French invasion of Russia

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this military calamity highlights another angle of their flawed conceptualization and planning in anticipation of Operation Barbarossa. Like Hitler, Napoleon was the conqueror of Europe and foresaw his war on Russia as the key to forcing England to make terms. Napoleon invaded with the intention of ending the war in a short campaign centred on a decisive battle in western Russia. As the Russians withdrew, Napoleon's supply lines grew and his strength was in decline from week to week. The poor roads and harsh environment took a deadly toll on both horses and men, while politically Russia's oppressed serfs remained, for the most part, loyal to the aristocracy. Worse still, while Napoleon defeated the Russian Army at Smolensk and Borodino, it did not produce a decisive result for the French and each time left Napoleon with the dilemma of either retreating or pushing deeper into Russia. Neither was really an acceptable option, the retreat politically and the advance militarily, but in each instance, Napoleon opted for the latter. In doing so the French emperor outdid even Hitler and successfully took the Russian capital in September 1812, but it counted for little when the Russians simply refused to acknowledge defeat and prepared to fight on through the winter. By the time Napoleon left Moscow to begin his infamous retreat, the Russian campaign was doomed.

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was covered, and searched all the floors and still nothing was found. Finally, when we assembled and were ready to leave, I once more inspected a little hut somewhat removed from the village. Around it from top to bottom were heaped bundles of hemp and shives, which I tore down; and, as I worked my way to the ground, sacks full of flour appeared. Now I joyfully called all my comrades so that we might dispose of the booty. In the village we saw sieves; these we took to sift the flour mixed with chaff an inch long; and, after that, we refilled the sacks. ... Then the question of carrying and dividing the grain arose, but it occurred to me that I had seen a horse in one of the houses. Everyone immediately hurried to find the horse. We found two instead of one, but unfortunately they were both colts, and one could not be used at all. We took the largest, placed two sacks on it, and started out very slowly. While we were marching there, the Russians saw us from a distance with this booty; and at the same moment we saw a troop of peasants in the valley, about fifty. These ran toward us. What could we do but shoot at them?

83: 3964:", which depicted Russia as a strange, backward, exotic and barbaric "Asian" nation that was intrinsically inferior to the West, especially France. The picture drawn by the French is that of a vastly superior army being defeated by geography, the climate and just plain bad fortune. German-language sources are not as hostile to the Russians as French sources, but many of the Prussian officers such as Carl von Clausewitz (who did not speak Russian) who joined the Russian Army to fight against the French found service with a foreign army both frustrating and strange, and their accounts reflected these experiences. Lieven compared those historians who use Clausewitz's account of his time in Russian service as their main source for the 1812 campaign to those historians who might use an account written by a Free French officer who did not speak English who served with the British Army in World War II as their main source for the British war effort in the Second World War. 3759:. Because the Baltic German nobles tended to be better educated than the ethnic Russian nobility, the Baltic Germans were often favoured with positions in high command and various technical positions. The Russian Empire had no universal educational system, and those who could afford it had to hire tutors or send their children to private schools. The educational level of the Russian nobility and gentry varied enormously depending on the quality of the tutors and private schools, with some Russian nobles being extremely well educated while others were just barely literate. The Baltic German nobility was more inclined to invest in their children's education than the ethnic Russian nobility, which led to the government favouring them when granting officers' commissions. Of the 800 doctors in the Russian Army in 1812, almost all of them were Baltic Germans. The British historian 707: 683: 671: 659: 635: 623: 599: 587: 575: 563: 551: 527: 503: 489: 229: 114: 4035:

because of them. Furthermore, Emperor Alexander I often gave the impression at the time that he found Russia a place that was not worthy of his ideals, and he cared more about Europe as a whole than about Russia. Alexander's conception of a war to free Europe from Napoleon lacked appeal to many nationalist-minded Russian historians, who preferred to focus on a campaign in defence of the homeland rather than what Lieven called Alexander's rather "murky" mystical ideas about European brotherhood and security. Lieven observed that for every book written in Russia on the campaigns of 1813–1814, there are a hundred books on the campaign of 1812 and that the most recent Russian grand history of the war of 1812–1814 gave 490 pages to the campaign of 1812 and 50 pages to the campaigns of 1813–1814. Lieven noted that Tolstoy ended

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experiences of short campaigns had left the French supply services completed unprepared for Russia, and this was despite the precautions Napoleon had taken. There was no quick remedy that might have repaired these inadequacies from one campaign to the next. The limitations of horse-drawn transport and the road networks to support it were simply not up to the task. Indeed, modern militaries have long been in agreement that Napoleon's military machine at its apex, and the scale on which he attempted to operate with it in 1812 and 1813, had become an anachronism that could succeed only with the use of railroads and the telegraph. And these had not yet been invented.

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with Communist ideology, with Marshal Kutuzov and Prince Bagration transformed into peasant generals, Alexander I alternatively ignored or vilified, and the war becoming a massive "People's War" fought by the ordinary people of Russia with almost no involvement on the part of the government. During the Cold War, many Western historians were inclined to see Russia as "the enemy", and there was a tendency to downplay and dismiss Russia's contributions to the defeat of Napoleon. As such, Napoleon's claim that the Russians did not defeat him and he was just the victim of fate in 1812 was very appealing to many Western historians.

3482:) along with agile Russian cavalry, launched relentless assaults on isolated French units foraging for supplies. Maintaining a fully supplied army became an insurmountable challenge due to the vast stretches of uninterrupted forests. The absence of grazing fields and fodder took a heavy toll on the surviving horses, resulting in the demise of nearly all of them due to either starvation or their use as sustenance by starving soldiers. Depleted of their mounts, the French cavalry faced dissolution, compelling generals and troopers alike to proceed on foot. The scarcity of horses also forced the abandonment of numerous cannons, 373: 446: 3433: 123: 515: 611: 349: 2101:

left our allies at her mercy. Russia is hurried away by a fatality: her destinies will be fulfilled. Does she think us degenerated? Are we no more the soldiers who fought at Austerlitz? She places us between dishonour and war—our choice cannot be difficult. Let us then march forward; let us cross the Niemen and carry the war into her country. This second Polish war will be as glorious for the French arms as the first has been, but the peace we shall conclude shall carry with it its own guarantee, and will terminate the fatal influence which Russia for fifty years past has exercised in Europe.

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important role in defeating Napoleon; Austrian historians giving that honour to their nation; Russian historians writing that it was Russia that played the greatest role in the victory, and Prussian and later German historians writing that it was Prussia that made the difference. In such a context, various historians liked to diminish the contributions of their allies. Von Lieven's account doesn't mention the influence of Polish national feeling on convictions concerning the war, which were also significant, also in the aftermath.

385: 1600: 432: 242: 2111: 3939: 1530: 1501: 3562: 1564: 2478: 1576: 1612: 3796: 2230:, and several small ones throughout the Russian interior. The French also captured numerous intact Russian supply dumps, which the Russians had failed to destroy or empty, and Moscow itself was filled with food. Twenty train battalions provided most of the transportation, with a combined load of 8,390 tons. Twelve of these battalions had a total of 3,024 heavy wagons drawn by four horses each, four had 2,424 one-horse light wagons and four had 2,400 wagons drawn by 3615:

to help them along—which practically meant carrying them. They begged one to let them alone. There were bivouacs all along the road—ought one to take them to a campfire? Once these poor wretches fell asleep they were dead. If they resisted the craving for sleep, another passer-by would help them along a little farther, thus prolonging their agony for a short while, but not saving them, for in this condition the drowsiness engendered by cold is irresistibly strong.

1463: 1470: 3053: 3996: 401: 3698:(−38 °C, −36 °F)) on their return. The numbers on this chart have 422,000 crossing the Neman with Napoleon, 22,000 taking a side trip early on in the campaign, 100,000 surviving the battles en route to Moscow and returning from there; only 4,000 survive the march back, to be joined by 6,000 that survived from that initial 22,000 in the feint attack northward; in the end, only 10,000 crossed the Neman back out of the initial 422,000. 1956: 2942: 3724: 1046: 1034: 1014: 1002: 990: 978: 966: 954: 942: 929: 916: 904: 892: 880: 860: 848: 836: 824: 812: 800: 788: 776: 756: 742: 460: 3239:

had marked other campaigns that he had conducted. The entirety of the Guard was still available to Napoleon, and in refusing to use it he lost this singular chance to destroy the Russian Army. Borodino was a pivotal point in the campaign, as it was the last offensive action fought by Napoleon in Russia. By withdrawing, the Russian Army preserved its combat strength, eventually allowing it to force Napoleon out of the country.

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at the time of capture of Vilna in December had 70,000 men, whereas its number at the start of the invasion had been about 150,000. Thus, total losses would come to 210,000 men. Of these, about 40,000 returned to duty. Losses of the formations operating in secondary areas of operations as well as losses in militia units were about 40,000. Thus, he came up with the number of 210,000 men and militiamen. According to

6080: 94: 3455:. Lacking clear direction or adequate supplies, the army began its retreat from the region, facing the prospect of even worse disasters ahead. Napoleon traveled along the Old Kaluga road, heading south in search of untouched, prosperous territories. His goal was to avoid the destruction caused on the previous eastward march, opting instead for alternative routes, particularly the westward path through 7489: 2927: 2660:(25,000 Bavarians) crossed at Pilona. He was to throw himself between the two Russian armies and cut off all communication between them. He followed the II Corps to Polotsk, forming the northern flank. Both corps never saw Moscow. With French forces moving through different routes in the direction of Polotsk and Vitebsk, the first major engagement took place on 25 July at the 2918:

be set up for the purpose. He reported the times, dates and places of events, reporting new thunderstorms on 6 July and men dying of sunstroke a few days later. Rapid forced marches quickly caused desertion, suicide and starvation, and exposed the troops to filthy water and disease, while the logistics trains lost horses by the thousands, further exacerbating the problems.

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Napoleon's troops. The supply route from Smolensk to Moscow was therefore entirely dependent on light wagons with small loads. Central to the problem were the expanding distances to supply magazines and the fact that no supply wagon could keep up with a forced marched infantry column. The weather itself became an issue, where, according to historian Richard K. Riehn:

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nearly 1,400 artillery pieces. However, the surviving count dwindled to a mere 120,000 men (excluding early deserters); signifying a staggering loss of approximately 380,000 lives throughout the campaign, half of which resulted from diseases. This catastrophic outcome shattered Napoleon's once-untarnished reputation of invincibility.

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formation, with perhaps another 35,000 stragglers, for a total of fewer than 70,000 known survivors. Adam Zamoyski estimated that between 550,000 and 600,000 French and allied troops (including reinforcements) operated beyond the Niemen, of which as many as 400,000 troops died but this includes deaths of prisoners during captivity.

3579:. Minard's map shows that the opposite is true as the French losses were highest in the summer and autumn, due to inadequate preparation of logistics resulting in insufficient supplies, while many troops were also killed by disease. Thus, the outcome of the campaign was decided long before the cold weather became a factor. 3620:

temperature dropped again 23 November. From the Berezina, the retreat was nothing but utter flight. The preservation of war materiel and military positions was no longer considered. When the night-time temperature dropped to minus 35 degrees Celsius it proved catastrophic for Loison's untried soldiers. Some suffered from

1787:. Remaining in Moscow for five weeks, Napoleon awaited a peace proposal that never materialized. Due to favorable weather conditions, Napoleon delayed his retreat and, hoping to secure supplies, began a different route westward than the one the army had devastated on the way there. However, after losing the 3856:

civilians—fairly evenly split between the French and Russians. Military losses amounted to 300,000 French, about 72,000 Poles, 50,000 Italians, 80,000 Germans, and 61,000 from 16 other nations. As well as the loss of human life, the French also lost some 150,000 horses and over 1,300 artillery pieces.

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The invasion by Germany was called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet government, to evoke comparisons with the victory by Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army. In addition, the Germans, like the French, took solace from the notion they had been defeated by the Russian winter, rather than the

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Russian casualties in the few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses along the devastating campaign route were much higher than the military casualties. In total, despite earlier estimates giving figures of several million dead, around one million were killed, including

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It is estimated that of the 612,000 combatants who entered Russia only 112,000 returned to the frontier. Among the casualties, 100,000 are thought to have been killed in action, 200,000 to have died from other causes, 50,000 to have been left sick in hospitals, 50,000 to have deserted, and 100,000 to

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led to the loss of tens of thousands of men. Heavy artillery pieces, loot, and wagons were abandoned as irreplaceable draft animals perished. The intense cold enfeebled the brains of those whose health had already suffered, especially of those who had had dysentery, but soon, while the cold increased

3235:, and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield but failed to destroy the Russian army. About a third of Napoleon's soldiers were killed or wounded; Russian losses, while heavier, could be replaced due to Russia's large population, since Napoleon's campaign took place on Russian soil. 3148:

on August 16–18 became the first real confrontation. Napoleon surrounded the southern bank of the Dniepr, while the northern bank was guarded by Barclay's army. When Bagration moved further east, to prevent the French from crossing the river and attacking the Russians from behind, Napoleon began the

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Davout had lost 10,000 men marching to Minsk, which he reached on the 8th and would not attack Bagration without Jerome joining him. He ordered Polish cavalry to search for the thousands of looting soldiers who stayed behind. Davout left the city after four days where a Polish governor was appointed;

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A Lieutenant Mertens—a Württemberger serving with Ney's III Corps—reported in his diary that oppressive heat followed by cold nights and rain left them with dead horses and camping in swamp-like conditions with dysentery and fever raging through the ranks with hundreds in a field hospital that had to

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Since the end of April, the Russian headquarters was centred in Vilna but on June 24 couriers rushed news about the crossing of the Niemen to Barclay de Tolley. Before the night had passed, orders were sent out to Bagration and Platov, who commanded the Cossacks, to take the offensive. Alexander left

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networks of Germany and France, proved too cumbersome for the sparse and primitive Russian dirt tracks, further damaged by the unstable weather. Many horses also died during the march towards Vilnius through forests which lacked the necessary fodder, slowing even further the transport of supplies for

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or Germans who had entered Russian service. At the time the conception held by the Russian elite was that the Russian empire was a multi-ethnic entity, in which the Baltic German aristocrats in service to the House of Romanov were considered part of that elite—an understanding of what it meant to be

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Russian historians tended to focus on the French invasion of Russia in 1812 and ignore the campaigns in 1813–1814 fought in Germany and France, because a campaign fought on Russian soil was regarded as more important than campaigns abroad and because in 1812 the Russians were commanded by the ethnic

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noted that, at the time, the Russian elite defined Russianness in terms of loyalty to the House of Romanov rather in terms of language or culture, and as the Baltic German aristocrats were very loyal, they were considered and considered themselves to be Russian despite speaking German as their first

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Napoleon lacked the apparatus to efficiently move so many troops across such large distances of hostile territory. The French supply depots established in the Russian interior failed in their purpose as supplies could not be distributed quickly enough. The French train battalions did their best, but

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was no longer supportable. Bad luck to those who fell asleep by a campfire! Furthermore, disorganization was perceptibly gaining ground in the Guard. One constantly found men who, overcome by the cold, had been forced to drop out and had fallen to the ground, too weak or too numb to stand. Ought one

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Kutuzov's food supplies and reinforcements were mostly coming up through Kaluga from the fertile and populous southern provinces, his new deployment gave him every opportunity to feed his men and horses and rebuild their strength. He refused to attack; he was happy for Napoleon to stay in Moscow for

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instead of risking the army in an open battle. Napoleon's superiority in numbers was almost eliminated. The Russian Army fell back ever deeper into Russia's empty and forested interior as Napoleon continued to move east. Unable because of political pressure to give up Moscow without a fight, Kutuzov

3089:

From Smolensk to Moshaisk the war displayed its horrible work of destruction: all the roads, fields, and woods lay as though sown with people, horses, wagons, burned villages and cities; everything looked like the complete ruin of all that lived. In particular, we saw ten dead Russians to one of our

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While exact figures remain elusive due to the absence of meticulous records, estimations varied and often included exaggerated counts, overlooking auxiliary troops. Napoleon's initial force upon entering Russia exceeded 450,000 men, accompanied by over 150,000 horses, approximately 25,000 wagons and

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The losses of the Russian armies are difficult to assess. The 19th-century historian Michael Bogdanovich assessed reinforcements of the Russian armies during the war using the Military Registry archives of the General Staff. According to this, the reinforcements totalled 134,000 men. The main army

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Recent Russian studies show that Russians captured over 110,000 prisoners during the six-month-long campaign. The harsh winter, as well as popular violence, malnutrition, sickness and hardships during transportation, meant that two-thirds of these men (and women) perished within weeks of captivity.

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As the Tsar remained unresponsive and Napoleon took advantage of the unusually fine and warm weather lasting into October, he lingered in Moscow beyond his welcome. After five weeks, the French Army finally left the city on 19 October, a rainy day. Despite still numbering 108,000 strong, Napoleon's

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Although Saint Petersburg was the political capital at that time, Napoleon had occupied Moscow, the spiritual capital of Russia, but Alexander I decided that there could not be peaceful coexistence with Napoleon. There would be no appeasement. On 19 September Murat lost sight of Kutuzov who changed

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The battle ended with the Russian Army, while out of position, still offering resistance. The state of exhaustion of the French forces and the lack of recognition of the state of the Russian Army led Napoleon to remain on the battlefield with his army, instead of engaging in the forced pursuit that

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to organize the militia, as Barclay had led the French right into the capital. Political pressure on Barclay to give battle and the general's continuing reluctance to do so led to his removal after the defeat. On 20 August he was replaced in his position as commander-in-chief by the popular veteran

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Conflicting orders and lack of information had almost placed Bagration in a bind marching into Davout; however, Jerome could not arrive in time over the same mud tracks, supply problems, and weather, that had so badly affected the rest of the Grande Armée. Command disputes between Jerome, Vandamme

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Soldiers, the second Polish war is begun. The first terminated at Friedland, and at Tilsit, Russia vowed an eternal alliance with France, and war with the English. She now breaks her vows and refuses to give any explanation of her strange conduct until the French eagles have repassed the Rhine, and

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Historical comparisons reveal that many fundamental points that denote Hitler's failure in 1941 were actually foreshadowed in past campaigns. The most obvious example is Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812. The German High Command's inability to grasp some of the essential hallmarks of

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On the march into the city or rather on the march toward it, from a hill in a forest an hour and a half away, we saw the huge city lying before us. Clouds of fire, red smoke, great gilded crosses of the church towers glittered, shimmered, and billowed up toward us from the city... there were broad

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Borodino was the bloodiest day of battle in the Napoleonic Wars. The Russian Army could only muster half of its strength on September 8. Kutuzov chose to act in accordance with his scorched earth tactics and retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. Kutuzov also ordered the evacuation of the city.

