Spread of Islam - Knowledge

4710:) in the Empire, under their own personal law and under the rule of their own religious leaders. As a result, vast areas of the Balkans remained mostly Christian during the period of Ottoman domination. In fact, the Eastern Orthodox Churches had a higher position in the Ottoman Empire, mainly because the Patriarch resided in Istanbul and was an officer of the Ottoman Empire. In contrast, Roman Catholics, while tolerated, were suspected of loyalty to a foreign power (the Papacy). It is no surprise that the Roman Catholic areas of Bosnia, Kosovo and northern Albania, ended up with more substantial conversions to Islam. The defeat of the Ottomans in 1699 by the Austrians resulted in their loss of Hungary and present-day Croatia. The remaining Muslim converts in both elected to leave "lands of unbelief" and moved to territory still under the Ottomans. Around this point in time, new European ideas of romantic nationalism started to seep into the Empire, and provided the intellectual foundation for new nationalistic ideologies and the reinforcement of the self-image of many Christian groups as subjugated peoples. 4640:

society, where large Christian and Jewish populations coexisted with an increasing percentage of Muslims. There are many stories of descendants of Visigothic chieftains and Roman counts whose families converted to Islam during this period. The at-first small Muslim elite continued to grow with converts, and with a few exceptions, rulers in Islamic Spain allowed Christians and Jews the right specified in the Koran to practice their own religions, though non-Muslims suffered from political and taxation inequities. The net result was, in those areas of Spain where Muslim rule lasted the longest, the creation of a society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants, a process in some ways similar to the assimilation many years later of millions of immigrants to the United States into English-speaking culture. As the descendants of Visigoths and Hispano-Romans concentrated in the north of the peninsula, in the kingdoms of Asturias/Leon, Navarre and Aragon and started a long campaign known as the 'Reconquista' which started with the victory of the Christian armies in

3476: 3921: 2204:"The question of why people convert to Islam has always generated the intense feeling. Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversions to Islam were made at the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death. It is now apparent that conversion by force, while not unknown in Muslim countries, was, in fact, rare. Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. (...) In most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together. Moreover, conversion to Islam did not necessarily imply a complete turning from an old to a totally new life. While it entailed the acceptance of new religious beliefs and membership in a new religious community, most converts retained a deep attachment to the cultures and communities from which they came." 3209: 3846: 4160: 4106: 3599: 998:), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. Trade played an important role in the spread of Islam in some parts of the world, such as Indonesia. During the early centuries of Islamic rule, conversions in the Middle East were mainly individual or small-scale. While mass conversions were favored for spreading Islam beyond Muslim lands, policies within Muslim territories typically aimed for individual conversions to weaken non-Muslim communities. However, there were exceptions, like the forced mass conversion of the 4588: 4701:. The truth is that Islamization in each Balkan country took place in the course of many centuries, and its nature and phase was determined not by the Ottoman government but by the specific conditions of each locality. Ottoman conquests were initially military and economic enterprises, and religious conversions were not their primary objective. True, the statements surrounding victories all celebrated the incorporation of territory into Muslim domains, but the actual Ottoman focus was on taxation and making the realms productive, and a religious campaign would have disrupted that economic objective. 4120: 35: 4078: 4134: 2164:"Islam had become more clearly defined, and the line between Muslims and non-Muslims more sharply drawn. Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. (...) The status of Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians was more precisely defined, and in some ways it was inferior. They were regarded as the 'People of the Book', those who possessed a revealed scripture, or 'People of the Covenant', with whom compacts of protection had been made. In general, they were not 2526: 1006: 3677: 3092: 4092: 2066: 4176: 4721:, although many did so in order to avert the socioeconomic hardships of Ottoman rule. One by one, the Balkan nationalities asserted their independence from the Empire, and frequently the presence of members of the same ethnicity who had converted to Islam presented a problem from the point of view of the now dominant new national ideology, which narrowly defined the nation as members of the local dominant Orthodox Christian denomination. Some Muslims in the Balkans chose to leave, while 2863:

inhabitants to Islam. A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. There is also evidence of religious pilgrimages after 850 CE to tombs of Catholic saints outside of the city of Carthage, and evidence of religious contacts with Christians of Arab Spain. In addition, calendar reforms adopted in Europe at this time were disseminated amongst the indigenous Christians of Tunis, which would have not been possible had there been an absence of contact with Rome.

2787: 4146: 3494: 3164: 2975: 7629: 2348: 7619: 4628:, who had taken over the region after seven centuries of Roman rule. Seizing the opportunity, an Arab-led (but mostly Berber) army invaded in 711, and by 720 had conquered the southern and central regions of the peninsula. The Arab expansion pushed over the mountains into southern France, and for a short period Arabs controlled the old Visigothic province of Septimania (centered on present-day Narbonne). The Arab Caliphate was pushed back by 2736:. Palestine once again became a battleground as the various enemies of the Fatimids counterattacked. At the same time, the Byzantines continued to attempt to regain their lost territories, including Jerusalem. Christians in Jerusalem who sided with the Byzantines were put to death for high treason by the ruling Shiʻi Muslims. In 969, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonous correspondence with the Byzantines. 2901: 1345: 7639: 703: 2626: 3339: 2995: 763: 3658: 112: 2611:) became less necessary, it became more and more difficult to keep Arabs garrisoned. As the tribal links that had so dominated Umayyad politics began to break down, the meaningfulness of tying non-Arab converts to Arab tribes as clients was diluted; moreover, the number of non-Muslims who wished to join the ummah was already becoming too large for this process to work effectively. 6625:(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab 2944:. Some of the Muslims that were granted protection are said to have then settled in several parts of the Horn region to promote the religion. The victory of the Muslims over the Quraysh in the 7th century had a significant impact on local merchants and sailors, as their trading partners in Arabia had then all adopted 2313:. The earlier period also saw the acceleration in the rate of conversions in the Muslim heartland, and in the wake of the conquests, the newly-conquered regions retained significant non-Muslim populations. That was contrast to the regions in which the boundaries of the Muslim world contracted, such as the 5100: 2282:

period, which saw the Muslim population grow from around 40% in the mid-9th century to close to 100% by the end of the 11th century. That theory does not explain the continuing existence of large minorities of Christians during the Abbasids. Other estimates suggest that Muslims were not a majority in

4400:, converted to Islam, and two decades later the Golden Horde under Uzbeg Khan (reigned 1313–1341) followed suit. The Mongols had been religiously and culturally conquered; this absorption ushered in a new age of Mongol-Islamic synthesis that shaped the further spread of Islam in central Asia and the 3692:

sent missionaries across Asia in all directions under various guises, often as traders, Sufis and merchants. Ismailis were instructed to speak to potential converts in their own language. Some Ismaili missionaries traveled to India and employed effort to make their religion acceptable to the Hindus.

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The conventional historical view is that the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between CE 647–709 effectively ended Catholicism in Africa for several centuries. However, new scholarship has appeared that provides more nuance and details of the conversion of the Christian

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No previous conqueror had tried to assimilate the Berbers, but the Arabs quickly converted them and enlisted their aid in further conquests. Without their help, for example, Andalusia could never have been incorporated into the Islamic state. At first only Berbers nearer the coast were involved, but

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patriarch to rule over them, subject only to the ultimate political authority of the conquerors. In such a fashion the city persisted as a religious community under an Arab Muslim domination more welcome and more tolerant than that of Byzantium. (Other sources question how much the native population

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conversion to Islam was initially considerably slower than in other areas such as Mesopotamia or Khurasan, with Muslims not thought to have become the majority until around the fourteenth century. In the initial invasion, the victorious Muslims granted religious freedom to the Christian community in

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For the polytheistic and pagan societies, apart from the religious and spiritual reasons that individuals may have had, conversion to Islam "represented the response of a tribal, pastoral population to the need for a larger framework for political and economic integration, a more stable state, and a

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In Balkan history, historical writing on the topic of conversion to Islam was, and still is, a highly charged political issue. It is intrinsically linked to the issues of formation of national identities and rival territorial claims of the Balkan states. The generally accepted nationalist discourse

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The Islamic state centered in Cordoba had ended up splintering into many smaller kingdoms (the so-called taifas). While Muslim Spain was fragmenting, the Christian kingdoms grew larger and stronger, and the balance of power shifted against the 'Taifa' kingdoms. The last Muslim kingdom of Granada in

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In the 20th century, Islam grew in Africa both by birth and by conversion. The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. However, in the same time period, the number of Christians also grew in

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Having accepted the surrender, Omar then entered Jerusalem with Sophronius "and courteously discoursed with the patriarch concerning its religious antiquities". When the hour for his prayer came, Omar was in the Anastasis church, but refused to pray there, lest in the future Muslims should use that

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religious affiliation." Conversion initially was neither required nor necessarily wished for: "(The Arab conquerors) did not require the conversion as much as the subordination of non-Muslim peoples. At the outset, they were hostile to conversions because new Muslims diluted the economic and status

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The process of "Islamization" was a complex and creative fusion of Islamic practices and doctrines with local customs that were considered to be sound from the perspective of developing Islamic jurisprudence. As historian Richard Bulliet has demonstrated based on the evidence of early biographical

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Conversion to Islam also came about as a result of the breakdown of historically-religiously organized societies: with the weakening of many churches, for example, and the favouring of Islam and the migration of substantial Muslim Turkish populations into the areas of Anatolia and the Balkans, the

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A major development in the history of Muslim Spain was the dynastic change in 750 in the Arab Caliphate, when an Umayyad Prince escaped the slaughter of his family in Damascus, fled to Cordoba in Spain, and created a new Islamic state in the area. This was the start of a distinctly Spanish Muslim

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Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and

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Robert Hoyland argues that the missionary efforts of the relatively small number of Arab conquerors in Persian lands led to "much interaction and assimilation" between rulers and ruled, and to descendants of the conquerors adapting the Persian language and Persian festivals and culture, (Persian

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caliphs nominally ruled the various religious communities but allowed the communities' own appointed or elected officials to administer most internal affairs. Yet the Marwanids also depended heavily on the help of non-Arab administrative personnel and on administrative practices (e.g., a set of

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Global Muslim identity does not necessarily or even usually imply organized group action. Even though Muslims recognize a global affiliation, the real heart of Muslim religious life remains outside politics—in local associations for worship, discussion, mutual aid, education, charity, and other

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Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic numerals and Arab customs spread throughout the empire. A sense of unity grew among many though not all provinces and gradually formed the consciousness of a broadly Arab-Islamic population. What was recognizably an Islamic world had

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period. These trends are the conversions from the state religion that had already plagued the Zoroastrian authorities that continued after the Arab conquest, coupled with the migration of Arab tribes into the region during an extended period of time that stretched well into the Abbasid reign.

