433:) being the most popular proposal. However, amending the Geneva Conventions to add a new protection symbol requires a diplomatic conference of all 192 signatory states to the Conventions. The Swiss government organized such a conference to take place on December 5–6, 2005, to adopt a third additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions introducing the Red Crystal as an additional symbol with equal status to the Red Cross or Red Crescent. Following an unplanned extension of the conference until December 7, the protocol was adopted after a vote successfully achieved the required two-thirds majority. From the countries which attended the conference, 98 voted in favour and 27 against the protocol, while 10 countries abstained from voting.
263:. In this function, they can also be used by organizations and objects which are not part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, for example the medical services of the armed forces, civilian hospitals, and civil defense units. As protection symbols, these emblems should be used without any additional specification (textual or otherwise) and in a prominent manner which makes them as visible and observable as possible, for example by using large white flags bearing the symbol. Four of these symbols, namely the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, the Red Lion with Sun and the Red Crystal, are defined in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols as symbols for protective use.
1142:(ARC) was signed into law. Section 4, which ultimately was codified as 18 U.S.C. §706, protected the Greek red cross symbol by making it a misdemeanor for any person or association to use the Red Cross name or emblem without the organization's permission. Penalties included imprisonment not to exceed one year and a fine between $ 1 and $ 500, payable to the ARC. There had been seven trademark registrations for Greek red crosses by entities unrelated to the Red Cross at the time the ARC was incorporated. The existence of these users was recognized in congressional discussion of the act. However, lawmakers took no action to prohibit the rights of these earlier users.
1179:(Public Law 109–481) was signed into law 12 January 2007, two days before Protocol III went into effect. The law, codified as 18 U.S.C. §706a, extended full legal protection to the Red Crescent and Red Crystal (but not the Red Lion and Sun) in the U.S., subject to private uses prior to the signing of Protocol III that cannot be confused with military uses; permitted the use of all appropriate emblems under the Conventions by the ICRC, the IFRC, all national Red Cross & Red Crescent societies (including MDA by this time), and "(t)he sanitary and hospital authorities of the armed forces of State Parties to the Geneva Conventions"; and permitted the
30:
317:
1243:
humanitarian programs and services. "For a multi-billion dollar drug company to claim that the Red Cross violated a criminal statute that was created to protect the humanitarian mission of the Red Cross—simply so that J&J can make more money—is obscene," said Mark
Everson, the chief executive of the charity. Johnson & Johnson responded, stating that the American Red Cross's commercial ventures were outside the scope of historically well-agreed usage, and were in direct violation of federal statutes.
74:
3025:
986:
medical units and establishments, the personnel and material protected by the present
Convention and other Conventions dealing with similar matters. The same shall apply to the emblems mentioned in Article 38, second paragraph, in respect of the countries which use them. The National Red Cross Societies and other societies designated in Article 26 shall have the right to use the distinctive emblem conferring the protection of the Convention only within the framework of the present paragraph.
349:
308:
the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"). There is an unofficial agreement within the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement that the shape of the cross should be a cross composed of five squares. However, regardless of the shape, any Red Cross on white background should be valid and must be recognized as a protection symbol in conflict. Of the 190 National Societies which are currently recognized by the ICRC, 154 are using the Red Cross as their official organization emblem.
414:
1202:
514:
284:
789:
58:
797:
506:
478:
444:, a national society can use either of the recognized symbols alone, or incorporate any of these symbols or a combination of them into the Red Crystal. Furthermore, a national society can choose to display a previously and effectively used symbol, after officially communicating this symbol to the state parties of the Geneva Conventions through Switzerland as the depositary state prior to the adoption of the proposed third additional protocol.
1247:
its name and emblem to sell such products. The court noted in particular that the
American Red Cross had been doing so for over a century, and that Johnson & Johnson had once itself sought to be a licensee of the American Red Cross. After the court rejected the substance of Johnson & Johnson's complaint, the parties ultimately settled their differences, and the American Red Cross remains free to use its emblem commercially.
42:
267:
Cross and Red
Crescent societies). In this case, they should be used with an additional specification (for example "American Red Cross") and not be displayed as prominently as when used as protection symbols. Three of these symbols, namely the Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Crystal, can be used for indicative purposes by national societies for use in their home country or abroad. In addition to that, the Red
1474:"The 29th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent has amended the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement to incorporate the additional emblem of the red crystal, which now has the same status as the red cross and red crescent. the ICRC has now recognized the Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS) and the Israeli National Society, Magen David Adom (MDA)"
332:. This was officially recorded in the 1906 revision of the convention. However, according to jurist and Red Cross historian Pierre Boissier, no clear evidence of this origin has been found; the concept that the design was chosen to complement the country in which the convention at which it was adopted was held, was also promoted later to counter the objections of
990:
International Red Cross
Conferences. When those activities are carried out in time of war, the conditions for the use of the emblem shall be such that it cannot be considered as conferring the protection of the convention; the emblem shall be comparatively small in size and may not be placed on armlets or on the roofs of buildings.
497:, based on the flag and emblem of Iran. The Red Lion with Sun was formally recognized as a protection symbol in 1929, together with the Red Crescent. The symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1964. Despite the country's shift to the Red Crescent in 1980, Iran explicitly maintains the right to use the symbol.