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River. In this region I once left the bivouac to seek provisions. There were eight of us, and we came to a very distant village. Here we searched all the houses. There were no peasants left. I later realized how heedless I had been, since each one ran into a house alone, broke open everything that

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The thunderstorms of the 29th turned into other downpours, turning the tracks—some diarists claim there were no roads in Lithuania—into bottomless mires. Wagons sank up to their hubs; horses dropped from exhaustion; men lost their boots. Stalled wagons became obstacles that forced men around them

2154:, reinforced his understanding of the imperative to transport as many supplies as possible. The French Army's prior experience operating in the sparsely populated and underdeveloped regions of Poland and East Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) also informed their approach. 4018:

is that certain events are just fated to happen, and there is nothing that a leader can do to challenge destiny, a view of history that dramatically discounts leadership as a factor in history. During the Soviet period, historians engaged in what Lieven called huge distortions to make history fit

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Furthermore, the 19th century was a great age of nationalism and there was a tendency by historians in the Allied nations to give the lion's share of the credit for defeating France to their own respective nation with British historians claiming that it was the United Kingdom that played the most

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The British historian Dominic Lieven wrote that much of the historiography about the campaign for various reasons distorts the story of the Russian war against France in 1812–14. The number of Western historians who are fluent in French or German vastly outnumbers those who are fluent in Russian,

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Thus, the grand total of all the forces was 488,000 men, of which about 428,000 gradually came into action against the Grande Armee. This bottom line, however, includes more than 80,000 Cossacks and militiamen, as well as about 20,000 men who garrisoned the fortresses in the operational area. The

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Of these, about 105,000 men were actually available for the defence against the invasion. In the third line were the 36 recruit depots and militias, which came to a total of approximately 161,000 men of various and highly disparate military values, of which about 133,000 actually took part in the

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The military machine Napoleon the artilleryman had created was perfectly suited to fight short, violent campaigns, but whenever a long-term sustained effort was in the offing, it tended to expose feet of clay. In the end, the logistics of the French military machine proved wholly inadequate. The

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affair is false. It's true that from November 7th to the 16th, with the thermometer falling to 18 and even 22 degrees, 30,000 of my cavalry and artillery horses died; I abandoned several thousand ambulance wagons and baggage cars for lack of horses. The roads were covered in ice. In this terrible

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could have been decisive but the Russians succeeded to escape via a diversion on the road to Moscow. The French discussed their options or prepare for a new attack after winter. Napoleon pressed his army on after the Russians. Murat implored him to stop, but Napoleon could see nothing but Moscow.

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Napoleon reached Vilna on 28 June with only light skirmishing but leaving more than 5,000 dead horses in his wake. These horses were vital to bringing up further supplies to an army in desperate need; he was forced to leave up to 100 guns and up to 500 artillery wagons. Napoleon had supposed that

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Inadequate supplies played a key role in the losses suffered by the army as well. Davidov and other Russian campaign participants record wholesale surrenders of starving members of the Grande Armée even before the onset of the frosts. Caulaincourt describes men swarming over and cutting up horses

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In thinly populated and agriculturally sparse regions, the lack of food and water led to casualties among troops and their mounts, exposing them to waterborne diseases from drinking contaminated water and consuming spoiled food and forage. While the foremost sections of the army received whatever

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One consequence of this is that many Russian historians liked to disparage the officer corps of the Imperial Russian Army because of the high proportion of Baltic Germans serving as officers, which further reinforces the popular stereotype that the Russians won despite their officers rather than

4014:, which depicted the war as a triumph of what Lieven called the "moral strength, courage and patriotism of ordinary Russians" with military leadership a negligible factor, has shaped the popular understanding of the war in both Russia and abroad from the 19th century onward. A recurring theme of 3904:

In January 1813 the French army gathered behind the Vistula some 23,000 strong. The Austrian and Prussian troops mustered some 35,000 men in addition. The number of deserters and stragglers having left Russia alive is unknown by definition. The number of new inhabitants of Russia is unknown. The

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Both armies began to move and rebuild. The Russian retreat was significant for two reasons: firstly, the move was to the south and not the east; secondly, the Russians immediately began operations that would continue to deplete the French forces. Platov, commanding the rear guard on September 8,

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The foraging in Lithuania proved hard as the land was mostly barren and forested. The supplies of forage were less than that of Poland, and two days of forced marching made a bad supply situation worse. Some 50,000 stragglers and deserters became a lawless mob warring with the local peasantry in

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On the 25th of June Murat's reserve cavalry provided the vanguard with Napoleon, the Imperial guard and Davout's 1st Corps following behind. Napoleon spent the night and the next day in Kaunas, allowing only his guards, not even the generals to enter the city. The next day he rushed towards the

3537:, marked the campaign's final significant engagement, and proved to be a disastrous culmination for the French. Compounding their plight, the onset of thaw caused the ice to melt, necessitating the construction of two bridges. From a military standpoint, the subsequent escape could be deemed a 3532:

bolstered the numerical strength of the Grande Armée back up to approximately 49,000 French combatants alongside some 40,000 stragglers. Despite this reinforcement, as all French corps advanced towards Borisov, they encountered another critical obstacle: the strategic bridge needed to cross the

3076:

Exactly at midnight, on July 16, Napoleon left Vilnius. On 19 July the Tsar left the army in Polotsk and headed for Moscow, taking the discredited Von Phull with him. Barclay, the Russian commander-in-chief, refused to fight despite Bagration's urgings. Several times he attempted to establish a

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Committed to Catherine the Great's expansion policy, Alexander I issued an ultimatum in April 1812, demanding the evacuation of French troops from Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. When Napoleon chose war over retreat, between June 8 and 20, the troops remained in constant motion, enduring

2011:, a blockade aimed at the United Kingdom. However, the treaty imposed significant economic strain on Russia, prompting Tsar Alexander to break away from the Continental blockade on December 31, 1810. This decision left Napoleon without his primary foreign policy tool against the United Kingdom. 3976:. Likewise, because many of the officers who were also veterans who stayed loyal during the Decembrist uprising went on to become ministers in the tyrannical regime of Emperor Nicholas I, they had a negative reputation among the radical intelligentsia of 19th century Russia. For example, Count 3888:

The Russian victory over the French Army in 1812 was a significant blow to Napoleon's ambitions of European dominance. This war was the reason the other coalition allies triumphed once and for all over Napoleon. His army was shattered and morale was low, both for French troops still in Russia,

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The results were most disastrous to the French forces. The movement of troops was impeded or absolutely checked and the vast troop and supply trains on the Vilnius-Kaunas Road became disorganized. The existing roads became little better than quagmires causing the horses to break down under the

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Though starvation caused horrendous casualties in Napoleon's army, losses arose from other sources as well. The main body of Napoleon's Grande Armée diminished by a third in just the first eight weeks of the campaign, before the major battle was fought. This loss in strength was in part due to

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Then on June 29th came a fresh and awful and extraordinary storm; such a terrible tempest had not been known in the memory of man.Thunder and lightning burst forth from every side of the horizon; soldiers were struck dead; torrents of rain flooded the bivouacs; the downpour lasted all the next

3844:

Hay has argued that the destruction of the Dutch contingent (15,000) of the Grande Armée was not a result of the death of most of its members. Rather, its various units disintegrated and the troops scattered. Later, some of its personnel were collected and reorganised into the new Dutch army.

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says that Napoleon crossed the Niemen with over 600,000 soldiers, only half of whom were from France, the others being mainly Poles and Germans. Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812. When Ney and the rearguard recrossed the Niemen on December 14, he had barely a

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on his way to Smolensk. Davout thought Bagration had some 60,000 men and Bagration thought Davout had 70,000. Bagration was getting orders from both Alexander's staff and Barclay (which Barclay didn't know) and left Bagration without a clear picture of what was expected of him and the general

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This befell a Grande Armée that was ill-equipped for cold weather. The French deficiencies in equipment caused by the assumption that their campaign would be concluded before the cold weather set in were a large factor in the number of casualties they suffered. After a few days of thaw, the

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Napoleon and the Grande Armée were accustomed to utilizing the method of living off the land, which proved successful in the densely populated and agriculturally prosperous regions of central Europe, characterized by a well-connected network of roads. Swift forced marches had disoriented the

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believes that 420,000 crossed with Napoleon and 150,000 eventually followed, for a grand total of 570,000. Richard K. Riehn provides the following figures: 685,000 men marched into Russia in 1812, of whom around 355,000 were French; 31,000 soldiers marched out again in some sort of military

3246:

By this point the Russians had managed to draft large numbers of reinforcements (volunteers) into the army, bringing the Russian army to their peak strength in 1812 of 904,000, with perhaps 100,000 in the vicinity of Moscow—the remnants of Kutuzov's army from Borodino partially reinforced.

2122:, particularly in situations where the available terrain cannot sustain the large number of deployed troops. Napoleon meticulously prepared for supplying his army, significantly surpassing the logistical efforts of previous campaigns. To sustain the Grande Armée and its operations, twenty 2822:

was part of the reserve. It was created later in the late summer. It contained an entire division of reformed deserters. This corps, based in Poland did not participate in military operations in Russia until November/December. Augereau also had at his disposal a division of 10,000

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to send reinforcements from Smolensk to Moscow and from Minsk to Smolensk. The French Army began to move out on September 10 with the still ill Napoleon not leaving until the 12th. Some 18,000 men were ordered in from Smolensk, and Marshal Victor's corps supplied another 25,000.

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in the evening. In the middle of the night Barclay de Tolly withdrew his troops from the burning city to avoid a big battle with no chance of victory. When the French army moved in the Russians left on the east side. Ney, Junot and Oudinot tried to halt their army. The

2964:, passing beyond Macdonald and Oudinot's operations with Wittgenstein's rear guard clashing with Oudinout's forward elements. Barclay continued his retreat and, with the exception of the occasional rearguard clash, remained unhindered in his movements ever further east. 2175:

During the campaign, the widespread death and depletion of horses emerged as a significant issue. Forced marches often forced troops to go without essential supplies, as supply wagons struggled to keep pace; The scarcity of roads, frequently turned to mud by rainstorms

3834:

have been taken as prisoners of war. The French themselves lost 70,000 in action and 120,000 wounded, as against the non-French contingents' 30,000 and 60,000. Russian casualties have been estimated at 200,000 killed, 50,000 dispersed or deserting, and 150,000 wounded.

2899:

Several days after crossing the Niemen, a number of soldiers began to develop high fevers and a red rash on their bodies. Typhus had made its appearance. On 29/30 June, a violent thunderstorm struck Lithuania during the night and continued for several hours or a day.

3349:

On September 14, 1812, Napoleon moved into Moscow. However, he was surprised to have received no delegation from the city. Before the order was received to evacuate Moscow, the city had a population of approximately 270,000 people. 48 hours later three quarters of

3077:

strong defensive position, but each time the French advance was too quick for him to finish preparations and he was forced to retreat once more. When the French Army progressed further (under conditions of extreme heat and drought, rivers and wells filled with

3167:, 30 feet wide; Eugene on the left, Poniatowski on the right and Murat in the centre, with the Emperor, the Guard, I Corps and III Corps in the second line. Joseph Barbanègre was appointed commander of the devastated city and had to organise new supplies. 2273:

administration failed to distribute with sufficient rigor the supplies that were built up or captured. By that, despite all these preparations, the Grande Armée was not self-sufficient logistically and still depended on foraging to a significant extent.

6714:

Henri-Pierre Everts, pp. 115, 123. In: Carnets et journal sur la campagne de Russie : extraits du Carnet de La Sabretache, années 1901–1902–1906–1912. Paris: Librairie Historique F. Teissèdre, 1997; E.J. Rieksen (2020) Voetstappen zonder echo, p.

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In Russia, the official historical line until 1917 was that the peoples of the Russian Empire had rallied together in defence of the throne against a foreign invader. Because many of the younger Russian officers in the 1812 campaign took part in the

3132:

On 4 August the corps of Barclay and Bagration finally succeeded to unite in Smolensk. On 5 August they held a council of war. Under pressure, Barclay de Tolly decided to launch an offensive. (The French army arrived on Russian territory before the

3141:. The next day Napoleon celebrated his 43rd birthday with a review of the army. In the late afternoon, Murat's cavalry and Ney's infantry closed up to the western side of Smolensk. The main body of the army did not come up until late the next day. 2871:

were actually small dirt tracks through areas of birched woodland and marshes. At the beginning of the war supply lines already simply could not keep up with the forced marches of the corps and rear formations always suffered the worst privations.

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to Kaluga and Medyn so that Napoleon could not turn south or southwest. This position not only allowed him to harass the French lines of communication but also stay in contact with the Russian forces under Tormasov and Chichagov, commander of the

2146:

in French-controlled Germany and Poland. This logistical preparation served as a significant trial of Napoleon's administrative and logistical acumen, with his focus in the first half of 1812 dedicated mainly to provisioning his invading army.

3693:

Minard's famous infographic (see below) depicts the march ingeniously by showing the size of the advancing army, overlaid on a rough map, as well as the retreating soldiers together with temperatures recorded (as much as 30 below zero on the

3137:). A Russian force was sent west. Napoleon hoped that the Russian advance would lead to the long-desired battle and the unification of the Russian armies forced Napoleon to change his plans. On 14 August, Ney crossed the Dniepr and won the 2186:

provisions could be supplied, formations behind them suffered from starvation. During the attack phase, Vilna stood as the most advanced magazine in the operational area. Beyond that point, the army had to rely solely on its own resources.

2905:

additional strain. The delay and frequent loss of these supply trains caused both troops and horses to suffer. Napoleon's forces traditionally were well supplied by his transportation corps, but they proved inadequate during the invasion.

1919:). Napoleon termed this war the "Second Polish War" in an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots. Though the stated goal of the war was the resurrection of the Polish state on the territories of the former 2006:

along the Neman River. These treaties progressively solidified Russia's alignment with France, allowing Napoleon to exert dominance over neighboring states. The accord rendered Russia an ally of France, leading to their adoption of the

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Napoleon initially met little resistance and moved quickly into the enemy's territory in spite of the transport of more than 1,100 cannons, being opposed by the Russian armies with more than 900 cannons. But the roads in this area of

3254:

On 8 September the Russian army began retreating east from Borodino. They camped outside Mozhaysk. When the village of Mozhaysk was captured by the French on the 9th, the Grande Armée rested for two days to recover. Napoleon asked

3920:(an English rendition of the Russian Отечественная война) became a symbol for a strengthened national identity that had a great effect on Russian patriotism in the 19th century. A series of revolutions followed, starting with the 3720:(Book X) he was unpopular and regarded as a foreigner by Bagration who was higher in rank but had to follow his orders. Kutuzov replaced Barclay and acted as Commander-in-chief during the retreat following the Battle of Smolensk. 2797:

was sent to help extricate the remnants of the Grand Army in its retreat. Within a few days many of Loison's unexperienced soldiers died of the extreme cold. Napoleon arrested him for not marching with his division to the front.

3650:

the distances, the speed required, and the poor conditions they labored under meant that the demands Napoleon placed on them were too great. Napoleon's demand of a speedy advance by the Grande Armée over a network of dirt roads

3359:

streets, long straight alleys, tall buildings massively built of brick, church towers with burned roofs and half-melted bells, and copper roofs which had rolled from the buildings; everything was uninhabited and uninhabitable.

4039:

in December 1812 and that many Russian historians have followed Tolstoy in focusing on the campaign of 1812 while ignoring the greater achievements of campaigns of 1813–1814 that ended with the Russians marching into Paris.

3466:, a testament to Kutuzov's strategic acumen, forced the French Army to retrace its steps along the Old Smolensk road, reversing their previous eastward advance. Kutuzov's tactical brilliance extended further as he employed 3160: 2967:

The operation intended to split Bagration's forces from Barclay's forces by driving to Vilna had cost the French forces 25,000 losses from all causes in a few days. Strong probing operations were advanced from Vilna towards

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capital Vilna, pushing the infantry forward in columns that suffered from stifling heat, heavy rain and more heat. The central group marched 110 kilometres (70 mi) in two days. Ney's III Corps marched down the road to

2728:

Junot was sent to bypass the left flank of the Russian army, but he got lost and was unable to carry out this operation. Junot, a heavy drinker, was blamed for allowing the Russian army to retreat arriving too late at the

3523:

Russian forces also seized control of the French supply depots at Polotsk, Vitebsk and Minsk, dealing a severe blow to Napoleon's already faltering campaign. However, the convergence of forces led by Victor, Oudinot and

2914:, which further hindered supplies reaching the Grande Armée. Central to the problem were the expanding distances to supply magazines and the fact that no supply wagon could keep up with a forced marched infantry column. 3840:

Official reports from forty-eight Russian provinces reveal that 65,503 prisoners had died in Russia by February 1813. Other 39,645 were still held prisoner by the same date, including a group of 50 women and 7 children.

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fighting battles just before the campaign ended, and for the troops on other fronts. Napoleon alone was able to maintain any semblance of order; with his disappearance, Murat and the other officers lost all authority.

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Raoult D, Dutour O, Houhamdi L, Jankauskas R, Fournier PE, Ardagna Y, Drancourt M, Signoli M, La VD, Macia Y, Aboudharam G. "Evidence for louse-transmitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon's Grand Army in Vilnius".

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where he would be more protected by the surrounding hills and the Nara river. On 3 October Kutuzov and his entire staff arrived at Tarutino and camped there for two weeks. He controlled the three-pronged roads from

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On 24 June 1812, around 400,000–500,000 men of the Grande Armée, the largest army assembled up to that point in European history, crossed the border into Russia and headed towards Moscow. Anthony Joes wrote in the

5793:"Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte (And the Retreat of the French Army, 1812) || Preliminary Remarks | Wilson, Robert Thomas; Randolph, Herbert | download" 2064:

ports Stettin and Danzig. During this period, Napoleon's physical and mental condition underwent changes. He experienced weight gain and increasing susceptibility to various health issues. In May 1812 he left his

3419:

about the lack of food and fodder; each day he lost 200 men captured by Russians. On 18 October, at dawn during breakfast, Murat's camp in a forest was surprised by an attack by forces led by Bennigsen, known as

1774:

Kutuzov made the critical decision not to defend the city but to orchestrate a general withdrawal, prioritizing the preservation of the Russian army. On 14 September, Napoleon and his roughly 100,000-strong army

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on 1 July, and moved towards Bagration's (second western) army. It seems he was advancing slowly so the stragglers could catch up. On the order of Napoleon Davout secretly took over the command on 6 July. The

3548:

On 3 December Napoleon published the 29th Bulletin in which he informed the outside world for the first time of the catastrophic state of his army. He abandoned the army on 5 December and returned home on a

2808:(33,000). The majority was sent to Smolensk in early September; he took over the command from St. Cyr. At the end of October, he retreated, losing significant supplies in Vitebsk to Wittgenstein. Victor and 10098: 2987:'s III Russian Cavalry Corps. Napoleon assumed this was Bagration's 2nd Army and rushed out, before being told it was not. Napoleon then attempted to use Davout, Jerome, and Eugene out on his right in a 4031:

Russian defined in terms of dynastic loyalty rather than language, ethnicity, and culture that does not appeal to those later Russians who wanted to see the war as purely a triumph of ethnic Russians.

2282:

was popular. The French simply were unable to feed their army. Starvation led to a general loss of cohesion. Constant harassment of the French Army by Cossacks added to the losses during the retreat.

2218:, with the Vilna base having enough rations to feed 100,000 men for 40 days. It also contained 27,000 muskets, 30,000 pairs of shoes along with brandy and wine. Medium-sized depots were established at 1770:, located 110 kilometres (70 mi) west of Moscow, concluded as a narrow victory for the French although Napoleon was not able to beat the Russian army and Kutuzov could not stop the French. At the 3519:

cold storm, the bivouac became unbearable for my people; many moved away in the evening in search of houses and shelter; I had no cavalry left to protect them. The Cossacks picked up several thousand.

3026:

After five weeks, the loss of troops from disease and desertion had reduced Napoleon's effective fighting strength to about half. Ney and his corps were given ten days to recover and search for food.

3938: 7150: 3590:

shoes for the horses to enable them to traverse roads that had become iced over. The most devastating effect of the cold weather upon Napoleon's forces occurred during their retreat. Starvation and

4095:

An event of epic proportions and momentous importance for European history, the French invasion of Russia has been the subject of much discussion among historians. The campaign's sustained role in

7351: 4932:

This article is reprinted and adapted from Peterson, R. K. D. 1995. Insects,disease, and military history: the Napoleonic campaigns and historical perception, in the journal Anerican Entomologist.

