882:
165:
2741:
992:
25:
151:
197:
187:
1323:
1211:
1602:
1036:, including a substantial contingent of Polish troops, set out with the purpose of bringing the Russian Empire to its knees, but his military ambitions were frustrated by his failure to supply the army in Russia and Russia's refusal to surrender after the capture of Moscow; few returned from the march back. The failed campaign against Russia proved to be a major turning point in Napoleon's fortunes.
1873:
wipe Poland off the map, meant that Poles had their hopes rekindled of a resurrected Polish state. Even with
Napoleon's defeat, a Polish state continued in some form until the increasingly autocratic Russian state eliminated Poland once again as a separate entity. Altogether, this meant that an identifiable Polish state was in existence for at least a quarter of a century.
1876:
At the 200th anniversary of the creation of this iteration of the Polish state, numerous commemorative events dedicated to that event were held in the Polish capital of Warsaw. In addition, the Polish
Ministry of Defense asked for the honor of holding a joint parade of Polish and French soldiers to
1872:
Superficially, the Duchy of Warsaw was just one of the various states set up during
Napoleon's dominance over Eastern and Central Europe, lasting only a few years and passing with his fall. However, its establishment a little over a decade after the Second and Third Partitions, that had appeared to
1157:
could be considered liberal for its time. It provided for a bicameral Sejm consisting of a Senate and a
Chamber of Deputies. A Council of Ministers functioned as the executive body of the duchy. Serfdom was partially abolished, as the serfs were granted personal freedom without gaining any economic
1039:
After
Napoleon's defeat in the east, most of the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was occupied by Russia in January 1813 during their advance on France and its allies. The rest of the duchy was restored to Prussia. Although several isolated fortresses held out for more than a year, the existence of
1015:, establishing a system of government similar to the former commonwealth with the hope of reclaiming the partitioned territories. However, Napoleon did not want to make a permanent decision that would tie his hands before his anticipated peace settlement with Russia, and did not recognize the
2331:
1470:
Although the duchy made its payments in installments to France over a four-year period, Prussia was unable to pay it (due to a very large indemnity it owed to France), causing the Polish economy to suffer heavily. Indeed, to this day the phrase "sum of
Bayonne" is a synonym in
1060:
Russia sought all territories of the Duchy of Warsaw. It kept all its gains from the three previous partitions, together with Białystok and the surrounding territory that it had obtained in 1807. Its demands for the whole Duchy of Warsaw were denied by other
European powers.
1392:
1056:
in 1815, the decision-making was largely in the hands of the major powers. It was perhaps inevitable, therefore, that both
Prussia and Russia would effectively partition Poland between them; Austria was to more-or-less retain its gains of the First Partition of 1772.
1454:
The heavy drain on its resources by forced military recruitment, combined with a drop in exports of grain, caused significant problems for the duchy's economy. To make matters worse, in 1808 the French Empire imposed on the duchy an agreement at
929:, who largely treated the state as a source of resources. The most important person in the duchy was, in fact, the French ambassador, based in the duchy's capital, Warsaw. Significantly, the duchy lacked its own diplomatic representation abroad.
1109:], under the "protection" of its three powerful neighbors. The city's territory measured some 1,164 km (449 sq mi), and had a population of about 88,000 people. The city was eventually annexed by Austria in 1846, becoming the
1002:
As a result of
Napoleon's campaign in 1812 against Russia, the Poles expected that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom and that during Napoleon's invasion of Russia, they would be joined by the liberated territories of the
1128:. This broadly corresponded to the Prussian and Austrian portions of the Third Partition (apart from the area around Białystok) plus around half of Prussia's Second Partition conquests and a small part of Austria's First Partition gains.
1574:
According to the 1810 census, the duchy had a population of 4,334,000, of whom a clear majority were ethnic Poles. Jews constituted 7% of the inhabitants (perhaps an underestimation), Germans – 6%, Lithuanians and
Ruthenians – 4%.
1445:
in 1812, its army totaled almost 120,000 troops out of a total population of just 4.3 million people – a similar number of troops in total available to Napoleon at Austerlitz, from a country of more than 25 million people.