1246:
The federal court rejected
Johnson & Johnson's position and ruled for the American Red Cross, holding that federal law authorizes the American Red Cross to use the Red Cross emblem in the sale of mission-related items like first aid and disaster preparedness kits and to license other firms to use
546:
It was not until 2006 that the ICRC officially recognized Magen David Adom. The adoption of the third protocol emblem paved the way for the recognition and admission of Magen David Adom as a full member of the
International Federation, as the rules of the third protocol allow it to continue using the
1190:
U.S. law still does not specifically protect the right of military chaplains to use the emblems under the Geneva
Conventions; however, military chaplains that are part of their armed forces' "sanitary and hospital authorities" would have the right to use the emblems in the U.S. The ARC and other Red
1166:
Until 2007, U.S. law protected only the Red Cross, and permitted its use only by the ARC and U.S. armed forces; though its use by non-U.S. organizations would normally be implied by the ARC's membership in IFRC and the standard protocols of the military and the Red Cross & Red
Crescent movement,
1145:
In 1905, when Congress was revising the ARC's charter, the issue of pre-existing rights to use the emblem was again raised. Lawmakers reiterated Congress' intent that the prohibitions on use of the Red Cross name and emblem did not make unlawful the use of the Greek red cross by those with otherwise
711:
The mission statement of the International Movement as formulated in the "Strategy 2010" document of the Federation is "to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity". From 1999 to 2004, the common slogan for all activities of the International Movement was "The Power
542:
four years later, as well as a wide range of other proposals, due to concerns about symbol proliferation. Israel again tried to establish the emblem as a third protection symbol in the context of the Geneva Conventions, but a respective proposal was narrowly defeated when the Geneva Conventions were
376:
assessment of equal validity to both symbols, the ICRC declared in 1878 that it should be possible in principle to adopt an additional official protection symbol for non-Christian countries. The Red Crescent was formally recognized in 1929 when the Geneva Conventions were amended (Article 19). After
1225:
infringement. The suit sought to halt the placement of the Red Cross emblem on all first aid, safety and disaster preparedness products not specifically licensed by Johnson & Johnson. The suit also asked for the destruction of all currently existing non-J&J Red Cross emblem-bearing products
1033:
the emblem of the Red Cross on a white ground, formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland and retained by the Geneva Convention for the Protection of War Victims of 1949 as the emblem and distinctive sign of the Medical Service of armed forces and used by the Canadian Red Cross Society,
547:
Red Shield of David when operating within Israel and provide a solution for its missions abroad. Though the organization only recently gained official recognition, it took part in many international activities, in cooperation with both the ICRC and the Federation, prior to its official recognition.
1242:
In a statement, the American Red Cross said it had worked since 2004 with several licensing partners to create first aid, preparedness and related products that bear the Red Cross emblem. The charity said that all money it received from the sale of these products to consumers was reinvested in its
989:
Art. 44. (cont.) Furthermore, National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) Societies may, in time of peace, in accordance with their national legislation, make use of the name and emblem of the Red Cross for their other activities which are in conformity with the principles laid down by the
307:
The red cross symbolizes as an identifier for medical personnel during wartime. The Red Cross is defined as a protection symbol in Article 7 of the 1864 Geneva Convention, Chapter VII ("The distinctive emblem") and Article 38 of the 1949 Geneva Convention ("For the Amelioration of the Condition of
266:
When used as an organizational logo, these symbols only indicate that persons, vehicles, buildings, etc. which bear the symbols belong to a specific organization which is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (like the ICRC, the International Federation or the national Red
1339:
After eliminating legal ramifications as a potential deterrent from appropriate use of the Red Cross symbol, the remaining explanation is simple unawareness about the formal distinction from the Swiss national flag. Until formal clarification, we will continue to encounter emergency departments
985:
Art. 44. With the exception of the cases mentioned in the following paragraphs of the present Article, the emblem of the red cross on a white ground and the words "Red Cross" or " Geneva Cross " may not be employed, either in time of peace or in time of war, except to indicate or to protect the
856:, wherein narcotics were disguised as Red Cross care packages, as a plot device), on television, and in computer software and games. Service companies, such as those for car repair or lawn maintenance, tout themselves as service "doctors" and incorporate medical symbols to promote themselves.
683:. While the organization has set up philanthropic relief projects (both domestic and international), as a religious body it is ineligible for recognition and membership into the International Committee of Red Cross and Red Crescent. The Red Swastika Society's headquarters are now in Taiwan.
993:
Art. 53 furthermore declares all present and future unapproved usage of said symbols illegal, even when they had been used previously. Signatories of the contract would have had three years after signing to enforce this. As a reference to Switzerland, Article 53 also forbids the use of
1238:
the Red Cross emblem to first aid and disaster preparedness product manufacturers. It issued a further press release two days later, disputing several of J&J's claims and asserting that "(t)he Red Cross has been selling first aid kits commercially in the United States since 1903."
1093:
1153:
In 1910, Congress formally established that lawful use of the Red Cross name and emblem that began prior to 5 January 1905, could continue, but only if that use was "for the same purpose and for the same class of goods." Later, the U.S. ratified the 1949 revisions to the
450:, a national society which does not use one of the recognized symbols as its emblem has to incorporate its unique symbol into the Red Crystal, based on the previously mentioned condition about communicating its unique symbol to the state parties of the Geneva Conventions.
941:, with limited exceptions for offensive or dangerous uses. (For example, a Red Cross on a building conveys a potentially false and dangerous impression of military presence in the area to enemy aircraft, although the building itself would not be attacked; thus the U.S.
913:
regarding usage of red cross on the hoods of ambulances and backpacks of paramedics in the game; the emblem was subsequently modified. In order to avoid this conflict, other generic alternatives are used, such as green cross, white cross on red background or letter H.
1233:
J&J released a statement to the public on 8 August 2007, detailing its decision to file suit, claiming prior rights to the emblem. On the same date, the American Red Cross issued a press release of its own, stating some of the reasons behind its decision to
752:(Solferino Ossuary) in close proximity to the museum, a moving display shows the horrors of war. Inside the chapel, 1,413 skulls and many more bones from thousands of French and Austrian troops who died during the battle are shown. Solferino is also host to the
528:, has used the Red Shield of David as its organization emblem since its foundation. The Red Shield of David was initially proposed as an addition to the Red Cross, Red Crescent, and Red Lion with Sun in 1931. The proposal was rejected by the ICRC, like the
120:
are to be worn by all medical and humanitarian personnel and also displayed on their vehicles and buildings while they are in an active warzone, and all military forces operating in an active warzone must not attack entities displaying these emblems. The
168:, led to the creation of the Red Crystal as the fourth protection symbol by a vote in 2005. In 2006, the movement announced that it was officially adopting the Red Crystal as a neutral symbol and that it was also granting formal recognition to Israel's
456:, only the symbols recognized by the Geneva Conventions can be used. Specifically, those national societies which do not use one of the recognized symbols as their emblem have to use the Red Crystal without incorporation of any additional symbol.