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demanded that the French returned across the Niemen before negotiations. Barclay continued to retreat to Drissa, deciding that the concentration of the 1st and 2nd armies was his first priority.

3322:'s vanguard. Napoleon, who suffered from a cold and lost his voice, spent the night at Vyazyomy Manor (on the same sofa in the library) within 24 hours. On Sunday afternoon the Russian military 3109:, Napoleon planned not to go further than Smolensk and make Vilnius his headquarters for the winter. However, he could not go back at the end of July. His position was unfavourable according to 2171:

there is no order or administration; the Army must live by the sword, and even on Prussian territory and with their allies, the troops pillage atrociously, as if they were in an enemy’s country.

8428: 3223:

The Battle of Borodino, fought on 7 September 1812, was the largest battle of the French invasion of Russia, involving more than 250,000 troops and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties. The

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would not give up his rearguard duties until September 14, allowing Moscow to be evacuated. Miloradovich finally retreated under a flag of truce. Kutuzov withdrew to the southeast of Moscow.

2618:, who protected the road to St Petersburg. Oudinot didn't succeed in joining up with Macdonald and joined the VIth corps. For two months these corps kept Wittgenstein at a distance until the 3848:

Most of the Prussian contingent survived thanks to the Convention of Tauroggen and almost the whole Austrian contingent under Schwarzenberg withdrew successfully. The Russians formed the

1869:

The French invasion is known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, the Second Polish campaign, the Patriotic War of 1812, or the War of 1812. It should not be confused with the

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offered such strong resistance that Napoleon remained on the Borodino field. On the following day, Miloradovich assumed command of the rear guard, adding his forces to the formation.

2251:

and stopped supply wagons and artillery columns. Then came the sun which would bake the deep ruts into canyons of concrete, where horses would break their legs and wagons their wheels.

2720:

who was sent home in early July. Jérôme Bonaparte took over but resigned on 15 July when he found out Davout had been secretly given the command. Early August the command was given to

2278:

that slipped and fell, even before the horse had been killed. Other accounts describe eating the flesh of horses still walking, too cold to react in pain; drinking blood and preparing

2267:

The heavy losses to disease, hunger and desertion in the early months of the campaign were in large part due to the inability to transport provisions quickly enough to the troops. The

2126:

battalions with 7,848 vehicles, were mobilized to provide a 40-day supply. Extensive magazines were strategically set up in towns and cities across Poland and East Prussia, while the

1628: 4047:. What the reaction of the Russian peasantry would have been if he had lived up to the traditions of the French Revolution, bringing liberty to the serfs, is an intriguing question. 3072:

was 6.5 kilometres, with a height of up to 19 metres and a width of up to 5.2 metres, and a total of 38 watchtowers. The Kremlin lost nine towers because of the bombardment and fire.

7891:

Four Men and a Woman: Remarkable Dutch Experiences during the Russian Campaign of Napoleon in 1812 by: Mariska Pool and Mark van Hattem of the Royal Netherlands Army and Arms Museum

6755: 6415: 5922: 5688:

Four Men and a Woman: Remarkable Dutch Experiences during the Russian Campaign of Napoleon in 1812 by: Mariska Pool and Mark van Hattem of the Royal Netherlands Army and Arms Museum

7042: 2202:

were turned into grain depots, milling vast quantities of flour for delivery to Thorn, where 60,000 biscuits were produced every day. A large bakery was established at Villenberg (

2163:

traditional Austrian and Prussian armies, relying extensively on foraging for sustenance. Colonel Pion documented the logistical challenges that this strategy imposed on the army:

6876: 3302:. Russian sources suggest Kutuzov wrote a number of orders and letters to Rostopchin, the Moscow military governor, about saving the city or the army. On 12 September [ 2960:

Although Barclay wanted to give battle, he assessed it as a hopeless situation and ordered Vilna's magazines burned and its bridge dismantled. Wittgenstein moved his command to

1220: 2238:'s II Corps alone took 600 carts formed into six companies. The wagon trains were supposed to carry enough bread, flour and medical supplies for 300,000 men for two months. 82: 5865: 2520:; early September he returned to Riga with his entire force. On 18 December, a few days after the French left the Russian Empire, he drew back to Königsberg, followed by 1341: 1794:

As early November arrived, snowfall and frost complicated the retreat. Shortages of food and winter attire for the soldiers and provision for the horses, combined with

10093: 6363: 3981: 6691: 6320: 6017: 5974: 2255: 4334:; 50,000 volunteers, perhaps 3,000 women and some children. A Dutch general noted that all commanders exaggerated the number of their soldiers in order to look good. 3739:

These forces, however, could count on reinforcements from the second line, which totalled 129,000 men and 8,000 Cossacks with 434 guns and 433 rounds of ammunition.

1443: 8634: 6549: 6239: 3163:

to write the tsar his readiness for peace negotiations; then the general was sent to Paris as honorary prisoner. On 24 August, the Grande Armée marched out on the

4684: 3486:, a loss that significantly weakened Napoleon's forces in subsequent campaigns. A wagon or a piece of artillery could not be transported across even the smallest 3470:

tactics, repeatedly striking at vulnerable points to prevent any potential southern retreat. As the French retreat devolved into chaos, bands of Cossacks (under

9455: 6280: 3707: 3299: 2354:

was established in Warsaw, forming a crucial part of the logistical infrastructure. The distribution of artillery was concentrated across strategic locations at

3654:

further broke down his logistical network as weakened draft animals collapsed from overwork and vehicles that could not be repaired broke down. As the graph of

6049: 5110: 2030:. This move was seen unfavorably by Russia, perceiving the territory's annexation as a potential threat for a French invasion point. Russia's foreign Minister 1346: 1841:, Napoleon commanded only around 49,000 troops alongside 40,000 stragglers of little military significance. On 5 December, Napoleon departed from the army at 10147: 3424:. Bennigsen was supported by Kutuzov from his headquarters at distance. Bennigsen asked Kutuzov to provide troops for the pursuit. However, Kutuzov refused. 3228: 2158:

However, nothing was to go as planned, because Napoleon had failed to take into account conditions that were totally different from what he had known so far.

2056:

received orders to clandestinely prepare for a demonstration of military strength aimed at impressing Russia. This plan involved deploying (Dutch) troops to

1967:. Napoleon, rising to power in 1799 and assuming autocratic rule over France, orchestrated numerous military campaigns that led to the establishment of the 10775: 7142: 1391: 3098:

Napoleon discovered that the Russians were able to slip away during the night. The city, at the intersection of important trade routes, and the palace of

10196: 7343: 5048: 1817:, Napoleon faced a critical scarcity of cavalry and artillery due to severe snowfall and icy conditions. Employing a strategic maneuver, he deployed the 1361: 1213: 5192: 5147: 3953:

which has the effect that many Western historians simply ignore Russian language sources when writing about the campaign because they cannot read them.

3129:). Mid-July Napoleon's brother Jérome resigned and decided to go home. (For Napoleon he lost the opportunity to destroy the Russian armies separately.) 7544: 7533: 3813:

Napoleon lost more than 500,000 men in Russia. Out of an original force of 615,000, only 110,000 frostbitten and half-starved survivors stumbled back.

3586:, the army was still equipped with summer clothing and did not have the means to protect themselves from the cold or snow. It had also failed to forge 8414: 4581: 3980:

is thought by von Lievewn to have achieved good results militarily in 1812 commanding a Cossack company, but because he later become the Chief of the

3716:

and field commander of the First Western Army and General of Infantry served as the Commander in Chief of the Russian Armies. According to Tolstoy in

3002:

was appointed as Governor of Lithuania organizing hospitals for the wounded in Vilnius and supplies for the army; Louis Henri Loison was appointed in

12706: 12332: 10162: 9492: 6167: 4184: 3553:, leaving the sick Murat in command. In the following weeks, the Grande Armée shrank further, and on 14 December 1812, it left Russian territory. 2472: 2461: 8950: 7905: 6470: 4973: 3099: 12656: 12629: 10281: 4907: 4826: 8488: 6105: 2991:

to catch Bagration and to destroy the 2nd Army in an operation before reaching Minsk. This operation had failed to produce results on his left.

10359: 10026: 9718: 5749: 2789:

During the campaign reinforcements of 80,000 and the baggage trains with 30,000 men were sent on different dates. In November, the division of

1206: 246: 12721: 10135: 9248: 3984:

as the secret police were called, was one of the closest friends of Nicholas I and is infamous for his persecution of Russia's national poet

1716:. In a span of fewer than six months, the campaign exacted a staggering toll, claiming the lives of nearly a million soldiers and civilians. 7627:

Napoléon Et la Grande Armée en Russie, Ou, Examen Critique de L'ouvrage de M. Le Comte Ph. de Ségur by Gaspard Baron Gourgaud (1825), p. 418

4774: 1837:

were forced to take a detour. Despite the consolidation of several retreating French corps with the main army, by the time they reached the

12327: 10376: 6077: 3415:

left Moscow to meet Kutuzov at his headquarters. Kutuzov agreed to meet, despite the orders of the Tsar. On 10 October Murat complained to

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without the loss of 12 to 15 horses. Starvation and disease ravaged the troops, exacerbating their already dire circumstances. Defeats at

3411:. Each side avoided the other and seemed no longer to wish to get into a fight. On 5 October, on order of Napoleon, the French ambassador 2436:, where Napoleon arrived on 18 June. Meanwhile, Davout had ordered his I corps to pillage the town. The corps coming from Warsaw used the 12701: 10644: 10088: 10083: 9343: 7038: 271: 5900: 3541:

for the French, albeit amidst substantial losses. However, it also represented a missed opportunity for the Russians, who laid blame on

12741: 10004: 9404: 8711: 6860: 6520: 5717: 4174: 3767:

Sweden, Russia's only ally, did not send supporting troops, but the alliance made it possible to withdraw the 45,000-man Russian corps

2528:

found himself isolated because the Russian army blocked the road. After five days he was urged by his officers (and in the presence of

10572: 2809: 2234:. Auxiliary supply convoys were formed on Napoleon's orders in early June 1812, using vehicles requisitioned in East Prussia. Marshal 405: 12711: 10592: 10452: 6236:"History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815]" 3912:

started in 1813 as the Russian campaign was decisive for the Napoleonic Wars and led to Napoleon's defeat and exile on the island of

1845:

in a sled and returned to Paris. Within a few days, an additional 20,000 people succombed to the bitter cold and diseases carried by

7870: 3658:, given below, shows, the Grande Armée incurred the majority of its losses during the march to Moscow during the summer and autumn. 12237: 9630: 7890: 7626: 5687: 2082: 9321: 7901:

Mikaberidze, A. (2014). "Napoleon's Lost Legions. The Grande Armée Prisoners of War in Russia". Napoleonica. La Revue, 21, 35–44.

7224: 3113:. There was the heat—also at night—and the lack of supplies. He had lost a third of his army due to sickness and straggling. The 12599: 12257: 10634: 9485: 9470: 3006:. The main problem was forage from East Prussia. For three weeks, the Dutch soldiers had hardly seen bread and only eaten soup. 1731:

into Russia. Employing extensive forced marches, Napoleon rapidly advanced his army of nearly half a million individuals through

113: 3735:

horsemen of the Russian steppes were best suited to reconnaissance, scouting and harassing the enemy's flanks and supply lines.

10236: 10167: 9460: 9394: 1963:

From 1792 onwards, France found itself frequently embroiled in conflicts with major European powers, a direct aftermath of the

9316: 5737: 12457: 12357: 12277: 9764: 9166: 9080: 8898: 8669: 8554: 8535: 8269: 7279: 7203: 6843: 6785: 5481: 5407: 5382: 5177: 3999: 3713: 3603: 3315: 2743: 933: 699: 603: 8694: 8448: 8359: 6356: 4855:

Histoire de la Campagne de Russie Pendant L'année 1812 et de la Captivité des Prisonniers Français en Sibérie (1846), p. 404

12162: 10115: 10105: 9399: 6684: 6313: 6010: 5967: 4023:

Russian Kutuzov while in the campaigns in 1813–1814 the senior Russian commanders were mostly ethnic Germans, being either

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would be his base for the next two weeks. His army needed to recover and rest, but Napoleon asked himself what to do next.

2805: 946: 711: 687: 6951: 5643: 4957:

Seconde Guerre de Pologne; ou, considerations sur la paix publique du continent et sur l'independance maritime de l'Europe

4882: 3814: 2980:

in the east, the location of Bagration on his way to Minsk. Bagration ordered Platov and Dokhturov to distract the enemy.

12691: 12252: 10694: 10140: 5611: 3185: 3023:

situation. This stream of confused orders to Bagration had him upset with Barclay, which would have repercussions later.

2564: 2482: 2206:). 50,000 cattle were collected to follow the army. After the invasion began, large magazines were constructed at Kovno ( 2037:

In an attempt to secure greater cooperation from Russia, Napoleon initially pursued an alliance by proposing marriage to

1888: 1747:

totaling approximately 180,000–220,000 soldiers at that juncture. Despite losing half of his men within six weeks due to

17: 11890: 6576: 6542: 6235: 3192:, a border village. The weather was still unbearably hot and Kutuzov went on with Barclay's successful strategy, using 1903:", a term which should not be confused with the conflict between Great Britain and the United States, also known as the 12681: 12533: 11134: 10552: 10354: 10186: 10073: 9552: 9237: 8863: 8308: 5800: 5435: 5357: 4668: 3944: 3400: 2999: 2766:

at the end of July, Schwarzenberg and Reynier were cut off from supplies. On 18 September the Austrians withdrew when

2707: 1920: 1760: 6273: 2693: 2045:, the daughter of the Austrian emperor. Subsequently, France and Austria solidified their relationship by signing an 1763:

compelling the invaders to rely on an inadequate supply system, incapable of sustaining their vast army in the field.

12452: 12447: 12432: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12272: 12247: 11875: 10704: 10296: 9915: 9861: 9856: 9804: 9799: 9789: 9754: 9749: 9739: 9729: 9707: 9702: 9679: 9674: 9649: 9625: 9620: 9605: 9465: 9286: 9218: 9110: 9036: 8975: 8919: 8835: 8807: 8779: 8742: 8628: 8575: 8470: 6409: 6161: 4768: 4678: 3114: 2697: 31: 6041: 5102: 4330:

The "Grande Armée" is estimated between 450 and 600,000 soldiers, half of them foreigners. About 120,000 were young

2790: 12462: 12317: 12297: 10806: 9898: 9834: 9659: 9572: 4168: 3956:

According to von Lieven, memoirs written by French veterans of the campaign together with much of the work done by

3343: 2636:

which could be used to escape; he then went to Polotsk. Second Central force crossed at Pilona 20 km upstream.

2560: 2294:

and typhus and the need for garrison supply centres. There are eyewitness reports of cannibalism in November 1812.

1740: 12322: 10577: 5777:

Dedem van de Gelder, Anton Boudewijn Gijsbert van; Lecky, Elisabeth van Dedem "Mrs W. E. H. Lecky (May 18, 1900).

3399:

Kutuzov avoided frontal battles involving large masses of troops in order to reinforce his army and to wait there

2686:'s troops. Jérôme left the army after being criticised by Davout. He went home at the end of July, taking a small 12746: 12696: 12538: 12367: 12242: 11598: 11003: 10291: 10051: 10036: 9977: 9336: 9139:

Narrative of events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Retreat of the French Army, 1812

9005: 2892:

Alexander would sue for peace at this point and was to be disappointed; it would not be his last disappointment.

2046: 10191: 8990: 8594:"The Dutch Experience and Memory of the Campaign of 1812: a Final Feat of Arms of the Dutch Imperial Contingent" 3407:

and others, but also by Tsar Alexander. Barclay de Tolly interrupted his service for five months and settled in

12736: 12578: 12262: 12207: 12202: 11558: 11436: 11079: 10957: 10780: 9759: 9723: 8353: 6870: 4189: 3295: 2592:(72,000), the strongest corps, left Vilnius on 1 July and occupied Minsk a week later. His goal was to cut off 2042: 295: 12644: 8601: 5040: 3294:, who entered military service again. The next day Tsar Alexander signed a document that Kutuzov was promoted 2770:

arrived from the south and seized Minsk on 18 November. On 14 December 1812 Schwarzenberg crossed the border.

2142:

organized five supply lines from the Rhine to the Vistula, establishing administrative headquarters in three

12634: 12604: 11265: 10557: 10445: 10174: 9925: 9654: 9480: 9475: 9430: 5143: 3892: 3303: 2858: 2489: 1713: 994: 514: 284: 12212: 11945: 11844: 11512: 7485: 12731: 12726: 12624: 12362: 11537: 11285: 11200: 10912: 10624: 10251: 10221: 10216: 10157: 10046: 10041: 10009: 9950: 9871: 9829: 9712: 4573: 4114: 2998:

In the first two weeks of July, the Grande Armée lost 100,000 men due to sickness and desertion. On 8 July

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and compel Czar Alexander I to rejoin to the Continental System. From 21–22 June 1812, Bonaparte stayed at

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12 June] 1812 with Napoleon's army crossing the border. The army was split up into five columns:

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Magdeburg contained a siege artillery train housing 100 heavy guns and storing 462 cannons, two million

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50,000 were Austrians, Prussians, and other Germans, 20,000 were Poles, and just 35,000 were Frenchmen.

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Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494–2007

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was responsible for the initial plan for the defence of Russia - the retreat to the fortified camp at

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companies, six miner companies and an engineer park were deployed for the invasion force. Large-scale

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majority of the officer corps came from the aristocracy. About 7% of the officer corps came from the

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that figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary widely.

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recounted scenes of massive loss, and offered a vivid description of mass death through hypothermia:

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was invited also and explained the difficult decision in quite a few remarkable chapters in his book

3145: 2725: 1907:. In Russian literature written before the Russian revolution, the war was occasionally described as 1788: 1752: 1599: 1563: 1376: 1309: 1114: 1083: 11759: 11390: 11370: 11180: 10866: 10602: 6274:"The Napoleon Series: How Many Troops Did Napoleon Have on the Niemen in 1812? By François Lelouard" 3274: 2703: 2585: 2501: 2066: 353: 348: 12498: 12282: 12122: 11940: 11739: 11683: 11678: 11613: 11542: 11410: 11310: 11149: 11089: 10937: 10438: 10266: 9972: 9547: 9351: 6224:

Coloman Rupprecht von Virtsolog (1871) Geschichte des k.k. 60. Linien-Infanterie-Regimentes, p. 126

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Coloman Rupprecht von Virtsolog (1871) Geschichte des k.k. 60. Linien-Infanterie-Regimentes, p. 118

4162: 4104: 3495: 3459:. Evading Kutuzov became Napoleon's main priority, but he encountered an obstacle in his progress. 3416: 3307: 3256: 3095: 2619: 1611: 1371: 1279: 780: 12197: 11870: 11205: 9260: 3515: 2643: 2551:, occupied the other side of the Niemen. Around noon, the next morning, Napoleon, followed by the 1849:. Murat and Ney assumed command, pressing forward but leaving over 20,000 men in the hospitals of 519: 12686: 12548: 12217: 12071: 11643: 11563: 11451: 11320: 11305: 11240: 11235: 11008: 10942: 10836: 10719: 10179: 9908: 9527: 4758: 4312: 3682: 3432: 3176: 3138: 2950: 2836: 2737:

he had only 2,000 men left. In July 1813, Junot jumped out of a window; he died a few days later.

2533: 2139: 2038: 1686: 1324: 1314: 1304: 1244: 122: 12523: 11809: 11774: 10861: 8234: 4165:, a Roman invasion of Parthian Empire, which is widely compared to Napoleon's invasion of Russia 3905:

number of prisoners is estimated at around 100,000, of whom more than 50,000 died in captivity.

