5540:
of
Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
3521:
2473:.) Thus, by a shrewd timing of elections, in a parliamentary system, a party can extend its rule for longer than is feasible in a presidential system. This problem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for parliamentary elections, as is the case in several of Australia's state parliaments. In other systems, such as the Dutch and the Belgian, the ruling party or coalition has some flexibility in determining the election date. Conversely, flexibility in the timing of parliamentary elections can avoid periods of legislative gridlock that can occur in a fixed period presidential system. In any case, voters ultimately have the power to choose whether to vote for the ruling party or someone else.
5060:
4157:
3406:
3510:
5050:
5083:
1554:
3542:
1333:
3671:
3342:
3224:
1567:
3073:
4243:
3464:
3096:
4314:
3500:
5147:
5009:
1632:
4748:
4721:
3532:
3033:
5115:
3374:
3128:
1619:
808:
33:
8877:
8361:
8350:
4699:
3605:
4874:
4633:
4149:
4050:
3063:
2985:
1485:
3556:
3160:
4933:
4265:
3932:
3649:
3256:
2941:
2915:
1606:
4911:
4842:
4082:
4028:
3438:
1880:
1658:
2671:
2599:
2492:
4413:
4677:
4537:
4509:
4487:
4287:
4204:
3964:
3579:
3310:
3278:
1854:
1593:
5201:
4381:
4349:
4219:
4182:
4114:
3908:
3710:
3007:
2963:
1773:
1645:
2304:
1424:
1234:
4889:
4611:
3856:
3798:
3192:
1958:
4771:
4589:
4465:
3627:
1730:
5179:
4655:
4002:
4435:
1786:
2802:
3882:
3776:
4981:
1927:
4802:
4563:
1683:
4955:
3830:
3742:
1867:
1799:
1580:
8889:
2744:
2370:
1532:
prime minister and other ministers to be a member of the legislature, in other countries like Canada and the United
Kingdom this only exists as a convention, some other countries including Norway, Sweden and the Benelux countries require a sitting member of the legislature to resign such positions upon being appointed to the executive.
2730:, he writes that an advantage of presidential systems is their ability to allow and accommodate more diverse viewpoints. He states that because "legislators are not compelled to vote against their constituents on matters of local concern, parties can serve as organizational and roll-call cuing vehicles without forcing out dissidents."
2655:
does have its drawbacks. For instance, the flip-flopping of legislation back and forth as the majority in parliament changed between the
Conservatives and Labour over the period 1940–1980, contesting over the nationalisation and privatisation of the British Steel Industry resulted in major instability for the British steel sector.
5296:
6587:
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
2255:
Parliamentary systems like that found in the United
Kingdom are widely considered to be more flexible, allowing a rapid change in legislation and policy as long as there is a stable majority or coalition in parliament, allowing the government to have 'few legal limits on what it can do' When combined
2095:
which operates under a stricter separation of powers, whereby the executive does not form part of—nor is appointed by—the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, parliaments or congresses do not select or dismiss heads of government, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as
2654:
The ability for strong parliamentary governments to push legislation through with the ease of fused power systems such as in the United
Kingdom, whilst positive in allowing rapid adaptation when necessary e.g. the nationalisation of services during the world wars, in the opinion of some commentators
5539:
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in
England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House
2440:
to be unnatural, as it can potentially allow a president who has disappointed the public with a dismal performance in the second year of his term to continue on until the end of his four-year term. Under a parliamentary system, a prime minister that has lost support in the middle of his term can be
1531:
Implementations of the parliamentary system can also differ as to how the prime minister and government are appointed and whether the government needs the explicit approval of the parliament, rather than just the absence of its disapproval. While most parliamentary systems such as India require the
2572:
large enough to amend the
Hungarian constitution, there was no institution that was able to balance the concentration of power. In a presidential system it would require at least two separate elections to create the same effect; the presidential election, and the legislative election, and that the
2277:
saying "the president blames
Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington". Furthermore, ministers of the U.K. cabinet are subject to weekly Question Periods in which their actions/policies are scrutinised; no such regular
6586:
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in
Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
2464:
Although Bagehot praised parliamentary governments for allowing an election to take place at any time, the lack of a definite election calendar can be abused. Under some systems, such as the British, a ruling party can schedule elections when it believes that it is likely to retain power, and so
5292:
2573:
president's party has the legislative supermajority required for constitutional amendments. Safeguards against this situation implementable in both systems include the establishment of an upper house or a requirement for external ratification of constitutional amendments such as a
2272:
The United Kingdom's fused power system is often noted to be advantageous with regard to accountability. The centralised government allows for more transparency as to where decisions originate from, this contrasts with the American system with Treasury Secretary
2563:
in Hungary has been claimed to show how parliamentary systems can be subverted. The situation in Hungary was according to Fontaine allowed by the deficient separation of powers that characterises parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Once
2000:
In Israel, parliament may vote to dissolve itself in order to call an election, or the prime minister may call a snap election with presidential consent if his government is deadlocked. A non-passage of the budget automatically calls a snap
2162:, Pakistan and Bangladesh have enacted laws that prohibit floor crossing or switching parties after the election. Under these laws, elected representatives will lose their seat in the parliament if they go against their party in votes.
1543:
are the leaders of the largest party in parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state (be it the monarch, the governor-general, or the president). This system is used
1058:. The gradual democratisation of parliament with the broadening of the voting franchise increased parliament's role in controlling government, and in deciding whom the king could ask to form a government. By the 19th century, the
2858:
All current parliamentary democracies see the indirect election or appointment of their head of government. As a result, the electorate has limited power to remove or install the person or party wielding the most power. Although
4404:
is later appointed by the President of the Republic under proposal of the approved Prime Minister candidate. The Riigikogu may remove the Prime Minister and any other member of the government through a motion of no confidence.
1409:) allow outsiders to be appointed to the Ministry through an appointed Upper House, although a majority of Ministers (which, by necessity, includes the Prime Minister) must come from within (the lower house of) Parliament.
1073:
of government, with an executive answerable to the lower house of a bicameral parliament, and exercising, in the name of the head of state, powers nominally vested in the head of state – hence the use of phrases such as
976:
The first written record of a parliament, in particular in the sense of an assembly separate from the population called in presence of a King was 1188 Alfonso IX, King of Leon (Spain) convened the three states in the
985:
were the first parliament of Europe that officially obtained the power to pass legislation, apart from the custom. An early example of parliamentary government developed in today's Netherlands and Belgium during the
901:, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is from the legislature. In a few countries, the head of government is also head of state but is elected by the legislature. In
1905:, the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (
2260:, this system produces the classic "Westminster model" with the twin virtues of strong but responsive party government. This electoral system providing a strong majority in the House of Commons, paired with the
1501:
The Western European parliamentary model (e.g., Spain, Germany) tends to have a more consensual debating system and usually has semi-circular debating chambers. Consensus systems have more of a tendency to use
1114:
have severed institutional ties to Great Britain by becoming republics with their own ceremonial Presidents, but retain the Westminster system of government. The idea of parliamentary accountability and
1514:. Most Western European countries do not employ strict monism, and allow extra-parliamentary ministers as a matter of course. The Netherlands, Slovakia and Sweden outright implement the principle of
2191:
have weak or non-existent checks on the legislative power of their Parliaments, where any newly approved Act shall take precedence over all prior Acts. All laws are equally unentrenched, wherein
2008:
against the government, a supermajority vote in favour of an early election or a prolonged deadlock in parliament. These requirements can still be circumvented. For example, in Germany in 2005,
1086:). Such a system became particularly prevalent in older British dominions, many of which had their constitutions enacted by the British parliament; such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the
7818:
5835:
1212:. The experiences of the war in the occupied nations where the legitimate democratic governments were allowed to return strengthened the public commitment to parliamentary principles; in
1763:
votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state. This system is used in:
2551:, parliamentary systems in Europe have yielded very powerful heads of government which is rather what is often criticized about presidential systems. Fontaine compares United Kingdom's
2242:
Parliamentarism metrics allow a quantitative comparison of the strength of parliamentary systems for individual countries. One parliamentarism metric is the Parliamentary Powers Index.
76:
4227:
In theory, chancellor and ministers are appointed by the President. As a practical matter, they are unable to govern without the support (or at least toleration) of a majority in the
5428:
2432:
praised parliamentary governments for producing serious debates, for allowing for a change in power without an election, and for allowing elections at any time. Bagehot considered
8250:
1944:
Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation, and whose procedure can also be described as of a
1909:) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote against the candidate (i.e. they can be elected even if more members of parliament vote
882:. This is in contrast to a presidential system, which features a president who is not fully accountable to the legislature, and cannot be replaced by a simple majority vote.
2165:
In the UK parliament, a member is free to cross over to a different party. In Canada and Australia, there are no restraints on legislators switching sides. In New Zealand,
4862:
listens to the parties in the Assembly of the Republic and invites someone to form a government, usually the leader of the biggest party. Then the president swears in the
2863:
may enable the party of the prime minister to be removed or empowered, this can be at the expense of voters first preferences in the many parliamentary systems utilising
6213:
4338:
4326:
7811:
116:
6129:
6107:
2754:
2380:
2104:
that draws on both presidential systems and parliamentary systems by combining a powerful president with an executive responsible to parliament: for example, the
4826:
semi-presidential – the President of Poland has the power to veto legislation passed by parliament and can dissolve the parliament under certain conditions. The
5969:
7737:
6483:
7804:
6453:
3415:
6187:
3423:
2891:
5561:
3419:
1401:. Most Westminster systems employ strict monism, where Ministers must be members of Parliament simultaneously; while some Westminster systems, such as
6672:
5809:
2169:
provides that MPs who switch parties or are expelled from their party may be expelled from Parliament at the request of their former party's leader.
1133:, partially imposed by the democratic victors, the United States, Great Britain and France, on the defeated countries and their successors, notably
1704:
to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days. If said leader fails to obtain the confidence of parliament, then the leader of the
6074:
1365:
and countries which were influenced by the British political tradition. These parliaments tend to have a more adversarial style of debate and the
3473:
3105:
234:
6600:
5831:
5616:
2765:
2391:
7984:
4623:
3427:
2470:
109:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
6243:
8255:
8245:
5522:
2227:
1205:
5420:
1216:, a new constitution was written in 1953, while a long and acrimonious debate in Norway resulted in no changes being made to that country's
1756:
6266:
2441:
easily replaced by his own peers with a more popular alternative, as the Conservative Party in the UK did with successive prime ministers
5373:
2875:
962:
date back to Europe in the Middle Ages. The earliest example of a parliament is disputed, especially depending how the term is defined.