1162:
that pre-1905 Red Cross trademarks would not be disturbed as long as the Red Cross is not used on "aircraft, vessels, vehicles, buildings or other structures, or upon the ground", all of which are likely to be confused with military uses.
1146:
established rights. However, these sentiments were again not reflected in the Red Cross charter revision. At the time of the 1905 revision, the number of trademark registrations with a Greek red cross had grown to 61, including several by
894:
In 2006, the Canadian Red Cross issued a press release asking video game makers to stop using the red cross in their games; it is an especially common sight to see first aid kits and other items which restore the player character's
707:
is the primary motto of the Federation (Article 1 of the Constitution of the Federation). Both organizations acknowledge the alternative motto, and together both slogans serve as the combined motto of the International Movement.
1079:
No person shall, except with the authority of the Hong Kong Red Cross, distribute or sell or expose for sale ... any product which contains the emblem of the Geneva Convention, with or without additional words, characters or
460:
On 22 June 2006, the ICRC announced that the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement adopted the Red Crystal as an additional emblem for use by the national societies. The ICRC also announced the recognition of the
953:
expressly preserves most pre-2005 trademarks containing the Red Crystal, as long as they cannot be confused with military uses. Trademarks from after 2005 bearing the emblem are banned as there is no longer an issue of
1424:
Art. 18. Out of respect to Switzerland the heraldic emblem of the red cross on a white ground, formed by the reversal of the federal colors, is continued as the emblem and distinctive sign of the sanitary service of
295:
on white background was the original protection symbol declared at the 1864 Geneva Convention. The ideas to introduce a uniform and neutral protection symbol as well as its specific design originally came from Dr.
2756:
543:
adopted by governments in 1949. As the Red Shield of David is not a recognized protection symbol under the Geneva Conventions, Magen David Adom's recognition as a national society by the ICRC was long delayed.
436:
In the third Protocol the new symbol is referred to as "the third Protocol emblem". The rules for the use of this symbol, based on the third additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions, are the following:
372:
committed to fully respect the sanctity of all persons and facilities bearing the Red Crescent symbol, followed by a similar commitment from the Ottoman government to respect the Red Cross. After this
160:
between 1924 and 1980, were both formally recognized as protection symbols following a 1929 amendment to the Geneva Conventions. Controversy stemming from the movement's successive rejections of the
1135:
where, although the United States first ratified the Geneva Conventions in 1882, for 18 years no legislation was passed to enact treaty obligations regarding the protection of the Red Cross symbol.
2040:
765:
1795:
1777:
1759:
1117:
252:
of the symbols. On the other hand, these symbols are used as distinctive logos by those organizations which are part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. This is the
2406:
1210:
753:
875:
as a replacement for the safety orange cross. The blue Star of Life has since been adopted throughout much of the world on ambulances and in other related applications. But in most
2454:
836:
843:
In order to ensure universal respect for the emblems, the Geneva Conventions obliged their signatories to forbid any other use of the names and emblems in wartime and peacetime.
965:
designed in 1862 happened to be a red cross on a white field; in 1866, when the similarity to the Red Cross flag was noted, the Tonga flag was changed to put the red cross in a
863:
cross, differing from the red cross only in its hue. Toys and paintings of ambulances commonly ignored even that nuance, instead using a red cross. After protests from the
1680:
3049:
1023:
No person shall adopt in connection with a business, as a trade-mark or otherwise, any mark consisting of, or so nearly resembling as to be likely to be mistaken for,
405:(1989) have officially changed their name and emblem from the Red Cross to the Red Crescent. The Red Crescent is used by 33 of the 190 recognized societies worldwide.
259:
As a protection symbol, they are used in armed conflicts to mark persons and objects (buildings, vehicles, etc.) which are working in compliance with the rules of the
203:
for their medicinal products. The appropriation of the symbol has led to further irritation due to the practice of hospitals, first aid teams, and ski patrols in the
2875:
712:
of Humanity". In December 2003, the 28th International Conference in Geneva adopted the conference motto "Protecting Human Dignity" as the new Movement slogan.
2870:
749:
2037:
275:
for indicative purposes within Israel, and, pending the approval of the respective host country, in combination with the Red Crystal when working abroad.
1495:
385:. From its official recognition to today, the Red Crescent became the organizational emblem of nearly every national society in countries with majority
104:
such as the red cross, red crescent, or red crystal. Attacking medical personnel, vehicles, or buildings marked with one of these protective signs is a
2741:
2303:
756:
inaugurated in 1959 on the centennial of the Battle of Solferino. The memorial contains stone plaques identifying each recognized national society. In
2436:
2293:
828:
122:
3005:
530:
2059:
1792:
1774:
1756:
769:
46:
2329:
535:
2125:
2096:
2078:
368:
instead of the Red Cross because its government believed that the cross would alienate its Muslim soldiers. When asked by the ICRC in 1877,
3000:
2751:
2459:
1267:
1050:
and composed of a red frame in the shape of a square on edge on a white ground, adopted for the same purpose as specified in paragraph (f);
728:, as the official annual commemoration and celebration day of the Movement. Since 1984, the official name of the celebration day has been "
2761:
2401:
1991:
2612:
2209:
1340:
masked as Swiss embassy satellite offices (Figure 2), and ski patrollers disguised as Swiss citizens in the Rocky Mountains (Figure 1).
256:
of the emblems, a meaning which is defined in the statutes of the International Movement and partly in the third Additional Protocol.
1870:
207:
reversing the symbol to a white cross on a red background—so undoing the original idea of the Red Cross emblem, namely reversing the
2797:
2782:
2449:
2411:
1419:
832:
555:
Various other countries have also lobbied for alternative symbols, which have been rejected because of concerns of territorialism.
325:
34:
2038:"Johnson & Johnson Statement on Civil Complaint Against The American National Red Cross and Commercial Licenses" Business Wire
1650:
1109:
850:, medical supplies and civilian medical services especially in walk-in clinics. Such uses appear in movies (a notable example is
1845:
581:
1046:
the third Protocol emblem — commonly known as the “Red Crystal” — referred to in Article 2, paragraph 2 of Schedule VII to the
1625:
1167:
the ARC's withholding of IFRC dues from 2000 to 2006 over the Magen David Adom (MDA) issue raised concerns. Both to implement
2892:
1446:
1706:
2822:
2642:
2357:
729:
1478:
421:
The introduction of an additional neutral protection symbol had been under discussion for a number of years, with the Red
2847:
2352:
1191:
Cross & Red Crescent entities also employ chaplains; they are entitled to use the emblems through their employment.