2508:
858:. Its creation met the support of both local republicans in partitioned Poland, and the large Polish diaspora in France, who openly supported Napoleon as the only man capable of restoring Polish sovereignty after the
2501:
1158:
liberties or privileges. All classes were to be equal before the law, although the nobility was still greatly favoured as members of the Sejm. While Roman Catholicism was the state religion, and
2494:
2089:
1541:
Altogether, the duchy had an initial area of around 104,000 square kilometres (40,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 2,600,000. The bulk of its inhabitants were
2025:"Vadym Adadurov. "Napoleonida" na skhodi Ievropy: Uiavlennia, proekty ta diial'nist' uriadu Frantsii shchodo pivdenno-zakhidnykh okrain Rosiis'koi imperii na pochatku XIX stolittia"
839:
that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of the first tasks for the new government included providing food to the French army fighting the Russians in
1571:): The duchy's area increased significantly, to around 155,000 km (60,000 sq mi), and the population also substantially increased, to roughly 4,300,000.
675:
661:
647:
633:
608:
594:
580:
566:
552:
1116:
Finally, the bulk of the former Duchy of Warsaw, measuring some 128,000 km (49,000 sq mi), was re-established as what is commonly referred to as the "
1437:
The duchy's army was of considerable size when compared to the duchy's number of inhabitants. Initially consisting of 30,000 of regular soldiers (made up of both
2476:
1905:
981:
3054:
923:
The Varsovian duchy was never allowed to develop as a truly independent state; Frederick Augustus' rule was subordinated to the requirements of the French
3049:
2996:
1752:
1747:
1561:
1064:
Prussia regained some of the territory it had lost to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807: a portion of what it had conquered in the Second Partition. The
1136:, it maintained its separate status only until 1831 when it was effectively annexed to the Russian Empire. Its constituent territories became the
1012:
2115:
2073:
1024:
1859:
1171:
952:. During the war, the German colonists settled by Prussia during Partitions openly rose up against the Varsovian government. After the
2726:
3069:
1099:
The city of Kraków and some surrounding territory, previously part of the Duchy of Warsaw, were established as the semi-independent
2459:
1925:
960:
allowed for a significant expansion of the duchy's territory southwards with the regaining of once-Polish and Lithuanian lands.
164:
3064:
2471:
2396:
Martyna Deszczyńska. "'As Poor as Church Mice': Bishops, Finances, Posts, and Civil Duties in the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–13,"
2308:
2276:
2201:
2125:
2083:
2007:
2486:
3059:
2365:"Rp.pl: Najważniejsze wiadomości gospodarcze, prawne i polityczne z Polski i ze świata. Aktualne wiadomości z dnia – rp.pl"
1587:
1478:
To counter the threat of bankruptcy, the authorities intensified the development and modernization of agriculture. Also, a
1016:
303:
2240:
1946:"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Poland"
2482:
Information about events marking 200th anniversary of establishing Duch of Warsaw, in Polish, also included photo gallery
2454:
1729:
1396:
1154:
451:
2464:
1949:
2884:
2670:
2481:
2102:
As a result of this, the Duchy of Warsaw was created.... Nevertheless, although a French puppet state, the Duchy was...
1970:
1895:
1633:
1008:
1080:/Poznań), which covered an area of approximately 29,000 km (11,000 sq mi), were reconstituted into the
2438:
2236:
1980:
1890:
1673:
1514:, which became part of Russia. The Prussian territory was made up of territory from the former Prussian provinces of
314:
68:
46:
39:
2964:
1997:
1653:
1507:
1442:
1181:
800:
150:
2914:
2894:
1915:
1852:
1628:
1089:
909:
836:
792:
2879:
2771:
2650:
2625:
1813:
1790:
811:. The east-central territory of the duchy acquired by the Russian Empire was subsequently transformed into a
196:
82:
2980:
2517:
1785:
940:, Austrian troops entered Warsaw, but Varsovian and French forces then outflanked their enemy and captured
277:
1910:
1719:
1714:
1688:
1409:
917:
385:
1207:) increased to 10 (as the duchy territory increased). Each department was named after its capital city.
371:
2922:
2899:
2889:
2816:
2776:
2222:
1693:
334:
2856:
1044:
created a Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw to govern the area through his generals.
2521:
1845:
492:
2851:
3044:
2801:
1724:
1683:
1073:
1004:
347:
33:
1668:
1658:
1110:
3074:
2831:
2405:
2297:
Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jelavich; Joseph Rothschild (1974).
1177:
937:
913:
881:
796:
464:
2372:
1204:
957:
777:
478:
2927:
2904:
2796:
2296:
1678:
1203:
There were 6 initial departments, after 1809 (after Napoleon's defeat of the Austrians and the
170:
50:
1663:
780:. It was the first attempt to re-establish Poland as a sovereign state after the 18th-century
2841:
2811:
2640:
2569:
2516:
2298:
2266:
1900:
1475:
for a huge amount of money. All these problems resulted in both inflation and over-taxation.