5497:
1977:
Furthermore, there are variations as to what conditions exist (if any) for the government to have the right to dissolve the parliament:
8354:
8265:
5874:
3722:
is nominated by a political party that has secured the best results in the parliamentary election. The nominee must be approved by the
3351:
2577:. Fontaine also notes as a warning example of the flaws of parliamentary systems that if the United States had a parliamentary system,
1161:
increasingly impossible to ignore; these forces came to dominate many states that transitioned to parliamentarism, particularly in the
836:
2681:
2609:
2505:
to this section by making broad generalisations based solely on one citation, and looking solely at one country's parliamentary system
2502:
8397:
8320:
6785:
3359:
2039:
6513:
2230:– bypassing the 2/3rd supermajority required for an early dissolution under the FTPA -, which enabled the early dissolution for the
7881:
7682:
4447:
2226:(FTPA), these can be bypassed through the enactment of another that amends or ignores these supermajorities away, such as with the
1010:
17:
8614:
5156:
4919:
3355:
3113:
2559:
noting the former head of government was much more powerful despite governing under a parliamentary system. The rise to power of
2140:
2136:
2047:
8260:
8201:
7871:
5023:
1094:. Some of these parliaments were reformed from, or were initially developed as distinct from their original British model: the
6209:
6665:
6284:
5759:
5732:
5510:
Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
5367:
5019:
4401:
3477:
3109:
2565:
2325:
1445:
1397:. Regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a
1251:
941:
6041:
5594:
2867:, or having no effect in dislodging those parties who consistently form part of a coalition government, as with the current
8295:
8280:
5455:
5164:
5124:
5027:
4967:
2231:
4761:
1048:'s inability to speak English led to the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the leading minister, literally the
8275:
8211:
5399:
5237:
5092:
4855:
4095:
3363:
3319:
3287:
2694:
2622:
2515:
1698:
The head of state appoints the leader of the political party holding a plurality of seats in parliament as prime minister
1382:
1006:, and later in Europe and elsewhere in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the expansion of like institutions, and beyond
227:
7013:
6140:
6099:
5999:
8330:
7979:
5803:
5705:
5678:
5491:
5160:
4231:. The cabinet is politically answerable to the National Council and can be dismissed by the National Council through a
3784:
3591:
3535:
3201:
973:
first gathered around the year 930 (it conducted its business orally, with no written record allowing an exact date).
8310:
8305:
8285:
8110:
6454:"Arturo Fontaine: "Si se estableciera el semipresidencialismo, a poco andar el pueblo sentiría que ha sido engañado""
6035:
5985:
5868:
5649:
5588:
5340:
5272:
4729:
4663:
4641:
3066:
2868:
2845:
2783:
2713:
2641:
2534:
2409:
2351:
1471:
1273:
1018:
991:
704:
2827:
2333:
1700:. For example, in Greece, if no party has a majority, the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an
1453:
8921:
8893:
8364:
8300:
7832:
7269:
6658:
5465:
4277:
3481:
3383:
3137:
2196:
2128:
2124:
1349:
310:
1522:, where Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon being appointed (or elected) minister.
8335:
6179:
5232:
5132:
4322:
3731:
3723:
3661:
3391:
3145:
2953:
2466:
2223:
2204:
2096:
may be the case for parliaments (although the parliament may still be able to dissolve itself, as in the case of
1902:
6165:
1510:
than the Westminster Model legislatures. The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the
8931:
8270:
8027:
7715:
7518:
5031:
4822:
from the largest party or coalition as the head of government. However, the Polish system is often regarded as
3976:
3485:
3117:
2993:
2949:
2812:
2437:
2329:
2200:
1449:
1255:
937:
829:
699:
477:
325:
220:
3992:
3700:
in which the premier is appointed by the president. The Legislative Yuan may vote for motion of no confidence.
2465:
avoid elections at times of unpopularity. (From 2011, election timing in the UK was partially fixed under the
8674:
8528:
8390:
8181:
7649:
5187:
5128:
5100:
5035:
4330:
4273:
3387:
3264:
3169:
3141:
3015:
2076:
2020:
714:
5553:
3520:
8290:
7846:
7771:
7704:
7523:
7249:
5252:
5022:(MP) and of the political party which commands or is likely to command the confidence of a majority of the
4963:
4941:
4495:
3988:
3920:. He appoints the Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim) and the cabinet. The Parliament thereafter approves the
3689:
in which the premier is nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan.
3446:
463:
295:
266:
6553:
8936:
8757:
8315:
8196:
8077:
7957:
7776:
7671:
6780:
6068:"The Anti-Defection Law – Intent and Impact Background Note for the Conference on Effective Legislatures"
5293:"The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system"
5168:
5096:
4757:
4122:
4063:
3587:
3503:
3327:
3295:
2971:
2879:
2072:
1503:
1378:
767:
119:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
5922:
2057:
In Italy the government has no power to call a snap election. A snap election can only be called by the
8229:
8191:
8022:
7781:
7660:
4863:
4733:
4251:
4228:
4099:
3945:
3864:
3766:
3241:
3233:
3209:
3173:
3041:
2864:
2257:
2159:
2152:
1985:, such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand, the prime minister has the
953:
300:
271:
106:
7796:
8782:
8734:
8324:
7748:
6940:
6729:
6611:
5454:
4393:
4299:
4130:
3719:
3395:
3323:
3291:
3045:
3023:
2975:
2178:
2132:
1945:
1304:, with just one parliamentary chamber. A bicameral parliament usually consists of a directly elected
1045:
822:
427:
6549:
6509:
5059:
2012:
deliberately allowed his government to lose a confidence motion, in order to call an early election.
1369:
of parliament is more important than committees. Some parliaments in this model are elected using a
8881:
8777:
8586:
8533:
8383:
8176:
7726:
7159:
6965:
6235:
6067:
5242:
4994:
4819:
4788:
4711:
4707:
3890:
3868:
3815:
3237:
3205:
2548:
2424:
2314:
2101:
2019:
is only elected to fill out the previous Riksdag's term. The last time this option was used was in
1749:
a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment.
1434:
1394:
1041:
1014:
999:
542:
432:
5526:
2758:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2384:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
8478:
8067:
8007:
7932:
7224:
6749:
5053:
4737:
4232:
4059:
4014:
3842:
3762:
3049:
2823:
2659:
2318:
1825:
1671:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who must gain a vote of confidence within a set time.
1438:
1370:
1362:
1287:
1244:
1138:
995:
886:
472:
145:
56:
6419:
5724:
Settler Self-Government, 1840–1900: The Development of Representative and Responsible Government
2195:
may not outright annul nor amend them, as frequently occurs in other parliamentary systems like
178:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
8513:
7018:
6955:
6950:
6607:
5267:
5262:
5136:
4945:
4923:
4827:
4067:
4036:
3898:
3657:
3559:
3454:
3149:
2923:
2582:
2211:
to any bill passed by their Parliament, this check has not been exercised in Britain since the
2051:
1537:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who will likely have majority support in parliament
1297:
1217:
1185:
1166:
1116:
1083:
970:
898:
709:
651:
597:
185:
135:
66:
5695:
5525:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
5357:
2819:
2761:
2689:
2617:
2510:
2387:
1169:
and its centre-left allies dominated the government for several decades. However, the rise of
969:
consisting of prominent individuals among the free landowners of the various districts of the
8626:
8569:
8463:
8448:
8072:
8032:
7896:
7861:
7828:
7631:
7129:
6865:
5791:
5722:
5666:
5481:
5209:
5063:
4859:
4851:
4685:
4645:
4421:
4190:
4156:
4134:
3972:
3949:
3917:
3617:
3595:
3513:
3450:
3299:
3177:
2927:
2212:
2105:
2005:
1994:
1989:
power to call an election, at will. In Spain, the prime minister is the only person with the
1386:
1337:
1209:
1201:
1162:
1146:
1106:; whereas since 1950 there is no upper house in New Zealand. Many of these countries such as
1091:
1026:
1022:
902:
529:
362:
5858:
5639:
1818:
a candidate whom the head of state is constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister.
8609:
8127:
8062:
7972:
7962:
7264:
5247:
5104:
4998:
4901:
4897:
4601:
4553:
4518:
4451:
4397:
4161:
4126:
4091:
4071:
3980:
3727:
3635:
3076:
3019:
2997:
1833:
1752:
1519:
1324:
distinguish two types of parliamentary democracies: the Westminster and Consensus systems.
1154:
1099:
894:
639:
510:
500:
485:
330:
5049:
2222:
or additional legislative procedures for certain legislation, such as previously with the
8:
8926:
8862:
8631:
8619:
8576:
8186:
8144:
8098:
8012:
7952:
7693:
7309:
7134:
7008:
6945:
6930:
6524:
4811:
4473:
4358:
4303:
4295:
4103:
4040:
4010:
3953:
3811:
3268:
3181:
2931:
2433:
2112:
2092:
2035:
2031:
1859:
1377:), such as the United Kingdom, Canada, India and Malaysia, while others use some form of
1374:
1107:
1034:
1030:
1013:
is remembered as one of the figures relevant later for convening two famous parliaments.
870:
legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the
751:
661:
515:
417:
367:
305:
82:
5483:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
2009:
8827:
8166:
8154:
8149:
8105:
8055:
7912:
7891:
7886:
7420:
7239:
7164:
6935:
6724:
6714:
6383:
6375:
6332:
5213:
4780:
4689:
4597:
4579:
4571:
4522:
4499:
4455:
4425:
4400:(normally this candidate is the leader of the parliamentary coalition of parties). The
4366:
4334:
4255:
4194:
3984:
3921:
3750:
3639:
3509:
3331:
2166:
2080:
2058:
1982:
1540:
1515:
1489:
1358:
1345:
1173:
in the 1930s put an end to parliamentary democracy in Italy and Germany, among others.
913:
875:
863:
789:
382:
87:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
6402:
2218:
Whilst both the UK and New Zealand have some Acts or parliamentary rules establishing
1312:
which may be appointed or elected through a different mechanism from the lower house.
1017:, in 1258, stripped the king of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included
8729:
8709:
8654:
8206:
8161:
8137:
8120:
8017:
8002:
7967:
7917:
7585:
7548:
7479:
7430:
7304:
7033:
6744:
6387:
6367:
6324:
6280:
6031:
5991:
5981:
5864:
5799:
5755:
5728:
5701:
5674:
5645:
5584:
5487:
5363:
5336:
4792:
4545:
4477:
3894:
3872:
3819:
3245:
3213:
2552:
2274:
2264:
results in a particularly powerful government able to provide change and 'innovate'.
2084:
1841:
1390:
1095:
1070:
1044:, the monarch, in theory, chaired the cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King
905:
parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the
784:
458:
320:
315:
276:
249:
155:
5945:"The Assembleia da República as a body that exercises sovereign power / Folketinget"
990:(1581), when the sovereign, legislative and executive powers were taken over by the
978:
8789:
8636:
8604:
8581:
8417:
8171:
8132:
8093:
7595:
7450:
7139:
7119:
7053:
7023:
6998:
6960:
6739:
6568:
6425:
6359:
6316:
6272:
5965:
5896:
5191:
4971:
4667:
4575:
4018:
3846:
3810:
that has the best chance of forming a coalition is given a mandate to do so by the
3693:
3682:
2860:
2261:
2116:
1821:
1332:
1177:
1158:
1087:
1059:
734:
490:
344:
131:
5751:
Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific
2123:
which has an executive council (Byråd) as a part of the parliamentary system. The
2015:
In Sweden, the government may call a snap election at will, but the newly elected
8852:
8842:
8799:
8749:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8559:
8554:
8498:
8488:
8427:
8422:
8115:
8050:
7922:
7435:
7189:
7169:
7124:
6910:
6025:
5749:
5576:
3788:
3072:
2192:
1511:
1507:
1366:
1126:
812:
794:
619:
604:
165:
50:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
6573:
3541:
2560:
8837:
8806:
8794:
8762:
8704:
8669:
8664:
8596:
8458:
8453:
8406:
7927:
7866:
7856:
7851:
7605:
7600:
7484:
7254:
7179:
7083:
7048:
6699:
6363:
5395:
3697:
3686:
3613:
3499:
2429:
2184:
1637:
1405:, permit the appointment of extra-parliamentary Ministers, and others (such as
1321:
1193:
1134:
1103:
1055:
1050:
1003:
982:
925:
917:
690:
609:
563:
505:
175:
5359:
The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War
8915:
8847:
8772:
8724:
8549:
8508:
8503:
8483:
8473:
7626:
7234:
7093:
6885:
6815:
6719:
6371:
6328:
6276:
5995:
3838:
3524:
2569:
2556:
2450:
2442:
2219:
1895:
A public officeholder (other than the head of state or their representative)
1829:
1301:
1189:
879:
614:
592:
567:
397:
96:
3531:
2290:
study found that parliamentary systems are associated with less corruption.