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Islam was readily accepted by Zoroastrians who were employed in industrial and artisan positions because, according to Zoroastrian dogma, such occupations that involved defiling fire made them impure. Moreover, Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to

2709:, written down by the monk Adamnan, described reasonably pleasant living conditions of Christians in Palestine in the first period of Muslim rule. The caliphs of Damascus (661-750) were tolerant princes who were on generally good terms with their Christian subjects. Many Christians, such as 2960:. Through commerce, Islam spread amongst the Somali population in the coastal cities. Instability in the Arabian peninsula saw further migrations of early Muslim families to the Somali seaboard. These clans came to serve as catalysts, forwarding the faith to large parts of the Horn region. 2258:

and a shift was made in the political conception from that of a primarily-Arab empire to one of a Muslim empire. Around 930 a law was enacted that required all bureaucrats of the empire to be Muslims. Both periods were also marked by significant migrations of Arab tribes outwards from the

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The history of Arab and Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula is probably one of the most studied periods of European history. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. European points of view started changing with the

2212:"social and cultural relevance of Islam" were enhanced and a large number of peoples were converted. This worked better in some areas (Anatolia) and less in others (such as the Balkans in which "the spread of Islam was limited by the vitality of the Christian churches".) 1121:

in the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia and China. The Ottoman Empire, which controlled much of the Middle East and North Africa in the early modern period, also did not officially endorse mass conversions, but evidence suggests they occurred, particularly in the

1967:. The historic process of Islamization was complex and involved merging Islamic practices with local customs. This process took place over several centuries. Some scholars reject the stereotype that this process was initially "spread by the sword" or forced conversions. 2031:

more imaginative and encompassing moral vision to cope with the problems of a tumultuous society." In contrast, for tribal, nomadic, monotheistic societies, "Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or

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The increased integration of world societies as a result of enhanced communications, media, travel, and migration makes meaningful the concept of a single Islam practiced everywhere in similar ways, and an Islam which transcends national and ethnic customs.

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The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the empire's first school, which taught the Arabic language and Islamic studies. The caliphs furthermore began the ambitious project of building mosques across the empire, many of which remain today, such as the

2794:, founded in 670 AD (The year 50 according to the Islamic calendar) by the Arab general and conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi, is the oldest mosque in western Islamic lands and represents an architectural symbol of the spread of Islam in North Africa, situated in 3523:, the first ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE. The first Indian mosque is thought to have been built in 629 CE, purportedly at the behest of an unknown Chera dynasty ruler, during the lifetime of 3199:

state structure. Now however, more complex processes are considered, in light of the more protracted time frame attributed to the progression of the ancient Persian religion to a minority; a progression that is more contiguous with the trends of the

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The tide of Arab expansion after 630 rolled through North Africa up to Ceuta in present-day Morocco. Their arrival coincided with a period of political weakness in the three-centuries-old kingdom established in the Iberian peninsula by the Germanic

2190:, which does not give much detail about the right conduct with non-Muslims, but it in principle recognises the religion of "People of the Book" (Jews, Christians and sometimes others as well) and securing a separate tax from them that replaces the 2043:, would mass conversion take place. The new understanding by the religious and political leadership in many cases led to a weakening or breakdown of the social and religious structures of parallel religious communities such as Christians and Jews. 2001:

Empires, not much changed in practice. The objective of the conquests was mostly of a practical nature, as fertile land and water were scarce in the Arabian Peninsula. A real Islamization therefore came about only during the subsequent centuries.

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significantly changed the course of history. The people of the Islamic world created numerous sophisticated centers of culture and science with far-reaching mercantile networks, travelers, scientists, hunters, mathematicians, physicians, and

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Another driving force for the change of the ruling class in the region was the concept among the increasing Muslim communities of the region when ruling dynasties to attempt to forge such ties of kinship by marriage. By the time the

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emerged by the end of the 10th century. Throughout the period, as well as in the following centuries, divisions occurred between Persians and Arabs, and Sunnis and Shias, and unrest in provinces empowered local rulers at times.

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the south was finally taken in 1492 by Queen Isabelle of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon. In 1499, the remaining Muslim inhabitants were ordered to convert or leave (at the same time the Jews were expelled). Poorer Muslims (

2051:, in Damascus. At the end of the Umayyad period, less than 10% of the people in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and Spain were Muslim. Only the Arabian Peninsula had a higher proportion of Muslims among the population. 3968:'s remained a stronghold of Islam from where it was propagated along the trade routes in the region. There is no clear indication of when Islam first came to the region, the first Muslim gravestone markings year 1082. 3107:. Extensive trade networks throughout North and West Africa created a medium through which Islam spread peacefully, initially through the merchant class. By sharing a common religion and a common transliteralization ( 5528:

compendia, in most cases this process took centuries, so that the stereotype of Islam being initially spread by the "sword" and by forced conversions is a false representation of this complex phenomenon

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Even before Islam was established amongst Indonesian communities, Muslim sailors and traders had often visited the shores of modern Indonesia, most of these early sailors and merchants arrived from the

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and Islamization in Asia. From the 9th century onwards, the Turks (at least individually, if not yet through adoption by their states) began to convert to Islam. Histories merely note the fact of pre-

4672:) who could not afford to leave ended up converting to Catholic Christianity and hiding their Muslim practices, hiding from the Spanish Inquisition, until their presence was finally extinguished. 2713:, held important offices at their court. The Abbasid caliphs at Baghdad (753-1242), as long as they ruled Syria, were also tolerant to Christians. Harun Abu Jaʻfar (786-809), sent the keys of the 6188:(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were 2739:

As Jerusalem grew in importance to Muslims and pilgrimages increased, tolerance for other religions declined. Christians were persecuted and churches destroyed. The Sixth Fatimid caliph,

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to benefit the Arab Muslim community financially and to discourage conversion. Islam was initially associated with the Arabs' ethnic identity and required formal association with an

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in India. Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. These are typically represented by the following schools of thought:

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became more widespread, and the gradual conversions of the empire's populations occurred. Significant conversions also occurred beyond the extent of the empire such as that of the

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to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent. Eventually, after numerous wars sapped its strength, the Mughal Empire was broken into smaller powers like Shia

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was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time. Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the

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dynasty. As commerce grew in the region with the rest of the Muslim world, Islamic influence extended to the court even as the empires political power waned and so by the time

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A related view is that conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes

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being natural condition of the natives who resisted, resulting in the failure of the project to Islamicize the Indian subcontinent is highly embroiled with the politics of the

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Muslim missionaries played a key role in the spread of Islam in India with some missionaries even assuming roles as merchants or traders. For example, in the 9th century, the

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Egypt until the mid-10th century and in the Fertile Crescent until 1100. What is now Syria may have had a Christian majority until the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.

4620:, which resulted in new descriptions of the period of Islamic rule in Spain as a "golden age" (mostly as a reaction against Spain's militant Roman Catholicism after 1500). 2247:. Governors lodged complaints with the caliph when he enacted laws that made conversion easier since that deprived the provinces of revenues from the tax on non-Muslims. 1153:

Alongside the terminology of the "spread of Islam", scholarship of the subject has also given rise to the terms "Islamization", "Islamicization", and "Islamification" (

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in the mid-10th century. However, the modern-day history of the Islamization of the region - or rather a conscious affiliation with Islam - dates to the reign of the

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occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. According to historians, through the zealous missionary work of Samanid rulers, as many as 30,000 tents of

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The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. It was, however, the subsequent expansion of the

870: 1316:), conveys a similar meaning as "Islamization". 'Muslimization' has more recently also been used as a term coined to describe the overtly Muslim practices of new 1173:). These terms are used concurrently with the terminology of the "spread of Islam" to refer to the process through which a society shifts towards the religion of 2467:. It includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" as often shared by Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries: 6805: 3381:

and Islamo-Persian culture deep into the heart of Central Asia. The population within its areas began firmly accepting Islam in significant numbers, notably in

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The reasons that by the end of the 10th century, a large part of the population had converted to Islam are diverse. According to the British-Lebanese historian

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Lindley-Highfield, M. (2008) '"Muslimization", Mission and Modernity in Morelos: the problem of a combined hotel and prayer hall for the Muslims of Mexico'.

1301:). In contemporary usage, "Islamization" and its variants too can also be used with implied negative connotations to refer to the perceived imposition of an 6779: 4695:

of the current Balkan historiography defines all forms of Islamization as results of the Ottoman government's centrally organized policy of conversion or

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meant the recovery of the bulk of the peninsula for the Christian kingdoms. In 1238 James I of Aragon took Valencia. In 1236 the ancient Roman city of

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points towards "interwoven terms of political and economic benefits and of a sophisticated culture and religion" as appealing to the masses. He noted:

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The Abbasids replaced the expanding empire and "tribal politics" of "the tight-knit Arabian elite with cosmopolitan culture and disciplines of Islamic

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by making it a custom to have the convert presented to the Sultan who would place a robe on the convert and award him with bracelets of gold. During

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Africa, from 8.7 million in 1900 to 346 million in 2000, surpassing both the total population as well as the growth rate of Islam on the continent.

3580:), claims the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century. This fact is corroborated, by J. Sturrock in his 2485:

A third development is the growth and elaboration of transnational military organizations. The 1980s and 90s, with several major conflicts in the

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distinguishes between two separate strands of converts of the time: animists and polytheists of tribal societies of the Arabian Peninsula and the

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and finally consolidated by the expansion of the territories of converted rulers and their communities. The first communities arose in Northern

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in 682 in the course of their drive to expand the power of Islam. In 670, the Arab general and conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi established the city of

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Modern day Islamization appears to be a return of the individual to Muslim values, communities, and dress codes, and a strengthened community.

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study, published in January 2011, forecast an increase of the proportion of Muslims in the European population from 6% in 2010 to 8% in 2030.

5640:] (in Hebrew) (2 ed.). ירושלים: יד יצחק בן צבי, רשות העתיקות, המנהל האזרחי ליהודה ושומרון: קצין מטה לארכיאולוגיה. pp. 562–586. 5517:

Marcia Hermansen (2014). "Conversion to Islam in Theological and Historical Perspectives". In Lewis R. Rambo and Charles E. Farhadian (ed.).

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slave girl. Upon his father's death, Ali was driven out of his inheritance by his brothers). His successors would rule the most powerful of

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incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab

3725: 3272:) as well as Christian (notably Armenia and Georgia), for centuries. By the 16th century, most of the people of what are nowadays Iran and 2692:, opposite the doors of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with the tall minaret, is known as the place to which he retired for his prayer. 3920: 3470: 3208: 2231:

There are a number of historians who see the rule of the Umayyads as responsible for setting up the "dhimmah" to increase taxes from the

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in their effort to win converts. At other times, converts were won in conjunction with the propagation efforts of rulers. According to

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Rival dynasties and revolutions led to the eventual disunion of the Muslim world. In the ninth century, Palestine was conquered by the

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The result, he points out, can be seen in the diversity of Muslim societies today, with varying manifestations and practices of Islam.

820: 4159: 3111:), traders showed greater willingness to trust, and therefore invest, in one another. Moreover, toward the 19th century, the Northern 1710: 4725:

to what was left of the Ottoman Empire. This demographic transition can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of mosques in

4462:, a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Southwest China, became Yuan Governor of 2039:

Only in subsequent centuries, with the development of the religious doctrine of Islam and with that the understanding of the Muslim

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During the Abbasid period, economic hardships, social disorder, and pressure from Muslim attackers, led to the mass conversion of

6354: 5969: 486: 5849: 6757: 1258: 903: 825: 6209: 5935: 7052: 7015: 7000: 6971: 6924: 6913: 6898: 6873: 6854: 6835: 6789: 6744: 6709: 6597: 6568: 6485: 6460: 6417: 6341: 6313: 6219: 5979: 5945: 5859: 5818: 5718: 5467: 5284: 5204: 5177: 5110: 4981: 4916: 4385: 4105: 3577: 3018:, in the 9th and 10th century. From there Arab trade routes into the interior of Africa helped the slow acceptance of Islam. 2654: 2082: 1181:. Societal Islamization has historically occurred over the course of many centuries since the spread of Islam outside of the 373: 4954:

Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam

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in 722. Military campaigns continued without pause. In 1085 Alfonso VI of Castille took back Toledo. In 1212 the crucial

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into a Muslim and the adoption of the name Muhammad Iskandar Shah after his marriage to a daughter of the ruler of Pasai.

