448:, proclaimed, "Do not mutilate. Do not kill little children or old men or women. Do not cut off the heads of palm trees or burn them. Do not cut down fruit trees. Do not slaughter livestock except for food." Islamic jurists have held that a prisoner should not be killed, as he "cannot be held responsible for mere acts of belligerency". However, the prohibition against killing non-combatants is not necessarily absolute in Islamic Law. For example, in situations where an "enemy retreats inside fortifications and one-to-one combat is not an option", Islamic jurists have been unanimous as to the permissibility on the use of less discriminating weapons such as mangonels (a weapon for catapulting large stones) if required by military necessity but have differed with respect to the use of fire in such cases.
437:, for example) describing the types of weapons that should not be used: "When he fights with his foes in battle, let him not strike with weapons concealed (in wood), nor with (such as are) barbed, poisoned, or the points of which are blazing with fire." There is also the command not to strike a eunuch nor the enemy "who folds his hands in supplication ... Nor one who sleeps, nor one who has lost his coat of mail, nor one who is naked, nor one who is disarmed, nor one who looks on without taking part in the fight."
565:
553:
3698:
1054:. All protected persons shall be treated with the same consideration by parties to the conflict, without distinction based on race, religion, sex or political opinion. Each and every person affected by armed conflict is entitled to his fundamental rights and guarantees, without discrimination. The prohibition against adverse distinction is also considered by the ICRC to form part of customary international law in international and non-international armed conflict.
3686:
882:
668:, the two strains of law began to converge, although provisions focusing on humanity could already be found in the Hague law (i.e. the protection of certain prisoners of war and civilians in occupied territories). The 1977 Additional Protocols, relating to the protection of victims in both international and internal conflict, not only incorporated aspects of both the Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva, but also important human rights provisions.
751:. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a white flag, since that, being considered the flag of truce, indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. In either case, the persons protected by the Red Cross or the white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts themselves; engaging in war activities under a white flag or a red cross is itself a violation of the laws of war.
1165:. Although the modern codification of IHL in the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols is relatively new, and European in name, the core concepts are not new, and laws relating to warfare can be found in all cultures. Indeed, non-Western participants played important roles in the development of this area of law at the global level as early as the 1907 Second Hague Conference, and have continued to do so since.
978:
courts like the ICC, has reinforced the notion that victims of war crimes and other serious breaches of
International Humanitarian Law have a recognized right to seek reparations. These reparations can take various forms, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition, aimed at addressing the physical, psychological, and material damage suffered by victims.
1149:) have contributed to expanding the scope of definitions of sexual violence and rape in conflict. They have effectively prosecuted sexual and gender-based crimes committed during armed conflict. There is now well-established jurisprudence on gender-based crimes. Nonetheless, there remains an urgent need to further develop constructions of gender within international humanitarian law.
819:
1041:(wounded, sick and shipwrecked). Civilians are entitled to respect for their physical and mental integrity, their honour, family rights, religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs. This principle of humane treatment has been affirmed by the ICRC as a norm of customary international law, applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts.
1013:
and only to target the former. It also provides that civilians lose such protection should they take a direct part in hostilities. The principle of distinction has also been found by the ICRC to be reflected in state practice; it is therefore an established norm of customary international law in both international and non-international armed conflicts.
987:
civilians. A "civilian" is defined as "any person not belonging to the armed forces", including non-nationals and refugees. However, it is accepted that operations may cause civilian casualties. Luis Moreno Ocampo, chief prosecutor of the international criminal court, wrote in 2006: "International humanitarian law and the
1106:
child-rearers. A study of the 42 provisions relating to women within the Geneva
Conventions and the Additional Protocols found that almost half address women who are expectant or nursing mothers. Others have argued that the issue of sexual violence against men in conflict has not yet received the attention it deserves.
1168:
ICRC studies on the Middle East, Somalia, Latin
America, and the Pacific, for example have found that there are traditional and long-standing practices in various cultures that preceded, but are generally consistent with, modern IHL. It is important to respect local and cultural practices that are in
1097:
IHL emphasises, in various provisions in the GCs and APs, the concept of formal equality and non-discrimination. Protections should be provided "without any adverse distinction founded on sex". For example, with regard to female prisoners of war, women are required to receive treatment "as favourable
1083:
2664 (2022). This includes incorporating humanitarian exemptions into EU sanctions regimes, ensuring that aid can reach those in need without legal barriers. This shift has led to the inclusion of comprehensive humanitarian exemptions in new sanctions frameworks for Niger and Sudan, and the amendment
991:
permit belligerents to carry out proportionate attacks against military objectives, even when it is known that some civilian deaths or injuries will occur. A crime occurs if there is an intentional attack directed against civilians (principle of distinction) ... or an attack is launched on a military
947:
are only protected by the laws of war if the "power" which holds them is in a state of armed conflict or war, and until they are found to be an "unlawful combatant". Depending on the circumstances, they may be subject to civilian law or a military tribunal for their acts. In practice, they have often
260:
International humanitarian law is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. It comprises a set of rules, which is established by treaty or custom and that seeks to protect persons and property/objects that are or may be affected by armed conflict, and it limits the
1066:
and from any form of indecent assault. Children under the age of eighteen must not be permitted to take part in hostilities, cannot be evacuated to a foreign country by a country other than theirs, except temporarily due to a compelling threat to their health and safety, and if orphaned or separated
1025:
are established principles in humanitarian law. Under IHL, a belligerent may apply only the amount and kind of force necessary to defeat the enemy. Further, attacks on military objects must not cause loss of civilian life considered excessive in relation to the direct military advantage anticipated.