3575:

Following the campaign, a saying arose that "General Winter" defeated Napoleon, alluding to the

3525: 2015: 12583: 12543: 12528: 12508: 12483: 12337: 12081: 11996: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11930: 11920: 11824: 11779: 11764: 11295: 11013: 10917: 10892: 10851: 10801: 10785: 10381: 10056: 9577: 9512: 6140:. Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2004. 3756: 3752: 2911: 2544: 2441: 12488: 11175: 9769: 6357:"Mémoires du général de Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence, grand écuyer de l'Empereur, pp. 61, 133" 38: 12287: 12187: 12051: 12046: 12041: 11991: 11880: 11804: 11794: 11628: 11568: 11497: 11330: 11280: 11215: 11210: 10887: 10714: 10597: 10311: 10271: 10031: 9960: 9409: 8686: 8618: 5897: 4343: 4214: 3865: 3849: 3655: 3351: 3279: 2780:(17,000 Saxons) stayed in the Grodno region and cooperated with Schwarzenberg to protect the 2706:(36,000 (Polish) soldiers) under Poniatowski joined Davout and went to Mogilev and Smolensk. 2670: 2089: 1999: 1830: 1780: 747: 543: 538: 341: 336: 11220: 10816: 8715: 6516: 5862: 5713: 102: 12568: 12518: 12132: 12021: 12011: 11986: 11885: 11819: 11633: 11623: 11603: 11583: 11492: 11472: 11350: 11144: 11069: 10871: 9844: 9517: 9414: 9384: 5193:

Proclamation of 22 June 1812. Correspondance de Napoléon 1er, No. 18855, vol. XXIII, p. 528

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Stettin contained 263 guns, a million cartridges and 200,000 pounds/90 tonnes of gunpowder;

1825:, who obstructed the primary road to Krasny, effectively isolating him from the main army. 1802:, resulted in significant losses. More than half of the soldiers perished from exhaustion, 1529: 1500: 1329: 1299: 1284: 1264: 1259: 1249: 958: 920: 908: 555: 389: 384: 365: 360: 12192: 11446: 11315: 11255: 11154: 11084: 5678:

H.P. Everts, Campagne et captivité de Russie, p. 147; Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne, p. 63

4155:, a piece of music written in 1882 (seventy years after the fact) by the Russian composer 3779: 3057: 3011: 2835:

for the duration of the campaign. Augereau never left Berlin; his younger brother general

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was a tactical victory for the Russians; Jerome let Platov escape by deploying too few of

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Glogau contained 108 guns, a million cartridges and 100,000 pounds/45 tonnes of gunpowder.

2093: 651: 591: 8: 12573: 12352: 12347: 12076: 12026: 11910: 11895: 11799: 11693: 11593: 11507: 11395: 11355: 11275: 11245: 11225: 11159: 11124: 11074: 11038: 11033: 10993: 10856: 10841: 10826: 10811: 10770: 10547: 10419: 10349: 10206: 9734: 9669: 9440: 8298: 7862: 7105:

Memoiren des Königlich Preussischen Generals der Infanterie Ludwig Freiherrn von Wolzogen

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from Finland and use it in the later battles (20,000 men were sent to Riga and Polotsk).

3467: 3189: 2529: 1995: 1968: 1807: 1431: 1416: 1411: 1381: 706: 682: 670: 658: 634: 622: 598: 586: 574: 562: 550: 526: 502: 488: 377: 234: 228: 140: 73: 11814: 11109: 11104: 10952: 5698: 4081: 3624:. Within three days, his division of 15,000 soldiers lost 12,000 men without a battle. 3126: 1853:. The remnants of the principal armies, disheartened, crossed the frozen Niemen and the 12619: 12614: 12558: 12513: 12442: 12312: 12157: 12147: 12142: 12061: 12001: 11849: 11769: 11729: 11713: 11703: 11673: 11658: 11648: 11608: 11578: 11532: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11260: 11195: 10967: 10932: 10907: 10709: 10659: 10609: 10587: 10567: 10562: 10409: 10391: 10344: 10326: 10306: 9945: 9697: 9595: 9567: 9450: 9435: 9276: 8769: 8732: 8565: 8460: 7220: 5954: 3784: 3534: 3452: 3451:

forces suffered a significant blow with the near-destruction of Murat's cavalry in the

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After two days of preparation, the invasion commenced on Wednesday, 24 June [

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companies, three pontoon trains with 100 pontoons each, two companies of marines, nine

2119: 2031: 2008: 2003: 1818: 1767: 1705: 1587: 1551: 1437: 1406: 1396: 1366: 1335: 1319: 1269: 1120: 1108: 1089: 1077: 1038: 1006: 718: 567: 451: 329: 324: 44:"Patriotic War of 1812" redirects here. For the 1812–15 conflict in North America, see 11405: 11335: 11300: 11290: 3215: 11970: 11935: 11905: 11865: 11839: 11829: 11784: 11754: 11708: 11653: 11573: 11522: 11502: 11487: 11477: 11456: 11400: 11360: 11185: 11119: 11114: 10972: 10902: 10755: 10674: 10669: 10316: 10256: 10063: 9989: 9967: 9866: 9744: 9557: 9537: 9532: 9522: 9357: 9282: 9233: 9214: 9162: 9156: 9137: 9106: 9100: 9076: 9054: 9032: 8971: 8915: 8894: 8859: 8831: 8803: 8775: 8738: 8665: 8624: 8571: 8550: 8531: 8466: 8376: 8349: 8345: 8304: 8265: 7592:

Achilles Rose (2003) Napoleon's Campaign in Russia Anno 1812 Medico-Historical, p. 34

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Bogdanovich, "History of Patriotic War 1812", Spt., 1859–1860, Appendix, pp. 492–503.

4096: 4044: 3985: 3969: 3957: 3921: 3896:"Enlistment in the Cossacks of captured Poles of Napoleon's army, 1813". Painting of 3788: 3728: 3538: 3499: 3421: 3412: 3331: 3287: 3193: 3015: 1980: 1964: 1814: 1784: 1751:

conditions, diseases and scarcity of provisions, Napoleon emerged victorious in the

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La Grande Armée et les Juifs de Pologne de 1806 à 1812 : une alliance inespérée

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31 August] 1812, the main forces of Kutuzov departed from the village, now

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Mikhail Kutuzov. The former head of the St. Petersburg militia and a member of the

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from Barclay de Tolly. He already had lost a third of his men but beat Bagration at

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Memoirs of the Royal Prussian General of the Infantry Ludwig Freiherrn von Wolzogen

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men, although every day our numbers fell off considerably. In order to pass through

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La Grande Armée de 1812, organisation à l'entrée en campagne par François Houdecek

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arduous marches amid intense heat. Napoleon's primary objective was to defeat the

1975:

served as a testament to Napoleon's military prowess. He secured victories in the

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DTIC ADA398046: The Effects of Infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign

7971: 7591: 7486:"L' Europe pendant le Consulat et l'Empire de Napoléon, Volume 3, p. 306 (1841)" 3561: 3290:. Kutuzov settled in a Vyazyomy Manor on the high road to Moscow. The owner was 3224: 2762:'s third army prevented him from joining up with Davout. When Tormasov occupied 2326:), had beds for 28,000. The main hospital was in Vilnius, another was set up in 1720: 12651: 12563: 12553: 12086: 11925: 11789: 11588: 11340: 10684: 10664: 10654: 10614: 10487: 10404: 10231: 9994: 9984: 9361: 8987:"Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon's defeat" 8825: 8797: 8244: 6947: 6073: 5636: 4875: 4179: 4024: 3988:, he is not well remembered in Russia and his role in 1812 is usually ignored. 3861: 3826: 3760: 3621: 3576: 3569: 3197:

took up a defensive position some 120 kilometres (75 mi) before Moscow at

3082: 3031: 2969: 2824: 2477: 2343: 2303: 2143: 2096:(in Polish: Wilkowiszky). There Napoleon announced the following proclamation: 2053: 1701: 1254: 1045: 1033: 1013: 1001: 989: 977: 965: 953: 941: 928: 915: 903: 891: 879: 859: 847: 835: 823: 811: 799: 787: 775: 755: 741: 465: 459: 190: 158: 10699: 7395: 6573: 2445: 2437: 1708:. Widely studied, Napoleon's incursion into Russia stands as a focal point in 12675: 12127: 10831: 10689: 10619: 10364: 10201: 9839: 8509: 7183: 6401:

Napoleon and the Operational Art of War: Essays in Honor of Donald D. Horward

6125:

A.F.F. Seydlitz (1823) Tagebuch des königlich Preussischen Armeekorps, p. 113

4363:, one of Napoleon's main opponents. A few weeks earlier she also had visited 4151: 4142: 4109: 4085: 4003: 3873: 3825:

who was one of the few women who survived the retreat. It is questionable if

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Danzig had a siege train with 130 heavy guns and 300,000 pounds of gunpowder;

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Danzig contained enough provisions to feed 400,000 men for 50 days. Breslau,

2135: 970: 615: 5792: 3502:

further diminished the strength of the Grande Armée. In a letter to Emperor

3014:

had to organize the logistics. Davout crossed the Berezina and ran into the

3003: 2421: 2323: 1198: 10679: 10515: 10120: 9644: 9610: 9365: 7128: 4813: 4122: 4060: 3822: 3383: 3121:

and the Russian general Pavel Chichagov headed north-west. His former ally

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On 24 June 1812 and subsequent days, the initial wave of the multinational

864: 663: 9881: 9009: 8946: 7190:. Pen & Sword Military. Translated by North, Jonathan (2nd ed.). 5918:

Mémoires et correspondence politique et militaire de Eugène de Beauharnais

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broke off relations with France and entered into an alliance with Russia (

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The Campaign of 1812 in Russia: Translated from the German ... With a Map

8335: 8239:(in Russian). Vol. XXII. Опека – Оутсайдер. Friedrich A. Brockhaus ( 7188:

Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812

6137: 4908:"Insects, Disease, and Military History: Destruction of the Grande Armée" 4670:

Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812

4156: 4055:

Academics have drawn parallels between the French invasion of Russia and

3961: 3795: 3595: 3327: 2751: 2647: 1904: 1854: 152: 45: 7902: 4827:"Insects, Disease, and Military History: Destruction of the Grand Armée" 3510:

The story of the Krasnoye affair, where I was said to have retired at a

12152: 10261: 10211: 10130: 9999: 4331: 4010:

Leo Tolstoy was not a historian, but his popular 1869 historical novel

3995: 3877: 3651: 3052: 2650:. Napoleon's stepson had orders to avoid Vilnius on his way to Vitebsk. 2629: 2555:(47,000), crossed the river on one of the three pontoon bridges nearby 2429: 2287: 2242: 2178: 1834: 627: 9249:"Continuity and Change in Guerrilla War: The Spanish and Afghan Cases" 8931:"Napoleon's Lost Legions. The Grande Armée Prisoners of War in Russia" 5612:

1812 : Eyewitness accounts of Napoleon's defeat in Russia, p. 242

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Napoleon's Paper Kingdom: The Life and Death of Westphalia, 1807–1813

4171:, a monument built in 1817 to commemorate the victory over the French 3533:

Berezina River had been destroyed by the Russian army. The ensuing

3311: 3286:

On 10 September the main quarter of the Russian army was situated at

3175:

Meanwhile, Wittgenstein was forced to retreat to the north after the

3038:

Finally we arrived at Polotsk, a large city on the other side of the

2941: 2868: 2755: 2687: 2633: 2537: 2433: 2387: 2355: 2327: 2291: 2269: 2131: 2057: 1955: 1928: 1842: 3636:, Riehn sums up the limitations of Napoleon's logistics as follows: 2041:, the youngest sister of Alexander. However, he ultimately married 12117: 10414: 10276: 8593: 7191: 5957:(2004) Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812; Appendix 4805: 3723: 3591: 3583: 3444: 3440: 3395:

as long as possible, avoiding complicated movements and manoeuvres.

3326:

discussed the risks and agreed to abandon Moscow without fighting.

3232: 3198: 2977: 2961: 2832: 2579: 2517: 2241:

The standard heavy wagons, well-suited for the dense and partially

2227: 1838: 1697: 494: 10430: 7198:, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Pen & Sword Books Limited. 5637:"The Effects of Infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign" 4876:"The Effects of infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign" 2410: 2130:

river valley was developed into a vital supply base in 1811–1812.

2070: 9129:

A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev

8427:. Translated by Francis Egerton. London: John Murray Publishers. 8240: 7751: 7195: 7112: 3802: 3732: 3587: 3506:, his father-in-law, Napoleon would later lament these setbacks: 3436: 3387: 3374: 3365: 3081:) it encountered serious problems in foraging, aggravated by the 3078: 2548: 2414: 2363: 2351: 2315: 2219: 2211: 2127: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1850: 1799: 1736: 7120: 4997: 4837: 2983:

Murat advanced to Nemenčinė on July 1, running into elements of

1979:(1803–1806, leading to the dissolution of the thousand-year-old 136:

French soldiers struggling with thirst and heat by Albrecht Adam

9353: 8378:

With Napoleon in Russia: the memoirs of General de Caulaincourt

7938: 5822:

The Military and Diplomatic Career of Jacques Etienne Macdonald

5781:. Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit, et cie – via Internet Archive. 5738:

Edward Foord (1914) Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812, p. 17

4347: 3511: 3019: 2931: 2674: 2568: 2452:. On 23 June Napoleon arrived at Naugardiškė, south of Kaunas. 2371: 2367: 2319: 2307: 2207: 1932: 1924: 1826: 1803: 1724: 93: 37:"Second Polish War" redirects here. For the 1794 uprising, see 8545:

Fierro, Alfred; Palluel-Guillard, André; Tulard, Jean (1995).

7057: 6517:"Herinneringen uit den veldtogt van Rusland, in den jare 1812" 5279: 4236:

During this period, Moscow held considerable significance but

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was superior from the start with a good supply of horses; the

2118:

The invasion of Russia starkly highlights the pivotal role of

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of 30,000 men (half of them Prussians) crossed the Niemen at

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Napoleon's study of Russian geography and history, including

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of 1825, their roles in history were erased at the order of

2839:

and his troops were compelled to surrender to the partisans

1739:, in a bid to dismantle the disparate Russian forces led by 7655: 7643: 7534:

CG12 – 32060. – À Maret, Ministre des Relations Extérieures

6978: 6928: 5616: 5593: 5009: 4699: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 3913: 3550: 2417:(Marienburg) served as vital ammunition and supply depots. 2231: 1947:), in fact, this issue was of no real concern to Napoleon. 8737:. Vol. 2. New York : Columbia University Press. 7164: 6042:"Experience of War: 'I Have Never Seen As Much Suffering'" 5583: 5581: 5579: 5561: 5529: 5502: 5221: 5209: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4568: 4566: 4415: 4413: 2926: 2673:, King of Westphalia (62,000). He crossed the Niemen near 2297: 9309:

When Europe Invaded Russia: 1812 Napoleon Documentary by

9232:(Hardcover ed.). Paris: Histoire & Collections. 7827: 7691: 7679: 7466: 7101:

Wolzogen und Neuhaus, Justus Philipp Adolf Wilhelm Ludwig

7019: 6966: 6912: 6900: 6730: 6650: 6614: 6380: 6182: 5269: 5124: 4539: 4503: 3219:

Napoleon and his staff at Borodino by Vasily Vereshchagin

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and then went to Smolensk, where he joined the main army.

2034:

advocated for a closer alliance with France in response.

9202:

1812: Eyewitness accounts of Napoleon's defeat in Russia

8661:

The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805

8150: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 7959: 7926: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7549: 7344:"Napoleon's Russian campaign: From the Niemen to Moscow" 7251: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6665: 6543:"Lithuanian Military Digest (2020) No 7 (26), pp. 14–23" 5839: 5776: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5490: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 4648: 4619: 4617: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4391: 8121: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8051: 8049: 8024: 8022: 7995: 7983: 7817: 7815: 7739: 7727: 7703: 7397:

Kutusov, Russian movie from 1944 with English subtitles

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List of Russian commanders in the Patriotic War of 1812

3403:. This tactic was sharply criticised by Chief of Staff 3227:

attacked the Imperial Russian Army near the village of

2632:(39,000) defended downstream the 4th pontoon bridge at 30:"Russian campaign" redirects here. For other uses, see 8567:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

8300:

Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary; France

8198: 8186: 8090: 8034: 8007: 7667: 7454: 7442: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7377: 7365: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7069: 5334:(in French) (1st ed.). Paris: F. Didot & Cie. 5021: 4430: 4428: 3545:

for his failure to fully capitalize on the situation.

2888:

Vilna on June 26 and Barclay assumed overall command.

10148:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

9073:

Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East

8712:"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies" 8210: 8162: 8133: 8102: 7842: 7787: 7763: 7631: 7515: 7503: 7288: 7239: 7081: 7007: 6990: 6815: 6803: 6718: 6638: 6626: 6602: 6590: 6515:

Boisminart, Willem Pieter D'Auzon de (May 18, 1824).