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As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant

1786: 865: 7599: 2292: 1541: 1294: 6809: 6642: 4632:(Frankish Mayor of the Palace) at Poitiers, and Christian armies started pushing southwards over the mountains, until 4592: 4384:, Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia. The Mongols destroyed the caliphate and 3308:

leaders in their effort to win converts encouraged attendance at Muslim prayer with promises of money and allowed the

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Kayadibi, Saim. Ottoman Connections to the Malay World: Islam, Law and Society, Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press, 2011 (

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become part of European Russia. A centuries later example that can be counted amongst the earliest introductions of

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As of 2016, there were 1.7 billion Muslims, with one out of four people in the world being Muslim, making Islam the

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to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. According to Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book

3086: 2773: 2646: 2575: 1993:, one of the most significant empires in world history was formed. For the subjects of the empire, formerly of the 1506: 830: 151: 4956:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. Vol. 116/1. Translated by O'Kane, John. 2747:, destroyed the Holy Sepulchre in 1009. This powerful provocation helped ignite the flame of fury that led to the 7102: 6441:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228

5220: 4373: 4222:, where he taught and converted individuals to Islam. Little is known about the timeline of the Islamization of 3329: 2453:

Islam has continued to spread through commerce and migrations, especially in Southeast Asia, America and Europe.

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The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West

4119: 7673: 7468: 7408: 7380: 7139: 6139:"Paul Stoller, "Money Has No Smell: The Africanization of New York City," Chicago: University of Chicago Press" 5326: 4459: 3333: 947: 860: 678: 6280: 5352: 4218:

captured during one of their wars against Muslims. The Muslim prisoner was brought into the territory of the

4077: 7554: 7385: 4645: 3498: 3140: 2743:, 996–1021, who was believed to be "God made manifest" by his most zealous Shiʻi followers, now known as the 2597: 2342: 2274:'s "conversion curve" shows a relatively low rate of conversion of non-Arab subjects during the Arab centric 1567: 1551: 1190: 942:("rightly-guided") caliphs from 632 to 661 CE, which were the first four successors of Muhammad. These early 422: 6432:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 212

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for the same time period while others record the presence of Muslim Chinese traders from provinces such as

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The spread of Islam in Africa began in the 7th to 9th century, brought to North Africa initially under the

2714: 2173: 1876: 1246: 840: 454: 6158:"Who wrote book Theologus Autodidactus ?| How was the Islamic golden age | How Islam spread ? |" 5402: 7564: 6865: 6257:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 183

6097:"The Return of Religion: Currents of Resurgence, Convergence, and Divergence- The Cresset (Trinity 2009)" 4816: 3732:, Muslim missionaries in India achieved their greatest success, in terms of number of converts to Islam. 3158: 2434: 1305:

social and political system on a society with an indigenously different social and political background.

790: 501: 328: 7559: 7549: 7513: 7355: 7257: 6846: 6072: 5300: 5276: 5067: 3236:

areas. Still at the end of the Umayyad period, the Muslim community was only a minority in the region.

3192: 3136: 2689: 2372: 896: 541: 17: 5493:. Anis Ahmad, Author of introduction. Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation. p. 19. 4596: 4091: 3598: 3221: 1141:. Out of children born from 2010 to 2015, 31% were born to Muslims and currently Islam is the world's 7282: 7045: 6626: 6193: 5247:"Table: Muslim Population by Country | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project" 4806: 4199: 3240: 3146: 3026: 2620: 2490: 2391: 1948: 1572: 1546: 875: 800: 795: 636: 348: 2653:

against the Byzantines began in November 636. For four months, the siege continued. Ultimately, the

2459:

Another development is that of transnational Islam, elaborated upon by the French Islam researchers

2121:. In Africa, Islam spread along three routes, across the Sahara and Sahel via trading towns such as 7663: 7533: 5005:

Pakatchi, Ahmad; Ahmadi, Abuzar (2017). "Caliphate". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.).

4776: 4455: 4381: 4309: 3626: 3011: 2333:

in 1258) and, after an initial period of persecution, the conversion of those conquerors to Islam.

1581: 1556: 1496: 1486: 1226: 850: 568: 368: 43: 2665:, agreed to these terms and travelled to Jerusalem to sign the capitulation in the spring of 637. 7237: 7207: 5522: 4706: 4587: 3633:

Conversion was a combination, initially by violence, threat or other pressure against the person.

3366: 3350: 2680:. Under Muslim rule, the Jewish and Christian population of Jerusalem in this period enjoyed the 2658: 2464: 2330: 1914: 1776: 1743: 1254: 1234: 845: 163: 6501: 5246: 4737:

Since the 1960s, many Muslims have migrated to Western Europe. They have arrived as immigrants,

7594: 7350: 7124: 6023:"Western North African Christianity: A History of the Christian Church in Western North Africa" 5379: 5158:

Tramontana, Felicita (2014). "III. Conversion to Islam in the villages of Dayr Abān and Ṣūbā".

4892: 4811: 4722: 4617: 3979:

was Muslim, Chinese sources record the presence of a Muslim delegation to the emperor from the

3454: 1990: 1964: 1904: 1718: 1632: 1577: 1511: 1186: 1163: 1138: 983: 921: 617: 383: 60: 4636:

established in 801 the Spanish March (which stretched from Barcelona to present day Navarre).

4133: 1461: 7413: 7305: 7262: 6142: 6117: 5810: 5803: 5786: 5055: 4900: 4884: 4191: 4145: 3862: 3509:

during the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Arab traders used to visit the

3450: 3320:

being the language of modern-day Iran, while Arabic is spoken by its neighbors to the west.)

2781: 2777: 2740: 2638: 2073:

are known to have founded some of the world's earliest educational institutions, such as the

1210: 1130:

tax. Similarly, Christian sources mention requests for mass conversions to Islam, such as in

889: 810: 805: 612: 437: 221: 176: 6305:

Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205–1494)

5708: 5454:, New Approaches to African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–41, 4949: 4649: 7632: 7574: 7370: 7277: 7247: 7232: 7038: 6096: 6059: 5765:

Dying in the Land of Promise: Palestine and Palestinian Christianity from Pentecost to 2000

4796: 4742: 4600: 4125: 4111: 4004: 4000: 3285: 3154: 3132: 1922: 1828: 1531: 1491: 1218: 1194: 815: 3889:, many of the earliest Muslim accounts of the region note the presence of animals such as 2847:

troops were used extensively by the Arabs in their conquest of Spain, which began in 711.

2027:. It was bounded mostly by "a combination of natural barriers and well-organized states". 1465: 8: 7518: 7498: 7478: 7443: 7375: 7287: 7154: 4401: 4351: 4342:

became the first Mongol monarch to officially adopt Islam and even to oppose his kinsman

4301: 4083: 3850: 3824: 3804: 3506: 3466: 3446: 3430: 3418: 3370: 3150: 2669: 2415: 2310: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1766: 1642: 1336: 1317: 1230: 1214: 1114: 1081: 933: 855: 726: 622: 256: 156: 5026: 4492:

in 711-718 A.D. He is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in

3010:

On the east coast of Africa, where Arab mariners had for many years journeyed to trade,

2509:) were catalysts of a growing internationalization of local conflicts. Figures such as 7622: 7458: 7433: 7335: 7212: 7164: 7159: 7149: 7087: 6938: 6189: 4922: 4570: 4335: 4297: 4278: 4203: 4151: 3865: 3816: 3622: 3602:

Mir Sayyid Ali, portrait of a young Indian Muslim scholar, writing a commentary on the

3558: 2957: 2875: 2681: 2661:, an ethnic Arab, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Umar in person. The caliph, then in 2086: 1976: 1952: 1817: 1391: 1278: 1142: 1110: 1077: 951: 646: 603: 573: 556: 531: 476: 432: 144: 4889:

Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North

4555: 7618: 7360: 7330: 7320: 7310: 7227: 7217: 7202: 7069: 7011: 6996: 6967: 6920: 6909: 6894: 6869: 6850: 6831: 6785: 6740: 6705: 6618: 6593: 6564: 6541: 6481: 6456: 6413: 6337: 6309: 6215: 6181: 5975: 5941: 5855: 5814: 5714: 5641: 5463: 5280: 5200: 5173: 5106: 5081: 5071: 5030: 4987: 4977: 4930: 4912: 4786: 4746: 4729:, from over 70 in 1750 (before Serbian independence in 1815), to only three in 1850. 4657: 4573:

in the 10th to 13th centuries, were employed as mercenaries by the kings of Hungary.

4524: 4097: 3991:. The spread of Islam generally followed the trade routes east through the primarily 3948:, first by the way of Muslim traders along the main trade-route between Asia and the 3878: 3820: 3772: 3670: 3573: 2917: 2895: 2729: 2498: 2422: 2411: 2380: 2314: 2260: 2165: 2098: 2070: 2060: 1986: 1980: 1928: 1833: 1689: 1591: 1586: 1479: 1290: 1238: 1222: 1182: 1073: 1057: 1017: 955: 925: 687: 651: 598: 511: 471: 333: 6502:"An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)" 4411:(in Central Asia) converted to Islam, causing the eastern part of his realm (called 4234:. Around the 7th and 8th centuries some states of Turkic peoples existed - like the 3646:

Was a combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart

2410:. Crete was conquered during the 17th century, but the Ottomans lost Hungary to the 2383:: Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and Venice with its eastern Mediterranean colonies. 1117:

and the Islamic expansion in South and East Asia fostered cosmopolitan and eclectic

7579: 7528: 7523: 7463: 7428: 7340: 7297: 7267: 7189: 7107: 7077: 5455: 5165: 5022: 5018: 4969: 4965: 4904: 4826: 4781: 4528: 4501: 4408: 4240: 4215: 4019: 3780: 3543: 3539: 3410: 3394: 3346: 3313: 3216:

While there were cases such as the Sassanid army division at Hamra, that converted

3116: 2891: 2710: 2705: 2630: 2368: 2322: 2238: 2090: 2009: 1994: 1956: 1908: 1859: 1838: 1797: 1781: 1663: 1309: 1274: 1061: 1037: 1013: 496: 491: 442: 427: 412: 321: 200: 6328:

Sturrock, J., South Canara and Madras District Manual (2 vols., Madras, 1894–1895)

5428: 3775:. The Mughals, already suffering a gradual decline in the early 18th century, was 2912:

The history of commercial and intellectual contact between the inhabitants of the

2874:

to Islam by his just administration, and other early notable missionaries include

7589: 7503: 7473: 7197: 6945: 6303: 5638:

Book of the Samaritans; The Continuation of the Samaritan Chronicle of Abu l-Fath

5459: 5194: 4880: 4551: 4536: 4505: 4478: 4354:(1263), only much later did the change became pivotal when the Mongols converted 3869: 3808: 3721: 3681: 3650: 3514: 3426: 3120: 3104: 3046: 3022: 2979: 2937: 2756: 2548: 2517:

have been crucial in these developments, as much as domestic and world politics.

