
3840:
instead. On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the
3825:
3528:
3499:
3363:
3142:
3070:
2706:, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected.
2359:
2055:
in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of
1459:
1411:
440:
20194:
The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment
19462:
Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s
17613:
Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency
15195:
Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States
14044:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
10104:
10011:
10009:
9800:"Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack"
8384:
6021:
4493:
May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective
4275:
forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were
2998:
1398:. Following the refusal of Japan to surrender on the terms of the
1259:
in June 1940, the war continued primarily between Germany and the
27117:
26983:
26978:
26239:
26094:
26006:
24545:
21140:
Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II
21072:
Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939
19988:——— (1983). "Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War".
19856:
Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific
16704:
Germany and the Second World War – The Attack on the Soviet Union
14507:"'Chariots of fire': the evolution of tank technology, 1915–1945"
14321:
Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines
13871:. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
13571:
Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II
9053:
9017:
6643:
6495:
6437:
5680:. While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their
5423:
was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the
5412:
5408:
5381:
5003:
4964:
4895:
4731:
4315:
4247:
bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943
2934:
2914:
2666:
2531:
2347:
2165:, the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present
1470:. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards
20479:
Swain, Geoffrey (1992). "The Cominform: Tito's International?".
19503:
World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West
19225:
Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II
18166:
17883:
Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941
16097:
After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000
8583:
6444:
about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, while
6328:" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by
5968:
of 22,000 Polish officers, and the imprisonment or execution of
3407:
invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon
3286:, a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy
27010:
26995:
26654:
26259:
22626:
21224:
20097:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
15679:
Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas
15584:
15511:
10785:
10260:
10006:
9683:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 1046–1049.
9582:
9558:
8914:
8715:
6719:
6711:
6537:
warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war,
6487:
5853:
5665:
5507:
5495:
5225:
4928:
4174:
4093:
3543:
3173:
2918:
2816:
2789:
2670:
2555:
2415:
1966:
1813:
83:
21003:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
18632:
From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War
18584:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
16197:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
15781:
Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).
14219:
World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration
12699:
Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe", in
10933:
8411:
7178:"The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War"
6758:, which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as
6584:
tactics. Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the
5065:
was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany.
4975:. On 4 February Soviet, British, and U.S. leaders met for the
4863:
on relatively mild conditions, although Finland was forced to
4663:. These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the
4107:, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the
2949:
was modest, and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with
2609:
Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the
2024:
in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards
1778:, which also restored full diplomatic relations between them.
27181:
27146:
27049:
26772:
26659:
26644:
26224:
26214:
26209:
25681:
25676:
22814:
19924:
In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War
8896:
US Army in WWII – Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations
8351:
6778:
6684:
6573:
6507:
6494:, and each role developed considerably. Innovations included
6451:
6177:
5916:
5833:
5634:
5499:
4995:
4871:
4727:
4668:
4616:
4225:
4194:
4171:
2976:
from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the
2426:
2309:. His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of
18866:
The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition
18510:(1990). "The Battle of the Atlantic". In Gooch, John (ed.).
17951:
Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin".
15780:
15759:
The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
15219:
Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine
13995:
13685:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"
9712:
US Army in WWII – Strategy, and Command: The First Two Years
9660:
9300:
8938:
8786:
8495:
7875:
7555:
Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt (2012).
4886:. In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally
4655:), after three years of Soviet pressure, the Western Allies
4523:
series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino
1707:, on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian
26649:
26354:
19949:(1978). ""Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication".
19759:
19151:
Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945
19085:
War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II
18655:
Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps
17229:
Hauner, Milan (1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?".
16973:"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"
13402:"Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence"
11571:
10981:
10873:
10849:
10730:
10067:
Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States
9630:
US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years
9546:
9041:
9029:
8691:
7757:
7512:
7500:
6970:
6651:
6611:
being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at
6224:
6193:
5973:
5595:
3069:. The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the
2259:
when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's
1133:, more than half of which were civilians. Millions died in
13044:"Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others"
10957:
10699:
10627:
10591:
10555:
10531:
10332:
10242:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10212:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10182:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10152:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10116:
9745:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
9181:
7935:
7887:
7659:
6316:
were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet
5240:
by the end of June. At the same time, a naval blockade by
4894:
by early August. Soon after, they invaded the province of
3632:
in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of
2690:
immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of
1906:, while German annexation of other states was prohibited,
1683:
World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939 with the
1454:. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival
1418:, the possibility of more atomic bombings, and the Soviet
18401:
The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima
17929:
16979:. Leavenworth Papers. Command and General Staff College.
15369:. The Cambridge History of the Second World War (3 vol).
14265:
13048:
10773:
10082:
Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History
9958:
9408:
9240:
9206:
Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History
8655:
8465:"The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians"
8423:
7923:
7781:
7587:
7476:
7464:
6188:
occupied in 1939–40 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis
5257:
the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction
4766:, followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side.
4483:
troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the
4296:
deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta
3923:
During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate
3855:
offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific
3832:
resigned. Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint
3416:
2941:
in November 1939, and was subsequently expelled from the
19618:
Ritchie, Ella (1992). "France". In Martin Harrop (ed.).
17531:
The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought
16854:. CSI Report No. 11. Command and General Staff College.
13444:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
12306:
10945:
10897:
10663:
10567:
10392:
10344:
10308:
9648:
9511:"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941"
9129:
8926:
8703:
8667:
8401:
8399:
8263:
7793:
7671:
7388:
5539:. Most eastern and central European countries fell into
5439:; north-east Romania, parts of eastern Finland, and the
5228:
by 3 May. Chinese forces started a counterattack in the
5190:
was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history.
4835:
on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a
4568:. This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the
26339:
19804:
World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study
19029:
Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945
17835:
Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943–56
17563:
Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945
17318:
Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History
15085:
War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy: 1943–1948
14986:
The Cambridge History of Russia – The Twentieth Century
14504:
13510:(4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916.
12547:
11829:
11423:
10921:
10861:
10837:
10809:
10797:
10603:
10471:
9606:
9594:
9005:
8993:
8981:
8850:
8727:
8571:
8483:
8330:
8026:
7947:
6161:
5668:
in 1949. In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the
5026:, and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops
3678:
2913:
After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened
2883:; small shares of Polish territory were transferred to
2731:
1998:
radical, racially motivated revision of the world order
1982:
unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government
21886:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
20458:
A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45
18700:
Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43
17206:
Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000).
16680:
Forrest, Glen; Evans, Anthony; Gibbons, David (2012).
13778:. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No. 4, (in Russian). See also
12795:. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from
12035:
Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)
11594:
11005:
10742:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10675:
10651:
10615:
10284:
10128:
9994:
9372:
9348:
9252:
9117:
8873:"Major international events of 1940, with explanation"
8838:
8643:
8108:"Major international events of 1939, with explanation"
7899:
7769:
7488:
7452:
7424:
7317:"Historical Context: The Global Effect of World War I"
6082:
of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for murdering about 6
6010:
existed before or during World War II. The USAAF
5828:(including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and
4998:
river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine
4898:, winning major engagements against Chinese forces at
4859:
denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a
4795:
and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups
3130:
July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany.
2621:
in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the
2478:
2455:
had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and
2251:, or AOI); in addition it exposed the weakness of the
2177:
20599:
German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans
20169:
Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration
17377:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
15944:
The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945
15783:
France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation
14406:
IEE Proceedings – Science, Measurement and Technology
12789:"World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945)"
12569:. United States Department of State. 7 January 2008.
12423:
12345:
10579:
10543:
10495:
10483:
10447:
10320:
10296:
9444:
9384:
9336:
9228:
9065:
8950:
8739:
8679:
8631:
8607:
8595:
8396:
7959:
7805:
7611:
7599:
7265:
Why Japan and Russia never signed a WWII peace treaty
5712:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
5372:
The Allies established occupation administrations in
4722:
to control territory in Poland and combat the Polish
4589:
an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India
4232:
Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943)
3313:
advancing across the North African desert, April 1941
3275:
Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
3214:. In September the United States further agreed to a
2815:
On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of
2558:
to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939,
2004:. France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy,
1374:. The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of
21156:
21094:
Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre
20229:
19677:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
18837:
Neary, Ian (1992). "Japan". In Martin Harrop (ed.).
17478:
Workers at War: Labor in China's Arsenals, 1937–1953
17454:
Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union
16905:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
16225:
War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
14882:
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56
14737:
Insights Ias – Simplifying Upsc Ias Exam Preparation
14385:
14373:
12926:
Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005).
11089:
11077:
11029:
10885:
10639:
10507:
10459:
9570:
9432:
9420:
9324:
9312:
9276:
8820:
8390:
8318:
8126:
7971:
7647:
7635:
7623:
7125:
6918:
5722:
lasted until 1973. Recovery began with the mid-1948
4491:
German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By
4290:
In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a
2962:
Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region
2556:
secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy
2410:
In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their
2366:. From September to November, the Japanese attacked
2320:
2293:. More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the
20866:; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy
20822:
Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World
20512:
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II
19177:
Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
18765:———; Millett, Allan Reed (2001).
18533:Milward, A.S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg".
16679:
15108:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
13661:
12597:
12523:
12483:
11916:
11817:
11693:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy"
11284:
11167:
10711:
10178:"The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942"
9264:
7536:
7220:
6448:more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.
6040:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
5660:In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed
4340:
3771:again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces.
3164:Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy
2440:
20975:
20918:Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished
20166:
20120:
19297:Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction
19002:———; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1999).
17636:The Italian Army 1940–45, Volume 2: Africa 1940–43
16658:
16407:"Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note"
16222:
15966:
14958:
12977:
12447:
12161:
12027:
12025:
11344:
11242:
11101:
11053:
10687:
7823:
7412:
7400:
7080:, p. 124; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965).
6634:of World War I, which had relied on improved
6334:killed an estimated 2.77 million ethnic Poles
5832:. Between 1941 and 1945, more than 200,000 ethnic
5625:in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed
4251:Exploiting poor American naval command decisions,
4099:Both plans started in July, but by mid-September,
3960:Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942
3899:
3743:Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale
2843:the last large operational unit of the Polish Army
1926:, and a democratic government, later known as the
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
24884:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
21162:: The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship
20848:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
20728:The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)
19781:American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle
19755:The War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive
19369:Germany and the Second World War – The Global War
16881:Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War
16775:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–1945
16187:
15342:Origins of the Cold War: An International History
14608:"The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine"
14476:"The Vital Role Of Tanks In The Second World War"
13940:
13928:
13264:
12883:
12591:
12471:
12333:
11805:
11435:
10238:"The Trident Conference – New Patterns: May 1943"
9288:
7175:
6255:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
5957:such weapons against civilians, and sometimes on
5174:, and other islands of the Philippines until the
4734:and watched passively as the Germans quelled the
4699:. In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the
4027:In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to
3237:formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the
3085:to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops
2972:to Hungary. In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded
2833:. On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a
2471:in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of
2028:; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an
27294:
21157:Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009).
20232:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
18984:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
18892:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press.
17088:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy
16773:Gardiner, Robert; Brown, David K., eds. (2004).
15419:The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945
15396:The British Army 1939–45, Volume 3: The Far East
14605:
13892:
13890:
13716:"Color photo of girl at Auschwitz strikes chord"
13678:
13676:
11928:
11904:
11583:
10208:"Casablanca – Beginning of an Era: January 1943"
9876:. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 29, 35.
8889:
8867:
8865:
8144:
7321:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
6205:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5044:American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river
4426:On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own
4400:. In April, the Allies launched an operation to
4283:on strategic targets, culminating in the failed
3605:. In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a
3574:and industrially-developed Eastern Ukraine (the
3333:, and neutralising several more warships at the
2615:guaranteed their support for Polish independence
2578:on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the
2270:
2059:. In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the
2020:The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the
1996:of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a
1336:Japan soon conquered much of the western Pacific
20627:Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies
20619:
20412:The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins
19001:
18816:The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins
18681:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945
17657:———; Andrew, Stephen (2002).
16592:
15831:China's Bitter Victory: War with Japan, 1937–45
15191:
14562:
14560:
14429:
14427:
14318:
14298:. Wigston, Leics: Silverdale Books. p. 7.
12357:
12070:
12022:
11985:
11940:
11618:
11606:
11374:
10993:
10791:
10375:Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004
9626:"Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 – July 1941"
9588:
9564:
8920:
8832:
8721:
6714:machines, the most well-known being the German
6022:Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour
4925:, one of the largest naval battles in history.
4909:and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the
4907:offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands
4791:In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into
4386:isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands
3708:in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American
3397:In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces
2829:. Remnants of the Polish army broke through to
2560:Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia
2034:goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe
20942:(1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941".
18767:A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War
17205:
16848:"Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943"
16724:
16404:
16270:
15362:
14983:
14677:
14646:
14644:
13958:
13858:
13856:
13090:Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War
12889:
12780:
12681:
12215:
12125:
12113:
11352:"Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation"
11290:
11137:
10939:
10110:
9735:
9733:
9702:
9700:
9198:
9196:
8772:
8770:
8196:
8102:
8100:
6976:
6953:
6406:Allies to Axis GDP ratio between 1938 and 1945
6212:, the number of Chinese released was only 56.
5502:in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its
5259:". During this conference, the United Kingdom
4591:, and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at
4325:In June 1943, the British and Americans began
4304:Anglo-American landings in French North Africa
4224:in their front line around the Soviet city of
4040:. Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier
3731:, but was repulsed by late September. Despite
3601:prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its
3317:In December 1940, British Empire forces began
3216:trade of American destroyers for British bases
3032:British discontent over the Norwegian campaign
2538:and conceded this territory to Germany in the
2063:. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the
1770:to take place and resolved most post–World War
1243:" across Eastern Europe; in 1940, the Soviets
1188:, and it was preceded by events including the
26480:
26466:
25251:
25237:
24547:History of World War II by region and country
24531:
21240:
21051:(3rd ed.). London & Washington, DC:
20674:
20252:
18906:
18764:
18727:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945
18605:Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P. (2007).
18485:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
18092:
16772:
16351:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"
15964:
15627:
15192:Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007).
14578:
14566:
14433:
14391:
14379:
14367:
14281:
14241:
14018:
14016:
13887:
13673:
13364:
13265:Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard (2015).
12963:
12441:
12369:
11719:
11668:The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II
11499:
9023:
8862:
8625:
8417:
8372:, pp. 563–64, 566, 568–69, 574–75 (1983 ed.).
7881:
7518:
6521:Advances were made in nearly every aspect of
6359:
6158:Prisoner identity photograph of a Polish girl
5876:and other Polish units, in reprisal attacks.
5224:in March, and the British pushed on to reach
5061:capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the
4413:attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge
4189:and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while
3964:By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally
3859:attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor
2987:
2451:In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in
1664:
1059:
581:
567:
20892:
20648:
20596:
20277:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
19418:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
19026:
18907:Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis (2000).
18787:
18252:
18208:
17908:Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival
17832:
17656:
17501:History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
17034:"The greatest military armada ever launched"
16682:The Illustrated Timeline of Military History
16541:
16465:
16405:———; Maksudov, S. (1994).
16064:
15316:
14593:
14589:
14587:
14572:
14557:
14424:
14319:Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005).
14275:
14204:
13093:. New York: Tylor and Francis. p. 155.
12959:
12957:
12675:
12351:
12173:
12155:
11737:
11600:
11481:
11392:
10879:
10855:
10736:
10705:
9666:
9552:
8697:
8357:
8069:
8067:
7506:
6600:proved effective against German submarines.
5970:hundreds of thousands of political prisoners
5760:
5302:. On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor
4929:Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945)
4746:was also quelled by the Germans. The Soviet
4382:eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians
4162:, and then in June 1942 launched their main
4126:
4096:, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.
3405:. Between June and July, British-led forces
3394:, which continued until the end of the war.
3268:
3145:started in August but its failure to defeat
1739:from May to September 1939. Others view the
1085:(1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a
20970:
20432:
18604:
18275:
18126:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945
17590:The British Empire and the Second World War
17065:The Holocaust in Italian Culture, 1944–2010
16542:Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (2012) .
15339:
14936:Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout
14801:
14641:
14343:
14293:
14235:
13853:
13020:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
12746:. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. p.
12429:
12381:
12283:
11851:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring 2007), pp. 162–79.
11670:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118.
11523:
10122:
10015:
9931:. Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack.
9833:. p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary.
9730:
9697:
9533:
9193:
8767:
8507:
8138:
8097:
7941:
7826:"The Forgotten Soviet-Japanese War of 1939"
7470:
6014:, killing 393,000 civilians, including the
5670:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
5034:and swept across western Germany capturing
4957:a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes
4394:neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk
4210:encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad
3784:planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East
3761:culminated in armed clashes in January 1941
3344:to North Africa; at the end of March 1941,
2647:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
1797:
1332:European Axis powers declared war on the US
26473:
26459:
25244:
25230:
24538:
24524:
21247:
21233:
21074:. Bowling Green University Popular Press.
21049:The Evolution of the United Nations System
20059:
19435:
18608:United Nations in the Twenty-First Century
18512:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War
18424:Japanese Relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987
18369:
18232:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
16124:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory
16074:The Reader's Companion to Military History
15579:Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James L. (2005).
15578:
15550:; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.;
15363:Bosworth, Richard; Maiolo, Joseph (2015).
14650:
14079:
14077:
14046:. 204, Democracy and the Americas: 42–48.
14013:
13597:
12907:
12739:
12627:
12137:
11866:
11750:Poirier, Michel Thomas (20 October 1999).
11589:
11184:
11182:
11160:, pp. 10–11), and is capped with the
11017:
10963:
10078:
9202:
7683:
7442:
7090:, p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003).
6557:. Carriers were also more economical than
6506:also advanced, including defences such as
6452:Advances in technology and its application
5938:used a variety of such weapons during its
5883:Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the
5606:—would be accompanied by an unprecedented
4833:liberation of the capital city of Belgrade
4821:increasingly successful guerrilla campaign
4572:region. By late May 1944, the Soviets had
4517:From November 1943, during the seven-week
3149:forced the indefinite postponement of the
3139:Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours
3030:, Norway was conquered within two months.
2925:with military invasion, forcing the three
2562:and subsequently split it into the German
2362:support, effectively ending China's prior
1942:seized power in Italy with a nationalist,
1671:
1657:
1360:invaded German-occupied France at Normandy
1121:of population centres and delivery of the
1066:
1052:
574:
560:
20336:
19858:. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing.
19544:
19072:
18859:
18629:
18229:
17950:
17731:
17706:
17499:Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang, Ming-kai (1971).
17133:
17003:
16041:
16013:"The Volunteer Armies of Northeast China"
15851:
15657:
15581:Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress
15344:(2nd ed.). Abingdon & New York:
15298:(3rd ed.). Abingdon & New York:
15293:
15163:
15128:
14956:
14879:
14851:
14700:
14606:Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006).
14584:
14532:
14522:
14151:
13762:
13753:, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 1017–49
13138:(1). Croatian Institute of History: 117.
12954:
12824:Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century
12603:
12553:
12529:
12363:
12339:
12076:
12031:
11991:
11964:
11946:
11835:
11823:
11517:
11409:. Kluwer Law International. p. 426.
11173:
10951:
10669:
9964:
9414:
9378:
9258:
9169:
9157:
8804:
8489:
8284:The American Journal of International Law
8281:
8207:
8064:
7857:"Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War"
7854:
7394:
7073:
6016:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
5964:The Soviet Union was responsible for the
5793:and during the final battles in Germany.
5697:industrial disarmament in Western Germany
4626:
4578:largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine
4138:soldiers on the counterattack during the
4052:in Alaska. In mid-May, Japan started the
3034:led to the resignation of Prime Minister
2067:, which Italy joined the following year.
1776:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
1760:peace treaty between Japan and the Allies
1743:as the start or prelude to World War II.
1715:on 3 October 1935. The British historian
1382:and the Soviet Union, culminating in the
1380:invasion of Germany by the Western Allies
1324:in Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific
21205:West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War
21069:
20915:
20842:
20253:Smith, Winston; Steadman, Ralph (2004).
19853:
19570:
19389:
19268:
19081:
18697:
18253:Lindberg, Michael; Todd, Daniel (2001).
18185:
17762:Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s
17680:Jukes, Geoffrey (2001). "Kuznetzov". In
17498:
17182:
16684:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.
16653:
16518:
16488:
16157:
15991:
15965:Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000).
15828:
15803:
15523:
15487:
15216:
14822:
14635:
14163:
14139:
14083:
13996:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006
13922:
13807:"Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines"
13252:
13163:"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres"
12517:
12513:
12453:
11995:Political Migrations in Poland 1939–1948
11811:
11565:
11532:, pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330
11407:Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995
11272:
11248:
11230:
11212:
11149:
11107:
11071:
11059:
11047:
10975:
10609:
10573:
10398:
10350:
10314:
9976:
9828:
9654:
9612:
9600:
9462:
9306:
9135:
9083:
8944:
8932:
8792:
8649:
8637:
8565:
8517:Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936–40
8501:
8405:
8223:
8032:
7953:
7763:
7677:
7430:
6924:
6856:
6602:
6461:
6290:
6266:
6152:
6059:
6018:, and destroying 65% of built-up areas.
5878:
5776:
5516:
5352:
5192:
4932:
4768:
4630:
4475:
4445:On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies
4344:
4235:
4130:
3955:
3796:
3721:Japanese-American relations deteriorated
3688:
3580:
3438:and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green:
3426:
3300:
2997:
2968:on Romania which led to the transfer of
2893:
2741:
2588:
2482:
2330:
2187:
1957:
1803:
21142:. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.
20721:
20698:
20597:Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998).
20255:All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3
19920:
19895:
19824:
19801:
19751:
19697:
19671:
19640:
19620:Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies
19617:
19527:The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders
19294:
19049:
18839:Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies
18810:
18790:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945
18652:
18578:
18555:
18532:
18478:
18398:
18346:
18046:
17879:
17855:
17808:
17584:
17450:
17427:
17338:
17164:(2nd ed.). London & New York:
16818:
16698:
16622:
16322:
15941:
15721:
15695:
15601:
15393:
15246:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
15105:
14266:Klavans, Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997
14133:
14074:
13946:
13934:
13713:
13652:
13557:Journal of Women in Culture and Society
13525:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70.
13520:
13119:
12874:
12786:
12700:
12651:
12639:
12489:
12375:
12149:
12131:
12119:
11899:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
11886:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
11749:
11577:
11441:
11179:
11129:
11119:
10927:
10867:
10843:
10815:
10803:
10748:
10621:
10489:
10477:
10410:
10362:
9940:
9910:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9869:
9858:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9845:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9775:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
9438:
9426:
9330:
9282:
9246:
9175:
9163:
9059:
9047:
9035:
9011:
8999:
8972:
8856:
8844:
8733:
8613:
8601:
8462:
8445:. Frank Cass Publishers, Portland, OR.
8369:
8227:
8148:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
7905:
7893:
7775:
7665:
7494:
7458:
7242:. usa.usembassy.de. 12 September 1990.
7115:
7023:Hett, Benjamin Carter (1 August 1996).
7004:World War II: America at war, 1941–1945
7001:Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen (1991)
6807:oil pipelines under the English Channel
6366:Military production during World War II
5714:(IBRD), which later became part of the
5328:on the deck of the American battleship
5170:in March. Fighting continued on Luzon,
4720:Polish Committee of National Liberation
3486:, with Germany accusing the Soviets of
3374:; however, the Yugoslav government was
3104:France signed an armistice with Germany
2798:cautious French probe into the Saarland
1922:The German Empire was dissolved in the
1316:dominate East Asia and the Asia-Pacific
1239:had partitioned Poland and marked out "
1231:on Germany on 3 September. Under their
1125:ever used in war. World War II was the
14:
27295:
23094:
23072:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
21137:
21114:
21088:
20895:Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare
20869:
20816:
20571:
20548:
20532:
20509:
20409:
20370:
20297:
20271:
20090:
19872:
19458:
19436:Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (2002) .
19340:
19245:
19222:
19148:
18887:
18720:
18675:
18506:
18421:
18321:
18149:"Japanese Plans and American Defenses"
18123:
17904:
17782:
17756:
17740:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
17715:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
17633:
17524:Ingram, Norman (2006). "Pacifism". In
17523:
17475:
17315:
17294:Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea
17270:Kursk 1943: The Tide Turns in the East
17228:
17156:
17062:
17028:
16970:
16945:
16926:
16901:
16878:
16842:
16795:
16345:
16117:
16094:
16010:
15137:
15131:The Middle East: Crossroads of History
15057:
15029:
15006:
14933:
14323:. New York: Main Street. p. 180.
14253:
14216:
14096:
14007:
13835:
13811:American Experience: the Bataan Rescue
13793:
13376:
13125:
13086:
12975:
12856:from the original on 22 September 2008
12663:
12541:
12501:
12465:
12167:
12143:
12041:. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences.
11922:
11910:
11860:
11776:
11624:
11553:
11541:
11529:
11493:
11429:
11404:
11326:Museum of the Slovak National Uprising
11308:
11296:
11260:
11200:
11188:
11157:
11123:
11095:
11083:
11035:
11023:
11011:
10903:
10831:
10827:
10681:
10657:
10633:
10597:
10585:
10561:
10537:
10525:
10501:
10338:
10266:
10134:
9797:
9741:"The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941"
9493:
9450:
9402:
9354:
9342:
9318:
9270:
9187:
9147:
9123:
9071:
8987:
8816:
8776:
8757:
8709:
8673:
8577:
8513:
8429:
8336:
8324:
8269:
8219:
8202:
8046:"The German Campaign In Poland (1939)"
7989:
7965:
7929:
7917:
7811:
7787:
7689:
7629:
7617:
7605:
7593:
7530:
7482:
7446:
7378:
7226:
7131:
7096:. Barron's Educational Series. p. 236
7087:
7077:
6630:changed from the static frontlines of
6345:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
6044:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
5267:replaced Churchill as Prime Minister.
5111:, in what would later be known as the
4992:Western Allies entered western Germany
4752:strategic offensive in eastern Romania
4726:; the Soviet Red Army remained in the
4687:, and the Western Allies continued to
4434:, but the Soviets broke through it at
4166:against southern Russia, to seize the
3990:resistance by Filipino and U.S. forces
3951:
3417:Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)
2752:tearing down the border crossing into
1768:reunification of East and West Germany
1754:on 2 September 1945, which officially
1477:
27453:Wars involving the Dominican Republic
26454:
25225:
24519:
23943:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
23375:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
23021:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
22977:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
22082:Rape during the occupation of Germany
21228:
21046:
20893:Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M.K. (2002).
20751:
20478:
20455:
20215:(5th ed.). Manchester: Goodall.
20213:Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta
20210:
20191:
20164:
20118:
20016:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
19987:
19945:
19523:
19317:
19197:
19171:
18980:
18959:
18931:
18836:
18298:
18151:. In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.).
18146:
18102:The Cambridge History of the Cold War
18018:
17679:
17556:
17503:(2nd ed.). Chung Wu Publishers.
17430:Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45
17290:
17267:
17085:
16564:
16453:from the original on 13 February 2022
16273:Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature
16217:
15918:
15890:
15752:
15676:
15464:
15439:
15317:Bonner, Kit; Bonner, Carolyn (2001).
15267:
15082:
14902:
14617:from the original on 28 December 2018
14445:
14403:
14355:
14188:
14034:
13789:
13682:
13667:
13495:
13315:
13142:from the original on 17 November 2015
13074:
12901:
12727:
12687:
12477:
12387:
12289:
12245:from the original on 15 December 2021
12221:
11665:
11636:
11612:
11380:
11224:
11141:
11041:
10999:
10987:
10915:
10891:
10779:
10693:
10549:
10453:
10326:
10302:
10278:
10093:from the original on 14 December 2013
9988:
9777:. HarperPerennial. pp. 399–414.
9497:
9390:
9234:
9217:from the original on 14 December 2013
8968:
8956:
8745:
8685:
8661:
8471:from the original on 19 December 2021
8132:
7977:
7863:from the original on 24 November 2005
7824:Goldman, Stuart D. (28 August 2012).
7799:
7653:
7641:
7542:
7418:
7119:
6954:Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015).
6660:advances continued throughout the war
6086:million Jews in what is now known as
6052:Soviet war crimes § World War II
5978:mass civilian deportations to Siberia
5474:in 1948 as a common standard for all
5472:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5335:on 2 September 1945, ending the war.
4554:halted on the pre-war Estonian border
4540:that expelled German forces from the
4374:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3659:By early December, freshly mobilised
3628:By October, Axis powers had achieved
3498:of ending the 1941 campaign near the
3432:European theatre of World War II
3388:invasion of the Greek island of Crete
2964:. In August 1940, Hitler imposed the
2951:some Finnish concessions of territory
2006:allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia
555:
36:The Second World War (disambiguation)
27698:Wars involving the Republic of China
26551:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
23065:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
22097:Rape during the liberation of France
21117:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
21023:
21000:
20938:
20793:
20196:. Institute for Economic Democracy.
20145:
20036:
20010:
19899:Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man
19778:
19725:
19596:
19497:
19414:
19363:
19106:
18788:Myers, Ramon; Peattie, Mark (1987).
18752:from the original on 24 January 2022
18558:War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945
17979:
17610:
17404:
17370:
17345:Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945
17108:
16747:
16299:
16247:
16167:The Oxford Companion to World War II
15681:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
15628:Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis (1995).
15417:British Bombing Survey Unit (1998).
15416:
15170:Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945
14858:Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps
14448:The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare
14294:Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004).
14269:
14221:. United Nations Pubns. p. 23.
14200:
14058:from the original on 26 January 2024
14040:"The Struggle for Mineral Resources"
14022:
13983:
13904:from the original on 30 October 2004
13714:Pearson, Alexander (19 March 2018).
13614:from the original on 17 January 2011
13560:, 2006, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 996–1025
13501:
13339:
13160:
12994:from the original on 10 October 2017
12913:
12615:
12567:"The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944"
12179:
11934:
11872:
11725:
11690:
11505:
11236:
10724:
10645:
10513:
10465:
10386:
10290:
10158:from the original on 9 November 2012
10079:Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944),
10050:
10000:
9952:
9751:from the original on 9 November 2012
9681:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939
9678:
9576:
9521:from the original on 14 January 2022
9515:U.S. Department of State Publication
9294:
9203:Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944),
8589:
7722:
7406:
7345:
7208:from the original on 1 February 2022
7022:
6376:
6304:civilian victims in the Soviet Union
6090:. They also murdered an additional 4
6012:bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities
4969:pushing from the Vistula to the Oder
4919:invaded the Filipino island of Leyte
4738:initiated by the Armia Krajowa. The
4710:") that nearly destroyed the German
4279:. On the Continent, raids of Allied
4092:, as a first step towards capturing
3836:in his place, choosing War Minister
3679:War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)
3340:Italian defeats prompted Germany to
3321:against Italian forces in Egypt and
3051:launched an offensive against France
2858:clandestine state apparatus remained
2732:War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940)
2709:
2015:
1416:invasion of the Japanese archipelago
1372:captured key western Pacific islands
1176:included unresolved tensions in the
199:1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945
21191:West Point Maps of the European War
20538:The Origins of the Second World War
19875:The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later
19766:from the original on 4 January 2022
19733:(Revised ed.). Baltimore, MD:
18910:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
18444:
18069:
16949:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944
16828:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
16042:Cook, Chris; Bewes, Diccon (1997).
