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564:"Colonials" served under British command though, perhaps owing to the limited autonomy granted to the Dominions regarding their respective mobilizations, the Dominions eventually compelled the British government to overrule the objections of some British commanders and let the Dominion forces serve together instead of being distributed amongst various British divisions. The "colonials" would go on to be acknowledged by both the British and German high commands as being elite British units. In May 1918, when command of the
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710:(a corps-sized force of two divisions) was mobilized even though war was not declared by Canada until September 10, 1939. Only one division went overseas in December 1939, and the government hoped to follow a "limited liability" war policy. When France was invaded in May 1940, the Canadian government realized that would not be possible and mobilized three additional divisions, beginning their overseas employment in August 1940 with the dispatch of the
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on a national scale. Importantly, some scholars have argued that such large scale mobilization of society and its resources for the purposes of warfare have the effect of aiding in state building. Herbst argues that the demands of reacting to an external aggressor provides a strong enough impetus to force structural changes and also forge a common national identity.
409:'s war planning assumed that war against either Austria-Hungary or Germany would mean war against the other power. Although the plan allowed flexibility as to whether the main effort would be made against Germany or Austria-Hungary, in either case units would be mobilized on the frontiers of both Powers. On July 28, 1914,
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effort. Typically, the available resources and productive capabilities of each nation determined the degree and intensity of economic mobilization. Thus, effectively mobilizing economic resources to support the war effort is a complex process, requiring superior coordination and productive capability
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The mobilization was like a holiday for many of the inexperienced soldiers; for example, some
Germans wore flowers in the muzzles of their rifles as they marched. Trains brought soldiers to the front lines of battle. The Germans timetabled the movements of 11,000 trains as they brought troops across
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was compelled to sort out which units would perpetuate the units that served in the trenches—the CEF or the prewar
Militia. A unique solution of perpetuations was instituted, and mobilization during the Second World War did not repeat Sir Sam Hughes' model, which has been described by historians as
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The production of supplies gradually increased throughout the war. In Russia, the expansion of industry allowed a 2,000 percent increase in the production of artillery shells – by
November 1915, over 1,512,000 artillery shells were being produced per month. In France, a massive mobilization by the
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On May 23, 1915, Italy entered World War I on the Allied side. Despite being the weakest of the big four Allied powers, the
Italians soon managed to populate its army from 560 to 693 infantry battalions in 1916; the army had grown in size from 1 million to 1.5 million soldiers. On August
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with Russia and France. Like Russia, Germany decided to follow its two-front plans despite the one-front war. Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914, one day after issuing an ultimatum to
Belgium demanding the right of German troops to pass through as part of the planned pincer action of
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in an attempt to avoid war with
Germany. However, Nicholas was advised that attempts to improvise a partial mobilization would lead to chaos and probable defeat if, as pessimists on the Russian side expected, no amount of diplomacy could convince the Germans to refrain from attacking Russia whilst
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were compelled to go to war when
Britain did. However, it was largely left up to the individual Dominions to recruit and equip forces for the war effort. Canadian, Australian and New Zealand mobilizations all involved the creation of new field forces for overseas service rather than using the
230:
Armies in the seventeenth century possessed an average of 20,000 men. A military force of this size requires around 20 tons of food per day, shelter, as well as all the necessary munitions, transportation (typically horses or mules), tools, and representative garments. Without efficient
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armies were incredibly slow, and the arms inside these caravans were sloppily organized. These armies were in luck, however, in that their
Austrian adversaries experienced similar problems with sluggish supply caravans (one of which apparently covered less than three miles per day).
275:, but it contained many other ethnicities as well. Austrian military instruction during peacetime utilized nine different languages, accustoming Austrian soldiers to taking orders only in their native language. Conversely, in an effort to augment the efficacy of the new "
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transportation, mobilizing these average-sized forces was extremely costly, time-consuming, and potentially life-threatening. Soldiers could traverse the terrain to get to war fronts, but they had to carry their supplies. Many armies decided to forage for food; however,
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therefore dictated not only mobilization against both powers, but also the order of attack—France would be attacked first regardless of the diplomatic circumstances. To bypass the fortified Franco-German frontier, the German forces were to be ordered to march through
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with limited opportunities to train. Maneuvering formations of millions of men with limited military training required intricate plans with no room for error, confusion, or discretion after mobilization began. These plans were prepared under the assumption of
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in 1943 though the anticipated
Japanese defense never materialized due to the evacuation of the enemy garrison before the landings. Service in the Aleutians was not considered "overseas" as technically the islands were part of North America.