2510: 2376: 2326: 2278:

period of 10%, in contrast with estimates for the more politically-multicultural

2271: 2074: 2020: 1998: 1854: 1723: 1282: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1250: 1242: 1154: 1097: 1053: 1033: 986:, which culminated in the Arab empire being established across three continents ( 631: 447: 407: 396: 281: 226: 139: 6058:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir

3091: 2607:

government bureaus). As the conquests slowed and the isolation of the fighters (

2525: 2399: 1005: 7493: 7438: 7392: 7345: 7325: 7169: 7092: 6619:

Shireen Hunter; Jeffrey L. Thomas; Alexander Melikishvili; et al. (2004).

6182:

Shireen Hunter; Jeffrey L. Thomas; Alexander Melikishvili; et al. (2004).

5268: 4771: 4714: 4689: 4629: 4260: 4227: 4211: 3984: 3983:

in 1282, other accounts provide instances of Muslim communities present in the

3945: 3812: 3796: 3788: 3713: 3607: 3510: 3422: 3398: 3342: 3284:

Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. According to

3252: 3244: 3201: 3188: 3066: 3034: 2999: 2983: 2969: 2840: 2836: 2791: 2514: 2360: 2352: 2298: 2197: 2157: 2102: 2048: 2032: 2005: 1771: 1728: 1425: 1286: 1202: 1118: 1101: 1069: 1041: 971: 719: 591: 578: 536: 481: 95: 6884: 6806:"Nothing found for The Future Of The Global Muslim Population Aspx?print=true" 6526: 6002: 4973: 4926: 4214:

came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner whom the

2065: 1617: 7657: 7252: 5833: 5781: 5710:

From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic

5063: 5051: 5034: 4991: 4738: 4428: 4314: 4175: 3736: 3485: 3042: 2949: 2921: 2870:, the then governor of Africa, Ismail ibn Abdullah, was said to have won the 2844: 2748: 2266: 1960: 1668: 1431: 1065: 975: 656: 561: 521: 5898: 5085: 3676: 3617:

Embedded within these lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and

3493: 2786: 7418: 7315: 7119: 5159: 4908: 4821: 4319: 4286: 4264: 4256: 4055: 3858: 3748: 3637: 3268: 3163: 2634: 2460: 2386:

Later, the Ottoman Empire set on to conquer territories from these rivals:

2226: 2180:

Most of those laws were elaborations of basic laws concerning non-Muslims (

2106: 1932: 1673: 1455: 1365: 1198: 1049: 979: 967: 780: 762: 754: 707: 663: 400: 132: 121: 5169: 4704:

Ottoman Islamic standards of toleration allowed for autonomous "nations" (

3014:, Arabs founded permanent colonies on the offshore islands, especially on 2321:(Spain and Portugal), where Muslim populations were expelled or forced to 7569: 7272: 7179: 7061: 4661: 4633: 4543:

brought detailed reports of the Rus, claiming that some had converted to

4412: 4377: 4249: 4051: 4039: 3925: 3898: 3792: 3535: 3378: 3358: 3289: 3264: 3062: 2816: 2718: 2494: 2486: 2448: 2363:

defended its frontiers initially against threats from several sides: the

2142: 2126: 2094: 1940: 1936: 1694: 1298: 1206: 1045: 459: 417: 341: 5934:

Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.; Abun-Nasr, Jamil Mirʻi Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987).

3771:(a special tax imposed upon non-Muslims) through the compilation of the 2851:

by the 11th century Muslim affiliation had begun to spread far into the

2012:

and the native Christians and Jews existing before the Muslims arrived.

7144: 7030: 7024:

In God's Path: the Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire

6007: 5903: 5899:"Byzantine Empire - The successors of Heraclius: Islam and the Bulgars" 4608: 4540: 4444: 4424: 4359: 4326:, who founded the Golden Horde, which operated from the 1240s to 1502. 4272: 4268: 4223: 4059: 3972: 3894: 3890: 3784: 3752: 3709: 3610: 3414: 3402: 3386: 3377:, whose roots stemmed from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility, propagated 3273: 3225: 3172: 2933: 2812: 2318: 2302: 2216: 2024: 1843: 1647: 1401: 1085: 999: 464: 4652:

was re-conquered by Ferdinand III of Castille and in 1248 the city of

2974: 2347: 7453: 7222: 6891:

Christians and Muslims: from double standards to mutual understanding

4766: 4753: 4641: 4625: 4532: 4497: 4486: 4448: 4393: 4392:

as the official state religion. In 1295 however, the new Khan of the

4347: 4282: 4219: 4179: 3976: 3760: 3662: 3390: 3180: 3050: 3038: 2700: 2561: 2130: 2117:

in Africa through contact with Muslim traders active in the area and

1918: 1603: 1451: 1421: 1134:, where Ottoman authorities refused, fearing economic repercussions. 1029: 943: 929: 363: 6453:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

6211:

The Caspian: politics, energy and security, By Shirin Akiner, pg.158

5161:

Passages of Faith: Conversion in Palestinian villages (17th century)

4451:, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order. 4372:

Some of the Mongolian tribes became Islamized. Following the brutal

4293:, he noted "I wonder what devil carried the law of Machomet there". 4267:

trace their Islamic roots) adopted Islam by the 10th century. under

3480:

A panorama in 12 folds showing a fabulous Eid ul-Fitr procession by

3096: 2672:, allowing for the religious freedom for Christians in exchange for 7488: 7365: 7242: 6781:

Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912

4801: 4726: 4669: 4489: 4467: 4432: 4416: 4389: 4043: 4011: 3992: 3949: 3910: 3755:. Although religious tolerance was seen during the rule of emperor 3689: 3657: 3618: 3524: 3374: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3229: 3196: 3176: 3015: 2941: 2925: 2832: 2795: 2603: 2588:

is said to have received repeated embassies from Christian tribes.

2585: 2538: 2506: 2502: 2476:

This does not necessarily imply political or social organizations:

2444: 2364: 2286: 2150: 2122: 2016: 1501: 1411: 1395: 1371: 1302: 1105: 1036:

were among some of the largest and most powerful in the world. The

1021: 938: 673: 641: 355: 289: 4934: 3823:, which became the major Asian economic and military power on the 2325:

in short order. The latter period of that phase was marked by the

1016:

were soon established and subsequent empires such as those of the

7129: 4685: 4681: 4653: 4604: 4436: 4327: 4305: 4245: 4235: 4063: 4035: 3996: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3914: 3854: 3705: 3547: 3481: 3362: 3293: 3112: 3054: 2987: 2953: 2913: 2900: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2843:

is the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world.

2828: 2824: 2799: 2752: 2722: 2558: 2407: 2306: 2279: 2275: 2251: 2146: 2138: 2118: 1944: 1733: 1612: 1415: 1405: 1385: 1381: 1178: 1123: 1093: 1089: 506: 183: 4003:

at the far end of the Archipelago form by the conversion of one

3669:, with the help of several Arab and Iraqi scholars compiled the 3565:

missionaries settled in the region as early as the 8th century.

3259:

became Muslim, while the larger swaths of it would still remain

3255:

domains. In the coming centuries, relatively large parts of the

2688:

as an excuse to break the treaty and confiscate the church. The

1344: 6398:

Eaton, "5. Mass Conversion to Islam: Theories and Protagonists"

5014: 5010: 4961: 4957: 4896: 4718: 4565: 4493: 4482: 4463: 4440: 4420: 4397: 4343: 4331: 4253: 4231: 4183: 4042:

proselytized due to contact with traders and missionaries from

4031: 3988: 3975:

visited the area in 1292 he noted that the urban port state of

3937: 3906: 3902: 3764: 3729: 3698: 3554: 3434: 3406: 3305: 3168: 3108: 3058: 3030: 2852: 2696: 2677: 2662: 2625: 2530: 2421:

The Ottoman sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the

2403: 2387: 2243: 2233: 2182: 2134: 2110: 1637: 1622: 1445: 1320:

who wish to reinforce their newly acquired religious identity.

1131: 1025: 995: 991: 526: 516: 305: 273: 265: 250: 244: 128: 6979:

Men of a Single Book: Fundamentalism in Islam and Christianity

3649:

That the bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the

3595:

over the next millennia that established Islam in the region.

3338: 2994: 2402:

to the Ottomans, and the latter conquered territory up to the

4697: 4544: 4366: 4362:(lived 1282–1341) converted - reportedly at the hands of the 4339: 4323: 4275: 4207: 4187: 4069: 4023: 3980: 3933: 3886: 3882: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3740: 3717: 3702: 3666: 3603: 3382: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3233: 3070: 3003: 2945: 2929: 2905: 2856: 2807: 2744: 2733: 2673: 2581: 2395: 2191: 2187: 2169: 2114: 2040: 1970: 1441: 1435: 1375: 1361: 1174: 1127: 963: 959: 668: 546: 237: 195: 188: 111: 103: 4034:

Rahmat, the Sultanate was already of a Muslim character. In

1312:

synonym of "Muslimization", in use since before 1940 (e.g.,

6362: 4454:

Muslims of Central Asian origin played a major role in the

4415:) to rebel. However, during the next three centuries these 4363: 4296:

Another contemporary institution identified as Muslim, the

4027: 4015: 3961: 3562: 3316:

instead of Arabic so that it would be intelligible to all.

2650: 987: 297: 205: 5491:

Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan

4470:, was established in the region by the late 13th century. 3232:

slowly leading to Zoroastrianism becoming associated with

2414:, and other parts of Eastern Europe, which ended with the 1985:

Within the century of the establishment of Islam upon the

6883:. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993 1993. 5809:(Revised ed.). Hebrew Union College Press. pp. 5102:

Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life

3694: 2602:

Like their Byzantine and late Sasanian predecessors, the

1627: 6993:

Money Has No Smell: The Africanization of New York City,

6527:

Ian Copland; Ian Mabbett; Asim Roy; et al. (2012).

6408:

Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977).

5357:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

5331:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

5060:

The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years

4338:

trace their Islamic roots to the Golden Horde and while

2936:

to seek protection from the Quraysh at the court of the

2227:

Conversion within the empire: Umayyad vs. Abbasid period

871:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

6073:"A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress" 5632:לוי-רובין, מילכה (2006). שטרן, אפרים; אשל, חנן (eds.). 4717:

did not require followers of Greek Orthodoxy to become

4018:

was the seat of the primary kingdom of the region, the

3421:

in the 11th century. This was followed by the powerful

6939:"Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing" 6621:

Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security

6184:

Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security

6118:"Christian Number-Crunching reveals impressive growth" 5805:

The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315-1791

4660:' narrates the life and deeds of this hero during the 4599:

was built in 742. It is one of the finest examples of

4447:

are the most prominent of these orders, especially in

4248:, which fought against the caliphate in order to stop 2172:; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they 6478:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

5776: 5774: 5772: 3999:'s we see the first dynasty arise in the form of the 2815:, and the Alexandrians quickly recalled their exiled 2668:

Sophronius also negotiated a pact with Umar known as

2153:. The initial conversions were of a flexible nature. 6881:

The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760

6862:

Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde

4531:, apparently Vikings who made their way towards the 3787:. The Mughal decline provided opportunities for the 3365:

missionary efforts, particularly under the reign of

3212:

A Persian miniature of Shah Abu'l Ma‘ali, a scholar.