15239:
13847:
13514:
13388:
13327:
13230:. The University of Hawaii System.
13221:
12203:from the original on 5 October 2023
10054:
9798:Kitano, Ryuichi (6 December 2021).
9769:
9636:from the original on 6 January 2013
7744:
7360:from the original on 14 August 2021
7281:
6942:Rowman & Littlefield Publishing
6310:In the East, the intended gains of
5951:early conflicts against the Soviets
5820:, at least 1.9 million ethnic
5623:administered Japan's former islands
5617:In Asia, the United States led the
5188:bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March
5030:, while the Western Allies finally
4874:, pushing the Japanese back to the
4760:a successful coup d'état in Romania
3767:. In September, Japan attempted to
3755:; in retaliation, Japan instituted
3522:dispossessing the native population
3263:territory ceded to the Soviet Union
3151:proposed German invasion of Britain
3143:German campaign for air superiority
3024:Denmark capitulated after six hours
2564:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2546:to Hungary, and Poland annexed the
2479:European occupations and agreements
2178:Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)
1864:To prevent a future world war, the
1438:, marking the end of the conflict.
121:From top to bottom, left to right:
24:
26520:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
23291:German invasion of the Netherlands
21571:Weather events during World War II
20978:Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision
20678:; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004).
19248:An A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789
18938:War and Economy in the Third Reich
18325:The United States and World War II
18049:Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move
17208:The German Soldier in World War II
15526:Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000
15377:. pp. 313–314. Archived from
14805:The Making of the Second World War
14486:from the original on 25 March 2022
13862:
13776:On repatriation of Soviet citizens
13728:from the original on 19 March 2018
13683:Marek, Michael (27 October 2005).
13234:from the original on 23 March 2010
12932:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
12573:from the original on 17 April 2022
12411:from the original on 24 March 2023
11703:from the original on 23 March 2017
11358:from the original on 30 April 2011
10188:from the original on 30 April 2013
9890:from the original on 15 March 2024
9810:from the original on 17 April 2022
9541:Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War
8902:from the original on 30 April 2013
8114:from the original on 10 March 2013
7157:from the original on 16 April 2021
6815:developed, mass-produced, and used
6695:in urban and jungle settings. The
6638:that outmatched the speed of both
6281:annexed portions of Czechoslovakia
5724:currency reform in Western Germany
5197:Japanese foreign affairs minister
5012:encircling the German Army Group B
4730:district on the other side of the
4716:another Soviet strategic offensive
4651:On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as
4566:re-establish national independence
3233:At the end of September 1940, the
3184:scored a significant victory on 27
3012:Germany invaded Denmark and Norway
2800:. The Western Allies also began a
2723:Diplomatic history of World War II
2412:first major victory at Taierzhuang
1879:Despite strong pacifist sentiment
1318:, and by 1937 was at war with the
25:
27749:
27708:Wars involving the United Kingdom
26435:Western European and Others Group
23922:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
21184:
20433:Sumner, Ian; Baker, Alix (2001).
19110:(1993). "Why Japan Surrendered".
17112:Modern Japan: A Historical Survey
15994:The Story of the Second World War
15273:World War Two: A Military History
14743:from the original on 11 July 2022
14511:Journal of Evolutionary Economics
14168:. Diane Publishing. p. 203.
14117:from the original on 7 March 2023
13469:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–.
13267:The Routledge History of Genocide
13203:from the original on 24 June 2018
13173:from the original on 21 June 2018
13107:from the original on 7 March 2023
13056:from the original on 3 March 2013
12830:from the original on 7 March 2011
12817:
11643:. Scott Andrew Selby. p. 8.
11285:Forrest, Evans & Gibbons 2012
10435:from the original on 19 July 2019
10034:. New York: Viking. pp. 256–257.
8879:from the original on 25 May 2013.
8538:from the original on 7 March 2023
8463:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015).
8165:from the original on 7 March 2023
7836:from the original on 29 June 2015
7737:Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny.
7710:from the original on 7 March 2023
7575:from the original on 7 March 2023
7327:from the original on 4 March 2024
7314:
7055:from the original on 7 March 2023
6259:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
5836:, along with Roma and Jews, were
5117:Total and unconditional surrender
4451:Italy's armistice with the Allies
4298:. A few months later, the Allies
4200:By mid-November, the Germans had
3671:, allowed the Soviets to begin a
3607:military alliance against Germany
3292:incursion into British-held Egypt
2716:List of timelines of World War II
2506:pictured just before signing the
2321:Japanese invasion of China (1937)
2243:into the newly created colony of
2172:
2047:Hitler defied the Versailles and
1764:treaty regarding Germany's future
1484:List of timelines of World War II
1414:on 9 August. Faced with imminent
27713:Wars involving the United States
24482:
21254:
21219:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts
19468:. Diane Publishing. p. 50.
18278:Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940
18276:Lowe, C.J.; Marzari, F. (2002).
18072:Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing
16029:from the original on 11 May 2012
14802:Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1992).
14755:
14725:
14709:. Air University. Archived from
14694:
14671:
14629:
14599:
14498:
14468:
14439:
14397:
14361:
14349:
14337:
14312:
14287:
14259:
14247:
14210:
14194:
14182:
14157:
14145:
14089:
14028:
14001:
13989:
13977:
13964:
13952:
13916:
13841:
13829:
13799:
13768:
13756:
13743:
13707:
13691:. Deutsche Welle. Archived from
13646:
13626:
13591:
13563:
13548:
13529:
13457:
13436:
13426:
13394:
13382:
13370:
13358:
13333:
13321:
13309:
13283:
13258:
13246:
13215:
13185:
13154:
13080:
13068:
13036:
13006:
12979:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
12976:Snyder, Timothy (16 July 2009).
12969:
12942:from the original on 16 May 2016
12919:
12895:
12868:
12842:
12811:
12764:
12733:
12721:
12704:A Companion to Europe Since 1945
12693:
12669:
12657:
12645:
12633:
12621:
12609:
12585:
12559:
12535:
12507:
12495:
12459:
12435:
12393:
12267:. United Nations. Archived from
12257:
12227:
12185:
12058:from the original on 20 May 2014
11891:
11878:
11854:
11841:
11770:
11731:
11684:
11659:
11637:Selby, Scott A. (28 July 2021).
11630:
11559:
11547:
11535:
11511:
11487:
11475:
11447:
11398:
11386:
11332:from the original on 19 May 2020
11314:
11302:
11278:
11266:
11254:
11218:
11206:
11194:
11113:
11065:
10969:
10909:
10821:
10754:
10404:
10380:
10368:
10356:
10248:from the original on 25 May 2013
10230:
10218:from the original on 25 May 2013
10200:
10170:
10140:
10072:
10060:
10044:
10021:
9982:
9970:
9946:
9934:
9915:
9902:
9863:
9850:
9837:
9822:
9791:
9763:
9718:from the original on 25 May 2013
9672:
9618:
9503:
9487:
9456:
9396:
9077:
8962:
8883:
8821:Zetterling & Tamelander 2009
8810:
8798:
8251:from the original on 20 May 2022
8052:from the original on 24 May 2014
7182:The International History Review
6992:Transaction Publishers pp. 7, 30
6878:
6431:, and Germany's late shift to a
6381:
6094:million others who were deemed "
6069:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
5940:invasion and occupation of China
5830:other ethnic and minority groups
5296:southern part of Sakhalin Island
5203:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
5131:, to be effective by the end of
4865:fight their former German allies
4756:considerable German troops there
4701:last major German defensive line
4341:Allies gain momentum (1943–1944)
4300:commenced an attack of their own
4294:and, at a high cost, managed to
4292:second attack against El Alamein
4117:offensive into the Arakan region
3656:of the war in Europe had ended.
3434:animation map, 1939–1945 – Red:
3279:In early June 1940, the Italian
2939:The Soviet Union invaded Finland
2738:European theatre of World War II
2613:, the United Kingdom and France
2447:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2441:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2079:(KMT) party in China launched a
1986:became the Chancellor of Germany
1719:views the beginning of World War
1099:Nearly all the world's countries
446:
434:
422:
398:
386:
374:
362:
111:
102:
91:
82:
71:
62:
27703:Wars involving the Soviet Union
20374:Journal of Contemporary History
19991:Journal of Contemporary History
19952:Journal of Contemporary History
19873:Schain, Martin A., ed. (2001).
19153:(New ed.). Cambridge, MA:
19060:The Journal of American History
18556:——— (1992) .
18212:History of the Second World War
17833:Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995).
17232:Journal of Contemporary History
17004:Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004).
15992:Commager, Henry Steele (2004).
15557:The Logic of Political Survival
13483:from the original on 4 May 2024
13297:from the original on 7 May 2022
13293:. HistoryNet. 6 November 2017.
13024:from the original on 7 May 2016
12101:from the original on 3 May 2018
11973:from the original on 3 May 2018
11647:from the original on 4 May 2024
11322:"Slovak National Uprising 1944"
9088:, Routledge, pp. 119–126,
8619:
8550:
8456:
8435:
8375:
8342:
8275:
8233:
8213:
8180:
8085:from the original on 5 May 2016
8038:
7983:
7848:
7817:
7731:
7548:
7524:
7436:
7339:
7308:
7305:declaration enters into force "
7258:
7246:from the original on 7 May 2012
7232:
7169:
7137:
7067:
6298:hanged by the German army. The
5789:and 40 million civilians.
5419:were taken over by Poland, and
5288:invaded Japanese-held Manchuria
5216:In May 1945, Australian troops
5162:by the end of April 1945. They
4499:and Winston Churchill met with
4421:ousting and arrest of Mussolini
4333:" the civilian population. The
3900:Axis advance stalls (1942–1943)
3494:, Moscow and Ukraine, with the
3456:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2956:In June 1940, the Soviet Union
2864:and Latvia; many of them later
2774:Polish defenses at Westerplatte
2714:For a chronological guide, see
1868:was established in 1920 by the
1750:), rather than with the formal
1703:on 7 July 1937, or the earlier
1618:Battle of Europe air operations
1472:economic recovery and expansion
1364:regained its territorial losses
1305:an invasion of the Soviet Union
1117:, with the latter enabling the
27693:Wars involving the Philippines
27688:Wars involving the Netherlands
24169:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
21879:Territorial changes of Germany
21787:Indonesian National Revolution
21115:——— (2002).
20549:——— (1979).
19735:Johns Hopkins University Press
19276:. Basingstoke & New York:
19229:Johns Hopkins University Press
19055:"Oil and the American Century"
18981:——— (2004).
18960:——— (1995).
17880:——— (2007).
17732:——— (2000).
16977:Combined Arms Research Library
16971:——— (2005).
16946:——— (2002).
16927:——— (2001).
16902:——— (1998).
16879:——— (1989).
16852:Combined Arms Research Library
16519:——— (2003).
16466:Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002).
15925:University of California Press
15923:. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
15701:Democracy in Europe: A History
15630:"Concepts in Submarine Design"
15175:University of California Press
15173:. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
15058:——— (2012).
14880:——— (2012).
14701:Rowe, Neil C.; Rothstein, Hy.
14653:"Code Breaking in World War I"
14613:. controlarms.org. p. 1.
13751:The American Historical Review
13410:. 27 July 2004. Archived from
12740:Genzberger, Christine (1994).
9543:. History Today. December 2000
8568:, pp. 367, 376, 379, 417.
8443:The Soviet Invasion of Finland
8187:The UK declared war on Germany
7016:
6995:
6990:Imperial Japan's World War Two
6982:
6947:
6930:
6884:Reparations were exacted from
6862:
6849:
6470:launched from a fixed site in
6458:Technology during World War II
6370:Home front during World War II
6330:mass atrocities and war crimes
6251:Resistance during World War II
6004:international humanitarian law
5756:Historiography of World War II
5184:a massive firebombing campaign
5109:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
4961:along the French-German border
4525:and tried to outflank it with
3190:sinking the German battleship
2868:in other theatres of the war.
2597:(right) and the Soviet leader
2356:non-aggression pact with China
1924:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1705:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1404:dropped the first atomic bombs
1392:German unconditional surrender
1190:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
13:
1:
27443:Wars involving Czechoslovakia
23569:Japanese invasion of Thailand
23520:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
23284:German invasion of Luxembourg
21665:Mediterranean and Middle East
20343:The English Historical Review
19704:The Penguin History of Europe
19027:O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001).
18630:Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007).
18611:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO:
18322:Maddox, Robert James (1992).
18301:The Chinese Civil War 1945–49
18215:(4th ed.). London: Pan.
18159:US Government Printing Office
17735:Coming Apart, Coming Together
17707:Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999).
17451:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006).
17115:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO:
16285:10.1525/lal.1991.3.2.02a00030
15421:. London & Portland, OR:
14825:The Pacific Historical Review
14788:
14446:Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1982).
13900:. Library of Congress. 1992.
12592:DeLong & Eichengreen 1993
10990:, pp. 211, 235, 267–268.
9831:Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō
9367:Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003
8191:France followed 6 hours later
7859:. MilitaryHistoryOnline.com.
7194:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640449
7093:American History the Easy Way
6240:
5840:by the Axis-aligned Croatian
5787:20 million military personnel
5676:marked the escalation of the
5649:and the United States in the
5585:tension with the Soviet Union
5445:annexed into the Soviet Union
5437:2 million Poles were expelled
5180:United States Army Air Forces
4697:failed to cross the Rur river
4121:insertion of irregular forces
3910:Declaration by United Nations
3729:first attack against Changsha
3392:Axis occupation of Yugoslavia
3342:deploy an expeditionary force
2760:On 1 September 1939, Germany
2401:capturing the capital Nanking
2271:Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
2219:) by the armed forces of the
2195:inspecting troops during the
1786:
1713:Italian invasion of Abyssinia
772:Mediterranean and Middle East
40:World War II (disambiguation)
27393:Wars involving British India
23476:Invasion of the Soviet Union
23165:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
22483:Independent State of Croatia
20796:Aerospace Propulsion Systems
20630:(4th ed.). Athens, GA:
20018:. Amsterdam & New York:
19854:Salecker, Gene Eric (2001).
18888:Neulen, Hans Werner (2000).
18653:Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007) .
18370:Mandelbaum, Michael (1988).
18347:Maingot, Anthony P. (1994).
18209:Liddell Hart, Basil (1977).
17932:Journal of Managerial Issues
17617:University Press of Kentucky
17611:Joes, Anthony James (2004).
17134:Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (1997).
17063:Gordon, Robert S.C. (2012).
16306:University Press of Kentucky
16254:University of Nebraska Press
15804:Chubarov, Alexander (2001).
15634:Journal of Applied Mechanics
14988:. Vol. III. Cambridge:
14957:Balabkins, Nicholas (1964).
14795:Bibliography of World War II
13813:. PBS Online. Archived from
13077:, pp. 158–160, 234–236.
12984:The New York Review of Books
12826:. Matthew White's Homepage.
12701:Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014).
11405:Wiktor, Christian L (1998).
10940:Hart, Hart & Hughes 2000
10053:, p. 157. According to
8592:, pp. 912–914, 917–920.
6912:
6646:, to increased mobility and
5734:. Italy also experienced an
5639:under Japanese colonial rule
5589:Communist uprising in Greece
5338:
5253:confirmed earlier agreements
4940:held in February 1945, with
4911:Battle of the Philippine Sea
4890:in mid-June and the city of
4635:American troops approaching
4546:most lethal siege in history
4506:and then with Joseph Stalin
4447:invaded the Italian mainland
4327:a strategic bombing campaign
4014:bombed the Allied naval base
3810:Japanese surprise air attack
3531:was preparing for strategic
3454:, the two powers signed the
3423:Eastern Front (World War II)
3288:conquered British Somaliland
2994:Western Front (World War II)
2643:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
2053:remilitarising the Rhineland
2044:in August of the same year.
1644:Surrender of the Axis armies
1458:, setting the stage for the
1089:between two coalitions: the
753:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
27668:Wars involving South Africa
27648:Wars involving Saudi Arabia
24460:End of World War II in Asia
24300:Western invasion of Germany
23807:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
23784:Second Battle of El Alamein
23354:Hundred Regiments Offensive
23326:Battle of the Mediterranean
23179:Italian invasion of Albania
21353:Air warfare of World War II
20920:. Abingdon & New York:
20850:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
20632:University of Georgia Press
20063:Journal of Military History
19802:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
19783:. Abingdon & New York:
19299:. Oxford & Malden, MA:
18536:The Economic History Review
18230:Lightbody, Bradley (2004).
18154:The Fall of the Philippines
17839:Manchester University Press
17818:. Oxford University Press.
17140:Kent State University Press
16883:. Abingdon & New York:
16626:Journal of Military History
16604:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
16372:10.1080/0966813022000017177
16327:. Vol. 13. Cambridge:
15900:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
15897:A Concise History of Greece
15528:. Oxford & Malden, MA:
15394:Brayley, Martin J. (2002).
15296:Mussolini and Fascist Italy
15294:Blinkhorn, Martin (2006) .
15275:. Abingdon & New York:
15217:Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999).
15089:University of Toronto Press
14651:Schoenherr, Steven (2007).
12936:University of South Florida
12504:, pp. 441–443, 464–68.
11754:. U.S. Navy. Archived from
11691:Long, Tony (9 March 2011).
11666:Chant, Christopher (1986).
10792:Thompson & Randall 2008
9589:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
9565:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
9469:. London: Pimlico. p.
8921:Bilhartz & Elliott 2007
8892:"Coordination With Britain"
8833:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
8722:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
8151:. Routledge. p. 1663.
7690:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009).
7029:Canadian Journal of History
6820:
6300:Russian Academy of Sciences
6217:East Asia Development Board
5953:. Both the Germans and the
5708:International Monetary Fund
5645:by the Soviet Union in the
5521:Post-war border changes in
5247:On 11 July, Allied leaders
5135:. German Army Group Centre
5051:stormed and captured Berlin
5018:against Soviet troops near
4665:German Army units in France
4271:in early May 1942. An Axis
4245:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
4105:northern part of the island
4050:occupy the Aleutian Islands
3927:to pursue. All agreed that
3916:and agreeing not to sign a
3851:United States Pacific Fleet
3834:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
3738:occupied northern Indochina
3715:in 1937, and the 1937–1938
3558:of a considerably depleted
3399:quashed an uprising in Iraq
3357:besieged the port of Tobruk
3284:attacked and besieged Malta
3124:the United Kingdom attacked
3053:. To circumvent the strong
2839:Soviet Union invaded Poland
2770:false flag border incidents
2661:and Lithuania for Germany;
2574:. Hitler also delivered an
2459:. The Japanese doctrine of
2307:generally favoured the Axis
2227:), which was launched from
2030:independent naval agreement
2010:Territory of the Saar Basin
2000:, and soon began a massive
1762:was signed in 1951. A 1990
1428:its unconditional surrender
1376:German-occupied territories
1131:70 to 85 million fatalities
1115:aircraft played major roles
10:
27754:
27468:Wars involving El Salvador
27187:Asia and the Pacific Group
24386:Naval bombardment of Japan
23754:First Battle of El Alamein
23673:Battle of Christmas Island
23618:Japanese invasion of Burma
23382:Italian invasion of Greece
23298:German invasion of Belgium
23270:German invasion of Denmark
23243:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
23112:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
21376:Comparative military ranks
21138:Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004).
21070:Zalampas, Michael (1989).
20852:Cambridge University Press
20658:Princeton University Press
20416:Cambridge University Press
20414:. Vol. I. Cambridge:
20387:10.1177/002200948702200202
19965:10.1177/002200947801300308
19921:Schoppa, R. Keith (2011).
19896:Schmitz, David F. (2000).
19624:Cambridge University Press
19398:Cambridge University Press
19206:Greenwood Publishing Group
18843:Cambridge University Press
18820:Cambridge University Press
18818:. Vol. I. Cambridge:
18794:Princeton University Press
18636:Cambridge University Press
18422:Masaya, Shiraishi (1990).
18378:Cambridge University Press
18192:Princeton University Press
18106:Cambridge University Press
17862:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
17766:Cambridge University Press
17659:The Japanese Army, 1931–45
17634:Jowett, Philip S. (2001).
17528:; Brian J. Reilly (eds.).
17476:Howard, Joshua H. (2004).
17291:Hearn, Chester G. (2007).
17245:10.1177/002200947801300102
17189:Cambridge University Press
16954:University Press of Kansas
16910:University Press of Kansas
16731:Cambridge University Press
16329:Cambridge University Press
15902:Cambridge University Press
15703:. Oxford & Malden MA:
15642:Cambridge University Press
15607:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
15440:Brody, J. Kenneth (1999).
15375:Cambridge University Press
15223:Greenwood Publishing Group
15147:Cambridge University Press
15129:Ben-Horin, Eliahu (1943).
15106:Bellamy, Chris T. (2007).
14990:Cambridge University Press
14792:
14164:Griffith, Charles (1999).
13959:Barber & Harrison 2006
13344:. Tuttle. pp. 75–77.
13269:. Routledge. p. 105.
13132:Review of Croatian History
12890:Ellman & Maksudov 1994
12294:The UDHR is viewable here
11354:. US Library of Congress.
11138:de Grazia & Paggi 1991
11062:, pp. 412–416, Map 38
10111:Bosworth & Maiolo 2015
7302:, page 2, 20 October 1956.
7176:Frank, Willard C. (1987).
6977:Förster & Gessler 2005
6964:Cambridge University Press
6827:Opposition to World War II
6455:
6363:
6360:Home fronts and production
6244:
6048:Nazi human experimentation
6025:
5976:secret police, along with
5915:implemented the policy in
5773:War crimes in World War II
5770:
5764:
5753:
5500:People's Republic of China
5342:
5274:on the Japanese cities of
5080:on 28 April. On 30 April,
4843:Hungary that lasted until
4754:cut off and destroyed the
4693:a major airborne operation
4550:following Soviet offensive
4471:main German defensive line
4411:. On 5 July 1943, Germany
4308:occupation of Vichy France
4168:oil fields of the Caucasus
4101:the Battle for Guadalcanal
3865:, as well as invasions of
3753:offensive in Central China
3747:in early 1940. In August,
3682:
3500:Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line
3420:
3272:
2991:
2988:Western Europe (1940–1941)
2854:Polish government-in-exile
2735:
2720:
2713:
2550:region of Czechoslovakia.
2444:
2352:Marco Polo Bridge incident
2324:
2274:
2235:. The war resulted in the
2205:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2184:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2181:
1917:
1847:Bolshevik seizure of power
1790:
1781:
1481:
1352:Allied invasions of Sicily
201:(6 years, 1 day)
149:atomic bombing of Nagasaki
29:
27733:Wars involving Yugoslavia
27598:Wars involving Montenegro
27583:Wars involving Luxembourg
27553:Wars involving Kazakhstan
27428:Wars involving Costa Rica
27192:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
27157:
26923:Southern/Eastern/Northern
26898:
26803:
26625:
26576:Asian and Pacific Theatre
26533:
26492:
26205:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
26185:
26103:
25940:
25775:
25646:Standard Average European
25514:
25343:
25263:
25166:
24917:
24780:
24734:
24656:
24553:
24475:
24307:Bratislava–Brno offensive
24247:
24238:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
23975:
23862:Allied invasion of Sicily
23816:
23722:Aleutian Islands campaign
23694:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
23641:
23632:Greek famine of 1941–1944
23527:Second Battle of Changsha
23432:German invasion of Greece
23400:
23277:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
23252:
23190:
23085:
22966:
22692:
22602:
22450:
22153:
22144:
21902:
21727:
21619:North and Central Pacific
21580:
21342:
21335:
21262:
21221:(July 1943 – August 1945)
20984:Stanford University Press
20916:Williams, Andrew (2006).
20771:10.1080/01436590220138378
20495:10.1017/S0018246X00026017
20314:10.1080/09668138608411636
20211:Smith, Peter C. (2002) .
19657:10.1080/09668139508412322
19603:. New York: W.W. Norton.
19421:. New York: W.W. Norton.
19345:. London & New York:
19322:. London & New York:
19250:. London & New York:
19223:Petrov, Vladimir (1967).
19149:Parker, Danny S. (2004).
18987:. New York: W.W. Norton.
18915:Columbia University Press
18698:Molinari, Andrea (2007).
18451:Pacific Historical Review
18234:. London & New York:
17996:10.1017/S0018246X00012747
17865:. New York: W.W. Norton.
17592:. London & New York:
17536:Columbia University Press
17482:Stanford University Press
17409:. London & New York:
17348:. London & New York:
17069:Stanford University Press
17036:. In Jane Penrose (ed.).
16756:Columbia University Press
16492:(2001). "Moskalenko". In
16470:. London & New York:
16428:10.1080/09668139408412190
15810:. London & New York:
15677:Busky, Donald F. (2002).
15469:. London & New York:
15066:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
15009:The Rape of Ethiopia 1936
14919:10.1080/09668139208412066
14767:American Chemical Society
14579:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14567:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14524:10.1007/s00191-009-0141-0
14434:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14392:Burcher & Rydill 1995
14380:Burcher & Rydill 1995
14368:Gardiner & Brown 2004
14282:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14242:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14217:Unidas, Naciones (2005).
13365:Tucker & Roberts 2004
13126:Geiger, Vladimir (2012).
12964:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000
12850:"World War II Fatalities"
12442:Leffler & Westad 2010
12077:Eberhardt, Piotr (2012).
12032:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011).
11992:Eberhardt, Piotr (2006).
11947:Eberhardt, Piotr (2015).
11791:10.1080/09700160108458986
9922:The United States Replies
9062:, pp. 208, 575, 604.
9024:Murray & Millett 2001
8626:Murray & Millett 2001
8418:Murray & Millett 2001
8145:David T. Zabecki (2015).
7882:Collier & Pedley 2000
7718:– via Google Books.
7519:Smith & Steadman 2004
7082:Asian and African Studies
6936:Wells, Anne Sharp (2014)
6347:, essentially a Japanese
5761:Casualties and war crimes
5749:
5462:In an effort to maintain
5345:Aftermath of World War II
5290:and quickly defeated the
5261:held its general election
5055:German forces surrendered
5053:in late April. In Italy,
4982:In February, the Soviets
4849:bitter Finnish resistance
4402:retake Western New Guinea
4214:Rzhev salient near Moscow
4127:Eastern Front (1942–1943)
4054:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3820:, Sunday 7 December 1941.
3769:take the city of Changsha
3673:massive counter-offensive
3376:overthrown two days later
3331:carrier attack at Taranto
3269:Mediterranean (1940–1941)
3176:against British shipping
3168:against an over-extended
3137:began in early July with
3049:On the same day, Germany
2802:naval blockade of Germany
2544:cede additional territory
2423:flooding the Yellow River
2419:was taken by the Japanese
2257:but the League did little
2249:Africa Orientale Italiana
2101:increasingly militaristic
1699:include the start of the
1685:German invasion of Poland
1639:United Kingdom home front
1492:Timelines of World War II
1362:, while the Soviet Union
1342:; Germany and Italy were
1283:of the UK, and the naval
1245:annexed the Baltic states
1161:tribunals were conducted
1129:in history, resulting in
592:
461:
346:
323:
310:aftermath of World War II
191:
56:
51:
27:1939–1945 global conflict
27723:Wars involving Venezuela
27673:Wars involving Sri Lanka
27613:Wars involving Nicaragua
27578:Wars involving Lithuania
27528:Wars involving Indonesia
27503:Wars involving Guatemala
27368:Wars involving Australia
26345:Lancaster House Treaties
25835:Christian existentialism
25795:Ancient Roman philosophy
25785:Ancient Greek philosophy
23899:Allied invasion of Italy
23876:Solomon Islands campaign
23625:Third Battle of Changsha
23222:First Battle of Changsha
23128:Second Sino-Japanese War
22068:German military brothels
21934:United States war crimes
21030:Rowman & Littlefield
20876:Rowman & Littlefield
20870:Wettig, Gerhard (2008).
20794:Ward, Thomas A. (2010).
20580:Harvard University Press
20039:World War II: Day by Day
19929:Harvard University Press
19904:Rowman & Littlefield
19779:Ross, Steven T. (1997).
19524:Regan, Geoffrey (2004).
19459:Record, Jeffery (2005).
19371:. Vol. VI. Oxford:
19198:Perez, Louis G. (1998).
19082:Padfield, Peter (1998).
19008:(2nd ed.). London:
18871:Indiana University Press
18771:Harvard University Press
18562:University of California
18399:Marston, Daniel (2005).
18186:Liberman, Peter (1996).
18124:Levine, Alan J. (1992).
17568:Harvard University Press
17459:Harvard University Press
17405:Hill, Alexander (2005).
16796:Garver, John W. (1988).
16706:. Vol. IV. Oxford:
16606:Harvard University Press
16300:Dunn, Dennis J. (1998).
16248:Drea, Edward J. (2003).
16078:Houghton Mifflin Company
16011:Coogan, Anthony (1993).
15919:Coble, Parks M. (2003).
15787:Fordham University Press
15725:Public Opinion Quarterly
15548:Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce
15133:. New York: W.W. Norton.
15083:Belco, Victoria (2010).
14967:Rutgers University Press
14934:Badsey, Stephen (1990).
14594:Cowley & Parker 2001
14452:Jane's Information Group
14205:Lindberg & Todd 2001
14097:Wilson, Mark R. (2016).
13863:Ju, Zhifen (June 2002).
13521:Naimark, Norman (1995).
13442:Robert Gellately (2007).
12852:. secondworldwar.co.uk.
11738:Jowett & Andrew 2002
11482:Jowett & Andrew 2002
11455:
11393:Wiest & Barbier 2002
10737:Bonner & Bonner 2001
10706:Thomas & Andrew 1998
10417:. Globe Pequot. p.
10411:Gilbert, Adrian (2003).
10269:, pp. 247–267, 345.
9829:Fujiwara, Akira (1991).
9667:Evans & Peattie 2012
9553:Jowett & Andrew 2002
8514:Haynes, Rebecca (2000).
8241:"Battle of the Atlantic"
7920:, pp. 143–44 (2008 ed.).
