854:
870:
coins, but after the adoption of the common
Lunettes design, coins of Wessex and Mercia were used in both kingdoms, and even in Wessex hoards coins of Æthelred I form a minor proportion of the total. Between one and one and a half million Æthelred I Regular Lunette coins were produced, but this seems to have been significantly less than in Mercia. It is not known why the Mercian design was adopted, but it probably reflects the fact that the Lunette type had already been used for more than twelve years, the simplicity of the design, which could easily be copied, and the greater strength of the Mercian economy. The bulk of surviving Æthelred I coins are of the Regular Lunettes design, with 118 coins struck by 21 moneyers, six of whom are known to have also worked for Burgred; the coins are notable for consistency in design and good quality of execution, and they were mainly produced by
737:. Æthelred would not cut short his devotions and Alfred risked being outflanked and overwhelmed by the whole Danish army. He decided to attack and led his men in a charge. Battle then raged around a small thorn tree and finally the West Saxons were victorious. Although Asser emphasises Alfred's role in the victory and implies that Æthelred was dilatory, in the view of the military historian John Peddie, Æthelred was militarily correct to delay joining the battle until the situation was in his favour. The Vikings suffered heavy losses, including King Bagsecg and five earls, Sidroc the Old, Sidroc the Younger, Osbern, Fræna and Harold. The West Saxons followed the Viking flight until nightfall, cutting them down. The historian
540:
478:
826:
350:
53:
621:
729:, 13 miles (21 kilometres) north-west of Reading. According to Asser's account, the Vikings arrived first at the battle ground and deployed along the top of the ridge, giving them the advantage. They divided their forces into two contingents, one under their two kings and the other under their earls. When the West Saxons saw this, they decided to copy the formation, with Æthelred facing the kings and Alfred the earls. The king then retired to his tent to hear
595:, his personal property which he could leave in his will (as opposed to the folkland which passed according to customary law and property earmarked for the support of the crown); it is further argued that it was considered desirable that the bookland would be kept by the king, so Æthelwulf's provision implies that the throne would pass to each brother in turn. However, other historians assert that the bequest had nothing to do with the kingship, and
794:
785:
526:(king's son) in 854, and he witnessed with this title until he succeeded to the throne in 865. He may have acted as an underking before his accession, as in 862 and 863 he issued his own charters as King of the West Saxons. This must have been as deputy or in the absence of his elder brother, King Æthelberht, as there is no record of conflict between them and he continued to witness his brother's charters as a king's son in 864.
436:(who died in the early 850s) as sub-king of Kent. Ecgberht and Æthelwulf might not have intended a permanent union between Wessex and Kent as they both appointed sons as underkings and charters in Wessex were attested (witnessed) by West Saxon magnates, while Kentish charters were witnessed by the Kentish elite; both kings kept overall control and the underkings were not allowed to issue their own coinage.
816:
point in the development of the
English coinage". His first Four Line issue was stylistically similar to the Floriate Cross penny of his predecessor, Æthelberht, but he soon abandoned this and adopted the design of his Mercian brother-in-law, Burgred, resulting in a common coinage design across southern England for the first time. The historian and numismatist Rory Naismith comments that Æthelred:
519:, records the names of both Æthelred and Alfred, indicating that both brothers went to Rome. It is likely that Æthelred was also decorated by the pope, but the ceremony was later regarded as foreshadowing Alfred's greatness and neither the chronicler nor the eleventh-century extractor from the Pope's letters were interested in recording the presence of his lesser known elder brother.
612:(King of the West Saxons) in the charter of Ealhswith which he witnessed, and in five of his own. He is "King of the West Saxons and the Men of Kent" in two, and "King" and "King of the Saxons" in one each. The West Saxon charters of Æthelred and his elder brothers followed a uniform style, suggesting that they were produced by a single agency which operated over a number of years.
330:, became king of Wessex in 802, and in the view of the historian Richard Abels, it must have seemed very unlikely to contemporaries that he would establish a lasting dynasty. For two hundred years, three families had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. No ancestor of Ecgberht had been a king of Wessex since
497:, was of West Saxon royal descent. According to the historian Sean Miller, Æthelred was probably a year or so older than his younger brother, the future Alfred the Great, who was born 848–9, but Richard Abels says that Æthelred was around eight years old in 853, which would mean he was born about 845. Manuscript A of the
698:. The West Saxons fought their way to the town, slaughtering all the Danes they found outside, but when they reached the town gate the Vikings burst out and defeated the West Saxons with a successful counter-attack. Among the dead was Æthelwulf, whose body was secretly carried off to be buried in his native
657:
in Mercia and spent the winter there. Æthelred's brother-in-law, King
Burgred, appealed to him for help. Æthelred and Alfred led a large West Saxon army to Nottingham and besieged the Vikings, but they refused to leave the safety of the town's defences. The combined Mercian and West Saxon armies were
1083:
records that the Battle of Basing was two months before
Meretun, dating it to 22 January, Ashdown fourteen days before that on 8 January, Reading four days earlier on 4 January, Englefield another four days earlier on 31 December 870 and the arrival of the Vikings in Reading three days earlier on 28
923:
after Alfred's death in 899. One of the two places where Æthelwold launched his rebellion was
Wimborne, which was symbolically important as his father's burial place. Æthelred's descendants played an important role in governing the country in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. They include
874:
moneyers, with a few in the
Mercian town of London. Only one coin is known which was produced in Wessex itself. There were also Irregular Lunettes issues, one of which was a degraded and crude variant, perhaps a result of a breakdown in controls at the end of Æthelred's reign, when Wessex was under
820:
took the important step of adopting a new coin-type based not on local tradition, but on the
Lunettes-type current in contemporary Mercia. The year 865 thus saw not only the arrival of the Viking great army that would dismantle most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, but also the beginning of the end for