572:
The Geneva
Conventions are the result of a process that developed in a number of stages between 1864 and 1949. It focused on the protection of civilians and those who can no longer fight in an armed conflict. As a result of World War II, all four conventions were revised, based on previous revisions
399:
Systematic attempts to limit the savagery of warfare only began to develop in the 19th century. Such concerns were able to build on the changing view of warfare by states influenced by the Age of
Enlightenment. The purpose of warfare was to overcome the enemy state, which could be done by disabling
1012:
protects civilian population and civilian objects from the effects of military operations. It requires parties to an armed conflict to distinguish at all times, and under all circumstances, between combatants and military objectives on the one hand, and civilians and civilian objects on the other;
952:
and execution. The laws of war neither approve nor condemn such acts, which fall outside their scope. Spies may only be punished following a trial; if captured after rejoining their own army, they must be treated as prisoners of war. Suspected terrorists who are captured during an armed conflict,
655:
The Geneva
Conventions of 1949 may be seen, therefore, as the result of a process which began in 1864. Today they have "achieved universal participation with 194 parties". This means that they apply to almost any international armed conflict. The Additional Protocols, however, have yet to achieve
977:
Reparation for victims of serious violations of
International Humanitarian Law acknowledges the suffering endured by individuals and communities and seeks to provide a form of redress for the harms inflicted upon them. The evolving legal landscape, notably through the mechanisms of international
1034:
The principle of humane treatment requires that civilians be treated humanely at all times. Common
Article 3 of the GCs prohibits violence to life and person (including cruel treatment and torture), the taking of hostages, humiliating and degrading treatment, and execution without regular trial
456:
The most important antecedent of IHL is the current
Armistice Agreement and Regularization of War, signed and ratified in 1820 between the authorities of the then Government of Great Colombia and the Chief of the Expeditionary Forces of the Spanish Crown, in the Venezuelan city of Santa Ana de
1176:
Durham cautions that, although traditional practices and IHL legal norms are largely compatible, it is important not to assume perfect alignment. There are areas in which legal norms and cultural practices clash. Violence against women, for example, is frequently legitimized by arguments from
986:
The Fourth Geneva
Convention focuses on the civilian population. The two additional protocols adopted in 1977 extend and strengthen civilian protection in international (AP I) and non-international (AP II) armed conflict: for example, by introducing the prohibition of direct attacks against
1105:
The reality of women's and men's lived experiences of conflict has highlighted some of the gender limitations of IHL. Feminist critics have challenged IHL's focus on male combatants and its relegation of women to the status of victims, and its granting them legitimacy almost exclusively as
400:
the enemy combatants. Thus, "the distinction between combatants and civilians, the requirement that wounded and captured enemy combatants must be treated humanely, and that quarter must be given, some of the pillars of modern humanitarian law, all follow from this principle".
3590:
585:
369:
The two streams take their names from a number of international conferences which drew up treaties relating to war and conflict, in particular the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and the Geneva Conventions, the first of which was drawn up in 1863. Both deal with
813:
that scatter many small "bomblets", have also killed many. An estimated 98% of the victims are civilian; farmers tilling their fields and children who find these explosives have been common victims. For these reasons, the following conventions have been adopted:
686:(outside of combat) or not taking part in hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, and shall be protected in all circumstances. Excluding from the list of protected persons in international armed conflict are civilians under their own national authority and
701:
Protected persons who are wounded and sick shall be cared for and protected by the party to the conflict which has them in its power. The emblem of the "Red Cross", or of the "Red Crescent", or the "Red Crystal" shall be required to be respected as the sign of
408:
Fritz Munch sums up historical military practice before 1800: "The essential points seem to be these: In battle and in towns taken by force, combatants and non-combatants were killed and property was destroyed or looted." In the 17th century, the Dutch jurist
421:
Even in the midst of the carnage of history, however, there have been frequent expressions and invocation of humanitarian norms for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts: the wounded, the sick and the shipwrecked. These date back to ancient times.
651:(2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. As of June 2007 it had been ratified by seventeen countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68.
1026:
Every feasible precaution must be taken by commanders to avoid civilian casualties. The principle of proportionality has also been found by the ICRC to form part of customary international law in international and non-international armed conflicts.