7507:Myers & Peattie 1987
7112:Second Thirty Years' War
6842:
6613:Alamogordo Bombing Range
6170:Nazi medical experiments
6146:; about 12 million
6032:Nazi concentration camps
5866:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
5781:World War II deaths
5740:French economy rebounded
5704:Bretton Woods Conference
5466:, the Allies formed the
5386:eastern occupation zones
5082:Hitler committed suicide
5016:its last major offensive
4861:Soviet-Finnish armistice
4661:attacked southern France
4613:second Japanese invasion
4605:besieged Japanese troops
4455:disarming Italian forces
4212:, and an assault on the
3912:, thereby affirming the
3808:was a total loss in the
3642:offensive against Moscow
3112:Italian occupation zones
3018:, which the Allies were
3014:to protect shipments of
2593:German Foreign Minister
2405:murdered by the Japanese
2364:cooperation with Germany
2327:Second Sino-Japanese War
1904:its overseas possessions
1798:Aftermath of World War I
1701:Second Sino-Japanese War
1464:decolonisation of Africa
1430:on 15 August and signed
1344:defeated in North Africa
1293:formed the Axis alliance
1198:Second Sino-Japanese War
1178:aftermath of World War I
1123:only two nuclear weapons
758:pre-war border conflicts
27683:Wars involving Thailand
27663:Wars involving Slovenia
27658:Wars involving Slovakia
27638:Wars involving Rhodesia
27623:Wars involving Paraguay
27593:Wars involving Mongolia
27513:Wars involving Honduras
27478:Wars involving Ethiopia
27423:Wars involving Colombia
27408:Wars involving Cambodia
27398:Wars involving Bulgaria
26123:Equality before the law
25330:Romano-Germanic culture
24321:Second Guangxi campaign
24176:Philippines (1944–1945)
23680:Battle of the Coral Sea
23583:Fall of the Philippines
23229:Battle of South Guangxi
23135:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
22541:Italian Social Republic
21024:Wood, James B. (2007).
20705:Oxford University Press
20703:. Vol. 2. Oxford:
20129:Oxford University Press
20119:Shore, Zachary (2003).
19731:War in the Modern World
19580:Oxford University Press
19390:Ratcliff, R.A. (2006).
19295:Preston, P. W. (1998).
19246:Polley, Martin (2000).
18299:Lynch, Michael (2010).
17913:Oxford University Press
17905:Kitson, Alison (2001).
17428:Holland, James (2008).
17316:Hempel, Andrew (2005).
17092:Oxford University Press
16802:Oxford University Press
16171:Oxford University Press
14808:. New York: Routledge.
14418:10.1049/ip-smt:19949918
14344:Sumner & Baker 2001
14069:the products must pass.
13784:14 October 2011 at the
13600:"Lessons from Iwo Jima"
12405:Encyclopedia Britannica
12315:The UN Security Council
12197:Encyclopedia Britannica
10766:5 November 2013 at the
10123:Mingst & Karns 2007
9870:Wetzler, Peter (1998).
9094:10.4324/9780429027642-6
7942:Lowe & Marzari 2002
7739:The Massacre in History
7295:9 December 2021 at the
6478:Aircraft were used for
6108:Soviet prisoners of war
5838:persecuted and murdered
5826:millions of other Slavs
5767:World War II casualties
5732:German economic miracle
5512:dissolution of the USSR
5367:crimes against humanity
5249:met in Potsdam, Germany
5152:Philippine Commonwealth
5105:Chancellor of the Reich
5088:, and was succeeded by
5059:Italian Social Republic
5057:on 29 April, while the
5032:pushed forward in Italy
4689:push back German forces
4657:invaded northern France
4582:incursions into Romania
4463:Italian Social Republic
4440:Lower Dnieper Offensive
4320:conquered by the Allies
4202:nearly taken Stalingrad
4038:Battle of the Coral Sea
3994:Philippine Commonwealth
3945:unconditional surrender
3904:On 1 January 1942, the
3701:Following the Japanese
3576:First Battle of Kharkov
3476:negotiations took place
3212:significantly increased
3102:June. Eight days later
2905:on the last day of the
2877:occupied central Poland
2866:fought against the Axis
2746:Soldiers of the German
2727:World War II by country
2619:Italy conquered Albania
2603:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2437:and continued the war.
2414:, but then the city of
2093:Chinese Communist Party
2070:
1725:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1233:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
289:North and South America
27728:Wars involving Vietnam
27718:Wars involving Uruguay
27643:Wars involving Romania
27573:Wars involving Liberia
27568:Wars involving Lebanon
27523:Wars involving Iceland
27518:Wars involving Hungary
27493:Wars involving Germany
27483:Wars involving Finland
27473:Wars involving Estonia
27458:Wars involving Ecuador
27448:Wars involving Denmark
27433:Wars involving Croatia
27403:Wars involving Myanmar
27383:Wars involving Bolivia
27378:Wars involving Belgium
27373:Wars involving Austria
27363:Wars involving Albania
26603:Middle Eastern Theatre
26581:Middle Eastern Theatre
26500:Cradle of civilization
26285:Eastern European Group
25874:Continental philosophy
25805:Judeo-Christian ethics
25790:Hellenistic philosophy
25271:Cradle of civilization
23906:Armistice of Cassibile
23708:Battle of Dutch Harbor
23659:Battle of the Java Sea
23562:Attack on Pearl Harbor
23462:Syria–Lebanon campaign
23455:Battle of South Shanxi
23425:Invasion of Yugoslavia
23208:Battle of the Atlantic
22822:Korean Liberation Army
22535:(until September 1943)
22492:(until September 1944)
22470:(until September 1944)
20899:MBI Publishing Company
20733:Department of the Army
20482:The Historical Journal
20435:The Royal Navy 1939–45
20356:10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620
20146:Slim, William (1956).
20043:MBI Publishing Company
20037:Shaw, Anthony (2000).
19752:Roskill, S.W. (1954).
19597:Rich, Norman (1992) .
19415:Read, Anthony (2004).
19113:International Security
18732:Maxwell Air Force Base
18147:Lewis, Morton (1953).
17983:The Historical Journal
17212:MBI Publishing Company
16748:Frei, Norbert (2002).
16571:The Third Reich at War
16521:The Road to Stalingrad
15942:Collier, Paul (2003).
15524:Buchanan, Tom (2006).
15448:Transaction Publishers
15323:MBI Publishing Company
14682:. London. p. 27.
13788:(online version), and
13407:The Japan Times Online
13291:"A Culture of Cruelty"
13228:Freedom, Democide, War
13087:Redžić, Enver (2005).
13018:Holocaust Encyclopedia
12628:Bull & Newell 2005
11849:International Security
10964:Read & Fisher 2002
9708:"The decision for War"
9466:Blood, Tears and Folly
9463:Deighton, Len (1993).
8890:Skinner Watson, Mark.
8467:. War History Online.
8245:Sky HISTORY TV channel
7752:Dictionary of Genocide
7153:. NPR. 10 March 2017.
6624:
6504:Anti-aircraft weaponry
6475:
6307:
6302:reported in 1995 that
6276:
6247:German-occupied Europe
6173:
6072:
5936:Imperial Japanese Army
5892:
5885:Imperial Japanese Army
5782:
5614:throughout the world.
5532:
5369:
5349:Consequences of Nazism
5213:
5097:President of the Reich
4971:river in Germany, and
4952:
4788:
4683:, both led by General
4648:
4627:Allies close in (1944)
4621:new attack on Changsha
4601:invaded northern Burma
4488:
4377:
4335:firebombing of Hamburg
4267:caused the British to
4248:
4185:advanced to the lower
4143:
4067:Imperial Japanese Navy
3961:
3920:with the Axis powers.
3888:These attacks led the
3842:attack on Pearl Harbor
3821:
3814:American Pacific Fleet
3698:
3630:operational objectives
3594:
3544:Soviet supreme command
3446:
3335:Battle of Cape Matapan
3314:
3106:; it was divided into
3038:, who was replaced by
3028:despite Allied support
3007:
2910:
2881:annexed eastern Poland
2810:Battle of the Atlantic
2757:
2606:
2595:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2582:, formerly the German
2576:ultimatum to Lithuania
2511:
2350:after instigating the
2343:
2336:Imperial Japanese Army
2295:International Brigades
2200:
2129:China appealed to the
2026:military globalisation
1974:
1948:class collaborationist
1870:Paris Peace Conference
1817:
1793:Causes of World War II
1422:against Japan and its
1328:attack on Pearl Harbor
1285:Battle of the Atlantic
1202:annexations of Austria
1174:causes of World War II
347:Commanders and leaders
142:North African campaign
18:Segunda Guerra Mundial
27653:Wars involving Serbia
27633:Wars involving Poland
27618:Wars involving Panama
27608:Wars involving Norway
27588:Wars involving Mexico
27563:Wars involving Latvia
27498:Wars involving Greece
27488:Wars involving France
27413:Wars involving Canada
27388:Wars involving Brazil
26828:Vietnamese philosophy
26566:Industrial Revolution
26405:Three Seas Initiative
26380:Pacific Islands Forum
26245:British–Irish Council
25993:Greek Orthodox Church
25452:Industrial Revolution
25422:Scientific Revolution
24070:Second Battle of Guam
23966:Bengal famine of 1943
23936:Second Battle of Kiev
23892:Battle of the Dnieper
23597:Battle of Wake Island
23469:East African campaign
23411:Battle of South Henan
23056:atrocities by Germans
22829:Korean Volunteer Army
21810:Occupation of Germany
21564:Music in World War II
21211:23 March 2019 at the
21197:23 March 2019 at the
20800:John Wiley & Sons
20758:Third World Quarterly
20620:Thompson, John Herd;
20510:Tanaka, Yuki (1996).
20456:Swain, Bruce (2001).
19681:Yale University Press
19181:Yale University Press
19074:10.1093/jahist/jas073
18657:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
18047:Laurier, Jim (2001).
17390:10.1353/kri.2003.0059
17297:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
17109:Hane, Mikiso (2001).
16779:Conway Maritime Press
16548:Naval Institute Press
16095:Darwin, John (2007).
15498:10.1093/pastj/gtab042
15465:Brown, David (2004).
15446:. New Brunswick, NJ:
15423:Frank Cass Publishers
15007:Barker, A.J. (1971).
14965:. New Brunswick, NJ:
13577:. 2010. p. 167.
13504:International Affairs
12707:. Wiley. p. 79.
12095:10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1
12001:. Warsaw: Didactica.
11518:Cook & Bewes 1997
11154:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
9927:29 April 2013 at the
9517:(1983): 87–97. 1983.
8971:, pp. 146, 152;
8781:The Battle of Britain
6988:Ghuhl, Wernar (2007)
6868:Often abbreviated as
6801:, the development of
6752:military intelligence
6691:which were suited to
6606:
6572:and tactics, such as
6465:
6294:
6270:
6201:prisoner-of-war camps
6156:
6063:
5926:Axis forces employed
5882:
5858:persecuted and killed
5780:
5771:Further information:
5678:Arab–Israeli conflict
5520:
5356:
5284:declared war on Japan
5196:
5119:in Europe was signed
4946:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4936:
4772:
4634:
4544:, thereby ending the
4497:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4479:
4348:
4277:stopped at El Alamein
4265:Vichy-held Madagascar
4239:
4134:
4113:withdrew their troops
3998:Battle of Yenangyaung
3978:the Dutch East Indies
3968:had almost conquered
3959:
3941:Casablanca Conference
3800:
3692:
3584:
3556:suspend the offensive
3488:plotting against them
3430:
3353:launched an offensive
3304:
3296:Italy attacked Greece
3020:attempting to cut off
3001:
2970:Northern Transylvania
2897:
2835:cease-fire with Japan
2745:
2654:a non-aggression pact
2592:
2530:with a predominantly
2486:
2334:
2191:
2097:new regional warlords
1961:
1855:Allies of World War I
1807:
1756:ended the war in Asia
1448:the permanent members
1424:invasion of Manchuria
683:Yugoslavian Partisans
462:Casualties and losses
381:Franklin D. Roosevelt
154:Soviet troops at the
32:WWII (disambiguation)
27738:Wars involving India
27678:Wars involving Syria
27603:Wars involving Nepal
27548:Wars involving Japan
27533:Wars involving Italy
27508:Wars involving Haiti
27463:Wars involving Egypt
27418:Wars involving Chile
26400:Special Relationship
25810:Christian philosophy
25755:Western Christianity
25417:Age of Enlightenment
25291:Hellenistic Kingdoms
24356:Surrender of Germany
23834:Battle of West Hubei
23791:Guadalcanal campaign
23761:Battle of Stalingrad
23687:Battle of Madagascar
22461:Albania protectorate
22248:(formerly Swaziland)
21957:Wehrmacht war crimes
21773:Expulsion of Germans
21557:Art and World War II
21455:British contribution
21404:Governments in exile
21053:Taylor & Francis
21047:Yoder, Amos (1997).
20972:Wohlstetter, Roberta
20844:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
20707:. pp. 227–326.
20572:Taylor, Jay (2009).
20418:. pp. 266–287.
20192:Smith, J.W. (1994).
20165:Smith, Alan (1993).
20102:Simon & Schuster
19375:. pp. 191–298.
19349:. pp. 100–120.
19318:Prins, Gwyn (2002).
19301:Blackwell Publishers
19270:Portelli, Alessandro
19201:The History of Japan
18822:. pp. 175–197.
18736:Air University Press
18590:. pp. 115–138.
17788:The Second World War
17738:. Grand Rapids, MI:
17713:. Grand Rapids, MI:
17692:. pp. 109–116.
17526:Lawrence D. Kritzman
17268:Healy, Mark (1992).
17094:. pp. 348–380.
17007:World War II: Europe
16602:China: A New History
16504:. pp. 137–154.
16397:on 22 November 2012.
16203:. pp. 189–230.
15837:. pp. 157–184.
15705:Blackwell Publishing
15530:Blackwell Publishing
15348:. pp. 317–332.
15061:The Second World War
14992:. pp. 217–242.
14480:Imperial War Museums
13541:18 July 2011 at the
13253:Dear & Foot 2001
13161:Massacre, Volhynia.
12775:Edward H. Litchfield
12618:, pp. 29–30, 32
12514:Dear & Foot 2001
11273:Dear & Foot 2001
11122:, pp. 169–184;
11060:Hsu & Chang 1971
10528:, p. 100 (2008 ed.).
10281:, p. 529 (Table 11).
10244:. pp. 126–145.
10184:. pp. 266–292.
10032:The Second World War
9714:. pp. 113–127.
9679:Coox, Alvin (1985).
9613:Hsu & Chang 1971
9601:Hsu & Chang 1971
9539:Maechling, Charles.
8945:Dear & Foot 2001
8933:Dear & Foot 2001
8793:Dear & Foot 2001
8504:, pp. 745, 975.
8502:Dear & Foot 2001
8226:, pp. 248–249;
8224:Dear & Foot 2001
8033:Dear & Foot 2001
7954:Dear & Foot 2001
7764:Hsu & Chang 1971
7678:Hsu & Chang 1971
7041:10.3138/cjh.31.2.257
6748:Polish Cipher Bureau
6736:Japanese naval codes
6617:Trinity nuclear test
6525:, most notably with
6231:and 10 million
6160:taken by the German
5860:by Serb nationalist
5720:Bretton Woods system
5643:divided and occupied
5537:spheres of influence
5525:and creation of the
5457:European territories
5425:expulsion to Germany
5272:dropped atomic bombs
5230:Battle of West Hunan
5166:in January 1945 and
5113:Flensburg Government
4973:overran East Prussia
4923:Battle of Leyte Gulf
4845:the fall of Budapest
4675:on 25 August by the
4641:invasion of Normandy
4532:On 27 January 1944,
4140:Battle of Stalingrad
4059:Japanese naval codes
4029:capture Port Moresby
3857:. These included an
3647:capability to resist
3640:continuing. A major
3615:invaded neutral Iran
3562:, and to divert the
3520:("living space") by
3484:Operation Barbarossa
3362:By late March 1941,
3220:arsenal of democracy
3114:, and an unoccupied
3092:Italy invaded France
3016:iron ore from Sweden
2862:evacuated to Romania
2629:. Shortly after the
2601:, after signing the
2338:soldiers during the
2239:of Ethiopia and its
2081:unification campaign
1984:in 1923, eventually
1900:Treaty of Versailles
1816:, Switzerland (1930)
1452:its security council
1432:a surrender document
1263:, with campaigns in
1241:spheres of influence
156:Battle of Stalingrad
129:dive bombers on the
27628:Wars involving Peru
27558:Wars involving Laos
27543:Wars involving Iraq
27538:Wars involving Iran
27438:Wars involving Cuba
26858:Buddhist philosophy
26818:Japanese philosophy
26561:Early modern period
26425:West Nordic Council
26290:Eastern Partnership
25879:Analytic philosophy
25580:Classical tradition
25402:Early modern period
25358:Classical antiquity
25353:European Bronze Age
24996:Carpathian Ruthenia
24446:Potsdam Declaration
24335:Italy (Spring 1945)
24098:Liberation of Paris
23555:Siege of Sevastopol
22573:(until August 1944)
22476:Wang Jingwei regime
22298:from September 1943
22258:from September 1944
22196:from September 1944
22056:Romanian war crimes
22047:Persecution of Jews
22033:Croatian war crimes
22003:Japanese war crimes
21817:Occupation of Japan
21766:First Indochina War
21478:Military production
21390:Declarations of war
21164:. Drexel Hill, PA:
20622:Randall, Stephen J.
20338:Steinberg, Jonathan
20150:. London: Cassell.
20148:Defeat into Victory
19644:Europe-Asia Studies
18966:. London: Pimlico.
18869:. Bloomington, IN:
17710:The Rage of Nations
17594:Hambledon Continuum
17038:The D-Day Companion
17012:Lerner Publications
16594:Fairbank, John King
16415:Europe-Asia Studies
16359:Europe-Asia Studies
16189:DeLong, J. Bradford
15650:1995JAM....62R.268B
15165:Bernstein, Gail Lee
14713:on 23 November 2010
14272:, pp. 247–251.
13765:, pp. 389–396.
13670:, pp. 568–569.
13598:John Dower (2007).
12799:on 25 December 2010
12793:Obee's History Page
12787:O'Brien, Joseph V.
12777:, Ph.D 1984 p. 195
12556:, pp. 208–209.
12300:3 July 2017 at the
12271:on 18 February 2010
12265:"History of the UN"
12235:"History of the UN"
12083:Geographia Polonica
11953:Geographia Polonica
11838:, pp. 203–204.
11580:, pp. 793–829.
11556:, pp. 709–722.
11203:, pp. 555–560.
11162:Marzabotto massacre
11126:, pp. 568–573.
11098:, pp. 367–414.
11086:, pp. 327–366.
11074:, pp. 660–661.
11038:, pp. 268–274.
10978:, pp. 335–336.
10834:, pp. 149–159.
10782:, pp. 119–120.
10636:, pp. 380–381.
10600:, pp. 224–228.
10564:, pp. 383–391.
10540:, pp. 239–265.
10341:, pp. 111–112.
10154:. pp. 97–119.
10113:, pp. 313–314.
10018:, pp. 341–343.
9773:(3 November 2016).
9309:, pp. 114–137.
9190:, pp. 810–812.
9050:, pp. 184–187.
9038:, pp. 174–175.
9026:, pp. 263–276.
8947:, pp. 745–746.
8835:, pp. 328–330.
8795:, pp. 108–109.
8664:, pp. 122–123.
8432:, pp. 207–226.
8075:"The Danzig Crisis"
7992:Europe-Asia Studies
7932:, pp. 461–462.
7896:, pp. 121–122.
7802:, pp. 651–687.
7790:, pp. 150–152.
7766:, pp. 221–230.
7741:. 1999, pp. 223–224
7680:, pp. 195–200.
7668:, pp. 547–551.
7596:, pp. 131–132.
7485:, pp. 298–299.
7270:4 June 2018 at the
6857:various other dates
6803:artificial harbours
6799:operations research
6353:Japanese war crimes
6136:concentration camps
6124:Jehovah's Witnesses
6056:Japanese war crimes
5619:occupation of Japan
5598:and the Soviet-led
5322:surrender documents
5308:Potsdam Declaration
5212:, 2 September 1945.
5072:. Benito Mussolini
5028:captured Königsberg
4880:captured Mount Song
4714:. Soon after that,
4708:Operation Bagration
4358:flying patrol over
4312:scuttle their fleet
4193:headed towards the
4109:Battle of Buna–Gona
4022:victory at Changsha
3952:Pacific (1942–1943)
3740:in September 1940.
3725:Export Control Acts
3593:), 10 December 1942
3572:advance into Crimea
3442:before 1941; Blue:
3323:Italian East Africa
3147:RAF Fighter Command
3036:Neville Chamberlain
3006:(shown in dark red)
2966:Second Vienna Award
2879:; the Soviet Union
2623:Kingdoms of Romania
2611:Free City of Danzig
2536:Neville Chamberlain
2510:, 29 September 1938
2245:Italian East Africa
2237:military occupation
2197:Italo-Ethiopian War
2091:against its former
2065:Anti-Comintern Pact
2002:rearmament campaign
1990:Paul von Hindenburg
1969:political rally in
1584:Declarations of war
1478:Start and end dates
1400:Potsdam Declaration
1186:militarism in Japan
1157:were occupied, and
1101:—including all the
354:Main Allied leaders
27353:Late modern Europe
27242:EAEU Customs Union
27172:Arab Customs Union
27094:Oriental Orthodoxy
26868:Islamic philosophy
26838:Iranian philosophy
26813:Chinese philosophy
25884:Post-structuralism
25847:Christian humanism
25477:Universal suffrage
24586:French West Africa
24566:British Somaliland
24439:Surrender of Japan
24272:Battle of Iwo Jima
24121:Belgrade offensive
23534:Siege of Leningrad
23418:Battle of Shanggao
23347:British Somaliland
23312:Dunkirk evacuation
23263:Norwegian campaign
23201:Invasion of Poland
23028:Japanese prisoners
21996:Italian war crimes
21927:British war crimes
21842:Soviet occupations
21626:South-West Pacific
21513:Allied cooperation
21471:Military equipment
21009:. pp. 29–56.
20818:Watson, William E.
20739:on 17 January 2022
20731:. Washington, DC:
20723:United States Army
20676:Tucker, Spencer C.
20650:Trachtenberg, Marc
20092:Shirer, William L.
20012:Senn, Alfred Erich
19879:Palgrave Macmillan
19626:. pp. 23–48.
19438:The Fall Of Berlin
19278:Palgrave Macmillan
18963:Why the Allies Won
18845:. pp. 49–70.
18722:Murray, Williamson
18518:. pp. 45–66.
18157:. Washington, DC:
18094:Leffler, Melvyn P.
18078:. pp. 47–74.
17158:Harris, Sheldon H.
16733:. pp. 53–68.
16710:. pp. 13–52.
16193:Eichengreen, Barry
15517:4 May 2024 at the
15490:Past & Present
14765:. Washington, DC:
13545:(PDF). Kiel. 1999.
13342:Unit 731 testimony
13340:Gold, Hal (1996).
12594:, pp. 190–191
12193:"Italy since 1945"
11925:, pp. 96–100.
11779:Strategic Analysis
11699:. Wired Magazine.
10214:. pp. 18–42.
9747:. pp. 63–96.
9632:. pp. 45–66.
9496:, pp. 41–42;
8522:Palgrave Macmillan
8272:, pp. 80, 83.
7346:Gerwarth, Robert.
7300:The New York Times
7216:– via JSTOR.
7108:European Civil War
6793:'s development of
6669:indirect artillery
6625:
6578:Type VII submarine
6539:actions at Taranto
6476:
6322:Nazi racial policy
6308:
6277:
6210:surrender of Japan
6174:
6073:
6036:Extermination camp
5893:
5870:Volhynia massacres
5783:
5674:creation of Israel
5581:independent policy
5579:conducted a fully
5533:
5508:Russian Federation
5370:
5357:Defendants at the
5324:finally signed at
5214:
5156:in the Philippines
5145:Berlin Declaration
5137:resisted in Prague
4994:and closed to the
4953:
4900:Guilin and Liuzhou
4789:
4787:, 20 October 1944.
4681:Free French Forces
4649:
4489:
4432:Panther–Wotan line
4428:counter-offensives
4423:later that month.
4417:invasion of Sicily
4378:
4273:offensive in Libya
4257:Operation Crusader
4249:
4144:
4082:Territory of Papua
4033:amphibious assault
3962:
3933:large-scale attack
3822:
3765:Battle of Shanggao
3749:Chinese communists
3733:several offensives
3699:
3695:entering Hong Kong
3693:Japanese soldiers
3595:
3587:siege of Leningrad
3533:counter-offensives
3447:
3409:, assisted by the
3319:counter-offensives
3315:
3208:United States Navy
3098:fell to them on 14
3008:
2911:
2758:
2756:, 1 September 1939
2607:
2518:, again provoking
2512:
2344:
2340:Battle of Shanghai
2283:Nationalist rebels
2229:Italian Somaliland
2201:
2159:Chahar and Suiyuan
2118:and establish the
2108:right to rule Asia
2038:Franco-Soviet pact
1975:
1818:
1812:assembly, held in
1752:surrender of Japan
1731:and the forces of
1426:, Japan announced
1420:declaration of war
1386:to Soviet troops;
1289:continental Europe
1235:, Germany and the
1196:, outbreak of the
1127:deadliest conflict
885:French West Africa
726:South West Pacific
634:Denmark and Norway
308:victory (see also
38:, and
27343:Conflicts in 1945
27338:Conflicts in 1944
27333:Conflicts in 1943
27328:Conflicts in 1942
27323:Conflicts in 1941
27318:Conflicts in 1940
27313:Conflicts in 1939
27290:
27289:
27089:Eastern Orthodoxy
26833:Indian philosophy
26823:Korean philosophy
26617:Post–Cold War era
26448:
26447:
26275:Council of Europe
26177:International law
26130:Constitutionalism
25988:Eastern Orthodoxy
25494:Post–Cold War era
25427:Age of Revolution
25281:Greco-Roman world
25219:
25218:
24810:Dutch East Indies
24648:Southern Rhodesia
24581:French Somaliland
24513:
24512:
24471:
24470:
24314:Battle of Okinawa
24213:Burma (1944–1945)
24047:Mariana and Palau
23827:Tunisian campaign
23652:Fall of Singapore
23576:Fall of Hong Kong
23319:Battle of Britain
23172:Operation Himmler
23081:
23080:
22745:Dutch East Indies
22388:Southern Rhodesia
22140:
22139:
22040:Genocide of Serbs
21943:German war crimes
21920:Soviet war crimes
21913:Allied war crimes
21759:Division of Korea
21738:Chinese Civil War
21536:Strategic bombing
21448:Manhattan Project
21175:978-1-935149-04-0
21149:978-0-8420-2991-9
21130:978-1-84176-408-5
21121:Osprey Publishing
21107:978-1-85532-478-7
21098:Osprey Publishing
21090:Zaloga, Steven J.
21081:978-0-87972-462-7
21062:978-1-56032-546-8
21039:978-0-7425-5339-2
21016:978-0-262-04136-2
20993:978-0-8047-0597-4
20982:. Palo Alto, CA:
20931:978-0-415-35980-1
20908:978-0-7603-1401-2
20885:978-0-7425-5542-6
20861:978-0-521-85316-3
20835:978-0-275-97470-1
20809:978-0-470-82497-9
20714:978-0-19-822885-1
20691:978-1-57607-999-7
20667:978-0-691-00273-6
20656:. Princeton, NJ:
20641:978-0-8203-3113-3
20612:978-1-85532-640-8
20603:Osprey Publishing
20589:978-0-674-03338-2
20578:. Cambridge, MA:
20564:978-0-241-10017-2
20525:978-0-8133-2717-4
20471:978-1-86508-352-0
20462:Allen & Unwin
20448:978-1-84176-195-4
20439:Osprey Publishing
20425:978-0-521-83719-4
20290:978-0-224-08141-2
20264:978-0-86719-616-0
20245:978-0-415-28580-3
20222:978-0-907579-19-9
20203:978-0-9624423-2-2
20184:978-0-415-08924-1
20157:978-0-304-29114-4
20138:978-0-19-518261-3
20111:978-0-671-72868-7
20052:978-0-7603-0939-1
20029:978-90-420-2225-6
19938:978-0-674-05988-7
19913:978-0-8420-2632-1
19888:978-0-333-92983-4
19865:978-1-58097-049-5
19817:978-0-313-31395-0
19794:978-0-7146-4634-3
19744:978-0-8018-6445-2
19718:978-0-14-026561-3
19690:978-0-300-11204-7
19679:. New Haven, CT:
19673:Roberts, Geoffrey
19633:978-0-521-34579-8
19610:978-0-393-00802-9
19589:978-0-19-928411-5
19563:978-0-85496-695-0
19537:978-1-57488-252-0
19516:978-0-563-49335-8
19475:978-1-58487-216-0
19451:978-0-7126-0695-0
19428:978-0-393-04800-1
19407:978-0-521-85522-8
19382:978-0-19-822888-2
19356:978-0-415-14900-6
19333:978-0-415-36960-2
19310:978-0-631-20238-7
19287:978-1-4039-8008-3
19261:978-0-415-18597-4
19238:978-0-8018-0530-1
19227:. Baltimore, MD:
19215:978-0-313-30296-1
19190:978-0-300-12282-4
19179:. New Haven, CT:
19173:Payne, Stanley G.
19164:978-0-306-81391-7
19099:978-0-471-24945-0
19051:Painter, David S.
19042:978-0-7391-0195-7
19019:978-0-14-028530-7
18994:978-0-393-02030-4
18973:978-0-7126-7453-9
18952:978-0-19-820290-5
18924:978-0-231-11200-0
18899:978-1-86126-799-3
18880:978-0-253-34781-7
18852:978-0-521-34579-8
18829:978-0-521-83719-4
18803:978-0-691-10222-1
18792:. Princeton, NJ:
18780:978-0-674-00680-5
18769:. Cambridge, MA:
18745:978-1-4294-9235-5
18713:978-1-84603-006-2
18704:Osprey Publishing
18690:978-0-544-33450-2
18683:. Mariner Books.
18668:978-0-8117-3413-4
18645:978-0-521-86244-8
18622:978-0-8133-4346-4
18597:978-0-262-04136-2
18586:. Cambridge, MA:
18571:978-0-520-03942-1
18525:978-0-7146-3369-5
18499:978-1-59420-188-2
18437:978-0-87727-122-2
18428:SEAP Publications
18414:978-1-84176-882-3
18405:Osprey Publishing
18391:978-0-521-35790-6
18362:978-0-8133-2241-4
18339:978-0-8133-0437-3
18314:978-1-84176-671-3
18305:Osprey Publishing
18291:978-0-415-26681-9
18268:978-0-275-96486-3
18245:978-0-415-22404-8
18222:978-0-330-23770-3
18201:978-0-691-02986-3
18190:. Princeton, NJ:
18173:on 8 January 2012
18139:978-0-275-94319-6
18115:978-0-521-83938-9
18085:978-0-7656-0816-1
18062:978-1-84176-092-6
18053:Osprey Publishing
18039:978-0-679-72757-6
17922:978-0-19-913417-5
17897:978-0-7139-9712-5
17872:978-0-393-04994-7
17848:978-0-7190-4201-0
17825:978-0-19-514403-1
17810:Kennedy, David M.