599:
argues that the bequest was provision for Æthelwulf's young sons when they reached adulthood, with Æthelbald as trustee and residuary beneficiary if they died young. When Alfred succeeded, the supporters of Æthelred's infant sons complained that Alfred should have shared the property with them, and
1067:
According to Asser: "Alfred and his men reached the battlefield sooner and in better order: for his brother, King Æthelred, was still at his tent in prayer, hearing Mass and declaring firmly that he would not leave that place alive before the priest had finished Mass, and that he would not forsake
586:
Alfred records in the preamble to his will that Æthelwulf had left property jointly to three of his sons, Æthelbald, Æthelred and Alfred, with the proviso that the brother who lived longest would succeed to all of it. When Æthelbald died in 860, Æthelred and Alfred, who were still young, agreed to
869:
The single coinage design created a form of monetary union in southern
England, reinforcing the mingling of economic interests between the two kingdoms and the military alliance against the Vikings. Coin hoards in Wessex dating to the earlier period of separate coinage designs have few non-Wessex
815:
In the late eighth and ninth centuries, the only denomination of coin produced in southern
England was the silver penny. As of 2007, 152 coins of Æthelred struck by 32 different moneyers have been recorded. His reign is described by the numismatists Adrian Lyons and William Mackay as "a critical
591:(assembly of leading men) to give him his share of the property. However, Æthelred said that he had attempted many times to divide it but had found it too difficult, and he would instead leave the whole to Alfred on his death. Some historians see the bequest as including the whole of Æthelwulf's
632:
The character of Viking attacks on
England decisively changed in the year that Æthelred succeeded to the throne. Previously the country had suffered from sporadic raids, but now it faced an invasion aiming at conquest and settlement. A large force of Vikings, called by contemporaries the
309:
were close allies when he became king, and he carried the alliance further by adopting the Mercian Lunettes design, thus creating a unified coinage design for southern England for the first time. The common design foreshadowed the unification of England over the next sixty years and the
501:, which was written in the 890s, states that in 853 Alfred was sent by his father to Rome and was consecrated by the Pope as king. Historians do not believe that he was consecrated king at this young age and the real nature of the ceremony is explained in an extract from a letter of
600:
Alfred had his father's will read to a meeting of the witan to prove his right to keep the whole of the property. Alfred rarely witnessed Æthelred's charters, and this together with the argument over their father's will suggests that they were not on good terms. The historian
756:
on 22 March the Vikings again divided into two divisions and the West Saxons had the advantage for much of the day, putting both divisions to flight, but the Vikings regrouped and finally held control of the battlefield. The West Saxons lost many important men, including
465:, "there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen raiding-army that we have heard tell of up to this present day, and there took the victory". Æthelwulf died in 858 and was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, as king of Wessex and by his next oldest son,
559:(queen), an omission which Alfred the Great justified on the ground of the misconduct of a queen at the beginning of the ninth century. The name of Æthelred's wife is only known because she was recorded as a witness to one charter, S 340 of 868, where she is shown as
883:
Shortly after Easter 871, which fell on 15 April in that year, Æthelred died. According to Asser, he "went the way of all flesh, having vigorously and honourably ruled the kingdom in good repute, amid many difficulties, for five years". He was buried at the royal
919:Æthelred had two sons, and if he had lived until they were adults it is unlikely that Alfred would ever have become king, but as they were still young children, Alfred succeeded. Æthelhelm died before Alfred, and Æthelwold unsuccessfully disputed the throne with
607:
In 868, Æthelred issued a charter which was attested by a Mercian ætheling and himself attested a charter issued by his sister, Æthelswith, as queen of Mercia. Æthelred used several different titles in his charters. He is called by his father's usual title,
985:
Historians have expressed doubt both whether the genealogy for Ecgberht going back to Cerdic was fabricated to legitimise his seizure of the West Saxon throne, and broadly whether Cerdic was a real person or if the story of Cerdic is a "foundation myth".
940:
due to consanguinity; she may have been Æthelweard's sister, which would make her Eadwig's third cousin once removed due to her descent from Æthelred, and thus within the forbidden degrees of relationship according to the church. Æthelweard and his son
681:
rivers, and they set about building a ditch and rampart on the southern side between the two rivers. Three days after their arrival they sent out a large foraging party, which was defeated by an army of local levies under the command of
583:, who forfeited his lands after being charged with deserting King Alfred for the Danes in about 878, perhaps because he attempted to secure Viking support for his elder grandson Æthelhelm's claim to the throne against Alfred.
842:
311:
1028:
on the ground that only Æthelhelm and Æthelwold are mentioned in the prologue to Alfred's will, where he describes disputes shortly after his succession in 871 over his treatment of Æthelred's sons.
995:
The first charter which Æthelred witnessed was S 308 in 854. He issued charters S 335 in 862 and S 336 in 863 as King of the West Saxons. He witnessed S 333, issued by King Æthelberht in 864, as
505:
to Æthelwulf, which records that he decorated Alfred "as a spiritual son, with the dignity of the belt and the vestments of the consulate, as is customary with Roman consuls". The contemporary
342:– a prince eligible for the throne. But after Ecgberht's reign, descent from Cerdic was no longer sufficient to make a man an ætheling. When Ecgberht died in 839 he was succeeded by his son
1040:
translates Æthelred's titles as "King of Wessex" and "King of Wessex and Kent", but the translations here follow the usual (and literal) translations as "West Saxons" and "Men of Kent".
875:
the pressure of Viking attacks. Alfred kept the Lunettes design for a short period following his accession in 871, but the design disappears from hoards deposited after around 875.
587:
entrust their share to the new king, Æthelberht, on a promise that he would return it to them intact. When Æthelred succeeded to the throne, Alfred asked him at a meeting of the
849:. This convergence of the coinage is also tangible evidence for a growing collaboration between Mercia and Wessex which foreshadowed the eventual creation of a unified England.