2061:, following a consultation with the presidents of both houses of parliament.
1899:
a candidate, who, if approved by parliament, is appointed as prime minister.
8832:
8767:
8719:
8714:
8646:
8523:
8518:
7636:
7445:
7350:
7214:
7043:
7028:
6754:
6484:"'Teflon' Mark Rutte set for fourth Dutch term after record-breaking talks"
6429:
6053:
5450:
3941:
2578:
2208:
1496:, Germany. The Consensus system is used in most Western European countries.
1293:
1142:
987:
377:
6650:
8684:
8659:
8493:
8443:
7610:
7543:
7360:
7279:
7063:
7038:
6988:
6900:
6860:
6855:
6835:
6830:
6820:
6805:
6800:
6458:
6166:"[Columns] Anti-Defection Laws in India: Its flaws and its falls"
5396:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"
5257:
4370:
4362:
2458:
2446:
2188:
2087:, is dissolved – in effect electing all of the Parliament simultaneously.
1624:
1398:
1309:
1305:
1181:
1130:
906:
871:
681:
646:
549:
537:
402:
6554:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
6514:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
6336:
5832:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5792:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5667:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5617:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5155:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5123:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5091:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
4058:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3940:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3472:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3414:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3382:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3350:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3318:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3286:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3232:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3200:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3168:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3136:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3104:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
2131:, may hold early elections – this has only occurred with regards to the
807:
8857:
8739:
8679:
8468:
7826:
7365:
7294:
7184:
7103:
7088:
7068:
6880:
6850:
6840:
6810:
6685:
6379:
5460:
5227:
4784:
4148:
2871:
2574:
2287:
2004:
Other countries only permit an election to be called in the event of a
1402:
1258: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
959:
859:
771:
761:
756:
495:
357:
38:
5980:(in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120.
4361:
appoints, based on recommendations from the leaders of the parties in
3555:
3062:
2892:
List of countries by system of government § Parliamentary systems
1484:
1066:
deciding who was prime minister and the complexion of the government.
32:
7569:
7489:
7408:
7383:
7345:
7274:
7149:
7058:
6993:
6918:
6905:
6890:
6875:
6845:
6825:
6350:
Norris, Pippa (1995). "The Politics of Electoral Reform in Britain".
6320:
5944:
4549:
4443:
4389:
4325:
appoints usually the leader of the largest party or coalition in the
3758:
3549:
2454:
1837:
1760:
1559:
1150:
1122:
1002:, in particular in the period 1707 to 1800 and its contemporary, the
893:
is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a
854:
656:
554:
437:
392:
372:
127:
5480:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
2830:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2303:
1423:
1233:
7533:
7289:
7144:
7078:
7003:
6970:
6870:
6759:
6681:
5978:
Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques
4365:, the cabinet leader who is most likely to successfully assemble a
3754:
2065:
1885:
1663:
1611:
1111:
1098:, for instance, has since its inception more closely reflected the
867:
779:
739:
422:
407:
387:
256:
211:
8375:
5486:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9.
2816:. Nothing in the citation supports the statements in this section.
8822:
7876:
7575:
7340:
7299:
7244:
7219:
7073:
6895:
6795:
4990:
3807:
3545:
2016:
1791:
1778:
1650:
1598:
1406:
1213:
1200:) parliamentary constitutions were implemented, resulting in the
1170:
966:
921:
890:
694:
352:
203:
6024:
Frosini, Justin Orlando (2008). Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco (ed.).
2684:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
2612:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
7580:
7415:
7370:
6709:
6704:
4619:
4526:
3590:
appoints and (no sooner than one year) can dismiss through the
2878:'s 4 terms in office, despite their peak support reaching only
2151:"Anti-defection law" redirects here. For the law in India, see
2097:
2043:
2027:
1963:
1932:
1735:
1572:
1493:
1341:
1197:
929:
744:
686:
584:
6521:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
6130:"ANTI-DEFECTION LAW: A DEATH KNELL FOR PARLIAMENTARY DISSENT?"
168:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
6637:
6307:
Weaver, R. Kent (1985). "Are Parliamentary Systems Better?".
5727:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press. p. xxi.
1972:
1872:
1804:
1688:
1585:
1308:
with the power to determine the executive government, and an
1188:. In those countries occupied by the Allied democracies (the
1069:
Other countries gradually adopted what came to be called the
6421:
Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter
6407:. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
5577:"The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister"
4525:. Ministers can not even resign without being discharged by
8564:
4815:
2755:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2381:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2120:
1129:
became increasingly prevalent in Europe in the years after
933:
6424:. Policy Research Working Papers. World Bank. p. 27.
5748:
Patapan, Haig; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick Moray (2005).
4783:
appoints the MP leading the largest party or coalition in
4098:(usually the leader of the largest party or coalition) as
194: Dependent territories and places without governments
148:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
7376:
5897:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh"
2064:
Norway is unique among parliamentary systems in that the
1993:
power to call an election, granted by Article 115 of the
4818:
are elected by popular vote. The President appoints the
1539:. While in the majority of cases prime ministers in the
1526:
1062:
of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice
1751:
Example: Spain, where the King sends a proposal to the
878:
is usually, but not always, distinct from a ceremonial
6268:
The Handbook of National Legislatures: A Global Survey
5479:
5335:. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 92.
4152:
The administrative building of the Albanian Parliament
3987:. However, Myanmar is currently under the rule of the
1981:
In some countries, especially those operating under a
5075:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
4174:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3571:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3416:
House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3088:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
2907:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
1393:
is elected using proportional representation through
188:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
6601:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
5700:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 571.
5038:
on the nomination and advice of the Prime Minister.
3424:
Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2071:
In Australia, under certain, unique conditions, the
1153:
had already made the parliamentarist demands of the
1004:
Parliamentary System in Sweden between 1721 and 1772
6451:
5421:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"
4858:or the resignation of the previous government, the
2568:of the seats in Parliament in a single election, a
2278:check on the government exists in the U.S. system.
6482:
5747:
5694:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008).
4094:appoints the MP or individual nominated by in the
3924:through a vote of confidence (a simple majority).
3420:Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2581:, as head of government, could have dissolved the
2091:The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a
77:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
7887:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
5333:La Diputació del General de Catalunya (1413-1479)
2481:
138:holds significant executive and legislative power
8913:
5720:
4997:, who in turn appoints the other members of the
6452:Valenzuela Manguini, Álvaro (5 November 2021).
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
5693:
5552:Blick, Andrew; Jones, George (1 January 2012).
4369:which will not be disapproved by a majority in
3916:Maronite Christian president is elected by the
3474:House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago
3106:House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda
2158:A few parliamentary democratic nations such as
6404:Constitutional reform and effective government
5863:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5857:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5856:
5796:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5671:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5644:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5638:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5637:
5469:. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
4624:Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia
3753:appoints the leader of the political party or
2733:
2471:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
2267:
2127:are also parliamentary and which, as with the
2068:always serves the whole of its four-year term.
8391:
7812:
7738:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
6666:
5721:Fieldhouse, David; Madden, Frederick (1990).
2698:that contextualizes different points of view.
2626:that contextualizes different points of view.
2519:that contextualizes different points of view.
2228:Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019
2199:. Whilst the head of state for both nations (
830:
228:
6436:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
5834:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013.
2588:
2183:A few parliamentary democracies such as the
2172:
2038:when his or her term ends. In January 2015,
1755:for approval. Also, Germany where under the
885:Countries with parliamentary systems may be
6680:
6542:
6264:
6212:. New Zealand Parliament. 20 January 2016.
3867:approves the Crown Prince who appoints the
3428:Cabinet of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2332:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2083:, whereby all rather than only half of the
2040:this constitutional provision was exploited
1452:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1218:strongly entrenched democratic constitution
1025:pioneered some of the ideas and systems of
874:, to which they are held accountable. This
209:
201:
8398:
8384:
7933:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
7819:
7805:
6673:
6659:
6265:Fish, M. Steven; Kroenig, Matthew (2009).
5619:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013
5551:
3757:that has the support of a majority in the
3352:National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2658:
1973:Power of dissolution and call for election
837:
823:
235:
221:
6592:
6572:
6400:
6293:
6271:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5789:
5697:The Historical Foundations of World Order
5664:
5523:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
4574:grants and revokes its confidence in the
4164:, the lower chamber of Spanish Parliament
3360:Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2846:Learn how and when to remove this message
2784:Learn how and when to remove this message
2714:Learn how and when to remove this message
2642:Learn how and when to remove this message
2535:Learn how and when to remove this message
2410:Learn how and when to remove this message
2352:Learn how and when to remove this message
1472:Learn how and when to remove this message
1274:Learn how and when to remove this message
6417:
5964:
5958:
5923:"Sådan dannes en regering / Folketinget"
5774:
5058:
5048:
4155:
4147:
3814:. On success, they are appointed as the
3554:
3540:
3530:
3519:
3508:
3498:
3071:
3061:
2436:such as the four-year election rule for
2281:
1712:. If that fails, then the leader of the
1483:
1331:
928:, with other users scattered throughout
912:Parliamentary democracy is the dominant
31:
6548:
6508:
6023:
5456:"Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)"
5449:
5330:
3818:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3730:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3356:Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3114:Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
2293:
1381:, such as Ireland and New Zealand. The
14:
8914:
6480:
6352:International Political Science Review
6349:
6306:
6190:from the original on 28 September 2022
6027:Forms of State and Forms of Government
5574:
5355:
2125:devolved nations of the United Kingdom
2030:, a general election is called if the
1716:-largest political party is given the
942:local governments in the United States
37:World's states coloured by systems of
8379:
7800:
6654:
6641:
6598:
6502:
6017:
5838:from the original on 16 December 2013
5515:
4402:Government of the Republic of Estonia
4327:Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament
4074:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3956:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3478:Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
3110:Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
2146:
2111:Parliamentarianism may also apply to
1527:Appointment of the head of government
1327:
1292:A parliamentary system may be either
8888:
6246:from the original on 21 October 2022
6216:from the original on 17 October 2022
6110:from the original on 2 December 2019
5560:. Government of the United Kingdom.
5431:from the original on 23 January 2015
5402:from the original on 19 January 2015
5295:. UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013.
5171:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5165:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
5139:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5125:New Zealand House of Representatives
5107:on the advice of the Prime Minister
4730:Second Chamber of the States-General
3488:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3430:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3398:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3366:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3334:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3302:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3248:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3216:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3184:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3152:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3120:on the advice of the Prime Minister
2795:
2737:
2664:
2592:
2485:
2363:
2330:adding citations to reliable sources
2297:
2207:) has the de jure power to withhold
1720:, and so on. This system is used in:
1450:adding citations to reliable sources
1417:
1256:adding citations to reliable sources
1227:
1202:parliamentary constitutions of Italy
8405:
7892:Speaker / President of the assembly
6100:"Anti-defection law the challenges"
6080:from the original on 19 August 2019
6044:from the original on 19 August 2020
6030:. Giuffrè Editore. pp. 54–55.