3550:
894:
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral, and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with
3475:
1319:
1049:
The principle of non-discrimination is a core principle of IHL. Adverse distinction based on race, sex, nationality, religious belief or political opinion is prohibited in the treatment of prisoners of war, civilians, and persons
889:
The ICRC is the only institution explicitly named under international humanitarian law as a controlling authority. The legal mandate of the ICRC stems from the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as from its own Statutes.
1955:
1568:
3485:
804:
International humanitarian law now includes several treaties that outlaw specific weapons. These conventions were created largely because these weapons cause deaths and injuries long after conflicts have ended. Unexploded
2025:
1080:
3570:
1098:
as that granted to men". In addition to claims of formal equality, IHL mandates special protections to women, providing female prisoners of war with separate dormitories from men, for example, and prohibiting sexual
328:
governing all aspects of international armed conflicts. The law is mandatory for nations bound by the appropriate treaties. There are also other customary unwritten rules of war, many of which were explored at the
3455:
645:(1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. As of 12 January 2007 it had been ratified by 163 countries.
573:
and on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions, and readopted by the international community in 1949. Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars.
639:(1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. As of 12 January 2007 it had been ratified by 167 countries.
413:, widely regarded as the founder or father of public international law, wrote that "wars, for the attainment of their objects, it cannot be denied, must employ force and terror as their most proper agents".
3440:
3337:
429:
said, "You shall not slay them. Would you slay those whom you have taken captive with your sword and with your bow? Set bread and water before them, that they may eat and drink and go to their master."
1131:
2560:
Mitchell, Ryan MartĂnez. "China's participation in the second Hague conference and the concept of equal sovereignty in international law." Asian Journal of International Law 11, no. 2 (2021): 351-371.
788:
or other easily identifiable badge, and the carrying of weapons openly. Impersonating soldiers of the other side by wearing the enemy's uniform is allowed, though fighting in that uniform is unlawful
3450:
253:
that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to
1328:
425:
In the Old Testament, the King of Israel prevents the slaying of the captured, following the prophet Elisha's admonition to spare enemy prisoners. In answer to a question from the King,
705:
Protected persons captured by a belligerent must be protected against acts of violence and reprisals. They shall have the right to correspond with their families and to receive relief.
2228:
856:
2974:
3299:
748:
2029:
3560:
3500:
3363:
992:
objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would be clearly excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (principle of proportionality)."
295:, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and alleviating human suffering. Serious violations of international humanitarian law are called
2982:
2320:
385:
proper, "determines the rights and duties of belligerents in the conduct of operations and limits the choice of means in doing harm". In particular, it concerns itself with
656:
near-universal acceptance, since the United States and several other significant military powers (like Iran, Israel, India and Pakistan) are currently not parties to them.
2493:
820:
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects
3190:
2298:
1138:
67:
3369:
2135:
1597:
859:(2000), an amendment to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which forbids the enlistment of anyone under the age of eighteen for armed conflict; and
3585:
3225:
3465:
841:
The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (1997), also called the
3495:
3407:
3386:
3292:
3017:
1535:
713:
966:
After a conflict has ended, persons who have committed any breach of the laws of war, and especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for
2253:
460:
It was not until the second half of the 19th century, however, that a more systematic approach was initiated. In the United States, a German immigrant,
261:
rights of parties to a conflict to use methods and means of warfare of their choice. Sources of international law include international agreements (the
1392:
444:
who did not take part in fighting such as women, children, monks and hermits, the aged, blind, and insane" were not to be molested. The first Caliph,
1084:
of existing regimes to incorporate similar exemptions, thereby covering key humanitarian contexts in countries like Lebanon, Myanmar, and Venezuela.
3659:
3185:
1206:
1022:
988:
62:
866:(2008), which prohibits the use of bombs that scatter bomblets, many of which do not explode and remain dangerous long after a conflict has ended.
3530:
3375:
3285:
1177:
culture, and yet is prohibited in IHL and other international law. In such cases, it is important to ensure that IHL is not negatively affected.
1123:
1117:
1113:
3490:
3215:
17:
1197:(1945) Article 2, and some other Articles in the charter, curtails the right of member states to declare war, as does the older and toothless
726:
Parties to a conflict shall at all times distinguish between enemy combatants and protected persons. Attacks shall be directed solely against
3634:
3644:
2003:
607:
3639:
3460:
344:(which governs the conduct of a state towards its people), although the two branches of law are complementary and in some ways overlap.