1292:
1189:
1041:
975:
2428:
1030:
Any peace settlement or restoration of Poland-Lithuania were not to be, however. Napoleon's
523:
2821:
2806:
2781:
2665:
2645:
2253:
Kolonizacja niemiecka w południowo-wschodniej cześci Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1815–1915
1638:
1414:
The duchy's armed forces were completely under French control via its war minister, Prince
1264:
1081:
949:
859:
820:
781:
640:
274:
156:
1415:
1334:
1236:
886:
359:
8:
2791:
2605:
2595:
2024:
1818:
1159:
1100:
996:
991:
897:
824:
803:, Napoleon seemingly abandoned the duchy, and it was left to be occupied by Prussian and
750:
668:
415:
214:
1278:
925:
2943:
2874:
2786:
2716:
2655:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2054:
1795:
1553:
1499:
1495:
1423:
1376:
1053:
855:
851:
808:
769:
765:
757:
505:
438:
2711:
2836:
2706:
2688:
2660:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2590:
2553:
2434:
2304:
2272:
2232:
2197:
2162:
2121:
2079:
2058:
2046:
2003:
1976:
1623:
1566:
1483:
1434:, and it was to be a significant source for troops in various campaigns of Napoleon.
1419:
1348:
1250:
1222:
1093:
905:
223:
2585:
2189:
2154:
2036:
1519:
1515:
1441:
and infantry), its numbers were to rise to over 60,000 in 1810, and by the time of
1362:
953:
585:
400:
2158:
186:
2721:
2534:
2525:
2227:
2193:
1920:
1878:
1648:
1618:
1472:
1427:
1380:
1366:
1352:
1338:
1304:
1296:
1282:
1268:
1254:
1240:
1226:
1117:
933:
863:
816:
807:
troops until 1815, when it was formally divided between the two countries at the
773:
761:
726:
626:
425:
210:
131:
117:
103:
2142:
1535:
1065:
1032:
2181:
1438:
1431:
1125:
1121:
1077:
969:
901:
804:
788:
599:
284:
219:
1084:. The Grand Duchy and its populace had some nominal autonomy (although it was
3038:
3012:
2998:
2826:
2166:
2050:
1945:
1834:
1542:
1479:
557:
271:
1322:
1210:
795:, who became the duke of Warsaw and remained a legitimate candidate for the
711:
2740:
1775:
1549:
1527:
1137:
1133:
995:
Polish uhlans from the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815. Painting by
890:
875:
871:
840:
753:
654:
613:
571:
2117:
Napoleon's Polish Gamble: Eylau & Friedland 1807 – Campaign Chronicles
1511:
2937:
2698:
2680:
1757:
1557:
1523:
1196:
and based on French ideas, although departments were divided into Polish
409:
394:
764:. It initially comprised the ethnically Polish lands ceded to France by
896:
The newly recreated state was formally an independent duchy, allied to
847:
2351:
The Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815: A Napoleonic Outpost in Central Europe
2041:
1510:
under joint French and Saxon "protection", and of the district around
784:
and covered the central and southeastern parts of present-day Poland.
1498:, the area of the duchy covered roughly the areas of the 2nd and 3rd
697:
1503:
1422:. In fact, the duchy was heavily militarized, bordered as it was by
1069:
1052:
Although many European states and ex-rulers were represented at the
941:
2752:
1780:
1193:
1531:
1047:
1019:
of 28 June. Nevertheless, he proclaimed the attack on Russia as a
2846:
2763:
2563:
2545:
1456:
1185:
870:, rather than a kingdom). The Duchy has also been described as a
701:
945:
2951:
1698:
1609:
1467:
in gold, was bought at a discounted rate of 21 million francs.
1316:
1197:
823:
in the west. The city of Kraków, Poland's cultural centre, was
812:
693:
233:
1601:
2974:
2866:
2577:
1464:
1040:
the Varsovian state in anything but the name came to an end.