17801:978-0-7126-7348-8
17775:978-0-521-37494-1
17749:978-0-8028-4456-9
17724:978-0-8028-4455-2
17699:978-1-84212-513-7
17686:Stalin's Generals
17672:978-1-84176-353-8
17663:Osprey Publishing
17649:978-1-85532-865-5
17640:Osprey Publishing
17626:978-0-8131-2339-4
17603:978-1-85285-417-1
17577:978-0-674-69580-1
17566:. Cambridge, MA:
17549:978-0-231-10791-4
17491:978-0-8047-4896-4
17468:978-0-674-02178-5
17443:978-0-00-717645-8
17420:978-0-7146-5711-0
17363:978-0-415-08239-6
17331:978-0-7818-1004-3
17308:978-0-8117-3398-4
17283:978-1-85532-211-0
17274:Osprey Publishing
17221:978-1-86227-073-2
17198:978-0-521-62046-8
17191:. pp. 1–42.
17175:978-0-415-93214-1
17149:978-0-87338-558-9
17126:978-0-8133-3756-2
17101:978-0-19-211675-8
17078:978-0-8047-6346-2
17055:978-1-84176-779-6
17042:Osprey Publishing
17021:978-0-8225-0139-8
16963:978-0-7006-1208-6
16919:978-0-7006-0899-7
16894:978-0-7146-3347-3
16835:978-0-297-79616-9
16811:978-0-19-505432-3
16788:978-0-85177-953-9
16765:978-0-231-11882-8
16740:978-0-521-83432-2
16717:978-0-19-822886-8
16691:978-1-4488-4794-5
16672:978-0-14-311239-6
16615:978-0-674-01828-0
16585:978-0-7139-9742-2
16566:Evans, Richard J.
16557:978-1-59114-244-7
16546:. Annapolis, MD:
16534:978-0-304-36541-8
16511:978-1-84212-513-7
16498:Stalin's Generals
16481:978-0-415-19540-9
16338:978-0-521-24338-4
16315:978-0-8131-2023-2
16304:. Lexington, KY:
16263:978-0-8032-6638-4
16240:978-0-394-50030-0
16210:978-0-262-04136-2
16199:. Cambridge, MA:
16180:978-0-19-860446-4
16142:978-0-333-69285-1
16110:978-0-14-101022-9
16087:978-0-618-12742-9
16057:978-1-85728-532-1
16003:978-1-57488-741-9
15984:978-0-435-32721-7
15957:978-1-84176-539-6
15948:Osprey Publishing
15934:978-0-520-23268-6
15911:978-0-521-80872-9
15855:The Polish Review
15844:978-1-56324-246-5
15821:978-0-8264-1350-5
15796:978-0-8232-2562-0
15773:978-0-465-06835-7
15714:978-1-4051-1131-7
15688:978-0-275-97733-7
15669:978-0-521-55926-3
15659:10.1115/1.2895927
15620:978-0-14-013564-0
15594:978-0-7456-1298-0
15571:978-0-262-02546-1
15560:. Cambridge, MA:
15539:978-0-631-22162-3
15480:978-0-7146-5461-4
15457:978-0-7658-0622-2
15432:978-0-7146-4722-7
15409:978-1-84176-238-8
15400:Osprey Publishing
15381:on 20 August 2016
15355:978-0-415-34109-7
15332:978-0-7603-0870-7
15319:Warship Boneyards
15309:978-0-415-26206-4
15286:978-0-415-30534-1
15260:978-0-06-019314-0
15232:978-0-275-96363-7
15209:978-0-7656-1821-4
15184:978-0-520-07017-2
15156:978-0-521-55066-6
15121:978-0-375-41086-4
15098:978-0-8020-9314-1
15075:978-0-297-84497-6
15050:978-0-670-87095-0
15022:978-0-345-02462-6
14999:978-0-521-81144-6
14976:978-0-8135-0449-0
14949:978-0-85045-921-0
14940:Osprey Publishing
14895:978-0-7139-9868-9
14872:978-0-7139-9322-6
14815:978-0-415-90716-3
14461:978-0-7106-0123-0
14330:978-1-4027-3099-3
14305:978-1-84509-079-1
14228:978-92-1-109147-2
14175:978-1-58566-069-8
14110:978-0-8122-9354-8
13641:978-0-8018-8358-3
13584:978-1-84545-844-7
13476:978-1-85109-770-8
13452:978-1-4000-4005-6
13351:978-0-8048-3565-7
13276:978-0-367-86706-5
13167:Volhynia Massacre
13100:978-0-7146-5625-0
12966:, pp. 45–52.
12757:978-0-9631864-3-0
12714:978-1-118-89024-0
12676:Emadi-Coffin 2002
12520:, pp. 34–55.
12480:, pp. 12–13.
12401:"Greek Civil War"
12352:Trachtenberg 1999
12170:, pp. 20–21.
12156:Kennedy-Pipe 1995
12048:978-83-61590-46-0
12008:978-1-5361-1035-7
11966:10.7163/GPol.0007
11937:, pp. 41–66.
11677:978-0-7102-0718-0
11416:978-90-411-0584-4
11395:, pp. 65–66.
10906:, pp. 50–55.
10428:978-1-59228-027-8
10293:, pp. 71–74.
10003:, pp. 11–12.
9883:978-0-8248-1925-5
9804:The Asahi Shimbun
9784:978-0-06-256051-3
9690:978-0-8047-1835-6
9480:978-0-7126-6226-0
9249:, pp. 66–69.
9178:, pp. 38–42.
9103:978-0-429-02764-2
9086:Winston Churchill
8712:, pp. 66–67.
8698:Liddell Hart 1977
8676:, pp. 59–60.
8628:, pp. 57–63.
8580:, pp. 118ff.
8531:978-0-312-23260-3
8451:978-0-7146-4753-1
8420:, pp. 55–56.
8391:Smith et al. 2002
8360:, pp. 39–40.
8358:Liddell Hart 1977
8339:, pp. 88–89.
8158:978-1-135-81242-3
8004:10.1080/713663077
7703:978-1-85109-672-5
7568:978-1-4129-8176-7
7102:978-0-7641-1973-6
7012:978-0-394-58530-7
6791:Manhattan Project
6744:pioneering method
6718:. Development of
6527:aircraft carriers
6514:. The use of the
6500:strategic bombing
6429:strategic bombing
6403:
6402:
6338:resistance groups
6098:" (including the
5909:Three Alls policy
5541:the Soviet sphere
5496:Republic of China
5484:permanent members
5449:lost its monarchy
5318:Japan surrendered
5199:Mamoru Shigemitsu
5178:. Meanwhile, the
5168:recaptured Manila
5078:Italian partisans
4942:Winston Churchill
4888:captured Changsha
4882:and reopened the
4819:, who had led an
4777:Douglas MacArthur
4740:national uprising
4712:Army Group Centre
4685:Charles de Gaulle
4538:a major offensive
4527:landings at Anzio
4519:Battle of Changde
4473:in mid-November.
4467:Italian civil war
4459:rescued Mussolini
4269:invade the island
4218:attack on Kharkov
4181:into two groups:
4078:overland campaign
4063:victory at Midway
3929:defeating Germany
3780:Dutch East Indies
3745:counter-offensive
3697:, 8 December 1941
3665:intelligence data
3560:Army Group Centre
3552:Army High Command
3548:strategic defence
3281:Regia Aeronautica
3155:strategic bombing
3135:Battle of Britain
3040:Winston Churchill
2978:Treaty of Craiova
2943:League of Nations
2821:counter-offensive
2710:Course of the war
2694:, and to allow a
2566:and a pro-German
2285:, led by General
2277:Spanish Civil War
2253:League of Nations
2169:to oppose Japan.
2161:. After the 1936
2131:League of Nations
2095:(CCP) allies and
2085:regional warlords
2016:European treaties
1874:naval disarmament
1866:League of Nations
1810:League of Nations
1741:Spanish Civil War
1681:
1680:
1631:Manhattan Project
1320:Republic of China
1277:Battle of Britain
1194:Spanish Civil War
1182:fascism in Europe
1180:and the rises of
1119:strategic bombing
1079:World War II
1076:
1075:
957:
956:
878:Strategic bombing
794:Mediterranean Sea
550:
549:
414:Main Axis leaders
393:Winston Churchill
319:
318:
176:U.S. warships in
140:tanks during the
52:World War II
16:(Redirected from
27745:
27348:Global conflicts
27109:Eastern Churches
26853:Hindu philosophy
26475:
26468:
26461:
26452:
26451:
26320:EU Customs Union
25852:Secular humanism
25800:Christian ethics
25750:East–West Schism
25733:Physical culture
25457:Great Divergence
25407:Age of Discovery
25246:
25239:
25232:
25223:
25222:
24970:Military history
24724:Native Americans
24540:
24533:
24526:
24517:
24516:
24506:
24499:
24492:
24489:World portal
24487:
24486:
24462:
24455:
24448:
24441:
24432:
24425:
24418:
24409:
24402:
24395:
24388:
24381:
24374:
24365:
24358:
24351:
24349:Prague offensive
24344:
24342:Battle of Berlin
24337:
24330:
24323:
24316:
24309:
24302:
24295:
24288:
24286:Vienna offensive
24281:
24274:
24267:
24265:Battle of Manila
24260:
24240:
24231:
24222:
24215:
24206:
24199:
24192:
24185:
24178:
24171:
24164:
24155:
24146:
24139:
24130:
24123:
24116:
24109:
24100:
24093:
24086:
24079:
24072:
24065:
24058:
24049:
24042:
24033:
24024:
24015:
24008:
24006:Korsun–Cherkassy
24001:
23990:
23968:
23959:
23952:
23945:
23938:
23931:
23924:
23917:
23908:
23901:
23894:
23887:
23878:
23871:
23864:
23857:
23850:
23848:Bombing of Gorky
23843:
23836:
23829:
23809:
23802:
23793:
23786:
23779:
23770:
23763:
23756:
23749:
23738:
23731:
23724:
23717:
23715:Battle of Midway
23710:
23703:
23701:Battle of Gazala
23696:
23689:
23682:
23675:
23668:
23661:
23654:
23634:
23627:
23620:
23613:
23611:Battle of Borneo
23606:
23604:Malayan campaign
23599:
23592:
23585:
23578:
23571:
23564:
23557:
23550:
23548:Bombing of Gorky
23543:
23541:Battle of Moscow
23536:
23529:
23522:
23515:
23508:
23501:
23485:
23478:
23471:
23464:
23457:
23450:
23441:
23434:
23427:
23420:
23413:
23393:
23384:
23377:
23370:
23363:
23356:
23349:
23342:
23335:
23328:
23321:
23314:
23307:
23305:Battle of France
23300:
23293:
23286:
23279:
23272:
23265:
23245:
23238:
23231:
23224:
23217:
23210:
23203:
23181:
23174:
23167:
23160:
23158:Munich Agreement
23153:
23146:
23137:
23130:
23123:
23114:
23107:
23092:
23091:
23074:
23067:
23058:
23051:
23044:
23043:Soviet prisoners
23037:
23030:
23023:
23014:
23007:
22998:
22991:
22984:
22983:German prisoners
22979:
22959:
22950:
22943:
22936:
22931:
22924:
22917:
22910:
22903:
22896:
22889:
22882:
22875:
22868:
22861:
22854:
22847:
22840:
22831:
22824:
22817:
22810:
22803:
22796:
22789:
22782:
22775:
22768:
22761:
22754:
22747:
22740:
22733:
22726:
22719:
22712:
22705:
22685:
22678:
22671:
22664:
22657:
22650:
22643:
22636:
22629:
22622:
22615:
22595:
22588:
22581:
22574:
22566:
22559:
22552:
22543:
22536:
22528:
22521:
22519:French Indochina
22514:
22507:
22500:
22493:
22485:
22478:
22471:
22463:
22443:
22434:
22427:
22418:
22411:
22404:
22397:
22390:
22383:
22376:
22369:
22366:from August 1944
22357:
22350:
22343:
22336:
22329:
22322:
22315:
22308:
22301:
22289:
22282:
22275:
22268:
22261:
22249:
22241:
22234:
22227:
22220:
22213:
22206:
22199:
22187:
22180:
22173:
22166:
22151:
22150:
22131:
22124:
22117:
22110:
22103:
22092:
22077:
22070:
22063:
22058:
22049:
22042:
22035:
22026:
22019:
22012:
22010:Nanjing Massacre
22005:
21998:
21989:
21987:Nuremberg trials
21980:
21973:
21966:
21959:
21952:
21945:
21936:
21929:
21922:
21915:
21895:
21888:
21881:
21872:
21865:
21858:
21851:
21844:
21837:
21828:
21819:
21812:
21805:
21798:
21789:
21782:
21775:
21768:
21761:
21754:
21747:
21740:
21720:
21711:
21704:
21697:
21688:
21681:
21674:
21667:
21658:
21651:
21644:
21635:
21628:
21621:
21614:
21607:
21600:
21593:
21591:Asia and Pacific
21573:
21566:
21559:
21552:
21545:
21538:
21531:
21522:
21520:Mulberry harbour
21515:
21508:
21501:
21494:
21487:
21480:
21473:
21466:
21457:
21450:
21443:
21434:
21427:
21420:
21413:
21406:
21399:
21392:
21385:
21378:
21371:
21362:
21355:
21340:
21339:
21328:
21321:
21312:
21305:
21298:
21291:
21284:
21277:
21270:
21249:
21242:
21235:
21226:
21225:
21179:
21153:
21134:
21111:
21085:
21066:
21043:
21020:
20997:
20981:
20967:
20944:Military Affairs
20935:
20912:
20889:
20865:
20839:
20824:. Westport, CT:
20813:
20790:
20748:
20746:
20744:
20735:. Archived from
20718:
20695:
20671:
20645:
20616:
20593:
20568:
20545:
20529:
20506:
20475:
20452:
20429:
20406:
20367:
20350:(437): 620–651.
20333:
20294:
20268:
20249:
20226:
20207:
20188:
20172:
20161:
20142:
20126:
20115:
20087:
20056:
20033:
20007:
19984:
19942:
19917:
19892:
19869:
19850:
19827:Military Affairs
19821:
19806:. Westport, CT:
19798:
19775:
19773:
19771:
19748:
19722:
19694:
19668:
19651:(8): 1293–1326.
19637:
19614:
19593:
19567:
19546:Reinhardt, Klaus
19541:
19520:
19494:
19492:
19490:
19485:on 11 April 2010
19484:
19478:. Archived from
19467:
19455:
19432:
19411:
19386:
19360:
19337:
19314:
19291:
19265:
19242:
19219:
19204:. Westport, CT:
19194:
19168:
19145:
19103:
19078:
19076:
19046:
19023:
18998:
18977:
18956:
18928:
18903:
18884:
18861:Neillands, Robin
18856:
18833:
18807:
18784:
18761:
18759:
18757:
18717:
18694:
18672:
18649:
18626:
18601:
18580:Minford, Patrick
18575:
18560:. Berkeley, CA:
18552:
18529:
18503:
18475:
18441:
18418:
18395:
18366:
18343:
18318:
18295:
18272:
18257:. Westport, CT:
18249:
18226:
18205:
18182:
18180:
18178:
18169:. Archived from
18143:
18128:. Westport, CT:
18119:
18098:Westad, Odd Arne
18089:
18066:
18043:
18015:
17976:
17953:Military Affairs
17947:
17926:
17901:
17876:
17852:
17829:
17805:
17779:
17753:
17728:
17703:
17676:
17653:
17630:
17607:
17581:
17553:
17520:
17495:
17480:. Stanford, CA:
17472:
17447:
17424:
17401:
17367:
17335:
17322:Hippocrene Books
17312:
17287:
17264:
17225:
17202:
17179:
17153:
17130:
17105:
17082:
17067:. Stanford, CA:
17059:
17025:
17000:
16998:
16996:
16987:. Archived from
16967:
16952:. Lawrence, KS:
16942:
16940:
16934:. Archived from
16933:
16923:
16908:. Lawrence, KS:
16898:
16875:
16873:
16871:
16862:. Archived from
16844:Glantz, David M.
16839:
16825:Second World War
16815:
16792:
16769:
16744:
16721:
16695:
16676:
16664:
16650:
16619:
16589:
16561:
16538:
16525:Cassell Military
16515:
16485:
16462:
16460:
16458:
16452:
16411:
16398:
16396:
16390:. Archived from
16366:(7): 1151–1172.
16355:
16342:
16319:
16296:
16267:
16244:
16228:
16214:
16184:
16165:, eds. (2001) .
16154:
16114:
16091:
16070:Parker, Geoffrey
16061:
16038:
16036:
16034:
16007:
15988:
15972:
15961:
15938:
15915:
15887:
15868:10.2307/25779864
15848:
15825:
15800:
15777:
15749:
15718:
15697:Canfora, Luciano
15692:
15673:
15661:
15640:(1). Cambridge:
15624:
15598:
15575:
15552:Morrow, James D.
15543:
15509:
15492:(258): 246–281.
15484:
15461:
15436:
15413:
15390:
15388:
15386:
15359:
15336:
15313:
15290:
15264:
15236:
15221:. Westport, CT:
15213:
15188:
15160:
15134:
15125:
15102:
15079:
15054:
15026:
15013:Ballantine Books
15003:
14980:
14964:
14953:
14930:
14913:(6): 1069–1086.
14899:
14876:
14848:
14819:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14778:
14769:. Archived from
14759:
14753:
14752:
14750:
14748:
14733:"World War – II"
14729:
14723:
14722:
14720:
14718:
14698:
14692:
14691:
14675:
14669:
14668:
14666:
14664:
14648:
14639:
14633:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14622:
14612:
14603:
14597:
14591:
14582:
14576:
14570:
14564:
14555:
14554:
14536:
14526:
14502:
14496:
14495:
14493:
14491:
14472:
14466:
14465:
14443:
14437:
14431:
14422:
14421:
14401:
14395:
14389:
14383:
14377:
14371:
14365:
14359:
14353:
14347:
14341:
14335:
14334:
14316:
14310:
14309:
14291:
14285:
14279:
14273:
14263:
14257:
14251:
14245:
14239:
14233:
14232:
14214:
14208:
14198:
14192:
14186:
14180:
14179:
14161:
14155:
14149:
14143:
14137:
14131:
14130:
14124:
14122:
14093:
14087:
14081:
14072:
14071:
14065:
14063:
14032:
14026:
14020:
14011:
14005:
13999:
13993:
13987:
13981:
13975:
13968:
13962:
13956:
13950:
13944:
13938:
13932:
13926:
13920:
13914:
13913:
13911:
13909:
13894:
13885:
13884:
13882:
13880:
13860:
13851:
13845:
13839:
13833:
13827:
13826:
13824:
13822:
13803:
13797:
13772:
13766:
13760:
13754:
13747:
13741:
13740:
13735:
13733:
13711:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13700:
13680:
13671:
13665:
13659:
13650:
13644:
13630:
13624:
13623:
13621:
13619:
13595:
13589:
13588:
13567:
13561:
13552:
13546:
13533:
13527:
13526:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13499:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13488:
13461:
13455:
13440:
13434:
13430:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13419:
13398:
13392:
13386:
13380:
13374:
13368:
13362:
13356:
13355:
13337:
13331:
13325:
13319:
13313:
13307:
13306:
13304:
13302:
13287:
13281:
13280:
13262:
13256:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13241:
13239:
13219:
13213:
13212:
13210:
13208:
13189:
13183:
13182:
13180:
13178:
13158:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13147:
13123:
13117:
13116:
13114:
13112:
13084:
13078:
13072:
13066:
13065:
13063:
13061:
13040:
13034:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13014:"Polish Victims"
13010:
13004:
13003:
13001:
12999:
12981:
12973:
12967:
12961:
12952:
12951:
12949:
12947:
12923:
12917:
12911:
12905:
12899:
12893:
12887:
12881:
12872:
12866:
12865:
12863:
12861:
12846:
12840:
12839:
12837:
12835:
12818:White, Matthew.
12815:
12809:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12784:
12778:
12768:
12762:
12761:
12737:
12731:
12725:
12719:
12718:
12697:
12691:
12685:
12679:
12673:
12667:
12661:
12655:
12649:
12643:
12637:
12631:
12630:, pp. 20–21
12625:
12619:
12613:
12607:
12601:
12595:
12589:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12578:
12563:
12557:
12551:
12545:
12539:
12533:
12527:
12521:
12516:, p. 1006;
12511:
12505:
12499:
12493:
12487:
12481:
12475:
12469:
12463:
12457:
12451:
12445:
12439:
12433:
12430:Borstelmann 2005
12427:
12421:
12420:
12418:
12416:
12397:
12391:
12385:
12379:
12373:
12367:
12361:
12355:
12349:
12343:
12337:
12331:
12330:
12329:
12327:
12318:, archived from
12310:
12304:
12287:
12281:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12261:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12250:
12231:
12225:
12219:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12189:
12183:
12177:
12171:
12165:
12159:
12153:
12147:
12141:
12135:
12129:
12123:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12106:
12074:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12057:
12040:
12029:
12020:
12019:
12018:on 26 June 2015.
12017:
12011:. Archived from
12000:
11989:
11983:
11982:
11980:
11978:
11968:
11944:
11938:
11932:
11926:
11920:
11914:
11908:
11902:
11895:
11889:
11882:
11876:
11870:
11864:
11858:
11852:
11845:
11839:
11833:
11827:
11821:
11815:
11809:
11803:
11802:
11774:
11768:
11767:
11765:
11763:
11747:
11741:
11735:
11729:
11723:
11717:
11716:
11710:
11708:
11688:
11682:
11681:
11663:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11634:
11628:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11604:
11598:
11592:
11587:
11581:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11539:
11533:
11527:
11521:
11515:
11509:
11503:
11497:
11491:
11485:
11479:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11451:
11445:
11439:
11433:
11427:
11421:
11420:
11402:
11396:
11390:
11384:
11378:
11372:
11371:
11365:
11363:
11348:
11342:
11341:
11339:
11337:
11318:
11312:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11288:
11282:
11276:
11270:
11264:
11258:
11252:
11246:
11240:
11234:
11228:
11222:
11216:
11210:
11204:
11198:
11192:
11186:
11177:
11171:
11165:
11117:
11111:
11105:
11099:
11093:
11087:
11081:
11075:
11069:
11063:
11057:
11051:
11045:
11039:
11033:
11027:
11021:
11015:
11009:
11003:
10997:
10991:
10985:
10979:
10973:
10967:
10961:
10955:
10949:
10943:
10937:
10931:
10925:
10919:
10913:
10907:
10901:
10895:
10889:
10883:
10877:
10871:
10865:
10859:
10853:
10847:
10841:
10835:
10825:
10819:
10813:
10807:
10801:
10795:
10789:
10783:
10777:
10771:
10758:
10752:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10722:
10709:
10703:
10697:
10691:
10685:
10679:
10673:
10667:
10661:
10655:
10649:
10643:
10637:
10631:
10625:
10619:
10613:
10607:
10601:
10595:
10589:
10583:
10577:
10571:
10565:
10559:
10553:
10547:
10541:
10535:
10529:
10523:
10517:
10511:
10505:
10499:
10493:
10487:
10481:
10475:
10469:
10463:
10457:
10451:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10408:
10402:
10396:
10390:
10384:
10378:
10372:
10366:
10360:
10354:
10348:
10342:
10336:
10330:
10324:
10318:
10312:
10306:
10300:
10294:
10288:
10282:
10276:
10270:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10234:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10223:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10144:
10138:
10132:
10126:
10120:
10114:
10108:
10102:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10048:
10042:
10025:
10019:
10016:Wohlstetter 1962
10013:
10004:
9998:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9974:
9968:
9962:
9956:
9950:
9944:
9938:
9932:
9919:
9913:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9867:
9861:
9854:
9848:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9767:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9737:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9704:
9695:
9694:
9676:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9622:
9616:
9610:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9586:
9580:
9574:
9568:
9562:
9556:
9550:
9544:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9507:
9501:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9460:
9454:
9448:
9442:
9436:
9430:
9424:
9418:
9412:
9406:
9400:
9394:
9388:
9382:
9376:
9370:
9364:
9358:
9352:
9346:
9340:
9334:
9328:
9322:
9316:
9310:
9304:
9298:
9292:
9286:
9280:
9274:
9268:
9262:
9256:
9250:
9244:
9238:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9200:
9191:
9185:
9179:
9173:
9167:
9161:
9155:
9145:
9139:
9133:
9127:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9081:
9075:
9069:
9063:
9057:
9051:
9045:
9039:
9033:
9027:
9021:
9015:
9009:
9003:
8997:
8991:
8990:, pp. 9–10.
8985:
8979:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8918:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8869:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8824:
8814:
8808:
8802:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8774:
8765:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8689:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8659:
8653:
8647:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8557:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8460:
8454:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8394:
8388:
8382:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8237:
8231:
8217:
8211:
8200:
8194:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8170:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8104:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8071:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8023:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7754:. 2008, 298–299.
7750:Totten, Samuel.
7748:
7742:
7735:
7729:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7471:Adamthwaite 1992
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7312:
7306:
7285:
7279:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7020:
7014:
6999:
6993:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6951:
6945:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6906:
6882:
6876:
6866:
6860:
6853:
6817:during the war.
6675:(both towed and
6665:destroying tanks
6657:
6598:homing torpedoes
6555:Mid-Atlantic gap
6442:Germany enslaved
6385:
6384:
6377:
6296:Soviet partisans
6230:
6144:forced labourers
6096:unworthy of life
6093:
6085:
6006:with respect to
5959:prisoners of war
5932:chemical weapons
5905:Nanjing Massacre
5898:
5891:in December 1937
5889:Nanjing Massacre
5848:. Concurrently,
5809:
5716:World Bank Group
5682:colonial empires
5573:satellite states
5510:, following the
5488:Security Council
5402:Nuremberg trials
5359:Nuremberg trials
5218:landed in Borneo
5128:
5124:
4977:Yalta Conference
4938:Yalta Conference
4857:Karelian Isthmus
4853:Soviet offensive
4679:assisted by the
4677:local resistance
4574:liberated Crimea
4558:Army Group North
4542:Leningrad region
4536:troops launched
4398:Caroline Islands
4242:Eighth Air Force
4179:Army Group South
4164:summer offensive
3914:Atlantic Charter
3717:Nanjing Massacre
3619:Persian Corridor
3611:Atlantic Charter
3591:Saint Petersburg
3564:2nd Panzer Group
3535:before the war,
3222:" and promoting
3204:"cash and carry"
3187:
3129:
3101:
3045:
2974:Southern Dobruja
2927:Baltic countries
2903:Karelian Isthmus
2849:
2846:surrendered on 6
2704:Nevile Henderson
2681:
2605:, 23 August 1939
2540:Munich Agreement
2508:Munich Agreement
2379:Communist forces
2313:to fight on the
2304:
2291:Spanish Republic
2287:Francisco Franco
2221:Kingdom of Italy
2213:Ethiopian Empire
2193:Benito Mussolini
2116:invade Manchuria
2114:as a pretext to
2061:Rome–Berlin Axis
2049:Locarno Treaties
1953:New Roman Empire
1940:Benito Mussolini
1938:movement led by
1884:
1773:
1722:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1488:
1487:
1436:2 September 1945
1410:on 6 August and
1388:Hitler's suicide
1356:Italian mainland
1340:Battle of Midway
1249:parts of Finland
1167:Japanese leaders
1083:Second World War
1068:
1061:
1054:
962:
961:
944:French Indochina
587:
576:
569:
562:
553:
552:
453:Benito Mussolini
451:
450:
439:
438:
427:
426:
403:
402:
391:
390:
379:
378:
367:
366:
193:
192:
171:Battle of Berlin
115:
106:
95:
86:
75:
66:
49:
48:
21:
27753:
27752:
27748:
27747:
27746:
27744:
27743:
27742:
27358:Nuclear warfare
27293:
27292:
27291:
27286:
27159:
27153:
26894:
26863:Jain philosophy
26843:Buddhist ethics
26799:
26621:
26588:Interwar period
26541:Ancient history
26529:
26488:
26479:
26449:
26444:
26410:UKUSA Agreement
26350:Lublin Triangle
26235:Baltic Assembly
26187:
26181:
26099:
25936:
25771:
25641:Eurolinguistics
25510:
25499:Information age
25472:Interwar period
25339:
25259:
25250:
25220:
25215:
25211:Pacific Islands
25206:Solomon Islands
25186:Gilbert Islands
25168:
25162:
25141:Channel Islands
24913:
24776:
24730:
24652:
24549:
24544:
24514:
24509:
24502:
24495:
24481:
24479:
24467:
24458:
24451:
24444:
24437:
24428:
24421:
24414:
24405:
24400:Atomic bombings
24398:
24391:
24384:
24377:
24370:
24361:
24354:
24347:
24340:
24333:
24326:
24319:
24312:
24305:
24298:
24291:
24284:
24277:
24270:
24263:
24256:
24243:
24236:
24225:
24218:
24211:
24202:
24195:
24188:
24181:
24174:
24167:
24158:
24149:
24142:
24133:
24126:
24119:
24112:
24103:
24096:
24091:Eastern Romania
24089:
24084:Warsaw Uprising
24082:
24077:Tannenberg Line
24075:
24068:
24063:Western Ukraine
24061:
24052:
24045:
24036:
24027:
24018:
24011:
24004:
23993:
23984:
23971:
23964:
23955:
23948:
23941:
23934:
23927:
23920:
23913:
23904:
23897:
23890:
23881:
23874:
23867:
23860:
23855:Battle of Kursk
23853:
23846:
23839:
23832:
23825:
23812:
23805:
23796:
23789:
23782:
23773:
23766:
23759:
23752:
23743:
23734:
23727:
23720:
23713:
23706:
23699:
23692:
23685:
23678:
23671:
23666:St Nazaire Raid
23664:
23657:
23650:
23637:
23630:
23623:
23616:
23609:
23602:
23595:
23588:
23581:
23574:
23567:
23560:
23553:
23546:
23539:
23532:
23525:
23518:
23511:
23504:
23490:
23481:
23474:
23467:
23460:
23453:
23448:Anglo-Iraqi War
23446:
23439:Battle of Crete
23437:
23430:
23423:
23416:
23409:
23396:
23387:
23380:
23373:
23368:Eastern Romania
23366:
23359:
23352:
23345:
23338:
23331:
23324:
23317:
23310:
23303:
23296:
23289:
23282:
23275:
23268:
23261:
23248:
23241:
23234:
23227:
23220:
23213:
23206:
23199:
23186:
23177:
23170:
23163:
23156:
23149:
23142:
23133:
23126:
23119:
23110:
23103:
23077:
23070:
23063:
23054:
23047:
23042:
23033:
23026:
23019:
23010:
23003:
22994:
22987:
22982:
22975:
22962:
22955:
22946:
22939:
22934:
22929:Western Ukraine
22927:
22920:
22913:
22906:
22899:
22892:
22885:
22878:
22873:Northeast China
22871:
22864:
22857:
22850:
22843:
22836:
22827:
22820:
22813:
22806:
22799:
22792:
22785:
22778:
22771:
22764:
22757:
22750:
22743:
22736:
22729:
22722:
22715:
22708:
22701:
22688:
22681:
22674:
22667:
22660:
22653:
22646:
22639:
22632:
22625:
22618:
22611:
22598:
22591:
22584:
22579:Slovak Republic
22577:
22569:
22562:
22555:
22550:Empire of Japan
22548:
22539:
22531:
22524:
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20897:. St Paul, MN:
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20542:Hamish Hamilton
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20514:. Boulder, CO:
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20281:The Bodley Head
20273:Snyder, Timothy
20265:
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20204:
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20041:. Osceola, WI:
20030:
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19839:10.2307/1988530
19818:
19808:Greenwood Press
19795:
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19239:
19216:
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19165:
19126:10.2307/2539100
19108:Pape, Robert A.