694:. After another four days, on about 4 January 871, Æthelred and Alfred brought up the main West Saxon army and joined Æthelwulf's forces for an attack on the Danes in the
1068:
divine service for that of men; and he did what he said. The faith of the Christian king counted for much with the Lord, as shall be shown more clearly in what follows.
661:
In 869, the Vikings returned to East Anglia and conquered the kingdom, killing King Edmund. In December 870, they launched an attempt to conquer Wessex led by Kings
555:
at an unknown date. West Saxon kings' wives had a low status in the ninth century and very little is known about them. They were not usually given the title of
741:, who sees Asser's biography as intended to portray Alfred as an ideal king, comments that "Asser is particularly careful to give much credit to Alfred".
469:, as king of Kent. Æthelbald only survived his father by two years and Æthelberht then for the first time united Wessex and Kent into a single kingdom.
774:
563:, suggesting that she had a higher status than other kings' wives. The only other ninth century king's wife known to have been given the title was
2495:
Lavelle, Ryan (2009). "The Politics of Rebellion: The Aetheling Aethelwold and West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).
706:, Æthelred and Alfred only escaped due to their better knowledge of the local terrain, which allowed them to lose their pursuers by fording the
408:
had also submitted to Ecgberht, and he had appointed Æthelwulf to rule the south-eastern territories as King of Kent. The Vikings ravaged the
298:. He died shortly after Easter. Alfred was forced to pay off the Vikings, but he scored a decisive victory over them seven years later at the
3411:
1049:
Simon Keynes analysed Æthelred's West Saxon charters (not his Kentish ones) in his "The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his Sons".
381:
rebellion, and Æthelwulf led a West Saxon contingent in a successful joint campaign. In the same year Burgred married Æthelwulf's daughter,
853:
949:
conquered England in 1016, and one of Æthelmær's sons was executed by Cnut in 1017, while a son-in-law was banished in 1020. Another son,
945:
were leading magnates who governed west Wessex as ealdormen of the western provinces. The family lost their positions and property after
976:
Edgar's radical coinage reform of the 970s heralded a monetary system which was the most sophisticated in Europe. It lasted 150 years.
2694:
Nelson, Janet (1996). "Reconstructing a Royal Family: Reflections on Alfred from Asser, Chapter 2". In Wood, Ian; Lund, Niels (eds.).
2298:
904:. While Alfred was attending his funeral, the West Saxons suffered another defeat at Reading, and Alfred himself was then defeated at
3196:
604:
suggests that Æthelred chose to highlight his wife's status as queen in a charter to assert his own sons' claims to the succession.
3051:
2536:
2428:
2234:
2927:
2714:
2581:
259:, who were passed over for the kingship on their father's death because they were still infants. Alfred was succeeded by his son,
1084:
December. However, as the two month interval between Marton and Basing is probably not exact, the earlier dates are approximate.
950:
752:. There was then a lull of two months until the West Saxons and the Vikings met at an unknown location called Meretun. In the
3391:
3071:
3040:
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2983:
2947:
2916:
2874:
2855:
2833:
2811:
2767:
2734:
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2634:
2601:
2556:
2504:
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2448:
2417:
2348:
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2254:
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2047:
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1340:
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unable to breach the earth ramparts and ditch, and eventually Burgred bought them off. The Vikings then went back to York.
1077:
The death of Bishop Heahmund in the battle dates the sequence of events, as it is known that he died on 22 March 871. The
282:, and at the end of 870 they launched a full-scale attack on Wessex. In early January 871, Æthelred was defeated at the
2703:
365:
dominated southern England, but its supremacy came to an end in 825 when it was decisively defeated by Ecgberht at the
2789:
2024:
544:
2802:(2003). "Succession and Inheritance: a Gendered Perspective on Alfred's Family History". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
580:
841:
The developments of the late 860s can thus be viewed as an essential precursor that eventually led to the unified
543:
Charter S 338 dated 867. Æthelred, King of the West Saxons and the Men of Kent, grants Wighelm, priest, a seat in
17:
1495:
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purchased peace by paying tribute and the Vikings stayed a year building up their strength. They then marched on
547:, together with land. Most charters only survive as copies, and this is the only original of Æthelred to survive.
2907:(2001). "Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).
744:
However, the victory was short-lived. Two weeks later, Æthelred and Alfred were defeated at the royal estate of
31:
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539:
3344:
482:
477:
466:
244:
85:
3376:
2082:
3339:
3334:
452:
2157:
2034:
Abels, Richard (2002). "Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex".
3205:
3102:
937:
3401:
2865:
Thacker, Alan (2001). "Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).
2104:
Bouchard, Constance (1981). "Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries".
889:
131:
925:
683:
3406:
3329:
3182:
3012:
Yorke, Barbara (1997). "Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
1098:
1004:
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327:
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942:
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283:
256:
166:
3304:
3149:
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638:
512:
279:
240:
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1079:
461:
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346:; all subsequent West Saxon kings were Ecgberht's descendants and were also sons of kings.
3381:
2085:(2014). "Coinage". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
1016:Æthelred may have had a third son, Oswald or Osweald, who witnessed two charters in 868 as
691:
552:
451:
in the first recorded naval battle in English history. In 851 Æthelwulf and his second son
221:
146:
3284:
1431:
433:
357:
At the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the
8:
3386:
3324:
3314:
2387:
Keynes, Simon (November 1994). "The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons".
762:
230:
1058:
In 874, the Vikings took control of Mercia and drove Burgred and Æthelswith into exile.