6484: 6442: 6430: 6337: 6314:"Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18998, p. 92" 6011:"Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18984, p. 80" 5968:"Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18911, p. 28" 5875: 5544: 5246: 4711: 4614: 4522: 4379: 4317: 2182:), further impeded horse-drawn wagons and artillery. 1691: 8682:

A Circumstantial Narrative of the Campaign in Russia

8232: 8174: 8073: 8061: 8046: 8019: 7812: 7608: 7545:

CG13 – 32230. – À François II, Empereur D’Autriche

7099: 5444: 5308: 5291: 5197: 5103:"Le 33e Régiment d'infanterie légère de 1810 à 1814" 5003: 4937: 4735: 4723: 4464: 4132: 3829:, ‘Courtisane de la Grande Armée’, was another one. 3159:

After five or six days Napoleon invited the wounded

2399:

Küstrin contained 108 guns and a million cartridges;

8889:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2016). Leggiere, M. (ed.). 8547:

Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire

8508:DTIC, Defense Technical Information Center (1998). 8233:Arsenyev, Konstantin; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1897). 6069: 6067: 5074: 5062: 4491: 4479: 4452: 4440: 4425: 3982:

Third Section Of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery

9281:. Hertfordshire: Ware : Wordsworth Editions. 9230:Borodino, The Moscova: The Battle for the Redoubts 8734:Napoleon : from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815 7775: 6923:Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812 6897:General Sir Robert Wilson's Russian Journal, p. 80 4981:, Napoleonica. La Revue 2019/2 (N° 34), pp. 18–33. 4359:On the day before he left the capital he met with 3300:highest military rank of the Imperial Russian Army 3030:describes his foraging experience during Russia's 3018:with Bagration; he went to Orsha, and crossed the 2812:were ordered to cover the retreat to the Berezina. 1899:" is also occasionally referred to as simply the " 8823: 8334:Bourgogne, Adrien Jean Baptiste François (1899). 7757: 6585:Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences 5172:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 85. 5168:A. Bell, David (2015). "5: Downfall, 1812–1815". 3947:. Compare on Minard's Map the location of Vilna. 3599:daily, its pernicious effect was noticed in all. 2880:, with Oudinot marching on the other side of the 12673: 10163:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 9493:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 7914: 6064: 5660: 4367:and Rostopchin the governors of Kyiv and Moscow. 4185:List of battles of the French invasion of Russia 2578:(32,000) advanced to Vilnius and Polotsk in the 2473:Order of battle of the French invasion of Russia 2462:List of battles of the French invasion of Russia 2189: 1791:, he was compelled to retrace his initial path. 1102: 1071: 12630:England expects that every man will do his duty 10282:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 10197:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 9004: 8911:The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon versus Kutuzov 8616: 8528:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée 8375:Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de (1935). 8282:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) 7567: 7063: 2862:27 June, 1812. Quartier Général at Mykoliškiai 2540:. Yorck's resolution had enormous consequences. 9102:The Visual Display of Quantitative Information 6133: 6131: 5945:"1812" Napoleon I in Russia by V. Verestchagin 5634: 5428:Human Voices from the Russian Campaign of 1812 5400:Human Voices from the Russian Campaign of 1812 5350:Human Voices from the Russian Campaign of 1812 4955:Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques De Montgaillard, 4873: 2466: 2022:and France included a clause that transferred 1755:. However, the Russian Army, now commanded by 10446: 10136:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 9337: 8651:Europäische Befreiungskriege 1808 bis 1814/15 6925:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2004. 6838:. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 58. 6087:, p. 252. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 5941: 5939: 5892: 5890: 5377:. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 52. 3685:says 510,000 Imperial troops entered Russia. 3068:The total length of the city wall around the 2921: 2322:and Danzig, while hospitals in East Prussia ( 1882: 1876: 1228: 1214: 9075:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8374: 7602: 7579: 7221:"Усадьба Большие Вяземы • Architecture Best" 6934: 5714:"Digby Smith (2004) Napoleon Against Russia" 5622: 5599: 5015: 4196:, including "Napoleon's retreat from Moscow" 1714:most devastating military endeavors globally 148:French soldiers attacked by Russian Cossacks 10089:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 10084:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 8928: 8907: 8888: 8709: 8324: 8236:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 7965: 7944: 7661: 7649: 6984: 6972: 6128: 5587: 5570: 5538: 5523: 5402:. London: Ken Trotman Ltd. pp. 46–47. 5285: 5240: 4959:, 1812, The British Library, 27 April 2010. 4605: 4073:Russians themselves or their own mistakes. 3943:Minard's Map of French casualties see also 3852:from other German prisoners and deserters. 2669:Right flank force under Napoleon's brother 1759:, opted for a strategic retreat, employing 10453: 10439: 9405:Military history of the Russian Federation 9344: 9330: 8458: 8412: 8393: 7989: 7836: 7697: 7685: 6906: 6858: 6736: 6514: 6463:"Вильна в 1812 году (продолжение, IX–XII)" 6212: 6191: 5936: 5887: 5845: 5833: 5329: 4843: 4705: 4545: 4516: 4175:General Confederation of Kingdom of Poland 3937: 2646:(45,000 Italians) crossed the Niemen near 1706:continental blockade of the United Kingdom 1221: 1207: 9655:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 8341:Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne (1812–1813) 8333: 6502: 6303:J. North (2005) Napoleon's army in Russia 4159:to commemorate the victory over Napoleon. 3582:When winter arrived on 6 November with a 3204: 3117:had come to an end as Kutuzov signed the 2995:and Davout would not help the situation. 2930:Cossacks feigning retreat against Polish 442: 428: 12707:Battles of the French invasion of Russia 9154: 8984: 8965: 8851: 8730: 7932: 7721: 7555: 7257: 6821: 6809: 6671: 6343: 6259: 6257: 6149: 5997: 5772: 5770: 5430:. London: Ken Trotman Ltd. p. 116. 5352:. London: Ken Trotman Ltd. p. 103. 4943: 4905: 4756: 4642: 4385: 4113:, and the identification of it with the 4080: 3994: 3891: 3794: 3778: 3722: 3701: 3661: 3602:In his memoir, Napoleon's close adviser 3560: 3431: 3273: 3214: 3063: 3051: 2940: 2925: 2857: 2476: 2337: 2109: 2083:1812 French declaration of war on Russia 1954: 27:1812 conflict during the Napoleonic Wars 9616:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 9486:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 9028:1812 : Napoleon's Russian campaign 8891:Napoleon and the Operational Art of War 8795: 8678: 8648: 8486: 7821: 7745: 7733: 7614: 5881: 5425: 5397: 5347: 5167: 3514:, is a flat fabrication. The so-called 3354:. A French Army foot soldier recalled: 2298:Combat service and support and medicine 2018:, concluding the 1809 conflict between 1994:In 1807, following a French triumph at 409: 14: 12674: 10776:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 10237:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 10168:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 10027:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 10005:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 9719:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 9395:Military history of the Russian Empire 9135: 9070: 8879: 8830:. New York : Barnes & Noble. 8767: 8620:Borodino 1812: Napoleon's Great Gamble 8525: 8381:(translated by Jean Hanoteau ed.) 8348:, via reprint, Moscow: Ripol Classic. 8296: 8278: 8259: 8216: 8204: 8192: 8168: 8156: 8144: 8127: 8115: 8096: 8084: 8067: 8055: 8040: 8028: 8013: 8001: 7806: 7673: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7383: 7371: 7330: 7318: 7306: 7272:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier 7269: 7170: 7075: 6836:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier 6778:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier 6775: 6460: 6233: 5555: 5474:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier 5471: 5375:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier 5372: 5273: 5203: 5144:"Württemberg in 1812 – Jonathan North" 5130: 4717: 4623: 4533: 4473: 4404: 4240:served as a capital from 1712 to 1918. 3783:Napoleon's retreat, surrounded by the 3314:, 20 km to the west, followed by 2750:of 34,000 men (Austrians) crossed the 2710:formed the largest foreign contingent. 12458:Spanish American wars of independence 10434: 10387:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 9765:Russian colonization of North America 9325: 9190: 9126: 9098: 9089: 9052: 9024: 8758: 8697:from the original on 27 February 2024 8657: 8563: 8362:from the original on 27 February 2024 8180: 7903:https://doi.org/10.3917/napo.153.0035 7848: 7781: 7769: 7709: 7637: 7521: 7509: 7472: 7294: 7245: 7087: 7045:from the original on 17 November 2021 7025: 7013: 7001: 6879:from the original on January 15, 2023 6833: 6724: 6659: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6523:from the original on January 15, 2023 6490: 6448: 6436: 6418:from the original on January 15, 2023 6386: 6254: 6242:from the original on January 15, 2023 6170:from the original on January 15, 2023 5767: 5496: 5459: 5421: 5419: 5343: 5341: 5317: 5302: 5215: 5080: 5068: 5027: 4777:from the original on January 15, 2023 4744: 4729: 4687:from the original on January 15, 2023 4666: 4654: 4557: 4497: 4485: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4419: 2708:Polish legions, including Lithuanians 2524:. On 25 December one of his generals 2076: 1202: 9400:Military history of the Soviet Union 9094:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8604:from the original on 29 October 2021 8507: 7182: 5666: 3352:Moscow was reduced to ashes by arson 3263: 3047: 2610:(37,000) crossed the Niemen and the 2026:from Austria and annexing it to the 1779:, only to discover it deserted, and 206:Escalation of the conflict into the 157:Marshal Ney at the Kowno redoubt by 12443:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 10460: 10141:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 9158:Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March 9053:Ségur, Comte Philippe Paul (1980). 8761:Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire 8591: 8487:Davydov, Denis Vasilievich (2010). 7920: 7274:. New York: Doubleday. p. 61. 7218: 6780:. New York: Doubleday. p. 53. 6685:"Correspondance de Napoleon, p. 31" 5476:. New York: Doubleday. p. 51. 4115:German invasion during World War II 3115:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 2483:Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur 2167:There is no fodder for the horses; 2152:Charles XII's invasion of 1708–1709 1889:German invasion of the Soviet Union 1187:Total military and civilian deaths: 145:Moscow burning by Viktor Mazurovsky 24: 12702:19th century in the Russian Empire 10187:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 9553:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 9278:The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia 9184: 9092:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812 8953:from the original on 25 April 2021 8549:. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. 8465:. Jefferson, NC : McFarland. 8434:from the original on 21 April 2021 7111:] (in German) (1st ed.). 6234:Alison, Archibald (May 18, 1850). 5416: 5338: 4169:Arches of Triumph in Novocherkassk 4076: 4050: 4006:with portraits of Russian generals 3945:Attrition warfare against Napoleon 3872:) was well organized. The Russian 3751:nobility from the governorates of 3342:, whose population was evacuated. 3060:with the burning city of Smolensk 1909:"the invasion of twelve languages" 1761:attrition warfare against Napoleon 1727:River, marking the entry from the 25: 12758: 12742:Wars involving the Russian Empire 10052:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 9303: 8824:Marshall-Cornwall, James (1998). 7978:FierroPalluel-GuillardTulard 1995 7860: 7227:from the original on May 13, 2021 6954:from the original on 14 July 2023 6052:from the original on May 18, 2022 4584:from the original on 8 March 2022 3931: 3791:. Painting by Vasily Vereshchagin 3566:Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia 2853: 2742:The right or southern wing under 32:Russian campaign (disambiguation) 12722:France–Russia military relations 12712:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars 12318:Frederick William III of Prussia 12298:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 10106:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 9899:Russian conquest of Central Asia 9835:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 9631:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 9573:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 9105:. Cheshire, CN: Graphics Press. 8617:Haythornthwaite, Philip (2012). 8303:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 7956:D. Lieven (2009), pp. 80–81, 290 7950: 7895: 7884: 7854: 7620: 7585: 7538: 7527: 7478: 7389: 7336: 7263: 7212: 7186:(2005) . North, Jonathan (ed.). 7176: 7135: 7093: 7031: 6940: 6891: 6852: 6827: 6794: 6769: 6742: 6708: 6677: 6566: 6535: 6508: 6454: 6392: 6349: 6306: 6297: 6266: 6227: 6218: 6197: 6143: 6119: 6090: 6034: 6003: 5004:Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1897 4353: 4337: 4135: 2481:On the border of Nieman 1812 by 2069:; one month later he arrived in 1682:Оте́чественная война́ 1812 го́да 1610: 1598: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1550: 1528: 1516: 1499: 1475: 1468: 1461: 1044: 1032: 1012: 1000: 988: 976: 964: 952: 940: 927: 914: 902: 890: 878: 858: 846: 834: 822: 810: 798: 786: 774: 754: 740: 717: 705: 693: 681: 669: 657: 645: 633: 621: 609: 597: 585: 573: 561: 549: 537: 525: 513: 501: 487: 458: 444: 430: 411: 399: 383: 371: 359: 347: 335: 323: 311: 289: 278: 265: 253: 240: 227: 121: 112: 101: 92: 81: 72: 12438:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 12368:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 10392:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 10037:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 9978:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 9031:. New York : McGraw-Hill. 8993:from the original on 2017-08-25 8929:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2014). 8908:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2007). 8637:from the original on 2024-02-27 7873:from the original on 2023-06-29 7863:"Souvenirs d'une actrice (2/3)" 7492:from the original on 2023-12-15 7354:from the original on 2022-01-26 7153:from the original on 2021-05-13 6758:from the original on 2023-01-15 6697:from the original on 2022-01-21 6587:Volume 30, No. 1 – Spring 1984. 6555:from the original on 2021-12-28 6473:from the original on 2022-01-23 6369:from the original on 2022-02-20 6326:from the original on 2022-01-21 6286:from the original on 2022-02-04 6156:. University of Georgia Press. 6108:from the original on 2022-05-01 6023:from the original on 2022-01-21 5980:from the original on 2022-01-21 5960: 5948: 5925:from the original on 2023-01-15 5909: 5851: 5814: 5803:from the original on 2022-01-07 5785: 5756:from the original on 2022-01-21 5742: 5731: 5720:from the original on 2023-12-01 5706: 5692: 5681: 5672: 5649:from the original on 2023-11-30 5628: 5605: 5465: 5391: 5366: 5323: 5186: 5161: 5150:from the original on 2022-02-14 5136: 5113:from the original on 2023-06-01 5095: 5086: 5051:from the original on 2022-05-24 5033: 4984: 4962: 4949: 4906:Peterson, Robert K. D. (1995). 4899: 4888:from the original on 2023-11-30 4867: 4858: 4849: 4819: 4789: 4750: 4660: 4596: 4324: 4319:Otechestvennaya voyna 1812 goda 4297: 4282: 4267: 4252: 4243: 4230: 4059:, the German invasion of 1941. 3666: 3556: 3443:attacking French troops at the 2508:on the 24th. He moved north in 1700:with the aim of compelling the 1693:Otéchestvennaya voyná 1812 góda 151:Crossing the Berezina River by 12353:Prince Regent John of Portugal 12263:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 12208:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 12203:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 10074:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 9724:War of the Austrian Succession 9136:Wilson, Robert Thomas (1860). 9090:Tarle, Yevgeny Eugene (1942). 8827:Napoleon as Military Commander 8416:The campaign of 1812 in Russia 6865:. Princeton University Press. 6751:Mémoires Eugène de Beauharnais 6574:"Napoleon's Lithuanian Forces" 5861:translated by Jonathan North, 5750:"Conscription Quotas for 1812" 3652:that dissolved into deep mires 3085:tactics of the Russian forces. 2793:assisted Reynier. In December 2120:logistics in military strategy 1921:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1884:Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna 1147:200,000 died from other causes 139:The end of Borodino battle by 13: 1: 12378:Prince Charles John of Sweden 10297:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 10175:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9926:Russian invasion of Manchuria 9916:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 9862:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 9857:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 9800:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 9790:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 9755:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 9750:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 9740:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 9730:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 9708:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 9703:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 9680:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 9675:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 9650:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 9626:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 9621:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 9606:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 9481:List of wars involving Russia 9476:Sino-Russian border conflicts 9209:Clausewitz, Carl von (1996). 8968:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 8855:Johann Ewald: Jäger Commander 8413:Clausewitz, Carl von (1843). 8394:Clausewitz, Carl von (1906). 8327:History of Patriotic War 1812 8260:Austin, Paul Britten (1996). 6859:Clausewitz, Carl von (1989). 5170:Napoleon: A Concise Biography 4373: 4308:Отечественная война 1812 года 4099:may be seen in Leo Tolstoy's 3681:thousand men fit for action. 3610:The cold was so intense that 3364:direction and turned west to 2448:before arriving at the river 2346:, a large military warehouse 2333: 2318:, Warsaw, Thorn, Marienburg, 2190:Provisions and transportation 1950: 1190: 131:Top to bottom, left to right: 10252:Eritrean War of Independence 10222:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 10217:East German uprising of 1953 10158:Eastern Front (World War II) 10047:Red Army invasion of Georgia 10042:Red Army invasion of Armenia 10010:Estonian War of Independence 9951:Russian occupation of Tabriz 9872:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 9830:War of the Seventh Coalition 9713:War of the Polish Succession 9660:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 9247:Joes, Anthony James (1996). 9211:The Russian campaign of 1812 9200:Brett-James, Antony (1967). 8491:(in Russian). Archived from 8459:Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). 