19100:
19043:
19033:Lexington Books
19020:
19005:The Road to War
18995:
18974:
18953:
18943:Clarendon Press
18925:
18900:
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18853:
18830:
18812:Naimark, Norman
18804:
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18659:Stackpole Books
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18438:
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18351:. Boulder, CO:
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18328:. Boulder, CO:
18315:
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18174:
18140:
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18100:, eds. (2010).
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17578:
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17340:Herbert, Ulrich
17332:
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17299:Stackpole Books
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17210:. Osceola, WI:
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17010:. Minneapolis:
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16991:on 2 March 2008
16964:
16941:on 9 July 2011.
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16867:
16866:on 6 March 2008
16836:
16820:Gilbert, Martin
16812:
16789:
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16708:Clarendon Press
16700:Förster, Jürgen
16692:
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16655:Ferguson, Niall
16639:10.2307/2944096
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16347:Ellman, Michael
16339:
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16252:. Lincoln, NE:
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16143:
16111:
16088:
16072:, eds. (2001).
16058:
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15321:. Osceola, WI:
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15241:Bix, Herbert P.
15233:
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15139:Berend, Ivan T.
15122:
15112:Alfred A. Knopf
15099:
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14873:
14853:Applebaum, Anne
14837:10.2307/3638003
14816:
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14773:on 28 June 2019
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14454:. p. 231.
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13838:, pp. 2–3.
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12407:. 28 May 2023.
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12322:on 20 June 2012
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11758:on 9 April 2008
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11590:Shepardson 1998
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11463:on 3 March 2016
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11146:Fosse Ardeatine
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10768:Wayback Machine
10761:"The Civilians"
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9771:Bix, Herbert P.
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9046:
9042:
9034:
9030:
9022:
9018:
9014:, pp. 7–8.
9010:
9006:
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8994:
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8951:
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8903:
8888:
8884:
8875:. Ibiblio.org.
8871:
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8843:
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8831:
8827:
8819:, p. 209;
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8555:
8551:
8541:
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8524:. p. 205.
8512:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8488:
8484:
8474:
8472:
8461:
8457:
8441:Carl van Dyke.
8440:
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8397:
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8380:
8376:
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8185:
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8168:
8166:
8159:
8143:
8139:
8135:, pp. 1–2.
8131:
8127:
8117:
8115:
8110:. Ibiblio.org.
8106:
8105:
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7855:Timothy Neeno.
7853:
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7561:. p. 308.
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7481:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7443:Mandelbaum 1988
7441:
7437:
7429:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7405:
7401:
7393:
7389:
7377:
7373:
7363:
7361:
7353:The Irish Times
7344:
7340:
7330:
7328:
7315:Mintz, Steven.
7313:
7309:
7303:
7297:Wayback Machine
7286:
7282:
7272:Wayback Machine
7263:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7158:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7118:, p. 155;
7105:
7085:
7076:, p. 169;
7072:
7068:
7058:
7056:
7021:
7017:
7000:
6996:
6987:
6983:
6975:
6971:
6952:
6948:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6883:
6879:
6867:
6863:
6854:
6850:
6845:
6823:
6795:nuclear weapons
6783:guided missiles
6730:elligence) and
6689:submachine guns
6655:
6563:First World War
6551:escort carriers
6460:
6454:
6438:slave labourers
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6399:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6364:Main articles:
6362:
6326:inferior people
6265:
6245:Main articles:
6243:
6228:
6186:other countries
6091:
6083:
6058:
6026:Main articles:
6024:
5955:Japanese tested
5896:
5807:
5798:racist policies
5775:
5769:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5744:war reparations
5504:successor state
5453:colonial empire
5351:
5343:Main articles:
5341:
5164:landed on Luzon
5126:
5122:
5101:Joseph Goebbels
5070:Harry S. Truman
4984:entered Silesia
4931:
4841:German-occupied
4837:massive assault
4817:Josip Broz Tito
4785:Battle of Leyte
4779:returns to the
4736:Warsaw Uprising
4629:
4501:Chiang Kai-shek
4485:Battle of Kursk
4343:
4234:
4206:street fighting
4170:and occupy the
4156:Kerch Peninsula
4152:southern Russia
4142:, February 1943
4129:
4086:Solomon Islands
4044:, was to seize
4002:South China Sea
3954:
3906:Allied Big Four
3902:
3863:the Philippines
3706:Mukden incident
3687:
3681:
3425:
3419:
3372:Tripartite Pact
3277:
3271:
3235:Tripartite Pact
3185:
3178:in the Atlantic
3166:enjoyed success
3127:
3099:
3063:the Netherlands
3043:
3010:In April 1940,
2996:
2990:
2909:, 13 March 1940
2899:Mannerheim Line
2873:annexed western
2847:
2831:besieged Warsaw
2740:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2712:
2700:Polish Corridor
2688:plenipotentiary
2679:
2580:Klaipėda Region
2572:Slovak Republic
2520:little response
2516:annexed Austria
2481:
2469:Neutrality Pact
2449:
2443:
2397:defend Shanghai
2389:Chiang Kai-shek
2382:in Pingxingguan
2372:Kuomintang Army
2329:
2323:
2302:
2279:
2273:
2215:(also known as
2186:
2180:
2175:
2112:Mukden incident
2104:Empire of Japan
2073:
2018:
1928:Weimar Republic
1920:
1882:
1881:after World War
1831:Austria-Hungary
1820:
1819:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1771:
1727:fought between
1720:
1709:A. J. P. Taylor
1677:
1648:
1635:
1604:
1601:
1565:
1549:
1521:
1486:
1480:
1334:in solidarity.
1326:, including an
1314:Japan aimed to
1206:the Sudetenland
1087:global conflict
1072:
1040:
1023:
997:
960:
959:
958:
953:
840:Other campaigns
834:Southern France
743:Burma and India
738:South-East Asia
733:Franco-Thai War
588:
582:
580:
546:
541:further details
532:Over 12,000,000
505:
500:further details
491:Over 61,000,000
483:Over 45,000,000
475:Over 16,000,000
457:
445:
433:
421:
409:
405:Chiang Kai-shek
397:
385:
373:
361:
315:
294:
293:
239:South-East Asia
200:
187:
161:Soviet soldier
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
108:
107:
98:
97:
96:
88:
87:
78:
77:
76:
68:
67:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
27751:
27741:
27740:
27735:
27730:
27725:
27720:
27715:
27710:
27705:
27700:
27695:
27690:
27685:
27680:
27675:
27670:
27665:
27660:
27655:
27650:
27645:
27640:
27635:
27630:
27625:
27620:
27615:
27610:
27605:
27600:
27595:
27590:
27585:
27580:
27575:
27570:
27565:
27560:
27555:
27550:
27545:
27540:
27535:
27530:
27525:
27520:
27515:
27510:
27505:
27500:
27495:
27490:
27485:
27480:
27475:
27470:
27465:
27460:
27455:
27450:
27445:
27440:
27435:
27430:
27425:
27420:
27415:
27410:
27405:
27400:
27395:
27390:
27385:
27380:
27375:
27370:
27365:
27360:
27355:
27350:
27345:
27340:
27335:
27330:
27325:
27320:
27315:
27310:
27305:
27288:
27287:
27285:
27284:
27279:
27274:
27269:
27264:
27259:
27254:
27249:
27244:
27239:
27234:
27232:Easternization
27229:
27224:
27219:
27214:
27209:
27204:
27199:
27194:
27189:
27184:
27179:
27174:
27169:
27163:
27161:
27155:
27154:
27152:
27151:
27150:
27149:
27144:
27143:
27142:
27137:
27127:
27126:
27125:
27115:
27114:
27113:
27112:
27111:
27106:
27096:
27091:
27086:
27085:
27084:
27069:
27068:
27067:
27062:
27057:
27042:
27041:
27040:
27035:
27033:Zoroastrianism
27025:
27024:
27023:
27018:
27013:
27008:
27003:
26998:
26988:
26987:
26986:
26981:
26976:
26975:
26974:
26969:
26964:
26959:
26954:
26944:
26943:
26942:
26937:
26932:
26927:
26926:
26925:
26904:
26902:
26896:
26895:
26893:
26892:
26891:
26890:
26885:
26875:
26870:
26865:
26860:
26855:
26850:
26848:Islamic ethics
26845:
26840:
26835:
26830:
26825:
26820:
26815:
26809:
26807:
26801:
26800:
26798:
26797:
26792:
26787:
26782:
26781:
26780:
26775:
26765:
26760:
26755:
26754:
26753:
26748:
26743:
26733:
26728:
26723:
26722:
26721:
26716:
26711:
26701:
26700:
26699:
26689:
26684:
26683:
26682:
26677:
26672:
26667:
26662:
26657:
26652:
26647:
26642:
26631:
26629:
26623:
26622:
26620:
26619:
26614:
26613:
26612:
26607:
26606:
26605:
26600:
26590:
26585:
26584:
26583:
26578:
26568:
26563:
26553:
26548:
26543:
26537:
26535:
26531:
26530:
26528:
26527:
26522:
26517:
26512:
26507:
26502:
26496:
26494:
26490:
26489:
26478:
26477:
26470:
26463:
26455:
26446:
26445:
26443:
26442:
26440:Westernization
26437:
26432:
26427:
26422:
26420:Visegrád Group
26417:
26412:
26407:
26402:
26397:
26392:
26387:
26382:
26377:
26372:
26367:
26362:
26360:Nordic Council
26357:
26352:
26347:
26342:
26337:
26332:
26327:
26322:
26317:
26312:
26307:
26302:
26297:
26292:
26287:
26282:
26277:
26272:
26267:
26262:
26257:
26255:Bucharest Nine
26252:
26247:
26242:
26237:
26232:
26227:
26222:
26220:Arctic Council
26217:
26212:
26207:
26202:
26197:
26191:
26189:
26183:
26182:
26180:
26179:
26174:
26169:
26168:
26167:
26162:
26157:
26152:
26147:
26142:
26132:
26127:
26126:
26125:
26115:
26109:
26107:
26101:
26100:
26098:
26097:
26092:
26087:
26086:
26085:
26080:
26075:
26070:
26065:
26064:
26063:
26058:
26053:
26048:
26038:
26033:
26028:
26018:
26017:
26016:
26015:
26014:
26004:
26003:
26002:
25997:
25996:
25995:
25985:
25984:
25983:
25973:
25972:
25971:
25946:
25944:
25938:
25937:
25935:
25934:
25933:
25932:
25922:
25917:
25912:
25911:
25910:
25898:
25897:
25896:
25886:
25881:
25876:
25871:
25866:
25861:
25856:
25855:
25854:
25849:
25839:
25838:
25837:
25830:Existentialism
25827:
25822:
25817:
25812:
25807:
25802:
25797:
25792:
25787:
25781:
25779:
25773:
25772:
25770:
25769:
25768:
25767:
25762:
25757:
25752:
25742:
25741:
25740:
25730:
25729:
25728:
25723:
25713:
25712:
25711:
25701:
25696:
25695:
25694:
25689:
25684:
25674:
25673:
25672:
25662:
25661:
25660:
25650:
25649:
25648:
25643:
25633:
25628:
25623:
25618:
25617:
25616:
25606:
25601:
25600:
25599:
25589:
25588:
25587:
25577:
25576:
25575:
25565:
25560:
25559:
25558:
25548:
25543:
25542:
25541:
25536:
25531:
25520:
25518:
25512:
25511:
25509:
25508:
25507:
25506:
25501:
25491:
25490:
25489:
25484:
25479:
25474:
25469:
25464:
25459:
25454:
25449:
25444:
25439:
25434:
25429:
25424:
25419:
25414:
25409:
25404:
25394:
25389:
25388:
25387:
25382:
25377:
25367:
25366:
25365:
25363:Late antiquity
25355:
25349:
25347:
25341:
25340:
25338:
25337:
25332:
25327:
25322:
25317:
25316:
25315:
25314:
25313:
25308:
25298:
25293:
25288:
25278:
25273:
25267:
25265:
25261:
25260:
25249:
25248:
25241:
25234:
25226:
25217:
25216:
25214:
25213:
25208:
25203:
25198:
25193:
25188:
25183:
25178:
25172:
25170:
25164:
25163:
25161:
25160:
25155:
25150:
25149:
25148:
25143:
25138:
25133:
25131:British Empire
25126:United Kingdom
25123:
25118:
25113:
25112:
25111:
25106:
25101:
25099:Basque Country
25091:
25090:
25089:
25084:
25079:
25069:
25064:
25059:
25054:
25049:
25044:
25039:
25034:
25029:
25024:
25019:
25014:
25009:
25004:
24999:
24989:
24984:
24979:
24978:
24977:
24975:Basque Country
24972:
24962:
24957:
24952:
24947:
24945:Czechoslovakia
24942:
24937:
24932:
24927:
24921:
24919:
24915:
24914:
24912:
24911:
24906:
24901:
24896:
24891:
24886:
24881:
24876:
24871:
24866:
24861:
24856:
24851:
24846:
24845:
24844:
24834:
24829:
24824:
24823:
24822:
24817:
24807:
24806:
24805:
24795:
24790:
24784:
24782:
24778:
24777:
24775:
24774:
24769:
24764:
24759:
24754:
24749:
24744:
24738:
24736:
24732:
24731:
24729:
24728:
24727:
24726:
24721:
24716:
24711:
24706:
24701:
24691:
24686:
24681:
24676:
24671:
24666:
24660:
24658:
24654:
24653:
24651:
24650:
24645:
24640:
24635:
24630:
24629:
24628:
24623:
24613:
24608:
24603:
24598:
24593:
24588:
24583:
24578:
24573:
24568:
24563:
24557:
24555:
24551:
24550:
24543:
24542:
24535:
24528:
24520:
24511:
24510:
24508:
24507:
24500:
24493:
24476:
24473:
24472:
24469:
24468:
24466:
24465:
24464:
24463:
24456:
24449:
24435:
24434:
24433:
24419:
24416:South Sakhalin
24412:
24411:
24410:
24396:
24389:
24382:
24375:
24368:
24367:
24366:
24352:
24345:
24338:
24331:
24324:
24317:
24310:
24303:
24296:
24289:
24282:
24275:
24268:
24261:
24253:
24251:
24245:
24244:
24242:
24241:
24234:
24233:
24232:
24216:
24209:
24208:
24207:
24193:
24186:
24179:
24172:
24165:
24156:
24147:
24140:
24131:
24124:
24117:
24110:
24101:
24094:
24087:
24080:
24073:
24066:
24059:
24050:
24043:
24034:
24025:
24016:
24009:
24002:
23991:
23981:
23979:
23973:
23972:
23970:
23969:
23962:
23961:
23960:
23953:
23939:
23932:
23925:
23918:
23911:
23910:
23909:
23895:
23888:
23879:
23872:
23865:
23858:
23851:
23844:
23841:Battle of Attu
23837:
23830:
23822:
23820:
23814:
23813:
23811:
23810:
23803:
23794:
23787:
23780:
23771:
23764:
23757:
23750:
23741:
23740:
23739:
23732:
23718:
23711:
23704:
23697:
23690:
23683:
23676:
23669:
23662:
23655:
23647:
23645:
23639:
23638:
23636:
23635:
23628:
23621:
23614:
23607:
23600:
23593:
23590:Battle of Guam
23586:
23579:
23572:
23565:
23558:
23551:
23544:
23537:
23530:
23523:
23516:
23513:Battle of Kiev
23509:
23502:
23488:
23487:
23486:
23472:
23465:
23458:
23451:
23444:
23443:
23442:
23428:
23421:
23414:
23406:
23404:
23398:
23397:
23395:
23394:
23385:
23378:
23371:
23364:
23357:
23350:
23343:
23336:
23329:
23322:
23315:
23308:
23301:
23294:
23287:
23280:
23273:
23266:
23258:
23256:
23250:
23249:
23247:
23246:
23239:
23232:
23225:
23218:
23211:
23204:
23196:
23194:
23188:
23187:
23185:
23184:
23183:
23182:
23175:
23168:
23161:
23154:
23140:
23139:
23138:
23131:
23117:
23116:
23115:
23100:
23098:
23089:
23083:
23082:
23079:
23078:
23076:
23075:
23068:
23061:
23060:
23059:
23052:
23040:
23039:
23038:
23024:
23017:
23016:
23015:
23012:United Kingdom
23008:
23001:
23000:
22999:
22980:
22972:
22970:
22964:
22963:
22961:
22960:
22953:
22952:
22951:
22944:
22932:
22925:
22918:
22911:
22904:
22897:
22890:
22883:
22876:
22869:
22862:
22855:
22848:
22841:
22834:
22833:
22832:
22825:
22811:
22804:
22797:
22790:
22783:
22776:
22769:
22762:
22755:
22748:
22741:
22734:
22727:
22720:
22713:
22706:
22698:
22696:
22690:
22689:
22687:
22686:
22679:
22672:
22665:
22658:
22651:
22644:
22637:
22630:
22623:
22616:
22608:
22606:
22600:
22599:
22597:
22596:
22589:
22582:
22575:
22567:
22560:
22553:
22546:
22545:
22544:
22529:
22522:
22515:
22508:
22501:
22494:
22486:
22479:
22472:
22464:
22456:
22454:
22448:
22447:
22445:
22444:
22437:
22436:
22435:
22421:
22420:
22419:
22416:British Empire
22409:United Kingdom
22405:
22398:
22391:
22384:
22377:
22370:
22358:
22351:
22344:
22337:
22330:
22323:
22316:
22309:
22302:
22290:
22283:
22276:
22269:
22262:
22250:
22242:
22235:
22228:
22225:Czechoslovakia
22221:
22214:
22207:
22200:
22188:
22181:
22174:
22167:
22159:
22157:
22148:
22142:
22141:
22138:
22137:
22135:
22134:
22133:
22132:
22125:
22122:Rape of Manila
22118:
22111:
22104:
22093:
22078:
22071:
22059:
22052:
22051:
22050:
22043:
22029:
22028:
22027:
22020:
22013:
21999:
21992:
21991:
21990:
21983:
21982:
21981:
21974:
21960:
21953:
21939:
21938:
21937:
21930:
21923:
21908:
21906:
21900:
21899:
21897:
21896:
21893:United Nations
21889:
21882:
21875:
21874:
21873:
21866:
21859:
21852:
21838:
21829:
21820:
21813:
21806:
21799:
21790:
21783:
21776:
21769:
21762:
21755:
21752:Decolonization
21748:
21741:
21733:
21731:
21725:
21724:
21722:
21721:
21714:
21713:
21712:
21698:
21691:
21690:
21689:
21682:
21675:
21661:
21660:
21659:
21652:
21638:
21637:
21636:
21629:
21622:
21615:
21608:
21601:
21586:
21584:
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19031:. Lanham, MD:
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18530:
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18476:
18458:(2): 153–174.
18446:May, Ernest R.
18442:
18436:
18426:. Ithaca, NY:
18419:
18413:
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18353:Westview Press
18344:
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18074:. Armonk, NY:
18067:
18061:
18044:
18038:
18020:Kolko, Gabriel
18016:
17990:(4): 891–920.
17977:
17959:(3): 122–128.
17948:
17927:
17921:
17902:
17896:
17877:
17871:
17853:
17847:
17837:. Manchester:
17830:
17824:
17806:
17800:
17780:
17774:
17758:Keeble, Curtis
17754:
17748:
17729:
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17704:
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17384:(4): 913–930.
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16633:(4): 599–625.
16620:
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16598:Goldman, Merle
16590:
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16533:
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16490:Erickson, John
16486:
16480:
16463:
16422:(4): 671–680.
16402:
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16320:
16314:
16297:
16279:(2): 153–169.
16268:
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16239:
16231:Pantheon Books
16219:Dower, John W.
16215:
16209:
16185:
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16119:Davies, Norman
16115:
16109:
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16086:
16066:Cowley, Robert
16062:
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15989:
15983:
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15956:
15939:
15933:
15916:
15910:
15892:Clogg, Richard
15888:
15862:(1): 123–143.
15849:
15843:
15833:. Armonk, NY:
15826:
15820:
15801:
15795:
15778:
15772:
15750:
15738:10.1086/265420
15732:(3): 387–407.
15719:
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15259:
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15231:
15214:
15208:
15198:. Armonk, NY:
15189:
15183:
15161:
15155:
15135:
15126:
15120:
15103:
15097:
15080:
15074:
15055:
15049:
15031:Beevor, Antony
15027:
15021:
15004:
14998:
14981:
14975:
14954:
14948:
14931:
14906:Soviet Studies
14900:
14894:
14877:
14871:
14849:
14831:(2): 201–231.
14820:
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14790:
14787:
14785:
14784:
14754:
14724:
14693:
14670:
14640:
14628:
14598:
14596:, p. 221.
14583:
14581:, p. 734.
14571:
14569:, p. 108.
14556:
14517:(4): 545–566.
14497:
14467:
14460:
14438:
14436:, p. 125.
14423:
14412:(5): 343–355.
14396:
14384:
14372:
14360:
14348:
14336:
14329:
14311:
14304:
14286:
14284:, p. 163.
14274:
14258:
14256:, p. 227.
14246:
14234:
14227:
14209:
14207:, p. 126.
14203:, p. 84;
14193:
14181:
14174:
14156:
14154:, p. 267.
14152:Bernstein 1991
14144:
14132:
14109:
14088:
14073:
14027:
14025:, p. 266.
14012:
14010:, p. 107.
14000:
13988:
13976:
13963:
13961:, p. 232.
13951:
13949:, p. 148.
13939:
13937:, p. 138.
13927:
13915:
13886:
13875:on 21 May 2012
13852:
13850:, p. 360.
13840:
13828:
13798:
13767:
13763:Applebaum 2003
13755:
13742:
13721:Deutsche Welle
13706:
13672:
13660:
13645:
13625:
13590:
13583:
13575:Berghahn Books
13562:
13547:
13528:
13513:
13494:
13475:
13456:
13435:
13425:
13414:on 29 May 2012
13393:
13381:
13369:
13367:, p. 320.
13357:
13350:
13332:
13320:
13318:, p. 102.
13308:
13282:
13275:
13257:
13255:, p. 182.
13245:
13222:Rummell, R.J.
13214:
13184:
13153:
13118:
13099:
13079:
13067:
13052:. April 2006.
13035:
13005:
12968:
12953:
12918:
12906:
12904:, p. 204.
12894:
12882:
12867:
12841:
12810:
12779:
12763:
12756:
12732:
12720:
12713:
12692:
12680:
12668:
12656:
12654:, p. 117.
12644:
12632:
12620:
12608:
12606:, p. 212.
12604:Balabkins 1964
12596:
12584:
12558:
12554:Balabkins 1964
12546:
12544:, p. 263.
12534:
12532:, p. 207.
12530:Balabkins 1964
12522:
12506:
12494:
12492:, p. 589.
12482:
12470:
12458:
12456:, p. 911.
12446:
12434:
12432:, p. 318.
12422:
12392:
12380:
12368:
12364:Applebaum 2012
12356:
12344:
12340:Kantowicz 2000
12332:
12305:
12282:
12256:
12239:United Nations
12226:
12214:
12184:
12172:
12160:
12148:
12146:, p. 794.
12136:
12124:
12112:
12069:
12047:
12021:
12007:
11984:
11939:
11927:
11915:
11913:, p. 776.
11903:
11890:
11877:
11865:
11853:
11840:
11836:Miscamble 2007
11828:
11826:, p. 201.
11824:Miscamble 2007
11816:
11804:
11785:(5): 623–662.
11769:
11742:
11730:
11718:
11683:
11676:
11658:
11629:
11617:
11615:, p. 737.
11605:
11603:, p. 244.
11593:
11582:
11570:
11558:
11546:
11534:
11522:
11520:, p. 305.
11510:
11498:
11496:, p. 140.
11486:
11474:
11456:全面抗战,战犯前仆后继见阎王
11446:
11444:, p. 120.
11434:
11422:
11415:
11397:
11385:
11383:, p. 653.
11373:
11343:
11313:
11301:
11289:
11277:
11275:, p. 562.
11265:
11253:
11251:, p. 695.
11241:
11229:
11217:
11215:, p. 163.
11205:
11193:
11178:
11176:, p. 224.
11174:Lightbody 2004
11166:
11112:
11110:, p. 122.
11100:
11088:
11076:
11064:
11052:
11050:, p. 161.
11040:
11028:
11026:, p. 148.
11016:
11014:, p. 286.
11004:
11002:, p. 154.
10992:
10980:
10968:
10966:, p. 129.
10956:
10952:Blinkhorn 2006
10944:
10942:, p. 151.
10932:
10930:, p. 362.
10920:
10908:
10896:
10884:
10872:
10870:, p. 595.
10860:
10848:
10846:, p. 592.
10836:
10820:
10818:, p. 228.
10808:
10806:, p. 610.
10796:
10794:, p. 164.
10784:
10772:
10753:
10741:
10729:
10710:
10698:
10686:
10684:, p. 277.
10674:
10670:Neillands 2005
10662:
10660:, p. 129.
10650:
10648:, p. 178.
10638:
10626:
10614:
10602:
10590:
10578:
10576:, p. 142.
10566:
10554:
10552:, p. 119.
10542:
10530:
10518:
10516:, p. 764.
10506:
10494:
10482:
10480:, p. 111.
10470:
10468:, p. 340.
10458:
10456:, p. 197.
10446:
10427:
10403:
10401:, p. 339.
10391:
10389:, p. 368.
10379:
10367:
10355:
10353:, p. 186.
10343:
10331:
10329:, p. 145.
10319:
10317:, p. 158.
10307:
10305:, p. 362.
10295:
10283:
10271:
10259:
10229:
10199:
10169:
10139:
10137:, p. 904.
10127:
10115:
10103:
10071:
10069:in Wikisource.
10059:
10043:
10040:978-0399504341
10020:
10005:
9993:
9981:
9969:
9967:, p. 125.
9965:Lightbody 2004
9957:
9945:
9933:
9914:
9901:
9882:
9862:
9849:
9836:
9821:
9790:
9783:
9762:
9729:
9696:
9689:
9671:
9669:, p. 456.
9659:
9657:, p. 201.
9647:
9617:
9605:
9593:
9591:, p. 320.
9581:
9579:, p. 224.
9569:
9567:, p. 289.
9557:
9545:
9532:
9502:
9486:
9479:
9455:
9443:
9431:
9419:
9417:, p. 227.
9415:Reinhardt 1992
9407:
9395:
9393:, p. 113.
9383:
9379:Kleinfeld 1983
9371:
9369:, p. 425.
9359:
9357:, p. 220.
9347:
9335:
9323:
9311:
9299:
9287:
9275:
9263:
9259:Steinberg 1995
9251:
9239:
9237:, p. 555.
9227:
9192:
9180:
9168:
9156:
9140:
9138:, p. 195.
9128:
9126:, p. 114.
9116:
9102:
9076:
9064:
9052:
9040:
9028:
9016:
9004:
9002:, p. 106.
8992:
8980:
8961:
8959:, p. 118.
8949:
8937:
8935:, p. 877.
8925:
8923:, p. 179.
8913:
8882:
8861:
8859:, p. 390.
8849:
8837:
8825:
8823:, p. 282.
8809:
8805:Goldstein 2004
8797:
8785:
8766:
8750:
8748:, p. 198.
8738:
8736:, p. 311.
8726:
8724:, p. 207.
8714:
8702:
8690:
8688:, p. 152.
8678:
8666:
8654:
8642:
8630:
8618:
8606:
8594:
8582:
8570:
8558:
8549:
8530:
8506:
8494:
8490:Hanhimäki 1997
8482:
8455:
8434:
8422:
8410:
8395:
8383:
8374:
8362:
8350:
8341:
8329:
8317:
8274:
8262:
8232:
8222:, p. 32;
8212:
8208:Cienciala 2010
8195:
8179:
8157:
8137:
8125:
8096:
8063:
8037:
8035:, p. 608.
8025:
7998:(4): 695–722.
7982:
7980:, p. 108.
7970:
7968:, p. 471.
7958:
7956:, p. 234.
7946:
7944:, p. 330.
7934:
7922:
7910:
7908:, p. 157.
7898:
7886:
7884:, p. 144.
7874:
7847:
7816:
7814:, p. 342.
7804:
7792:
7780:
7778:, p. 566.
7768:
7756:
7743:
7730:
7721:
7702:
7682:
7670:
7658:
7656:, p. 146.
7646:
7644:, p. 271.
7634:
7622:
7620:, p. 231.
7610:
7608:, p. 289.
7598:
7586:
7567:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7511:
7509:, p. 458.
7499:
7497:, p. 104.
7487:
7475:
7463:
7461:, p. 124.
7451:
7445:, p. 96;
7435:
7423:
7411:
7399:
7397:, p. 149.
7395:Kantowicz 1999
7387:
7371:
7338:
7307:
7280:
7257:
7231:
7219:
7188:(3): 368–409.
7168:
7136:
7124:
7074:Ben-Horin 1943
7066:
7035:(2): 257–281.