5877:from the original on 19 August 2020
5779:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
5597:from the original on 19 August 2020
5564:from the original on 10 March 2016.
5554:"The Institution of Prime Minister"
5238:List of political systems in France
5093:Australian House of Representatives
5034:, who then appoints members of the
3726:and then formally appointed by the
3516:, parliament building of Bangladesh
3320:House of Representatives of Jamaica
3288:House of Representatives of Grenada
1413:
1383:Australian House of Representatives
24:
7980:International development minister
6418:Lederman, Daniel (November 2001).
5812:from the original on 1 August 2020
5741:
5443:
5376:from the original on 1 August 2020
5161:Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
3592:constructive vote of no confidence
3536:Council of Representatives of Iraq
3202:House of Representatives of Belize
3067:House of Representatives of Belize
1223:
1208:(now all of Germany) and the 1947
1078:(in constitutional monarchies) or
1021:. Later, in the 17th century, the
25:
8948:
8355:Government ministers by portfolio
8111:Ministry of Education and Culture
6633:
5860:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5641:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5500:from the original on 30 June 2020
5299:from the original on 24 June 2016
5273:Strengthened parliamentary system
4333:. The Prime Minister must gain a
4329:as Prime Minister, who forms the
2728:Are Parliamentary Systems Better?
992:States General of the Netherlands
705:Biology and political orientation
8887:
8876:
8875:
8360:
8359:
8349:
8348:
6606:. School of Law and Government,
6481:Henley, Jon (14 December 2021).
6236:"Fixed-term Parliament Act 2011"
5972:[The crowned republics]
5794:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5669:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5466:Dictionary of National Biography
5199:
5177:
5145:
5113:
5081:
5018:The Leader, almost invariably a
5007:
4979:
4953:
4931:
4909:
4887:
4872:
4840:
4830:defines the country's system as
4800:
4769:
4746:
4719:
4697:
4675:
4653:
4631:
4609:
4587:
4561:
4535:
4507:
4485:
4463:
4433:
4411:
4379:
4347:
4312:
4285:
4278:Council of Ministers of Bulgaria
4263:
4241:
4217:
4202:
4180:
4112:
4080:
4048:
4026:
4000:
3962:
3930:
3906:
3880:
3854:
3828:
3796:
3774:
3740:
3708:
3669:
3647:
3625:
3603:
3577:
3482:President of Trinidad and Tobago
3462:
3436:
3411:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3404:
3384:House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
3372:
3364:Cabinet of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3340:
3308:
3276:
3254:
3222:
3190:
3158:
3138:House of Assembly of the Bahamas
3126:
3094:
3031:
3005:
2983:
2961:
2939:
2913:
2800:
2742:
2669:
2597:
2490:
2476:
2368:
2302:
1956:
1942:Direct election by popular vote.
1925:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1728:
1681:
1656:
1643:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1578:
1565:
1552:
1422:
1232:
1184:were occupied by the victorious
1019:ordinary citizens from the towns
866:(chief executive) derives their
806:
7683:Social and political philosophy
6474:
6411:
6394:
6343:
6258:
6228:
6202:
6172:
6158:
6122:
6092:
6060:
5937:
5915:
5889:
5850:
5824:
5783:
5768:
5714:
5687:
5658:
5631:
5609:
5568:
5545:
5319:The Life and Death of Democracy
5233:List of legislatures by country
5133:Governor-General of New Zealand
4814:and the governing party in the
4552:, who is then appointed by the
4323:President of the Czech Republic
3392:Governor-General of Saint Lucia
3146:Governor-General of the Bahamas
2467:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2438:presidents of the United States
2250:
2224:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2048:trigger a snap election, win it
1903:Instrument of Government (1974)
1243:needs additional citations for
208:systems of government, not the
8028:Ministry of trade and industry
7519:Political history of the world
6642:
5970:"Les monarchies républicaines"
5583:. Princeton University Press.
5473:
5413:
5388:
5362:. Bloomsbury. pp. 173–4.
5349:
5324:
5311:
5285:
3527:, parliament building of India
3486:Cabinet of Trinidad and Tobago
3118:Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda
2950:Federal Parliamentary Assembly
2482:Incomplete separation of power
1320:Scholars of democracy such as
700:Theories of political behavior
326:Political history of the world
13:
1:
8675:Needle and syringe programmes
8529:Universal access to education
8182:Ministry of religious affairs
5278:
5129:Prime Minister of New Zealand
5101:Governor-General of Australia
4762:Government of North Macedonia
3388:Prime Minister of Saint Lucia
3170:House of Assembly of Barbados
3142:Prime Minister of the Bahamas
3016:Federal Parliament of Somalia
2245:
1157:and the emerging movement of
936:. A similar system, called a
715:Critique of political economy
158:: Monarch has unlimited power
117:Assembly-independent republic
7524:History of political thought
6401:Sundquist, James L. (1992).
6139:. March 2012. Archived from
5581:Office of the Prime Minister
5253:Rule according to higher law
4521:appoints and discharges the
3989:State Administration Council
3504:National Assembly of Armenia
2972:National Assembly of Lesotho
2885:
2566:Orbán's party got two-thirds
2469:, which was repealed by the
1708:-largest party is given the
1350:British Houses of Parliament
924:, and throughout the former
296:Outline of political science
146:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
8758:Publicly funded health care
8197:Ministry of social security
8078:Ministry of water resources
7958:Ministry of foreign affairs
7827:Common types of government
6574:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
5221:
5169:Cabinet of Papua New Guinea
5097:Prime Minister of Australia
4968:President of the Government
4450:(after nomination from the
4396:candidate nominated by the
4064:Prime Minister of Singapore
4017:who, by turn, appoints the
3567:
3328:Governor-General of Jamaica
3296:Governor-General of Grenada
3084:
3057:
2826:the claims made and adding
2734:Democratic unaccountability
2268:Scrutiny and accountability
1901:Example: Under the Swedish
1504:proportional representation
1379:proportional representation
1119:spread with these systems.
1080:His Excellency's government
998:. Significant developments
965:For example, the Icelandic
92: Presidential republic
69:with a ceremonial president
10:
8953:
8230:Minister without portfolio
8192:Ministry of social affairs
8023:Ministry of infrastructure
6364:10.1177/019251219501600105
6210:"Our system of government"
5575:Carter, Byrum E. (2015) .
5558:History of Government Blog
5044:
4734:Cabinet of the Netherlands
3946:Prime Minister of Malaysia
3785:Council of Representatives
3767:Union Council of Ministers
3676:Republic of China (Taiwan)
3242:Governor General of Canada
3234:House of Commons of Canada
3210:Governor-General of Belize
3174:Prime Minister of Barbados
3042:Parliament of South Africa
2889:
2258:first-past-the-post voting
2237:
2213:1708 Scottish Militia Bill
2176:
2153:Anti-defection law (India)
2150:
1948:. This system was used in:
1832:. Also Ireland, where the
1820:Example: Japan, where the
1285:
954:History of parliamentarism
951:
947:
938:council–manager government
301:Index of politics articles
107:Semi-presidential republic
8871:
8815:
8783:National health insurance
8748:
8735:Supervised injection site
8645:
8595:
8542:
8436:
8413:
8344:
8281:Communications ministries
8238:
8222:
8086:
8041:
7993:
7941:
7905:
7839:
7767:
7760:
7619:
7561:
7509:
7502:
7470:
7463:
7403:
7396:
7331:
7322:
7205:
7198:
7112:
6981:
6768:
6730:National unity government
6692:
6648:
5798:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
5673:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
4398:President of the Republic
4143:
3991:, which assumed power by
3324:Prime Minister of Jamaica
3292:Prime Minister of Grenada
2976:Prime Minister of Lesotho
2896:
2726:In R. Kent Weaver's book
2589:Legislative flip-flopping
2179:Parliamentary sovereignty
2173:Parliamentary sovereignty
2133:Northern Ireland Assembly
2100:). There also exists the
1946:semi-parliamentary system
1844:. This system is used in:
1828:on the nomination of the
1135:Germany's Weimar Republic
887:constitutional monarchies
59:with a ceremonial monarch
8778:Single-payer health care
8587:Universal basic services
8534:Universal basic services
8276:Climate change ministers
8177:Ministry of home affairs
7160:Environmental regulation
6966:Representative democracy
6277:10.1017/cbo9780511575655
6180:"UK Parliament glossary"
5775:Lijphart, Arend (1999).
5398:. BBC. 19 January 2015.
5331:Sánchez, Isabel (2004).
5243:Parliament in the Making
5167:, who then appoints the
5135:, who then appoints the
5103:, who then appoints the
4964:The Congress of Deputies
4856:Assembly of the Republic
4834:parliamentary republic.
4712:Government of Montenegro
4708:Parliament of Montenegro
4664:House of Representatives
4096:House of Representatives
4070:, who then appoints the
3952:, who then appoints the
3816:Prime Minister of Israel
3484:, who then appoints the
3426:, who then appoints the
3394:, who then appoints the
3362:, who then appoints the
3330:, who then appoints the
3298:, who then appoints the
3244:, who then appoints the
3238:Prime Minister of Canada
3212:, who then appoints the
3206:Prime Minister of Belize
3180:, who then appoints the
3148:, who then appoints the
3116:, who then appoints the
2425:The English Constitution
2167:waka-jumping legislation
2102:semi-presidential system
1395:single transferable vote
1361:is usually found in the
1315:
1076:Her Majesty's government
1042:Kingdom of Great Britain
1000:Kingdom of Great Britain
18:Parliamentary government
8922:Parliamentary procedure
8479:Public good (economics)
8365:Ministries by portfolio
8336:Public works ministries
8068:Ministry of electricity
8008:Ministry of the economy
7882:Office of the president
7225:Uncodified constitution
6750:Administrative division
6550:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
6510:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
5356:Jobson, Adrian (2012).
5321:, London 2009, 169–176.
5054:Parliament of Australia
4738:motion of no confidence
4300:President of Government
4233:motion of no confidence
4060:Parliament of Singapore
3763:Prime Minister of India
3681:1947 Constitution: The
3494:
2660:Political fragmentation
1917:This system is used in:
1673:This system is used in:
1371:plurality voting system
1363:Commonwealth of Nations
1288:Parliamentary procedure
1139:First Austrian Republic
1084:parliamentary republics
996:King Philip II of Spain
899:parliamentary republics
710:Political organisations
473:International relations
311:Politics by subdivision
57:Constitutional monarchy
8301:Environment ministries
8271:Agriculture ministries
8266:Presidents of assembly
8261:Deputy prime ministers
6608:Dublin City University
6430:10.1596/1813-9450-2708
6104:legalservicesindia.com
5268:Parliamentary republic
5263:Parliamentary monarchy
5137:Cabinet of New Zealand
5066:
5056:
4946:Government of Slovenia
4924:Government of Slovakia
4828:Constitution of Poland
4306:nominated by him/her.