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711:
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634:
625:
568:
366:
315:
299:
267:
733:, while Alfred led his forces to the battlefield. Both sides formed their forces into
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People and Places in Northern Europe 500–1600: Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer
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2225:
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2137:
2121:
2090:
2043:
2020:
905:
858:
753:
722:
642:
405:
374:
349:
295:
287:
153:
2514:
Lyons, Adrian W.; Mackay, William A. (2007). "The Coinage of Æthelred I (865–871)".
2149:
3354:
3275:
3229:
3166:
3059:
3031:
Yorke, Barbara (2001). "Edward as Ætheling". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).
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2544:
2436:
2367:
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returned, and Alfred fought a guerrilla war until he won a decisive victory at the
885:
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601:
397:
291:
260:
248:
95:
52:
3087:
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2617:
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2904:
2843:
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1037:
908:. He was forced to buy off the Vikings, who then withdrew to London. In 876, the
703:
596:
456:
440:
409:
393:
389:
181:
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suggests that he may have been a son of Æthelred; however, this is dismissed by
443:, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated at Carhampton. In 850, Æthelstan defeated a
3244:
3156:
2429:"Æthelred II [Ethelred; known as Ethelred the Unready] (c. 966x8–1016)"
2201:
1021:
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715:
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67:
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2726:
2627:
Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England: The Southern English Kingdoms, 757–965
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Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources
2310:
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2217:
551:Æthelred succeeded to the throne on Æthelberht's death in 865, and he married
334:
in the late sixth century, but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of
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2971:
2939:
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2400:
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738:
3349:
2497:
Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter
1751:
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2412:. Vol. II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42.
2332:
2141:
1563:
1025:
1000:
707:
678:
378:
369:. The two kingdoms became allies, which was important in the resistance to
2408:
Keynes, Simon (1995). "England, 700–900". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.).
2089:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 115–16.
564:
343:
252:
191:
161:
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defends the authenticity of S 335 and S 336. "S" means the number in the
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620:
572:
507:
502:
358:
275:
243:, four of whom in turn became king. Æthelred succeeded his elder brother
1963:
339:
239:
from 865 until his death in 871. He was the fourth of five sons of King
35:
3016:(reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 65–88.
2678:
2204:(1979). "The ætheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history".
2133:
1207:
871:
745:
654:
421:
413:
2647:(1986). "'A King Across the Sea': Alfred in Continental Perspective".
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In 825, Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf to invade the Mercian sub-kingdom of
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2117:
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1699:
1627:
1527:
493:Æthelred was the fourth of five sons of King Æthelwulf. His mother,
3254:
1835:
1094:
897:
758:
417:
2358:
Keynes, Simon (1993). "The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century".
2017:
Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England
1871:
1847:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1020:, and one more during Alfred's reign in 875 with the same title.
909:
802:
721:
Four days later, on about 8 January, the armies met again in the
662:
516:
331:
271:
176:
1859:
1655:
3234:
2164:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
2059:"The Beginning of the Year in the Alfredian Chronicle (866–87)"
1979:
1404:
1223:
933:
901:
893:
862:
830:
674:
494:
485:. Æthelred attests second from bottom on the left as "Æthelred
401:
370:
362:
338:, the founder of the West Saxon dynasty. This made Ecgberht an
335:
306:
236:
201:
135:
111:
1739:
1239:
439:
Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the
266:Æthelred's accession coincided with the arrival of the Viking
1923:
1364:
699:
588:
444:
263:, and Æthelwold unsuccessfully disputed the throne with him.
1687:
1471:
718:, which is around 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) east of Reading.
575:. Wulfthryth and Æthelred had two known sons, Æthelhelm and
946:
646:
1171:
305:Æthelred's reign was important numismatically. Wessex and
1591:
1392:
1328:
412:
in 835, and the following year they defeated Ecgberht at
2036:
The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History
1939:
1775:
432:. When Æthelwulf succeeded, he appointed his eldest son
2087:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1887:
1823:
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1539:
1515:
1483:
1421:
1419:
1763:
1579:
1447:
1304:
1280:
837:
Lyons and Mackay see the change as even more crucial:
1715:
1292:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1183:
235:'noble counsel'; 845/848 to 871) was King of
57:Æthelred as depicted in the early fourteenth-century
1951:
1911:
1551:
1459:
1416:
725:. The location of the battle is unknown, but may be
1899:
1643:
1380:
1268:
1195:
653:, installing a puppet king. In late 867, they took
420:, but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of
2331:
1865:
1661:
1533:
1505:
1437:
1350:
1316:
1251:
1127:
936:was forced to accept annulment of his marriage to
932:that he was Æthelred's great-great-grandson. King
522:Æthelred first witnessed his father's charters as
2828:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2698:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 48–66.
1991:
1615:
1115:
3368:
2891:. Vol. 1. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
2513:
2156:
1853:
1841:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1757:
1745:
1573:
1410:
1139:
2976:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
2178:
1245:
673:on around 28 December. The town is between the
579:. She might have been Mercian or a daughter of
2499:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 51–80.
702:. According to the twelfth-century chronicler
286:. Four days later, he scored a victory in the
3190:
2629:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
396:, was driven out shortly afterwards. By 830,
2911:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–79.
2869:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 248–63.
2649:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
775:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)
3035:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 25–39.
2806:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 251–64.
2162:Charters of Christ Church Canterbury Part 2
928:, who recorded in his Latin version of the
865:(Æthelred's brother-in-law), struck 866–870
3197:
3183:
3014:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
290:, but this was followed by two defeats at
247:and was followed by his youngest brother,
51:
2883:
2081:
1781:
1358:
270:in England. Over the next five years the
59:Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England
2889:English Historical Documents c. 500–1042
2798:
2624:
2582:"Æthelred [Ethelred] I (d. 871)"
2200:
2103:
1973:
1829:
1769:
1733:
1545:
1453:
1161:
972:
970:
852:
824:
619:
538:
476:
377:requested West Saxon help to suppress a
348:
3056:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2932:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2925:
2903:
2864:
2842:
2820:
2784:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2719:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2586:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2541:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2494:
2433:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2303:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2239:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2232:
2186:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1945:
1905:
1881:
1509:
1354:
1298:
1286:
1229:
1133:
821:separate coinages in separate kingdoms.