7015:
6994:
6981:
6969:
6946:
6929:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6877:
6861:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6822:
6819:
6787:modern rockets
6716:Enigma machine
6687:, and various
6677:self-propelled
6673:anti-tank guns
6632:trench warfare
6567:anti-submarine
6512:proximity fuze
6492:ground-support
6480:reconnaissance
6474:, 21 June 1943
6456:Main article:
6453:
6450:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6389:
6387:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6361:
6358:
6318:scorched earth
6273:Palmiry forest
6242:
6239:
6023:
6020:
6008:aerial warfare
5986:eastern Poland
5966:Katyn massacre
5913:Yasuji Okamura
5765:Main article:
5762:
5759:
5754:Main article:
5751:
5748:
5710:(IMF) and the
5686:decolonisation
5627:South Sakhalin
5610:and number of
5571:became Soviet
5565:Czechoslovakia
5523:Central Europe
5476:member nations
5468:United Nations
5398:denazification
5340:
5337:
5265:Clement Attlee
5236:by March, and
5176:end of the war
5160:clearing Leyte
5049:Soviet troops
4930:
4927:
4876:Chindwin River
4815:under Marshal
4758:and triggered
4628:
4625:
4556:by the German
4512:Burma campaign
4409:central Russia
4342:
4339:
4233:
4230:
4128:
4125:
4042:Doolittle Raid
3953:
3950:
3925:grand strategy
3918:separate peace
3901:
3898:
3894:United Kingdom
3830:Fumimaro Konoe
3776:Southeast Asia
3757:harsh measures
3683:Main article:
3680:
3677:
3617:to secure the
3603:grand strategy
3568:Kiev offensive
3452:Southeast Asia
3436:Western Allies
3421:Main article:
3418:
3415:
3294:. In October,
3273:Main article:
3270:
3267:
3200:Neutrality Act
3180:. The British
2992:Main article:
2989:
2986:
2806:U-boat warfare
2762:invaded Poland
2736:Main article:
2733:
2730:
2711:
2708:
2663:eastern Poland
2528:Czechoslovakia
2480:
2477:
2445:Main article:
2442:
2439:
2431:city was taken
2370:, engaged the
2325:Main article:
2322:
2319:
2275:Main article:
2272:
2269:
2225:Regno d'Italia
2182:Main article:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Pre-war events
2171:
2167:a united front
2163:Xi'an Incident
2099:. In 1931, an
2072:
2069:
2042:Neutrality Act
2017:
2014:
1919:
1916:
1845:—and the 1917
1843:Ottoman Empire
1827:Central Powers
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1791:Main article:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1689:United Kingdom
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1479:
1476:
1444:United Nations
1384:fall of Berlin
1307:, opening the
1261:British Empire
1257:fall of France
1222:United Kingdom
1218:invaded Poland
1163:against German
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1019:Historiography
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
998:
996:
995:
990:
985:
979:
974:
973:
969:
968:
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
909:Baltic Nations
900:
899:
898:
897:
887:
882:
881:
880:
870:
865:
860:
855:
854:
853:
837:
836:
831:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
806:
801:
796:
791:
790:
789:
784:
768:
767:
762:
761:
760:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
729:
728:
718:
705:
704:
703:
702:
692:
687:
686:
685:
675:
670:
669:
668:
658:
657:
656:
651:
646:
636:
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
609:
604:
593:
590:
589:
579:
578:
571:
564:
556:
548:
547:
545:
544:
536:
533:
530:
525:
524:Over 4,000,000
522:
520:Civilian dead:
517:
516:Over 8,000,000
514:
512:Military dead:
508:
506:
504:
503:
495:
492:
489:
484:
481:
479:Civilian dead:
476:
473:
471:Military dead:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
456:
455:
443:
431:
418:
410:
408:
407:
395:
383:
371:
358:
349:
348:
344:
343:
336:
328:
327:
321:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
302:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Central Africa
271:
269:Horn of Africa
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
209:
207:
203:
202:
197:
189:
188:
186:
185:
174:
163:raising a flag
159:
152:
151:in Japan, 1945
145:
134:
122:
110:
109:
101:
100:
99:
90:
89:
81:
80:
79:
70:
69:
61:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27750:
27739:
27736:
27734:
27731:
27729:
27726:
27724:
27721:
27719:
27716:
27714:
27711:
27709:
27706:
27704:
27701:
27699:
27696:
27694:
27691:
27689:
27686:
27684:
27681:
27679:
27676:
27674:
27671:
27669:
27666:
27664:
27661:
27659:
27656:
27654:
27651:
27649:
27646:
27644:
27641:
27639:
27636:
27634:
27631:
27629:
27626:
27624:
27621:
27619:
27616:
27614:
27611:
27609:
27606:
27604:
27601:
27599:
27596:
27594:
27591:
27589:
27586:
27584:
27581:
27579:
27576:
27574:
27571:
27569:
27566:
27564:
27561:
27559:
27556:
27554:
27551:
27549:
27546:
27544:
27541:
27539:
27536:
27534:
27531:
27529:
27526:
27524:
27521:
27519:
27516:
27514:
27511:
27509:
27506:
27504:
27501:
27499:
27496:
27494:
27491:
27489:
27486:
27484:
27481:
27479:
27476:
27474:
27471:
27469:
27466:
27464:
27461:
27459:
27456:
27454:
27451:
27449:
27446:
27444:
27441:
27439:
27436:
27434:
27431:
27429:
27426:
27424:
27421:
27419:
27416:
27414:
27411:
27409:
27406:
27404:
27401:
27399:
27396:
27394:
27391:
27389:
27386:
27384:
27381:
27379:
27376:
27374:
27371:
27369:
27366:
27364:
27361:
27359:
27356:
27354:
27351:
27349:
27346:
27344:
27341:
27339:
27336:
27334:
27331:
27329:
27326:
27324:
27321:
27319:
27316:
27314:
27311:
27309:
27306:
27304:
27301:
27300:
27298:
27283:
27280:
27278:
27275:
27273:
27270:
27268:
27265:
27263:
27260:
27258:
27255:
27253:
27250:
27248:
27245:
27243:
27240:
27238:
27235:
27233:
27230:
27228:
27225:
27223:
27220:
27218:
27215:
27213:
27210:
27208:
27205:
27203:
27200:
27198:
27195:
27193:
27190:
27188:
27185:
27183:
27180:
27178:
27175:
27173:
27170:
27168:
27165:
27164:
27162:
27156:
27148:
27145:
27141:
27138:
27136:
27133:
27132:
27131:
27128:
27124:
27121:
27120:
27119:
27116:
27110:
27107:
27105:
27102:
27101:
27100:
27097:
27095:
27092:
27090:
27087:
27083:
27080:
27079:
27078:
27075:
27074:
27073:
27070:
27066:
27063:
27061:
27058:
27056:
27053:
27052:
27051:
27048:
27047:
27046:
27043:
27039:
27036:
27034:
27031:
27030:
27029:
27026:
27022:
27019:
27017:
27014:
27012:
27009:
27007:
27004:
27002:
26999:
26997:
26994:
26993:
26992:
26989:
26985:
26982:
26980:
26977:
26973:
26970:
26968:
26965:
26963:
26960:
26958:
26955:
26953:
26950:
26949:
26948:
26945:
26941:
26938:
26936:
26933:
26931:
26928:
26924:
26921:
26920:
26919:
26916:
26915:
26914:
26911:
26910:
26909:
26906:
26905:
26903:
26901:
26897:
26889:
26886:
26884:
26881:
26880:
26879:
26876:
26874:
26871:
26869:
26866:
26864:
26861:
26859:
26856:
26854:
26851:
26849:
26846:
26844:
26841:
26839:
26836:
26834:
26831:
26829:
26826:
26824:
26821:
26819:
26816:
26814:
26811:
26810:
26808:
26806:
26802:
26796:
26793:
26791:
26788:
26786:
26783:
26779:
26776:
26774:
26771:
26770:
26769:
26766:
26764:
26761:
26759:
26756:
26752:
26749:
26747:
26744:
26742:
26739:
26738:
26737:
26734:
26732:
26729:
26727:
26724:
26720:
26717:
26715:
26712:
26710:
26707:
26706:
26705:
26702:
26698:
26695:
26694:
26693:
26690:
26688:
26685:
26681:
26678:
26676:
26673:
26671:
26668:
26666:
26663:
26661:
26658:
26656:
26653:
26651:
26648:
26646:
26643:
26641:
26638:
26637:
26636:
26633:
26632:
26630:
26628:
26624:
26618:
26615:
26611:
26608:
26604:
26601:
26599:
26596:
26595:
26594:
26591:
26589:
26586:
26582:
26579:
26577:
26574:
26573:
26572:
26569:
26567:
26564:
26562:
26559:
26558:
26557:
26556:Modern period
26554:
26552:
26549:
26547:
26544:
26542:
26539:
26538:
26536:
26532:
26526:
26523:
26521:
26518:
26516:
26513:
26511:
26508:
26506:
26503:
26501:
26498:
26497:
26495:
26491:
26487:
26483:
26482:Eastern world
26476:
26471:
26469:
26464:
26462:
26457:
26456:
26453:
26441:
26438:
26436:
26433:
26431:
26428:
26426:
26423:
26421:
26418:
26416:
26413:
26411:
26408:
26406:
26403:
26401:
26398:
26396:
26393:
26391:
26388:
26386:
26385:PROSUR/PROSUL
26383:
26381:
26378:
26376:
26373:
26371:
26368:
26366:
26363:
26361:
26358:
26356:
26353:
26351:
26348:
26346:
26343:
26341:
26338:
26336:
26333:
26331:
26328:
26326:
26323:
26321:
26318:
26316:
26313:
26311:
26308:
26306:
26303:
26301:
26298:
26296:
26293:
26291:
26288:
26286:
26283:
26281:
26280:Craiova Group
26278:
26276:
26273:
26271:
26268:
26266:
26263:
26261:
26258:
26256:
26253:
26251:
26248:
26246:
26243:
26241:
26238:
26236:
26233:
26231:
26228:
26226:
26223:
26221:
26218:
26216:
26213:
26211:
26208:
26206:
26203:
26201:
26198:
26196:
26195:ABCANZ Armies
26193:
26192:
26190:
26184:
26178:
26175:
26173:
26170:
26166:
26163:
26161:
26158:
26156:
26153:
26151:
26148:
26146:
26143:
26141:
26138:
26137:
26136:
26133:
26131:
26128:
26124:
26121:
26120:
26119:
26116:
26114:
26111:
26110:
26108:
26106:
26102:
26096:
26093:
26091:
26088:
26084:
26081:
26079:
26076:
26074:
26071:
26069:
26066:
26062:
26059:
26057:
26054:
26052:
26049:
26047:
26044:
26043:
26042:
26039:
26037:
26034:
26032:
26029:
26027:
26024:
26023:
26022:
26019:
26013:
26010:
26009:
26008:
26005:
26001:
26000:Protestantism
25998:
25994:
25991:
25990:
25989:
25986:
25982:
25979:
25978:
25977:
25974:
25970:
25966:
25963:
25962:
25961:
25958:
25957:
25956:
25953:
25952:
25951:
25948:
25947:
25945:
25943:
25939:
25931:
25928:
25927:
25926:
25923:
25921:
25920:Sovereigntism
25918:
25916:
25913:
25909:
25908:
25904:
25903:
25902:
25899:
25895:
25892:
25891:
25890:
25887:
25885:
25882:
25880:
25877:
25875:
25872:
25870:
25867:
25865:
25862:
25860:
25857:
25853:
25850:
25848:
25845:
25844:
25843:
25840:
25836:
25833:
25832:
25831:
25828:
25826:
25823:
25821:
25818:
25816:
25815:Scholasticism
25813:
25811:
25808:
25806:
25803:
25801:
25798:
25796:
25793:
25791:
25788:
25786:
25783:
25782:
25780:
25778:
25774:
25766:
25763:
25761:
25758:
25756:
25753:
25751:
25748:
25747:
25746:
25743:
25739:
25736:
25735:
25734:
25731:
25727:
25724:
25722:
25719:
25718:
25717:
25714:
25710:
25707:
25706:
25705:
25702:
25700:
25697:
25693:
25690:
25688:
25685:
25683:
25680:
25679:
25678:
25675:
25671:
25668:
25667:
25666:
25663:
25659:
25656:
25655:
25654:
25651:
25647:
25644:
25642:
25639:
25638:
25637:
25634:
25632:
25629:
25627:
25624:
25622:
25619:
25615:
25612:
25611:
25610:
25607:
25605:
25602:
25598:
25595:
25594:
25593:
25590:
25586:
25583:
25582:
25581:
25578:
25574:
25571:
25570:
25569:
25566:
25564:
25561:
25557:
25554:
25553:
25552:
25549:
25547:
25544:
25540:
25537:
25535:
25532:
25530:
25527:
25526:
25525:
25522:
25521:
25519:
25517:
25513:
25505:
25504:War on terror
25502:
25500:
25497:
25496:
25495:
25492:
25488:
25485:
25483:
25480:
25478:
25475:
25473:
25470:
25468:
25465:
25463:
25460:
25458:
25455:
25453:
25450:
25448:
25445:
25443:
25440:
25438:
25435:
25433:
25430:
25428:
25425:
25423:
25420:
25418:
25415:
25413:
25410:
25408:
25405:
25403:
25400:
25399:
25398:
25397:Modern period
25395:
25393:
25390:
25386:
25383:
25381:
25378:
25376:
25373:
25372:
25371:
25368:
25364:
25361:
25360:
25359:
25356:
25354:
25351:
25350:
25348:
25346:
25342:
25336:
25333:
25331:
25328:
25326:
25323:
25321:
25318:
25312:
25309:
25307:
25304:
25303:
25302:
25299:
25297:
25294:
25292:
25289:
25287:
25284:
25283:
25282:
25279:
25277:
25274:
25272:
25269:
25268:
25266:
25262:
25258:
25254:
25253:Western world
25247:
25242:
25240:
25235:
25233:
25228:
25227:
25224:
25212:
25209:
25207:
25204:
25202:
25199:
25197:
25194:
25192:
25189:
25187:
25184:
25182:
25179:
25177:
25174:
25173:
25171:
25165:
25159:
25156:
25154:
25151:
25147:
25144:
25142:
25139:
25137:
25134:
25132:
25129:
25128:
25127:
25124:
25122:
25119:
25117:
25114:
25110:
25107:
25105:
25102:
25100:
25097:
25096:
25095:
25092:
25088:
25085:
25083:
25080:
25078:
25075:
25074:
25073:
25070:
25068:
25065:
25063:
25060:
25058:
25055:
25053:
25050:
25048:
25045:
25043:
25040:
25038:
25035:
25033:
25030:
25028:
25025:
25023:
25022:Liechtenstein
25020:
25018:
25015:
25013:
25010:
25008:
25005:
25003:
25000:
24997:
24993:
24990:
24988:
24985:
24983:
24980:
24976:
24973:
24971:
24968:
24967:
24966:
24963:
24961:
24958:
24956:
24953:
24951:
24948:
24946:
24943:
24941:
24938:
24936:
24933:
24931:
24928:
24926:
24923:
24922:
24920:
24916:
24910:
24907:
24905:
24902:
24900:
24897:
24895:
24892:
24890:
24887:
24885:
24882:
24880:
24877:
24875:
24872:
24870:
24867:
24865:
24862:
24860:
24857:
24855:
24852:
24850:
24847:
24843:
24840:
24839:
24838:
24835:
24833:
24830:
24828:
24825:
24821:
24818:
24816:
24813:
24812:
24811:
24808:
24804:
24801:
24800:
24799:
24796:
24794:
24791:
24789:
24786:
24785:
24783:
24779:
24773:
24770:
24768:
24765:
24763:
24760:
24758:
24757:Latin America
24755:
24753:
24750:
24748:
24745:
24743:
24740:
24739:
24737:
24735:South America
24733:
24725:
24722:
24720:
24717:
24715:
24712:
24710:
24707:
24705:
24702:
24700:
24697:
24696:
24695:
24694:United States
24692:
24690:
24687:
24685:
24682:
24680:
24677:
24675:
24672:
24670:
24667:
24665:
24662:
24661:
24659:
24657:North America
24655:
24649:
24646:
24644:
24641:
24639:
24636:
24634:
24631:
24627:
24624:
24622:
24619:
24618:
24617:
24614:
24612:
24609:
24607:
24604:
24602:
24599:
24597:
24594:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24567:
24564:
24562:
24561:Belgian Congo
24559:
24558:
24556:
24552:
24548:
24541:
24536:
24534:
24529:
24527:
24522:
24521:
24518:
24505:
24501:
24498:
24494:
24491:
24490:
24485:
24478:
24477:
24474:
24461:
24457:
24454:
24450:
24447:
24443:
24442:
24440:
24436:
24431:
24427:
24426:
24424:
24423:Kuril Islands
24420:
24417:
24413:
24408:
24404:
24403:
24401:
24397:
24394:
24390:
24387:
24383:
24380:
24376:
24373:
24369:
24364:
24360:
24359:
24357:
24353:
24350:
24346:
24343:
24339:
24336:
24332:
24329:
24325:
24322:
24318:
24315:
24311:
24308:
24304:
24301:
24297:
24294:
24290:
24287:
24283:
24280:
24276:
24273:
24269:
24266:
24262:
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24239:
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24224:
24223:
24221:
24217:
24214:
24210:
24205:
24201:
24200:
24198:
24194:
24191:
24190:Syrmian Front
24187:
24184:
24180:
24177:
24173:
24170:
24166:
24163:
24162:
24157:
24154:
24153:
24148:
24145:
24141:
24138:
24137:
24136:Market Garden
24132:
24129:
24125:
24122:
24118:
24115:
24111:
24108:
24107:
24102:
24099:
24095:
24092:
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24031:
24026:
24023:
24022:
24017:
24014:
24010:
24007:
24003:
24000:
23996:
23995:Monte Cassino
23992:
23989:
23988:
23983:
23982:
23980:
23978:
23974:
23967:
23963:
23958:
23954:
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23893:
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23863:
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23415:
23412:
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23403:
23399:
23392:
23391:
23386:
23383:
23379:
23376:
23372:
23369:
23365:
23362:
23361:Baltic states
23358:
23355:
23351:
23348:
23344:
23341:
23337:
23334:
23330:
23327:
23323:
23320:
23316:
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23041:
23036:
23032:
23031:
23029:
23025:
23022:
23018:
23013:
23009:
23006:
23005:United States
23002:
22997:
22993:
22992:
22990:
22986:
22985:
22981:
22978:
22974:
22973:
22971:
22969:
22965:
22958:
22954:
22949:
22945:
22942:
22941:Quốc dân Đảng
22938:
22937:
22933:
22930:
22926:
22923:
22919:
22916:
22912:
22909:
22905:
22902:
22898:
22895:
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22877:
22874:
22870:
22867:
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22680:
22677:
22673:
22670:
22666:
22663:
22659:
22656:
22652:
22649:
22645:
22642:
22641:Liechtenstein
22638:
22635:
22631:
22628:
22624:
22621:
22617:
22614:
22610:
22609:
22607:
22605:
22601:
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22462:
22458:
22457:
22455:
22453:
22449:
22442:
22438:
22433:
22429:
22428:
22426:
22425:United States
22422:
22417:
22413:
22412:
22410:
22406:
22403:
22399:
22396:
22392:
22389:
22385:
22382:
22378:
22375:
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22342:
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22295:
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22255:
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22215:
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22168:
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22160:
22158:
22156:
22152:
22149:
22147:
22143:
22130:
22126:
22123:
22119:
22116:
22115:Comfort women
22112:
22109:
22105:
22102:
22099: /
22098:
22094:
22091:
22088: /
22087:
22084: /
22083:
22079:
22076:
22075:Camp brothels
22072:
22069:
22065:
22064:
22060:
22057:
22053:
22048:
22044:
22041:
22037:
22036:
22034:
22030:
22025:
22021:
22018:
22014:
22011:
22007:
22006:
22004:
22000:
21997:
21993:
21988:
21984:
21979:
21975:
21972:
21968:
21967:
21965:
21964:The Holocaust
21961:
21958:
21954:
21951:
21950:forced labour
21947:
21946:
21944:
21940:
21935:
21931:
21928:
21924:
21921:
21917:
21916:
21914:
21910:
21909:
21907:
21905:
21901:
21894:
21890:
21887:
21883:
21880:
21876:
21871:
21867:
21864:
21860:
21857:
21853:
21850:
21846:
21845:
21843:
21839:
21836:
21835:
21830:
21827:
21826:
21821:
21818:
21814:
21811:
21807:
21804:
21803:Marshall Plan
21800:
21797:
21796:
21791:
21788:
21784:
21781:
21777:
21774:
21770:
21767:
21763:
21760:
21756:
21753:
21749:
21746:
21742:
21739:
21735:
21734:
21732:
21730:
21726:
21719:
21715:
21710:
21706:
21705:
21703:
21699:
21696:
21692:
21687:
21683:
21680:
21676:
21673:
21669:
21668:
21666:
21662:
21657:
21656:Eastern Front
21653:
21650:
21649:Western Front
21646:
21645:
21643:
21639:
21634:
21630:
21627:
21623:
21620:
21616:
21613:
21609:
21606:
21602:
21599:
21595:
21594:
21592:
21588:
21587:
21585:
21583:
21579:
21572:
21568:
21565:
21561:
21558:
21554:
21551:
21547:
21544:
21543:Puppet states
21540:
21537:
21533:
21530:
21526:
21521:
21517:
21514:
21510:
21509:
21507:
21503:
21500:
21496:
21493:
21489:
21486:
21485:Naval history
21482:
21479:
21475:
21472:
21468:
21465:
21461:
21456:
21452:
21451:
21449:
21445:
21442:
21438:
21433:
21432:United States
21429:
21426:
21422:
21419:
21415:
21414:
21412:
21408:
21405:
21401:
21398:
21394:
21391:
21387:
21384:
21380:
21377:
21373:
21370:
21366:
21361:
21357:
21356:
21354:
21350:
21349:
21347:
21345:
21341:
21338:
21334:
21327:
21323:
21320:
21316:
21311:
21307:
21304:
21300:
21297:
21293:
21292:
21288:
21283:
21279:
21278:
21276:
21272:
21269:
21265:
21264:
21261:
21257:
21250:
21245:
21243:
21238:
21236:
21231:
21230:
21227:
21220:
21217:
21214:
21210:
21206:
21203:
21200:
21196:
21192:
21189:
21188:
21177:
21171:
21167:
21163:
21159:
21155:
21151:
21145:
21141:
21136:
21132:
21126:
21122:
21118:
21113:
21109:
21103:
21099:
21095:
21091:
21087:
21083:
21077:
21073:
21068:
21064:
21058:
21054:
21050:
21045:
21041:
21035:
21031:
21027:
21022:
21018:
21012:
21008:
21005:. Cambridge:
21004:
20999:
20995:
20989:
20985:
20980:
20979:
20973:
20969:
20965:
20961:
20957:
20953:
20949:
20945:
20941:
20940:Wilt, Alan F.
20937:
20933:
20927:
20923:
20919:
20914:
20910:
20904:
20900:
20896:
20891:
20887:
20881:
20877:
20873:
20868:
20863:
20857:
20853:
20849:
20845:
20841:
20837:
20831:
20827:
20823:
20819:
20815:
20811:
20805:
20801:
20798:. Singapore:
20797:
20792:
20788:
20784:
20780:
20776:
20772:
20768:
20764:
20760:
20759:
20754:
20750:
20738:
20734:
20730:
20729:
20724:
20720:
20716:
20710:
20706:
20702:
20697:
20693:
20687:
20683:
20682:
20677:
20673:
20669:
20663:
20659:
20655:
20651:
20647:
20643:
20637:
20633:
20629:
20628:
20623:
20618:
20614:
20608:
20604:
20600:
20595:
20591:
20585:
20581:
20577:
20576:
20570:
20566:
20560:
20556:
20552:
20547:
20543:
20539:
20535:
20531:
20527:
20521:
20517:
20513:
20508:
20504:
20500:
20496:
20492:
20488:
20484:
20483:
20477:
20473:
20467:
20463:
20459:
20454:
20450:
20444:
20440:
20436:
20431:
20427:
20421:
20417:
20413:
20408:
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20400:
20396:
20392:
20388:
20384:
20380:
20376:
20375:
20369:
20365:
20361:
20357:
20353:
20349:
20345:
20344:
20339:
20335:
20331:
20327:
20323:
20319:
20315:
20311:
20307:
20303:
20302:
20296:
20292:
20286:
20282:
20278:
20274:
20270:
20266:
20260:
20257:. Last Gasp.
20256:
20251:
20247:
20241:
20237:
20233:
20228:
20224:
20218:
20214:
20209:
20205:
20199:
20195:
20190:
20186:
20180:
20176:
20171:
20170:
20163:
20159:
20153:
20149:
20144:
20140:
20134:
20130:
20125:
20124:
20117:
20113:
20107:
20103:
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20054:
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20044:
20040:
20035:
20031:
20025:
20021:
20017:
20013:
20009:
20005:
20001:
19997:
19993:
19992:
19986:
19982:
19978:
19974:
19970:
19966:
19962:
19958:
19954:
19953:
19948:
19944:
19940:
19934:
19930:
19926:
19925:
19919:
19915:
19909:
19905:
19901:
19900:
19894:
19890:
19884:
19880:
19876:
19871:
19867:
19861:
19857:
19852:
19848:
19844:
19840:
19836:
19832:
19828:
19823:
19819:
19813:
19809:
19805:
19800:
19796:
19790:
19786:
19782:
19777:
19765:
19761:
19757:
19756:
19750:
19746:
19740:
19736:
19732:
19728:
19724:
19720:
19714:
19710:
19709:Penguin Books
19706:
19705:
19700:
19699:Roberts, J.M.
19696:
19692:
19686:
19682:
19678:
19674:
19670:
19666:
19662:
19658:
19654:
19650:
19646:
19645:
19639:
19635:
19629:
19625:
19622:. Cambridge:
19621:
19616:
19612:
19606:
19602:
19601:
19595:
19591:
19585:
19581:
19577:
19573:
19569:
19565:
19559:
19555:
19551:
19547:
19543:
19539:
19533:
19530:. Brassey's.
19529:
19528:
19522:
19518:
19512:
19508:
19504:
19500:
19496:
19481:
19477:
19471:
19464:
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19447:
19443:
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19430:
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19413:
19409:
19403:
19399:
19395:
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19335:
19329:
19325:
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19302:
19298:
19293:
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19279:
19275:
19271:
19267:
19263:
19257:
19253:
19249:
19244:
19240:
19234:
19230:
19226:
19221:
19217:
19211:
19207:
19203:
19202:
19196:
19192:
19186:
19182:
19178:
19174:
19170:
19166:
19160:
19156:
19155:Da Capo Press
19152:
19147:
19143:
19139:
19135:
19131:
19127:
19123:
19119:
19115:
19114:
19109:
19105:
19101:
19095:
19091:
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19066:
19062:
19061:
19056:
19052:
19048:
19044:
19038:
19034:
19030:
19025:
19021:
19015:
19011:
19010:Penguin Books
19007:
19006:
19000:
18996:
18990:
18986:
18985:
18979:
18975:
18969:
18965:
18964:
18958:
18954:
18948:
18944:
18940:
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18934:
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18912:
18911:
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18895:
18891:
18886:
18882:
18876:
18872:
18868:
18867:
18862:
18858:
18854:
18848:
18844:
18841:. Cambridge:
18840:
18835:
18831:
18825:
18821:
18817:
18813:
18809:
18805:
18799:
18795:
18791:
18786:
18782:
18776:
18772:
18768:
18763:
18751:
18747:
18741:
18737:
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18715:
18709:
18705:
18701:
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18692:
18686:
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18678:
18674:
18670:
18664:
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18656:
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18641:
18637:
18633:
18628:
18624:
18618:
18614:
18610:
18609:
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18599:
18593:
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18573:
18567:
18563:
18559:
18554:
18550:
18546:
18542:
18538:
18537:
18531:
18527:
18521:
18517:
18513:
18509:
18505:
18501:
18495:
18491:
18487:
18486:
18481:
18480:Mazower, Mark
18477:
18473:
18469:
18465:
18461:
18457:
18453:
18452:
18447:
18443:
18439:
18433:
18429:
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18416:
18410:
18406:
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18364:
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18341:
18335:
18331:
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18326:
18320:
18316:
18310:
18306:
18302:
18297:
18293:
18287:
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18164:
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18156:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18141:
18135:
18131:
18127:
18122:
18120:in 3 volumes.
18117:
18111:
18107:
18104:. Cambridge:
18103:
18099:
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17984:
17978:
17974:
17970:
17966:
17962:
17958:
17954:
17949:
17945:
17941:
17938:(1): 13–361.
17937:
17933:
17928:
17924:
17918:
17914:
17910:
17909:
17903:
17899:
17893:
17889:
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17764:. Cambridge:
17763:
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17690:Phoenix Press
17687:
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17615:. Lexington:
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17457:. Cambridge:
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17187:. Cambridge:
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16780:
16776:
16771:
16767:
16761:
16757:
16753:
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16729:. Cambridge:
16728:
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16709:
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16683:
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16507:
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16502:Phoenix Press
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16106:
16102:
16101:Penguin Books
16098:
16093:
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16079:
16075:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16053:
16049:
16045:
16040:
16028:
16024:
16020:
16019:
16018:History Today
16014:
16009:
16005:
15999:
15996:. Brassey's.
15995:
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15639:
15635:
15631:
15626:
15622:
15616:
15612:
15611:Penguin Books
15608:
15604:
15603:Bullock, Alan
15600:
15596:
15590:
15586:
15582:
15577:
15573:
15567:
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15516:
15513:
15512:online review
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15292:
15288:
15282:
15278:
15274:
15270:
15269:Black, Jeremy
15266:
15262:
15256:
15252:
15251:HarperCollins
15248:
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15224:
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15148:
15145:. Cambridge:
15144:
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14807:
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14800:
14799:
14796:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14758:
14742:
14738:
14734:
14728:
14712:
14708:
14704:
14697:
14689:
14685:
14681:
14674:
14659:on 9 May 2008
14658:
14654:
14647:
14645:
14638:, p. 11.
14637:
14636:Ratcliff 2006
14632:
14616:
14609:
14602:
14595:
14590:
14588:
14580:
14575:
14568:
14563:
14561:
14552:
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14512:
14508:
14501:
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14481:
14477:
14471:
14463:
14457:
14453:
14449:
14442:
14435:
14430:
14428:
14419:
14415:
14411:
14407:
14400:
14394:, p. 16.
14393:
14388:
14382:, p. 15.
14381:
14376:
14370:, p. 52.
14369:
14364:
14358:, p. 14.
14357:
14352:
14346:, p. 25.
14345:
14340:
14332:
14326:
14322:
14315:
14307:
14301:
14297:
14290:
14283:
14278:
14271:
14267:
14262:
14255:
14250:
14244:, p. 76.
14243:
14238:
14230:
14224:
14220:
14213:
14206:
14202:
14197:
14191:, p. 26.
14190:
14185:
14177:
14171:
14167:
14160:
14153:
14148:
14141:
14140:Harrison 1998
14136:
14129:
14116:
14112:
14106:
14102:
14101:
14092:
14085:
14084:Harrison 1998
14080:
14078:
14070:
14057:
14053:
14049:
14045:
14041:
14038:(July 1939).
14037:
14031:
14024:
14019:
14017:
14009:
14004:
13998:, p. 156
13997:
13992:
13985:
13980:
13973:
13967:
13960:
13955:
13948:
13943:
13936:
13931:
13925:, p. 42.
13924:
13923:Liberman 1996
13919:
13903:
13899:
13893:
13891:
13874:
13870:
13866:
13859:
13857:
13849:
13844:
13837:
13832:
13816:
13812:
13808:
13802:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13780:
13777:
13774:Zemskov V.N.
13771:
13764:
13759:
13752:
13746:
13739:
13727:
13723:
13722:
13717:
13710:
13695:on 2 May 2006
13694:
13690:
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13482:
13478:
13472:
13468:
13467:
13466:Women and War
13460:
13453:
13449:
13445:
13439:
13429:
13413:
13409:
13408:
13403:
13397:
13391:, p. 69.
13390:
13385:
13379:, p. 74.
13378:
13373:
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13361:
13353:
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13343:
13336:
13329:
13324:
13317:
13312:
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13278:
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13268:
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13233:
13229:
13225:
13218:
13202:
13199:(in Polish).