4165:
4153:
4068:President of Singapore
4037:Parliament of Pakistan
3658:Parliament of Cambodia
3562:
3560:Parliament of Malaysia
3552:
3538:
3528:
3517:
3506:
3396:Cabinet of Saint Lucia
3150:Cabinet of the Bahamas
3079:
3069:
2924:Parliament of Botswana
2764:by rewriting it in an
2583:United States Congress
2555:to the United States'
2390:by rewriting it in an
1497:
1353:
1344:, United Kingdom. The
1298:chambers of parliament
1117:responsible government
971:Icelandic Commonwealth
242:
210:
202:
200:this chart represents
186:Provisional government
67:Parliamentary republic
8932:Political terminology
8627:Public infrastructure
8464:Public administration
8449:Free-culture movement
8296:Environment ministers
8202:Minister for Veterans
8073:Ministry of Petroleum
8033:Ministry of transport
7872:Deputy First Minister
7862:Deputy prime minister
7716:aspects of capitalism
7632:History of philosophy
7130:Unemployment benefits
6866:Military dictatorship
5777:Patterns of democracy
5210:Parliament of Vanuatu
5064:Parliament of Vanuatu
5062:
5052:
4686:Parliament of Moldova
4646:Cabinet of Luxembourg
4422:Parliament of Finland
4191:Parliament of Albania
4159:
4151:
3973:Assembly of the Union
3950:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3918:Parliament of Lebanon
3765:, who then forms the
3692:2005 Amendments: The
3618:Cabinet of Bangladesh
3596:Government of Armenia
3558:
3544:
3534:
3523:
3514:Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban
3512:
3502:
3347:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3178:President of Barbados
3075:
3065:
2692:by rewriting it in a
2620:by rewriting it in a
2513:by rewriting it in a
2282:Distribution of power
2232:2019 general election
2177:Further information:
2106:French Fifth Republic
2034:fails to elect a new
2006:vote of no confidence
1840:on the nomination of
1487:
1387:instant-runoff voting
1338:Palace of Westminster
1335:
1286:Further information:
1210:Constitution of Japan
1163:French Third Republic
1147:Industrial Revolution
1141:. Nineteenth-century
1092:Union of South Africa
1023:Parliament of England
952:Further information:
790:Political campaigning
530:Public administration
363:Collective leadership
216:degree of democracy.
46:Parliamentary systems
35:
8291:Education ministries
8128:Information minister
8063:Environment minister
7973:Ministry of interior
7963:Immigration minister
7650:Political ideologies
6926:Parliamentary system
6309:The Brookings Review
6242:. 26 November 2021.
5901:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd
5248:Parliamentary leader
5188:Legislative Assembly
5105:Cabinet of Australia
5020:Member of Parliament
4902:Government of Serbia
4866:and the Government.
4602:Government of Kosovo
4554:President of Ireland
4519:President of Iceland
4452:President of Germany
4162:Congress of Deputies
4072:Cabinet of Singapore
3732:Cabinet of Ministers
3662:Council of Ministers
3636:Parliament of Bhutan
3077:Parliament of Canada
2998:Cabinet of Mauritius
2954:Council of Ministers
2869:Dutch prime minister
2434:fixed-term elections
2326:improve this section
2294:Calling of elections
1834:President of Ireland
1753:Congress of Deputies
1520:separation of powers
1446:improve this section
1348:originates from the
1252:improve this article
895:member of parliament
640:Separation of powers
511:Political psychology
486:Comparative politics
464:political scientists
451:Academic disciplines
331:Political philosophy
8863:Public viewing area
8632:Public water system
8620:Municipal broadband
8577:Public broadcasting
8187:Ministry of science
8145:Ministry of justice
8138:Ministry of housing
8099:Ministry of culture
8013:Ministry of finance
7953:Ministry of defence
7772:Forms of government
7705:Conservatism navbox
7310:Legislative council
7135:National healthcare
7009:Christian democracy
6931:Presidential system
6786:Countries by system
6617:on 12 February 2012
6186:. 27 October 2022.
5427:. 20 January 2015.
5157:National Parliament
4812:President of Poland
4642:Chamber of Deputies
4578:, appointed by the
4527:presidential decree
4474:Hellenic Parliament
4339:Chamber of Deputies
4296:Croatian Parliament
4104:Cabinet of Thailand
4041:Cabinet of Pakistan
4011:Parliament of Nepal
3954:Cabinet of Malaysia
3812:President of Israel
3469:Trinidad and Tobago
3455:Cabinet of Suriname
3453:, who appoints the
3269:Cabinet of Dominica
3182:Cabinet of Barbados
3101:Antigua and Barbuda
2865:first past the post
2093:presidential system
1759:(constitution) the
1718:exploratory mandate
1710:exploratory mandate
1702:exploratory mandate
1375:first past the post
1182:fascist Axis powers
1108:Trinidad and Tobago
1054:or first minister,
1035:Bill of Rights 1689
1033:and passage of the
1031:Glorious Revolution
1029:culminating in the
813:Politics portal
662:Election commission
633:Government branches
516:Political sociology
368:Confessional system
306:Politics by country
83:Presidential system
8937:Types of democracy
8828:Government auction
8514:Public procurement
8331:Interior ministers
8212:Minister for women
8167:Ministry of sports
8155:Ministry of labour
8150:Minister of labour
8121:Ministry of health
8106:Education minister
8056:Ministry of energy
7913:Secretary of state
7777:Types of democracy
7672:Political spectrum
7285:Legislative bodies
7240:Head of government
7165:Banking regulation
6725:Federal government
6715:Central government
6512:(September 2005).
5968:(September 1996).
5925:. 29 November 2016
5790:Julian Go (2007).
5665:Julian Go (2007).
5529:on 24 October 2014
5214:Cabinet of Vanuatu
5067:
5057:
4690:Cabinet of Moldova
4598:Assembly of Kosovo
4580:President of Italy
4572:Italian Parliament
4523:Cabinet of Iceland
4500:Cabinet of Hungary
4448:Federal Chancellor
4426:Cabinet of Finland
4335:vote of confidence
4256:Cabinet of Belgium
4252:Federal Parliament
4195:Cabinet of Albania
4166:
4154:
4005:
3985:Cabinet of Myanmar
3922:Cabinet of Lebanon
3897:who nominates the
3751:President of India
3640:Lhengye Zhungtshog
3563:
3553:
3539:
3529:
3518:
3507:
3332:Cabinet of Jamaica
3300:Cabinet of Grenada
3080:
3070:
2874:and his party the
2811:possibly contains
2766:encyclopedic style
2753:is written like a
2392:encyclopedic style
2379:is written like a
2262:fused power system
2147:Anti-defection law
2081:double dissolution
1983:Westminster system
1745:The head of state
1541:Westminster system
1498:
1490:Reichstag Building
1359:Westminster system
1354:
1346:Westminster system
1328:Westminster system
1127:parliamentarianism
1071:Westminster system
994:from the monarch,
983:Corts of Catalonia
940:, is used by many
914:form of government
876:head of government
864:head of government
496:Political analysis
428:Semi-parliamentary
243:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8902:
8730:Public university
8710:Public open space
8655:Drinking fountain
8615:Telecommunication
8373:
8372:
8321:Health ministries
8316:Forest ministries
8311:Foreign ministers
8306:Finance ministers
8286:Defence ministers
8207:Ministry of women
8162:Regional minister
8044:natural resources
8018:Industry minister
8003:Commerce minister
7968:Interior minister
7944:foreign affairs /
7918:Minister of state
7794:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7782:Political parties
7661:Political culture
7586:International law
7557:
7556:
7549:U.S. Constitution
7498:
7497:
7480:Political science
7459:
7458:
7431:Political parties
7392:
7391:
7318:
7317:
7034:Constitutionalism
6745:County government
6599:McMenamin, Iain.
6552:(December 2005).
6530:on 19 August 2008
6286:978-0-521-51466-8
6005:on 1 October 2018
5966:Duverger, Maurice
5761:978-0-86840-848-4
5734:978-0-313-27326-1
5369:978-1-84725-226-5
5219:
5218:
5042:
5041:
5032:British sovereign
4942:National Assembly
4898:National Assembly
4496:National Assembly
4478:Cabinet of Greece
4454:), who forms the
4274:National Assembly
4141:
4140:
4123:National Assembly
3977:electoral college
3891:National Assembly
3873:Cabinet of Kuwait
3871:who appoints the
3865:National Assembly
3845:who appoints the
3820:Cabinet of Israel
3588:National Assembly
3492:
3491:
3447:National Assembly
3246:Cabinet of Canada
3214:Cabinet of Belize
3055:
3054:
3048:who appoints the
3022:who appoints the
2994:National Assembly
2930:who appoints the
2856:
2855:
2848:
2813:original research
2794:
2793:
2786:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2678:This section may
2652:
2651:
2644:
2606:This section may
2553:Margaret Thatcher
2545:
2544:
2537:
2499:This section may
2422:In his 1867 book
2420:
2419:
2412:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2275:C. Douglas Dillon
2117:local governments
1482:
1481:
1474:
1385:is elected using
1284:
1283:
1276:
1102:than the British
1096:Australian Senate
1027:liberal democracy
1011:Simon de Montfort
847:
846:
795:Political parties
735:Electoral systems
459:Political science
433:Semi-presidential
345:Political systems
321:Political history
316:Political economy
156:Absolute monarchy
27:Government System
16:(Redirected from
8944:
8891:
8890:
8879:
8878:
8790:Social insurance
8637:Waste management
8605:Electric utility
8582:Public transport
8499:Public ownership
8418:Municipalization
8400:
8393:
8386:
8377:
8376:
8363:
8362:
8352:
8351:
8172:Tourism minister
8133:Housing minister
8094:Culture minister
7821:
7814:
7807:
7798:
7797:
7765:
7764:
7753:
7749:World government
7747:
7742:
7736:
7731:
7725:
7720:
7714:
7709:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7687:
7681:
7676:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7654:
7648:
7596:World government
7507:
7506:
7468:
7467:
7451:Environmentalism
7401:
7400:
7329:
7328:
7203:
7202:
7140:Public education
7120:Social insurance
7054:Environmentalism
7024:Communitarianism
6999:Authoritarianism
6961:Direct Democracy
6740:Local government
6675:
6668:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6639:
6638:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6610:. Archived from
6605:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6576:
6558:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6529:
6523:. Archived from
6518:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6486:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6449:
6434:
6433:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6321:10.2307/20079894
6304:
6291:
6290:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6168:. 1 August 2019.