599:, appealed for hundreds of thousands of soldiers, which was met with an enthusiastic response. 30 new British divisions were created. The response by volunteers allowed the British to put off the introduction of conscription until
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while feeding off plentiful agricultural products introduced by the turn of the century, such as potatoes. Despite the advantages of mass armies, mobilizing forces of this magnitude took much more time than it had in the past.
768:. Conscripts and reservists were called up over the next 90 days to "ensure the defense of the state, maintaining combat and mobilization readiness". Men between the ages of 18 and 60 were prohibited from leaving the country.
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to the Allied navy. However, conscription quickly ensued. By March 1918, 318,000 U.S. soldiers had been mobilized to France. Eventually, by
October 1918, a force of 2 million U.S. soldiers joined in the war effort.
311:, since in 1914, under the laws and customs of warfare then observed (not to mention the desire to avoid compromising national security), general mobilization of one nation's military forces was invariably considered an
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Not only did Prussia take note of the problems in transporting supplies to armies, but it also took note of the lack of communication between troops, officers, and generals. Austria's army was primarily composed of
588:. Bulgaria went so far as to ultimately mobilize 1.2 million men, more than a quarter of its population of 4.3 million people, a greater share of its population than any other country during the war.
357:" (1913) to extend the service of conscripted soldiers to match the size of the German army, as the French population of 40 million was smaller than the German population of 65 million people. The
981:
Vincennes, AAT, MR 845, Anon., "Précis historique de la campagne d'Italie en 1859." Wolf Schneider von Arno, "Der österreichisch-ungarische Generalstab," (Kriegsarchiv Manuscript), vol. 7, pp. 18, 54, 55.
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she was engaged with Germany's ally. On July 29, 1914, the Tsar ordered full mobilization, then changed his mind after receiving a telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm. Partial mobilization was ordered instead.
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was able to mobilize at various times between 6% (81–83 BCE) to as much as 10% (210s BCE) of the total Roman population, in emergencies and for short periods of time. This included poorly-trained
238:
However, due to new policies (like conscription), greater populations, and greater national wealth, the nineteenth-century army was composed of an average of 100,000 men. For example, in 1812
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in 1940, which among other things compelled men to serve in the military, though conscripts mobilized under the NRMA did not serve overseas until 1944. Conscripts did, however, serve in the
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directed the intricate plans for mobilization. This brought all of the Great Powers of Europe into the Great War without actually utilizing the provisions of either alliance.
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entered the war on the Allied side. At the entrance, the U.S. only could mobilize its army of 107,641 soldiers, ranked only seventeenth in size worldwide at the time. The
353:) all relied on compulsory military service to supply each of their armies with the millions of men they believed they would need to win a major war. France enacted the "
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For example, German military leaders did not plan to mobilize for war with Russia whilst assuming that France would not come to her ally's aid, or vice versa. The
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once more persuaded Nicholas of the need for general mobilization, and the order was issued that day, July 30. In response, Germany declared war on Russia.
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of Russia (William's cousin) ordered partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary only. While war with Austria-Hungary seemed inevitable, Nicholas
279:" developed by the monarchy, officers were forced to only speak German when giving orders to their men. Even one Austrian officer commented at
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entered the war on the Allied side, mobilizing an army of 23 divisions. Romania was quickly defeated however by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
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to provide rapid communication, the railways to provide rapid movement and concentration of troops, and conscription to provide a trained
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restricted movement because it is based on the presumption that the army moves over land possessing significant agricultural production.
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Harrison, Mark. The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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partly mobilized its troops on August 24, 1939, and fully mobilized on August 30, 1939, following the increased confrontations with
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Vincennes, Archive de l'Armèe de Terre (AAT), 7N848, Gaston Bodart, "Die Starkeverhaltnisse in den bedeutesten Schlachten." Craig,
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940:. Technology and the Era of the Mass Army. Thesis. IMT Lucca, Stanford University, and New York University, 2013. Retrieved from
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being more closely akin to ancient Scottish clans assembling for battle than a modern, industrialized nation preparing for war.
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illustrated all of the problems in modern army mobilization. Prussia began to realize the future of mobilizing mass armies when
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A number of technological and societal changes promoted the move towards a more organized way of deployment. These included the
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D. N., "Über die Truppensprachen unserer Armee," Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift (ÖMZ) 2 (1862), pp. 365–7.
365:. Each of the Great Powers could only afford to keep a fraction of these men in uniform in peacetime, the rest were
59:
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female population to work in factories allowed the rate of shell production to reach 100,000 shells a day by 1915.