13198:
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12910:
12903:
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12851:
12845:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12814:
12798:
12794:
12790:
12783:
12776:
12773:(revised) by
12772:
12767:
12759:
12753:
12749:
12745:
12744:
12736:
12730:, p. 49.
12729:
12724:
12716:
12710:
12706:
12705:
12696:
12690:, p. 32.
12689:
12684:
12678:, p. 64.
12677:
12672:
12665:
12660:
12653:
12648:
12642:, p. 23.
12641:
12636:
12629:
12624:
12617:
12612:
12605:
12600:
12593:
12588:
12572:
12568:
12562:
12555:
12550:
12543:
12538:
12531:
12526:
12519:
12518:Harrison 1998
12515:
12510:
12503:
12498:
12491:
12486:
12479:
12474:
12468:, p. 71.
12467:
12462:
12455:
12454:Weinberg 2005
12450:
12443:
12438:
12431:
12426:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12396:
12389:
12384:
12377:
12372:
12365:
12360:
12354:, p. 33.
12353:
12348:
12341:
12336:
12321:
12317:
12316:
12309:
12303:
12299:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12270:
12266:
12260:
12244:
12240:
12236:
12230:
12224:, p. 39.
12223:
12218:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12188:
12181:
12176:
12169:
12164:
12157:
12152:
12145:
12140:
12134:, p. 55.
12133:
12128:
12122:, p. 43.
12121:
12116:
12100:
12096:
12092:
12088:
12084:
12080:
12073:
12054:
12050:
12044:
12037:
12036:
12028:
12026:
12014:
12010:
12004:
11997:
11996:
11988:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11959:(1): 77–105.
11958:
11954:
11950:
11943:
11936:
11931:
11924:
11919:
11912:
11907:
11901:, pp. 526–528
11900:
11894:
11887:
11881:
11874:
11869:
11862:
11857:
11850:
11844:
11837:
11832:
11825:
11820:
11814:, p. 90.
11813:
11812:Williams 2006
11808:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11773:
11757:
11753:
11746:
11739:
11734:
11728:, p. 57.
11727:
11722:
11715:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11687:
11679:
11673:
11669:
11662:
11646:
11642:
11641:
11633:
11627:, p. 24.
11626:
11621:
11614:
11609:
11602:
11601:O'Reilly 2001
11597:
11591:
11586:
11579:
11574:
11568:, p. 21.
11567:
11566:Buchanan 2006
11562:
11555:
11550:
11544:, p. 85.
11543:
11538:
11531:
11526:
11519:
11514:
11508:, p. 54.
11507:
11502:
11495:
11490:
11483:
11478:
11462:
11458:
11450:
11443:
11438:
11431:
11426:
11418:
11412:
11408:
11401:
11394:
11389:
11382:
11377:
11370:
11357:
11353:
11347:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11317:
11310:
11305:
11298:
11293:
11287:, p. 191
11286:
11281:
11274:
11269:
11263:, p. 91.
11262:
11257:
11250:
11249:Weinberg 2005
11245:
11238:
11233:
11227:, p. 85.
11226:
11221:
11214:
11209:
11202:
11197:
11191:, p. 60.
11190:
11185:
11183:
11175:
11170:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11150:Portelli 2003
11147:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11125:
11121:
11116:
11109:
11108:Chubarov 2001
11104:
11097:
11092:
11085:
11080:
11073:
11072:Weinberg 2005
11068:
11061:
11056:
11049:
11044:
11037:
11032:
11025:
11020:
11013:
11008:
11001:
10996:
10989:
10984:
10977:
10976:Padfield 1998
10972:
10965:
10960:
10954:, p. 52.
10953:
10948:
10941:
10936:
10929:
10924:
10917:
10912:
10905:
10900:
10894:, p. 90.
10893:
10888:
10882:, p. 35.
10881:
10880:O'Reilly 2001
10876:
10869:
10864:
10858:, p. 32.
10857:
10856:O'Reilly 2001
10852:
10845:
10840:
10833:
10829:
10824:
10817:
10812:
10805:
10800:
10793:
10788:
10781:
10776:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10757:
10751:, p. 11.
10750:
10745:
10739:, p. 24.
10738:
10733:
10727:, p. 38.
10726:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10715:
10707:
10702:
10695:
10690:
10683:
10678:
10672:, p. 60.
10671:
10666:
10659:
10654:
10647:
10642:
10635:
10630:
10624:, p. 31.
10623:
10618:
10612:, p. 91.
10611:
10610:Molinari 2007
10606:
10599:
10594:
10588:, p. 52.
10587:
10582:
10575:
10574:Erickson 2001
10570:
10563:
10558:
10551:
10546:
10539:
10534:
10527:
10522:
10515:
10510:
10504:, p. 31.
10503:
10498:
10491:
10486:
10479:
10474:
10467:
10462:
10455:
10450:
10434:
10430:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10415:
10407:
10400:
10399:Weinberg 2005
10395:
10388:
10383:
10376:
10371:
10365:, p. 28.
10364:
10359:
10352:
10351:Salecker 2001
10347:
10340:
10335:
10328:
10323:
10316:
10311:
10304:
10299:
10292:
10287:
10280:
10275:
10268:
10263:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10233:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10203:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10143:
10136:
10131:
10125:, p. 22.
10124:
10119:
10112:
10107:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10083:
10075:
10068:
10063:
10056:
10052:
10047:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10024:
10017:
10012:
10010:
10002:
9997:
9990:
9985:
9979:, p. 310
9978:
9977:Weinberg 2005
9973:
9966:
9961:
9954:
9949:
9942:
9937:
9930:
9926:
9923:
9918:
9911:
9905:
9889:
9885:
9879:
9875:
9874:
9866:
9859:
9853:
9847:, pp. 417–420
9846:
9840:
9832:
9825:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9794:
9786:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9766:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9736:
9734:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9703:
9701:
9692:
9686:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9663:
9656:
9655:Anderson 1975
9651:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9621:
9615:, p. 33.
9614:
9609:
9603:, p. 30.
9602:
9597:
9590:
9585:
9578:
9573:
9566:
9561:
9555:, p. 14.
9554:
9549:
9542:
9536:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9506:
9499:
9495:
9490:
9482:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9467:
9459:
9453:, p. 26.
9452:
9447:
9440:
9435:
9428:
9423:
9416:
9411:
9404:
9399:
9392:
9387:
9380:
9375:
9368:
9363:
9356:
9351:
9345:, p. 29.
9344:
9339:
9332:
9327:
9320:
9315:
9308:
9307:Erickson 2003
9303:
9296:
9291:
9284:
9279:
9272:
9267:
9260:
9255:
9248:
9243:
9236:
9231:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9199:
9197:
9189:
9184:
9177:
9172:
9166:, p. 26.
9165:
9160:
9153:
9149:
9144:
9137:
9136:Weinberg 2005
9132:
9125:
9120:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9080:
9074:, p. 80.
9073:
9068:
9061:
9056:
9049:
9044:
9037:
9032:
9025:
9020:
9013:
9008:
9001:
8996:
8989:
8984:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8965:
8958:
8953:
8946:
8941:
8934:
8929:
8922:
8917:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8886:
8878:
8874:
8868:
8866:
8858:
8853:
8847:, p. 52.
8846:
8841:
8834:
8829:
8822:
8818:
8813:
8806:
8801:
8794:
8789:
8782:
8778:
8773:
8771:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8747:
8742:
8735:
8730:
8723:
8718:
8711:
8706:
8700:, p. 48.
8699:
8694:
8687:
8682:
8675:
8670:
8663:
8658:
8652:, p. 76.
8651:
8650:Reynolds 2006
8646:
8639:
8638:Commager 2004
8634:
8627:
8622:
8616:, p. 59.
8615:
8610:
8604:, p. 56.
8603:
8598:
8591:
8586:
8579:
8574:
8567:
8566:Ferguson 2006
8562:
8553:
8537:
8533:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8510:
8503:
8498:
8492:, p. 12.
8491:
8486:
8470:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8431:
8426:
8419:
8414:
8407:
8406:Bilinsky 1999
8402:
8400:
8393:, p. 24.
8392:
8387:
8378:
8371:
8366:
8359:
8354:
8345:
8338:
8333:
8327:, p. 24.
8326:
8321:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8266:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8230:, p. 64.
8229:
8225:
8221:
8216:
8209:
8205:, p. 35.
8204:
8199:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8176:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8101:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8070:
8068:
8051:
8047:
8041:
8034:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7967:
7962:
7955:
7950:
7943:
7938:
7931:
7926:
7919:
7914:
7907:
7902:
7895:
7890:
7883:
7878:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7808:
7801:
7796:
7789:
7784:
7777:
7772:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7747:
7740:
7734:
7725:
7709:
7705:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7686:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7662:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7638:
7632:, p. 25.
7631:
7626:
7619:
7614:
7607:
7602:
7595:
7590:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7551:
7545:, p. 10.
7544:
7539:
7532:
7527:
7521:, p. 28.
7520:
7515:
7508:
7503:
7496:
7491:
7484:
7479:
7473:, p. 52.
7472:
7467:
7460:
7455:
7449:, p. 50.
7448:
7444:
7439:
7433:, p. 62.
7432:
7431:Zalampas 1989
7427:
7420:
7415:
7409:, p. 35.
7408:
7403:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7380:
7375:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7342:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7284:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7261:
7245:
7241:
7235:
7228:
7223:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7134:, p. 10.
7133:
7128:
7122:, p. 11.
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7086:For 1941 see
7083:
7079:
7075:
7070:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7005:
6998:
6991:
6985:
6979:, p. 64.
6978:
6973:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6926:
6925:Weinberg 2005
6921:
6917:
6904:
6903:Marshall Plan
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6858:
6852:
6848:
6838:
6837:World War III
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:cryptanalysis
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6710:by designing
6709:
6705:
6700:
6698:
6697:assault rifle
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6653:
6649:
6648:combined arms
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6523:naval warfare
6519:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6412:
6397:
6396:MediaWiki.org
6393:
6388:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6089:
6088:the Holocaust
6081:
6077:
6070:
6066:
6065:Schutzstaffel
6062:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6028:The Holocaust
6019:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5982:Baltic states
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5901:M. R. D. Foot
5890:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5812:, along with
5811:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5736:economic boom
5733:
5729:
5728:Marshall Plan
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5662:the civil war
5658:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5631:Kuril Islands
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5441:Baltic states
5438:
5435:, from which
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5300:Kuril Islands
5297:
5293:
5292:Kwantung Army
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:Grand Admiral
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4950:Joseph Stalin
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4827:, the Soviet
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4724:Armia Krajowa
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:, 6 June 1944
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4603:in late 1943
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4465:, causing an
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4322:in May 1943.
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4220:, creating a
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:United States
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:Kwantung Army
3666:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:Eastern Front
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:Although the
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:ultimate goal
3493:
3492:Baltic region
3489:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:Baltic states
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3293:
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3156:
3153:. The German
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3131:
3125:
3121:
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3105:
3097:
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3079:tactics, the
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2982:Ion Antonescu
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2832:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2819:. The Polish
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:. During the
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:having staged
2763:
2755:
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2640:
2639:Pact of Steel
2636:
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2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2599:Joseph Stalin
2596:
2591:
2587:
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2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:ethnic German
2529:
2526:, an area of
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2398:
2394:
2391:deployed his
2390:
2387:
2386:Generalissimo
2383:
2380:
2377:, and fought
2376:
2375:around Xinkou
2373:
2369:
2365:
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2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
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2328:
2318:
2316:
2315:Eastern Front
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2110:, staged the
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2102:
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2062:
2058:
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2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:in 1933 when
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:, August 1933
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:promises made
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1859:nation-states
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
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1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1815:
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1794:
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1761:
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1730:
1726:
1718:
1717:Antony Beevor
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
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1645:
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1626:Eastern Front
1624:
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1501:
1498:Chronological
1497:
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1485:
1475:
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1469:
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1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
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1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Japanese Navy
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1309:Eastern Front
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:, the aerial
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:, and German
1199:
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1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:the Holocaust
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1064:
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1020:
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844:
843:
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841:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
820:
818:
817:Syria–Lebanon
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
788:
785:
783:
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749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:Pacific Ocean
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
710:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
690:Eastern Front
688:
684:
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680:
679:
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674:
671:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
639:Western Front
637:
635:
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:
591:
586:
583:Campaigns of
577:
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563:
558:
557:
554:
543:
542:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
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419:
417:
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411:
406:
401:
396:
394:
389:
384:
382:
377:
372:
370:
369:Joseph Stalin
365:
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342:
341:
337:
335:
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259:Mediterranean
257:
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242:
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225:
222:
220:
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208:
205:
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198:
195:
194:
190:
183:
179:
178:Lingayen Gulf
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
132:
131:Eastern Front
128:
124:
123:
114:
105:
94:
85:
74:
65:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
27303:World War II
27227:Eastern Bloc
27197:Asia Council
27158:Contemporary
27104:Latin Church
27072:Christianity
27001:Confucianism
26873:Collectivism
26687:Architecture
26593:World War II
26592:
26430:Western Bloc
26230:AUSCANNZUKUS
26186:Contemporary
26135:Human rights
25981:Latin Church
25955:Christianity
25905:
25864:Conservatism
25709:contemporary
25546:Architecture
25482:World War II
25481:
25442:Emancipation
25437:Abolitionism
25325:Romanization
25320:Roman legacy
25301:Roman Empire
25153:Vatican City
25072:Soviet Union
24820:West Sumatra
24689:Newfoundland
24643:South Africa
24638:Sierra Leone
24616:North Africa
24497:Bibliography
24480:
24293:Project Hula
24258:Vistula–Oder
24227:
24160:
24151:
24135:
24105:
24054:
24038:
24029:
24020:
23986:
23883:
23798:
23774:
23744:
23495:
23388:
23333:North Africa
23035:Soviet Union
22989:Soviet Union
22915:Soviet Union
22683:Vatican City
22593:Vichy France
22498:German Reich
22395:Soviet Union
22381:South Africa
22374:Sierra Leone
22327:Newfoundland
22146:Participants
22129:Marocchinate
21833:
21824:
21794:
21672:North Africa
21633:Indian Ocean
21492:Nazi plunder
21383:Cryptography
21256:World War II
21255:
21161:
21158:
21139:
21116:
21093:
21071:
21048:
21025:
21002:
20977:
20947:
20943:
20917:
20894:
20871:
20847:
20821:
20795:
20762:
20756:
20753:Waltz, Susan
20741:. Retrieved
20737:the original
20727:
20700:
20680:
20653:
20626:
20598:
20574:
20550:
20537:
20511:
20486:
20480:
20457:
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20411:
20378:
20372:
20347:
20341:
20305:
20299:
20276:
20254:
20231:
20212:
20193:
20168:
20147:
20127:. New York:
20122:
20100:. New York:
20096:
20067:
20061:
20038:
20015:
19995:
19989:
19956:
19950:
19947:Sella, Amnon
19923:
19898:
19874:
19855:
19833:(1): 21–28.
19830:
19826:
19803:
19780:
19768:. Retrieved
19754:
19730:
19703:
19676:
19648:
19642:
19619:
19599:
19575:
19549:
19526:
19502:
19487:. Retrieved
19480:the original
19461:
19437:
19417:
19396:. New York:
19392:
19368:
19365:Rahn, Werner
19342:
19319:
19296:
19273:
19247:
19224:
19200:
19176:
19150:
19117:
19111:
19088:. New York:
19084:
19067:(1): 24–39.
19064:
19058:
19028:
19004:
18983:
18962:
18941:. New York:
18937:
18913:. New York:
18909:
18889:
18865:
18838:
18815:
18789:
18766:
18754:. Retrieved
18726:
18699:
18680:
18677:Mitter, Rana
18654:
18634:. New York:
18631:
18607:
18583:
18557:
18540:
18534:
18514:. Abingdon:
18511:
18508:Milner, Marc
18484:
18455:
18449:
18423:
18400:
18372:
18348:
18324:
18300:
18277:
18254:
18231:
18211:
18187:
18175:. Retrieved
18171:the original
18153:
18125:
18101:
18071:
18048:
18030:Random House
18028:. New York:
18024:
17987:
17981:
17956:
17952:
17935:
17931:
17907:
17882:
17861:
17857:Kershaw, Ian
17834:
17814:
17787:
17784:Keegan, John
17761:
17734:
17709:
17685:
17658:
17635:
17612:
17589:
17562:
17558:Iriye, Akira
17534:. New York:
17530:
17500:
17477:
17453:
17429:
17406:
17381:
17375:
17344:
17320:. New York:
17317:
17293:
17269:
17239:(1): 15–32.
17236:
17230:
17207:
17184:
17161:
17138:. Kent, OH:
17135:
17111:
17087:
17064:
17037:
17006:
16993:. Retrieved
16989:the original
16976:
16948:
16936:the original
16904:
16880:
16868:. Retrieved
16864:the original
16851:
16824:
16800:. New York:
16797:
16774:
16754:. New York:
16750:
16726:
16703:
16681:
16660:
16630:
16624:
16601:
16570:
16543:
16520:
16497:
16467:
16455:. Retrieved
16419:
16413:
16392:the original
16363:
16357:
16324:
16301:
16276:
16272:
16249:
16229:. New York:
16224:
16196:
16166:
16163:Foot, M.R.D.
16159:Dear, I.C.B.
16133:ix+544 pages
16123:
16096:
16073:
16043:
16031:. Retrieved
16022:
16016:
15993:
15968:
15943:
15920:
15896:
15859:
15853:
15830:
15806:
15785:. New York:
15782:
15762:. New York:
15758:
15729:
15723:
15700:
15678:
15637:
15633:
15606:
15580:
15556:
15525:
15489:
15466:
15442:
15418:
15395:
15383:. Retrieved
15379:the original
15365:
15341:
15318:
15295:
15272:
15249:. New York:
15245:
15218:
15194:
15169:
15142:
15130:
15110:. New York:
15107:
15084:
15060:
15039:. New York:
15035:
15011:. New York:
15008:
14985:
14960:
14935:
14910:
14904:
14881:
14857:
14828:
14824:
14804:
14775:. Retrieved
14771:the original
14757:
14747:17 September
14745:. Retrieved
14736:
14727:
14715:. Retrieved
14711:the original
14706:
14696:
14688:IF0504159516
14679:
14673:
14661:. Retrieved
14657:the original
14631:
14619:. Retrieved
14601:
14574:
14514:
14510:
14500:
14488:. Retrieved
14479:
14470:
14447:
14441:
14409:
14405:
14399:
14387:
14375:
14363:
14351:
14339:
14320:
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14237:
14218:
14212:
14196:
14184:
14165:
14159:
14147:
14142:, p. 2.
14135:
14126:
14119:. Retrieved
14099:
14091:
14086:, p. 3.
14067:
14060:. Retrieved
14043:
14036:Leith, C. K.
14030:
14003:
13991:
13986:, p. 5.
13979:
13971:
13966:
13954:
13947:Milward 1992
13942:
13935:Milward 1992
13930:
13918:
13906:. Retrieved
13877:. Retrieved
13873:the original
13868:
13843:
13831:
13819:. Retrieved
13815:the original
13810:
13801:
13775:
13770:
13758:
13750:
13745:
13737:
13730:. Retrieved
13719:
13709:
13697:. Retrieved
13693:the original
13688:
13663:
13653:Herbert 1994
13648:
13632:
13628:
13616:. Retrieved
13610:(6): 54–56.
13607:
13604:Perspectives
13603:
13593:
13570:
13565:
13555:
13550:
13531:
13522:
13516:
13507:
13503:
13497:
13485:. Retrieved
13465:
13459:
13443:
13438:
13428:
13416:. Retrieved
13412:the original
13405:
13396:
13384:
13372:
13360:
13341:
13335:
13330:, p. ?.
13323:
13311:
13299:. Retrieved
13285:
13266:
13260:
13248:
13236:. Retrieved
13227:
13224:"Statistics"
13217:
13205:. Retrieved
13196:
13187:
13175:. Retrieved
13166:
13156:
13144:. Retrieved
13135:
13131:
13121:
13109:. Retrieved
13089:
13082:
13070:
13058:. Retrieved
13047:
13038:
13026:. Retrieved
13017:
13008:
12996:. Retrieved
12987:
12983:
12971:
12944:. Retrieved
12931:
12921:
12909:
12897:
12885:
12875:Hosking 2006
12870:
12858:. Retrieved
12844:
12832:. Retrieved
12823:
12813:
12801:. Retrieved
12797:the original
12792:
12782:
12770:
12766:
12742:
12735:
12723:
12703:
12695:
12683:
12671:
12659:
12652:Minford 1993
12647:
12640:Ritchie 1992
12635:
12623:
12611:
12599:
12587:
12575:. Retrieved
12561:
12549:
12537:
12525:
12509:
12497:
12490:Roberts 1997
12485:
12473:
12461:
12449:
12437:
12425:
12413:. Retrieved
12404:
12395:
12383:
12376:Naimark 2010
12371:
12359:
12347:
12342:, p. 6.
12335:
12324:, retrieved
12320:the original
12314:
12308:
12285:
12273:. Retrieved
12269:the original
12259:
12247:. Retrieved
12238:
12229:
12217:
12205:. Retrieved
12196:
12187:
12182:, p. ?.
12175:
12163:
12151:
12139:
12132:Roberts 2006
12127:
12120:Roberts 2006
12115:
12103:. Retrieved
12086:
12082:
12072:
12060:. Retrieved
12034:
12013:the original
11994:
11987:
11975:. Retrieved
11956:
11952:
11942:
11930:
11918:
11906:
11898:
11893:
11885:
11880:
11868:
11856:
11848:
11843:
11831:
11819:
11807:
11782:
11778:
11772:
11760:. Retrieved
11756:the original
11745:
11740:, p. 6.
11733:
11721:
11712:
11705:. Retrieved
11696:
11686:
11667:
11661:
11649:. Retrieved
11639:
11632:
11620:
11608:
11596:
11585:
11578:Kershaw 2001
11573:
11561:
11549:
11537:
11525:
11513:
11501:
11489:
11484:, p. 8.
11477:
11465:. Retrieved
11461:the original
11449:
11442:Marston 2005
11437:
11425:
11406:
11400:
11388:
11376:
11367:
11360:. Retrieved
11346:
11334:. Retrieved
11325:
11316:
11311:, p. 8.
11304:
11292:
11280:
11268:
11256:
11244:
11232:
11220:
11208:
11196:
11169:
11130:Mazower 2008
11120:Holland 2008
11115:
11103:
11091:
11079:
11067:
11055:
11043:
11031:
11019:
11007:
10995:
10983:
10971:
10959:
10947:
10935:
10928:Mazower 2008
10923:
10918:, p. 45
10911:
10899:
10887:
10875:
10868:Bellamy 2007
10863:
10851:
10844:Kershaw 2001
10839:
10823:
10816:Rottman 2002
10811:
10804:Kennedy 2001
10799:
10787:
10775:
10756:
10749:Collier 2003
10744:
10732:
10708:, p. 8.
10701:
10689:
10677:
10665:
10653:
10641:
10629:
10622:Mitcham 2007
10617:
10605:
10593:
10581:
10569:
10557:
10545:
10533:
10521:
10509:
10497:
10492:, p. 9.
10490:Brayley 2002
10485:
10478:Marston 2005
10473:
10461:
10449:
10437:. Retrieved
10413:
10406:
10394:
10382:
10370:
10363:Schoppa 2011
10358:
10346:
10334:
10322:
10310:
10298:
10286:
10274:
10262:
10250:. Retrieved
10241:
10232:
10220:. Retrieved
10211:
10202:
10190:. Retrieved
10181:
10172:
10160:. Retrieved
10151:
10142:
10130:
10118:
10106:
10095:, retrieved
10081:
10074:
10062:
10046:
10031:
10028:Keegan, John
10023:
9996:
9984:
9972:
9960:
9948:
9941:Painter 2012
9936:
9917:
9909:
9904:
9892:. Retrieved
9872:
9865:
9857:
9852:
9844:
9839:
9830:
9824:
9812:. Retrieved
9803:
9793:
9774:
9765:
9753:. Retrieved
9744:
9720:. Retrieved
9711:
9680:
9674:
9662:
9650:
9638:. Retrieved
9629:
9620:
9608:
9596:
9584:
9572:
9560:
9548:
9540:
9535:
9523:. Retrieved
9514:
9505:
9489:
9465:
9458:
9446:
9439:Rotundo 1986
9434:
9427:Milward 1964
9422:
9410:
9398:
9386:
9374:
9362:
9350:
9338:
9331:Farrell 1993
9326:
9321:, p. 9.
9314:
9302:
9290:
9283:Roberts 1995
9278:
9266:
9254:
9247:Kershaw 2007
9242:
9230:
9219:, retrieved
9205:
9183:
9176:Förster 1998
9171:
9164:Förster 1998
9159:
9143:
9131:
9119:
9085:
9079:
9067:
9060:Gilbert 1989
9055:
9048:Gilbert 1989
9043:
9036:Gilbert 1989
9031:
9019:
9012:Laurier 2001
9007:
9000:Jackson 2006
8995:
8983:
8973:US Army 1986
8964:
8952:
8940:
8928:
8916:
8904:. Retrieved
8895:
8885:
8857:Cantril 1940
8852:
8845:Maingot 1994
8840:
8828:
8812:
8807:, p. 35
8800:
8788:
8753:
8741:
8734:Umbreit 1991
8729:
8717:
8705:
8693:
8681:
8669:
8657:
8645:
8640:, p. 9.
8633:
8621:
8614:Roberts 2006
8609:
8602:Roberts 2006
8597:
8585:
8573:
8561:
8552:
8540:. Retrieved
8516:
8509:
8497:
8485:
8473:. Retrieved
8458:
8442:
8437:
8425:
8413:
8408:, p. 9.
8386:
8377:
8370:Bullock 1990
8365:
8353:
8344:
8332:
8320:
8290:(1): 69–84.
8287:
8283:
8277:
8265:
8253:. Retrieved
8244:
8235:
8228:Roskill 1954
8215:
8198:
8182:
8174:
8167:. Retrieved
8147:
8140:
8128:
8116:. Retrieved
8087:. Retrieved
8078:
8054:. Retrieved
8040:
8028:
7995:
7991:
7985:
7973:
7961:
7949:
7937:
7925:
7913:
7906:Kershaw 2001
7901:
7894:Kershaw 2001
7889:
7877:
7865:. Retrieved
7850:
7838:. Retrieved
7830:The Diplomat
7829:
7819:
7807:
7795:
7783:
7776:Eastman 1986
7771:
7759:
7751:
7746:
7738:
7733:
7724:
7712:. Retrieved
7696:. ABC-CLIO.
7692:
7685:
7673:
7666:Eastman 1986
7661:
7649:
7637:
7625:
7613:
7601:
7589:
7577:. Retrieved
7557:
7550:
7538:
7526:
7514:
7502:
7495:Preston 1998
7490:
7478:
7466:
7459:Schmitz 2000
7454:
7438:
7426:
7421:, p. 4.
7414:
7402:
7390:
7374:
7362:. Retrieved
7351:
7341:
7329:. Retrieved
7320:
7310:
7288:
7283:
7275:
7260:
7248:. Retrieved
7234:
7229:, p. 4.
7222:
7210:. Retrieved
7185:
7181:
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7148:
7139:
7127:
7116:Canfora 2006
7091:
7081:
7069:
7059:14 September
7057:. Retrieved
7032:
7028:
7018:
7002:
6997:
6989:
6984:
6972:
6955:
6949:
6937:
6932:
6927:, p. 6.
6920:
6886:East Germany
6880:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6851:
6768:
6738:and British
6727:
6723:
6708:cryptography
6701:
6693:close combat
6667:, including
6628:Land warfare
6626:
6608:
6543:Pearl Harbor
6535:aeronautical
6520:
6516:jet aircraft
6477:
6425:labour force
6417:
6413:
6410:
6342:
6332:. The Nazis
6311:
6309:
6278:
6263:Nazi plunder
6232:
6220:
6214:
6198:
6181:
6175:
6104:mentally ill
6080:dictatorship
6078:, under the
6076:Nazi Germany
6074:
5999:or specific
5994:
5963:
5943:
5925:
5894:
5810:million Jews
5802:mass killing
5800:, including
5795:
5791:
5784:
5701:
5690:
5659:
5616:
5593:
5575:. Communist
5545:East Germany
5534:
5530:Eastern Bloc
5486:of the UN's
5480:great powers
5461:
5421:East Prussia
5415:and most of
5406:
5394:East Germany
5390:West Germany
5371:
5363:Nazi Germany
5331:
5313:Gyokuon-hōsō
5312:
5269:
5246:
5215:
5208:
5149:
5086:headquarters
5067:
5048:
5020:Lake Balaton
4990:, while the
4981:
4954:
4904:
4869:
4790:
4705:
4650:
4619:and begun a
4586:
4531:
4516:
4490:
4449:, following
4444:
4425:
4406:
4379:
4368:
4361:
4324:
4318:, which was
4289:
4250:
4199:
4191:Army Group B
4183:Army Group A
4145:
4098:
4088:, primarily
4074:Port Moresby
4071:
4046:Midway Atoll
4026:
4010:Indian Ocean
3963:
3938:
3922:
3903:
3887:
3847:
3823:
3818:Pearl Harbor
3804:
3788:
3773:
3751:launched an
3742:
3711:
3700:
3658:
3650:
3627:
3596:
3539:
3536:
3526:
3515:
3481:
3460:
3448:
3440:Soviet Union
3396:
3361:
3350:Afrika Korps
3339:
3327:Italian Navy
3316:
3311:Afrika Korps
3290:and made an
3280:
3278:
3232:
3197:
3191:
3188:May 1941 by
3163:
3132:
3120:Vichy Regime
3090:On 10 June,
3089:
3080:
3074:
3055:Maginot Line
3048:
3009:
3004:Maginot Line
2955:
2912:
2870:
2824:
2814:
2786:South Africa
2759:
2747:
2685:
2651:
2608:
2583:
2568:client state
2552:
2513:
2461:Hokushin-ron
2450:
2409:
2345:
2280:
2248:
2224:
2209:colonial war
2207:was a brief
2202:
2151:Tanggu Truce
2149:, until the
2128:
2120:puppet state
2074:
2046:
2022:Stresa Front
2019:
1993:
1978:Adolf Hitler
1976:
1965:at a German
1963:Adolf Hitler
1944:totalitarian
1921:
1912:armed forces
1878:
1863:
1821:
1766:allowed the
1745:
1737:Soviet Union
1682:
1561:1945 onwards
1440:
1313:
1255:. After the
1237:Soviet Union
1229:declared war
1214:Adolf Hitler
1210:Nazi Germany
1171:
1137:, including
1103:great powers
1082:
1078:
1077:
1036:Bibliography
1026:
966:World War II
965:
902:
901:
890:Indian Ocean
851:Ecuador–Peru
839:
838:
808:Middle East
782:North Africa
770:
769:
709:Asia-Pacific
707:
706:
594:
585:World War II
584:
540:
527:
519:
511:
499:
486:
478:
470:
429:Adolf Hitler
412:
352:
339:
332:
325:Participants
264:North Africa
234:Indian Ocean
44:
27177:Arab League
27160:integration
27099:Catholicism
26957:Vaishnavism
26731:Esotericism
26598:Pacific War
26571:World War I
26515:Indic world
26510:Sinic world
26493:Foundations
26370:Open Balkan
26188:integration
26118:Rule of law
26113:Natural law
26090:Agnosticism
26068:Hellenistic
26046:Anglo-Saxon
25976:Catholicism
25915:Atlanticism
25820:Rationalism
25626:Immigration
25609:Esotericism
25467:World War I
25432:Romanticism
25412:Reformation
25392:Renaissance
25370:Middle Ages
25335:Christendom
25264:Foundations
25201:New Zealand
25167:Oceania and
25121:Switzerland
25082:Byelorussia
25037:Netherlands
24879:Philippines
24719:Puerto Rico
24674:El Salvador
24228:Bodenplatte
24114:Gothic Line
23340:West Africa
22887:Philippines
22866:Netherlands
22731:Czech lands
22669:Switzerland
22613:Afghanistan
22564:Philippines
22432:Puerto Rico
22348:Philippines
22334:New Zealand
22320:Netherlands
22273:Free France
22024:Prosecution
21825:Osoaviakhim
21695:West Africa
21679:East Africa
21326:Conferences
20743:17 February
20684:. ABC-CIO.