2676:, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called 1168: 5968:Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David Martin (2002). 4998: 4030:Kertawijaya converted in 1475 at the hands of Sufi 4010:In 1380, Sufi orders carried Islam from here on to 2823:Byzantine rule was ended by the Arabs, who invaded 2441:

International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism

1927:Muslim Arab expansion in the first centuries after 7008:Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India 6508:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33 5933: 5802: 5769: 5400: 4520:) (meaning "mountain of Tariq"), named after him. 3520:The History of India as told by its own Historians 3429:who further expanded the culture of Islam and the 2254:period, an enfranchisement was experienced by the 1113:, all contributing to the Islamic Golden Age. The 5585: 5583: 5581: 5497: 3513:, which was a link between them and the ports of 3276:had adopted the Shia branch of Islam through the 3243:, in the 7th century, Islam spread as far as the 2878:who started a movement which caused thousands of 2435:Islamization § Modern day (1970s to present) 2168:, but they suffered from restrictions. They paid 2015:The empire spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the 7655: 6609:He changes his name to reflect his new religion. 6407: 5516: 5056:"Part III: The Dawn and Noon of Islam – Origins" 4289:, who had recently (in the 1240s) completed the 4170: 3123:exerted considerable effort in spreading Islam. 2497:in the 1980s and 2001, and the three Gulf Wars ( 2297:The expansion of Islam continued in the wake of 2287:Emergence of the Seljuks and Ottomans (950–1450) 2267:Conversion within the empire: "Conversion curve" 5967: 5199:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–102. 5164:(1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 69. 4607:style; inspired the design of other Mosques in 4569:) denomination of the Muslims who lived in the 3505:Islamic influence first came to be felt in the 3501:dominating the western, central and South Asia. 6266:The History of Iran By Elton L. Daniel, pg. 74 6235: 6065: 5937:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 5875: 5578: 5004: 2978:Principal cities of East Africa, c. 1500. The 1989:and the subsequent rapid expansion during the 7046: 5911: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5394: 5380:"The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." 4435:would also convert at the hands of competing 4304:, operated much further east, established by 4058:arrived in the 17th century the region up to 3751:, was able to conquer almost the entirety of 2928:. The early Muslims fled to the port city of 2336: 1884: 897: 727: 6828:Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding 6784:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 32. 6559:P. M. ( Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis, 5706: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5046: 5044: 4513: 4308:who became Islamized after converting under 3763:witnessed the full establishment of Islamic 3373:. Later, starting from the 9th century, the 1669:Dharmaization (Hindu-Buddhist Indianization) 6563:, Cambridge University Press, pr 21, 1977, 6480:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 5844: 5842: 5519:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion 4941: 3471:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 2109:and peoples living in regions south of the 932:, expanding over a vast geographical area; 7053: 7039: 6885:Online version last accessed on 1 May 1948 6773: 6771: 5743: 5734: 5654: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5225:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 5213: 5157: 5125:Gibbon, ci, ed. Bury, London, 1898, V, 436 4466:in 1274. A distinct Muslim community, the 4070:Flags of the Sultanates in the East Indies 3593:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent 3417:re-conquered Transoxania, and invaded the 3401:came to profess Islam and later under the 3126: 1971:Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyads (610–750 CE) 1891: 1877: 904: 890: 821:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang 734: 720: 6704:", Blackwell Publishing, August 1, 2003, 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6590:Colin Brown, A Short History of Indonesia 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 5691: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5631: 5599: 5558: 5549: 5489:Kennedy, Charles (1996). "Introduction". 5327:"The Changing Global Religious Landscape" 5041: 4202:, Islam penetrated into areas that would 4198:In the mid 7th century AD, following the 3582:South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals 3073:(the only one of its kind in the world). 2699:, whose account of his pilgrimage to the 2241:and the adoption of the client status of 2194:, which is imposed upon Muslim subjects. 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 7060: 7010:, University of California Press, 1994 ( 6934:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6529:A History of State and Religion in India 6394: 6392: 6390: 6369: 6091: 6089: 5839: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5482: 5445: 5353:"Main Factors Driving Population Growth" 5249:. Features.pewforum.org. 27 January 2011 5192: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 4891:. The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series. 4873: 4586: 4576: 4485:general who led the Islamic conquest of 4174: 3919: 3844: 3675: 3656: 3597: 3492: 3474: 3389:. The first complete translation of the 3337: 3207: 3162: 3090: 2993: 2973: 2899: 2785: 2624: 2524: 2371:in the north until it vanished with the 2351:Territories in Central Europe under the 2346: 2064: 1004: 42:This article includes a list of general 6966:", University of Michigan Press, 1993 ( 6768: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6450: 5533: 5488: 4947: 3995:region and a half century later in the 3045:, during the peak of its expansion the 1189:, with notable shifts occurring in the 14: 7656: 6986:What does Islam mean in today's world? 6964:Religion and the Authority of the Past 6830:, Univ of South Carolina Press, 2004 ( 6678: 6658: 6640: 6494: 6475: 6301: 6207: 6041: 5800: 5700: 5663: 5267: 5227:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011 5098: 4407:In the 1330s, the Mongol ruler of the 3584:, and also by Haridas Bhattacharya in 3460: 2948:, and the major trading routes in the 2839:also known as the Mosque of Uqba; the 2054: 826:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina 7034: 6995:(University of Chicago Press, 2001) ( 6777: 6687: 6574: 6387: 6086: 5677: 5618: 5616: 5377: 5128: 5099:Hassan, M. Kabir (30 December 2016). 5050: 3638:Muslim civilization and global polity 3570:Ancient and Medieval History of India 3191:quickly collapsed in the wake of the 3029:(was one of seven sons of a ruler of 2751:. The dynasty was later overtaken by 2655:Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem 928:in 632 CE led to the creation of the 776:Late Antiquity - Middle Ages - Modern 6724: 6546: 6277:"New Age | the Outspoken Daily" 6155: 5836:, ci, ed. Bury, London, 1898, V, 436 5153: 5151: 4879: 4723:many others were forcefully expelled 2725:for Latin pilgrims near the shrine. 28: 7638: 7083:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6737:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 5505:Tourism Culture & Communication 5452:Muslim Societies in African History 5401:Lippman, Thomas W. (7 April 2008). 5027:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_05000066 5009:. Translated by Asatryan, Mushegh. 4792:Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons 4334:and some Muslim populations of the 3278:conversion policies of the Safavids 3220:before pivotal battles such as the 2649:by the forces of the Rashid Caliph 1158: 866:Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons 24: 7175:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 6641:Arnold, Sir Thomas Walker (1896). 6592:, Allen & Unwin, July 1, 2003 6344:Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV 5801:Marcus, Jacob Rader (March 2000). 5625: 5613: 4656:. The famous medieval epic poem ' 3586:Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV 3557:, Arab merchants helped found the 3006:is the largest Mosque of its kind. 2820:welcomed the conquering Muslims.) 2293:History of Islam in southern Italy 48:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 7685: 7605:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5148: 4885:"The Caliphate and the Conquests" 4539:. On his way to Volga Bulgaria, 4291:Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria 4230:who lay beyond the bounds of the 3837:Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia 3830: 3726:Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's 3546:. In Malabar, Muslims are called 3288:, for the Persian, he would meet 3080: 2885: 2160:, one of the reasons may be that 836:Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia 7637: 7628: 7627: 7617: 6629:of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. 6561:"The Cambridge History of Islam" 6196:of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. 4427:Turkic and Mongol nomads of the 4158: 4144: 4132: 4118: 4104: 4090: 4076: 3801:Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad 3224:, conversion was fastest in the 3195:due to its intimate ties to the 3087:Islamization of the Sudan region 2774:Umayyad conquest of North Africa 2591: 2576:Early social changes under Islam 1343: 1009:First expansion of the Caliphate 831:Islamization of the Sudan region 761: 701: 110: 33: 7103:Christianity in the Middle Ages 7098:Decline of Hellenistic religion 7021: 6798: 6750: 6715: 6634: 6612: 6603: 6535: 6520: 6469: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6401: 6347: 6331: 6322: 6302:Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf (2015). 6295: 6269: 6260: 6251: 6241: 6201: 6175: 6149: 6131: 6110: 6015: 5995: 5961: 5927: 5917: 5891: 5881: 5851:The Genius of Arab Civilization 5827: 5794: 5757: 5589: 5510: 5439: 5421: 5371: 5345: 5319: 5293: 5261: 5239: 4845: 4741:, asylum seekers or as part of 4439:from both east and west of the 4374:Mongol invasion of Central Asia 4062:was overwhelmingly Muslim with 3693:For instance, they represented 3357:A number of the inhabitants of 3330:Islamic conquest of Afghanistan 3323: 3263:(paganism branches such as the 3065:noted that the great mosque of 3057:in the north. The 13th-century 2767: 2425:was abolished on 3 March 1924. 978:Oceans and the creation of the 7381:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6932:A History of Islamic Societies 6739:", M.E. Sharpe, April 1, 2004 6476:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 6412:. Cambridge University Press. 6208:Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004). 6156:Raza, Mohammad (21 May 2023). 5940:. Cambridge University Press. 5405:. U.S. News & World Report 5378:Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015). 5273:An introduction to Islamic law 5186: 5119: 5092: 4950:"Setting the Seal on Prophecy" 4732: 4460:Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar 3881:'s newly established ports of 3334:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 2963: 1931:soon established dynasties in 1314:Waverly Illustrated Dictionary 1148: 1143:fastest-growing major religion 920:spans almost 1,400 years. The 861:Conversion to Islam in prisons 13: 1: 7555:Disability in the Middle Ages 7228:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 7160:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6906:A History of the Arab Peoples 6308:. Routledge. pp. 27–33. 5707:Hakan Ozoglu (24 June 2011). 