2817:
2571:
2234:
1123:
The unauthorised use of the Red Cross on a pantomime costume in Glasgow in 2011 resulted in a request for its removal.
876:
200:
37:, the Movement introduced its own multi-lingual logo in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Russian in 2016.
1416:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906"
1150:. Concerned over potential pre-emption, commercial users lobbied for codification of their existing trademark rights.
2555:
1822:
1256:
868:
859:
Prior to 1973, ambulances in the United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere were typically marked with a
228:
The symbols described below have two distinctively different meanings. On one hand, the visual symbols of the Red
2908:
2736:
2545:
2367:
1969:
1603:
846:
Nevertheless, the illegal usage of the emblem is widespread and it is often used as a general symbol to indicate
248:
in armed conflicts, a denotation which is derived from and defined in the Geneva Conventions. This is called the
2792:
2632:
2505:
2362:
2251:
2202:
1505:
1180:
462:
173:
89:
1921:
2520:
2324:
1731:
1056:
the equivalent sign of the Red Lion and Sun used by Iran for the same purpose as specified in paragraph (f);
1040:
the emblem of the Red Crescent on a white ground adopted for the same purpose as specified in paragraph (f);
2985:
2913:
2659:
2540:
1500:
596:
357:
2012:
3064:
2827:
2787:
2500:
2372:
1105:
867:
that the safety orange cross was insufficiently distinguishable from the protected Red Cross symbol, the
17:
2990:
2607:
2581:
2550:
1391:
757:
772:
stands in Geneva in close proximity to the headquarters of the ICRC. Finally, in the Swiss village of
191:
in toys, movies, and video games, outside of its defined context. After objections from the movement,
2959:
2928:
2530:
2426:
2347:
2195:
917:
Pre-existing trademarks are protected in the implementing legislation of other countries, including
3054:
2832:
2807:
2485:
494:
153:
1461:
paragraph 2 of Article 2 of AP-3: "This distinctive emblem is referred to in this Protocol as the
792:
Example of unauthorized use of the Red Cross symbol, in this case, for an appliance repair company
663:) – Suggested at the Hague Peace Conference of 1949, but abandoned in favor of the Red Cross.
2938:
2246:
2133:
2104:
2075:
2056:
978:
145:
1175:
in 2006; the U.S. formalized its ratification in March 2007) and to address these concerns, the
2918:
2746:
2495:
1943:
1007:
The Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal, and Red Lion and Sun emblems are protected under the
695:("In War, Charity"). This Christian-spirited slogan was amended in 1961 with the neutral motto
1812:
2923:
2880:
2802:
2720:
2480:
2287:
1113:
934:
900:
377:
the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Red Crescent was first used by its successor nation
3059:
2649:
2416:
2153:
2129:
1878:
1214:
1172:
1147:
852:
668:
196:
2515:
8:
2933:
2597:
2281:
1681:"The Red Cross Emblem: It may just be fun and games to you, but it means the world to us"
995:
777:
773:
741:
672:
329:
208:
609:), based on the Japanese flag – Founded in 1877, but adopted the Red Cross in 1887.
2490:
2298:
2158:
1793:
Implementing Laws and Regulations, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1658:
1629:
1626:"Protecting the Emblems in peacetime: the experiences of the British Red Cross Society"
1325:
1298:
1218:
1155:
1139:
864:
809:
627:) – Proposed to unite local branches of the Red Crescent Society of Egypt and the
617:
260:
113:
3010:
2837:
2685:
2444:
1818:
1442:
1368:
1330:
1159:
942:
910:
822:
628:
85:
77:
1899:
1852:(official site). Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC
1415:
2842:
2695:
2229:
2218:
1651:"Protection of the red cross and red crescent emblems and the repression of misuse"
1569:
1439:
From Solferino to Tsushima: history of the International Committee of the Red Cross
1364:
1320:
1310:
1227:
905:
521:
466:
272:
237:
169:
1529:
73:
2885:
2700:
2690:
2241:
2082:
2063:
2044:
1799:
1781:
1763:
1482:
1352:
1272:
1187:
against improper use of the Red Cross, Red Crescent, and Red Crystal in the U.S.
955:
896:
426:
337:
245:
101:
97:
62:
3024:
1550:
703:
is still the primary motto of the ICRC (as per Article 3 of the ICRC statutes),
316:
183:
came to be a recognizable generic emblem for medicine, commonly associated with
2995:
2969:
2812:
2715:
2510:
1475:
1075:), in Section 3(c) "Unauthorized distribution of badges and products", states:
938:
926:
361:
149:
93:
81:
45:
The symbols of the movement. The Red Cross and the Red Crescent emblems at the
3043:
1593:
Jean S Pictet, Commentaries on the First Geneva Convention of 1949 at p 298-9
1394:(official site). International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC. 5 March 2010
1132:
966:
962:
884:
860:
570:) – Proposed by Persian delegates at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899.
563:) – Proposed by Siamese delegates at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899.
469:(MDA). On 14 January 2007, the third additional protocol entered into force.
268:
204:
192:
161:
1530:"The Red Cross – an emblem of the world's largest humanitarian organization"
3029:
2964:
2954:
2865:
2710:
2576:
2276:
1334:
1315:
1277:
1261:
1168:
950:
880:
872:
812:, the four recognized emblems are to be used only to denote the following:
745:
725:
639:
490:
348:
301:
157:
1072:
748:, the long and bloody Italian struggle for independence and unity. In the
413:
2680:
2525:
930:
922:
660:
574:
539:
297:
212:
1403:
the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag
1201:
788:
517:
The emblem for Magen David Adom for indicative use when operating abroad
513:
283:
1184:
937:
lawfully created prior to a ban without compensating its owner through
691:
The original motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross was
602:
402:
796:
2705:
2675:
2654:
1498:[Second period (1301-1327) Establishment and consolidation].