19770:17 February
19489:15 November
18756:17 February
18076:M.E. Sharpe
17538:. pp.
17434:HarperPress
17352:. pp.
17044:. pp.
16665:. Penguin.
16457:17 February
15835:M.E. Sharpe
15764:Basic Books
15754:Chang, Iris
15385:17 February
15200:M.E. Sharpe
15087:. Toronto:
14717:15 November
14663:15 November
14621:14 November
14534:10419/89322
14254:Levine 1992
14121:19 December
14008:Radtke 1997
13879:28 December
13836:Tanaka 1996
13794:Ellman 2002
13689:dw-world.de
13377:Harris 2002
12803:28 December
12664:Schain 2001
12542:Petrov 1967
12502:Darwin 2007
12466:Stueck 2010
12168:Wettig 2008
12144:Shirer 1990
12089:(1): 5–21.
11923:Wettig 2008
11911:Beevor 2012
11888:pp. 525–526
11861:Glantz 2005
11625:Glantz 1998
11554:Beevor 2012
11542:Glantz 2001
11530:Parker 2004
11494:Howard 2004
11430:Shirer 1990
11362:14 November
11309:Berend 1996
11297:Zaloga 1996
11261:Badsey 1990
11201:Beevor 2012
11189:Zeiler 2004
11158:Gordon 2012
11124:Beevor 2012
11096:Glantz 2002
11084:Glantz 2002
11036:Beevor 2012
11024:Polley 2000
11012:Mitter 2014
10904:Glantz 2001
10832:Glantz 1989
10828:Glantz 1986
10682:Keegan 1997
10658:Gordon 2004
10634:Beevor 2012
10598:Beevor 2012
10586:Milner 1990
10562:Beevor 1998
10538:Beevor 1998
10526:Davies 2006
10502:Glantz 2001
10339:Maddox 1992
10267:Beevor 2012
10135:Shirer 1990
9525:17 February
9494:Beevor 1998
9451:Glantz 2001
9403:Glantz 2001
9355:Beevor 2012
9343:Keeble 1990
9319:Glantz 2001
9271:Hauner 1978
9188:Shirer 1990
9148:Murray 1983
9124:Garver 1988
9072:Watson 2003
8988:Jowett 2001
8975:, pp.
8817:Steury 1987
8777:Murray 1983
8758:Keegan 1997
8710:Keegan 1997
8674:Keegan 1997
8578:Snyder 2010
8475:19 December
8430:Spring 1986
8337:Zaloga 2002
8325:Hempel 2005
8270:Zaloga 2002
8220:Beevor 2012
8203:Keegan 1997
7966:Shirer 1990
7930:Shirer 1990
7918:Davies 2006
7812:Beevor 2012
7788:Taylor 2009
7630:Neulen 2000
7618:Kitson 2001
7606:Shirer 1990
7594:Barker 1971
7531:Coogan 1993
7483:Shirer 1990
7447:Record 2005
7381:, pp.
7379:Ingram 2006
7227:Masaya 1990
7212:17 February
7132:Beevor 2012
7088:Taylor 1961
7078:Taylor 1979
6832:World War I
6623:, July 1945
6586:Leigh Light
6559:battleships
6533:. Although
6433:war economy
6392:Phabricator
6227:, between 4
6176:The Soviet
6140:death camps
6132:Soviet POWs
6116:homosexuals
5887:during the
5818:homosexuals
5637:, formerly
5600:Warsaw Pact
5464:world peace
5433:Curzon Line
5429:Sudetenland
5320:, with the
5093:Karl Dönitz
4915:Hideki Tojo
4783:during the
4781:Philippines
4764:in Bulgaria
4639:during the
4637:Omaha Beach
4580:, and made
4487:, July 1943
4372:during the
4356:scout plane
4285:Dieppe Raid
4261:Gazala line
4195:Volga River
4090:Guadalcanal
3871:Wake Island
3838:Hideki Tojo
3685:Pacific War
3554:decided to
3542:forced the
3514:, generate
3472:Byelorussia
3444:Axis powers
3411:Free French
3370:signed the
3239:Axis powers
2875:Poland and
2782:New Zealand
2665:, Finland,
2524:Sudetenland
2488:Chamberlain
2473:Nanshin-ron
2465:Khalkin Gol
2089:a civil war
2057:appeasement
1980:, after an
1908:reparations
1896:nationalism
1889:irredentist
1829:—including
1823:World War I
1697:Pacific War
1456:superpowers
1269:East Africa
1095:Axis powers
873:Air Warfare
787:East Africa
535:(1937–1945)
528:Total dead:
494:(1937–1945)
487:Total dead:
254:Middle East
182:Philippines
27308:World Wars
27297:Categories
26888:Philippine
26805:Philosophy
26790:Philosophy
26763:Literature
26390:Rio Treaty
25901:Relativism
25859:Liberalism
25825:Empiricism
25777:Philosophy
25765:Secularism
25716:Philosophy
25653:Literature
25447:Capitalism
25196:New Guinea
25176:Antarctica
25169:Antarctica
25158:Yugoslavia
25077:Azerbaijan
25032:Luxembourg
24815:New Guinea
24714:New Mexico
24704:California
24611:Madagascar
24596:Gold Coast
24591:The Gambia
24328:West Hunan
24161:Pointblank
23497:Silver Fox
23483:Summer War
23236:Winter War
23215:Phoney War
22996:Azerbaijan
22957:Yugoslavia
22852:Luxembourg
22694:Resistance
22441:Yugoslavia
22306:Luxembourg
22108:Sook Ching
21904:War crimes
21506:Technology
21499:Opposition
21441:Lend-Lease
21418:Australian
21411:Home front
21369:Blitzkrieg
21319:Casualties
21310:Commanders
21282:Operations
21119:. Oxford:
21096:. Oxford:
20601:. Oxford:
20553:. London:
20540:. London:
20437:. Oxford:
20279:. London:
20234:. London:
20173:. London:
19877:. London:
19707:. London:
19552:. Oxford:
19505:. London:
19440:. London:
19090:John Wiley
18702:. Oxford:
18516:Frank Cass
18490:Allen Lane
18488:. London:
18403:. Oxford:
18380:. p.
18303:. Oxford:
18280:. London:
18051:. Oxford:
17911:. Oxford:
17888:Allen Lane
17886:. London:
17790:. London:
17688:. London:
17661:. Oxford:
17638:. Oxford:
17509:B00005W210
17432:. London:
17411:Frank Cass
17272:. Oxford:
17090:. Oxford:
17040:. Oxford:
16885:Frank Cass
16777:. London:
16576:Allen Lane
16574:. London:
16523:. London:
16500:. London:
16169:. Oxford:
16127:. London:
16099:. London:
16076:. Boston:
16046:. London:
15973:. Oxford:
15946:. Oxford:
15609:. London:
15471:Frank Cass
15398:. Oxford:
15064:. London:
15036:Stalingrad
14938:. Oxford:
14886:Allen Lane
14884:. London:
14863:Allen Lane
14861:. London:
14793:See also:
14789:References
14356:Hearn 2007
14189:Overy 1994
14062:26 January
13908:9 February
13821:18 January
13790:Bacon 1992
13699:19 January
13668:Overy 2004
13655:, p.
13418:25 January
13316:Chang 1997
13238:25 January
13146:25 October
13075:Evans 2008
12946:2 February
12902:Smith 1994
12877:, p.
12728:Neary 1992
12688:Smith 1993
12478:Lynch 2010
12388:Swain 1992
12290:Waltz 2002
12275:25 January
12249:17 January
12222:Yoder 1997
11613:Evans 2008
11381:Evans 2008
11225:Coble 2003
11142:Belco 2010
11000:Iriye 1981
10988:Kolko 1990
10916:Kolko 1990
10892:Healy 1992
10780:Overy 1995
10694:Smith 2002
10550:Black 2003
10454:Swain 2001
10327:Perez 1998
10303:Grove 1995
10279:Lewis 1953
9989:Dower 1986
9894:15 January
9498:Evans 2008
9391:Jukes 2001
9235:Sella 1978
9150:, p.
8969:Evans 2008
8957:Clogg 2002
8760:, p.
8746:Brown 2004
8686:Regan 2004
8662:Evans 2008
8542:3 February
8189:at 11 am.
8133:Evans 2008
8056:29 October
7978:Shore 2003
7800:Sella 1983
7654:Payne 2008
7642:Payne 2008
7543:Busky 2002
7419:Brody 1999
7364:29 October
7276:Asia Times
7120:Prins 2002
6813:was first
6811:Penicillin
6621:New Mexico
6545:, and the
6531:submarines
6472:Peenemünde
6468:V-2 rocket
6446:Japan used
6313:Lebensraum
6241:Occupation
6120:Freemasons
5990:in Germany
5928:biological
5911:. General
5846:Yugoslavia
5655:Korean War
5612:proxy wars
5583:, causing
5577:Yugoslavia
5242:submarines
5201:signs the
5074:was killed
4884:Burma Road
4793:Yugoslavia
4570:Baltic Sea
4564:hoping to
4362:Washington
4204:in bitter
3703:false flag
3651:blitzkrieg
3638:Sevastopol
3623:oil fields
3540:Barbarossa
3517:Lebensraum
3508:White Seas
3502:—from the
3380:Yugoslavia
3368:Yugoslavia
3307:Panzer III
3224:Lend-Lease
3182:Home Fleet
3170:Royal Navy
3118:under the
3116:rump state
3076:Blitzkrieg
3067:Luxembourg
3046:May 1940.
2947:Winter War
2907:Winter War
2794:Phoney War
2721:See also:
2696:plebiscite
2675:Bessarabia
2548:Trans-Olza
2429:, but the
2311:volunteers
2241:annexation
2077:Kuomintang
1893:revanchist
1841:, and the
1787:Background
1723:II as the
1609:By theatre
1597:Operations
1482:See also:
1396:8 May 1945
1390:; and the
1348:Stalingrad
1159:war crimes
972:Navigation
914:Yugoslavia
895:Madagascar
858:Antarctica
829:Dodecanese
649:Resistance
617:Winter War
607:Phoney War
169:after the
138:Matilda II
27045:Abrahamic
26940:Vajrayana
26930:Theravada
26785:Mythology
26758:Languages
26546:Silk Road
26505:Old World
26335:Five Eyes
26330:EU–UK TCA
26172:Democracy
26061:Old Norse
25950:Abrahamic
25907:Peritrope
25889:Tolerance
25869:Socialism
25699:Mythology
25687:Classical
25636:Languages
25614:Astrology
25462:Modernism
25276:Old World
25181:Australia
25146:Gibraltar
25104:Catalonia
25027:Lithuania
24889:Singapore
24837:Indochina
24827:Hong Kong
24803:Manchuria
24772:Venezuela
24742:Argentina
24679:Greenland
24633:Nyasaland
24393:Manchuria
24279:Indochina
24055:Bagration
23506:Lithuania
23151:Anschluss
22948:Viet Minh
22845:Lithuania
22787:Hong Kong
22557:Manchukuo
22512:Azad Hind
22171:Australia
21971:Aftermath
21834:Paperclip
21729:Aftermath
21529:Total war
21397:Diplomacy
21360:In Europe
21007:MIT Press
20922:Routledge
20787:145398136
20725:(1986) .
20503:163152235
20403:159943895
20330:154270850
20236:Routledge
20175:Routledge
20094:(1990) .
19981:220880174
19785:Routledge
19507:BBC Books
19347:Routledge
19324:Routledge
19252:Routledge
19142:153741180
18588:MIT Press
18282:Routledge
18236:Routledge
18177:1 October
18022:(1990) .
18012:159671713
17398:159958616
17350:Routledge
17261:154865385
17166:Routledge
16860:278029256
16600:(2006) .
16472:Routledge
16201:MIT Press
16129:Macmillan
16048:UCL Press
15975:Heinemann
15884:159445902
15812:Continuum
15699:(2006) .
15562:MIT Press
15510:also see
15506:0031-2746
15371:Cambridge
15346:Routledge
15300:Routledge
15277:Routledge
14680:The Times
14543:1432-1386
14270:Ward 2010
14201:BBSU 1998
14095:Compare:
14023:Rahn 2001
13984:Hill 2005
13487:14 August
13446:. Knopf,
13197:dzieje.pl
13111:18 August
13028:27 August
12998:27 August
12928:"Victims"
12914:Herf 2003
12616:Wolf 1993
12207:2 October
12180:Senn 2007
11935:Frei 2002
11873:Pape 1993
11799:154800868
11726:Drea 2003
11714:homeless.
11506:Drea 2003
11237:Rees 2008
11213:Ch'i 1992
11134:Civitella
11048:Ch'i 1992
10725:Ross 1997
10646:Rich 1992
10514:Read 2004
10466:Hane 2001
10387:Ropp 2000
10315:Ch'i 1992
10291:Slim 1956
10051:Dunn 1998
10001:Wood 2007
9953:Wood 2007
9577:Joes 2004
9295:Wilt 1981
9112:189257503
8590:Koch 1983
8312:146904066
8079:ww2db.com
8020:144385167
7714:27 August
7407:Shaw 2000
7150:Fresh Air
7084:, p. 191.
7049:0008-4107
6960:Cambridge
6913:Citations
6764:Bodyguard
6760:Mincemeat
6756:deception
6712:ciphering
6704:codebooks
6636:artillery
6547:Coral Sea
6427:, Allied
6421:attrition
6199:Japanese
6180:became a
6166:Auschwitz
6148:Europeans
6128:genocidal
6001:customary
5980:, in the
5949:) and in
5874:Home Army
5693:baby boom
5608:arms race
5527:Communist
5455:and some
5417:Pomerania
5339:Aftermath
5330:USS
5326:Tokyo Bay
5276:Hiroshima
5207:USS
5205:on board
5182:launched
5154:advanced
5141:Flensburg
5063:Reichstag
5040:Nuremberg
4988:Pomerania
4813:Partisans
4673:liberated
4609:Myitkyina
4562:Estonians
4560:aided by
4508:in Tehran
4369:Lexington
4367:USS
4360:USS
4350:U.S. Navy
4281:commandos
4240:American
4187:Don River
4065:over the
3982:Singapore
3883:Hong Kong
3803:USS
3712:USS Panay
3634:Leningrad
3621:, Iran's
3546:to adopt
3537:Operation
3512:Communism
3202:to allow
3159:the Blitz
3081:Wehrmacht
2923:Lithuania
2885:Lithuania
2826:Wehrmacht
2778:Australia
2749:Wehrmacht
2584:Memelland
2500:Mussolini
2453:Manchukuo
2435:Chongqing
2393:best army
2299:proxy war
2217:Abyssinia
2155:Manchuria
2135:condemned
2124:Manchukuo
1971:Nuremberg
1579:Diplomacy
1516:in Europe
1408:Hiroshima
1402:, the US
1281:the Blitz
1135:genocides
1107:total war
993:Equipment
988:Countries
983:Campaigns
765:Australia
661:Alps 1940
654:1944–1945
284:Caribbean
279:Australia
167:Reichstag
165:over the
27038:Yazidism
27021:Tengrism
26972:Smartism
26967:Shaktism
26962:Shaivism
26947:Hinduism
26935:Mahayana
26913:Buddhism
26900:Religion
26883:Japanese
26795:Religion
26746:Japanese
26736:Folklore
26714:Buddhist
26704:Calendar
26675:Cyrillic
26635:Alphabet
26610:Cold War
26525:Islamdom
26395:Schengen
26325:Eurozone
26165:Property
26160:Religion
26051:Frankish
26041:Germanic
26021:Paganism
25942:Religion
25930:European
25842:Humanism
25745:Religion
25704:Painting
25670:Internet
25621:Folklore
25592:Clothing
25563:Calendar
25539:Cyrillic
25524:Alphabet
25487:Cold War
25067:Slovenia
25062:Slovakia
25052:Portugal
24940:Bulgaria
24894:Thailand
24869:Mongolia
24842:Cambodia
24762:Suriname
24752:Colombia
24576:Ethiopia
24504:Category
24453:document
24363:document
24220:Ardennes
24204:Budapest
24152:Crossbow
24030:Overlord
23869:Smolensk
23087:Timeline
22922:Slovakia
22908:Thailand
22759:Ethiopia
22724:Bulgaria
22648:Portugal
22586:Thailand
22468:Bulgaria
22246:Eswatini
22239:Ethiopia
22192:Bulgaria
22017:Unit 731
21978:Response
21795:Keelhaul
21745:Cold War
21718:Americas
21709:timeline
21702:Atlantic
21582:Theaters
21209:Archived
21195:Archived
21166:Casemate
21160:Bismarck
21092:(1996).
20974:(1962).
20846:(2005).
20820:(2003).
20652:(1999).
20624:(2008).
20536:(1961).
20275:(2010).
20014:(2007).
19764:Archived
19729:(2000).
19701:(1997).
19675:(2006).
19574:(2006).
19548:(1992).
19501:(2008).
19272:(2003).
19175:(2008).
19053:(2012).
18935:(1994).
18863:(2005).
18750:Archived
18724:(1983).
18679:(2014).
18482:(2008).
18167:53-63678
17944:40604127
17859:(2001).
17812:(2001).
17786:(1997).
17588:(2006).
17560:(1981).
17517:12828898
17160:(2002).
17032:(2004).
16985:78918907
16846:(1986).
16822:(1989).
16657:(2006).
16568:(2008).
16448:Archived
16444:12288331
16388:43510161
16349:(2002).
16221:(1986).
16151:70401618
16121:(2006).
16027:Archived
15894:(2002).
15876:25779864
15756:(1997).
15605:(1990).
15554:(2003).
15515:Archived
15271:(2003).
15243:(2000).
15167:(1991).
15141:(1996).
15033:(1998).
14855:(2003).
14741:Archived
14615:Archived
14551:36789517
14484:Archived
14115:Archived
14056:Archived
13902:Archived
13848:Bix 2000
13782:Archived
13726:Archived
13618:17 April
13612:Archived
13539:Archived
13481:Archived
13389:Lee 2002
13328:Bix 2000
13295:Archived
13232:Archived
13207:10 March
13201:Archived
13171:Archived
13140:Archived
13105:Archived
13060:4 August
13054:Archived
13022:Archived
12992:Archived
12940:Archived
12860:20 April
12854:Archived
12834:20 April
12828:Archived
12577:18 April
12571:Archived
12409:Archived
12298:Archived
12243:Archived
12201:Archived
12099:Archived
12053:Archived
11971:Archived
11762:13 April
11701:Archived
11645:Archived
11467:16 March
11356:Archived
11336:27 April
11330:Archived
10764:Archived
10433:Archived
10377:, p. 19.
10246:Archived
10216:Archived
10186:Archived
10156:Archived
10091:archived
10055:May 1955
9925:Archived
9912:, p. 424
9888:Archived
9860:, p. 418
9808:Archived
9749:Archived
9716:Archived
9634:Archived
9519:Archived
9215:archived
8900:Archived
8877:Archived
8536:Archived
8469:Archived
8453:, p. 71.
8249:Archived
8193:at 5 pm.
8163:Archived
8112:Archived
8089:29 April
8083:Archived
8050:Archived
7861:Archived
7834:Archived
7708:Archived
7573:Archived
7358:Archived
7325:Archived
7293:Archived
7268:Archived
7244:Archived
7206:Archived
7202:40105814
7161:16 April
7155:Archived
7053:Archived
6898:Bulgaria
6821:See also
6775:Colossus
6640:infantry
6607:Nuclear
6590:Hedgehog
6582:wolfpack
6570:weaponry
6484:fighters
6349:hegemony
6182:de facto
6130:state".
6100:disabled
5997:positive
5946:Unit 731
5921:Shandong
5862:Chetniks
5806:around 6
5738:and the
5672:and the
5629:and the
5604:Cold War
5561:Bulgaria
5498:and the
5447:. Italy
5332:Missouri
5304:Hirohito
5298:and the
5280:Nagasaki
5234:Iwo Jima
5209:Missouri
5172:Mindanao
4892:Hengyang
4839:against
4829:Red Army
4748:Red Army
4744:Slovakia
4504:in Cairo
4481:Red Army
4438:and the
4436:Smolensk
4331:de-house
4136:Red Army
4006:Java Sea
3966:Thailand
3879:Thailand
3826:Hirohito
3710:gunboat
3661:reserves
3529:Red Army
3364:Bulgaria
3253:joined.
3247:Slovakia
3192:Bismarck
3172:, using
3133:The air
3071:Ardennes
2958:occupied
2929:to sign
2889:Slovakia
2871:Germany
2768:several
2645:and the
2492:Daladier
2457:Mongolia
2360:materiel
2358:to lend
2261:Covenant
2139:Shanghai
2083:against
1839:Bulgaria
1735:and the
1733:Mongolia
1687:and the
1570:By topic
1460:Cold War
1412:Nagasaki
1354:and the
1291:and had
1271:and the
1212:, under
1093:and the
1031:Category
1004:Timeline
934:Bulgaria
863:Atlantic
846:Americas
799:Adriatic
441:Hirohito
229:Atlantic
212:theatres
206:Location
136:British
27202:BIMSTEC
27123:Culture
27118:Judaism
27082:Eastern
27077:Culture
27055:Culture
27028:Iranian
27006:Shenism
26984:Jainism
26979:Sikhism
26952:Culture
26918:Culture
26908:Dharmic
26741:Chinese
26726:Cuisine
26709:Chinese
26697:History
26665:Brahmic
26627:Culture
26534:History
26486:culture
26240:Benelux
26145:Thought
26095:Atheism
26036:Finnish
26012:Culture
26007:Judaism
25969:Eastern
25965:Western
25960:Culture
25894:Paradox
25760:Decline
25721:Science
25597:History
25585:Studies
25568:Cuisine
25556:Periods
25516:Culture
25345:History
25311:Eastern
25306:Western
25257:culture
25109:Galicia
25087:Ukraine
25057:Romania
25007:Ireland
25002:Iceland
24992:Hungary
24982:Germany
24960:Finland
24955:Estonia
24950:Denmark
24935:Belgium
24930:Austria
24925:Albania
24767:Uruguay
24699:Arizona
24626:Morocco
24621:Tunisia
24606:Liberia
24430:Shumshu
24197:Hungary
24144:Estonia
24128:Lapland
24106:Dragoon
24039:Neptune
24021:Ichi-Go
23987:Tempest
23929:Changde
23884:Cottage
23776:Jubilee
23492:Finland
23390:Compass
23096:Prelude
23049:Finland
22935:Vietnam
22901:Romania
22773:Germany
22752:Estonia
22738:Denmark
22717:Belgium
22710:Austria
22703:Albania
22634:Ireland
22620:Andorra
22604:Neutral
22571:Romania
22505:Hungary
22490:Finland
22362:Romania
22254:Finland
22232:Denmark
22178:Belgium
22164:Algeria
21870:Romania
21856:Hungary
21612:Pacific
21336:General
21290:Leaders
21275:Battles
21268:Outline
20964:1987464
20826:Praeger
20779:3993535
19847:1988530
19442:Pimlico
19134:2539100
18564:Press.
18549:2592851
18472:3634575
18259:Praeger
18130:Praeger
18004:2639289
17973:1988082
17792:Pimlico
17684:(ed.).
17354:219–273
17046:127–144
16995:15 July
16870:15 July
16647:2944096
16496:(ed.).
15746:2745078
15646:Bibcode
15644:: 268.
14845:3638003
14777:15 July
14490:5 April
14052:1021443
13732:12 July
11707:22 June
11651:4 March
11152:), and
10439:26 June
10030:(1989)
8304:2195670
8255:11 July
8169:17 June
7867:26 June
7840:26 June
7579:6 April
7331:4 March
6944:. p. 7.
6894:Romania
6890:Hungary
6658:I, and
6644:cavalry
6496:airlift
6488:bombers
6394:and on
6285:plunder
6234:rōmusha
5972:by the
5868:in the
5850:Muslims
5702:At the
5569:Albania
5557:Romania
5553:Hungary
5492:between
5413:Neumark
5409:Silesia
5382:western
5378:Germany
5374:Austria
5251:. They
5238:Okinawa
5226:Rangoon
5084:in his
5036:Hamburg
5006:of the
4965:Antwerp
4896:Guangxi
4855:in the
4851:to the
4809:Albania
4774:General
4732:Vistula
4396:in the
4316:Tunisia
4222:salient
4160:Kharkov
4158:and at
4148:central
4080:in the
3939:At the
3812:on the
3805:Arizona
3506:to the
3504:Caspian
3464:Ukraine
3309:of the
3305:German
3259:Hungary
3255:Romania
3251:Romania
3243:Hungary
3228:invaded
3174:U-boats
3059:Belgium
2935:Finland
2915:Estonia
2850:October
2698:in the
2667:Estonia
2635:British
2617:; when
2368:Taiyuan
2305:II but
2265:Austria
2233:Eritrea
1936:Fascist
1918:Germany
1835:Germany
1782:History
1748:V-J Day
1592:Battles
1511:in Asia
1504:Prelude
1346:and at
1273:Balkans
1253:Romania
1147:Austria
1143:Germany
1081:or the
1009:Outline
939:Hungary
929:Romania
778:Africa
678:Balkans
673:Britain
627:Lapland
622:Karelia
612:Finland
224:Pacific
180:in the
125:German
27140:Baháʼí
27130:Bábism
27011:Shinto
26996:Taoism
26878:Values
26751:Korean
26670:Arabic
26655:Hangul
26260:CANZUK
26150:Speech
26078:Slavic
26056:Gothic
26031:Celtic
26026:Baltic
25925:Values
25726:Values
25286:Greece
25116:Sweden
25047:Poland
25042:Norway
25017:Latvia
24987:Greece
24965:France
24918:Europe
24904:Turkey
24864:Malaya
24793:Ceylon
24747:Brazil
24709:Nevada
24684:Mexico
24664:Canada
24554:Africa
24407:Debate
24379:Taipei
24372:Borneo
23950:Tarawa
23144:Europe
23105:Africa
22894:Poland
22880:Norway
22859:Malaya
22838:Latvia
22780:Greece
22766:France
22662:Sweden
22627:Bhutan
22355:Poland
22341:Norway
22313:Mexico
22280:Greece
22266:France
22204:Canada
22185:Brazil
22155:Allies
22101:Serbia
22090:Poland
21863:Poland
21849:Baltic
21642:Europe
21344:Topics
21296:Allied
21172:
21146:
21127:
21104:
21078:
21059:
21036:
21013:
20990:
20962:
20928:
20905:
20882:
20858:
20832:
20806:
20785:
20777:
20711:
20688:
20664:
20638:
20609:
20586:
20561:
20522:
20501:
20468:
20445:
20422:
20401:
20395:260931
20393:
20364:578338
20362:
20328:
20322:151203
20320:
20287:
20261:
20242:
20219:
20200:
20181:
20154:
20135:
20108:
20084:120398
20082:
20049:
20026:
20020:Rodopi
20004:260307
20002:
19979:
19973:260209
19971:
19935:
19910:
19885:
19862:
19845:
19814:
19791:
19741:
19715:
19687:
19665:153299
19663:
19630:
19607:
19586:
19560:
19534:
19513:
19472:
19448:
19425:
19404:
19379:
19353:
19330:
19307:
19284:
19258:
19235:
19212:
19187:
19161:
19140:
19132:
19096:
19039:
19016:
18991:
18970:
18949:
18921:
18896:
18877:
18849:
18826:
18800:
18777:
18742:
18734:, AL:
18710:
18687:
18665:
18642:
18619:
18594:
18568:
18547:
18522:
18496:
18470:
18434:
18411:
18388:
18359:
18336:
18311:
18288:
18265:
18242:
18219:
18198:
18165:
18136:
18112:
18082:
18059:
18036:
18010:
18002:
17971:
17942:
17919:
17894:
17869:
17845:
17822:
17798:
17772:
17746:
17721:
17696:
17669:
17646:
17623:
17600:
17574:
17546:
17515:
17507:
17488:
17465:
17440:
17417:
17396:
17360:
17328:
17305:
17280:
17259:
17253:260090
17251:
17218:
17195:
17172:
17146:
17123:
17098:
17075:
17052:
17018:
16983:
16960:
16916:
16891:
16858:
16832:
16808:
16785:
16762:
16737:
16714:
16688:
16669:
16645:
16612:
16582:
16554:
16531:
16508:
16478:
16442:
16436:152934
16434:
16386:
16380:826310
16378:
16335:
16312:
16293:743479
16291:
16260:
16237:
16207:
16177:
16149:
16139:
16107:
16084:
16054:
16000:
15981:
15954:
15931:
15908:
15882:
15874:
15841:
15818:
15793:
15770:
15744:
15711:
15685:
15666:
15617:
15591:
15585:Polity
15568:
15536:
15504:
15477:
15454:
15429:
15406:
15352:
15329:
15306:
15283:
15257:
15229:
15206:
15181:
15153:
15118:
15095:
15072:
15047:
15041:Viking
15019:
14996:
14973:
14946:
14927:152330
14925:
14892:
14869:
14843:
14812:
14686:
14549:
14541:
14458:
14327:
14302:
14225:
14172:
14107:
14050:
13639:
13581:
13473:
13454:p. 391
13450:
13348:
13273:
13177:9 July
13097:
12990:(12).
12754:
12711:
12415:15 May
12326:15 May
12045:
12005:
11797:
11674:
11413:
10425:
10252:16 May
10222:16 May
10192:16 May
10162:16 May
10038:
9880:
9814:8 June
9781:
9755:15 May
9722:15 May
9687:
9640:15 May
9477:
9110:
9100:
8906:13 May
8528:
8449:
8310:
8302:
8155:
8018:
8012:153322
8010:
7700:
7565:
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