867:
1303:) – for the first few months known as Białystok Department (
889:, Commander in Chief of the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw, by
2336:ІНСТИТУТ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ. НАЦІОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМІЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ
1460:
2186:
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
1530:. In addition, the new state was given the area along the
1391:
1105:
1459:
to buy from France the debts owed to it by Prussia. The
2292:
2290:
2288:
1906:
1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard
982:
1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard
862:
of the late 18th century. However, it was created as a
2364:
986:
2332:"ВАРШАВСЬКЕ КНЯЗІВСТВО [Електронний ресурс]"
2285:
2255:
Wiesław Śladkowski Wydawn. Lubelskie, 1969, page 234
2188:, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 213–228,
2143:"Income inequality in the Duchy of Warsaw (1810/11)"
835:
The area of the duchy had already been liberated by
772:, and was augmented in 1809 with territory ceded by
1999:Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939
912:was compelled by Napoleon to make his new realm a
846:The Duchy of Warsaw was created by French Emperor
2182:"The Unsheathed Sword, 2: Britain, Spain, Russia"
1975:. Cambridge University Press. 15 September 2016.
3036:
948:and some of the areas annexed by Austria in the
2411:Journal of the International Napoleonic Society
1048:The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition
2303:. University of Washington Press. p. 49.
2271:. University of Washington Press. p. 48.
2114:Summerville, Christopher (30 September 2005).
1013:General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland
936:started. Although the Duchy of Warsaw won the
827:until its incorporation into Austria in 1846.
3055:States and territories disestablished in 1815
2502:
1853:
1489:
1315:The above 6 departments were divided into 60
1192:, as the entire duchy was in fact created by
123:
109:
95:
2180:Lyons, Martyn (1994), Lyons, Martyn (ed.),
2113:
1165:
1025:Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission
3050:States and territories established in 1807
2509:
2495:
2426:
2268:The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795–1918
2071:
1995:
1860:
1846:
1172:Administrative division of Duchy of Warsaw
1143:
1088:subordinate to Prussia) but following the
195:
2745:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
2421:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
2040:
1162:was also guaranteed by the constitution.
1092:was fully integrated into Prussia as the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1753:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
1748:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth
1390:
1321:
1209:
990:
880:
32:This article includes a list of general
2348:
2264:
2140:
2029:East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies
2022:
1926:List of French possessions and colonies
3037:
2490:
2406:Polish Projects of Napoleon Bonaparte
2353:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109.
2265:Wandycz, Piotr S. (1 February 1975).
2179:
2092:from the original on 8 September 2023
1326:Map of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1809–1815
1214:Map of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1809
1188:. This organization was based on the
2433:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 8–10.
2147:Scandinavian Economic History Review
1463:, amounting to more than 43 million
801:Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia
18:
2455:Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw
2141:Wroński, Marcin (2 December 2022).
1155:Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw
1076:; the remaining territories (i.e.,
1007:, Poland's historic partner in the
13:
2472:Polish Army of the Napoleonic Wars
2390:
2072:Prazmowska, Anita (30 June 2010).
1896:Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)
1011:. On 28 June, the Sejm formed the
987:Napoleon's campaign against Russia
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3086:
2448:
1482:policy was introduced to protect
1180:of Duchy of Warsaw were based on
963:
3070:1815 disestablishments in Poland
2739:
2477:Napoleon and the Duchy of Warsaw
2300:A History of East Central Europe
1654:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1600:
1027:to fall under Polish influence.
673:
659:
645:
631:
606:
592:
578:
564:
550:
185:
163:
149:
23:
2375:from the original on 2020-08-26
2357:
2342:
2324:
2258:
2246:
1972:The Cambridge History of Poland
1952:from the original on 2020-07-21
1148:
2216:
2173:
2134:
2120:. Pen and Sword. p. 154.
2107:
2065:
2016:
2002:. Stackpole Books. p. 1.
1989:
1963:
1938:
1916:Greater Poland uprising (1806)
1634:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1629:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
1009:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
910:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
793:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
1:
3065:1807 establishments in Poland
2403:E. Fedosova (December 1998),
2159:10.1080/03585522.2022.2148736
1996:Williamson, David G. (2011).
1931:
1891:History of Poland (1795–1918)
1814:Republic of Central Lithuania
1791:Military Government of Lublin
1443:Napoleon's campaign in Russia
83:Duchy of Warsaw (Middle Ages)
2194:10.1007/978-1-349-23436-3_15
1786:Government General of Warsaw
1090:1848 Greater Poland Uprising
1072:(Danzig) became part of the
278:semi-constitutional monarchy
81:For the medieval state, see
7:
3060:Political history of Warsaw
1911:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
1884:
1715:Union of Hungary and Poland
1410:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
1403:
918:Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw
201:The Duchy of Warsaw in 1812
10:
3091:
2777:Confederation of the Rhine
2349:Czubaty, Jarosław (2016).
