Minimalist program

1338:

adjunction forms a two-segment object/category consisting of: (i) the head of a label; (ii) a different label from the head of the label. The label L is not considered a term in the structure that is formed because it is not identical to the head S, but it is derived from it in an irrelevant way. If α adjoins to S, and S projects, then the structure that results is L = {<H(S), H(S)>,{α,S}}, where the entire structure is replaced with the head S, as well as what the structure contains. The head is what projects, so it can itself be the label or can determine the label irrelevantly. In the new account developed in bare phrase structure, the properties of the head are no longer preserved in adjunction structures, as the attachment of an adjunct to a particular XP following adjunction is non-maximal, as shown in the figure below that illustrates adjunction in BPS. Such an account is applicable to XPs that are related to multiple adjunction.

2594:: Within the minimalist program, bare phrase structure, described in detail above, accounts for children's first language acquisition better than earlier theories of phrase structure building, such as X-bar theory. This is because, under bare phrase structure, children do not need to account for the intermediate layers of structure that appear in X-bar theory. The account of first language acquisition provided under bare phrase structure is simpler than that provided under X-bar theory. In particular, children typically progress from (unordered) conjunctions to headed combinations. This trajectory can be modelled as a progression from symmetric Merge (where the output label output of the derived syntactic object is indeterminate) to asymmetric Merge (where the output label of the derived syntactic object is determinate; i.e. endocentric/headed). 2304:(P&P) model, considered to be the ultimate standard theoretical model that generative linguistics developed from the early 1980s through to the early 1990s. The Principles and Parameters model posits a fixed set of principles (held to be valid for all human languages) that—when combined with settings for a finite set of parameters—could describe the properties that characterize the language competence that a child eventually attains. One aim of the Minimalist Program is to ascertain how much of the Principles and Parameters model can be taken to result from the hypothethesized optimal and computationally efficient design of the human language faculty. In turn, some aspects of the Principles and Parameters model provide technical tools and foundational concepts that inform the broad outlines of the Minimalist Program. 1262: 1255: 2006: 2240: 2504:

could be isolated from other cognitive abilities. However, with the introduction of MP, Chomsky considers aspects of cognition (e.g. the conceptual-intentional (CI) system and the sensory motor (SM) system) to be linked to language. Rather than arguing that syntax is a specialized model which excludes other systems, under MP, Chomsky considers the roles of cognition, production, and articulation in formulating language. Given that these cognitive systems are considered in an account of language under MP, it has been argued that in contrast to Chomsky's previous theories, MP is consistent with functionalism.

2013: 874:. Earlier theories of grammar—as well as early minimalist analyses—treat phrasal and movement dependencies differently than current minimalist analyses. In the latter, Merge and Move are different outputs of a single operation. Merge of two syntactic objects (SOs) is called "external Merge". As for Move, it is defined as an instance of "internal Merge", and involves the re-merge of an already merged SO with another SO. In regards to how Move should be formulated, there continues to be active debate about this, but the differences between current proposals are relatively minute. 1429:): Merge is a function that takes two objects (α and β) and merges them into an unordered set with a label (either α or β), where the label indicates the kind of phrase that is built via merge. But this labeling technique is too unrestricted since the input labels make incorrect predictions about which lexical categories can merge with each other. Consequently, a different mechanism is needed to generate the correct output label for each application of Merge in order to account for how lexical categories combine; this mechanism is referred to as the 2110: 1248: 2584:: Merge is the operation where two syntactic elements are brought together and combined to form a constituent. The head of the pair determines the constituent's label, but the element that becomes the head depends on the language. English is a left-headed language, such that the element on the left is the head; Japanese is a right-headed language, such that the element on the right is the head. Merge (a critical operation in MP) can account for the patterns of word-combination, and more specifically word-order, observed in children's first 1771: 2219: 1778: 912: 905: 1444:. There are a number of proposals that have been hypothesized to explain the exact nature of the labeling algorithm. In earlier discussions, Chomsky hypothesizes that determining the label of a set-theoretic object (α, β) depends on either semantic selection or agreement holding between α and β. Although this formulation of the LA is consistent with the basic principles of X-bar theory, reference to external relations like semantic selection and agreement are at odds with the goal of developing a parsimonious account. 1378: 1764: 2117: 2468: 1227: 1176: 1479:. Proposed by Chomsky in 2008, in this version of LA, clause (a) means that the output of Merge(V, DP) would be labelled V because V is a lexical item. Clause (b) means that if a syntactic object is re-introduced into the derivation via internal Merge—as it is when a subject DP moves to Spec,TP—then the output of Merge(DP,T) would be labelled T. However, this version of LA uses a disjunctive definition of labelling, one for external Merge (clause a), and one for internal merge (clause b). 788:; what Chomsky, Hauser and Fitch refer to as faculty of language in the narrow sense (FLN), as distinct from faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB). Thus, narrow syntax only concerns itself with interface requirements, also called legibility conditions. SMT can be restated as follows: syntax, narrowly defined, is a product of the requirements of the interfaces and nothing else. This is what is meant by "Language is an optimal solution to legibility conditions" (Chomsky 2001:96). 983: 1371: 1169: 461: 919: 2588:. In first language acquisition, it has been observed that young children combine two words in ways that are consistent with either the head-initial or head-final pattern of the language they are learning. Children learning English produce "pivot" words (e.g. see) before "open" words (e.g. shoe), which is consistent with the head-initial pattern of English, whereas children learning Japanese produce "open" words before "pivot" words. 1531:: Further simplification is given in Chomsky (2000), where Merge is simplified to an elementary set-formation operation, meaning that syntactic objects (SOs) are no longer associated with non-terminal nodes, like projections. Labels are now only the syntactically relevant "head" of a phrase that are determined independently by the LA. With this theory, labeling leaves bare phrase structure (BPS) completely projection-free. 990: 2142:. A'-agreement is a term used for the morphological reflex of A'-movement of an XP. In Medumba, when the moved phrase reaches a phase edge, a high low tonal melody is added to the head of the complement of the phase head. Since A'-agreement in Medumba requires movement, the presence of agreement on the complements of phase heads shows that the wh-word moves to the edges of phases and obeys PIC. 2371:(essentially the existence of the X-bar schemata). Whereas X-bar theory was composed of the three relationships, bare phrase structure only encodes the first two relationships. Claims 1 and 2 have almost completely withstood their original forms through grammatical theory development, unlike Claim 3, which has not. Claim 1 will be eliminated later on in favour of projection-less nodes. 1646: 2616:, which is both empirically unmotivated and so vague as to be unfalsifiable. They compare the adoption of this paradigm by linguistic researchers to other historical paradigm shifts in natural sciences and conclude that of the minimalist program has been an "unscientific revolution", driven primarily by Chomsky's authority in linguistics. The several replies to the article in 1161:) is a principle that forces selectional features to participate in feature checking. LOS states that a selected element must combine with the head that selects it either as complement or specifier. Selection is local in the sense that there is a maximum distance that can occur between a head and what it selects: selection must be satisfied with the projection of the head. 1026:

stage. This is discussed below in the implications section.) As illustrated in the accompanying tree structure, if a new head (here γ) is merged with a previously formed syntactic object (a phrase, here {α, {α, β} }), the function has the form Merge (γ, {α, {α, β}}) → {γ, {γ, {α, {α, β}}}}. Here, γ is the head, so the output label of the derived syntactic object is γ.

2476: 2380:

the fundamental properties mentioned above, X-bar theory accounts for hierarchical structure and endocentricity, while Move-α accounts for unboundedness and non-local dependencies. A few years later, an effort was made to merge X-bar theory with Move-a by suggesting that structures are built from the bottom going up (using

1030: 575:(Is the computational system for human language optimal?) According to Chomsky, a human natural language is not optimal when judged based on how it functions, since it often contains ambiguities, garden paths, etc. However, it may be optimal for interaction with the systems that are internal to the mind. 2463:

structure from X-bar theory (the theory preceding BPS), to specifier-less structure. BPS satisfies the principles of UG using at minimum two interfaces such as 'conceptual-intentional and sensorimotor systems' or a third condition not specific to language but still satisfying the conditions put forth

1560:

In each of these cases, there is no lexical item acting as a prominent element (i.e. a head). Given this, it is not possible through minimal search to extract a label for the phrase. While Chomsky has proposed solutions for these cases, it has been argued that the fact that such cases are problematic

1306:

and substitution. The standard properties of segments, categories, adjuncts, and specifiers are easily constructed. In the general form of a structured tree for adjunction and substitution, α is an adjunct to X, and α is substituted into SPEC, X position. α can raise to aim for the X position, and it

1037:

Chomsky's earlier work defines each lexical item as a syntactic object that is associated with both categorical features and selectional features. Features—more precisely formal features—participate in feature-checking, which takes as input two expressions that share the same feature, and checks them

776:

Under the strong minimalist thesis, language is a product of inherited traits as developmentally enhanced through intersubjective communication and social exposure to individual languages (amongst other things). This reduces to a minimum the "innate" component (the genetically inherited component) of

2379:

have survived with a few amendments to how they are expressed. For complex traditional rules, they do not need to be defined and they can be dwindled to a general schema called Move-α—which means things can be moved anywhere. The only two sub-theories that withstood time within P&P is Move-α. Of

2274:

The spell-out of a string is assumed to be cyclic, but there is no consensus about how to implement this. Some analyses adopt an iterative spell-out algorithm, with spell-out applying after each application of Merge. Other analyses adopt an opportunistic algorithm, where spell-out applies only if it

1668:

is a syntactic domain first hypothesized by Noam Chomsky in 1998. It is a domain where all derivational processes operate and where all features are checked. A phase consists of a phase head and a phase domain. Once any derivation reaches a phase and all the features are checked, the phase domain is

1025:

can operate on already-built structures; in other words, it is a recursive operation. If Merge were not recursive, then this would predict that only two-word utterances are grammatical. (This is relevant for child language acquisition, where children are observed to go through a so-called "two-word"

2624:

Prakash Mondal has published a book-length critique of the minimalist model of grammar, arguing that there are a number of contradictions, inconsistencies and paradoxes within the formal structure of the system. In particular, his critique examines the consequences of adopting some rather innocuous

2620:

Volume 18 number 4 (2000) make a number of different defenses of the minimalist program. Some claim that it is not in fact revolutionary or not in fact widely adopted, while others agree with Lappin and Johnson on these points, but defend the vagueness of its formulation as not problematic in light

2503:

Under functionalism, there is a belief that language evolved alongside other cognitive abilities, and that these cognitive abilities must be understood in order to understand language. In Chomsky's theories prior to MP, he had been interested exclusively in formalism, and had believed that language

2374:

In 1980, the principles and parameters (P&P) approach took place which marked the emergence of different theories that stray from rule-based grammars/rules, and have instead been replaced with multiple segments of UG such as X-bar theory, case theory, etc. During this time, PS rules disappeared

791:

Interface requirements force deletion of features that are uninterpretable at a particular interface, a necessary consequence of Full Interpretation. A PF object must only consist of features that are interpretable at the articulatory-perceptual (A-P) interface; likewise a LF object must consist of

1568:

Given these criticisms of Chomsky's labeling algorithm, it has been recently argued that the labeling algorithm theory should be eliminated altogether and replaced by another labeling mechanism. The symmetry principle has been identified as one such mechanism, as it provides an account of labeling

2633:

languages and are often based on the linguist's introspection rather attempts to gather data in an unbiased manner by experimental means. Haider further refers to the appeal to an authority figure in the field, with dedicated followers taking the core premises of minimalism for granted as if they

2408:

X-bar theory had a number of weaknesses and was replaced by bare phrase structure, but some X-bar theory notions were borrowed by BPS. Labeling in bar phrase structure specifically was adapted from conventions of X-bar theory; however, in order to get the "barest" phrase structures there are some

1548:

Recently, the suitability of a labeling algorithm has been questioned, as syntacticians have identified a number of limitations associated with what Chomsky has proposed. It has been argued that two kinds of phrases pose a problem. The labeling algorithm proposes that labelling occurs via minimal

2607:

and Shalom Lappin published the first detailed critiques of Chomsky's minimalist program. This technical work was followed by a lively debate with proponents of minimalism on the scientific status of the program. The original article provoked several replies and two further rounds of replies and

1337:

is sister to VP and dominated by VP. Thus, the addition of the modifier does not change information about the bar-level: in this case the maximal projection VP. In the minimalist program, adjuncts are argued to exhibit a different, perhaps more simplified, structure. Chomsky (1995) proposes that

892:

In its original formulation, Merge is a function that takes two objects (α and β) and merges them into an unordered set with a label, either α or β. In more recent treatments, the possibility of the derived syntactic object being un-labelled is also considered; this is called "simple Merge" (see

2628:

Developments in the minimalist program have also been critiqued by Hubert Haider, who has argued that minimalist studies routinely fail to follow scientific rigour. In particular, data compatible with hypotheses are filed under confirmation whereas crucial counter-evidence is largely ignored or

1291:

A substantial body of literature in the minimalist tradition focuses on how a phrase receives a proper label. The debate about labeling reflects the deeper aspirations of the minimalist program, which is to remove all redundant elements in favour of the simplest analysis possible. While earlier

795:

Narrow syntax proceeds as a set of operations—Merge, Move and Agree—carried out upon a numeration (a selection of features, words etc., from the lexicon) with the sole aim of removing all uninterpretable features before being sent via Spell-Out to the A-P and C-I interfaces. The result of these

1139:

This D-feature is then "checked" and we can see one of the D features is removed at the intermediate V-projection. Merge(V,DP) applies a second time, and the maximal V in the tree has no D features because at this stage of the derivation both D features have been "checked". Specifically, the D

2567:

gives rise to the development of specifier-less syntax. Lexical items that would have been analyzed as a specifier in earlier versions of X-bar theory—e.g. Determiners were introduced in ; Auxiliaries were introduced in —become the heads of their own phrases. For example, D introduces NP as a

713:; this is the Strong Minimalist Thesis introduced by Chomsky in (2001). Consequently, language is an optimal association of sound with meaning; the language faculty satisfies only the interface conditions imposed by the A-P and C-I performance systems; PF and LF are the only linguistic levels. 551:

Minimalism is an approach developed with the goal of understanding the nature of language. It models a speaker's knowledge of language as a computational system with one basic operation, namely Merge. Merge combines expressions taken from the lexicon in a successive fashion to generate

3112:

For some conceptual and empirical advantages of the MP over the traditional view see: Bošković, Željko. 1994. D-Structure, Θ-Criterion, and Movement into Θ-Positions. Linguistic Analysis 24: 247–286, and for more detailed discussions Bošković, Željko and Howard Lasnik (eds). 2006.

1220: 2496:. It has been argued that the formalist approach can be characterized by the belief that rules governing syntax can be analyzed independently from things such as meaning and discourse. In other words, according to formalists, syntax is an independent system (referred to as the 1440:. In a series of articles, Chomsky has proposed that labels are determined by a labeling algorithm which operates after syntactic structures have been built. This mechanism departs from previous version of generative grammar in that the labels of a phrase are now determined 1307:

builds a new position that can either be adjoined to or is SPEC, X, in which it is termed the 'target'. At the bottom of the tree, the minimal domain includes SPEC Y and Z along with a new position formed by the raising of α which is either contained within Z, or is Z.

877:

More recent versions of minimalism recognize three operations: Merge (i.e. external Merge), Move (i.e. internal Merge), and Agree. The emergence of Agree as a basic operation is related to the mechanism which forces movement, which is mediated by feature-checking.

1564:

Other linguistic phenomena that create instances where Chomsky's labeling algorithm cannot assign labels include predicate fronting, embedded topicalization, scrambling (free movement of constituents), stacked structures (which involve multiple specifiers).

1908:

is possible is taken as evidence that the constituent containing the reflexive, namely has moved through a reconstruction site—here the left edge of the lower CP phrase—from where it can satisfy Principle A of the Binding Theory relative to the DP

2553:: to simplify phrase structures, Noam Chomsky argues that the labels of the category are unnecessary, and therefore do not need to be included, leading to what is now known as label-less trees. In lieu of a specific category in the projection, the 1860:

When a moved constituent is interpreted in its original position to satisfy binding principles, this is called reconstruction. Evidence from reconstruction is consistent with the claim that the moved phrase stops at the left edge of CP and

528:, understood as a mode of inquiry that provides a conceptual framework which guides the development of linguistic theory. As such, it is characterized by a broad and diverse range of research directions. For Chomsky, there are two basic 2034:

Chomsky theorized that syntactic operations must obey the phase impenetrability condition (PIC) which essentially requires that movement be from the left-edge of a phase. The PIC has been variously formulated in the literature. The

1311: 5134: 1577:

Starting in the early 2000s, attention turned from feature-checking as a condition on movement to feature-checking as a condition on agreement. This line of inquiry was initiated in Chomsky (2000), and formulated as follows:

1207:

states that clauses must contain a subject in the specifier position of spec TP/IP. In the tree above, there is an EPP feature. This is a strong feature which forces re-Merge—which is also called internal merge—of the DP

1939:, namely the phrase . The fact that the sentence is nevertheless well-formed is taken to indicate that this phrase must have moved through a reconstruction site first, from where it is interpreted. The left edge of the 1549:

search, a process where a single lexical item within a phrasal structure acts as a head and provides the label for the phrase. It has been noted that minimal search cannot account for the following two possibilities:

938:

In the version of Merge which generates a label, the label identifies the properties of the phrase. Merge will always occur between two syntactic objects: a head and a non-head. For example, Merge can combine the two

762:

The optimal situation would be that UG reduces to the simplest computational principles which operate in accord with conditions of computational efficiency. This conjecture is ... called the Strong Minimalist Thesis

1397:

forms a new category consisting of a head (H), which is the label, and an element being projected. Some ambiguities may arise if the features raising, in this case α, contain the entire head and the head is also X.

563:

Minimalism is reductive in that it aims to identify which aspects of human language—as well the computational system that underlies it—are conceptually necessary. This is sometimes framed as questions relating to

4733: 1212:. The EPP feature in the tree above is a subscript to the T head, which indicates that T needs a subject in its specifier position. This causes the movement of <the girl> to the specifier position of T. 2247:

One can confirm that A' agreement only occurs with movement by examining sentences where the wh-phrase does not move. In sentence (2c) below, one can observe that there is no high low tone melody on the verb

2315:—first introduced in Chomsky (1970) and elaborated in Jackendoff (1977) among other works—was a major milestone in the history of the development of generative grammar. It contains the following postulates: 5124: 726:

instantiates a perfect design in the sense that it contains only what is necessary. Minimalism further develops the notion of economy, which came to the fore in the early 1990s, though still peripheral to

2611:

Lappin et al. argue that the minimalist program is a radical departure from earlier Chomskyan linguistic practice that is not motivated by any new empirical discoveries, but rather by a general appeal to

1714:: CP and vP are both propositional units, but for different reasons. CP is considered a propositional unit because it is a full clause that has tense and force: example (1) shows that the complementizer 2642:

Much research has been devoted to the study of the consequences that arise when minimalist questions are formulated. The lists below, which are not exhaustive, are given in reverse chronological order.

2500:). By contrast, functionalists believe that syntax is determined largely by the communicative function that it serves. Therefore, syntax is not kept separate from things such as meaning and discourse. 2413:

BPS is explicitly derivational. That is, it is built from the bottom up, bit by bit. In contrast, X-bar theory is representational—a structure for a given construction is built in one fell swoop, and

843:—which matches interpretable and uninterpretable features, and subsequently deletes the latter—might be responsible for all structure-building operations, including Merge, Move, and Agree (see below) 2404:

Projections are closed by agreement. This based on the idea that in some languages (Japanese), phrases do not close and elements can be added to keep expanding it. (This is not the case in English.)

722:

Minimalism develops the idea that human language ability is optimal in its design and exquisite in its organization, and that its inner workings conform to a very simple computation. On this view,

3652:

Smith, Peter W.; Mursell, Johannes; Hartmann, Katharina (2020). "Some remarks on agreement within the Minimalist Programme". In Smith, Peter W.; Mursell, Johannes; Hartmann, Katharina (eds.).

1097:. The "EPP" notation stands for "extended projection principle" feature, NOM stands for "nominative case".) Tense first merges with a V-projection, and the output then combines the DP subject 1038:

off against each other in a certain domain. In some but not all versions of minimalism, projection of selectional features proceeds via feature-checking, as required by locality of selection:

2198:

moves from the vP phase to the CP phase. To obey PIC, this movement must take two steps since the wh-phrase needs to move to the edge of the vP phase in order to move out of the lower phase.