3396:
3348:
3195:
1142:
784:
It is a violation of the laws of war to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, among them the wearing of a distinctive
72:
3445:
3391:
3082:
3010:
2941:
1999:
1889:
1385:
876:
506:
2979:
3718:
845:
or the Mine Ban Treaty, which completely bans the stockpiling (except to a limited degree, for training purposes) and use of all
476:. The Lieber Code included the humane treatment of civilian populations in areas of conflict, and also forbade the execution of
3358:
3308:
2970:
215:
3470:
3342:
2892:
2873:
2854:
2835:
2816:
2797:
2778:
2680:
2621:
2089:
2064:
1922:
1897:
1771:
1743:
1715:
1628:
1459:
2927:
2288:
1664:
934:
3577:
3545:
3003:
2651:
2109:
505:, in which he described the horrors he had witnessed. His reports were so shocking that they led to the founding of the
3654:
3555:
3052:
2952:
2131:
2026:"1949 Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"
1591:
835:
118:
1996:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906"
1939:
1552:
3723:
3381:
2751:
2735:
2718:
2699:
2640:
2602:
2583:
1949:
1868:
1843:
1814:
1789:
1695:
1562:
1515:
1278:
822:(1980), which prohibits weapons that produce non-detectable fragments, restricts (but does not eliminate) the use of
1475:
1327:. Charlottesville, VA: The United States Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School. 2016. Archived from
2211:
1079:
has made significant changes to its sanctions policy to better safeguard humanitarian efforts, in response to the
2908:
2461:
863:
1977:
1531:
921:
Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war lose the protections and status afforded to them as
914:
for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in
576:
The first three Geneva Conventions were revised, expanded, and replaced, and the fourth one was added, in 1949.
3536:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
3441:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
3428:
3200:
1162:
1146:
499:, led to more systematic efforts to prevent the suffering of war victims. Dunant wrote a book, which he titled
341:
183:
77:
28:
457:
Trujillo. This treaty was signed under the conflict of Independence, being the first of its kind in the West.
3595:
3072:
2166:
1356:
959:
1120:, which aim to enhance the protection of women and children against sexual violations in armed conflict; and
3220:
3205:
3034:
1389:
82:
2162:
517:
3571:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
3261:
3042:
2576:
International Humanitarian Law: Origins (International Humanitarian Law) (International Humanitarian Law)
266:
3676:
3098:
3026:
2945:
1302:
727:
208:
188:
3251:
2922:
597:
for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea
534:
carried out by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the ICRC. This focus can be found in the
306:) concerns the rules and principles governing the conduct of warfare once armed conflict has begun,
3596:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
2730:(1985). Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
954:
698:
persons as long their state of nationality maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent power.
622:
600:
378:, which deals with the question of whether certain practices are acceptable during armed conflict.
133:
2254:"Reparation for victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law: New developments"
1109:
Soft-law instruments have been relied on to supplement the protection of women in armed conflict:
520:. It relates to those who are not participating in the conflict, as well as to military personnel
3565:
3353:
3109:
2477:
2196:
1198:
665:
615:
589:
557:
531:
527:
510:
333:. IHL operates on a strict division between rules applicable in international armed conflict and
128:
1995:
3476:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
3266:
3241:
3134:
1099:
929:, but must still be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the
1434:
3402:
2937:
930:
511:
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field
501:
201:
953:
without having participated in the hostilities, may be detained only in accordance with the
3480:
3332:
3210:
3067:
2990:
488:
838:, and requires the warring parties to clear unexploded ordnance at the end of hostilities;
582:
for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field
8:
3629:
3277:
3167:
3114:
3077:
1158:
1063:
846:
758:
496:
313:
1493:
1218:
As of December 2012, 109 states have ratified this convention or some of its provisions.
584:
was adopted in 1864. It was significantly revised and replaced by the 1906 version, the
3649:
3151:
3146:
3119:
3057:
1832:
1296:
926:
831:
547:
535:
509:(ICRC) in 1863, and the convening of a conference in Geneva in 1864, which drew up the
473:
292:
262:
123:
3486:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
2181:
3062:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2831:
2812:
2793:
2774:
2747:
2731:
2714:
2695:
2676:
2636:
2617:
2598:
2579:
2085:
2060:
1945:
1918:
1893:
1864:
1839:
1810:
1785:
1691:
1624:
1558:
1511:
1455:
1430:
1284:
1274:
1201:
of 1928 for those nations who ratified it, but used against Germany and Japan in the
1170:
1009:
677:
283:
250:
3481:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
1711:
245:
3591:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
3180:
3129:
2847:
Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law
1593:
Constraints on the waging of war: An introduction to international humanitarian law
1422:
1202:
922:
330:
57:
3451:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1780:
Singh, Nagendra (1985). "Armed conflicts and humanitarian laws of ancient India".
1764:
1737:
1126:, which aims to improve the participation of women in post-conflict peacebuilding.
3690:
3535:
3246:
3047:
2986:
2293:
2215:
1775:
1539:
1530:
The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University,
1449:
1411:"Towards a Single Definition of Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law"
1396:
695:
687:
278:
1658:
1076:
1037:
682:
564:
461:
441:
2940:, an updated version of customary international humanitarian law study by the
1426:
719:
Parties to a conflict do not have an unlimited choice of methods and means of
552:
3712:
3338:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2995:
2655:
2105:
1782:
Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles
1410:
1288:
842:
810:
308:
288:
176:
358:
Modern international humanitarian law is made up of two historical streams:
3087:
1132:
Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
925:, but only after facing a "competent tribunal". At that point, they become
809:
have caused up to 7,000 deaths a year; unexploded bombs, particularly from
648:
492:
410:
373:
362:
The law of The Hague, referred to in the past as the law of war proper; and
153:
148:
2053:
The International Committee of the Red Cross: A Neutral Humanitarian Actor
1784:. By Swinarski, C. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. pp. 531–536.