8421:Der Feldzug 1812 in Russland 8397:Der Feldzug 1812 in Russland 6754:. Michel Lévy frères. 1860. 5921:. Michel Lévy frères. 1860. 4800:2006 Jan 1; 193(1):112–120. 4757:Chandler, David G. (2009) . 4293:seconde campagne de Pologne 4278:seconde guerre de la Pologne 4117:, which became known as the 3924:of 1825 and ending with the 3883: 3338:. This came at the price of 2949:leading a detachment of the 2716:(17,000 Westphalians) under 2534:neutralization of his troops 2105: 1829:successfully broke through, 1735:, encompassing present-day 7: 10292:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 10242:Sino-Soviet border conflict 10111:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 10079:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 10015:Latvian War of Independence 9904:Russian conquest of Bukhara 9795:War of the Fourth Coalition 9780:War of the Second Coalition 9253:Journal of Conflict Studies 9131:. Harvard University Press. 9056:Napoleon's Russian campaign 8852:McIntyre, James R. (2021). 8530:. New York: Da Capo Press. 8489:"Diary of partisan actions" 8338:; Hénault, Maurice (eds.). 4318: 4210:War and Peace (film series) 4128: 3674:Journal of Conflict Studies 3634:Napoleon's Russian Campaign 3270:French occupation of Moscow 2543:In the evening of June 23, 2516:. Early August he occupied 2467:Crossing the Russian border 2455: 1985:War of the Fourth Coalition 1917:нашествие двенадцати языков 1883: 1878:Великая Отечественная война 1692: 10: 12763: 12692:1812 in the Russian Empire 12213:Frederick I of Württemberg 10583:Confederation of the Rhine 10287:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 9825:War of the Sixth Coalition 9815:War of the Fifth Coalition 9785:War of the Third Coalition 9390:Military history of Russia 9352:Armed conflicts involving 9228:Hourtoulle, F. G. (2001). 9213:. Transaction Publishers. 9025:Riehn, Richard K. (1990). 8731:Lefebvre, Georges (1969). 8570:. New York : DK Pub. 8225: 7219:Man, Archi (May 4, 2020). 7103:(1851). Wigand, O. (ed.). 6153:The Russian Campaign, 1812 3978:Alexander von Benckendorff 3910:War of the Sixth Coalition 3705: 3627: 3427: 3267: 3208: 2922:March on Vitebsk and Minsk 2470: 2459: 2420:Troops gathered in Thorn, 2080: 1989:War of the Fifth Coalition 1977:War of the Third Coalition 1798:from Russian peasants and 1712:, recognized as among the 1066:450,000 – 685,000 total: 934:Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy 793:Alexander von Benckendorff 688:Ambroży Mikołaj Skarżyński 179:24 June – 24 December 1812 43: 36: 29: 12682:French invasion of Russia 12592: 12476: 12391: 12373:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 12363:William, Prince of Orange 12226: 12173:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 12106: 12099: 11979: 11858: 11722: 11551: 11465: 11419: 11168: 11062: 10986: 10880: 10794: 10746: 10737: 10633: 10534: 10525: 10502:French Invasion of Russia 10468: 10400: 10335: 10126:Soviet invasion of Poland 9936: 9820:French invasion of Russia 9688: 9586: 9505: 9431:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 9423: 9380: 9373: 9161:. London: HarperCollins. 9099:Tufte, Edward R. (2001). 8985:Nafziger, George (2021). 8966:Nafziger, George (1984). 8914:. London: Pen&Sword. 8658:Kagan, Frederick (2007). 8623:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8592:Hay, Mark Edward (2013). 8444:And at Google Books here 6887:– via Google Books. 6531:– via Google Books. 6426:– via Google Books. 6250:– via Google Books. 6178:– via Google Books. 5859:Napoleon's Army in Russia 5330:Des Loches, Pion (1889). 4785:– via Google Books. 4760:The Campaigns of Napoleon 4695:– via Google Books. 4574:"The retreat from Moscow" 4307: 4000:The hall of military fame 3774: 3464:Battle of Maloyaroslavets 3146:Battle of Smolensk (1812) 2726:Battle of Smolensk (1812) 2114:French attack by infantry 1959:The French Empire in 1812 1916: 1877: 1789:Battle of Maloyaroslavets 1783:by its military governor 1681: 1658:French invasion of Russia 1457:French invasion of Russia 1240: 1232:French invasion of Russia 1185: 1128: 1097:508,000 – 723,000 total: 1059: 472: 219: 171: 66: 58: 54:French invasion of Russia 53: 12283:Archduke John of Austria 12278:Prince von Schwarzenberg 12123:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 10267:South African Border War 10192:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 10094:Chechen uprising of 1932 9775:Russo-Persian War (1796) 8768:Lieven, D. C. B (2010). 8679:Labaume, Eugène (1817). 6800:Lieven, D (2010), p. 151 6519:. Gebroeders van Cleef. 6263:Zamoyski (2004), 504–505 6150:Fezensac, M. De (2009). 5426:Chuquet, Arthur (1994). 5398:Chuquet, Arthur (1994). 5348:Chuquet, Arthur (1994). 5107:frederic.berjaud.free.fr 4994:, Kurpisz, Poznań, 1999. 4667:North, Jonathan (1990). 4224: 4105:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 3100:Alexander of Württemberg 2620:Second Battle of Polotsk 2440:. Several corps, except 1971:. Starting in 1803, the 1864: 1161:50,000–100,000 prisoners 1150:50,000 died in captivity 1144:100,000 killed in combat 781:Mikhail Barclay de Tolly 580:François Joseph Lefebvre 272:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 12218:Frederick VI of Denmark 12168:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 10958:Greater Poland uprising 10781:Duc d'Enghien Execution 9909:Khivan campaign of 1873 9760:Russo-Polish War (1792) 9191:Adams, Michael (2006). 9155:Zamoyski, Adam (2004). 8796:Markham, Felix (1963). 8771:Russia against Napoleon 8649:Helmert, Heinz (1986). 8297:Bodart, Gaston (1916). 8279:Bodart, Gaston (1908). 8262:1812: The Great Retreat 7039:"The Burning of Moscow" 6102:www.napoleon-series.org 5752:. Napoleon-series.org. 5635:Brian M. Allen (1998). 4874:Brian M. Allen (1998). 4578:Encyclopædia Britannica 4220:, an opera by Prokofiev 4097:Russian popular culture 4043:Napoleon did not touch 3960:show the influence of " 3916:. For Russia, the term 3683:James Marshall-Cornwall 3188:arrived on the 29th at 3177:First Battle of Polotsk 3139:first Battle of Krasnoi 2754:on a pontoon bridge at 2512:but did not succeed in 2382:and 300,000 pounds/135 1923:(modern territories of 1672:) and in Russia as the 1141:284,000 – 350,000 dead 532:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 12747:Wars involving Prussia 12697:19th-century conflicts 12338:Ferdinand VII of Spain 10786:Coronation of Napoleon 10382:Western Libya campaign 10057:East Karelian uprising 9578:Wagner Group rebellion 9513:Uprising of Bolotnikov 9195:. Hambledon Continuum. 9071:Stahel, David (2010). 9008:. 2021. Archived from 8880:McLynn, Frank (2011). 8455:(accessed 7 Jan 2022). 7758:Marshall-Cornwall 1998 7270:Walter, Jakob (1991). 6834:Jakob, Walter (1991). 6776:Walter, Jakob (1991). 5896:Clausewitz (1843), p. 5699:Andrew Roberts (2015) 5472:Walter, Jakob (1991). 5373:Walter, Jakob (1991). 5092:D. Lieven, pp. 285–286 4846:, pp. 47, 52, 94. 4763:. Simon and Schuster. 4262: 4092: 4070: 4007: 3901: 3842: 3836: 3817:took care of wounded. 3810: 3792: 3736: 3647: 3617: 3604:Armand de Caulaincourt 3572: 3521: 3447: 3401:for Napoleon's retreat 3397: 3361: 3283: 3278:Napoleon watching the 3231:, west of the town of 3220: 3205:The Battle of Borodino 3092: 3073: 3061: 3045: 2957: 2951:Russian Imperial Guard 2938: 2907: 2863: 2700:(8,000) joined Davout. 2565:First Army of the West 2485: 2347: 2265: 2253: 2173: 2160: 2115: 2103: 1960: 1806:, and the unforgiving 1777:took control of Moscow 1669: 700:Karl von Schwarzenberg 473:Commanders and leaders 12737:Wars involving France 12625:Conference of Dresden 12534:Paris (February 1812) 12463:Swedish–Norwegian War 12288:Alexander I of Russia 10377:Intervention in Syria 10312:Tajikistani Civil War 10020:Lithuanian–Soviet War 9961:Battle of Robat Karim 9410:Post-Soviet conflicts 9142:. London: John Murray 9127:Volin, Lazar (1970). 8947:10.3917/napo.153.0035 8882:Napoleon: A Biography 8564:Grant, R. G. (2009). 6921:Smith, Digby George. 4912:American Entomologist 4602:Zamoyski 2005, p. 536 4344:Karl Ludwig von Phull 4163:Antony's Parthian War 4084: 4065: 3998: 3895: 3866:Alexander Chernyshyov 3850:Russian-German Legion 3837: 3831: 3798: 3782: 3726: 3712:Barclay de Tolly the 3702:Imperial Russian Army 3662:Historical assessment 3656:Charles Joseph Minard 3638: 3608: 3564: 3508: 3435: 3392: 3356: 3296:General Field Marshal 3277: 3218: 3087: 3067: 3055: 3036: 2944: 2929: 2902: 2861: 2480: 2341: 2260: 2256:Jean-François Boulart 2248: 2165: 2156: 2113: 2098: 2090:Imperial Russian Army 2067:palace in Saint-Cloud 2028:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 2000:Alexander I of Russia 1987:(1806–1807), and the 1958: 1897:Patriotic War of 1812 1831:Eugene de Beauharnais 1674:Patriotic War of 1812 1129:Casualties and losses 520:Eugène de Beauharnais 12579:Fontainebleau (1814) 12133:Louis-Nicolas Davout 11054:Invasion of Portugal 10360:Annexation of Crimea 10064:Central Asian Revolt 9973:Ukrainian–Soviet War 9845:Russo-Circassian War 9528:Pugachev's Rebellion 9471:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 9415:Russian Armed Forces 9385:Early modern warfare 8970:. Hippocrene Books. 8935:Napoleonica la Revue 8802:. New York: Mentor. 8710:Leavenworth (2006). 8693:: E. Peck & Co. 8689:: Silas Andrus, and 8526:Elting, J. (1997) . 8325:Bogdanovich (1859). 7568:Napoleon – 1812 2021 7064:Haythornthwaite 2012 5820:R.E. Parrish (2005) 5041:"Treaties of Tilsit" 4930:on August 20, 2008. 4808:. Epub 2005 Nov 18. 4057:Operation Barbarossa 3504:Francis I of Austria 3484:limbers and caissons 3476:Vasily Orlov-Denisov 3135:Partitions of Poland 3107:Antoine-Henri Jomini 2955:Battle of Saltanovka 2831:, which remained in 2690:of guards with him. 2526:Yorck von Wartenburg 2496:The left wing under 2342:Napoleon stopped at 2016:Treaty of Schönbrunn 1696:), was initiated by 1660:, also known as the 1650: Austrian corps 1638: Prussian corps 959:Peter von der Pahlen 921:Vasily Orlov-Denisov 909:Mikhail Miloradovich 556:Louis-Nicolas Davout 12732:Invasions of Russia 12727:Invasions by France 12605:Bourbon Restoration 12348:Maria I of Portugal 12333:Prince of Hohenlohe 12323:Gebhard von Blücher 11266:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 10573:Swiss Confederation 10420:Sphere of influence 10350:Russo-Ukrainian War 10207:First Indochina War 10180:Soviet–Japanese War 10116:Xinjiang War (1937) 9985:Kazakhstan Campaign 9770:Kościuszko Uprising 9670:Second Northern War 9548:Coup attempt (1991) 9441:Soviet-Finnish wars 9275:Wordsworth (1994). 9259:(2). Archived from 9193:Napoleon and Russia 8247:). pp. 404–414 7980:, pp. 159–161. 7947:, pp. 492–503. 7724:, pp. 311–312. 7475:, pp. 321–322. 7173:, pp. 210–211. 7115:, Germany: Wigand. 7028:, pp. 255–256. 6662:, pp. 174–175. 6623:, pp. 182–184. 6461:КУДРИНСКИЙ, Федот. 6389:, pp. 159–162. 6138:Smith, Digby George 5836:, pp. 230–252. 5499:, pp. 139–153. 5288:, pp. 271–272. 5133:, pp. 490–520. 4924:10.1093/ae/41.3.147 4833:on August 20, 2008. 4657:, pp. 212–213. 4422:, pp. 77, 501. 4407:, pp. 126–127. 4119:Great Patriotic War 3970:Decembrist uprising 3926:February Revolution 3864:Russian espionage ( 3808:Zygmunt Rozwadowski 3190:Tsaryovo-Zaymishche 3119:Treaty of Bucharest 2530:Carl von Clausewitz 1969:first French empire 1872:Great Patriotic War 1808:continental climate 1704:to comply with the 947:Fabian Osten-Sacken 805:Levin von Bennigsen 304:Rhine Confederation 141:Vasily Vereshchagin 39:Kościuszko Uprising 18:Retreat from Moscow 12620:Continental System 12615:Congress of Erfurt 12539:Paris (March 1812) 12313:Peter Wittgenstein 12238:Duke of Wellington 12193:Prince Poniatowski 12158:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 12143:Auguste de Marmont 11538:Arroyo dos Molinos 11386:Walcheren Campaign 11376:Armistice of Znaim 11271:Dalmatian Campaign 11196:Tyrolean Rebellion 10410:Russian Revolution 10345:Russo-Georgian War 10327:Second Chechen War 10307:Georgian Civil War 9946:Russo-Japanese War 9698:Great Northern War 9596:Russo-Crimean Wars 9568:Second Chechen War 9466:Russo-Turkish wars 9461:Russo-Swedish wars 9451:Russo-Persian Wars 9436:Russo-Crimean Wars 8664:. Hachette Books. 8451:2024-02-27 at the 8243:), Ilya A. Efron ( 7908:2023-01-15 at the 7041:. 31 August 2015. 6579:2021-10-27 at the 6083:2022-01-26 at the 5955:Digby George Smith 5903:2023-01-15 at the 5868:2023-01-15 at the 4976:2021-10-09 at the 4263:Campagne de Russie 4093: 4008: 3974:Emperor Nicholas I 3902: 3811: 3793: 3737: 3573: 3535:Battle of Berezina 3453:Battle of Tarutino 3448: 3380:Army of the Danube 3284: 3221: 3211:Battle of Borodino 3181:Aleksey Arakcheyev 3179:. Bagration asked 3171:Kutuzov in command 3156:Battle of Valutino 3074: 3062: 3000:Dirk van Hogendorp 2958: 2939: 2864: 2735:Battle of Borodino 2731:Battle of Valutino 2662:Battle of Ostrowno 2616:Peter Wittgenstein 2522:Peter Wittgenstein 2486: 2348: 2312:military hospitals 2116: 2077:Declaration of war 2060:and occupying the 2049:on 14 March 1812. 2032:Nikolay Rumyantsev 2009:Continental System 1961: 1887:), a term for the 1768:Battle of Borodino 1753:Battle of Smolensk 1670:Campagne de Russie 1039:Peter Wittgenstein 1007:Alexander Tormasov 897:Charles de Lambert 568:Jean-Andoche Junot 12717:Conflicts in 1812 12669: 12668: 12665: 12664: 12657:Types of military 12453:Russo-Turkish War 12448:Russo-Persian War 12416:Anglo-Turkish War 12411:Anglo-Swedish War 12406:Anglo-Spanish War 12401:Anglo-Russian War 12328:Duke of Brunswick 12231:political leaders 12111:political leaders 12095: 12094: 11100:Medina de Rioseco 10822:Haslach-Jungingen 10756:French Revolution 10733: 10732: 10516:Seventh Coalition 10428: 10427: 10317:First Chechen War 10272:Soviet–Afghan War 10257:Angolan Civil War 10032:Polish–Soviet War 9990:Finnish Civil War 9968:Russian Civil War 9867:November Uprising 9805:Anglo-Russian War 9745:Bar Confederation 9558:First Chechen War 9538:Russian Civil War 9533:Decembrist revolt 9523:Bulavin Rebellion 9518:Razin's Rebellion 9501: 9500: 9456:Russo-Polish Wars 9424:Lists by opponent 9168:978-0-00-712375-9 9082:978-0-521-76847-4 9006:"Napoleon – 1812" 8900:978-90-04-27034-3 8893:. Leiden: Brill. 8671:978-0-306-81645-1 8556:978-2-221-05858-9 8537:978-0-306-80757-2 8346:William Heinemann 8271:978-1-85367-246-0 8159:, pp. 11–12. 7712:, pp. 49–52. 7603:Caulaincourt 1935 7580:Caulaincourt 1935 7281:978-0-307-81756-3 7205:978-1-84415-161-5 7147:www.nivasposad.ru 6935:Caulaincourt 1935 6845:978-0-307-81756-3 6787:978-0-307-81756-3 6572:Henry L. Gaidis. 6215:, p. 68, 77. 5623:Caulaincourt 1935 5600:Caulaincourt 1935 5483:978-0-307-81756-3 5409:978-0-946879-54-0 5384:978-0-307-81756-3 5179:978-0-19-026271-6 5146:. Jpnorth.co.uk. 5030:, pp. 42–43. 5016:Caulaincourt 1935 4708:, pp. 4, 25. 4673:. Pen and Sword. 4316: 4045:serfdom in Russia 3986:Alexander Pushkin 3958:French historians 3922:Decembrist revolt 3819:Marshall Lefebvre 3789:Battle of Krasnoi 3729:irregular cavalry 3539:strategic victory 3422:Battle of Winkovo 3413:Jacques Lauriston 3332:Fyodor Rostopchin 3288:Bolshiye Vyazyomy 3282:in September 1812 3264:Capture of Moscow 3194:attrition warfare 3165:Old Smolensk road 3096:battle of Vitebsk 3048:March on Smolensk 3016:Battle of Mogilev 3012:Joseph Barbanègre 2976:in the north and 2784:against Tormasov. 2684:Józef Poniatowski 2574:Cavalry corps of 2547:, accompanied by 2286:diseases such as 2094:Vilkaviškis Manor 1981:Holy Roman Empire 1965:French Revolution 1815:Battle of Krasnoi 1785:Fyodor Rostopchin 1690: 1452: 1451: 1197: 1196: 1136:434,000 – 500,000 829:Eufemiusz Czaplic 676:Laurent Saint-Cyr 652:Józef Poniatowski 592:Étienne Macdonald 247:Kingdom of Poland 215: 214: 16:(Redirected from 12754: 12433:Dano-Swedish War 12421:Anglo-Danish War 12273:Archduke Charles 12188:Jérôme Bonaparte 12104: 12103: 12037:Castel di Sangro 11946:Fère-Champenoise 11599:García Hernández 11513:Fuentes de Oñoro 11029:Guttstadt-Deppen 10766:Second Coalition 10744: 10743: 10725:French Royalists 10532: 10531: 10481:Fourth Coalition 10455: 10448: 10441: 10432: 10431: 10302:Transnistria War 10247:War of Attrition 10153:Continuation War 10102: 9894:January Uprising 9735:Seven Years' War 9635:Time of Troubles 9601:Russo-Kazan Wars 9446:Russo-Kazan Wars 9378: 9377: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9323: 9322: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9243: 9224: 9205: 9196: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9132: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9095: 9086: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8981: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8925: 8904: 8885: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8764: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8718:on June 13, 2006 8714:. 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history 1695: 1685: 1683: 1662:Russian campaign 1649: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1590: 1583: 1578: 1571: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1465: 1402:Nowo Schwerschen 1235: 1233: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1051:Aleksey Yermolov 1049: 1048: 1037: 1036: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1004: 993: 992: 981: 980: 969: 968: 957: 956: 945: 944: 936: 932: 931: 919: 918: 907: 906: 895: 894: 883: 882: 873: 863: 862: 851: 850: 841:Dmitry Dokhturov 839: 838: 827: 826: 815: 814: 803: 802: 791: 790: 779: 778: 769: 759: 758: 745: 744: 722: 721: 710: 709: 698: 697: 686: 685: 674: 673: 662: 661: 650: 649: 638: 637: 626: 625: 614: 613: 602: 601: 590: 589: 578: 577: 566: 565: 554: 553: 544:Jérôme Bonaparte 542: 541: 530: 529: 518: 517: 506: 505: 492: 491: 463: 462: 454: 450: 448: 447: 440: 436: 434: 433: 421: 417: 415: 414: 404: 403: 402: 388: 387: 376: 375: 374: 364: 363: 352: 351: 340: 339: 328: 327: 316: 315: 294: 293: 292: 283: 282: 281: 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 245: 244: 243: 232: 231: 202:Russian victory 173: 172: 125: 116: 105: 96: 85: 76: 51: 50: 21: 12762: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12661: 12588: 12472: 12393: 12387: 12343:Miguel de Álava 12308:Pyotr Bagration 12303:Count Bennigsen 12293:Mikhail Kutuzov 12258:Thomas Cochrane 12230: 12228: 12222: 12183:Louis Bonaparte 12110: 12108: 12107:French and ally 12091: 11975: 11891:Château-Thierry 11854: 11718: 11689:Maloyaroslavets 11547: 11461: 11415: 11206:Yevenes/Yébenes 11164: 11080:Rosily Squadron 11058: 10982: 10948:Waren-Nossentin 10876: 10807:Cape Finisterre 10790: 10761:First Coalition 10739: 10729: 10636: 10629: 10540: 10536: 10527: 10521: 10509:Sixth Coalition 10495:Fifth Coalition 10474:Third Coalition 10464: 10462:Napoleonic Wars 10459: 10429: 10424: 10396: 10337: 10331: 10322:War of Dagestan 10096: 10069:August Uprising 9938: 9932: 9921:Boxer Rebellion 9889:Amur Annexation 9690: 9684: 9588: 9582: 9563:War of Dagestan 9543:August Uprising 9497: 9419: 9369: 9350: 9311:Jesse Alexander 9306: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9274: 9266: 9264: 9246: 9240: 9227: 9221: 9208: 9199: 9187: 9185:Further reading 9182: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9145: 9143: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9083: 9061: 9059: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9015: 9013: 8996: 8994: 8978: 8956: 8954: 8922: 8901: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8721: 8719: 8700: 8698: 8691:Rochester, N.Y. 8672: 8640: 8638: 8631: 8607: 8605: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8557: 8538: 8516: 8514: 8498: 8496: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8453:Wayback Machine 8437: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8403: 8401: 8384: 8382: 8365: 8363: 8356: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8287: 8285: 8272: 8250: 8248: 8228: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8143: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8114: 8103: 8099:, pp. 6–7. 8095: 8091: 8083: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8047: 8043:, pp. 5–6. 