5446:Robinson, David, ed. (2004), 4833: 4646:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 4171:Inner Asia and Eastern Europe 3952:, then was further spread by 3924:A Muslim "Food jar" from the 3701:and wrote hymns as well as a 3568:H. G. Rawlinson, in his book 3528: 3499:Age of the Islamic Gunpowders 3409:school of thought. After the 3405:higher than 55,000 under the 3247:, which parts of it (notably 3141:Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan 2684:given to non-Muslim theists. 2598:Muslim conquest of the Levant 2343:History of the Ottoman Empire 954:, and the age of the Islamic 5460:10.1017/CBO9780511811746.004 5448:"The Islamization of Africa" 4866: 4583:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 4527:between the Muslims and the 3841:Spread of Islam in Indonesia 3759:'s, the reign under emperor 2715:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2647:Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) 2614: 2520: 2174:could not marry Muslim women 2145:through settlements such as 948:Muslim economics and trading 924:that occurred following the 841:Spread of Islam in Indonesia 7: 7022:Hoyland, Robert G. (2015). 6988:, World Wisdom Books, 2011. 6977:Soares de Azevedo, Mateus. 6959:, World Wisdom Books, 2013. 6866:Penn State University Press 6735:S. Frederick (EDT) Starr, " 5854:. MIT Press. January 1983. 5105:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 4817:Islamic missionary activity 4759: 4747:Muslim population in Europe 4550:According to the historian 3767:and the re-introduction of 2956:came under the sway of the 2904:The port and waterfront of 2557: Expansion during the 2547: Expansion during the 1169: 791:Islamic missionary activity 285:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 7690: 7356:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 7026:. Oxford University Press. 6847:Cambridge University Press 6820: 6623:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. 6186:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. 5301:"Religion and Public Life" 5277:Cambridge University Press 4679: 4675: 4580: 4523:There are accounts of the 4281:visited the encampment of 3981:Kingdom of Samudra (Pasai) 3834: 3606:, during the reign of the 3464: 3327: 3193:Islamic conquest of Persia 3187:It used to be argued that 3179:'s epic work known as the 3144: 3137:Muslim conquest of Armenia 3130: 3084: 2967: 2889: 2771: 2618: 2595: 2573: 2438: 2432: 2373:Conquest of Constantinople 2340: 2337:Ottoman Empire (1299–1924) 2290: 2263:into the new territories. 2058: 2036:advantages of the Arabs." 1974: 1912: 1902: 1323: 7613: 7542: 7401: 7296: 7283:Mongol invasion of Europe 7188: 7068: 6944:27 September 2007 at the 6860:Devin De Weese, Devin A, 6702:New Introduction to Islam 6531:. Routledge. p. 161. 6003:"Islamic world - Berbers" 5196:Islam and Asia: A History 5193:Formichi, Chiara (2020). 5115:– via Google Books. 4974:10.1163/9789004323384_002 4807:List of converts to Islam 4514: 4473: 4200:Muslim conquest of Persia 3743:, a direct descendant of 3716:encouraged conversion to 3440: 3241:Muslim conquest of Persia 3147:Muslim conquest of Persia 3027:Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi 3021:By the 10th century, the 2762: 2621:Islamization of Jerusalem 2569: 2428: 1949:Companions of the Prophet 876:List of converts to Islam 801:Islamization of Jerusalem 796:Islamization of Palestine 6950:The Washington Quarterly 6893:, Routledge (UK), 1995 ( 6214:. Taylor & Francis. 4838: 4777:Muslim population growth 4456:Mongol conquest of China 4382:Battle of Baghdad (1258) 4310:Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan 4246:Turkic Turgesh Khaganate 3033:, Persia, his mother an 2841:Great Mosque of Kairouan 2792:Great Mosque of Kairouan 2703:in the seventh century, 1955:and military advents of 1318:converts to the religion 962:'s spread outwards from 851:Islamization in Pakistan 374:Medieval Islamic science 7238:Investiture Controversy 7208:Second Bulgarian Empire 6904:Hourani, Albert, 2002, 6889:Goddard, Hugh Goddard, 5974:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5713:. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. 5523:Oxford University Press 5507:, vol. 8, no. 2, 85–96. 4948:van Ess, Josef (2017). 4597:Great Mosque of Córdoba 4236:Turkic Khazar Khaganate 4022:, which was ruled by a 3697:as the tenth avatar of 3367:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 3361:accepted Islam through 3351:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 3228:where Arab forces were 3222:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah 3159:Arab–Turkic Khazar Wars 3127:Persia and the Caucasus 2375:in 1453, and the great 1719:New religious movements 1139:second-largest religion 846:Islamization of Albania 63:more precise citations. 7595:Post-classical history 7351:Fall of Constantinople 7258:Capet–Plantagenet feud 7125:First Bulgarian Empire 6930:Lapidus, Ira M. 2002, 6843:The Formation of Islam 6644:The Preaching of Islam 5007:Encyclopaedia Islamica 4909:10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.7 4618:Protestant Reformation 4612: 4195: 3941: 3873: 3685: 3673: 3614: 3502: 3490: 3455:Byzantine-Ottoman Wars 3354: 3213: 3184: 3100: 3007: 2991: 2909: 2803: 2642: 2566: 2537: Expansion under 2483: 2474: 2356: 2206: 2178: 2078: 1991:early Muslim conquests 1905:Early Muslim conquests 1259:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1187:early Muslim conquests 1010: 922:early Muslim conquests 384:Succession to Muhammad 7674:Cultural assimilation 7006:van der Veer, Peter. 6981:, World Wisdom, 2011. 6908:, Faber & Faber ( 6451:Jackson, Roy (2010). 5787:Catholic Encyclopedia 5170:10.2307/j.ctvc16s06.8 4901:Yale University Press 4590: 4577:Hispania / Al-Andalus 4358:when a century later 4259:'s Islamization. The 4178: 4005:Parameswara Dewa Shah 3932:, well known for its 3923: 3853:, influenced by both 3848: 3679: 3660: 3601: 3496: 3478: 3451:Byzantine-Seljuq wars 3341: 3211: 3166: 3094: 3085:Further information: 2997: 2977: 2920:may help explain the 2903: 2835:(in Tunisia) and its 2789: 2782:Islamization of Sudan 2778:Islamization of Egypt 2741:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2639:Old City of Jerusalem 2628: 2619:Further information: 2574:Further information: 2564:, 661–750/A.H. 40–129 2528: 2491:Arab–Israeli conflict 2478: 2469: 2433:Further information: 2350: 2250:During the following 2202: 2162: 2068: 1913:Further information: 1126:, often to evade the 1008: 811:Islamization of Egypt 806:Islamization of Syria 7575:Medieval reenactment 7371:Renaissance Humanism 7278:Medieval Warm Period 7248:Republic of Florence 7062:European Middle Ages 6937:Savage, Timothy M. 6145:on 23 December 2007. 6060:Thomas Walker Arnold 5674:Fred Astren pg.33-35 4857:spelling differences 4797:Religious conversion 4749:has steadily risen. 4743:family reunification 4601:Islamic architecture 4593:Cathedral of Cordoba 4591:The interior of the 4388:, replacing it with 4263:(to whom the modern 4261:Bulgars of the Volga 4126:Sultanate of Mataram 4112:Yogyakarta Sultanate 4001:Sultanate of Malacca 3901:commodities such as 3665:, who memorised the 3385:, now in modern-day 3286:Thomas Walker Arnold 3155:Arab rule in Georgia 3133:Islamization of Iran 3095:The Great Mosque of 2998:The Great Mosque of 2866:During the reign of 2827:from 647 to 648 and 2732:, whose capital was 2551:, 632–661/A.H. 11–40 2481:communal activities. 1923:Islamization of Iran 1492:Comparative religion 1337:History of religions 1299:re-Christianizations 1177:and becomes largely 816:Islamization of Iran 423:Association football 7669:Conversion to Islam 7288:Kingdom of Portugal 7155:Old Church Slavonic 7140:Anglo-Saxon England 6984:Stoddart, William, 6957:Understanding Islam 6841:Berkey, Jonathan. 6778:Blumi, Isa (2011). 6283:on 25 December 2013 5697:Hourani, pg.221,222 5546:Goddard, pg.126-131 5433:The Free Dictionary 5305:Pew Research Center 5221:"Executive Summary" 5145:Berkey, pg. 101-102 4745:. As a result, the 4564:Ismaili / 4496:history. The name " 4402:Indian subcontinent 4352:Battle of Ain Jalut 4302:Kara-Khanid Khanate 4192:Azerbaijani culture 4084:Sultanate of Banten 3851:Menara Kudus Mosque 3825:Indian subcontinent 3805:Nizams of Hyderabad 3507:Indian subcontinent 3467:Islam in South Asia 3461:Indian subcontinent 3447:Arab-Byzantine Wars 3431:Timurid Renaissance 3419:Indian subcontinent 3371:Umar ibn Abdul Aziz 3296:under the names of 3251:) were part of the 3151:Islam in Azerbaijan 2924:'s connection with 2541:, 622–632/A.H. 1–11 2416:Treaty of Carlowitz 2311:Indian subcontinent 2055:Abbasids (750–1258) 1965:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 1951:, most notably the 1915:Arab–Byzantine wars 1331:Part of a series on 1251:Southeastern Europe 1115:Timurid Renaissance 1082:Indian subcontinent 934:conversion to Islam 856:Conversion to Islam 749:Part of a series on 184:Profession of Faith 157:Day of Resurrection 7469:In popular culture 7434:Crusading movement 7306:Hundred Years' War 7165:Civitas Schinesghe 7150:Carolingian Empire 7135:Kingdom of Croatia 7088:Barbarian kingdoms 6955:Schuon, Frithjof, 6879:Eaton, Richard M. 6700:Daniel W. Brown, " 6384:der Veer, pg 27–29 6162:Think With Wajahat 6029:on 2 February 2007 5763:Donald E. Wagner. 5754:Lapidus, p. 828–30 5070:. pp. 51–58. 4903:. pp. 21–30. 4613: 4571:Kingdom of Hungary 4504:derivation of the 4346:in the defense of 4336:Russian Federation 4298:Qarakhanid dynasty 4279:William of Rubruck 4196: 3944:Islam came to the 3942: 3874: 3817:Nizam of Hyderabad 3686: 3674: 3615: 3559:Port of Chittagong 3503: 3491: 3413:and Samanids, the 3355: 3214: 3185: 3101: 3008: 2992: 2910: 2876:Abdallah ibn Yasin 2804: 2643: 2567: 2549:Rashidun Caliphate 2357: 2329:(particularly the 2079: 1977:Rashidun Caliphate 1953:Rashidun Caliphate 1392:Siddhartha Gautama 1078:Nizam of Hyderabad 1044:, and the wealthy 1011: 952:Islamic Golden Age 7651: 7650: 7560:Basic topics list 7361:Swiss mercenaries 7311:Wars of the Roses 7218:Kingdom of Poland 7203:Holy Roman Empire 7070:Early Middle Ages 7016:978-0-520-08256-4 7001:978-0-226-77529-6 6972:978-0-472-08259-9 6962:Siebers, Tobin. " 6925:978-983-9541-77-9 6914:978-0-571-21591-1 6899:978-0-7007-0364-7 6874:978-0-271-01073-1 6855:978-0-521-58813-3 6836:978-1-57003-518-0 6812:on 23 March 2012. 6791:978-0-230-11908-6 6745:978-0-7656-1317-2 6710:978-0-631-21604-9 6598:978-1-86508-838-9 6569:978-0-521-29137-8 6542:Sinbad the Sailor 6487:978-1-78347-572-8 6462:978-1-136-95036-0 6419:978-0-521-29137-8 6342:978-81-85843-05-6 6315:978-1-317-58745-3 6221:978-0-203-64167-5 5981:978-1-57607-004-8 5947:978-0-521-33767-0 5861:978-0-262-08136-8 5820:978-0-87820-217-1 5720:978-0-313-37957-4 5610:Hourani, pg.41-48 5555:Hourani, pg.22-24 5469:978-0-521-82627-3 5416:rejecting others. 5286:978-0-521-67873-5 5206:978-1-107-10612-3 5179:978-3-447-10135-6 5112:978-1-78471-073-6 4983:978-90-04-32338-4 4918:978-0-300-22290-6 4787:Converts to Islam 4658:Cantar de Mio Cid 4525:trade connections 4098:Cirebon Sultanate 4054:powers and their 3879:Abbasid Caliphate 3821:Kingdom of Mysore 3773:Fatawa-e-Alamgiri 3671:Fatawa-e-Alamgiri 3578:978-81-86050-79-8 3538:, in district of 3433:, reaching until 3312:to be recited in 3175:playing chess in 3167:Courtiers of the 2918:Arabian Peninsula 2896:Islam in Ethiopia 2882:to accept Islam. 2730:Fatimid Caliphate 2412:Holy Roman Empire 2381:Mediterranean Sea 2367:in the east, the 2315:Emirate of Sicily 2261:Arabian Peninsula 2166:forced to convert 2113:and north of the 2061:Abbasid Caliphate 1987:Arabian Peninsula 1981:Umayyad Caliphate 1901: 1900: 1751: 1750: 1542:Ancient Near East 1480:Study of religion 1265:, among others), 1183:Arabian Peninsula 1167: 1074:Kingdom of Mysore 1062:Bengal Sultanates 984:Islamic conquests 956:gunpowder empires 926:death of Muhammad 914: 913: 744: 743: 89: 88: 81: 16:(Redirected from 7681: 7641: 7640: 7631: 7630: 7621: 7580:Medieval studies 7424:Church and State 7298:Late Middle Ages 7190:High Middle Ages 7108:Christianization 7078:Migration Period 7055: 7048: 7041: 7032: 7031: 7027: 6814: 6813: 6808:. Archived from 6802: 6796: 6795: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6754: 6748: 6733: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6698: 6685: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6601: 6587: 6572: 6557: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6506:Edward G. Browne 6498: 6492: 6491: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6385: 6382: 6367: 6366: 6365:on 22 June 2006. 