1222:
918:
888:
847:
761:
390:
184:
105:
57:
1118:
Geneva Conventions and United Nations Personnel (Protocols) Act 2009
505:
477:
2187:
679:
is used in East, South and Southeast Asia as a symbol to represent
676:
653:
646:
592:
398:
394:
373:
365:
233:
125:
recognizes four protection emblems, three of which are in use: the
41:
1707:"How the Prison Architect developers broke the Geneva Conventions"
1570:"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies"
1211:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
929:
and its dependencies. In many countries, it is a violation of the
839:(IFRC), and the 190 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies.
2057:"J&J (NYSE: JNJ) Sues Red Cross Over Use of Red Cross Emblem"
1235:
816:
facilities for the care of injured and sick armed forces members;
613:
430:
422:
241:
144:
The Red Cross was the original protection symbol declared at the
2175:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1476:
Singapore Red Cross Website - IFRC Press Releases - 22 June 2006
837:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
780:
was opened to preserve the memory and legacy of Dunant himself.
584:) – Used by one of several rival societies in 1963 to 1964.
328:, the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the
223:
118:
emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2421:
801:
721:
680:
567:
525:
386:
378:
369:
333:
165:
50:
29:
1944:"Glasgow pantomime dress broke Geneva Convention 7th Jan 2011"
1732:"Using this symbol in a video game violates international law"
1194:
2637:
2602:
2535:
1104:
The use of the emblems in the United Kingdom are governed by
1084:
This restriction on the use of the emblem was added in 1995.
635:
624:
606:
588:
382:
292:
229:
977:
The protected status of these images was established in the
883:, the Red Cross still remains a symbol of medicine, used on
649:) – Founded in 1893, but adopted the Red Cross in 1906.
187:, medical services, products, or professionals; it has been
61:
The emblem of the International Committee of the Red Cross (
2766:
2316:
1099:
1011:, section 9(1), paragraphs f, g, g.1, and h, respectively:
560:
509:
Emblem of Magen David Adom for indicative use within Israel
486:
1126:
998:
as a trademark, for advertising or other similar purposes.
949:, effectively ban that use.) In recognition of this fact,
740:
In Solferino, a small museum describes the history of the
724:
in 1938 officially decided to make May 8, the birthday of
311:
164:, which was established in 1899 and has been used only in
33:
In addition to the flags of individual Societies and the
1589:
1587:
577:) – Archway design submitted in 1935, but rejected.
417:
The third protocol emblem, also known as the Red Crystal
2179:
2174:
768:
was also opened in 1959. Moreover, another museum, the
148:
in 1864. The Red Crescent, which was first used by the
2076:"American Red Cross Defends Use of Emblem and Mission"
1226:
of this type, and demanded the American Red Cross pay
1584:
972:
211:—thus inappropriately suggesting an affiliation with
2126:"Johnson & Johnson Statement on Civil Complaint"
2013:"Red Cross Is Sued by J&J Over Signature Emblem"
1299:"Swiss flag or Red Cross emblem: why the confusion?"
720:
The 16th International Conference which convened in
137:(recognized since 1929; unused since 1980), and the
92:. Whether military or civilian, they are considered
1863:
1092:The use of the emblems in Singapore is governed by
393:. The national societies of some countries such as
304:, founding members of the International Committee.
2304:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
1877:. Government of Canada. 2015-01-01. Archived from
1087:
1066:
53:. The Red Crystal emblem has recently joined them.
3050:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2085:, The American National Red Cross, 10 August 2007
1970:"U.S. reservations to the 1949 Geneva Convention"
1177:Geneva Distinctive Emblems Protection Act of 2006
829:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
123:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
3041:
3006:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
2066:, The American National Red Cross, 8 August 2007
1386:
1384:
1296:
1171:(which had received advice and consent from the
1034:or the expression “Red Cross” or “Geneva Cross”;
686:
1810:
1567:
1436:
1002:
770:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum
47:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum
1775:Implementing Laws and Regulations, New Zealand
2203:
1381:
819:armed forces medical personnel and equipment;
631:, but abandoned in favor of the Red Crescent.
224:Protection symbols vs. organizational emblems
3001:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
1846:"1st Geneva Convention. Chapter VII. Art 44"
1757:Implementing Laws and Regulations, Australia
1468:
1268:List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1120:extended the protection to the Red Crystal.
642:, but rejected in favor of the Red Crescent.
195:have come to be used instead. Additionally,
1811:Kindersley Ltd., Dorling (6 January 2009).
1357:Journal of the American Medical Association
1196:Johnson & Johnson v. American Red Cross
2613:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
2210:
2196:
2097:"Johnson & Johnson sues the Red Cross"
620:, but abandoned in favor of the Red Cross.
599:, but abandoned in favor of the Red Cross.
218:
1871:"Trade-marks Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. T-13)"
1524:
1522:
1324:
1314:
945:to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, as noted
699:or "With humanity, towards peace". While
550:
465:(PRCS) and the Israeli National Society,
2180:International Committee of the Red Cross
1655:International Committee of the Red Cross
1504:(in Persian). 2004-12-14. Archived from
1420:International Committee of the Red Cross
1200:
1138:On 6 June 1900, the bill to charter the
1100:Use of the emblems in the United Kingdom
833:International Committee of the Red Cross
795:
787:
538:) symbol of the national aid society of
512:
504:
476:
412:
347:
315:
282:
72:
56:
40:
28:
1704:
1127:Use of the emblems in the United States
1110:Geneva Conventions (Amendment) Act 1995
715:
448:For indicative use on foreign territory
312:Relationship to the flag of Switzerland
188:
14:
3042:
2154:Claim Over Red Cross Symbol Is Settled
1519:
1309:(13). London, UK: BioMed Central: 13.
500:
67:Comité international de la croix rouge
2191:
2094:
1994:. US Government Printing Office. 2007
783:
766:International Museum of the Red Cross
493:symbol for its national society, the
300:, a Swiss surgeon, and Swiss General
100:by parties to a conflict. They use a
84:carry out humanitarian work and are "
2643:The State of the Humanitarian System
2217:
730:World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day
582:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
96:and may not be attacked or taken as
1705:Messner, Steven (16 January 2017).