1157:
IHL has generally not been subject to the same debates and criticisms of "
995:
The provisions and principles of IHL which seek to protect civilians are:
2727:
1169:
line with IHL. Relying on these links and on local practices can help to
827:
691:
659:
642:
632:
There are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Convention:
484:
465:
382:
353:
325:
274:
143:
3685:
981:
3702:
2208:
1273:. Corn, Geoffrey S. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. 2012.
1194:
1173:
of and adherence to IHL principles among local groups and communities.
967:
963:
have committed themselves not to use torture on anyone for any reason.
911:
849:
806:
739:
Well-known examples of such rules include the prohibition on attacking
636:
469:
296:
281:, and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to
254:
171:
138:
2673:
Application of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Forces
957:, and are entitled to a regular trial. Countries that have signed the
599:
was adopted in 1906. It was significantly revised and replaced by the
340:
International humanitarian law is traditionally seen as distinct from
3156:
2056:
1134:(CEDAW), these can enhance interpretation and implementation of IHL.
998:
944:
940:
881:
823:
744:
740:
495:, a Genevese businessman who had worked with wounded soldiers at the
434:
334:
100:
3697:
2183:
Basic rules of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols
312:
pertains to the justification for resorting to war and includes the
3456:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
3124:
2494:"Humanitarian action: EU introduces further exception to sanctions"
1643:
Fritz Munch, "History of the Laws of War", in: R. Bernhardt (ed.),
915:
464:, drew up a code of conduct in 1863, which came to be known as the
445:
270:
2496:(Press release). Council of the European Union. February 19, 2024.
1838:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 211.
1364:
1067:
from their families, must be maintained and receive an education.
857:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
2975:
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
2769:
Clapham, Andrew; Gaeta, Paola; Haeck, Tom; Priddy, Alice (2014).
1451:
International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law
949:
793:
789:
785:
777:
720:
709:
2866:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
1888:. Sarajevo: Faculty of Islamic Studies, University in Sarajevo,
1834:
Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict
1589:
1130:
Read together with other legal mechanisms, in particular the UN
3141:
2633:
The humanitarians: the International Committee of the Red Cross
1978:"The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols"
426:
392:
establishes rules relating to the means and methods of warfare;
3501:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
3364:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
2614:
The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law. Second Edition
3320:
2595:
Humanitarian Law (The Library of Essays in International Law)
773:
the prohibition on deliberately attacking non-combatants; and
626:
relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
347:
2163:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons"
1941:
Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law
1690:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 933–936.
870:
477:
3307:
2958:
2771:
The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict
2573:
1476:"What is the difference between IHL and human rights law?"
1139:
International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia
3191:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2885:
International Humanitarian Law: Theory, Practice, Context
1480:
International Humanitarian Law: Answers to Your Questions
1236:
It has, as of December 2012, been ratified by 150 states.
971:
240:
68:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3370:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2966:
1271:
The law of armed conflict : an operational approach
1137:
In addition, international criminal tribunals (like the
3226:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2768:
2652:"International Legal Framework for Humanitarian Action"
2483: 9 December 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
2671:
Mendis, Chinthaka (2007). Jayawardena, Hemamal (ed.).
2382:
2380:
2378:
1663:. Translated by Campbell, A. C. Book 3, Chapter 1:VI.
660:
Historical convergence between IHL and the laws of war
291:. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and
3674:
3466:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
3382:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
2955:" — short video (4:43 in length) from the ICRC
2533:
Gardam and Jarvis, cited in Durham and O'Bryne, 2010.
1351:
1349:
982:
Key provisions and principles applicable to civilians
451:
3561:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
3496:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3387:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
2806:
2080:
Greenwood, Christopher (2008). Fleck, Dieter (ed.).
1913:
Greenwood, Christopher (2008). Fleck, Dieter (ed.).
1809:. New York City: Lawbook Exchange. pp. 103–04.
1619:
Greenwood, Christopher (2008). Fleck, Dieter (ed.).
714:
cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
2592:
2452:
GCIV, Arts 24, 27; API, Arts 76-78; APII, Art 4(3).
2375:
2082:
The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts
1915:
The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts
1621:
The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts
666:
1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions
614:. It was significantly revised and replaced by the
568:
Progression of Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949
3615:
3181:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2711:Humanitarian law and the protection of war victims
2630:
1831:
1508:Humanitarian law and the protection of war victims
1346:
1044:
999:IHL provisions and principles protecting civilians
2670:
2050:
1590:Kalshoven, Frits; Liesbeth Zegveld (March 2001).
273:. It defines the conduct and responsibilities of
3710:
3660:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3211:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3186:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2844:
2807:Crowe, Jonathan; Weston-Scheuber, Kylie (2013).
2084:. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28.