6361:. Archived from 6355:"Mujeeb Jaihoon" 6351: 6345: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6279:. Archived from 6273: 6267: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6249: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6141:. Archived from 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6025:. Archived from 6019: 6013: 6012: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5931: 5925: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5895: 5889: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5808: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5778: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5675: 5672: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5611: 5608: 5597: 5587: 5576: 5575:Lapidus, 200-201 5573: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5429:"Islamicization" 5425: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5403:"No God But God" 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5155: 5146: 5143: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5019:Brill Publishers 5002: 4996: 4995: 4968:. pp. 3–7. 4966:Brill Publishers 4945: 4939: 4938: 4881:Polk, William R. 4877: 4860: 4849: 4827:Islam by country 4812:Muslim conquests 4782:History of Islam 4519: 4518: 4517: 4409:Chagatai Khanate 4386:persecuted Islam 4241:Khazar-Arab Wars 4180:Ilkhanate Empire 4162: 4148: 4136: 4122: 4108: 4094: 4080: 4020:Majapahit Empire 3928:, also known as 3544:Malik Bin Deenar 3540:Thrissur, Kerala 3533: 3530: 3347:Muhammad of Ghor 3117:Sokoto Caliphate 3053:in the south to 3012:mainly in slaves 2986:in the south to 2938:Aksumite Emperor 2892:Islam in Somalia 2711:John of Damascus 2706:De locis sanctis 2670:Umar's Assurance 2631:Dome of the Rock 2556: 2546: 2536: 2489:, including the 2406:basin as far as 2379:powers from the 2369:Byzantine Empire 2331:Siege of Baghdad 2010:Fertile Crescent 1957:Khalid Bin Walid 1929:Muhammad's death 1909:History of Islam 1893: 1886: 1879: 1682:Age of Discovery 1664:Christianization 1528: 1527: 1355:Founding figures 1347: 1328: 1327: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1014:Muslim dynasties 906: 899: 892: 765: 746: 745: 736: 729: 722: 708:Islam portal 706: 705: 704: 114: 91: 90: 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 59:this article by 50:inline citations 37: 36: 29: 21: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7664:Spread of Islam 7654: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7609: 7590:Neo-medievalism 7538: 7474:Itinerant court 7397: 7292: 7213:Georgian Empire 7198:Norman Conquest 7184: 7130:Frankish Empire 7064: 7059: 6991:Stoller, Paul. 6946:Wayback Machine 6823: 6818: 6817: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6776: 6769: 6762:pontosworld.com 6756: 6755: 6751: 6734: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6699: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6588: 6575: 6558: 6547: 6540: 6536: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6388: 6383: 6370: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6154: 6150: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6057: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5916: 5912: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5799: 5795: 5780: 5779: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5744: 5740:Lapidus, p. 823 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5678: 5673: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5600: 5588: 5579: 5574: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5534: 5525:. p. 632. 5515: 5511: 5502: 5498: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5408: 5406: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5078: 5049: 5042: 5003: 4999: 4984: 4946: 4942: 4919: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4762: 4735: 4713:As a rule, the 4692: 4678: 4595:, formerly the 4585: 4579: 4552:Yaqut al-Hamawi 4515: 4479:Tariq ibn Ziyad 4476: 4186:, studying the 4173: 4166: 4163: 4154: 4149: 4140: 4137: 4128: 4123: 4114: 4109: 4100: 4095: 4086: 4081: 4072: 3849:Minaret of the 3843: 3835:Main articles: 3833: 3809:Nawab of Bengal 3728:control of the 3722:Delhi Sultanate 3682:Bruneian Empire 3651:Iranian plateau 3531: 3515:South East Asia 3489: 3473: 3463: 3445:Main articles: 3443: 3336: 3326: 3161: 3143: 3131:Main articles: 3129: 3121:Usman dan Fodio 3105:Umayyad Dynasty 3089: 3083: 3049:stretched from 3047:Kilwa Sultanate 3025:was founded by 3023:Kilwa Sultanate 2982:held sway from 2980:Kilwa Sultanate 2972: 2966: 2940:in present-day 2898: 2888: 2784: 2770: 2765: 2757:Ayyubid dynasty 2682:usual tolerance 2623: 2617: 2600: 2594: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2542: 2534: 2523: 2511:Osama bin Laden 2451: 2437: 2431: 2398:) were lost by 2345: 2339: 2327:Mongol invasion 2295: 2289: 2272:Richard Bulliet 2269: 2229: 2137:and across the 2075:House of Wisdom 2063: 2057: 2021:Atlas Mountains 1983: 1975:Main articles: 1973: 1943:, and south to 1925: 1911: 1903:Main articles: 1897: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1850: 1824: 1793: 1761: 1753: 1752: 1740: 1724:Great Awakening 1598: 1563: 1525: 1517: 1516: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1357: 1326: 1283:Southern Europe 1151: 1119:Muslim cultures 1070:Durrani Empires 1042:Adal Sultanates 946:, coupled with 918:spread of Islam 910: 881: 880: 786:Spread of Islam 773: 740: 702: 700: 693: 692: 637:Other religions 632:Arabic language 594: 584: 583: 512:Moral teachings 403: 389: 388: 379:Spread of Islam 324: 314: 313: 301:(jurisprudence) 283:Qisas al-Anbiya 232: 231: 211: 210: 179: 169: 168: 124: 85: 74: 68: 65: 55:Please help to 54: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7687: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7635: 7625: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7585:Misconceptions 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7393:Little Ice Age 7390: 7389: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7346:Western Schism 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7100: 7095: 7093:Late antiquity 7090: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7019: 7004: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6960: 6953: 6952:, Summer 2004. 6935: 6928: 6917: 6902: 6887: 6877: 6858: 6839: 6826:Astren, Fred. 6822: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6797: 6790: 6767: 6749: 6723: 6714: 6686: 6684:Devin pg 67-69 6677: 6657: 6633: 6611: 6602: 6573: 6545: 6534: 6519: 6493: 6486: 6468: 6461: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6418: 6400: 6386: 6368: 6346: 6330: 6321: 6314: 6294: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6234: 6220: 6200: 6174: 6148: 6130: 6109: 6085: 6064: 6040: 6014: 5994: 5980: 5960: 5946: 5926: 5910: 5890: 5874: 5860: 5838: 5826: 5819: 5793: 5768: 5756: 5742: 5733: 5719: 5699: 5690: 5676: 5662: 5660:Hourani, pg.54 5653: 5646: 5624: 5612: 5598: 5577: 5557: 5548: 5532: 5509: 5496: 5481: 5468: 5438: 5420: 5393: 5370: 5359:. 2 April 2015 5344: 5333:. 5 April 2017 5318: 5307:. 2 April 2015 5292: 5285: 5260: 5238: 5212: 5205: 5185: 5178: 5147: 5127: 5118: 5111: 5091: 5076: 5052:Lewis, Bernard 5040: 4997: 4982: 4940: 4927:j.ctv1bvnfdq.7 4917: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4772:Sinbuya Asvari 4769: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4734: 4731: 4690:Ottoman Empire 4677: 4674: 4630:Charles Martel 4578: 4575: 4537:Central Russia 4475: 4472: 4380:and after the 4318:of the son of 4228:Turkic peoples 4212:Eastern Europe 4172: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4071: 4068: 3985:Melayu Kingdom 3946:Southeast Asia 3832: 3831:Southeast Asia 3829: 3813:Nawab of Awadh 3797:Mysore Kingdom 3789:Maratha Empire 3655: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3634: 3608:Mughal Emperor 3532: 571–632 3511:Malabar region 3479: 3462: 3459: 3442: 3439: 3325: 3322: 3245:North Caucasus 3202:late antiquity 3189:Zoroastrianism 3128: 3125: 3082: 3081:Western Africa 3079: 3067:Kilwa Kisiwani 3000:Kilwa Kisiwani 2984:Cape Correntes 2970:Shirazi people 2965: 2962: 2958:Muslim Caliphs 2932:in modern-day 2887: 2886:Horn of Africa 2884: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2721:, who built a 2690:Mosque of Umar 2616: 2613: 2596:Main article: 2593: 2590: 2571: 2568: 2553: 2543: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2515:Abdallah Azzam 2430: 2427: 2361:Ottoman Empire 2353:Ottoman Empire 2341:Main article: 2338: 2335: 2288: 2285: 2268: 2265: 2228: 2225: 2158:Albert Hourani 2059:Main article: 2056: 2053: 2049:Umayyad Mosque 2006:Ira M. Lapidus 1972: 1969: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1881: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1729:Fundamentalism 1726: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1575: 1573:Vedic Hinduism 1564: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1459: 1449: 1439: 1429: 1426:Zoroastrianism 1419: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1267:Eastern Europe 1235:Southeast Asia 1203:Horn of Africa 1150: 1147: 1102:Ottoman Empire 958:, resulted in 912: 911: 909: 908: 901: 894: 886: 883: 882: 879: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 758: 757: 751: 750: 742: 741: 739: 738: 731: 724: 716: 713: 712: 711: 710: 695: 694: 691: 690: 684: 683: 682: 681: 676: 666: 661: 660: 659: 654: 644: 639: 634: 628: 627: 626: 625: 620: 615: 607: 606: 601: 595: 592:Related topics 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 574:Social welfare 571: 566: 565: 564: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 468: 467: 462: 452: 451: 450: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 404: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 359: 352: 345: 337: 336: 331: 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 303: 294: 293: 287: 279: 271: 262: 261: 241: 233: 230: 229: 224: 218: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 192: 191: 186: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 164:Predestination 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 145:Revealed Books 142: 136: 135: 125: 120: 119: 116: 115: 107: 106: 100: 99: 87: 86: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7686: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7644: 7636: 7634: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7253:Scholasticism 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Rise of Islam 7113: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6774: 6772: 6763: 6759: 6758:"PontosWorld" 6753: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6681: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6646: 6645: 6637: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6615: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6530: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6455:. Routledge. 6454: 6447: 6438: 6429: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6247: 6245: 6244:In God's Path 6238: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6119: 6113: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6074: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5923: 5921: 5920:In God's Path 5914: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5885: 5884:In God's Path 5878: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5835: 5830: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5797: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5766: 5760: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5737: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5694: 5688:Tobin 113-115 5685: 5683: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5657: 5649: 5647:965-217-202-2 5643: 5639: 5635: 5634:ספר השומרונים 5628: 5622:Lapidus, 271. 