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on Germany. However, they were slow to mobilize, and by the time Poland had been overrun by the Axis powers, only
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https://web.archive.org/web/20150222185518/http://www.politics.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/5395/mobilization-July-2013.pdf
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It is reorganizing the functioning of the national economy to use resources most effectively in support of the
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mobilized 22% of its total population for direct military service, more than any other nation in the WWII era.
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148:. Mobilization theories and tactics have continuously changed since then. The opposite of mobilization is
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People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14
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Canada actually carried out a partial mobilization on August 25, 1939, in anticipation of the growing
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Both sides also began drawing on larger numbers of soldiers. The British Secretary of State for War,
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Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study
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53:
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by sending telegrams to 226 separate reserve unit commanders asking for volunteers to muster at
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existing regimental structures as a framework. In the case of Canada, the Militia Minister, Sir
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576:, it became the first British Empire formation commanded totally free of British officers.
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386:. Whether or not Russia had committed the first provocation, the German plan agreed to by
8:
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687:. On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland, which prompted both France and Britain to
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the military. Finally, Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality.
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that his troops could not even comprehend the command, "Halt." This demonstrates the
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was first used in a military context in the 1850s to describe the preparation of the
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786:, most particularly those that have military experience. According to claims of the
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during World War II, representing the largest military force in world history.
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504:, the Austrians 600,000, the Germans 715,000, and the Russians over a million.
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called for the attack on Russia to take place only after France was defeated.
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Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (1961; London: Granada, 1979), p. 23.
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mobilized about 6–7% of its total population in the years 1760 and 1813. The
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Intricate plans for mobilization contributed greatly to the beginning of
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is estimated to have mobilized about 11% of its free population in the
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in 1859. French caravans that carried the supplies for the French and
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History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army, 1775-1945
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State, society, and mobilization in Europe during the First World War
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by carrying out changes in the organization of the national economy.
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Economic mobilization is the preparation of resources for usage in a
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on the way to the front in August 1914. The message on the car reads
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for garrison duty before moving to the UK). Canada also enacted the
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1149:"Ukraine president orders general mobilization – DW – 02/25/2022"
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This article is about military mobilization. For other uses, see
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mobilization procedure of the Austrian Federal Army (in German)
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Herbst, Jeffrey (Spring 1990). "War and the State in Africa".
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problems that arose quickly with the advent of the mass army.
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171:, and the introduction of the railways in the 19th century.
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Assembling and readying military troops and supplies for war
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and carriages requisitioned in the mobilization before the
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492:. The French mobilized around 7,000 trains for movement.
137:
1265:
Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). "War and the State in Africa".
121:, they sent messengers to mobilize men in every village
760:, signed a decree on February 24, 2022 on the general
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in Quebec. The field force served separately from the
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engaged in a personal dialogue with the German Emperor
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665:New recruits during mobilization in Moscow after
132:) is the act of assembling and readying military
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500:. The British had 165,000 horses prepared for
361:began, sparked by the German enactment of the
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167:. It became an issue with the introduction of
1379:Swiss government PDF on mobilization (German)
556:Photograph shows reservists and crowd at the
1133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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793:, 300,000 reservists would be mobilized.
780:partial mobilization on 21 September 2022
258:transported 130,000 soldiers to Italy by
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
1389:Economic mobilization since World War II
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741:Up to 34 million soldiers served in the
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657:was announced on 20 June 1941 in Finland
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52:This article includes a list of general
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155:Mobilization institutionalized the
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58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1021:. Tacitus.nu. August 30, 2008
708:Canadian Active Service Force
463:German soldiers in a railway
213:Confederate States of America
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34:Mobilization (disambiguation)
1374:(1959), by R. Elberton Smith
1091:Encyclopedia of World War II
706:. On September 1, 1939, the
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622:quickly mobilized, adding 5
534:Canadian Expeditionary Force
359:Anglo-German naval arms race
182:of soldiers in case of war.
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1094:. H W Fowler. p. 399.
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291:Mobilization in World War I
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436:'s revised version of the
333:. The other Great Powers (
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128:(alternatively spelled as
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901:. BRILL. pp. 38–40.
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421:The next day, the Tsar's
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788:Russian defence minister
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432:Germany mobilized under
227:mobilized 7.7% in 1709.
1194:"Economic mobilization"
1019:"Population of Germany"
405:Similarly, the Russian
242:led an army of 600,000
161:mass levy of conscripts
73:more precise citations.
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372:worst-case scenarios
1414:Military operations
1316:The First World War
1123:] (in Russian).
861:Schubert, Frank N.
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754:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
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