615:
428:, reducing Cornwall to the status of a
30:For other monarchs with this name, see
14:
3369:
3204:
2997:. London: Leicester University Press.
2757:
2712:
2693:
2643:
2579:
2426:
2407:
2386:
2357:
2277:
2056:
1933:
1721:
1709:
1681:
1677:
1637:
1597:
1585:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1398:
1370:
1346:
1322:
1262:
1213:
1177:
1121:
878:
3178:
3049:
3030:
3011:
2992:
2970:
2928:"Alfred [Ælfred] (848/9–899)"
2776:
2534:
2471:
2299:"Burgred [Burhred] (d. 874?)"
2296:
2033:
2014:
1997:
1985:
1969:
1957:
1929:
1917:
1893:
1877:
1705:
1693:
1673:
1649:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1569:
1557:
1521:
1501:
1441:
1425:
1386:
1374:
1334:
1310:
1274:
1233:
1217:
1201:
1189:
1165:
1157:
1145:
967:
353:Southern Britain in the ninth century
3412:Burials at Wimborne Minster (church)
3107:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
2235:"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839)"
829:Silver penny of King Æthelberht of
24:
2410:The New Cambridge Medieval History
2372:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x
1007:catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters.
896:, which had been founded by Saint
25:
3423:
3096:
1508:, pp. 174–75, 314–15, n. 3;
2280:Anglo-Saxon Women and the Church
792:
783:
581:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire
534:
2995:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages
2007:
1087:
1071:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1031:
1010:
989:
805:and reverse of early Four Line
2762:. Bath, UK: Millstream Books.
2184:Wales and the Britons 350–1064
1440:, pp. 71, 235–36, n. 28;
979:
545:St Martin's Church, Canterbury
27:King of Wessex from 865 to 871
13:
1:
2160:; Kelly, S. E., eds. (2013).
1108:
472:
321:
3392:9th-century English monarchs
3088:UK public library membership
2964:UK public library membership
2751:UK public library membership
2618:UK public library membership
2573:UK public library membership
2476:(Revised ed.). London:
2465:UK public library membership
2343:. London: Penguin Classics.
2325:UK public library membership
2271:UK public library membership
2075:10.1093/ehr/XXXIII.CXXXI.328
2057:Beaven, Murray (July 1918).
1760:, pp. 71–72, 77, 98–99.
1093:There are also ten coins of
900:, a sister of his ancestor,
455:defeated the Vikings at the
7:
3058:. Oxford University Press.
2934:. Oxford University Press.
2721:. Oxford University Press.
2588:. Oxford University Press.
2543:. Oxford University Press.
2435:. Oxford University Press.
2305:. Oxford University Press.
2282:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell.
2241:. Oxford University Press.
957:, and he lived until 1038.
571:, a great-granddaughter of
481:Charter S 332 dated 863 of
122:Late April 871 (aged 23–26)
32:Æthelred I (disambiguation)
10:
3428:
2848:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
2516:British Numismatic Journal
2474:The Earliest English Kings
2278:Hollis, Stephanie (1992).
1988:, pp. 100–01, 141–42.
1168:, pp. 142–43, 148–49.
772:
768:
29:
3225:
3212:
3163:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3114:
2926:Wormald, Patrick (2006).
2389:English Historical Review
2233:Edwards, Heather (2004).
2218:10.1017/s026367510000301x
2063:English Historical Review
610:Rex Occidentalium Saxonum
361:. The Midland kingdom of
251:. Æthelred had two sons,
197:
187:
175:
152:
142:
126:
118:
105:
101:
91:
81:
73:
66:
50:
45:
3052:"Cerdic (fl. 6th cent.)"
3033:Edward the Elder 899–924
2909:Edward the Elder 899–924
2867:Edward the Elder 899–924
1361:, p. 810 (no. 219).
1101:until his death in 870.
1099:Archbishop of Canterbury
960:
955:Archbishop of Canterbury
833:(Æthelred's predecessor)
529:
511:(confraternity book) of
326:Æthelred's grandfather,
3050:Yorke, Barbara (2004).
2993:Yorke, Barbara (1995).
2760:Alfred the Good Soldier
2625:Naismith, Rory (2012).
2019:. Harlow, UK: Longman.
2015:Abels, Richard (1998).
1866:Keynes and Lapidge 1983
1696:, pp. 105–06, 109.
1662:Keynes and Lapidge 1983
1534:Keynes and Lapidge 1983
1506:Keynes and Lapidge 1983
1438:Keynes and Lapidge 1983
1351:Keynes and Lapidge 1983
426:Battle of Hingston Down
225:
2713:Nelson, Janet (2004).
2427:Keynes, Simon (2004).
2180:Charles-Edwards, T. M.
866:
851:
834:
823:
629:
548:
490:
459:and, according to the
373:attacks. In 853, King
354:
3116:Æthelred I of Wessex
3064:10.1093/ref:odnb/5003
2978:. London: Routledge.
2782:King Alfred the Great
2758:Peddie, John (1989).
2727:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921
2594:10.1093/ref:odnb/8913
2580:Miller, Sean (2004).
2549:10.1093/ref:odnb/8912
2537:"Æthelnoth (d. 1038)"
2472:Kirby, D. H. (2000).
2441:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915
2360:Early Medieval Europe
2311:10.1093/ref:odnb/4018
2297:Kelly, Susan (2004).