1292:

proposals focus on how to distinguish adjunction from substitution via labeling, more recent proposals attempt to eliminate labeling altogether, but they have not been universally accepted.

5144: 2577:

As discussed by Helen Goodluck and Nina Kazanin in their 2020 paper, certain aspects of the minimalist program provide insightful accounts for first language (L1) acquisition by children.

2395:

There is no X-bar schema, and no requirements for maximal projection to be specified as bar levels. This is a consequence of the claim that features discharged by projection of the head.

804:

The exploration of minimalist questions has led to several radical changes in the technical apparatus of transformational generative grammatical theory. Some of the most important are:

1510:) allow us to identify a "prominent Lexical Item. Due to this revision, it becomes questionable whether Merge plays any role at all in labelling/projection, since it is now redundant. 1609:

Many recent analyses assume that Agree is a basic operation, on par with Merge and Move. This is currently a very active area of research, and there remain numerous open questions:

1506:. Chomsky (2013) suggests an even simpler LA based on the notion of "prominence". In this version of the LA, the label is independently determined by whichever properties of UG ( 1321:: Before the introduction of bare phrase structure, adjuncts did not alter information about bar-level, category information, or the target's (located in the adjoined structure) 792:

features that are interpretable at the conceptual-intentional (C-I) interface. The presence of an uninterpretable feature at either interface will cause the derivation to crash.

747:

requires that grammatical structures exist for a purpose. The structure of a sentence should be no larger or more complex than required to satisfy constraints on grammaticality.

4071:

Osborne, Timothy; Putnam, Michael; Gross, Thomas M. (2011). "Bare phrase structure, label-less tress, and specifier-less syntax. Is Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar?".

3684:

Chomsky, Noam (1998). "Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework" MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics 15. Republished in 2000 in R. Martin, D. Michaels, & J. Uriagereka (eds.).

1048:; a notable feature is the absence of distinct labels (see Labels below). Relative to Merge, the selectional features of a lexical item determine how it participates in Merge: 4889: 2392:

projects. This follows from the idea that phrases are endocentric (headed): the head is the obligatory component of a phrasal constituent and projects its essential features.

2440:

BPS accounts cross-linguistically as maximal projections can be perceived at an XP level or an X' level, whereas X-bar theory only perceives XP as the maximal projection.

3752:

Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework. In Roger Martin, David Michaels, and Juan Uriagereka, eds., Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik

2520:-based structures. Minimalism falls under the dependency grammar umbrella by virtue of adopting bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax. 2681: 1065:—and these D features force the verb to merge with two DPs. As illustrated in the tree, the first application of Merge generates the Verb-Complement sequence ( 2278:

There is no consensus about the cyclicality of the Agree relation: it is sometimes treated as cyclic, sometimes as a-cyclic, and sometimes as counter-cyclic.

3822:

See, among others, Legate, Julie Anne. 2003. Some Interface Properties of the Phase. Linguistic Inquiry 34: 506–516 and Chomsky, Noam. 2008. On Phases. In

1669:

sent to transfer and becomes invisible to further computations. The literature shows three trends relative to what is generally considered to be a phase:

3938:

There are many introductions to Principle and Parameters. Two that align PP in such a way that make the transition to MP smooth are Carnie, Andrew. 2006.

2047:

Movement of a constituent out of a phase is (in the general case) only permitted if the constituent has first moved to the left edge of the phase (XP).

975:

as follows, with the name of the derived syntactic object (SO) determined either by the lexical item (LI) itself, or by the category label of the LI:

2206:-phrase moves from the complement of VP to the edge of the vP phase to avoid violating PIC. In this position, the agreement is expressed on the verb 1135:

Merge(V,DP) checks off one of the D features of V. We see this on the intermediate V projection, where the complement position is realized by the DP

784:

Intrinsic to the syntactic model (e.g. the Y/T-model) is the fact that social and other factors play no role in the computation that takes place in

4570: 5039: 5000: 3303: 1089:

The Lexical Item for "past tense" is represented as the feature. Tense requires the presence of a DP subject and a verb; this is notated as T

857:: a "spell-out" point between syntax and the interface with phonetic form (PF), and an additional point of interaction with logical form (LF) 556:, understood to be the internalized intensional knowledge state as represented in individual speakers. By hypothesis, I-language—also called 532:

questions—What is language? and Why does it have the properties it has?—but the answers to these two questions can be framed in any theory.

3955:

For a detailed introductory discussion between the transition of the technicalities from PP to MP see, among others, Gert Webelhuth. 1995.

3317:

Bagchi, Tista (2007). "On theta role assignment by feature checking". In Reuland, Eric J.; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Spathas, Giorgos (eds.).

2479:

This is a tree of the same sentence as the X-bar theory syntax tree right above; however, this one uses BPS along with selection features.

2401:

Adjunction is responsible for movement and structure-building. This is based on the idea that transformational operations are fundamental.

3342:

Zeijlstra, Hedde (2020). "Labeling, selection, and feature checking". In Smith, Peter W.; Mursell, Johannes; Hartmann, Katharina (eds.).

1519:

Labeling algorithm (version 3): The label/head of an SO (syntactic object) Σ is the most prominent Lexical Item within Σ. (Chomsky 2013)

4693: 3053: 2751:

Cipriani, Enrico. 2019. Semantics in Generative Grammar. A Critical Survey. Lingvisticae Investigationes, 42, 2, pp. 134–85 doi:

578:

Such questions are informed by a set of background assumptions, some of which date back to the earliest stages of generative grammar:

4547: 1120:

is analyzed as CP. Given the assumption that all phrases are headed (endocentric), CP must be headed by C. C selects TP, notated as C

1101:, which, in some sense, merges twice: once within the V-projection, and once within the T-projection. (See discussion of Move below.) 735:

requires that movements (i.e., transformations) occur only if necessary, and specifically to satisfy to feature-checking, whereby an

688:

at the relevant interface: (π, λ) are interpreted at the PF and LF interfaces as instructions to the A-P and C-I performance systems.

681:(LF), the interface with the conceptual-intentional (C-I) performance system, which includes conceptual structure and intentionality. 5154: 4849: 4412: 4375: 4338: 4301: 4264: 4526: 4248: 4233: 4218: 2235:

as a high low tone melody (nɔ́ɔ̀ʔ). The tense which agreement is expressed on is the head of the complement of the C phase head

2625:

and widespread assumptions or axioms about the nature of language as adopted in the Minimalist model of the language faculty.

2531:

does away with non-branching nodes and bar levels, which are replaced by minimal projections (X) and maximal projections (X):

1708:

P to be strong phases because of their propositional content, as well as their interaction with movement and reconstruction.

4562: 3796: 3725: 3401: 3326: 3279: 3237: 3202: 3171: 1561:

suggests that the labeling algorithm violates the tenets of the minimalist program, as it departs from conceptual necessity.

488: 2437:

BPS incorporates features into their structure, such as Xmax and Xmin, while X-bar theory contains levels, such as XP, X', X

4763: 2434:

BPS does not distinguish between a "head" and a "terminal", while some versions of X-bar theory require such a distinction.

2231:-phrase is able to leave the vP phase and move to the Spec-C position of the CP phase. Agreement is expressed on the tense 809: 378: 4869: 4754: 4615: 4577: 2991:. MIT occasional papers in linguistics no. 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by MIT Working Papers in Linguistics. 2948: 1061:

is a transitive verb, and so assigns two theta-roles (Agent, Theme). Theta-roles can be represented as D-features on V—V

5075: 4703: 2663:, eds. Robert Freidin, Carlos Peregrín Otero and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta, 133–166. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2398:

At any given bar level, iteration is possible. This is based on the idea that phrase structure composition is infinite.

3783:, Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol. 59, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 259–287, 5266: 3669: 3581: 3436: 3359: 3036: 2275:

must. And yet others adopt a wait-til-the-end algorithm, with spell-out occurring only at the end of the derivation.

17: 4970: 2488:

In linguistics, there are differing approaches taken to explore the basis of language: two of these approaches are

1310: 5057: 4625: 1718:

in the CP phase conditions finiteness (here past tense) and force (here, affirmative) of the subordinate clause.

796:

operations is a hierarchical syntactic structure that captures the relationships between the component features.

338: 3842:

See Assmann et al. (2015) Ergatives Move Too Early: On an Instance of Opacity in Syntax. Syntax 18:4 pp. 343–387

2815: 1931:

be free. However, these requirements cannot be satisfied by the sentence-initial constituent that contains both

5164: 4899: 4783: 4231:

Lappin, Shalom, Robert Levine and David E. Johnson (2000b). "The Revolution Confused: A Reply to our Critics."

3759: 2723:

Chomsky, Noam. 1993. "A minimalist program for linguistic theory". In Hale, Kenneth L. and S. Jay Keyser, eds.

1261: 1254: 398: 343: 116: 4674: 2943: 2036: 1204: 1073:

in complement position. The second application of Merge generates the equivalent of a Specifier-VP sequence (

373: 64: 5104: 4950: 4655: 4216:* Lappin, Shalom, Robert Levine and David E. Johnson (2000a). "The Structure of Unscientific Revolutions." 3017:

Chomsky, Noam (October 10, 2002). "An interview on minimalism". In Belletti, Adriana; Rizzi, Luigi (eds.).

2050:

The edge of a head X is defined as the residue outside of X', in either specifier of X and adjuncts to XP.

318: 184: 5256: 5246: 5224: 438: 144: 1677:

constitute phases. This was proposed based on the phrases showing strong phase effects discussed above.

5251: 4519: 3957:

Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program: Principles and Parameters in Syntactic Theory

3894: 2911:

Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program: Principles and Parameters in Syntactic Theory

1441: 678: 2629:

shielded off by making ad hoc auxiliary assumptions. Moreover, the supporting data are biased towards

4665: 2958: 2888: 2713:, eds. Roger Martin, David Michaels and Juan Uriagereka, 89–155. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2368: 2301: 1467:

with β, meaning, β is led to α because of Spec-head agreement (feature checking) (Chomsky 1995b;2000)

613: 481: 428: 328: 154: 4494: 1569:

that assigns the correct labels even when phrases are derived through complex linguistic phenomena.