1496:"دوره دوم(1301ـ1327) تأسيس و تثبيت"
1264:, founder of the Red Cross movement
1131:A notable exception to this is the
1071:The Hong Kong Red Cross Ordinance (
472:
425:(previously referred to as the Red
24:
2893:The State of the World's Cash 2020
2818:Central African Republic Civil War
973:International protection of images
946:
899:marked with a red cross. In 2017,
271:can be used by the Israel society
25:
3076:
2556:Koyamada International Foundation
2168:
1551:"Red Cross votes to admit Israel"
1257:Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)
1217:(J&J) filed suit against the
869:U.S. Department of Transportation
442:Within its own national territory
3023:
1657:. 3 October 2013. Archived from
1369:10.1001/jama.1915.02580040063033
1094:Geneva Conventions Act (Cap 117)
754:International Red Cross Memorial
2909:Attacks on humanitarian workers
2368:Inter-Agency Standing Committee
2147:
2118:
2088:
2069:
2050:
2031:
2005:
1984:
1962:
1936:
1914:
1900:"Hong Kong Red Cross Ordinance"
1892:
1838:
1804:
1786:
1768:
1750:
1724:
1698:
1673:
1643:
1618:
1596:
1561:
1543:
1297:Philip F. Stahel (7 May 2013).
1280:, emblem of Daoist aid movement
1088:Use of the emblems in Singapore
1067:Use of the emblems in Hong Kong
671:was formed in China during the
343:
2924:Health Care In Danger Campaign
2823:Western African Ebola outbreak
2506:International Rescue Committee
2363:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
2252:International humanitarian law
1568:António Martins (1999-03-05).
1488:
1455:
1430:
1408:
1345:
1290:
1181:United States Attorney General
463:Palestine Red Crescent Society
408:
174:Palestine Red Crescent Society
156:, which had been used only in
90:international humanitarian law
13:
1:
2871:Sexual exploitation and abuse
2747:German Federal Foreign Office
2325:History of the United Nations
2095:Foley, Stephen (2007-08-10).
1922:"Geneva Conventions Act 1957"
1604:"Historia(s) de la Cruz Roja"
1284:
687:Mottos and mission statements
616:) – Suggested after the
133:(recognized since 1929), the
129:(recognized since 1864), the
2986:2015 European migrant crisis
2914:Aid Worker Security Database
2788:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
2660:Global Humanitarian Overview
2132:. 2007-08-10. Archived from
1501:Iranian Red Crescent Society
1392:"The history of the emblems"
1003:Use of the emblems in Canada
597:Indian independence movement
481:The Red Lion with Sun symbol
278:
193:derivatives and alternatives
7:
2501:International Medical Corps
2373:Humanitarian Cluster System
1814:Complete Flags of the World
1798:September 30, 2007, at the
1780:September 30, 2007, at the
1762:September 30, 2007, at the
1250:
1140:American National Red Cross
1106:Geneva Conventions Act 1957
10:
3081:
2991:Detention Centres in Libya
2876:Core Humanitarian Standard
2608:Network for Refugee Voices
2582:Global Refugee-Led Network
1628:. Icrc.org. Archived from
1441:. Henry Dunant Institute.
1230:and J&J's legal fees.
831:organizations such as the
758:Castiglione delle Stiviere
735:
595:design proposed after the
524:, the national society of
3019:
2978:
2960:International development
2947:
2929:Kunduz hospital airstrike
2901:
2856:
2775:
2729:
2668:
2625:
2590:
2564:
2531:Norwegian Refugee Council
2473:
2435:
2394:
2385:
2348:World Humanitarian Summit
2338:
2314:
2267:
2260:
2225:
1532:. Seiyaku.com. 1945-03-10
1353:"Queries and Minor Notes"
1303:Patient Safety in Surgery
1209:On 9 August 2007, in the
909:, have been contacted by
903:, creators of indie game
141:(recognized since 2005).
2833:South Sudanese Civil War
2808:2011 East Africa drought
2521:Médecins Sans Frontières
2486:Catholic Relief Services
2103:. London. Archived from
1817:. Penguin. p. 235.
1437:Pierre Boissier (1985).
705:Per Humanitatem ad Pacem
697:Per Humanitatem ad Pacem
638:) – Proposed after
495:Red Lion and Sun Society
179:In popular culture, the
2939:Dolo hospital airstrike
2783:Chinese Famine of 1870s
2330:1951 Refugee Convention
2247:Humanitarian principles
1481:10 January 2008 at the
979:First Geneva Convention
360:from 1877 to 1878, the
352:The Red Crescent symbol
219:Symbols of the movement
146:First Geneva Convention
2919:World Humanitarian Day
2793:Ethiopian famine 1980s
2626:Analysis and reporting
2496:Danish Refugee Council
2474:International agencies
1316:10.1186/1754-9493-7-13
1206:
1112:and several Orders as
1082:
1048:Geneva Conventions Act
805:
793:
551:Other proposed symbols
518:
510:
482:
418:
353:
321:
288:
152:in the 1870s, and the
109:
70:
66:
54:
38:
2881:Sphere (organization)
2803:2010 Haiti earthquake
2721:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
2481:Action Against Hunger
2455:The Federation (IFRC)
2288:A Memory of Solferino
2130:Johnson & Johnson
1463:third Protocol emblem
1215:Johnson & Johnson
1205:Flag of the Red Cross
1204:
1148:Johnson & Johnson
1114:Statutory Instruments
1077:
935:intellectual property
901:Introversion Software
879:, inherited from the
877:post-Soviet countries
799:
791:
516:
508:
480:
416:
351:
319:
286:
201:registered the symbol
197:Johnson & Johnson
76:
60:
44:
32:
2650:The New Humanitarian
1992:"Public Law 109-481"
1875:Justice Laws Website
1173:United States Senate
853:The Living Daylights
808:As specified by the
760:, a small town near
750:Ossario di Solferino
716:Annual commemoration
669:Red Swastika Society
336:that the flag was a
287:The Red Cross symbol
2934:Airstrikes on Yemen
2282:Battle of Solferino
1606:. Mundocruzroja.org
871:developed the blue
778:Henry Dunant Museum
742:Battle of Solferino
645:Sapa Unalom Daeng (
501:Red Shield of David
485:From 1924 to 1980,
389:populations except
330:flag of Switzerland
246:protection markings
3065:Medical neutrality
2730:Donors and funding
2465:Protective Emblems
2460:National Societies
2437:Red Cross Movement
2299:Geneva Conventions
2294:Red Cross Movement
2268:1850s, Creation of
2159:The New York Times
2081:2007-08-18 at the
2062:2008-03-07 at the
2043:2016-03-09 at the