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6134:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6004:
5998:. Archived from
5975:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5458:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5328:
5322:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5289:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5192:Cabinet of Samoa
5183:
5181:
5180:
5152:Papua New Guinea
5151:
5149:
5148:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5069:
5068:
5024:House of Commons
5015:
5013:
5011:
5010:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4970:, who forms the
4959:
4957:
4956:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4920:National Council
4915:
4913:
4912:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4791:, who forms the
4775:
4773:
4772:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4732:can dismiss the
4725:
4723:
4722:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4668:Cabinet of Malta
4659:
4657:
4656:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4576:Cabinet of Italy
4567:
4565:
4564:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4229:National Council
4223:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4168:
4167:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4102:, who forms the
4086:
4084:
4083:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4019:Cabinet of Nepal
4006:
4004:
4003:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3847:Cabinet of Japan
3834:
3832:
3831:
3806:A member of the
3802:
3800:
3799:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3694:Legislative Yuan
3683:Legislative Yuan
3675:
3673:
3672:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3565:
3564:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3082:
3081:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2901:
2900:
2861:strategic voting
2851:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:inline citations
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2695:balanced fashion
2673:
2672:
2665:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2623:balanced fashion
2601:
2600:
2593:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2516:balanced fashion
2494:
2493:
2486:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2306:
2298:
2205:Governor General
2119:. An example is
2077:Governor General
2075:can request the
2050:and oust rivals
2010:Gerhard Schröder
1962:
1960:
1959:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1757:German Basic Law
1734:
1732:
1731:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1508:open party lists
1477:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1426:
1418:
1414:Consensus system
1279:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1236:
1228:
1178:Second World War
1159:social democrats
1088:Irish Free State
1060:Great Reform Act
839:
832:
825:
811:
810:
601:
546:
501:Political theory
491:Election science
481:
467:
245:
244:
237:
230:
223:
215:
207:
193:
183:
173:
163:
153:
143:
125:
114:
104:
91:
74:
64:
54:
21:
8952:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8867:
8853:Public security
8843:Public offering
8811:
8800:Social security
8750:Social services
8744:
8700:Public hospital
8695:Public computer
8690:Public bookcase
8641:
8591:
8560:Law enforcement
8555:Fire department
8538:
8489:Public interest
8432:
8428:Progressive tax
8423:Nationalization
8409:
8407:Public services
8404:
8374:
8369:
8340:
8256:Prime ministers
8251:Vice presidents
8234:
8218:
8116:Health minister
8082:
8051:Energy minister
8043:
8037:
7995:
7989:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7923:Deputy minister
7901:
7835:
7825:
7795:
7786:
7756:
7751:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7729:
7727:Western culture
7723:
7718:
7712:
7707:
7701:
7696:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7674:
7668:
7663:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7615:
7553:
7494:
7475:Fields of study
7455:
7436:Advocacy groups
7388:
7324:
7314:
7194:
7190:Street cleaning
7170:Food inspection
7125:Law enforcement
7108:
6977:
6911:Totalitarianism
6764:
6688:
6679:
6644:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6603:
6597:
6593:
6579:
6577:
6561:French Politics
6556:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6516:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6479:
6475:
6465:
6463:
6450:
6437:
6416:
6412:
6399:
6395:
6348:
6344:
6305:
6294:
6287:
6263:
6259:
6249:
6247:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6217:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:NUJS Law Review
6132:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6047:
6045:
6038:
6022:
6018:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5988:
5973:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5871:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5806:
5788:
5784:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5591:
5573:
5569:
5550:
5546:
5532:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5503:
5501:
5494:
5478:
5474:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5405:
5403:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5370:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5224:
5200:
5198:
5178:
5176:
5146:
5144:
5114:
5112:
5082:
5080:
5047:
5026:, is appointed
5008:
5006:
5005:
4980:
4978:
4954:
4952:
4932:
4930:
4910:
4908:
4888:
4886:
4873:
4871:
4841:
4839:
4801:
4799:
4770:
4768:
4753:North Macedonia
4747:
4745:
4744:
4720:
4718:
4698:
4696:
4676:
4674:
4654:
4652:
4632:
4630:
4610:
4608:
4588:
4586:
4562:
4560:
4536:
4534:
4508:
4506:
4486:
4484:
4464:
4462:
4434:
4432:
4412:
4410:
4380:
4378:
4348:
4346:
4313:
4311:
4286:
4284:
4264:
4262:
4242:
4240:
4218:
4216:
4203:
4201:
4181:
4179:
4146:
4113:
4111:
4081:
4079:
4049:
4047:
4027:
4025:
4001:
3999:
3963:
3961:
3931:
3929:
3907:
3905:
3881:
3879:
3855:
3853:
3829:
3827:
3797:
3795:
3789:Cabinet of Iraq
3775:
3773:
3741:
3739:
3709:
3707:
3670:
3668:
3648:
3646:
3626:
3624:
3604:
3602:
3578:
3576:
3497:
3463:
3461:
3437:
3435:
3405:
3403:
3373:
3371:
3341:
3339:
3309:
3307:
3277:
3275:
3255:
3253:
3223:
3221:
3191:
3189:
3159:
3157:
3127:
3125:
3095:
3093:
3060:
3032:
3030:
3006:
3004:
2984:
2982:
2974:determines the
2962:
2960:
2940:
2938:
2914:
2912:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2817:
2805:
2801:
2790:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2762:help improve it
2759:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2720:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2690:help improve it
2687:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2618:help improve it
2615:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2549:Arturo Fontaine
2541:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2511:help improve it
2508:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2388:help improve it
2385:
2373:
2369:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2323:
2307:
2296:
2284:
2270:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2220:supermajorities
2193:judicial review
2181:
2175:
2156:
2149:
1975:
1957:
1955:
1926:
1924:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1798:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1729:
1727:
1682:
1680:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1629:
1618:
1616:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1577:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1551:
1529:
1512:plenary chamber
1478:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1443:
1427:
1416:
1367:plenary session
1330:
1318:
1300:(or houses) or
1290:
1280:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1249:
1237:
1226:
1224:Characteristics
1180:, the defeated
956:
950:
843:
805:
800:
799:
730:
729:
720:
719:
677:
676:
667:
666:
635:
634:
625:
624:
620:Public interest
605:Domestic policy
595:
588:
587:
576:
575:
540:
533:
532:
521:
520:
482:
475:
468:
461:
453:
452:
443:
442:
348:
347:
336:
335:
291:
290:
281:
250:Politics series
241:
196:
195:
191:
189:
181:
179:
171:
169:
166:One-party state
161:
159:
151:
149:
141:
139:
123:
121:
120:
112:
110:
102:
94:
93:
89:
80:
79:
72:
70:
62:
60:
52:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8950:
8940:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8897:
8885:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8838:Public holiday
8835:
8830:
8825:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8807:Youth services
8804:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8795:Social pension
8787:
8786:
8785:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8763:Public housing
8760:
8754:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8705:Public library
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8670:Infrastructure
8667:
8665:Free education
8662:
8657:
8651:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8612:
8607:
8601:
8599:
8597:Public utility
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8570:Savings system
8565:Postal service
8562:
8557:
8552:
8546:
8544:
8543:Basic services
8540:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8459:Product sample
8456:
8454:Free newspaper
8451:
8446:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8403:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8380:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8357:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8242:
8240:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8147:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8130:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8090:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8047:
8045:
8042:Environment /
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
7999:
7997:
7996:infrastructure
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7949:
7947:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7928:Undersecretary
7925:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7867:First minister
7864:
7859:
7857:Prime minister
7854:
7852:Vice president
7849:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7824:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7801:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7743:
7732:
7721:
7710:
7699:
7688:
7677:
7666:
7655:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7606:European Union
7603:
7601:United Nations
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7485:Urban planning
7482:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7404:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7255:Prime minister
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7180:Traffic lights
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7099:Theoreticians:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7084:Fundamentalism
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7049:Egalitarianism
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6928:
6923:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6635:
6634:External links
6632:
6629:
6628:
6591:
6567:(3): 323–351.
6541:
6501:
6473:
6435:
6410:
6393:
6342:
6292:
6285:
6257:
6227:
6201:
6171:
6157:
6146:on 28 May 2016
6121:
6091:
6059:
6036:
6016:
5986:
5957:
5936:
5914:
5888:
5869:
5849:
5823:
5805:978-9004151741
5804:
5782:
5767:
5760:
5754:. UNSW Press.
5740:
5733:
5713:
5707:978-9047423935
5706:
5686:
5680:978-9004151741
5679:
5657:
5650:
5630:
5608:
5589:
5567:
5544:
5514:
5493:978-1139991384
5492:
5472:
5442:
5412:
5387:
5368:
5348:
5341:
5323:
5310:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5207:
5195:
5194:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5153:
5141:
5140:
5121:
5109:
5108:
5089:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5028:Prime Minister
5016:
5014:United Kingdom
5002:
5001:
4995:Prime Minister
4987:
4975:
4974:
4961:
4949:
4948:
4939:
4927:
4926:
4917:
4905:
4904:
4895:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4868:
4867:
4864:prime minister
4848:
4836:
4835:
4820:Prime Minister
4808:
4796:
4795:
4789:Prime Minister
4777:
4765:
4764:
4755:
4741:
4740:
4727:
4715:
4714:
4705:
4693:
4692:
4683:
4671:
4670:
4661:
4649:
4648:
4639:
4627:
4626:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4569:
4557:
4556:
4548:nominates the
4543:
4531:
4530:
4515:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4481:
4480:
4471:
4459:
4458:
4441:
4429:
4428:
4419:
4407:
4406:
4394:Prime Minister
4387:
4375:
4374:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4320:
4319:Czech Republic
4308:
4307:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4237:
4236:
4225:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4198:
4197:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4133:who forms the
4131:Prime Minister
4120:
4108:
4107:
4100:Prime Minister
4088:
4076:
4075:
4056:
4044:
4043:
4034:
4022:
4021:
4015:Prime Minister
4008:
3996:
3995:
3983:who forms the
3970:
3958:
3957:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3899:Prime Minister
3888:
3876:
3875:
3869:Prime Minister
3862:
3850:
3849:
3843:Prime Minister
3841:nominates the
3836:
3824:
3823:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3748:
3736:
3735:
3720:Prime Minister
3716:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:Executive Yuan
3690:
3687:Executive Yuan
3677:
3665:
3664:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3614:Jatiya Sangsad
3611:
3599:
3598:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3412:
3400:
3399:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3024:Prime Minister
3013:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2935:
2934:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:Main article:
2887:
2884:
2854:
2853:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2543:
2542:
2498:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2430:Walter Bagehot
2418:
2417:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2283:
2280:
2269:
2266:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2185:United Kingdom
2174:
2171:
2148:
2145:
2089:
2088:
2079:to call for a
2073:prime minister
2069:
2062:
2055:
2024:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1919:
1918:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1846:
1845:
1826:Prime Minister
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1781:
1765:
1764:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1722:
1721:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1640:
1638:United Kingdom
1627:
1614:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1480:
1479:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1329:
1326:
1322:Arend Lijphart
1317:
1314:
1282:
1281:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1194:United Kingdom
1104:House of Lords
1056:Robert Walpole
979:Cortes of León
949:
946:
926:British Empire
918:European Union
845:
844:
842:
841:
834:
827:
819:
816:
815:
802:
801:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
776:
775:
759:
754:
749:
748:
747:
737:
731:
727:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
684:
678:
675:Related topics
674:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
642:
636:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
612:
610:Foreign policy
607:
602:
589:
583:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
572:
571:
557:
552:
547:
534:
528:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
508:
506:Policy studies
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
471:
469:
457:
454:
450:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
343:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
289:Primary topics
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:
280:
279:
274:
269:
263:
260:
259:
253:
252:
240:
239:
232:
225:
217:
190:
180:
176:Military junta
170:
160:
150:
140:
136:Supreme Leader
122:
111:
101:
97:Hybrid systems
88:
71:
61:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8949:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8896:
8895:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8874:
8873:
8870:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8848:Public sector
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8773:Job guarantee
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8725:Public toilet
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8715:Public school
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:Oil & gas
8608:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8550:Civil service
8548:
8547:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8509:Public rights
8507:
8505:
8504:Public policy