4859: 2963: 2425: 2376: 2344: 833: 778: 728: 333: 276: 91: 2214:). The agreement is expressed on the verb which is the head of the complement of the v phase head. 2005: 5066: 4683: 3827: 2489: 2449: 2421: 2012: 758:—co-authored by Noam Chomsky and Robert Berwick—defines the strong minimalist thesis as follows: 610: 560:—corresponds to the initial state of the human language faculty in individual human development. 433: 271: 248: 4246:

Lappin, Shalom, Robert Levine and David E. Johnson (2001). "The Revolution Maximally Confused."

4151:"Fragments Along the Way: Minimalism as an Account of Some Stages in First Language Acquisition" 3418: 2039:

feature that is on the heads of phases triggers the intermediate movement steps to phase edges.

4839: 2938: 2493: 1687:

Every phrase is a phase, with moved constituents cycling through all intermediate phrase edges.

383: 350: 303: 219: 199: 179: 81: 59: 54: 3456: 3140: 3063: 2748:. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-214-3 (Digital). doi:10.5281/zenodo.3528036 2431:

BPS permits only binary branching, while X-bar theory permits both binary and unary branching.

2355:: the hierarchical categorization of the lexical items and constituents of the structure, (2) 2239: 1673:

All CPs and some vPs are phases: Chomsky originally proposed that CP and vP in transitive and

5261: 5084: 4930: 4806: 4713: 4635: 4512: 4481: 2471:

This tree is drawn according to the principles of X-bar theory, the theory that precedes BPS.

2420:

BPS does not have a preconceived phrasal structure, while in X-bar theory every phrase has a

703: 659: 587: 159: 4446:

Mondal, Prakash (2014). Language, Mind and Computation. London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

5030: 4879: 4796: 4773: 4605: 3385: 3269: 3156:

Merge in the Mind-Brain: Essays on Theoretical Linguistics and the Neuroscience of Language

2585: 1884:, where co-reference is indicated by co-indexation. However, the constituent that contains 1377: 1325:. An example of adjunction using the X-bar theory notation is given below for the sentence 972: 777:

the language faculty, which has been criticized over many decades and is separate from the

619: 474: 403: 313: 194: 139: 36: 1680:

A specified set of phrases are phases: CP, DP (based on parallels between DP and CP), all

1616:

What is the "direction" of the Agree relation: does it apply top-down, bottom-up, or both?

8: 4829: 4819: 2953: 2630: 2528: 1022: 887: 867: 244: 174: 149: 121: 4940: 4469: 4429: 4392: 4355: 4318: 4281: 4177: 4150: 4131: 4088: 3634: 3544: 3297: 2933: 2696: 2517: 2513: 2497: 2389: 2297: 1619:

Is Agree a syntactic operation, a post-syntactic operation that applies at PF, or both?

662:

with the articulatory-perceptual (A-P) performance system, which includes articulatory

529: 510: 464: 443: 413: 368: 323: 291: 281: 169: 164: 4262:

Holmberg, Anders (2000). "Am I Unscientific? A Reply to Lappin, Levine, and Johnson".

4199:

Johnson, David E. and Shalom Lappin (1997), "A Critique of the Minimalist Program" in

3270:

Sportiche, Dominique; Koopman, Hilda Judith; Stabler, Edward P. (September 23, 2013).

2475: 2467: 2109: 1943:

P phase is the only position where these binding requirements could be satisfied: (i)

1896:, as is required by Principle A of the Binding Theory. The fact that co-indexation of 1247: 1226: 1175: 911: 904: 4980: 4645: 4554: 4473: 4433: 4396: 4359: 4322: 4299:

Reuland, Eric (2000). "Revolution, Discovery, and an Elementary Principle of Logic".

4285: 4182: 4135: 4092: 4026: 3792: 3755: 3721: 3717: 3665: 3577: 3478: 3432: 3397: 3355: 3322: 3285: 3275: 3243: 3233: 3208: 3198: 3167: 3032: 2564: 2554: 2381: 2326: 2218: 1777: 1770: 1507: 1303: 1147:

Merge(T,VP) checks off the V-feature of T; Merge(T,DP) checks off the D-feature of T.

723: 667: 663: 557: 460: 308: 286: 229: 3776: 3705: 3548: 2444:

The main reasoning behind the transition from X-bar theory to BPS is the following:

5048: 4811: 4788: 4461: 4421: 4384: 4347: 4310: 4273: 4172: 4162: 4121: 4080: 4053: 4018: 3904: 3784: 3713: 3657: 3638: 3626: 3569: 3534: 3468: 3424: 3389: 3347: 3159: 3136: 3059: 3024: 2604: 2139: 940: 525: 408: 239: 234: 209: 204: 189: 4057: 3942:, 2nd Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, and Cook, Vivian J. and Newson, Mark. 2007. 3862: 2375:

because they have proved to be redundant since they recap what is in the lexicon.

2053:

English successive cyclic wh-movement obeys the PIC. Sentence (7) has two phases:

5184: 5114: 3961: 3923: 3630: 2902: 2893: 2703: 1763: 1674: 1638:

Co-indexation as feature checking: co-indexation markers such as {k, m, o, etc.}

846:

the idea that syntactic derivations proceed by clearly delineated stages called "

4465: 3824:

Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory. Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud

2670:, eds. Uli Sauerland and Hans Martin Gärtner, 1–29. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 2661:

Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory. Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud

4960: 4457: 4112: 3775:

Svenonius, Peter (2004), Adger, David; De Cat, Cécile; Tsoulas, George (eds.),

3525: 3393: 2923: 2725:

The view from Building 20: Essays in linguistics in honor of Sylvain Bromberger

2116: 1810: 541: 253: 4425: 4388: 4351: 4314: 4277: 3563: 3018: 1453:

Labeling Algorithm (version 1): The output of Merge (α, β) is labeled by α if:

982: 5240: 5205: 5192: 4990: 4920: 4167: 3996:

The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Minimalism. Merge and Bare Phrase Structure

3788: 3687: 3482: 3289: 3247: 3212: 3028: 2414: 1488:

Labeling algorithm (version 2): The output of Merge (α, β) is labeled by α if

1370: 1168: 1044:: As illustrated in the bare phrase structure tree for the sentence The girl 695:. In particular, the computational system (i.e. syntax) and LF are invariant. 655: 5005: 4009:

Newmeyer, Frederick J (2010). "Formalism and functionalism in linguistics".

3573: 3163: 1631:

Is the Agree relation conditioned by other factors, or does it apply freely?

4535: 4186: 4030: 3661: 3351: 2968: 2312: 1029: 819: 521: 514: 296: 86: 4084: 3473: 3428: 3227: 3188: 4126: 3539: 3095:

For a full description of the checking mechanism see Adger, David. 2003.

2843: 571: 502: 448: 423: 44: 2319:

Each phrase has a head (endocentric) and it projects to a larger phrase.

3908: 3457:"Minimal phrase structure: a new formalized theory of phrase structure" 3193:. Howard Lasnik (20th anniversary ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 2752: 2744:

Smith, Peter W., Johannes Mursell, and Katharina Hartmann (eds.) 2020.

1927:, but Condition C of the Binding Theory requires that the R-expression 1723: 1322: 918: 553: 418: 101: 4373:

Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo (2000). "The Metric of Open-Mindedness".

2621:

of its status as a research program rather than a theory (see above).

2409:

dissimilarities. BPS differs from X-bar theory in the following ways:

2138:

Another example of PIC can be observed when analyzing A'-agreement in

1634:

How does Agree interact with other operations such as Merge and Label?

971:

since the phrase acts as a verb. This can be represented in a typical

3966: 3194: 2928: 2351:, Naoki Fukui determined three kinds of syntactic relationships, (1) 1601:(d) β bears an unvalued uninterpretable feature (from Zeijlstra 2012) 1116:. By hypothesis, all sentences are clauses (CPs), so the root clause 989: 632: 591: 393: 388: 224: 214: 106: 96: 4458:"On Minimalist theorizing and scientific ideology in grammar theory" 2260:

since the wh-word does not move to the edge of the vP and CP phase.

1888:, namely the sentence-initial phrase , is not c-commanded by either 1817:

P form syntactic units: this is shown in (3) for the CP constituent

1587:(a) α carries at least one unvalued and uninterpretable feature and 871: 3973:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; and Boeckx, Cedric. 2006. 3969:; Hornstein, Norbert, Jairo Nunes and Kleanthes K. Grohmann. 2005. 2794:

Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik

2711:

Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik

642: 4410:

Uriagereka, Juan (2000). "On the Emptiness of 'Design' Polemics".

4022: 3099:. Oxford: Oxford University Press; and also Carnie, Andrew. 2006. 601:

system. The language faculty consists of a computational system (C

3232:. Chris Collins. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 357. 2874:

Hornstein, Norbert, Jairo Nunes and Kleanthes K. Grohmann. 2005.

2688:, ed. Adriana Belletti, 104–131. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 625: 3127:

Hornstein, Norbert (2018). "Minimalist Program after 25 Years".

2322:

Heads are feature complexes that consist of a primitive feature.

1645: 1140:

feature of the intermediate V-projection is "checked" by the DP

754:(SMT)—has acquired increased importance. The 2016 book entitled 4504: 4107: 3520: 2792:

Martin, Roger, David Michaels and Juan Uriagereka (eds). 2000.

2460: 956: 111: 3509: 2686:

Structures and Beyond. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures

1219: 4203:

20, 273–333, and Johnson, David E. and Shalom Lappin (1999).

2709:

Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: the framework. In

2075:

moves from the complement position of VP to the left edge of

1112:

The Lexical Item for clause-typing is a phonologically null C

960: 3514: 3512: 2816:

The Syntax of Nonfinite Complementation. An Economy Approach

2169:

The sentence (2b) does not have a high low tone on the verb

1919:: In (6), bound variable anaphora requires that the pronoun 1700:

A simple sentence can be decomposed into two phases, CP and

1358:(S)>, where Label = {<H(S), H(S)>,{α,S}} (S = head) 2799:

Epstein, Samuel David, and Hornstein, Norbert (eds). 1999.