1029:
1016:
416:
63:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3376:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2403:
2401:
2289:"Cited in an article in The Guardian newspaper"
1554:Development and Principles of International Law
3491:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
3025:
2980:Research Guide: International Humanitarian Law
2828:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law
1886:Islamic Law and International Humanitarian Law
516:The Law of Geneva is directly inspired by the
395:and examines the issue of military objectives.
3635:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
3293:
3011:
2635:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2611:
610:relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
483:At the same time, the involvement during the
209:
3645:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
3531:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
2845:Kalshoven, Frits; Zegveld, Liesbeth (2011).
2809:Principles of International Humanitarian Law
2787:
2744:International Dimensions of Humanitarian Law
2741:
2524:GCIV, Art27; API, Art 76(2); APII, Art 4(2).
2398:
2321:"Overview of international humanitarian law"
1623:. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 20.
1245:By December 2012, 77 states had ratified it.
905:
521:
3640:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
3461:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
1917:. Oxford University Press USA. p. 22.
1447:
1003:
754:These examples of the laws of war address:
371:
239:, is the law that regulates the conduct of
3397:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
3349:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
3300:
3286:
3196:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3018:
3004:
1883:
1557:. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 2.
1081:United Nations Security Council resolution
1035:against non-combatants, including persons
708:No protected person shall be subjected to
348:The law of Geneva and the law of The Hague
216:
202:
73:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3322:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
3216:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2959:Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries
2689:
2542:Lewis, cited in Durham and O'Bryne, 2010.
2079:
1938:Pictet, Jean Simon (September 30, 1985).
1912:
1863:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 8–13.
1858:
1685:
1618:
1227:By late 2012, 160 states had ratified it.
3551:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
2942:International Committee of the Red Cross
2186:(2nd ed.). Geneva: ICRC. p. 1.
2179:
2000:International Committee of the Red Cross
1890:International Committee of the Red Cross
1804:
1688:Encyclopedia of Public International Law
1645:Encyclopedia of Public International Law
880:
877:International Committee of the Red Cross
871:International Committee of the Red Cross
563:
551:
507:International Committee of the Red Cross
433:In ancient India there are records (the
2578:. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Transnational Pub.
2345:AP I, Arts 48, 51-52, 57; AP II, 13-16.
2157:
2155:
2153:
1656:
1408:
1390:What is international humanitarian law?
365:The law of Geneva, or humanitarian law.
14:
3711:
3359:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
3309:International human rights instruments
2971:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
2882:
2788:Crawford, Emily; Pert, Alison (2020).
2708:
2006:from the original on February 22, 2014
1958:from the original on February 26, 2014
1937:
1829:
1571:from the original on February 26, 2014
1550:
1505:
3614:
3517:
3471:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3426:
3425:
3408:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
3343:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3319:
3281:
2999:
2863:
2825:
2694:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
2574:Carey, John; Dunlap, William (2003).
2258:International Review of the Red Cross
1779:
1647:Volume IV (2000), pp. 1386–1388.
1415:International Review of the Red Cross
1057:
933:", because they are still covered by
830:, prohibits attacking civilians with
671:
541:
269:, general principles of nations, and
2479:General issues relating to sanctions
2209:http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/full/195
2150:
2138:from the original on October 8, 2007
1600:from the original on October 8, 2007
1510:. Leyden: Sijthoff. pp. 16–17.
1314:
1312:
1114:UN Security Council Resolutions 1888
776:the prohibition of certain inhumane
403:
34:Law of war to protect non-combatants
3578:American Convention on Human Rights
2301:from the original on August 7, 2017
2051:David P. Forsythe (June 17, 2007).
1667:from the original on April 30, 2009
1062:Women must be protected from rape,
487:of a number of such individuals as
24:
3556:European Convention on Nationality
2762:
2675:. USA: Zeilan Press. p. 108.
2649:
2112:from the original on July 18, 2013
1718:from the original on July 10, 2011
1087:
1070:
799:
767:the treatment of prisoners of war;
526:. It provides the legal basis for
452:Codification of humanitarian norms
25:
3735:
3546:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
2902:
2233:United States Department of State
1807:War And Peace in the Law of Islam
1746:from the original on May 30, 2009
1309:
3696:
3684:
3518:
2944:(ICRC), originally published by
2616:. Oxford University Press, USA.
2132:"Kalshoven+Zegveld (2001) p. 34"
1409:Stewart, James (June 30, 2003).
1145:) and mixed tribunals (like the
931:rights of fair and regular trial
324:comprise the two strands of the
2887:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2486:
2462:United Nations Security Council
2455:
2446:
2443:Common article 3, GCIV, Art 27.
2437:
2428:
2425:GCIV, Art 13, common Article 3.
2419:
2410:
2389:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2313:
2281:
2272:
2246:
2221:
2202:
2190:
2173:
2124:
2098:
2073:
2044:
2018:
1988:
1970:
1944:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 2.