2247:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581
1854:Lyons and Mackay 2007
1842:Lyons and Mackay 2007
1818:Lyons and Mackay 2007
1806:Lyons and Mackay 2007
1794:Lyons and Mackay 2007
1758:Lyons and Mackay 2007
1746:Lyons and Mackay 2007
1574:Brooks and Kelly 2013
1480:, p. 215, n. 40.
1411:Brooks and Kelly 2013
1180:, pp. 28, 39–41.
1080:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
930:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
856:
839:
828:
818:
623:
542:
499:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
480:
462:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
392:, and its underking,
352:
3397:Anglo-Saxon warriors
2940:10.1093/ref:odnb/183
2715:"Æthelwulf (d. 858)"
2535:Mason, Emma (2004).
1357:, pp. xxi, 64;
1353:, pp. 69, 232;
1246:Charles-Edwards 2013
692:Battle of Englefield
624:Routes taken by the
616:The Viking invasions
3377:West Saxon monarchs
2850:. London: Phoenix.
2826:Anglo-Saxon England
2206:Anglo-Saxon England
2083:Blackburn, M. A. S.
1844:, pp. 93, 100.
1708:, pp. 131–34;
1676:, pp. 129–31;
1636:, pp. 124–27;
1600:, pp. 1123–30.
1401:, pp. 1124–30.
1337:, p. 67 n. 57.
1216:, pp. 120–21;
879:Death and aftermath
763:Bishop of Sherborne
424:and Vikings at the
241:Æthelwulf of Wessex
3206:Monarchs of Wessex
2885:Whitelock, Dorothy
1976:, pp. 269–70.
1972:, pp. 76–77;
1896:, pp. 134–40.
1856:, pp. 74, 94.
1680:, pp. 82–88;
1612:, pp. 114–20.
1536:, pp. 174–75.
1524:, pp. 416–18.
1512:, pp. 268–70.
1504:, pp. 90–91;
1220:, pp. 155–56.
1164:, pp. 17–18;
1160:, pp. 84–85;
914:Battle of Edington
867:
835:
635:Great Heathen Army
630:
626:Great Heathen Army
569:Judith of Flanders
549:
491:
367:Battle of Ellendun
355:
300:Battle of Edington
268:Great Heathen Army
3364:
3363:
3280:
3173:
3172:
3164:Succeeded by
3086:(subscription or
3073:978-0-19-861412-8
3042:978-0-415-21497-1
3023:978-0-85115-705-4
3004:978-0-7185-1856-1
2985:978-0-415-16639-3
2962:(subscription or
2949:978-0-19-861412-8
2918:978-0-415-21497-1
2876:978-0-415-21497-1
2857:978-1-84212-003-3
2835:978-0-19-280139-5
2822:Stenton, Frank M.
2813:978-1-138-24830-4
2800:Stafford, Pauline
2769:978-0-948975-19-6
2749:(subscription or
2736:978-0-19-861412-8
2670:978-0-86193-109-5
2636:978-1-107-66969-7
2616:(subscription or
2603:978-0-19-861412-8
2571:(subscription or
2558:978-0-19-861412-8
2506:978-2-503-52359-0
2487:978-0-415-24211-0
2463:(subscription or
2450:978-0-19-861412-8
2419:978-0-521-36292-4
2350:978-0-14-044409-4
2323:(subscription or
2289:978-0-85115-317-9
2269:(subscription or
2256:978-0-19-861412-8
2193:978-0-19-821731-2
2171:978-0-19-726536-9
2096:978-0-470-65632-7
2049:978-1-84383-008-5
1948:, pp. 61–62.
1820:, pp. 85–87.
1808:, pp. 73–79.
1796:, pp. 71–72.
1492:, pp. 53–55.
1313:, pp. 89–94.
1192:, pp. 28–29.
727:Kingstanding Hill
723:Battle of Ashdown
696:Battle of Reading
561:Wulfthryth regina
375:Burgred of Mercia
318:a century later.
288:Battle of Ashdown
284:Battle of Reading
234:
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
3419:
3402:Kentish monarchs
3355:Alfred the Great
3278:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3167:Alfred the Great
3147:Preceded by
3137:
3130:
3112:
3111:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3046:
3027:
3008:
2989:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2922:
2905:Wormald, Patrick
2900:
2880:
2861:
2844:Swanton, Michael
2839:
2817:
2804:Alfred the Great
2795:
2778:Smyth, Alfred P.
2773:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2709:
2690:
2640:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2531:
2510:
2491:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2423:
2404:
2383:
2354:
2337:Lapidge, Michael
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2293:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2229:
2197:
2175:
2153:
2100:
2078:
2053:
2030:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1008:
993:
987:
983:
977:
974:
921:Edward the Elder
857:Silver penny of
796:
787:
750:Battle of Basing
714:and going on to
669:. They occupied
602:Pauline Stafford
567:'s second wife,
261:Edward the Elder
249:Alfred the Great
229:
132:Wimborne Minster
55:
43:
42:
21:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3407:House of Wessex
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3221:
3217:House of Wessex
3208:
3203:
3169:
3160:
3152:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3121:House of Wessex
3117:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3043:
3024:
3005:
2986:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2919:
2877:
2858:
2836:
2814:
2792:
2770:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2706:
2671:
2661:10.2307/3679059
2637:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2507:
2488:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2420:
2351:
2339:, eds. (1983).
2322:
2315:
2313:
2290:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2202:Dumville, David
2194:
2172:
2118:10.2307/2846935
2097:
2069:(131): 328–42.
2050:
2027:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:, p. 187;
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:, p. 1126.