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8484:Public health
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8474:Public domain
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8401:
8396:
8394:
8389:
8387:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8366:
8358:
8356:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8325:mental health
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7946:public safety
7940:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7822:
7817:
7815:
7810:
7808:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7759:
7750:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7728:
7722:
7717:
7711:
7706:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7684:
7678:
7673:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7651:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7627:Human history
7625:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:International
7560:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7321:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7235:Head of state
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7094:Progressivism
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6941:Collaborative
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:Republicanism
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6816:Confederation
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Unitary state
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6669:
6664:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6647:
6640:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6490:
6485:
6477:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6288:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6261:
6245:
6241:
6240:UK Parliament
6237:
6231:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6189:
6185:
6184:UK Parliament
6181:
6175:
6167:
6161:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6125:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6076:
6069:
6063:
6055:
6043:
6039:
6037:9788814143885
6033:
6029:
6028:
6020:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5987:2-02-030123-7
5983:
5979:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5946:
5940:
5924:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5876:
5872:
5870:9780773525085
5866:
5862:
5861:
5853:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5651:9780773525085
5647:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5618:
5612:
5596:
5592:
5590:9781400878260
5586:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5511:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5476:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5451:Norgate, Kate
5446:
5430:
5426:
5425:The Telegraph
5422:
5416:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5342:9788472837508
5338:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5314:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5212:appoints the
5211:
5208:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5190:appoints the
5189:
5186:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5159:is appointed
5158:
5154:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5127:is appointed
5126:
5122:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5095:is appointed
5094:
5090:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4944:appoints the
4943:
4940:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4922:approves the
4921:
4918:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4900:appoints the
4899:
4896:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4760:approves the
4759:
4756:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4710:appoints the
4709:
4706:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4688:appoints the
4687:
4684:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4666:appoints the
4665:
4662:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4644:appoints the
4643:
4640:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4622:appoints the
4621:
4618:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4600:appoints the
4599:
4596:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4498:approves the
4497:
4494:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:approves the
4475:
4472:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:appoints the
4423:
4420:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4276:appoints the
4275:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4254:approves the
4253:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4193:approves the
4192:
4189:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4062:is appointed
4061:
4057:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4039:appoints the
4038:
4035:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:, elects the
3978:
3974:
3971:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3944:is appointed
3943:
3939:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3839:National Diet
3837:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:approves the
3786:
3783:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3696:approves the
3695:
3691:
3688:
3685:approves the
3684:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3660:approves the
3659:
3656:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3638:approves the
3637:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3616:approves the
3615:
3612:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:of Israel in
3547:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3525:Sansad Bhavan
3522:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:is appointed
3475:
3471:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:is appointed
3417:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3386:is appointed
3385:
3381:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:is appointed
3353:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:is appointed
3321:
3317:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:is appointed
3289:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:approves the
3266:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3236:is appointed
3235:
3231:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:is appointed
3203:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:is appointed
3171:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:is appointed
3139:
3135:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:is appointed
3107:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:appoints the
2995:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2952:appoints the
2951:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2880:26.6% in 2012
2877:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2850:
2847:
2839:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2809:This section
2807:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2785:
2777:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2751:This section
2749:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2570:supermajority
2567:
2562:
2558:
2557:Ronald Reagan
2554:
2550:
2547:According to
2539:
2536:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2477:Disadvantages
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:Boris Johnson
2448:
2444:
2443:David Cameron
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2411:
2403:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2377:This section
2375:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2353:
2345:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2311:This section
2309:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2276:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2243:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:UK Parliament
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:head of state
2056:
2053:
2052:New Democracy
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:head of state
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:statsminister
1904:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:appoints the
1835:
1831:
1830:National Diet
1827:
1824:appoints the
1823:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1652:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1600:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1518:as a form of
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1465:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1431:This section
1429:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:This section
1239:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:United States
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:Radical Party
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
974:
972:
968:
963:
961:
955:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
880:head of state
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:is a form of
857:
856:
852:
851:parliamentary
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
820:
818:
817:
814:
809:
804:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
773:
769:
765:
764:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
724:
723:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
692:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
671:
670:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
638:
637:
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
615:Civil society
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
599:
594:
593:Public policy
591:
590:
586:
580:
579:
569:
565:
561:
560:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
544:
539:
536:
535:
531:
525:
524:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
479:
474:
470:
465:
460:
456:
455:
447:
446:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Parliamentary
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Hybrid regime
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
285:
284:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
262:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
219:
218:
214:
213:
206:
205:
199:
187:
177:
167:
157:
147:
137:
133:
129:
118:
108:
100:
98:
86:
84:
78:
68:
58:
49:
47:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
8892:
8880:
8833:Public float
8768:Job creation
8720:Public space
8647:Public works
8524:Public value
8519:Public trust
7752:}}
7746:{{
7741:}}
7735:{{
7730:}}
7724:{{
7719:}}
7713:{{
7708:}}
7702:{{
7697:}}
7691:{{
7686:}}
7680:{{
7675:}}
7669:{{
7664:}}
7658:{{
7653:}}
7647:{{
7641:
7637:Civilization
7590:
7568:
7538:
7528:
7513:
7474:
7446:Civil rights
7440:
7425:
7407:
7375:
7355:
7351:Town meeting
7335:
7284:
7259:
7229:
7215:Constitution
7209:
7174:
7154:
7098:
7044:Distributism
7029:Conservatism
7014:Collectivism
6982:Philosophies
6956:Cosmopolitan
6951:Conservative
6925:
6917:
6790:
6781:Govt systems
6775:
6755:Municipality
6734:
6619:. Retrieved
6612:the original
6594:
6585:
6578:. Retrieved
6564:
6560:
6544:
6532:. Retrieved
6525:the original
6520:
6504:
6492:. Retrieved
6489:The Guardian
6488:
6476:
6464:. Retrieved
6462:(in Spanish)
6457:
6420:
6413:
6403:
6396:
6358:(1): 65–78.
6355:
6351:
6345:
6315:(4): 16–25.
6312:
6308:
6267:
6260:
6248:. Retrieved
6239:
6230:
6218:. Retrieved
6204:
6192:. Retrieved
6183:
6174:
6160:
6148:. Retrieved
6141:the original
6136:
6124:
6112:. Retrieved
6103:
6094:
6082:. Retrieved
6062:
6054:Google Books
6052:– via
6046:. Retrieved
6026:
6019:
6009:10 September
6007:. Retrieved
6000:the original
5977:
5960:
5950:16 September
5948:. Retrieved
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5903:. Article 56
5900:
5891:
5879:. Retrieved
5859:
5852:
5840:. Retrieved
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5795:
5785:
5776:
5770:
5750:
5743:
5723:
5716:
5696:
5689:
5670:
5660:
5640:
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5611:
5599:. Retrieved
5580:
5570:
5557:
5547:
5538:
5531:. Retrieved
5527:the original
5517:
5509:
5502:. Retrieved
5482:
5475:
5464:
5445:
5433:. Retrieved
5424:
5415:
5404:. Retrieved
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5358:
5351:
5332:
5326:
5318:
5317:John Keane:
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5287:
4831:
4823:
4546:Dáil Éireann
3942:Dewan Rakyat
3038:South Africa
2857:
2842:
2836:January 2024
2833:
2810:
2780:
2774:January 2024
2771:
2752:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2704:January 2024
2701:
2693:
2682:undue weight
2679:
2653:
2638:
2632:January 2024
2629:
2621:
2610:undue weight
2607:
2579:Donald Trump
2561:Viktor Orbán
2546:
2531:
2525:January 2024
2522:
2514:
2503:undue weight
2500:
2463:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2400:January 2024
2397:
2378:
2348:
2339:
2324:Please help
2312:
2285:
2271:
2254:
2251:Adaptability
2241:
2217:
2182:
2164:
2157:
2110:
2090:
1995:Constitution
1990:
1986:
1976:
1941:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1842:Dáil Éireann
1815:
1813:
1746:
1744:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1670:
1536:
1530:
1468:
1459:
1444:Please help
1432:
1389:, while the
1319:
1291:
1270:
1264:January 2016
1261:
1250:Please help
1245:verification
1242:
1206:West Germany
1175:
1143:urbanisation
1121:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1049:
1039:
1009:In England,
1008:
988:Dutch revolt
975:
964:
957:
911:
884:
853:
850:
848:
543:street-level
418:Presidential
412:
378:Dictatorship
248:Part of the
197:
95:
81:
45:
44:
36:
29:
8685:Public bank
8660:Free clinic
8494:Public land
8444:Common good
7994:Economics /
7611:World Court
7544:Magna Carta
7361:Legislation
7323:Governance
7280:Legislature
7155:Regulation:
7064:Familialism
7039:Corporatism
7019:Communalism
6989:Agrarianism
6901:Technocracy
6861:Meritocracy
6856:Kleptocracy
6836:Ergatocracy
6831:Electocracy
6821:Colonialism
6806:Bureaucracy
6801:Aristocracy
6621:11 December
6114:16 December
6084:16 December
6048:13 November
5842:16 December
5623:16 December
5461:Lee, Sidney
5258:Rule of law
5120:New Zealand
4993:elects the
4966:elects the
4726:Netherlands
4446:elects the
4392:elects the
4371:Folketinget
4363:Folketinget
4125:elects the
4013:elects the
3993:coup d'état
3893:elects the
3449:elects the
3379:Saint Lucia
3133:The Bahamas
3044:elects the
3018:elects the
2926:elects the
2459:Rishi Sunak
2447:Theresa May
2189:New Zealand
2054:from power.
1966:(1996–2001)
1814:Parliament
1625:New Zealand
1399:closed list
1310:upper house
1306:lower house
1296:, with two
1131:World War I
960:parliaments
907:lower house
872:legislature
682:Sovereignty
647:Legislature
550:Technocracy
538:Bureaucracy
403:Meritocracy
383:Directorial
8927:Liberalism
8916:Categories
8858:Public use
8740:Urban park
8680:Public art
8469:Public bad
8246:Presidents
7942:Defence /
7840:Leadership
7833:ministries
7761:Categories
7694:liberalism
7642:Templates:
7539:Documents:
7514:Overviews:
7366:Regulation
7295:Parliament
7199:Components
7185:Sanitation
7175:Municipal:
7104:John Locke
7089:Liberalism
7069:Fanaticism
6881:Plutocracy
6851:Geniocracy
6841:Federalism
6811:Capitalism
6686:government
6643:Government
6494:27 October
6466:7 November
6250:27 October
6220:27 October
6194:27 October
5907:8 February
5533:30 October
5435:28 January
5406:19 January
5279:References
5228:Law reform
4999:Government
4879:San Marino
4850:After the
4785:Stortinget
4736:through a
4704:Montenegro
4638:Luxembourg
3724:Parliament
3610:Bangladesh
3265:Parliament
2872:Mark Rutte
2820:improve it
2575:referendum
2342:April 2022
2288:World Bank
2246:Advantages
2032:Parliament
1462:April 2022
1403:Bangladesh
1302:unicameral
1176:After the
1165:where the
1064:invariably
958:The first
889:, where a
868:democratic
862:where the
860:government
772:Governance
762:Government
757:Federalism
358:City-state
130:republic (
128:Theocratic
39:government
7847:President
7829:ministers
7570:Diplomacy
7490:Sociology
7421:Campaigns
7409:Elections
7384:Precedent
7356:Outcomes:
7346:Committee
7325:processes
7275:Judiciary
7250:President
7210:Documents
7150:Espionage
7113:Functions
7059:Extremism
6994:Anarchism
6946:Consensus
6936:Cellular
6919:Democracy
6906:Theocracy
6891:Socialism
6876:Oligarchy
6846:Feudalism
6826:Communism
6693:Overviews
6580:21 August
6534:21 August
6388:144867316
6372:0192-5121
6329:0745-1253
5996:0152-0768
5088:Australia
4860:president
4852:elections
4550:Taoiseach
4444:Bundestag
4390:Riigikogu
4298:approves
4127:President
4055:Singapore
3981:President
3895:President
3759:Lok Sabha
3728:President
3550:Jerusalem
3451:President
3046:President
3020:President
2990:Mauritius
2928:President
2886:Countries
2824:verifying
2455:Liz Truss
2313:does not
2203:, and or
2001:election.