1632:on 15 October 2007
1219:American Red Cross
1207:
1156:Geneva Conventions
865:American Red Cross
823:military chaplains
810:Geneva Conventions
806:
794:
784:Use of the emblems
701:Inter Arma Caritas
693:Inter Arma Caritas
618:Lebanese Civil War
519:
511:
483:
454:For protective use
419:
354:
322:
289:
261:Geneva Conventions
114:Geneva Conventions
110:
71:
55:
39:
3037:
3036:
3011:Aid effectiveness
2902:Aid worker safety
2838:Rohingya genocide
2776:Major emergencies
2686:Christos Christou
2621:
2620:
2546:Save the Children
2516:Médecins du Monde
2445:Seville Agreement
2381:
2380:
2235:in conflict zones
1738:. 17 January 2017
1661:on 28 August 2009
1448:978-2-88044-012-1
911:British Red Cross
629:British Red Cross
358:Russo-Turkish War
324:According to the
162:Red Star of David
86:protected persons
78:Medical personnel
16:(Redirected from
3072:
3030:World portal
3028:
3027:
2979:Related articles
2848:Yemeni Civil War
2843:Syrian civil war
2696:Martin Griffiths
2392:
2391:
2265:
2264:
2230:Humanitarian aid
2219:Humanitarian aid
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2163:
2162:, June 18, 2008.
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2019:. 10 August 2007
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:. 7 January 2011
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1808:
1802:
1790:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1685:Red Cross Canada
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1557:. June 22, 2006.
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1492:
1486:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1363:(4): 354. 1915.
1349:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1318:
1294:
1228:punitive damages
1158:with a specific
1016:Prohibited marks
906:Prison Architect
623:Red Rhinoceros (
573:Mehrab-e-Ahmar (
522:Magen David Adom
473:Red Lion and Sun
467:Magen David Adom
338:Christian symbol
273:Magen David Adom
181:red cross symbol
170:Magen David Adom
154:Red Lion and Sun
135:Red Lion and Sun
98:prisoners of war
21:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3055:Medical symbols
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3022:
3015:
2974:
2943:
2897:
2886:Sphere Handbook
2858:
2852:
2771:
2725:
2701:Jemilah Mahmood
2691:Winnie Byanyima
2664:
2617:
2586:
2560:
2469:
2431:
2387:
2377:
2341:reform attempts
2340:
2334:
2310:
2269:
2256:
2242:Humanitarianism
2221:
2216:
2185:
2171:
2166:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2101:The Independent
2093:
2089:
2083:Wayback Machine
2074:
2070:
2064:Wayback Machine
2055:
2051:
2045:Wayback Machine
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1800:Wayback Machine
1791:
1787:
1782:Wayback Machine
1773:
1769:
1764:Wayback Machine
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1483:Wayback Machine
1473:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1431:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1273:Protective sign
1253:
1199:
1129:
1102:
1090:
1069:
1009:Trade-marks Act
1005:
975:
956:retroactive law
786:
738:
718:
689:
591:) – Hindu
553:
503:
475:
411:
346:
314:
281:
269:Shield of David
226:
221:
189:unlawfully used
102:protective sign
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3035:
3034:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:Crisis mapping
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2970:Neocolonialism
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2948:Related fields
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Typhoon Haiyan
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:James Orbinski
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2669:Notable people
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2591:Local agencies
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Guardian Girls
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Islamic Relief
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2169:External links
2167:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2117:
2087:
2068:
2049:
2030:
2004:
1983:
1961:
1935:
1913:
1891:
1862:
1837:
1823:
1803:
1785:
1767:
1749:
1723:
1697:
1672:
1642:
1617:
1595:
1583:
1572:. Crwflags.com
1560:
1542:
1518:
1487:
1467:
1454:
1447:
1429:
1407:
1380:
1344:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1198:
1193:
1128:
1125:
1108:as amended by
1101:
1098:
1089:
1086:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1018:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
991:
987:
981:which states:
974:
971:
939:eminent domain
927:United Kingdom
885:first-aid kits
841:
840:
826:
820:
817:
785:
782:
737:
734:
717:
714:
688:
685:
665:
664:
659:Red Triangle (
657:
650:
643:
632:
621:
610:
600:
585:
578:
571:
564:
552:
549:
531:Mehrab-e-Ahmar
502:
499:
474:
471:
458:
457:
451:
445:
410:
407:
381:, followed by
362:Ottoman Empire
345:
342:
320:The Swiss flag
313:
310:
280:
277:
254:indicative use
250:protective use
225:
222:
220:
217:
172:alongside the
150:Ottoman Empire
94:non-combatants
82:armed conflict
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:organizations
2384:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Grand Bargain
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:the Red Cross
2266:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2136:on 2016-01-12
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2107:on 2007-12-30
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2047:8 August 2007
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1924:. Opsi.gov.uk
1923:
1917:
1901:
1895:
1881:on 2016-05-18
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1824:9780756654863
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1508:on 2009-04-04
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:United States
1124:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
997:
992:
988:
984:
983:
982:
980:
970:
968:
964:
963:flag of Tonga
959:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
908:
907:
902:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:safety orange
857:
855:
854:
849:
844:
838:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
813:
811:
803:
800:Ambulance in
798:
790:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
733:
731:
727:
723:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
557:
556:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
515:
507:
498:
496:
492:
488:
479:
470:
468:
464:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
415:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
350:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
318:
309:
305:
303:
299:
294:
285:
276:
274:
270:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Lion with Sun
235:
231:
216:
214:
210:
206:
205:United States
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
115:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
64:
59:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
3021:
2965:Peacekeeping
2955:Human Rights
2866:CHS Alliance
2859:power, abuse
2798:2004 tsunami
2711:Peter Maurer
2572:NEAR Network
2551:World Vision
2464:
2386:Humanitarian
2358:Localisation
2339:21st-century
2286:
2277:Henry Dunant
2184:
2157:
2149:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:the original
2120:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2100:
2090:
2071:
2052:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1894:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:the original
1874:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1813:
1806:
1788:
1770:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1654:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1598:
1574:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1499:
1490:
1485:, 22-06-2006
1470:
1462:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1410:
1402:
1396:. Retrieved
1372:. Retrieved
1360:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1278:Red Swastika
1262:Henri Dunant
1245:
1241:
1232:
1208:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1169:Protocol III
1165:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1103:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1006:
976:
960:
951:Protocol III
943:reservations
916:
904:
893:
881:Soviet Union
873:Star of Life
858:
851:
845:
842:
835:(ICRC), the
807:
746:Risorgimento
739:
726:Henry Dunant
719:
710:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
666:
640:World War II
554:
545:
529:
520:
491:Lion and Sun
484:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
420:
401:(1975), and
355:
344:Red Crescent
323:
306:
302:Henri Dufour
290:
265:
258:
253:
249:
240:and the Red
227:
180:
178:
143:
138:
134:
131:Red Crescent
130:
126:
117:
111:
26:
3060:Red symbols
2681:Jan Egeland
2565:Consortiums
2526:Mercy Corps
2395:UN agencies
1690:25 November
1185:injunctions
1160:reservation
931:rule of law
923:New Zealand
744:and of the
673:Warlord era
667:In 1922, a
661:Netherlands
612:Red Cedar (
587:Red Wheel (
575:Afghanistan
559:Red Flame (
540:Afghanistan
536:Red Archway
489:used a Red
409:Red Crystal
364:used a Red
356:During the
298:Louis Appia
213:Switzerland
139:Red Crystal
18:Red Crystal
3044:Categories
2857:Standards,
2140:2010-05-01
2111:2010-05-01
2023:30 October
1998:2018-03-16
1976:30 October
1972:. Icrc.org
1954:30 October
1928:30 October
1906:30 October
1902:. Hklii.hk
1885:2016-05-18
1856:2014-11-29
1665:30 October
1636:2007-10-08
1610:30 October
1576:30 October
1536:2009-04-14
1512:2007-08-14
1398:2009-04-14
1374:2018-03-16
1285:References
1183:to obtain
925:, and the
889:ambulances
652:Red Star (
634:Red Palm (
603:Hakuai Sha
580:Red Lamb (
403:Bangladesh
236:, the Red
232:, the Red
209:Swiss flag
112:Under the
80:during an
2757:ECHO (EU)
2752:FCDO (UK)
2706:Hugo Slim
2676:Degan Ali
2655:ReliefWeb
1742:29 August
1716:29 August
1223:trademark
1221:alleging
1073:Cap. 1129
933:to seize
919:Australia
848:first aid
762:Solferino
566:Red Sun (
391:Indonesia
279:Red Cross
244:serve as
185:first aid
127:Red Cross
106:war crime
2828:Iraq War
2079:Archived
2060:Archived
2041:Archived
1948:BBC News
1850:ICRC.org
1830:9 August
1796:Archived
1778:Archived
1760:Archived
1736:Mashable
1711:PC Gamer
1555:BBC News
1479:Archived
1335:23648084
1251:See also
996:its flag
677:swastika
654:Zimbabwe
647:Thailand
593:swastika
399:Malaysia
397:(1974),
395:Pakistan
374:de facto
366:Crescent
291:The Red
234:Crescent
88:" under
2261:History
1425:armies.
1326:3663670
1236:license
1080:designs
804:in 2015
736:Museums
614:Lebanon
431:Diamond
429:or Red
427:Lozenge
423:Crystal
242:Crystal
2762:Turkey
2422:UNICEF
1821:
1445:
1333:
1323:
967:canton
897:health
802:Moscow
776:, the
774:Heiden
764:, the
722:London
681:Dharma
675:. The
568:Persia
526:Israel
387:Muslim
379:Turkey
370:Russia
334:Turkey
166:Israel
116:, the
63:French
51:Geneva
2742:USAID
2638:ALNAP
2603:Adeso
2536:Oxfam
2402:UNHCR
2315:Post
1044:(g.1)
1021:9 (1)
947:below
636:Syria
625:Sudan
607:Japan
589:India
383:Egypt
293:Cross
230:Cross
2767:OECD
2737:CERF
2598:BRAC
2577:CALP
2491:CARE
2450:ICRC
2407:OCHA
2317:WWII
2025:2014
1978:2014
1956:2014
1930:2014
1908:2014
1832:2014
1819:ISBN
1744:2023
1718:2023
1692:2016
1667:2014
1612:2014
1578:2014
1443:ISBN
1331:PMID
961:The
887:and
561:Siam
487:Iran
326:ICRC
199:has
158:Iran
35:ICRC
2633:ODI
2427:WHO
2417:WFP
2412:IOM
2017:WSJ
1365:doi
1321:PMC
1311:doi
1054:(h)
1038:(g)
1031:(f)
732:".
49:in
3046::
2156:,
2128:.
2099:.
2015:.
1946:.
1873:.
1848:.
1734:.
1709:.
1683:.
1653:.
1586:^
1553:.
1521:^
1465:."
1422:.
1418:.
1401:.
1383:^
1361:65
1359:.
1355:.
1337:.
1329:.
1319:.
1305:.
1301:.
1213:,
1116:.
1096:.
969:.
958:.
921:,
891:.
340:.
215:.
176:.
65::
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
2143:.
2114:.
2027:.
2001:.
1980:.
1958:.
1932:.
1910:.
1888:.
1859:.
1834:.
1746:.
1720:.
1694:.
1669:.
1639:.
1614:.
1580:.
1539:.
1515:.
1451:.
1377:.
1367::
1313::
1307:7
825:;
656:)
605:(
534:(
108:.
69:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