5619: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5595: 5593: 5592:In God's Path 5586: 5584: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5552: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5485: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5404: 5397: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5279:. p. 1. 5278: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5248: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5154: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5077:9780684832807 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4858: 4854: 4851:Also spelled 4848: 4844: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739:guest workers 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4429:Kazakh Steppe 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4369:Baba Tukles. 4368: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3897:and valuable 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739:, founded by 3738: 3737:Mughal Empire 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3680:A map of the 3678: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3487: 3486:Mughal Empire 3483: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343:Ghurid Empire 3340: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:Swahili coast 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2990:in the north. 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950:Mediterranean 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922:Somali people 2919: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:First Crusade 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2592:Greater Syria 2589: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2563: 2560: 2550: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392:Greek islands 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301:conquests of 2300: 2294: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2170:a special tax 2167: 2161: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:Turkic tribes 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1961:Amr ibn al-As 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1745: 1744:Postmodernism 1742: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1711:Age of Reason 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568:Indo-European 1566: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1547:Ancient Egypt 1545: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1497:Neurotheology 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432:Hamza ibn Ali 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 907: 902: 900: 895: 893: 888: 887: 885: 884: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 778: 777: 772:Islamizations 769: 768: 764: 760: 759: 756: 753: 752: 748: 747: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 717: 715: 714: 709: 699: 698: 697: 696: 689: 686: 685: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 670: 667: 665: 662: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 593: 588: 587: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:Proselytizing 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455:Denominations 453: 449: 446: 445: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 402: 398: 393: 392: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 353: 351: 350: 346: 344: 343: 339: 338: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 318: 317: 310: 308: 304: 302: 300: 296: 295: 291: 288: 286: 284: 280: 278: 276: 272: 270: 268: 264: 263: 259: 258: 253: 252: 247: 246: 242: 240: 239: 235: 234: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 215: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 178: 173: 172: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 134: 130: 127: 126: 123: 118: 117: 113: 109: 108: 105: 102: 101: 97: 93: 92: 83: 80: 72: 62: 58: 52: 51: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7414:Architecture 7386:Great Famine 7376:Universities 7316:Hussite Wars 7233:Great Schism 7120:Papal States 7114: 7023: 7007: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6931: 6905: 6890: 6880: 6861: 6842: 6827: 6810:the original 6800: 6780: 6761: 6752: 6736: 6717: 6701: 6680: 6675:Devin pg. 19 6648:. Retrieved 6643: 6636: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6605: 6589: 6560: 6537: 6528: 6522: 6512:24 September 6510:. Retrieved 6505: 6496: 6477: 6471: 6452: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6409: 6403: 6363:the original 6358: 6349: 6333: 6324: 6304: 6297: 6285:. Retrieved 6281:the original 6271: 6262: 6253: 6243: 6237: 6225:. Retrieved 6210: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6165:. Retrieved 6161: 6151: 6143:the original 6133: 6121:. Retrieved 6112: 6100:. Retrieved 6076:. Retrieved 6067: 6062:, pp.125-258 6031:. Retrieved 6027:the original 6017: 6006: 5997: 5985:. Retrieved 5970: 5963: 5951:. Retrieved 5936: 5929: 5919: 5913: 5902: 5893: 5883: 5877: 5865:. Retrieved 5850: 5829: 5804: 5796: 5785: 5764: 5759: 5736: 5724:. Retrieved 5709: 5702: 5693: 5656: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5591: 5551: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5499: 5490: 5484: 5473:, retrieved 5451: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5409:24 September 5407:. Retrieved 5396: 5384:. Retrieved 5373: 5361:. Retrieved 5356: 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5330: 5321: 5309:. Retrieved 5304: 5295: 5272: 5269:Hallaq, Wael 5263: 5251:. Retrieved 5241: 5229:. Retrieved 5224: 5215: 5195: 5188: 5160: 5121: 5101: 5094: 5059: 5006: 5000: 4953: 4943: 4888: 4875: 4853:Islamisation 4852: 4847: 4822:Muslim world 4751: 4736: 4712: 4705: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4666: 4638: 4622: 4614: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4522: 4509: 4477: 4453: 4406: 4371: 4355: 4320:Genghis Khan 4313: 4295: 4287:Golden Horde 4265:Volga Tatars 4257:Central Asia 4239: 4197: 4066:minorities. 4056:missionaries 4048: 4009: 3970: 3943: 3929: 3875: 3749:Genghis Khan 3734: 3687: 3616: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3518: 3504: 3444: 3356: 3324:Central Asia 3318: 3304:. At times, 3282: 3267: 3239:Through the 3238: 3217: 3215: 3186: 3102: 3075: 3069:was made of 3020: 3009: 3004:coral stones 2911: 2865: 2861: 2849: 2837:Great Mosque 2822: 2805: 2768:North Africa 2738: 2727: 2704: 2694: 2686: 2667: 2644: 2635:Temple Mount 2608: 2601: 2579: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2461:Gilles Kepel 2458: 2455: 2452: 2420: 2385: 2358: 2323:Christianize 2317:(Italy) and 2296: 2270: 2255: 2249: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2181: 2179: 2163: 2155: 2107:Central Asia 2080: 2045: 2038: 2029: 2014: 2004: 1984: 1933:North Africa 1926: 1839:Confucianism 1787:Bahá'í Faith 1777:Christianity 1674:Islamization 1487:Anthropology 1466:Baháʼí Faith 1456:Confucianism 1366:Christianity 1313: 1307: 1271:the Caucasus 1211:Central Asia 1199:North Africa 1185:through the 1152: 1136: 1111:philosophers 1050:North Africa 1012: 980:Muslim world 966:towards the 937: 917: 915: 785: 781:Islamization 775: 755:Islamization 664:Islamophobia 443:Demographics 438:Circumcision 378: 354: 347: 340: 306: 298: 282: 274: 266: 255: 249: 243: 236: 75: 66: 47: 26: 7643:WikiProject 7570:Medievalism 7409:Agriculture 7273:Manorialism 7268:Communalism 7263:Monasticism 7180:Reconquista 7170:Kievan Rus' 6712:pg. 185-187 6650:15 February 6359:jaihoon.com 6287:24 December 6227:17 December 6078:15 February 5987:15 February 5953:15 February 5867:15 February 5782:"Jerusalem" 5475:13 November 5337:15 February 5231:22 December 4733:Immigration 4662:Reconquista 4634:Charlemagne 4510:Jabal Tāriq 4445:Naqshbandis 4437:Sufi orders 4421:Shamanistic 4413:Moghulistan 4378:Hulagu Khan 4344:Hulagu Khan 4271:. When the 4250:Arabization 4226:and of the 4152:Minangkabau 4040:Cham people 3954:Sufi orders 3926:Philippines 3899:spice trade 3891:orang-utans 3857:and mainly 3793:Sikh Empire 3627:communalism 3536:Kodungallur 3379:Sunni Islam 3359:Afghanistan 3290:Ahura Mazda 3226:urban areas 3071:coral stone 3063:Ibn Battuta 2964:East Africa 2817:Monophysite 2719:Charlemagne 2529:Age of the 2495:Afghanistan 2487:Middle East 2465:Olivier Roy 2449:Petro-Islam 2198:Ira Lapidus 2143:East Africa 2127:Nile Valley 2119:Sufi orders 2033:Zoroastrian 2019:, from the 1941:Middle East 1937:West Africa 1829:Far Eastern 1695:Reformation 1690:Renaissance 1656:Middle Ages 1552:Mesopotamia 1532:Prehistoric 1462:Baháʼu'lláh 1219:Afghanistan 1207:West Africa 1149:Terminology 1096:in Persia, 1046:Mali Empire 679:Laws of war 342:Ahl al-Bayt 227:Foundations 61:introducing 7658:Categories 7565:Land terms 7519:Technology 7499:Philosophy 7479:Literature 7444:Demography 7145:Viking Age 6721:Devin 160. 6571:pg.123-125 6008:Britannica 5971:Pilgrimage 5904:Britannica 5363:23 October 4935:2017942543 4834:References 4680:See also: 4609:Al-Andalus 4581:See also: 4556:Böszörmény 4541:Ibn Fadlan 4487:Visigothic 4360:Uzbeg Khan 4340:Berke Khan 4273:Franciscan 4244:) and the 4224:Inner Asia 4216:Byzantines 4060:New Guinea 3973:Marco Polo 3964:) and the 3872:structure. 3819:, and the 3785:Nader Shah 3753:South Asia 3710:Ibn Batuta 3611:Shah Jahan 3465:See also: 3415:Ghaznavids 3403:Ghaznavids 3387:Kazakhstan 3328:See also: 3274:Azerbaijan 3265:Circassian 3230:garrisoned 3173:Baysunghur 3145:See also: 3061:traveller 3039:Sultanates 3035:Abyssinian 3002:, made of 2968:See also: 2934:Somaliland 2890:See also: 2813:Alexandria 2772:See also: 2659:Sophronius 2439:See also: 2390:and other 2319:Al Andalus 2303:Asia Minor 2291:See also: 2239:Arab tribe 2219:to Islam. 2217:Samaritans 2087:philosophy 2025:Hindu Kush 1703:Modern day 1648:Monotheism 1512:Psychology 1402:Guru Nanak 1231:Bangladesh 1215:South Asia 1100:, and the 1086:Ghaznavids 1032:, and the 1000:Samaritans 944:caliphates 930:caliphates 532:Philosophy 269:(exegesis) 206:Pilgrimage 196:Almsgiving 69:March 2023 44:references 18:Islamizing 7550:Dark Ages 7459:Household 7454:Hastilude 7223:Feudalism 6747:pg. 46-48 6242:Hoyland, 5918:Hoyland, 5882:Hoyland, 5590:Hoyland, 5035:1875-9823 4992:0169-9423 4893:New Haven 4867:Citations 4767:Al-Hallaj 4754:Pew Forum 4642:Covadonga 4626:Visigoths 4560:Izmaelita 4533:Black Sea 4500:" is the 4498:Gibraltar 4449:Kashgaria 4425:Christian 4394:Ilkhanate 4348:Jerusalem 4283:Batu Khan 4232:caliphate 4220:Pechenegs 3761:Aurangzeb 3663:Aurangzeb 3653:or Arabs. 3640:at large. 3623:partition 3411:Saffarids 3345:ruled by 3181:Shahnameh 3051:Inhambane 2701:Holy Land 2633:atop the 2615:Palestine 2609:muqatilah 2562:Caliphate 2521:By region 2507:2003–2011 2423:caliphate 2418:in 1699. 2186:) in the 2141:and down 2131:the Sudan 2125:, up the 2099:mysticism 1995:Byzantine 1939:, to the 1919:Ilkhanate 1767:Abrahamic 1760:Religions 1633:Hellenism 1604:Axial Age 1452:Confucius 1422:Zoroaster 1297:prior to 1279:the Volga 1247:Indonesia 1164:romanized 1030:Seljukids 652:terrorism 604:Criticism 557:Sexuality 527:Mysticism 497:Festivals 477:Education 472:Economics 408:Academics 364:Caliphate 177:Practices 7633:Category 7600:Timeline 7489:Minstrel 7484:Medicine 7366:Chivalry 7321:Burgundy 7243:Crusades 6942:Archived 6868:, 1994 ( 6849:, 2003 ( 6627:conquest 6600:pg.31-33 6248:: p. 206 6194:conquest 5888:: p. 161 5596:: p. 207 5386:18 April 5311:16 April 5271:(2009). 5086:34190629 5068:Scribner 5064:New York 5054:(1995). 4883:(2018). 4802:Islamism 4760:See also 4727:Belgrade 4715:Ottomans 4670:Moriscos 4535:through 4516:جبل طارق 4490:Hispania 4468:Panthays 4433:Xinjiang 4417:Buddhist 4390:Buddhism 4356:en masse 4052:colonial 4044:Kelantan 4012:Mindanao 3993:Buddhist 3950:Far East 3911:galangal 3870:Javanese 3863:Buddhist 3781:Afsharid 3690:Ismailis 3684:in 1500. 3661:Emperor 3619:Hinduism 3561:. 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