2731: 509:

is a major line of inquiry that has been developing inside

3975:

Linguistic Minimalism. Origins, Concepts, Methods and Aims

3005:

Linguistic Minimalism. Origins, Concepts, Methods and Aims

2855:

Linguistic Minimalism. Origins, Concepts, Methods and Aims

2608:

counter-replies in subsequent issues of the same journal.

1622:

Is the Agree relation restricted to certain feature types?

866:

Early versions of minimalism posits two basic operations:

2771:

Epstein, Samuel David, and Seely, T. Daniel (eds). 2002.

3867:

University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics

2227:

Step 2: Now that it is at the edge of the vP phase, the

2042: 1628:

Which phenomena are best modelled by the Agree relation?

829:

the elimination of indexation in favour of Move or Agree

4044:

Golumbia, David (2010). "Minimalism is functionalism".

2673:

Chomsky, Noam. 2005. Three Factors in Language Design.

2557:

item that is classified as a head become its own label.

1625:

Is the Agree relation subject to locality restrictions?

855:

two points where syntax interacts with other components

3962:

Rhyme and Reason. An Introduction to Minimalist Syntax

3896:

The syntax of A' -dependencies in Bamileke Medumba (T)

3604:

Symmetrizing Syntax: Merge, Minimality, and Equilibria

3417:

Epstein, Samuel David; Seely, T. Daniel, eds. (2002).

2903:

Rhyme and Reason. An Introduction to Minimalist Syntax

2881:

Lasnik, Howard, Juan Uriagereka, Cedric Boeckx. 2005.

2706:. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2079:

P, and the EPP feature of the verb forces movement of

1876:

can be understood as being co-referential with either

1540:

Labeling algorithm (version 4): Merge(α, β) = {α, β}.

3654:

Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme

3606:. Routledge Studies in Linguistics. pp. 129–188. 3344:

Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme

3077:

Chomsky, Noam (2001). "Beyond explanatory adequacy".

2894:

Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English

2746:

Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme

2359:: the syntactic category of each constituent and (3) 2296:

From a theoretical standpoint, and in the context of

1722:

P is considered a propositional unit because all the

1590:β carries a matching interpretable and valued feature 1556:{XP, YP} where neither constituent is a lexical item. 513:

since the early 1990s, starting with a 1993 paper by

3651: 3420:

Derivation and Explanation in the Minimalist Program

2773:

Derivation and Explanation in the Minimalist Program

2384:

or substitution depending on the target structure):

27:

Linguistic research program proposed by Noam Chomsky

4372: 2666:Chomsky, Noam. 2007. Approaching UG From Below. In 2538:

does not dominate other lexical items or categories

2057:P and CP. Relative to the application of movement, 1494:(b) β is internally merged to α (Chomsky 2008: 145) 5135:Distorted Morality – America's War on Terror? 4070: 4011:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science 3346:. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 31–70. 2831:Lexico-Logical Form: a Radically Minimalist Theory 2737:Citko, Barbara and Martina Gračanin-Yuksek. 2020. 2572: 2455:Eliminating the necessity of bar-level projections 2148:The sentence (2a) has a high low tone on the verb 2098:P phase to the specifier of the (higher) CP phase. 750:Within minimalism, economy—recast in terms of the 5105:Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media 4108:"Bare Phrase Structure and Specifier-less Syntax" 3826:. eds. Robert Freidin, Carlos Peregrín Otero and 3656:. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 1–29. 3521:"Adjunction, Labeling, and Bare Phrase Structure" 3052:Freidin, Robert; Lasnik, Howard (March 3, 2011). 2325:The general X-bar schema in (1) is a property of 2243:Step 2: wh-phrase moves from vP phase to CP phase 1553:{H, H} where both constituents are lexical items. 524:'s distinction, Chomsky presents minimalism as a 5238: 4148: 3754:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 89–156. 3617:Chomsky, Noam (2013). "Problems of Projection". 3455:Lowe, John; Lovestrand, Joseph (June 29, 2020). 3272:An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 2860:Bošković, Željko and Howard Lasnik (eds). 2006. 2300:, the Minimalist Program is an outgrowth of the 997:Merge (drink, water) → {drink, {drink, water} } 706:arbitrariness, parameters and the mapping to PF. 594:; this accounts for why humans acquire language. 3321:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 159–174. 2190:To generate the grammatical sentence (2a), the 2065:P phase to the (higher) CP phase in two steps: 1738:P phase assigns the Theme theta role to the DP 568:(Is the design of human language perfect?) and 4734:New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind 4099: 3830:, 133–166. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 3518: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3454: 3055:Some Roots of Minimalism in Generative Grammar 2704:New horizons in the study of language and mind 2286: 1131:: When a feature is "checked", it is removed. 1033:Merge (γ, {α, {α, β}}) → {γ, {γ, {α, {α, β}}}} 743:. (See discussion of feature-checking below.) 4520: 4336:Roberts, Ian (2000). "Caricaturing Dissent". 3597: 3595: 3593: 3382:The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory 3254: 3229:The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory 3051: 2691:Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by Phase. In 2652:Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Problems of Projection. 2349:The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory 2210:and surfaces as a high low (HL) tone melody ( 709:The theory of grammar meets the criterion of 482: 5040:Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction 4142: 4037: 4002: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3944:Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction 3416: 2869:Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction 2727:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1–52. 2699:, 1–52. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2568:complement; T introduces VP as a complement. 2291: 2127:Step 2: wh-phrase moves to edge of CP phase 2124:Step 1: wh-phrase moves to edge of vP phase 5125:Power and Terror: Noam Chomsky in Our Times 3959:. Wiley-Blackwell; Uriagereka, Juan. 1998. 3686:Step By Step: Essays In Syntax in Honor of 3601: 3489: 3450: 3448: 3120: 2459:The examples below show the progression of 1691: 1302:outlines two methods of forming structure: 808:the elimination of the distinction between 717: 4694:The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory 4527: 4513: 4409: 4105: 3590: 3568:(1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 94–118. 3423:(1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 3302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2989:A minimalist program for linguistic theory 2837: 2720:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 1584:Agree: α can agree with β if and only if: 1281: 1150:Merge(C,TP) checks off the T-feature of C. 489: 475: 5155:Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land 4176: 4166: 4125: 3998:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–24. 3980: 3774: 3538: 3519:Hornstein, Norbert; Nunes, Jairo (2008). 3472: 3380:Fukui, Naoki (2001). "Phrase Structure". 3341: 3141:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045452 3126: 3115:Minimalist Syntax: The Essential Readings 2862:Minimalist Syntax: The Essential Readings 2739:Merge: Binarity in (Multidominant) Syntax 1237:uninterpretable case feature forces Move 853:the specification that there are exactly 4850:The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many 4413:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 4376:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 4339:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 4302:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 4265:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 4261: 4149:Goodluck, Helen; Kazanina, Nina (2020). 4043: 4008: 3892: 3445: 3147: 2897:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2867:Cook, Vivian J. and Newson, Mark. 2007. 2732:Works on minimalism and its applications 2646: 2474: 2466: 2238: 2217: 2023:reconstruction at left edge of vP phase 2020:reconstruction at left edge of CP phase 1477:Labeling via external and internal Merge 1234:uninterpretable EPP feature forces Move 1028: 799: 546: 4335: 4298: 3946:. Third Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 3921: 3749: 3703: 3616: 3500: 3186: 3076: 3064:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199549368.013.0001 3016: 2878:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2871:. Third Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2741:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2563:: the generalization of Abney's (1987) 2516:that shifts from constituency-based to 1917:Reconstruction at left edge of vP phase 1870:Reconstruction at left edge of CP phase 535: 14: 5239: 4455: 4249:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 4234:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 4219:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3561: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3316: 3225: 2906:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2833:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2826:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2819:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2810:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2803:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2796:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2789:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2761:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2618:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2133: 2094:moves from the left edge of the lower 1659: 1331:. Observe that the adverbial modifier 702:. In particular, variation reduces to 4563:Colorless green ideas sleep furiously 4508: 3993: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3745: 3743: 3699: 3697: 3602:Narita, Hiroki; Fukui, Naoki (2021). 3379: 3153: 2999: 2997: 2507: 2388:Features are discharged as soon as a 2222:Step 1: wh-phrase moves to edge of vP 2043:Phase impenetrability condition (PIC) 647:given as a sound-meaning pair (π, λ). 4764:American Power and the New Mandarins 2753:https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00033.cip 1438:Labeling via selection and agreement 1388:Adjunction in bare phrase structure 1298:: Chomsky's 1995 monograph entitled 810:deep structure and surface structure 379:Conservative and innovative language 5145:Noam Chomsky: Rebel Without a Pause 4870:Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship 4755:The Responsibility of Intellectuals 4616:Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 3368: 3219: 3158:(1 ed.). New York: Routledge. 3103:, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishers 2964:Transformational generative grammar 2808:Economy and Semantic Interpretation 2659:Chomsky, Noam. 2008. On Phases. In 1742:and the Agent theta-role to the DP 861: 24: 5076:The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky 4704:Lectures on Government and Binding 3977:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3877: 3845: 3833: 3811: 3740: 3694: 3555: 3097:Core Syntax. A Minimalist Approach 2994: 2857:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2848:Core Syntax. A Minimalist Approach 2782:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2668:Interfaces + Recursion = Language? 2637: 2367:): the left-to-right order of the 1309: 1203:: The original formulation of the 1197:Move arises via "internal Merge". 552:representations that characterize 25: 5278: 3940:Syntax: A Generative Introduction 3928:. MIT, Department of Linguistics. 3101:Syntax: A Generative Introduction 3079:MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 3045: 2850:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2266:'The child gave the bag to who?' 1955:is free from any c-commanding DP. 955:. In the Minimalist Program, the 832:the elimination of the notion of 4534: 3712:, The MIT Press, pp. 1–52, 2592:Emergence of headed combinations 2545:is unable to project any higher. 2483: 2417:are inserted into the structure. 2181:, therefore is not grammatical. 2115: 2108: 2011: 2004: 1809:: CP and vP can be the focus of 1776: 1769: 1762: 1644: 1491:(a) α is a lexical item (LI), or 1376: 1369: 1260: 1253: 1246: 1225: 1218: 1174: 1167: 988: 981: 917: 910: 903: 739:is matched with a corresponding 459: 5058:Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent 4971:9-11: Was There An Alternative? 4626:Aspects of the Theory of Syntax 4449: 4440: 4403: 4366: 4329: 4292: 4255: 4240: 4225: 4210: 4193: 4064: 3949: 3932: 3915: 3861:Obata, Miki (January 1, 2006). 3768: 3678: 3645: 3610: 3565:Merge, Labeling, and Projection 3410: 3335: 3310: 3180: 2573:First language (L1) acquisition 2307: 2281: 1613:Is Agree a primitive operation? 1328:Luna bought the purse yesterday 1186:projection as feature-checking 1144:in the specifier position of V. 590:(FL) that interacts with other 4900:Requiem for the American Dream 4784:Counter-Revolutionary Violence 3901:University of British Columbia 3718:10.7551/mitpress/4056.003.0004 3106: 3089: 3070: 3010: 2981: 2448:Eliminating the notion of non- 1813:movement, showing that CP and 1598:(c) β is the closest goal to α 1460:β as its semantic argument, or 698:Some aspects of language show 13: 1: 5165:Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy? 4675:Conditions on Transformations 4205:Local Constraints vs Economy. 4058:10.1016/j.langsci.2008.07.001 3461:Journal of Language Modelling 2974: 2944:Government and binding theory 2909:Webelhuth, Gert (ed.). 1995. 2883:A Course in Minimalist Syntax 2759:Locality in Minimalist Syntax 2598: 2037:extended projection principle 2029: 1785:structure of simple sentence 1205:extended projection principle 836:in favour of feature-checking 691:Some aspects of language are 4656:The Sound Pattern of English 3965:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 3631:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.12.003 3129:Annual Review of Linguistics 2787:Phrasal Movement and its Kin 2768:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2693:Ken Hale: A Life in Language 2160:, therefore is grammatical. 1704:P. Chomsky considers CP and 1201:Movement as feature-checking 319:Functional discourse grammar 185:Ethnography of communication 7: 4466:10.13140/RG.2.2.15886.82242 3058:. Oxford University Press. 2917: 2764:Boeckx, Cedric (ed). 2006. 2682:Beyond Explanatory Adequacy 2287:Connections to other models 1790:that Mary will eat the cake 1385:Adjunction in X-bar theory 1314:Adjunction and Substitution 1296:Adjunction and substitution 684:Syntactic computations are 439:Second-language acquisition 10: 5283: 4201:Linguistics and Philosophy 4046:Language Sciences (Oxford) 3505:. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. 3394:10.1002/9780470756416.ch12 1684:Ps, TP (in some languages) 1529:Labeling via set formation 1272:content question: subject 894: 885: 539: 117:Syntax–semantics interface 5216: 5176: 5095: 5019: 4911: 4745: 4666:Remarks on Nominalization 4596: 4587: 4542: 4106:Jayaseelan, K.A. (2008). 2959:Principles and parameters 2302:principles and parameters 2292:Principles and parameters 1275:content question: object 771:MIT Press. 2016. Page 94. 745:Economy of representation 675:interfaces with semantics 652:interfaces with phonology 614:principles and parameters 429:Philosophy of linguistics 329:Interactional linguistics 5267:Syntactic transformation 5200:Valeria Wasserman (wife) 4860:World Orders Old and New 4168:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00584 3971:Understanding Minimalism 3893:Keupdjio, H. S. (2020). 3789:10.1007/1-4020-1910-6_11 3226:Baltin, Mark R. (2007). 3117:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 3029:10.1017/cbo9780511613876 2900:Uriagereka, Juan. 1998. 