1897:nominates
1838:Taoiseach
1816:nominates
1761:Bundestag
1747:nominates
1560:Australia
1433:does not
1294:bicameral
1151:modernism
1123:Democracy
1100:US Senate
1015:The first
903:bicameral
855:democracy
752:Unitarism
740:Elections
728:Subseries
657:Judiciary
652:Executive
555:Adhocracy
438:Theocracy
393:Feudalism
373:Democracy
8882:Category
8816:See also
8437:Concepts
7897:Minister
7534:Suffrage
7464:Academic
7397:Politics
7336:Process:
7305:Assembly
7290:Congress
7270:Ministry
7145:Military
7079:Feminism
7004:Centrism
6971:Republic
6871:Monarchy
6791:Systems:
6760:Township
6682:Politics
6337:20079894
6244:Archived
6214:Archived
6188:Archived
6108:Archived
6075:Archived
6042:Archived
5875:Archived
5836:Archived
5810:Archived
5595:Archived
5562:Archived
5498:Archived
5453:(1894).
5429:Archived
5400:Archived
5374:Archived
5297:Archived
5222:See also
4938:Slovenia
4916:Slovakia
4854:for the
4847:Portugal
4824:de facto
4758:Assembly
4302:and the
4270:Bulgaria
4087:Thailand
4033:Pakistan
3975:, by an
3937:Malaysia
3755:alliance
3654:Cambodia
3584:Armenia
3443:Suriname
3261:Dominica
3165:Barbados
3058:Americas
2946:Ethiopia
2920:Botswana
2113:regional
2066:Storting
1987:de facto
1886:Thailand
1664:Portugal
1612:Malaysia
1155:Radicals
1137:and the
1112:Barbados
1090:and the
1046:George I
780:Ideology
598:doctrine
559:Service
423:Republic
408:Monarchy
388:Federacy
277:Category
257:Politics
212:de facto
8894:Commons
8823:Commons
7877:Premier
7620:Related
7576:Embassy
7529:Reforms
7503:History
7441:Issues:
7426:Groups:
7341:Hearing
7300:Council
7265:Cabinet
7260:Bodies:
7245:Monarch
7220:Charter
7074:Fascism
6896:Statism
6796:Anarchy
6769:Systems
6735:Levels:
6380:1601169
5929:31 July
5463:(ed.).
5206:Vanuatu
5163:by the
5131:by the
5099:by the
5072:Country
5045:Oceania
5036:Cabinet
5030:by the
4991:Riksdag
4972:Cabinet
4832:de jure
4793:Cabinet
4781:Monarch
4682:Moldova
4542:Ireland
4514:Iceland
4492:Hungary
4456:Cabinet
4440:Germany
4418:Finland
4386:Estonia
4367:Cabinet
4359:Monarch
4354:Denmark
4337:by the
4331:Cabinet
4304:Cabinet
4292:Croatia
4248:Belgium
4224:Austria
4209:Andorra
4187:Albania
4171:Country
4135:Cabinet
4119:Vietnam
4092:Monarch
4066:by the
3969:Myanmar
3948:by the
3913:Lebanon
3808:Knesset
3715:Georgia
3568:Country
3546:Knesset
3480:by the
3422:by the
3390:by the
3358:by the
3326:by the
3315:Jamaica
3294:by the
3283:Grenada
3240:by the
3208:by the
3176:by the
3144:by the
3112:by the
3085:Country
3050:Cabinet
3012:Somalia
2968:Lesotho
2932:Cabinet
2904:Country
2818:Please
2760:Please
2688:Please
2616:Please
2509:Please
2386:Please
2334:removed
2319:sources
2286:A 2001
2238:Metrics
2201:Monarch
2197:Germany
2017:Riksdag
1991:de jure
1860:Ireland
1822:Emperor
1792:Germany
1779:Estonia
1651:Denmark
1599:Jamaica
1516:dualism
1454:removed
1439:sources
1407:Jamaica
1214:Denmark
1171:Fascism
1040:In the
967:Althing
948:History
922:Oceania
916:in the
891:monarch
785:Culture
695:Country
353:Anarchy
267:Outline
204:de jure
8353:
8087:Social
7985:Europe
7906:Titles
7591:World:
7581:Treaty
7416:Voting
7371:Zoning
7230:Roles:
6776:Lists:
6710:Empire
6705:Nation
6386:
6378:
6370:
6335:
6327:
6283:
6150:15 May
6034:
5994:
5984:
5881:6 June
5867:
5816:6 June
5802:
5758:
5731:
5704:
5677:
5648:
5601:6 June
5587:
5504:6 June
5490:
5380:6 June
5366:
5339:
5303:21 May
5204:
5182:
5150:
5118:
5086:
5012:
4986:Sweden
4984:
4958:
4936:
4914:
4894:Serbia
4892:
4877:
4845:
4807:Poland
4805:
4776:Norway
4774:
4751:
4724:
4702:
4680:
4658:
4636:
4620:Saeima
4616:Latvia
4614:
4594:Kosovo
4592:
4566:
4540:
4512:
4490:
4470:Greece
4468:
4438:
4416:
4384:
4352:
4317:
4290:
4268:
4246:
4222:
4207:
4185:
4144:Europe
4117:
4085:
4053:
4031:
3967:
3935:
3911:
3885:
3861:Kuwait
3859:
3833:
3803:Israel
3801:
3779:
3745:
3713:
3674:
3652:
3632:Bhutan
3630:
3608:
3582:
3467:
3441:
3409:
3377:
3345:
3313:
3281:
3259:
3229:Canada
3227:
3197:Belize
3195:
3163:
3131:
3099:
3036:
3010:
2988:
2966:
2944:
2918:
2897:Africa
2457:, and
2209:assent
2098:Cyprus
2085:Senate
2044:Syriza
2028:Greece
1964:Israel
1961:
1933:Sweden
1930:
1883:
1870:
1857:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1736:Greece
1733:
1706:second
1686:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1609:
1596:
1583:
1573:Canada
1570:
1557:
1494:Berlin
1391:Senate
1342:London
1198:France
1196:, and
1186:Allies
1145:, the
981:. The
930:Africa
745:voting
687:Polity
585:Policy
564:Public
478:theory
192:
184:
182:
174:
172:
164:
162:
154:
152:
144:
142:
126:
124:
115:
113:
105:
103:
90:
75:
73:
65:
63:
55:
53:
8239:Lists
8223:Other
6700:State
6615:(PDF)
6604:(PDF)
6557:(PDF)
6528:(PDF)
6517:(PDF)
6384:S2CID
6376:JSTOR
6333:JSTOR
6144:(PDF)
6133:(PDF)
6078:(PDF)
6071:(PDF)
6003:(PDF)
5974:(PDF)
5459:. In
5184:Samoa
4960:Spain
4660:Malta
4568:Italy
4007:Nepal
3835:Japan
3747:India
2680:lend
2608:lend
2501:lend
2256:with
2160:India
1915:Yes).
1913:than
1873:Japan
1805:Spain
1714:third
1689:Italy
1586:India
1506:with
1316:Types
1051:prime
897:, or
768:forms
691:State
568:Civil
272:Index
198:Note:
7831:and
6684:and
6623:2017
6582:2017
6536:2017
6496:2022
6468:2021
6459:Emol
6368:ISSN
6325:ISSN
6281:ISBN
6252:2022
6222:2022
6196:2022
6152:2016
6116:2019
6086:2019
6050:2016
6032:ISBN
6011:2016
5992:ISSN
5982:ISBN
5952:2024
5931:2024
5909:2023
5883:2020
5865:ISBN
5844:2013
5818:2020
5800:ISBN
5756:ISBN
5729:ISBN
5702:ISBN
5675:ISBN
5646:ISBN
5625:2013
5603:2020
5585:ISBN
5535:2014
5506:2020
5488:ISBN
5437:2015
5408:2015
5382:2020
5364:ISBN
5337:ISBN
5305:2016
4989:The
4816:Sejm
4810:The
4779:The
4517:The
4357:The
4160:The
4129:and
4090:The
3887:Laos
3781:Iraq
3718:The
3594:the
3495:Asia
2317:any
2315:cite
2187:and
2141:2022
2139:and
2137:2017
2121:Oslo
2115:and
2021:1958
1488:The
1437:any
1435:cite
1357:The
1336:The
1204:and
1149:and
1125:and
1110:and
1082:(in
934:Asia
932:and
132:Iran
7377:Law
6569:doi
6426:doi
6360:doi
6317:doi
6273:doi
4787:as
3761:as
2876:VVD
2822:by
2328:by
2135:in
2046:to
2042:by
2026:In
1544:in:
1492:in
1448:by
1340:in
1254:by
134:):
8918::
6584:.
6563:.
6559:.
6519:.
6487:.
6456:.
6438:^
6382:.
6374:.
6366:.
6356:16
6354:.
6331:.
6323:.
6311:.
6295:^
6279:.
6238:.
6182:.
6135:.
6106:.
6102:.
6073:.
6040:.
5990:.
5976:.
5899:.
5873:.
5808:.
5593:.
5579:.
5556:.
5537:.
5508:.
5496:.
5423:.
5372:.
4529:.
4373:.
4341:.
4235:.
4137:.
4106:.
3822:.
3734:.
2882:.
2585:.
2461:.
2453:,
2449:,
2445:,
2428:,
2234:.
2215:.
2143:.
2108:.
1911:No
1220:.
1192:,
1037:.
944:.
920:,
909:.
849:A
770:/
693:/
689:/
566:/
42::
8399:e
8392:t
8385:v
8327:)
8323:(
7820:e
7813:t
7806:v
7411::
7379::
6921::
6674:e
6667:t
6660:v
6625:.
6571::
6565:3
6538:.
6498:.
6470:.
6432:.
6428::
6390:.
6362::
6339:.
6319::
6313:3
6289:.
6275::
6254:.
6224:.
6198:.
6154:.
6118:.
6088:.
6056:.
6013:.
5954:.
5933:.
5911:.
5885:.
5846:.
5820:.
5764:.
5737:.
5710:.
5683:.
5654:.
5627:.
5605:.
5439:.
5384:.
5345:.
5307:.
2849:)
2843:(
2838:)
2834:(
2787:)
2781:(
2776:)
2772:(
2768:.
2717:)
2711:(
2706:)
2702:(
2686:.
2645:)
2639:(
2634:)
2630:(
2614:.
2538:)
2532:(
2527:)
2523:(
2507:.
2413:)
2407:(
2402:)
2398:(
2394:.
2355:)
2349:(
2344:)
2340:(
2336:.
2322:.
2155:.
2023:.
1997:.
1475:)
1469:(
1464:)
1460:(
1456:.
1442:.
1373:(
1352:.
1277:)
1271:(
1266:)
1262:(
1248:.
838:e
831:t
824:v
774:)
766:(
600:)
596:(
570:)
562:(
545:)
541:(
480:)
476:(
466:)
462:(
236:e
229:t
222:v
99::
85::
48::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