1584:
1580:
1572:, p. 386;
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
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1460:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1015:
1011:
994:
990:
984:
980:
975:
968:
963:
881:
813:
812:
811:
810:
799:
798:
797:
789:
788:
777:
771:
686:, Ealdorman of
628:from 865 to 878
618:
537:
532:
483:King Æthelberht
475:
457:Battle of Aclea
441:English Channel
410:Isle of Sheppey
324:
171:
138:
110:
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:(until c. 886)
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
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3247:
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3237:
3232:
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3220:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3157:King of Wessex
3153:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3142:Regnal titles
3139:
3138:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3097:External links
3095:
3093:
3092:
3072:
3047:
3041:
3028:
3022:
3009:
3003:
2990:
2984:
2972:Yorke, Barbara
2968:
2948:
2923:
2917:
2901:
2887:, ed. (1955).
2881:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2846:, ed. (2000).
2840:
2834:
2818:
2812:
2796:
2790:
2774:
2768:
2755:
2735:
2710:
2705:978-0851155470
2704:
2691:
2669:
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2002:
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1978:
1962:
1960:, p. 101.
1950:
1938:
1932:, p. 31;
1922:
1920:, p. 170.
1910:
1898:
1886:
1884:, p. 250.
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1832:, p. 110.
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1784:, p. 116.
1782:Blackburn 2014
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 203.
1726:
1724:, p. 334.
1714:
1712:, p. 334.
1698:
1686:
1684:, p. 334.
1666:
1654:
1642:
1640:, p. 334.
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1576:, p. 775.
1562:
1560:, p. 121.
1550:
1548:, p. 260.
1538:
1526:
1514:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1430:
1428:, p. 386.
1415:
1413:, p. 772.
1403:
1391:
1379:
1363:
1359:Whitelock 1955
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1289:, p. 244.
1279:
1267:
1250:
1248:, p. 431.
1238:
1236:, p. 171.
1222:
1206:
1204:, p. 161.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1086:
1070:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1030:
1022:David Dumville
1009:
999:(king's son).
988:
978:
965:
964:
962:
959:
880:
877:
843:reform coinage
801:
800:
791:
790:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
773:Main article:
770:
767:
716:Whistley Green
649:and conquered
617:
614:
536:
533:
531:
528:
474:
471:
430:client kingdom
323:
320:
312:reform coinage
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
158:
156:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
130:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
68:King of Wessex
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3424:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3089:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2791:0-19-822989-5
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:Nelson, Janet
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:(2): 111–31.
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:Keynes, Simon
2330:
2326:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Brooks, N. P.
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:(2): 268–87.
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2026:0-582-04047-7
2022:
2018:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1974:Bouchard 1981
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1868:, p. 80.
1867:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1830:Naismith 2012
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1772:, p. 11.
1771:
1770:Naismith 2012
1766:
1759:
1754:
1748:, p. 77.
1747:
1742:
1735:
1734:Naismith 2012
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1664:, p. 79.
1663:
1658:
1652:, p. 34.
1651:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1546:Stafford 2003
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 59.
1467:
1462:
1456:, p. 11.
1455:
1454:Dumville 1979
1450:
1444:, p. 31.
1443:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1389:, p. 50.
1388:
1383:
1377:, p. 50.
1376:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1301:, p. 64.
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1277:, p. 31.
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1162:Dumville 1979
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
982:
973:
971:
966:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
876:
873:
864:
860:
855:
850:
848:
844:
838:
832:
827:
822:
817:
808:
804:
795:
786:
776:
766:
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
739:Barbara Yorke
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:, arrived in
636:
627:
622:
613:
611:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
541:
535:Civilian rule
527:
525:
520:
518:
514:
513:San Salvatore
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
488:
484:
479:
470:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
178:
174:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
60:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:King Æthelred
3274:
3155:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3077:. Retrieved
3055:
3032:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2953:. Retrieved
2931:
2908:
2888:
2866:
2847:
2825:
2803:
2781:
2759:
2740:. Retrieved
2718:
2695:
2652:
2648:
2626:
2607:. Retrieved
2585:
2562:. Retrieved
2540:
2519:
2515:
2496:
2473:
2454:. Retrieved
2432:
2409:
2392:
2388:
2363:
2359:
2340:
2314:. Retrieved
2302:
2279:
2260:. Retrieved
2238:
2209:
2205:
2183:
2161:
2109:
2105:
2086:
2066:
2062:
2039:
2035:
2016:
2008:Bibliography
1993:
1981:
1965:
1953:
1946:Lavelle 2009
1941:
1925:
1913:
1906:Wormald 2006
1901:
1889:
1882:Thacker 2001
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1701:
1689:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1510:Wormald 2001
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1433:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1366:
1355:Swanton 2000
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1299:Swanton 2000
1294:
1287:Stenton 1971
1282:
1270:
1241:
1230:Edwards 2004
1225:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1153:
1141:
1134:Edwards 2004
1129:
1117:
1089:
1078:
1073:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1038:Alfred Smyth
1033:
1026:Janet Nelson
1018:filius regis
1017:
1012:
1001:Simon Keynes
997:filius regis
996:
991:
981:
929:
918:
882:
868:
859:King Burgred
840:
836:
819:
814:
807:silver penny
743:
735:shield walls
720:
708:River Loddon
660:
631:
609:
606:
597:Alfred Smyth
585:
560:
556:
550:
524:filius regis
523:
521:
506:
498:
492:
486:
460:
438:
387:
359:Anglo-Saxons
356:
325:
304:
265:
217:
213:
209:
208:
58:
40:
3382:840s births
3103:Æthelred 15
3079:21 February
2955:17 February
2395:: 1009–49.