8039: 8035: 8027: 8020: 8016:, pp. 4–5. 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7990:Clausewitz 1906 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7910:Wayback Machine 7900: 7896: 7889: 7885: 7876: 7874: 7861:Fusil, Louise. 7859: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7837:Clausewitz 1843 7835: 7828: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7698:Clausewitz 1843 7696: 7692: 7686:Clausewitz 1906 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7495: 7493: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7357: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7156: 7154: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6920: 6913: 6907:Clausewitz 1906 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6759: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6737:Clausewitz 1906 6735: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6581:Wayback Machine 6571: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6476: 6474: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6419: 6412: 6404:. Brill. 2016. 6398: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6213:Clausewitz 1906 6211: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6192:Clausewitz 1906 6190: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6085:Wayback Machine 6072: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5905:Wayback Machine 5895: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5870:Wayback Machine 5856: 5852: 5846:Clausewitz 1906 5844: 5840: 5834:Clausewitz 1906 5832: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5806: 5804: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5775: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5577: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5545: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5445: 5438: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5346: 5339: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5247: 5239: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4992:Wojna 1812 roku 4990:Marian Kukiel, 4989: 4985: 4978:Wayback Machine 4967: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4844:Clausewitz 1906 4842: 4838: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4771: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4706:Clausewitz 1906 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4630: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4546:Clodfelter 2008 4544: 4540: 4532: 4523: 4517:Clodfelter 2008 4515: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4361:Madame de Stael 4358: 4354: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4302: 4298: 4287: 4283: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4200:Nadezhda Durova 4141: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4079: 4077:Cultural impact 4053: 4051:German invasion 3950: 3949: 3948: 3934: 3898:Nikolay Karazin 3886: 3870:Karl Nesselrode 3777: 3714:Minister of War 3710: 3704: 3669: 3664: 3630: 3559: 3543:Pavel Chichagov 3430: 3409:Nizhny Novgorod 3324:council at Fili 3292:Dmitry Golitsyn 3272: 3266: 3213: 3207: 3050: 2924: 2856: 2782:Duchy of Warsaw 2768:Pavel Chichagov 2764:Brest (Belarus) 2698:Latour Maubourg 2594:Pyotr Bagration 2561:Barclay de Toll 2557:Napoleon's Hill 2532:), at least to 2475: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2407:Modlin Fortress 2336: 2300: 2236:Nicolas Oudinot 2204:Braniewo County 2192: 2144:arrondissements 2108: 2085: 2079: 2052:In March 1811, 2047:alliance treaty 2024:Western Galicia 1973:Napoleonic Wars 1953: 1867: 1772:Council at Fili 1757:Mikhail Kutuzov 1749:extreme weather 1745:Pyotr Bagration 1729:Duchy of Warsaw 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1377:Maloyaroslavets 1236: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1189: 1179:50,000 deserted 1176:150,000 wounded 1158:50,000 deserted 1115:Maloyaroslavets 1084:Maloyaroslavets 1055: 1043: 1031: 1023: 1019:Nikolay Tuchkov 1011: 999: 995:Pavel Stroganov 987: 983:Nikolay Raevsky 975: 963: 951: 939: 926: 925: 913: 901: 889: 885:Mikhail Kutuzov 877: 869: 857: 853:Dmitry Golitsyn 845: 833: 821: 817:Pavel Chichagov 809: 797: 785: 773: 765: 761:Pyotr Bagration 753: 739: 736: 735: 728: 716: 704: 692: 680: 668: 656: 644: 640:Nicolas Oudinot 632: 620: 608: 604:Édouard Mortier 596: 584: 572: 560: 548: 536: 524: 512: 508:Pierre Augereau 500: 486: 483: 482: 457: 445: 443: 441: 431: 429: 427: 422: 412: 410: 408: 400: 398: 394: 382: 372: 370: 358: 346: 334: 322: 310: 307: 306: 298: 290: 288: 287: 279: 277: 266: 264: 260:Duchy of Warsaw 252: 241: 239: 238: 226: 208:Sixth Coalition 193: 181:(6 months) 180: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 132: 128: 127: 126: 118: 117: 108: 107: 106: 98: 97: 88: 87: 86: 78: 77: 61:Napoleonic Wars 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12760: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12687:1812 in France 12684: 12667: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12659: 12654: 12652:Longwood House 12649: 12648: 12647: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12596: 12594: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12397: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12358:Count of Feira 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12253:Horatio Nelson 12250: 12245: 12240: 12234: 12232: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12163:Marshal Victor 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12114: 12112: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11983: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11941:Arcis-sur-Aube 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11719: 11717: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11684:Venta del Pozo 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11559:Ciudad Rodrigo 11555: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11469: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11437:Ciudad Rodrigo 11434: 11429: 11423: 11421: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11411:Alba de Tormes 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11311:Aspern-Essling 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10913:Jena–Auerstedt 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10752: 10750: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10685:Ottoman Empire 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10645:United Kingdom 10641: 10639: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10615:Ottoman Empire 10612: 10610:Denmark–Norway 10607: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10553:Polish Legions 10550: 10544: 10542: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10488:Peninsular War 10484: 10477: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10458: 10457: 10450: 10443: 10435: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10405:Russian Winter 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10232:Vlora incident 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10133: 10128: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10002: 9997: 9995:Sochi conflict 9992: 9987: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9953: 9948: 9942: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9349: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9305: 9304:External links 9302: 9301: 9300: 9287: 9272: 9244: 9239:978-2908182965 9238: 9225: 9219: 9206: 9197: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9167: 9152: 9133: 9124: 9111: 9096: 9087: 9081: 9068: 9050: 9037: 9022: 9012:on 5 July 2017 9002: 8989:(in Russian). 8982: 8976: 8963: 8926: 8920: 8905: 8899: 8886: 8877: 8865:978-1682619414 8864: 8858:. Knox Press. 8849: 8836: 8821: 8808: 8793: 8780: 8765: 8763:. Vol. 2. 8759:Lentz (2004). 8756: 8743: 8728: 8707: 8676: 8670: 8655: 8646: 8629: 8614: 8589: 8576: 8561: 8555: 8542: 8536: 8523: 8505: 8484: 8471: 8456: 8410: 8391: 8372: 8354: 8331: 8322: 8310:978-1371465520 8309: 8294: 8276: 8270: 8257: 8245:St. Petersburg 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8209: 8207:, p. 337. 8197: 8195:, p. 448. 8185: 8173: 8161: 8149: 8132: 8120: 8101: 8089: 8072: 8060: 8045: 8033: 8018: 8006: 7994: 7982: 7970: 7958: 7949: 7937: 7935:, p. 537. 7925: 7913: 7894: 7883: 7853: 7851:, p. 395. 7841: 7826: 7811: 7786: 7774: 7772:, p. 397. 7762: 7760:, p. 220. 7750: 7748:, p. 199. 7738: 7736:, p. 190. 7726: 7714: 7702: 7690: 7678: 7676:, p. 570. 7666: 7664:, p. 313. 7654: 7652:, p. 280. 7642: 7640:, p. 407. 7630: 7619: 7607: 7605:, p. 259. 7595: 7584: 7582:, p. 155. 7572: 7560: 7558:, p. 841. 7548: 7537: 7526: 7524:, p. 321. 7514: 7512:, p. 326. 7502: 7477: 7465: 7463:, p. 209. 7453: 7451:, p. 181. 7441: 7439:, p. 296. 7429: 7427:, p. 253. 7417: 7415:, p. 203. 7405: 7388: 7386:, p. 252. 7376: 7374:, p. 214. 7364: 7335: 7333:, p. 177. 7323: 7321:, p. 175. 7311: 7309:, p. 170. 7299: 7297:, p. 290. 7287: 7280: 7262: 7260:, p. 297. 7250: 7248:, p. 265. 7238: 7211: 7204: 7184:Adam, Albrecht 7175: 7163: 7134: 7092: 7090:, p. 262. 7080: 7078:, p. 159. 7068: 7056: 7030: 7018: 7016:, p. 253. 7006: 7004:, p. 260. 6989: 6987:, p. 217. 6977: 6965: 6948:"Тучков П. А." 6939: 6927: 6911: 6899: 6890: 6871: 6851: 6844: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6793: 6786: 6768: 6741: 6729: 6727:, p. 176. 6717: 6707: 6676: 6674:, p. 780. 6664: 6649: 6647:, p. 171. 6637: 6635:, p. 170. 6625: 6613: 6611:, p. 167. 6601: 6599:, p. 168. 6589: 6565: 6534: 6507: 6503:Bourgogne 1899 6495: 6493:, p. 180. 6483: 6453: 6451:, p. 179. 6441: 6439:, p. 166. 6429: 6410: 6391: 6379: 6348: 6336: 6305: 6296: 6265: 6253: 6226: 6217: 6205: 6196: 6181: 6162: 6142: 6127: 6118: 6089: 6063: 6033: 6002: 6000:, p. 776. 5990: 5959: 5947: 5935: 5908: 5886: 5874: 5857:Adam (2005) , 5850: 5838: 5826: 5824:, pp. 169–171 5813: 5784: 5766: 5741: 5730: 5705: 5691: 5680: 5671: 5659: 5627: 5625:, p. 213. 5615: 5604: 5602:, p. 191. 5592: 5575: 5573:, p. 273. 5560: 5558:, p. 569. 5543: 5541:, p. 272. 5528: 5526:, p. 271. 5501: 5489: 5482: 5464: 5462:, p. 169. 5443: 5437:978-0946879540 5436: 5415: 5408: 5390: 5383: 5365: 5359:978-0946879540 5358: 5337: 5322: 5320:, p. 139. 5307: 5305:, p. 151. 5290: 5278: 5276:, p. 566. 5245: 5243:, p. 270. 5220: 5208: 5196: 5185: 5178: 5160: 5135: 5123: 5094: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5032: 5020: 5018:, p. 294. 5008: 4996: 4983: 4961: 4948: 4936: 4898: 4881:. p. 34. 4866: 4857: 4848: 4836: 4818: 4806:10.1086/498534 4788: 4769: 4749: 4747:, p. 285. 4734: 4732:, p. 263. 4722: 4720:, p. 134. 4710: 4698: 4679: 4659: 4647: 4645:, p. 536. 4628: 4626:, p. 128. 4613: 4604: 4595: 4562: 4550: 4548:, p. 163. 4538: 4536:, p. 127. 4521: 4519:, p. 175. 4502: 4500:, p. 493. 4490: 4488:, p. 239. 4478: 4476:, p. 445. 4463: 4461:, p. 491. 4451: 4449:, p. 241. 4439: 4437:, p. 159. 4424: 4409: 4390: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4352: 4336: 4323: 4296: 4281: 4266: 4251: 4242: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4187: 4182: 4180:Kutuzov (film) 4177: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4130: 4127: 4078: 4075: 4052: 4049: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932:Historiography 3930: 3885: 3882: 3862:Dominic Lieven 3827:Ida Saint Elme 3776: 3773: 3761:Dominic Lieven 3706:Main article: 3703: 3700: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3629: 3626: 3622:snow blindness 3577:Russian Winter 3570:Adolph Northen 3568:, painting by 3558: 3555: 3429: 3426: 3280:fire of Moscow 3268:Main article: 3265: 3262: 3209:Main article: 3206: 3203: 3173: 3172: 3149:attack on the 3083:scorched earth 3049: 3046: 3032:scorched earth 2923: 2920: 2855: 2854:March on Vilna 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847:on 9 November. 2827:under General 2813: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2711: 2701: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2651: 2637: 2623: 2601: 2583: 2553:Imperial Guard 2541: 2514:occupying Riga 2471:Main article: 2468: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2350:A significant 2344:Castle Malbork 2335: 2332: 2299: 2296: 2191: 2188: 2107: 2104: 2081:Main article: 2078: 2075: 2054:Marshal Davout 1952: 1949: 1866: 1863: 1733:Western Russia 1702:Russian Empire 1646: 1644: Napoleon 1640: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155:50,000 wounded 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1041: 1029: 1009: 997: 985: 973: 961: 949: 937: 923: 911: 899: 887: 875: 855: 843: 831: 819: 807: 795: 783: 771: 751: 733: 732: 731: 729: 727: 726: 714: 702: 690: 678: 666: 654: 642: 630: 618: 606: 594: 582: 570: 558: 546: 534: 522: 510: 498: 480: 479: 478: 475: 474: 470: 469: 466:Russian Empire 455: 425:French allies: 393: 392: 380: 368: 356: 344: 332: 320: 302: 301: 300: 275: 274: 262: 222: 221: 217: 216: 213: 212: 211: 210: 199: 195: 194: 191:Russian Empire 189: 187: 183: 182: 177: 169: 168: 162: 161: 159:Auguste Raffet 155: 149: 146: 143: 137: 133: 130: 129: 120: 119: 111: 110: 109: 100: 99: 91: 90: 89: 80: 79: 71: 70: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12759: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12593:Miscellaneous 12591: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12268:Manuel Lapeña 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12225: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198:Prince Eugène 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12148:André Masséna 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12128:Joachim Murat 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12105: 12102: 12098: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12072:Rocheserviere 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11857: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11760:San Sebastián 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11721: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11418: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11321:Sankt Michael 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11236:Teugen-Hausen 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10736: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10538:client states 10533: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10485: 10483: 10482: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10451: 10449: 10444: 10442: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10370:2022 invasion 10368: 10366: 10365:War in Donbas 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10202:Ili Rebellion 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9935: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9840:Caucasian War 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9504: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9347: 9342: 9340: 9335: 9333: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9307: 9290: 9288:9781853263019 9284: 9280: 9279: 9273: 9263:on 2013-06-20 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9226: 9222: 9220:1-4128-0599-6 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9188: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9153: 9141: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9114: 9112:9780961392147 9108: 9104: 9103: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9058: 9057: 9051: 9040: 9038:9780070527317 9034: 9030: 9029: 9023: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8992: 8988: 8983: 8979: 8977:0-88254-681-3 8973: 8969: 8964: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8923: 8921:9781844156030 8917: 8913: 8912: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8867: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8850: 8839: 8837:9780451627988 8833: 8829: 8828: 8822: 8811: 8809:9780451627988 8805: 8801: 8800: 8794: 8783: 8781:9780670021574 8777: 8773: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8757: 8746: 8744:9780231033138 8740: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8636: 8632: 8630:9781849086974 8626: 8622: 8621: 8615: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8579: 8577:9780756655785 8573: 8569: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8529: 8524: 8513: 8512: 8506: 8495:on 2009-03-22 8494: 8490: 8485: 8474: 8472:9786612280498 8468: 8464: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8411: 8399: 8398: 8392: 8380: 8379: 8373: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8295: 8284: 8283: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8219:, p. 30. 8218: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8183:, p. 25. 8182: 8177: 8171:, p. 12. 8170: 8165: 8158: 8153: 8147:, p. 11. 8146: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8124: 8118:, p. 10. 8117: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8042: 8037: 8030: 8025: 8023: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7933:Zamoyski 2004 7929: 7922: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7887: 7872: 7868: 7867:gutenberg.org 7864: 7857: 7850: 7845: 7839:, p. 94. 7838: 7833: 7831: 7823: 7818: 7816: 7809:, p. 23. 7808: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7722:Lefebvre 1969 7718: 7711: 7706: 7700:, p. 47. 7699: 7694: 7688:, p. 52. 7687: 7682: 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7556:Chandler 2009 7552: 7546: 7541: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7457: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7258:Zamoyski 2004 7254: 7247: 7242: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7066:, p. 74. 7065: 7060: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7015: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6986: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6937:, p. 77. 6936: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6909:, p. 59. 6908: 6903: 6894: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6855: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6822:Nafziger 2021 6818: 6811: 6810:Nafziger 1984 6806: 6797: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6739:, p. 83. 6738: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6711: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6672:Chandler 2009 6668: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6569: 6551: 6544: 6538: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6417: 6413: 6411:9789004310032 6407: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6345: 6344:McIntyre 2021 6340: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6300: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6260: 6258: 6241: 6238:. Blackwood. 6237: 6230: 6221: 6214: 6209: 6200: 6194:, p. 65. 6193: 6188: 6186: 6169: 6165: 6163:9780820334417 6159: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6122: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6074:Mustafa, S.A. 6070: 6068: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6019: 6012: 6006: 5999: 5998:Chandler 2009 5994: 5976: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5884:, p. 30. 5883: 5878: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5848:, p. 53. 5847: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5780: 5773: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5734: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5684: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332:Mes Campagnes 5326: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5217: 5212: 5206:, p. 14. 5205: 5200: 5194: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5089: 5083:, p. 25. 5082: 5077: 5071:, p. 26. 5070: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4987: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4968:Nils Renard, 4965: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4944:Chandler 2009 4940: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4798:J Infect Dis. 4792: 4776: 4772: 4770:9781439131039 4766: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4680:9781473816589 4676: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4643:Zamoyski 2004 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4608: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4388:, p. 87. 