1931:
1906:
1877:
1852:
1823:
1798:
1758:
1730:
1704:
1679:
1650:
1637:
1612:
1583:
1544:
1524:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1187:
1045:Principle of non-discrimination
864:Convention on Cluster Munitions
3719:International humanitarian law
3618:International humanitarian law
3257:International humanitarian law
3201:Special Court for Sierra Leone
2914:International humanitarian law
2868:. Cambridge University Press.
2849:. Cambridge University Press.
2792:. Cambridge University Press.
2790:International Humanitarian Law
2692:International Humanitarian Law
1861:International Humanitarian Law
1499:
1486:
1468:
1441:
1402:
1379:
1321:Law of Armed Conflict Deskbook
1263:
1147:Special Court for Sierra Leone
342:international human rights law
229:International humanitarian law
184:International human rights law
78:International Court of Justice
43:International humanitarian law
29:International human rights law
18:International Humanitarian Law
13:
1:
3586:to Prevent and Punish Torture
2654:. GSDRC/ DFiD. Archived from
1252:
1030:Principle of humane treatment
1017:Necessity and proportionality
960:UN Convention Against Torture
417:Humanitarian norms in history
389:the definition of combatants;
381:The Law of The Hague, or the
3221:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3206:International Criminal Court
2953:Rules of war (in a nutshell)
2928:Resources in other libraries
2593:Gardam, Judith Gail (1999).
1596:. Geneva: ICRC. p. 40.
1257:
770:the avoidance of atrocities;
83:International Criminal Court
7:
3262:International speech crimes
3043:Customary international law
2830:. Oxford University Press.
2811:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2773:. Oxford University Press.
2690:McCoubrey, Hilaire (1999).
2631:Forsythe, David P. (2005).
1859:McCoubrey, Hilaire (1999).
1660:On the Law of War and Peace
1454:. Oxford University Press.
734:
728:legitimate military targets
267:customary international law
235:), also referred to as the
10:
3740:
3582:Inter-American Convention
3446:Convention against Torture
3083:Convention Against Torture
3027:International criminal law
2946:Cambridge University Press
2566:
1884:al-Dawoody, Ahmed (2020).
1830:Hashmi, Sohail H. (2002).
1686:Bernhardt, Rudolf (1992).
1448:Ben-Naftali, Orna (2011).
1163:international human rights
1152:
874:
545:
351:
189:International criminal law
26:
3625:
3610:
3526:
3513:
3436:
3421:
3328:
3315:
3252:Joint criminal enterprise
3234:
3165:
3096:
3033:
2923:Resources in your library
1482:. ICRC. October 30, 2015.
1427:10.1017/S1560775500115196
906:Violations and punishment
664:With the adoption of the
440:Islamic law states that "
3724:Human rights instruments
3172:(in order of foundation)
2167:Médecins Sans Frontières
1805:Khadduri, Majid (2006).
1494:IHL and human rights law
1180:
1004:Principle of distinction
764:acceptance of surrender;
623:Fourth Geneva Convention
601:Second Geneva Convention
134:Fourth Geneva Convention
27:Not to be confused with
3354:Declaration of Montreal
3110:Crimes against humanity
2985:April 12, 2017, at the
2973:, an initiative of the
2883:ThĂĽrer, Daniel (2011).
2864:Solis, Gary D. (2021).
2229:"Foreign Press Centers"
1496:". ICRC. June 27, 2016.
948:have been subjected to
616:Third Geneva Convention
590:First Geneva Convention
558:First Geneva Convention
532:humanitarian assistance
335:internal armed conflict
129:Third Geneva Convention
3267:Universal jurisdiction
3242:Command responsibility
3135:Incitement to genocide
3073:United Nations Charter
2961:database from the ICRC
2938:Customary IHL Database
2826:Fleck, Dieter (2021).
2612:Fleck, Dieter (2008).
2481: S/RES/2664 (2022)
1657:Grotius, Hugo (1814).
1301:: CS1 maint: others (
1100:violence against women
1092:
903:
886:
836:blinding laser weapons
792:, as is the taking of
595:The Geneva Convention
580:The Geneva Convention
569:
561:
522:
372:
237:laws of armed conflict
3403:Yogyakarta Principles
2742:UNESCO Staff (1997).
2709:Pictet, Jean (1975).
2363:AP I, Arts 35, 51(5).
1551:Pictet, Jean (1985).
1532:"Brief Primer on IHL"
1506:Pictet, Jean (1975).
1357:"Topic Guide Archive"
892:
884:
567:
555:
518:principle of humanity
502:A Memory of Solferino
249:). It is a branch of
3333:Brazilian Resolution
3168:International courts
3068:Nuremberg principles
2991:Peace Palace Library
2746:. Berlin: Springer.
2713:. Leyden: Sijthoff.
2386:ICRC, 2005b, vol. 1.
2032:on February 21, 2014
1367:on November 27, 2021
628:was adopted in 1949.
489:Florence Nightingale
163:Related areas of law
49:Courts and Tribunals
3630:Genocide Convention
3115:Crime of aggression
3078:Genocide Convention
2597:. Ashgate Pub Ltd.