2876:Understanding Minimalism 2864:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2813:Bošković, Željko. 1997. 2778:Richards, Norvin. 2001. 2775:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2634:were established facts. 2269: 1872:: In (5), the reflexive 1572: 1286: 881: 779:developmental psychology 752:strong minimalist thesis 729:transformational grammar 718:Strong minimalist thesis 605:) whose initial state (S 5225:Chomsky–Foucault debate 5067:The Anti-Chomsky Reader 4684:Reflections on Language 4456:Haider, Hubert (2018). 4426:10.1023/A:1006412507524 4389:10.1023/A:1006460406615 4352:10.1023/A:1006408422545 4315:10.1023/A:1006404305706 4278:10.1023/A:1006425604798 4155:Frontiers in Psychology 3863:"Phase and Convergence" 3828:Maria Luisa Zubizarreta 3574:10.4324/9781315442808-5 3562:Narita, Hiroki (2017). 3164:10.4324/9781315442808-2 2885:. Malden, MA: Blackwell 2838:Textbooks on minimalism 2785:Pesetsky, David. 2001. 2061:moves from the (lower) 1947:c-commands the pronoun 1923:must be c-commanded by 1504:Labeling via prominence 1282:Beyond basic operations 1192: 1093:(Or more precisely as T 1042:Selection as projection 741:uninterpretable feature 637:of the target language. 4840:Letters from Lexington 4724:The Minimalist Program 4489:Cite journal requires 3922:Chomsky, Noam (1999). 3750:Chomsky, Noam (2000). 3704:Chomsky, Noam (2001), 3662:10.5281/zenodo.3541743 3503:The Minimalist Program 3501:Chomsky, Noam (1995). 3352:10.5281/zenodo.3541745 3190:The minimalist program 3187:Chomsky, Noam (2015). 3020:On Nature and Language 2939:Generative linguistics 2853:Boeckx, Cedric. 2006. 2829:Brody, Michael. 1995. 2822:Collins, Chris. 1997. 2757:Stroik, Thomas. 2009. 2718:The Minimalist Program 2480: 2472: 2377:Transformational rules 2327:universal grammar (UG) 2244: 2223: 2187:*'Who did Watat see?' 1998:to read __ carefully? 1990:(6) did every student 1973:liked __? b. did 1692:Strong phases: CP and 1315: 1300:The Minimalist Program 1183:bare phrase structure 1081:in specifier position. 1034: 774: 673:Syntactic computation 650:Syntactic computation 640:Language generates an 582:Language is a form of 266:Theoretical frameworks 220:Philosophy of language 200:History of linguistics 5085:The Kingdom of Speech 4931:Middle East Illusions 4807:Manufacturing Consent 4714:Knowledge of Language 4636:Cartesian Linguistics 4085:10.1515/tlir.2011.009 4073:The Linguistic Review 3994:Fukui, Naoki (2011). 3706:"Derivation by Phase" 3474:10.15398/jlm.v8i1.247 3429:10.1002/9780470755662 3154:Fukui, Naoki (2017). 2987:Chomsky, Noam. 1993. 2716:Chomsky, Noam. 1995. 2702:Chomsky, Noam. 2000. 2680:Chomsky, Noam. 2004. 2647:Works by Noam Chomsky 2561:specifier-less syntax 2525:bare phrase structure 2478: 2470: 2242: 2221: 2166:'Who did Watat see?' 1852:What Alice will do is 1824:, and in (4) for the 1819:that John is bringing 1712:Propositional content 1313: 1155:Locality of selection 1118:The girl ate the food 1075:the girl ate the food 1032: 959:is identified with a 929:Merge(α,β)→{β,{α,β}} 926:Merge(α,β)→{α,{α,β}} 824:bare phrase structure 814:derivational approach 800:Technical innovations 760: 737:interpretable feature 733:Economy of derivation 547:Goals and assumptions 160:Conversation analysis 4880:Hegemony or Survival 4797:The Fateful Triangle 4774:For Reasons of State 4606:Syntactic Structures 4127:10.5964/bioling.8623 3691:. 89–155. MIT Press. 3540:10.5964/bioling.8621 3388:. pp. 374–408. 3386:Blackwell Publishers 2780:Movement in Language 2586:language acquisition 2512:There is a trend in 711:conceptual necessity 620:Language acquisition 536:Conceptual framework 404:Internet linguistics 314:Construction grammar 4830:Deterring Democracy 4820:Necessary Illusions 4578:Political positions 3925:Derivation by Phase 2603:In the late 1990s, 2202:Step 1: First, the 2134:Medumba wh-movement 1900:with either one of 1730:P: in (2) the verb 1660:Derivation by phase 1269:declarative clause 888:Merge (linguistics) 818:the elimination of 677:: λ corresponds to 654:: π corresponds to 339:Systemic functional 134:Applied linguistics 76:General linguistics 5257:Grammar frameworks 5247:Syntactic theories 4941:Imperial Ambitions 3909:10.14288/1.0389713 3319:Argument structure 2934:Generative grammar 2806:Fox, Danny. 1999. 2801:Working Minimalism 2697:Michael Kenstowicz 2675:Linguistic Inquiry 2543:maximal projection 2536:minimal projection 2508:Dependency grammar 2498:autonomy of syntax 2481: 2473: 2464:by the interface. 2298:generative grammar 2245: 2224: 2085:to the edge of vP. 1841:What Mary said was 1595:(b) α c-commands β 1431:labeling algorithm 1423:Labeling algorithm 1316: 1035: 645:set of expressions 511:generative grammar 507:minimalist program 444:Theory of language 414:Origin of language 369:Autonomy of syntax 324:Grammaticalization 170:Discourse analysis 165:Corpus linguistics 5252:Generative syntax 5234: 5233: 5015: 5014: 4981:Making the Future 4646:Language and Mind 4555:Chomsky hierarchy 3798:978-1-4020-1908-1 3727:978-0-262-31612-5 3403:978-0-470-75641-6 3328:978-90-272-3372-1 3281:978-1-118-47048-0 3239:978-0-470-75635-5 3204:978-0-262-32728-2 3173:978-1-315-44280-8 3007:, pp. 84 and 115. 2913:. Wiley-Blackwell 2766:Minimalist Essays 2131: 2130: 2027: 2026: 1804: 1803: 1799:Mary ate the cake 1657: 1656: 1508:universal grammar 1392: 1391: 1279: 1278: 1241: 1240: 1190: 1189: 1057:The Lexical Item 1020: 1019: 963:. In the case of 936: 935: 724:universal grammar 686:fully interpreted 668:speech perception 664:speech production 592:cognitive systems 558:universal grammar 499: 498: 287:Distributionalism 230:Psycholinguistics 18:Minimalist syntax 16:(Redirected from 5274: 5227: 5209: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5169: 5159: 5149: 5139: 5129: 5119: 5109: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5049:Decoding Chomsky 5043: 5034: 5008: 4995: 4985: 4975: 4965: 4955: 4945: 4935: 4925: 4904: 4894: 4884: 4874: 4864: 4854: 4844: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4812:Edward S. Herman 4801: 4791: 4789:Edward S. Herman 4778: 4768: 4758: 4738: 4728: 4718: 4708: 4698: 4688: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4650: 4640: 4630: 4620: 4610: 4594: 4593: 4580: 4573: 4571:Honorary degrees 4566: 4557: 4550: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4170: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3991: 3978: 3953: 3947: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3890: 3875: 3874: 3858: 3843: 3840: 3831: 3820: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3701: 3692: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3588: 3587: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3542: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3377: 3366: 3365: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3293: 3267: 3252: 3251: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3124: 3118: 3110: 3104: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3014: 3008: 3001: 2992: 2985: 2605:David E. Johnson 2551:label-less trees 2424:, a head, and a 2345:Phrase Structure 2343:In the chapter " 2119: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2015: 2008: 2001: 2000: 1780: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1758: 1726:are assigned in 1675:unergative verbs 1648: 1641: 1640: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1264: 1257: 1250: 1243: 1242: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1214: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1129:Feature-checking 992: 985: 978: 977: 921: 914: 907: 900: 899: 862:Basic operations 841:feature-checking 772: 588:language faculty 491: 484: 477: 463: 409:LGBT linguistics 399:Internationalism 374:Compositionality 235:Sociolinguistics 210:Neurolinguistics 205:Interlinguistics 190:Ethnomethodology 32: 31: 21: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5195:(deceased wife) 5191: 5185:William Chomsky 5183: 5172: 5162: 5152: 5142: 5132: 5122: 5115:Last Party 2000 5112: 5102: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5021: 5011: 4998: 4988: 4978: 4968: 4958: 4948: 4938: 4928: 4918: 4907: 4897: 4887: 4877: 4867: 4857: 4847: 4837: 4827: 4817: 4804: 4794: 4781: 4771: 4761: 4752: 4741: 4731: 4721: 4711: 4701: 4691: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4653: 4643: 4633: 4623: 4613: 4603: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4503: 4502: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4408: 4404: 4371: 4367: 4334: 4330: 4297: 4293: 4260: 4256: 4245: 4241: 4230: 4226: 4215: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4147: 4143: 4104: 4100: 4069: 4065: 4042: 4038: 4007: 4003: 3992: 3981: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3891: 3878: 3859: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3748: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3702: 3695: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3650: 3646: 3615: 3611: 3600: 3591: 3584: 3560: 3556: 3517: 3510: 3499: 3490: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3378: 3369: 3362: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3315: 3311: 3295: 3294: 3282: 3268: 3255: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3205: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3152: 3148: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3107: 3094: 3090: 3075: 3071: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3015: 3011: 3003:Boeckx, Cedric 3002: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2920: 2889:Radford, Andrew 2840: 2734: 2649: 2640: 2638:Further reading 2601: 2575: 2510: 2486: 2310: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2272: 2136: 2103: 2045: 2032: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1979: 1972: 1965: 1858:Reconstruction. 1855: 1844: 1830:arrive tomorrow 1757: 1754: 1698: 1662: 1575: 1442:endocentrically 1409: 1349: 1289: 1284: 1195: 1123: 1115: 1110: 1096: 1092: 1077:), with the DP 1069:), with the DP 1064: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 967:, the label is 890: 884: 864: 812:in favour of a 802: 773: 767: 720: 608: 604: 549: 544: 538: 495: 454: 453: 364: 356: 355: 267: 259: 258: 254:Writing systems 145:Anthropological 135: 127: 126: 77: 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5280: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5197: 5189: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5160: 5150: 5140: 5130: 5120: 5110: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4996: 4986: 4976: 4966: 4961:Gaza in Crisis 4956: 4946: 4936: 4926: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4885: 4875: 4865: 4855: 4845: 4835: 4825: 4815: 4802: 4792: 4779: 4769: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4719: 4709: 4699: 4689: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4651: 4641: 4631: 4621: 4611: 4600: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4491:|journal= 4448: 4439: 4420:(4): 863–871. 4402: 4383:(4): 859–862. 4365: 4346:(4): 849–857. 4328: 4309:(4): 843–848. 4291: 4272:(4): 837–842. 4254: 4239: 4224: 4209: 4207:Stanford: CSLI 4192: 4141: 4120:(1): 087–106. 4113:Biolinguistics 4098: 4063: 4036: 4017:(3): 301–307. 4001: 3979: 3948: 3931: 3914: 3876: 3844: 3832: 3810: 3797: 3767: 3760: 3739: 3726: 3693: 3677: 3670: 3644: 3609: 3589: 3582: 3554: 3533:(1): 057–086. 3526:Biolinguistics 3508: 3488: 3444: 3437: 3409: 3402: 3384:. Oxford, UK: 3367: 3360: 3334: 3327: 3309: 3280: 3253: 3238: 3218: 3203: 3179: 3172: 3146: 3119: 3105: 3088: 3069: 3044: 3037: 3009: 2993: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2924:Biolinguistics 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2907: 2898: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2689: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2582:Two-word stage 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2558: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2509: 2506: 2485: 2482: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2418: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2334:(1) X' → X... 2331: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2309: 2306: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2271: 2268: 2237: 2236: 2216: 2215: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2086: 2044: 2041: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2009: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1914: 1845: 1834: 1828:P constituent 1802: 1801: 1792: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1755: 1748: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1678: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653:co-indexation 1650: 1649: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1574: 1571: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1347: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1062: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:) → {V, {drink 1005: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 986: 934: 933: 930: 927: 923: 922: 915: 908: 883: 880: 863: 860: 859: 858: 851: 844: 839:the idea that 837: 830: 827: 816: 801: 798: 765: 719: 716: 715: 714: 707: 696: 689: 682: 671: 648: 638: 617: 606: 602: 597:Language is a 595: 566:perfect design 548: 545: 542:Biolinguistics 537: 534: 497: 496: 494: 493: 486: 479: 471: 468: 467: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 434:Prescriptivism 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 