1948:. US Department of state.
1730:Union of Poland and Saxony
1694:Polish government-in-exile
1649:Congress Kingdom of Poland
1548:In 1809 the Duchy annexed
1490:Geography and demographics
1449:
1407:
1169:
979:
973:
967:
932:In 1809, a short war with
830:
825:granted "free city" status
80:
2973:
2950:
2936:
2913:
2865:
2762:
2751:
2737:
2697:
2679:
2576:
2562:
2544:
2533:
2078:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1674:Regency Kingdom of Poland
1578:
916:, with a parliament (the
819:, and Prussia formed the
708:
689:
529:
519:
515:
502:
489:
474:
461:
448:
435:
431:
421:
406:
391:
381:
377:
365:
353:
341:
327:
323:
313:
309:
297:
293:
283:
267:
259:
239:
229:
206:
194:
179:
145:
140:
90:
2430:Napoleon's Polish Troops
2075:Poland: A Modern History
2023:Bilenky, Serhiy (2022).
1689:Polish People's Republic
1684:Polish Underground State
1502:, with the exception of
1178:administrative divisions
1166:Administrative divisions
1074:Province of West Prussia
1005:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
16:Polish state (1807–1815)
2832:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
2243:(no pg. no. in e-book).
1720:Polish–Lithuanian union
1552:, the area of the 1795
1309:Departament białostocki
1144:Government and politics
914:constitutional monarchy
768:under the terms of the
53:more precise citations.
1679:Second Polish Republic
1556:, and the district of
1400:
1384:
1370:
1356:
1342:
1327:
1308:
1300:
1286:
1272:
1258:
1244:
1231:Departament warszawski
1230:
1215:
999:
893:
878:of Napoleon's France.
787:The duchy was held in
738:
734:
730:
124:
110:
96:
3013:52.24306°N 21.01667°E
1901:Legion of the Vistula
1669:Grand Duchy of Kraków
1659:Grand Duchy of Poznań
1394:
1385:Departament siedlecki
1343:Departament krakowski
1325:
1301:Departament łomżyński
1245:Departament poznański
1213:
1111:Grand Duchy of Kraków
1042:Alexander I of Russia
994:
976:Legion of the Vistula
884:
743:Grand Duchy of Warsaw
741:), also known as the
335:Stanisław Małachowski
240:Common languages
2522:French Revolutionary
2400:(2011) 9#1 pp 18–31.
2231:. New York: Viking.
1725:Polish–Swedish union
1639:Partitions of Poland
1395:Napoleon conferring
1371:Departament radomski
1357:Departament lubelski
1273:Departament bydgoski
1265:Bydgoszcz Department
1205:Treaty of Schönbrunn
1082:Grand Duchy of Posen
958:Treaty of Schönbrunn
950:Partitions of Poland
860:Partitions of Poland
821:Grand Duchy of Posen
791:by Napoleon's ally,
778:Treaty of Schönbrunn
760:in 1807, during the
731:Księstwo Warszawskie
641:Grand Duchy of Posen
479:Treaty of Schönbrunn
372:Stanisław K. Potocki
348:Ludwik S. Gutakowski
304:Frederick Augustus I
181:Lesser coat of arms:
97:Księstwo Warszawskie
3008: /
2727:Swiss Confederation
2427:Otto Pivka (2012).
1819:Free City of Danzig
1770:Occupational powers
1664:Free City of Kraków
1508:Free City of Danzig
1506:, which became the
1500:Prussian partitions
1259:Departament kaliski
1184:, each headed by a
1160:religious tolerance
1101:Free City of Cracow
997:January Suchodolski
669:Free City of Cracow
416:Chamber of Deputies
3018:52.24306; 21.01667
2885:Lucca and Piombino
1796:General Government
1699:Republic of Poland
1554:Austrian partition
1496:Treaties of Tilsit
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1377:Siedlce Department
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2085:978-0-85773-677-2
2042:10.21226/ewjus717
2009:978-0-8117-0828-9
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1494:According to the
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1418:, who was also a
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1237:Poznań Department
1223:Warsaw Department
1218:In January 1807:
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1134:puppet state
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452:Constitution
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1182:departments
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511:9 June 1815
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3000:52°14′35″N
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2611:Cisalpinia
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1956:2022-02-23
1932:References
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