2262:18 February
1934:Miller 2004
1722:Beaven 1918
1710:Beaven 1918
1682:Beaven 1918
1678:Peddie 1989
1638:Beaven 1918
1598:Keynes 1994
1586:Keynes 1994
1490:Nelson 1986
1478:Hollis 1992
1466:Nelson 1996
1399:Keynes 1994
1371:Miller 2004
1347:Nelson 2004
1323:Miller 2004
1263:Nelson 2004
1214:Keynes 1993
1178:Keynes 1995
1122:Keynes 2004
809:of Æthelred
651:Northumbria
639:East Anglia
573:Charlemagne
508:Liber Vitae
503:Pope Leo IV
280:East Anglia
276:Northumbria
222:Old English
82:Predecessor
3387:871 deaths
3371:Categories
3350:Æthelred I
3345:Æthelberht
3305:Æthelheard
3279:(disputed)
3150:Æthelberht
3129:c. 845/848
2564:23 January
2522:: 71–118.
1998:Mason 2004
1986:Yorke 1995
1970:Yorke 1997
1958:Yorke 1995
1930:Yorke 2001
1918:Kirby 2000
1894:Abels 1998
1878:Yorke 1995
1706:Abels 1998
1694:Yorke 1995
1674:Abels 1998
1650:Smyth 1995
1634:Abels 1998
1622:Kelly 2004
1610:Abels 1998
1570:Smyth 1995
1558:Abels 1998
1522:Smyth 1995
1502:Abels 2002
1442:Yorke 2001
1426:Smyth 1995
1387:Abels 1998
1375:Abels 1998
1335:Abels 1998
1311:Abels 1998
1275:Abels 1998
1234:Kirby 2000
1218:Kirby 2000
1202:Kirby 2000
1190:Abels 1998
1166:Yorke 1990
1158:Abels 2002
1146:Yorke 2004
1109:References
1097:, who was
926:Æthelweard
924:Ealdorman
872:Canterbury
655:Nottingham
553:Wulfthryth
473:Early life
467:Æthelberht
447:fleet off
422:Cornishmen
414:Carhampton
383:Æthelswith
322:Background
274:conquered
245:Æthelberht
210:Æthelred I
147:Wulfthryth
86:Æthelberht
46:Æthelred I
3340:Æthelbald
3335:Æthelwulf
3325:Beorhtric
3315:Sigeberht
3136:April 871
3090:required)
2966:required)
2897:907945796
2753:required)
2687:159863670
2655:: 45–68.
2620:required)
2575:required)
2528:0143-8956
2478:Routledge
2467:required)
2401:0013-8266
2380:1468-0254
2327:required)
2273:required)
2226:159954001
2126:0038-7134
2042:: 83–97.
951:Æthelnoth
690:, at the
688:Berkshire
684:Æthelwulf
577:Æthelwold
565:Æthelwulf
453:Æthelbald
434:Æthelstan
344:Æthelwulf
257:Æthelwold
253:Æthelhelm
226:Æthel-ræd
214:Aethelred
192:Æthelwulf
167:Æthelwold
162:Æthelhelm
114:, England
92:Successor
3330:Ecgberht
3320:Cynewulf
3295:Cædwalla
3290:Centwine
3270:Seaxburh
3260:Cwichelm
3255:Cynegils
3250:Ceolwulf
3161:865–871
2974:(1990).
2824:(1971).
2780:(1995).
2212:: 1–33.
2182:(2013).
2150:38717048
2142:11610836
2106:Speculum
1095:Ceolnoth
943:Æthelmær
916:in 878.
898:Cuthburh
890:Wimborne
759:Heahmund
593:bookland
449:Sandwich
418:Somerset
340:ætheling
328:Ecgberht
314:of King
218:Ethelred
36:Æthelred
3310:Cuthred
3285:Æscwine
3265:Cenwalh
3240:Ceawlin
2742:1 March
2679:3679059
2609:1 March
2456:5 March
2316:3 March
2134:2846935
938:Ælfgifu
910:Vikings
886:minster
803:Obverse
769:Coinage
748:in the
712:Twyford
671:Reading
667:Halfdan
663:Bagsecg
641:. King
517:Brescia
487:fil reg
394:Baldred
332:Ceawlin
296:Meretun
272:Vikings
233:
109:845/848
77:865–871
3276:Cenfus
3235:Cynric
3230:Cerdic
3132:
3070:
3039:
3020:
3001:
2982:
2946:
2915:
2895:
2873:
2854:
2832:
2810:
2788:
2766:
2733:
2702:
2685:
2677:
2667:
2633:
2600:
2555:
2526:
2503:
2484:
2447:
2416:
2399:
2378:
2347:
2286:
2253:
2224:
2190:
2168:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2093:
2046:
2023:
1005:Sawyer
953:, was
934:Eadwig
906:Wilton
902:Ingild
894:Dorset
863:Mercia
831:Wessex
761:, the
754:battle
746:Basing
704:Gaimar
679:Kennet
675:Thames
643:Edmund
557:regina
495:Osburh
445:Danish
406:Sussex
402:Surrey
371:Viking
363:Mercia
336:Cerdic
307:Mercia
292:Basing
237:Wessex
212:(alt.
202:Osburh
198:Mother
188:Father
182:Wessex
143:Spouse
136:Dorset
127:Burial
112:Wessex
96:Alfred
3134:Died:
3127:Born:
2683:S2CID
2675:JSTOR
2222:S2CID
2146:S2CID
2130:JSTOR
961:Notes
847:Edgar
700:Derby
589:witan
530:Reign
398:Essex
379:Welsh
316:Edgar
177:House
154:Issue
74:Reign
3245:Ceol
3081:2020
3068:ISBN
3037:ISBN
3018:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2957:2020
2944:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2893:OCLC
2871:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2744:2019
2731:ISBN
2700:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2611:2019
2598:ISBN
2566:2020
2553:ISBN
2524:ISSN
2501:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2458:2020
2445:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2397:ISSN
2376:ISSN
2345:ISBN
2318:2019
2284:ISBN
2264:2020
2251:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2138:PMID
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