4387: 4386:Zamoyski 2004 4382: 4378: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4216:War and Peace 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4152:1812 Overture 4149: 4148: 4144: 4143:France portal 4133: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4110:1812 Overture 4106: 4102: 4101:War and Peace 4098: 4091: 4087: 4086:Palace Square 4083: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4037:War and Peace 4032: 4029: 4026: 4025:Baltic German 4020: 4017: 4016:War and Peace 4013: 4012:War and Peace 4005: 4004:Winter Palace 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918:Patriotic War 3915: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3874:light cavalry 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3821:arrived with 3820: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:Baltic German 3744: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3719: 3718:War and Peace 3715: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3696:Réaumur scale 3691: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3594:coupled with 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480:Denis Davydov 3477: 3473: 3472:Matvei Platov 3469: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3340:losing Moscow 3337: 3336:War and Peace 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:Joachim Murat 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186:State Council 3182: 3178: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111:Adam Zamoyski 3108: 3105:According to 3103: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3056:Napoleon and 3054: 3044: 3041: 3040:Western Dvina 3035: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2936:Battle of Mir 2933: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2912:guerrilla war 2906: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2860: 2846: 2845:Denis Davydov 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810:H.W. Daendels 2807: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744:Schwarzenberg 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680:Battle of Mir 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2571:and Polotsk. 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2409:near Warsaw, 2408: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2280:black pudding 2275: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:Quartermaster 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:Anna Pavlovna 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1998:Napoleon and 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1629: 1613: 1601: 1589: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1531: 1519: 1502: 1471: 1464: 1445: 1444:Pleshchenitsy 1442: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1325:Dahlenkirchen 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 986: 984: 979: 974: 972: 971:Matvei Platov 967: 962: 960: 955: 950: 948: 943: 938: 935: 930: 924: 922: 917: 912: 910: 905: 900: 898: 893: 888: 886: 881: 876: 874: 872: 866: 861: 856: 854: 849: 844: 842: 837: 832: 830: 825: 820: 818: 813: 808: 806: 801: 796: 794: 789: 784: 782: 777: 772: 770: 768: 762: 757: 752: 750: 749: 743: 738: 737: 730: 725: 720: 715: 713: 712:Claude Victor 708: 703: 701: 696: 691: 689: 684: 679: 677: 672: 667: 665: 660: 655: 653: 648: 643: 641: 636: 631: 629: 624: 619: 617: 616:Joachim Murat 612: 607: 605: 600: 595: 593: 588: 583: 581: 576: 571: 569: 564: 559: 557: 552: 547: 545: 540: 535: 533: 528: 523: 521: 516: 511: 509: 504: 499: 497: 496: 490: 485: 484: 477: 476: 471: 468: 467: 461: 456: 453: 439: 426: 423: 420: 407: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379: 369: 367: 362: 357: 355: 350: 345: 343: 338: 333: 331: 326: 321: 319: 314: 309: 308: 305: 299: 297: 286: 273: 263: 261: 256: 251: 250: 249: 248: 237: 236: 235:French Empire 230: 224: 223: 218: 209: 205: 204: 203: 200: 197: 196: 192: 188: 185: 184: 178: 175: 174: 170: 160: 156: 154: 150: 147: 144: 142: 138: 135: 134: 124: 115: 104: 95: 84: 75: 65: 62: 57: 52: 47: 40: 33: 19: 12640:Grande Armée 12600:Bibliography 12584:Paris (1815) 12544:Paris (1814) 12529:Paris (1810) 12509:Finckenstein 12484:Campo Formio 12243:Rowland Hill 12229:military and 12109:military and 12082:Rocquencourt 11951:Saint-Dizier 11921:Bar-sur-Aube 11876:Mincio River 11371:Schöngrabern 11150:2nd Zaragoza 11090:1st Zaragoza 11044:Stralsund II 10893:Campo Tenese 10867:Schöngrabern 10852:Cape Ortegal 10802:Diamond Rock 10680:Papal States 10514: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10121:World War II 9819: 9645:Smolensk War 9611:Livonian War 9292:. Retrieved 9277: 9265:. Retrieved 9261:the original 9256: 9252: 9229: 9210: 9201: 9192: 9172:. Retrieved 9157: 9144:. Retrieved 9138: 9128: 9116:. Retrieved 9101: 9091: 9072: 9060:. Retrieved 9055: 9042:. Retrieved 9027: 9014:. Retrieved 9010:the original 8995:. Retrieved 8967: 8955:. Retrieved 8938: 8934: 8910: 8890: 8881: 8869:. Retrieved 8854: 8841:. Retrieved 8826: 8813:. Retrieved 8798: 8785:. Retrieved 8770: 8760: 8748:. Retrieved 8733: 8720:. Retrieved 8716:the original 8699:. Retrieved 8687:Hartford, CT 8681: 8660: 8653:(in German). 8650: 8639:. Retrieved 8619: 8606:. Retrieved 8598:Academia.edu 8597: 8581:. Retrieved 8566: 8546: 8527: 8515:. Retrieved 8510: 8497:. Retrieved 8493:the original 8476:. Retrieved 8461: 8436:. Retrieved 8420: 8415: 8402:. Retrieved 8396: 8383:. Retrieved 8377: 8364:. Retrieved 8340: 8336:Cottin, Paul 8326: 8314:. Retrieved 8299: 8286:. Retrieved 8281: 8261: 8251:18 September 8249:. Retrieved 8235: 8212: 8200: 8188: 8176: 8164: 8152: 8123: 8092: 8087:, p. 9. 8070:, p. 8. 8063: 8058:, p. 6. 8036: 8031:, p. 5. 8009: 7997: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7916: 7897: 7886: 7875:. Retrieved 7866: 7856: 7844: 7822:Helmert 1986 7777: 7765: 7753: 7746:Markham 1963 7741: 7734:Markham 1963 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7681: 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7622: 7615:Davydov 2010 7610: 7598: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7540: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7494:. Retrieved 7480: 7468: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7356:. Retrieved 7348:napoleon.org 7347: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7271: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7231:November 17, 7229:. Retrieved 7214: 7187: 7178: 7166: 7155:. Retrieved 7146: 7137: 7108: 7104: 7095: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7047:. Retrieved 7033: 7021: 7009: 6980: 6975:, p. 4. 6968: 6956:. Retrieved 6950:6 May 2013. 6942: 6930: 6922: 6902: 6893: 6881:. Retrieved 6861: 6854: 6835: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6796: 6777: 6771: 6760:. Retrieved 6750: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6710: 6699:. Retrieved 6679: 6667: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6584: 6568: 6557:. Retrieved 6537: 6525:. Retrieved 6510: 6505:, p. 2. 6498: 6486: 6475:. Retrieved 6466: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6420:. Retrieved 6400: 6394: 6382: 6371:. Retrieved 6351: 6339: 6328:. Retrieved 6308: 6299: 6288:. Retrieved 6268: 6244:. Retrieved 6229: 6220: 6208: 6199: 6172:. Retrieved 6152: 6145: 6121: 6110:. Retrieved 6101: 6092: 6054:. Retrieved 6045: 6036: 6025:. Retrieved 6005: 5993: 5982:. Retrieved 5962: 5950: 5927:. Retrieved 5917: 5911: 5882:Labaume 1817 5877: 5858: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5805:. Retrieved 5797:ur.booksc.eu 5796: 5787: 5758:. Retrieved 5744: 5733: 5722:. Retrieved 5708: 5700: 5694: 5683: 5674: 5662: 5651:. Retrieved 5630: 5618: 5607: 5595: 5492: 5473: 5467: 5427: 5399: 5393: 5374: 5368: 5349: 5331: 5325: 5281: 5218:, chapter 8. 5211: 5199: 5188: 5169: 5163: 5152:. Retrieved 5138: 5126: 5115:. Retrieved 5106: 5097: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5053:. Retrieved 5044: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4991: 4986: 4969: 4964: 4956: 4951: 4939: 4931: 4928:the original 4915: 4911: 4901: 4890:. Retrieved 4869: 4860: 4851: 4839: 4831:the original 4821: 4797: 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4759: 4752: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4669: 4662: 4650: 4607: 4598: 4586:. Retrieved 4577: 4553: 4541: 4493: 4481: 4454: 4442: 4381: 4365:Miloradovich 4355: 4339: 4326: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4254: 4245: 4232: 4215: 4191: 4150: 4123:Soviet Union 4118: 4108: 4100: 4094: 4071: 4066: 4061:David Stahel 4054: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4009: 3990: 3966: 3955: 3951: 3917: 3907: 3903: 3887: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3823:Louise Fusil 3812: 3801:Napoleon in 3800: 3766: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3717: 3711: 3692: 3687:Eugene Tarle 3673: 3670: 3667:Grande Armée 3648: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3609: 3601: 3581: 3574: 3565: 3557:Cold weather 3547: 3522: 3509: 3461: 3449: 3398: 3393: 3362: 3357: 3348: 3344:Miloradovich 3285: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3225:Grande Armée 3222: 3174: 3143: 3131: 3104: 3093: 3088: 3075: 3037: 3028:Jakob Walter 3025: 3008: 2997: 2993: 2982: 2966: 2959: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2882:Viliya river 2874: 2865: 2733:. After the 2487: 2419: 2405: 2349: 2301: 2284: 2276: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2240: 2193: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2117: 2099: 2086: 2051: 2043:Marie Louise 2036: 2013: 1993: 1962: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1823:Miloradovich 1812: 1793: 1765: 1723:crossed the 1721:Grande Armée 1718: 1673: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1436: 1334: 1230: 1186: 1173:210,000 dead 1167: 1166: 1135: 1134: 1096: 1065: 1024: 870: 865:Yakov Kulnev 766: 746: 724:Johann Yorck 664:Jean Reynier 493: 464: 424: 397: 395: 276: 233: 225: 220:Belligerents 201: 59:Part of the 12468:War of 1812 12426:Gunboat War 12383:Louis XVIII 12138:Jean Lannes 12052:Quatre Bras 12042:San Germano 11992:Occhiobello 11881:Champaubert 11871:La Rothière 11795:San Marcial 11679:2nd Polotsk 11644:1st Polotsk 11629:Majadahonda 11569:Villagarcia 11498:Campo Maior 11286:Piave River 11211:Ciudad Real 11201:Villafranca 11070:Dos de Mayo 11019:Stralsund I 10771:18 Brumaire 10705:Netherlands 10603:Württemberg 10227:Vietnam War 10097: [ 9956:World War I 9877:Crimean War 9810:Finnish War 9726:(1740–1748) 9715:(1733–1738) 9640:Ingrian War 9356:(including 8400:(in German) 8217:Stahel 2010 8205:Stahel 2010 8193:Stahel 2010 8169:Lieven 2010 8157:Lieven 2010 8145:Lieven 2010 8128:Lieven 2010 8116:Lieven 2010 8097:Lieven 2010 8085:Lieven 2010 8068:Lieven 2010 8056:Lieven 2010 8041:Lieven 2010 8029:Lieven 2010 8014:Lieven 2010 8002:Lieven 2010 7807:Lieven 2010 7674:Elting 1997 7461:Wilson 1860 7449:Wilson 1860 7437:Lieven 2010 7425:Lieven 2010 7413:Wilson 1860 7384:Lieven 2010 7372:Lieven 2010 7331:Wilson 1860 7319:Wilson 1860 7307:Wilson 1860 7171:Lieven 2010 7076:Wilson 1860 7049:17 November 5556:Elting 1997 5274:Elting 1997 5204:Wilson 1860 5131:McLynn 2011 4918:: 147–160. 4718:Lieven 2010 4624:Bodart 1916 4588:27 February 4534:Bodart 1916 4474:Bodart 1908 4405:Bodart 1916 4192:In Our Time 4157:Tchaikovsky 3962:orientalism 3815:Desgenettes 3612:bivouacking 3596:hypothermia 3328:Leo Tolstoy 3058:Poniatowski 2837:Jean-Pierre 2758:on 2 July. 2752:Western Bug 2644:Beauharnais 2446:Marijampolė 2438:Suwałki Gap 2002:signed the 1905:War of 1812 1901:War of 1812 1891:during the 1813:During the 1766:The fierce 1422:2nd Krasnoi 1392:2nd Vitebsk 1372:2nd Polotsk 1315:1st Polotsk 1305:1st Krasnoi 1280:1st Vitebsk 748:Alexander I 406:Switzerland 354:Württemberg 153:Victor Adam 46:War of 1812 12676:Categories 12610:Casualties 12524:Schönbrunn 12499:Artlenburg 12248:John Moore 12153:Michel Ney 12022:Scapezzano 12012:Cesenatico 11956:Montmartre 11886:Montmirail 11820:Wartenburg 11775:Großbeeren 11634:Gorodechno 11624:Klyastitsy 11604:Saltanovka 11493:Casal Novo 11366:Hollabrunn 11351:Korneuburg 11145:Somosierra 11049:Copenhagen 10872:Austerlitz 10862:Dürenstein 10598:Westphalia 10541:and allies 10262:Ogaden War 10212:Korean War 10131:Winter War 10000:Heimosodat 9587:Tsardom of 9313:on YouTube 9267:2008-08-03 8997:2006-12-09 8774:. Viking. 8701:7 December 8641:2021-11-17 8366:7 December 8355:5875000767 8344:. London: 8181:Volin 1970 7877:2023-06-29 7849:Riehn 1990 7782:Tufte 2001 7770:Tarle 1942 7710:Riehn 1990 7638:Riehn 1990 7522:Riehn 1990 7510:Riehn 1990 7496:2024-02-27 7473:Riehn 1990 7358:2022-01-26 7295:Riehn 1990 7246:Riehn 1990 7157:2021-05-11 7088:Riehn 1990 7026:Riehn 1990 7014:Riehn 1990 7002:Riehn 1990 6872:0691018545 6762:2022-01-12 6725:Riehn 1990 6701:2022-01-21 6660:Riehn 1990 6645:Riehn 1990 6633:Riehn 1990 6621:Riehn 1990 6609:Riehn 1990 6597:Riehn 1990 6559:2022-01-08 6491:Riehn 1990 6477:2022-01-23 6449:Riehn 1990 6437:Riehn 1990 6387:Riehn 1990 6373:2022-02-20 6330:2024-05-15 6290:2022-02-04 6112:2022-01-29 6046:HistoryNet 6027:2022-01-21 5984:2022-01-21 5929:2022-01-12 5807:2022-01-07 5760:2022-02-26 5724:2024-02-14 5653:2023-11-28 5497:Riehn 1990 5460:Riehn 1990 5318:Riehn 1990 5303:Riehn 1990 5216:Riehn 1990 5154:2022-02-26 5117:2023-06-04 5081:Riehn 1990 5069:Riehn 1990 5055:2022-05-30 5028:Kagan 2007 4892:2023-11-28 4745:Riehn 1990 4730:Riehn 1990 4655:Grant 2009 4558:Lentz 2004 4498:Riehn 1990 4486:Riehn 1990 4459:Riehn 1990 4447:Riehn 1990 4435:Riehn 1990 4420:Riehn 1990 4374:References 4332:conscripts 4194:programmes 3880:were not. 3878:musketeers 3787:after the 3785:Old Guards 3764:language. 3526:Dombrowski 3123:Bernadotte 3094:After the 3004:Königsberg 2714:VIII Corps 2614:to combat 2460:See also: 2430:Insterburg 2422:Königsberg 2334:Ammunition 2324:Königsberg 2288:diphtheria 2270:Intendance 2243:paved road 2210:), Vilna ( 2179:rasputitsa 1951:Background 1835:Michel Ney 1781:set ablaze 1347:Zvenigorod 1330:Shevardino 1300:Gorodechno 1285:Klyastitsy 1260:Saltanovka 1103:First wave 1072:First wave 628:Michel Ney 495:Napoleon I 342:Westphalia 12574:Casalanza 12549:Tauroggen 12504:Pressburg 12489:Lunéville 12394:conflicts 12227:Coalition 12077:La Suffel 12027:Tolentino 11911:Montereau 11896:Vauchamps 11845:Bornhöved 11800:Dennewitz 11745:Tarragona 11694:Chashniki 11594:Salamanca 11518:Tarragona 11442:Barquilla 11396:Almonacid 11356:Stockerau 11326:Stralsund 11296:2nd Porto 11276:Ebelsberg 11246:Abensberg 11216:1st Porto 11176:Castellón 11160:Benavente 11125:Valmaseda 11039:Friedland 11034:Heilsberg 11004:Ostrołęka 10994:Mohrungen 10928:Magdeburg 10857:Amstetten 10842:Trafalgar 10827:Elchingen 10812:Wertingen 10710:Brunswick 10635:Coalition 9882:Åland War 9850:Murid War 9689:18th–19th 8941:(3): 35. 5667:DTIC 1998 4560:, vol. 2. 4313:romanized 3928:of 1917. 3884:Aftermath 3799:Painting 3769:Steinheil 3743:defence. 3405:Bennigsen 3312:Odintsovo 3308:Golitsyno 2970:Nemenčinė 2869:Lithuania 2774:VII Corps 2756:Drohiczyn 2748:XII Corps 2746:with the 2724:. In the 2688:battalion 2634:Aleksotas 2626:III Corps 2538:armistice 2500:with the 2498:Macdonald 2444:, passed 2434:Gumbinnen 2388:gunpowder 2356:Magdeburg 2328:Hlybokaye 2292:dysentery 2258:reported: 2200:Wyszogród 2132:Intendant 2106:Logistics 2058:Magdeburg 1996:Friedland 1929:Lithuania 1843:Smorgonie 1819:Old Guard 1687:romanized 1432:Loschniza 1417:Kaidanowo 1412:Wolkowisk 1382:Chashniki 1193:1,000,000 12645:Uniforms 12559:Chaumont 12477:Treaties 12178:Joseph I 12118:Napoleon 12062:Waterloo 12002:Casaglia 11966:Toulouse 11850:Sehested 11825:Bidassoa 11805:2nd Kulm 11790:1st Kulm 11780:Katzbach 11770:Sorauren 11765:Pyrenees 11730:Castalla 11714:Berezina 11704:Smoliani 11674:Tarutino 11659:Borodino 11649:Valutino 11639:Smolensk 11609:Ostrovno 11579:Maguilla 11543:Valencia 11533:Saguntum 11381:Talavera 11261:Ratisbon 11251:Landshut 11226:Bergisel 11221:Medellín 11135:Espinosa 11095:Valencia 10968:Czarnowo 10938:Pasewalk 10933:Prenzlau 10908:Saalfeld 10847:Caldiero 10817:Günzburg 10695:Sardinia 10670:Portugal 10415:Cold War 10277:Gulf War 9633:and the 9506:Internal 9362:Imperial 9294:17 April 9174:17 April 9146:17 April 9118:17 April 9062:18 April 9044:10 April 9016:18 April 8991:Archived 8957:25 April 8951:Archived 8843:17 April 8815:17 April 8799:Napoleon 8787:15 April 8750:17 April 8722:17 April 8695:Archived 8635:Archived 8608:18 April 8602:Archived 8583:18 April 8517:17 April 8499:17 April 8478:15 April 8449:Archived 8438:10 April 8429:Archived 8404:21 April 8385:15 April 8360:Archived 8316:15 April 8288:25 April 7921:Hay 2013 7906:Archived 7871:Archived 7490:Archived 7488:. 1841. 7352:Archived 7225:Archived 7192:Barnsley 7151:Archived 7121:16012211 7043:Archived 6952:Archived 6877:Archived 6756:Archived 6692:Archived 6577:Archived 6550:Archived 6521:Archived 6471:Archived 6467:Камертон 6416:Archived 6364:Archived 6321:Archived 6281:Archived 6240:Archived 6168:Archived 6106:Archived 6081:Archived 6050:Archived 6018:Archived 5975:Archived 5923:Archived 5901:Archived 5866:Archived 5801:Archived 5754:Archived 5718:Archived 5644:Archived 5148:Archived 5111:Archived 5049:Archived 4974:Archived 4883:Archived 4814:16323139 4775:Archived 4685:Archived 4582:Archived 4190:List of 4129:See also 4063:writes: 4028:nobility 3592:gangrene 3584:blizzard 3468:partisan 3445:Berezina 3441:Bashkirs 3417:Belliard 3370:Tarutino 3257:Berthier 3233:Mozhaysk 3229:Borodino 3199:Borodino 3034:tactics: 2978:Ashmyany 2962:Klaipeda 2945:General 2910:all-out 2894:Balashov 2833:Holstein 2820:Augereau 2816:XI Corps 2802:IX Corps 2760:Tormasov 2718:Vandamme 2654:VI Corps 2640:IV Corps 2604:II Corps 2580:vanguard 2518:Dunaburg 2510:Courland 2456:Invasion 2426:Znamensk 2228:Smolensk 2214:), and 2169:as usual 2138:General 1991:(1809). 1839:Berezina 1821:against 1800:Cossacks 1698:Napoleon 1485:300miles 1438:Berezina 1407:Smoliani 1397:Liaskowa 1367:Tarutino 1342:Mozhaysk 1336:Borodino 1320:Valutino 1310:Smolensk 1270:Ostrovno 1121:Berezina 1119:126,000 1113:129,000 1109:Borodino 1107:118,000 1090:Berezina 1082:108,000 1078:Borodino 1076:134,000 1070:449,000 1060:Strength 186:Location 12392:Related 11971:Bayonne 11936:Craonne 11906:Mormant 11866:Brienne 11840:Nivelle 11830:Leipzig 11785:Dresden 11755:Vitoria 11740:Bautzen 11709:Krasnoi 11654:Mesoten 11614:Vitebsk 11574:Almaraz 11564:Badajoz 11523:Albuera 11508:Almeida 11503:Sabugal 11488:Redinha 11478:Barrosa 11457:Bussaco 11452:Almeida 11432:Astorga 11401:Tamames 11361:Gefrees 11316:Alcañiz 11256:Eckmühl 11186:Corunna 11155:Sahagún 11120:Zornoza 11115:Vimeiro 11085:Cabezón 11009:Kolberg 10978:Pułtusk 10973:Golymin 10963:Hamelin 10943:Stettin 10903:Schleiz 10748:Prelude 10740:battles 10715:Hanover 10660:Prussia 10650:Austria 10588:Bavaria 10568:Etruria 10563:Holland 10535:France, 10528:gerents 10355:Outline 10338:century 9939:century 9691:century 9374:Related 9358:Tsarist 8241:Leipzig 8226:Sources 7402:YouTube 7196:England 7129:5034988 7113:Leipzig 6958:14 July 6883:May 20, 6527:May 20, 6422:May 20, 6246:May 20, 6174:May 20, 6076:(2017) 6056:May 18, 5863:plate 7 4781:May 20, 4691:May 20, 4315:: 4304:Russian 4218:(opera) 4121:in the 4002:in the 3803:Smorgon 3757:Livonia 3753:Estonia 3733:Cossack 3628:Summary 3588:caulkin 3528:at the 3516:Viceroy 3496:Polotsk 3437:Kalmyks 3428:Retreat 3388:Briansk 3375:Obninsk 3366:Podolsk 3316:Mortier 3161:Tuchkov 3079:carrion 2974:Molėtai 2953:at the 2947:Raevsky 2934:at the 2878:Sudervė 2791:Durutte 2778:Reynier 2704:V Corps 2658:St. Cyr 2608:Oudinot 2598:Mogilev 2586:I Corps 2549:sappers 2536:and an 2502:X Corps 2442:X Corps 2415:Malbork 2364:Stettin 2360:Küstrin 2352:arsenal 2316:Breslau 2304:pontoon 2220:Vitebsk 2212:Vilnius 2128:Vistula 2020:Austria 1983:), the 1945:Ukraine 1941:Belarus 1937:Estonia 1913:Russian 1895:. 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French invasion of Russia

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