301: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 68: 67: 62: 57: 51: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5279: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5206:Aviva Chomsky 5203: 5198: 5194: 5193:Carol Chomsky 5190: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5007: 5004:(2015), with 5003: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4951:Interventions 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4921:Class Warfare 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4890:Failed States 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4813: 4810:(1988), with 4809: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4787:(1973), with 4786: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4496: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023:10.1002/wcs.6 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3927: 3926: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777:"On the Edge" 3771: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3689: 3688:Howard Lasnik 3681: 3673: 3671:9783961102143 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3583:9781315442808 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3438:9780470755662 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3361:9783961102143 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3038:9780521815482 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2824:Local Economy 2821: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2566: 2565:DP hypothesis 2562: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2494:functionalism 2491: 2484:Functionalism 2477: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2415:lexical items 2412: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2279: 2276: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2040: 2038: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:every student 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:every student 1922: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1024: 999: 996: 995: 991: 987: 984: 980: 979: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 931: 928: 925: 924: 920: 916: 913: 909: 906: 902: 901: 898: 896: 895:Label section 889: 879: 875: 873: 869: 856: 852: 850:" (see below) 849: 845: 842: 838: 835: 831: 828: 825: 822:in favour of 821: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806: 805: 797: 793: 789: 787: 786:narrow syntax 782: 780: 770: 764: 759: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 712: 708: 705: 701: 697: 694: 690: 687: 683: 680: 676: 672: 669: 666:and acoustic 665: 661: 657: 656:phonetic form 653: 649: 646: 644: 639: 636: 634: 628: 627: 621: 618: 615: 612: 600: 599:computational 596: 593: 589: 586:. There is a 585: 581: 580: 579: 576: 574: 573: 567: 561: 559: 555: 543: 533: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 492: 487: 485: 480: 478: 473: 472: 470: 469: 466: 462: 458: 457: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 384:Descriptivism 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 360: 359: 352: 351:Structuralism 349: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 334:Prague circle 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 269: 263: 262: 255: 252: 250: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 180:Documentation 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Computational 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 131: 130: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 73: 72: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5262:Noam Chomsky 5163: 5153: 5143: 5133: 5123: 5113: 5103: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5001:On Palestine 4999: 4989: 4979: 4969: 4959: 4949: 4939: 4929: 4919: 4898: 4888: 4878: 4868: 4858: 4848: 4838: 4828: 4818: 4805: 4795: 4782: 4772: 4762: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4702: 4692: 4682: 4654: 4644: 4634: 4624: 4614: 4604: 4590:bibliography 4548:Bibliography 4536:Noam Chomsky 4482:cite journal 4451: 4442: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4227: 4217: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4117: 4111: 4101: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4052:(1): 28–42. 4049: 4045: 4039: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3917: 3900: 3895: 3870: 3866: 3823: 3802:, retrieved 3780: 3770: 3751: 3731:, retrieved 3709: 3685: 3680: 3653: 3647: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3564: 3557: 3530: 3524: 3502: 3464: 3460: 3419: 3412: 3381: 3343: 3337: 3318: 3312: 3271: 3228: 3221: 3189: 3182: 3155: 3149: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3054: 3047: 3019: 3012: 3004: 2988: 2983: 2969:X-bar theory 2910: 2901: 2892: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2844:Adger, David 2830: 2823: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2745: 2738: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2692: 2685: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2641: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2602: 2591: 2581: 2576: 2560: 2550: 2542: 2535: 2524: 2511: 2502: 2487: 2458: 2443: 2407: 2373: 2369:constituents 2364: 2361:Linear order 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2313:X-bar theory 2311: 2308:X-bar theory 2295: 2282:Implications 2277: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2232: 2228: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2137: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2033: 1981: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1959:(5) a. did 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811:pseudo-cleft 1806: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1750: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1693: 1681: 1665: 1663: 1637: 1608: 1576: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1547: 1528: 1503: 1476: 1464: 1457: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1414:(S), {α,S}). 1411: 1406:Substitution 1395:Substitution 1394: 1393: 1355: 1351: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1318: 1317: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1209: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1141: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1117: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067:ate the food 1066: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1046:ate the food 1045: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1021: 1000:Merge (drink 968: 964: 952: 951:to generate 948: 944: 937: 891: 876: 865: 854: 847: 840: 823: 820:X-bar theory 813: 803: 794: 790: 785: 783: 775: 769:Why Only Us? 768: 761: 755: 751: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 721: 710: 699: 692: 685: 679:logical form 674: 651: 641: 630: 624:acquiring a 623: 622:consists of 598: 583: 577: 569: 565: 562: 550: 522:Imre Lakatos 519: 515:Noam Chomsky 506: 500: 297:Glossematics 277:Constituency 249:interpreting 87:Lexicography 29: 5148:(2003) (TV) 5096:Filmography 5022:works about 4912:Collections 4597:Linguistics 4252:19, 901–919 4237:18, 873–890 4222:18, 665–771 3804:December 5, 3781:Peripheries 3733:December 4, 3274:. Hoboken. 2656:130: 33–49. 1822:the dessert 1724:theta roles 1410:: Label = { 1095:EPP:D.NOM,V 973:syntax tree 965:drink water 953:drink water 932:Merge(α,β) 826:(see below) 781:component. 756:Why Only Us 631:fixing the 609:) contains 572:computation 503:linguistics 449:Terminology 424:Orthography 344:Usage-based 245:Translating 140:Acquisition 45:Linguistics 5241:Categories 5208:(daughter) 5006:Ilan Pappé 3903:(Thesis). 3761:026213361X 2975:References 2614:perfection 2599:Criticisms 2518:dependency 2514:minimalism 2452:domination 2426:complement 2382:adjunction 2365:Precedence 2254:and tense 2175:and tense 2154:and tense 2030:Phase edge 1987:liked __? 1980:think ___ 1966:think ___ 1865:P phases. 1848:Alice will 1839:. b. 1788:CP phase: 1408:DEFINITION 1348:DEFINITION 1346:Adjunction 1319:Adjunction 1304:adjunction 886:See also: 834:government 704:Saussurean 658:(PF), the 554:I-Language 540:See also: 530:minimalist 520:Following 419:Orismology 304:Functional 292:Generative 282:Dependency 102:Pragmatics 92:Morphology 82:Diachronic 4474:210177085 4434:170071816 4397:169864677 4360:189900101 4323:169181486 4286:169909919 4136:119001119 4093:170269106 3967:MIT Press 3625:: 33–49. 3483:2299-8470 3298:cite book 3290:861536792 3248:437218785 3213:899496765 3195:MIT Press 3135:: 49–65. 2929:c-command 2677:36: 1–22. 2490:formalism 2450:branching 2422:specifier 2353:Dominance 2145:Example: 1850:. b. 1837:Mary said 1797:P phase: 1751:John said 1334:yesterday 1137:the food. 700:variation 693:invariant 660:interface 633:parameter 611:invariant 584:cognition 394:Iconicity 389:Etymology 309:Cognitive 272:Formalist 225:Phonetics 215:Philology 107:Semantics 97:Phonology 5187:(father) 5020:Academic 4757:" (1967) 4746:Politics 4677:" (1973) 4668:" (1970) 4187:32457672 4031:26271372 3710:Ken Hale 3549:54832701 3467:(1): 1. 2918:See also 2891:. 2004. 2846:. 2003. 2357:Labeling 2337:X″ → X' 2212:ⁿ-ʤʉ́ʉ̀n 2194:-phrase 2184:(2b) *] 2102:(7) ]? 2088:Step 2: 2069:Step 1: 1835:(3) a. 1807:Movement 1740:the cake 1210:the girl 1142:the girl 1099:the girl 1079:the girl 1071:the food 766:— 643:infinite 570:optimal 195:Forensic 175:Distance 122:Typology 37:a series 35:Part of 5217:Related 5031:Chomsky 4178:7225273 4161:: 584. 3639:3060970 3085:: 1–22. 2555:lexical 2163:(2a) ] 2140:Medumba 1994:ask her 1951:; (ii) 1898:himself 1886:himself 1874:himself 1846:(4) a. 1734:in the 1458:selects 1012:, water 1004:, water 941:lexical 626:lexicon 526:program 150:Applied 60:History 55:Outline 5177:Family 5168:(2013) 5158:(2004) 5138:(2003) 5128:(2002) 5118:(2001) 5108:(1992) 4994:(2012) 4991:Occupy 4984:(2012) 4974:(2011) 4964:(2010) 4954:(2007) 4944:(2005) 4934:(2003) 4924:(1996) 4903:(2017) 4893:(2006) 4883:(2003) 4873:(1997) 4863:(1994) 4853:(1993) 4843:(1993) 4833:(1991) 4823:(1989) 4800:(1983) 4777:(1973) 4767:(1969) 4737:(2000) 4727:(1995) 4717:(1986) 4707:(1981) 4697:(1975) 4687:(1975) 4659:(1968) 4649:(1968) 4639:(1966) 4629:(1965) 4619:(1964) 4609:(1957) 4588:Select 4472: 4432: 4395: 4358: 4321: 4284: 4185: 4175: 4134: 4091: 4029: 3795: 3758: 3724: 3668: 3637: 3619:Lingua 3580: 3547: 3481: 3435: 3400: 3358: 3325: 3288: 3278: 3246: 3236: 3211: 3201: 3170: 3035: 2949:Labels 2695:, ed. 2654:Lingua 2461:syntax 2263:(2c) 1756:(2) . 1465:agrees 1463:(b) α 1456:(a) α 1433:(LA). 1350:: < 957:phrase 943:items 848:phases 763:(SMT). 635:values 505:, the 465:Portal 363:Topics 112:Syntax 4470:S2CID 4430:S2CID 4393:S2CID 4356:S2CID 4319:S2CID 4282:S2CID 4132:S2CID 4089:S2CID 4079:(3). 3635:S2CID 3545:S2CID 2954:Merge 2684:. In 2529:merge 2347:" of 2270:Cycle 2196:á wʉ́ 1992:k __ 1666:phase 1573:Agree 1354:(S), 1287:Label 1023:Merge 969:drink 961:label 949:water 945:drink 882:Merge 868:Merge 65:Index 4495:help 4183:PMID 4027:PMID 3873:(1). 3806:2020 3793:ISBN 3756:ISBN 3735:2020 3722:ISBN 3666:ISBN 3578:ISBN 3479:ISSN 3433:ISBN 3398:ISBN 3356:ISBN 3323:ISBN 3304:link 3286:OCLC 3276:ISBN 3244:OCLC 3234:ISBN 3209:OCLC 3199:ISBN 3168:ISBN 3033:ISBN 2492:and 2390:head 2363:(or 2251:nɔ́ʔ 2233:nɔ́ʔ 2208:ʤʉ̀n 2178:ʤʉ̀n 2172:nɔ́ʔ 2157:ʤʉ̀n 2151:nɔ́ʔ 1982:Fred 1975:John 1968:Fred 1961:John 1953:Mary 1937:Mary 1935:and 1929:Mary 1911:John 1906:Fred 1902:John 1894:Fred 1890:John 1882:Fred 1878:John 1749:(1) 1744:Mary 1716:that 1323:head 1193:Move 1091:D,V. 1086:PAST 1016:} } 947:and 872:Move 870:and 629:and 247:and 240:Text 4462:doi 4422:doi 4385:doi 4348:doi 4311:doi 4274:doi 4173:PMC 4163:doi 4122:doi 4081:doi 4054:doi 4019:doi 3905:doi 3785:doi 3714:doi 3658:doi 3627:doi 3623:130 3570:doi 3535:doi 3469:doi 3425:doi 3390:doi 3348:doi 3160:doi 3137:doi 3060:doi 3025:doi 2631:SVO 2091:who 2082:who 2072:who 2059:who 1904:or 1892:or 1880:or 1732:ate 1159:LOS 1063:D,D 1059:eat 1054:eat 897:). 501:In 5243:: 4486:: 4484:}} 4480:{{ 4468:. 4460:. 4428:. 4418:18 4416:. 4391:. 4381:18 4379:. 4354:. 4344:18 4342:. 4317:. 4307:18 4305:. 4280:. 4270:18 4268:. 4181:. 4171:. 4159:11 4157:. 4153:. 4130:. 4116:. 4110:. 4087:. 4077:28 4075:. 4050:32 4048:. 4025:. 4013:. 3982:^ 3899:. 3879:^ 3871:12 3869:. 3865:. 3847:^ 3835:^ 3813:^ 3791:, 3779:, 3742:^ 3720:, 3708:, 3696:^ 3664:. 3633:. 3621:. 3592:^ 3576:. 3543:. 3529:. 3523:. 3511:^ 3491:^ 3477:. 3463:. 3459:. 3447:^ 3431:. 3396:. 3370:^ 3354:. 3300:}} 3296:{{ 3284:. 3256:^ 3242:. 3207:. 3197:. 3166:. 3131:. 3083:20 3081:. 3031:. 3023:. 2996:^ 2541:a 2534:a 2527:: 2257:fá 2229:wh 2204:wh 2192:wh 1949:he 1933:he 1921:he 1854:. 1843:. 1832:. 1753:. 1746:. 1664:A 1427:LA 731:. 603:HL 517:. 39:on 4753:" 4673:" 4664:" 4565:" 4561:" 4528:e 4521:t 4514:v 4497:) 4493:( 4476:. 4464:: 4436:. 4424:: 4399:. 4387:: 4362:. 4350:: 4325:. 4313:: 4288:. 4276:: 4189:. 4165:: 4138:. 4124:: 4118:2 4095:. 4083:: 4060:. 4056:: 4033:. 4021:: 4015:1 3911:. 3907:: 3787:: 3764:. 3716:: 3674:. 3660:: 3641:. 3629:: 3586:. 3572:: 3551:. 3537:: 3531:2 3485:. 3471:: 3465:8 3441:. 3427:: 3406:. 3392:: 3364:. 3350:: 3331:. 3306:) 3292:. 3250:. 3215:. 3176:. 3162:: 3143:. 3139:: 3133:4 3066:. 3062:: 3041:. 3027:: 2428:. 2329:: 2096:v 2077:v 2063:v 2055:v 1996:j 1985:j 1978:k 1971:j 1964:k 1941:v 1913:. 1863:v 1826:v 1815:v 1795:v 1736:v 1728:v 1720:v 1706:v 1702:v 1696:P 1694:v 1682:v 1425:( 1412:H 1356:H 1352:H 1157:( 1124:. 1122:T 1114:∅ 1109:∅ 1106:C 1014:N 1010:V 1006:N 1002:V 670:. 616:. 607:0 490:e 483:t 476:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.