2506:GCIII, Arts 14, 16.
2354:ICRC, 2005b, vol 1.
1199:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1159:cultural relativism
1064:forced prostitution
970:through process of
927:unlawful combatants
759:declarations of war
690:citizens living in
612:was adopted in 1929
497:Battle of Solferino
314:crime of aggression
3650:Geneva Conventions
3120:Crime of apartheid
3058:Geneva Conventions
2372:AP 1, Arts 57, 58.
2218:Articles 30 and 31
2214:2012-09-11 at the
1774:2009-05-30 at the
1712:"II Kings 6:21-23"
1538:2010-04-19 at the
1395:2007-03-20 at the
1058:Women and children
887:
885:Emblem of the ICRC
832:incendiary weapons
672:Basic rules of IHL
608:Geneva Convention
570:
562:
548:Geneva Conventions
542:Geneva Conventions
536:Geneva Conventions
474:American Civil War
293:military necessity
287:, usually meaning
263:Geneva Conventions
124:Geneva Conventions
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3655:Hague Conventions
3606:
3605:
3509:
3508:
3429:International law
3417:
3416:
3275:
3274:
3101:international law
3063:Nuremberg Charter
3053:Hague Conventions
2909:Library resources
2894:978-90-04-17910-3
2875:978-1-108-83163-5
2856:978-1-139-49969-9
2837:978-0-19-258719-0
2818:978-1-78100-273-5
2799:978-1-108-57514-0
2780:978-0-19-955969-5
2682:978-0-9793624-3-9
2623:978-0-19-923250-5
2551:See Barrow, 2010.
2434:Common Article 3.
2297:. July 20, 2014.
2180:de Preux (1988).
2091:978-0-19-923250-5
2066:978-0-415-34151-6
1924:978-0-19-923250-5
1899:978-9958-622-86-1
1630:978-0-19-923250-5
1461:978-0-19-100160-4
1334:on March 22, 2023
1171:promote awareness
1008:The principle of
910:During conflict,
678:Protected persons
404:The law of Geneva
284:protected persons
251:international law
226:
225:
119:Hague Conventions
16:(Redirected from
3731:
3701:
3700:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3612:
3611:
3515:
3514:
3423:
3422:
3392:Paris Principles
3317:
3316:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3235:Related concepts
3173:
3130:Genocidal intent
3020:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2967:Official website
2898:
2879:
2860:
2841:
2822:
2803:
2784:
2757:
2724:
2705:
2686:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2658:on July 18, 2013
2646:
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2278:AP I, Art 50(1).
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2102:
2096:
2095:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2028:. Archived from
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1984:. March 8, 2016.
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1850:
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1796:
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1766:The Laws of Manu
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1739:The Laws of Manu
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1363:. Archived from
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1307:
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1292:
1267:
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1210:
1191:
935:GC IV, Article 5
923:prisoners of war
901:
588:, and later the
525:
377:
331:Nuremberg trials
218:
211:
204:
58:Nuremberg trials
39:
38:
21:
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3247:Superior orders
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3092:
3048:Peremptory norm
3029:
3024:
2987:Wayback Machine
2934:
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2415:
2411:
2407:API, Art 75(1).
2406:
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2294:TheGuardian.com
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843:Ottawa Treaty
840:
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829:
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821:
817:
816:
815:
812:
811:cluster bombs
808:
797:
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787:
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747:displaying a
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3520:Regional law
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3321:
3256:
3088:Rome Statute
2913:
2884:
2865:
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2827:
2808:
2789:
2770:
2743:
2728:Pictet, Jean
2710:
2691:
2672:
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2656:the original
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2329:. Retrieved
2324:
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2305:December 11,
2303:. Retrieved
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2030:the original
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1962:November 11,
1960:. Retrieved
1940:
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1671:February 4,
1421:: 313–350.
1118:1889 (2009)
1010:distinction
895:assistance.
828:booby-traps
702:protection.
692:belligerent
643:Protocol II
485:Crimean War
472:during the
466:Lieber Code
383:laws of war
354:Laws of War
326:laws of war
302:While IHL (
275:belligerent
144:Protocol II
3713:Categories
3152:Starvation
2466:Resolution
2331:August 27,
2238:August 27,
1742:. VII.90.
1371:August 27,
1253:References
1195:UN Charter
1161:" as have
968:war crimes
945:terrorists
912:punishment
850:land mines
807:land mines
745:ambulances
680:are those
637:Protocol I
528:protection
470:Union Army
468:, for the
297:war crimes
255:combatants
172:Law of war
139:Protocol I
101:War crimes
92:Violations
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3157:War crime
2264:March 31,
2142:March 10,
2106:"{title}"
2057:Routledge
2036:August 7,
1778:See also
1768:VII.91-92
1604:March 10,
1297:cite book
1289:779607396
1258:Citations
1203:Nuremberg
749:red cross
277:nations,
3691:Politics
3410:(UNDROP)
3378:(UNDRIP)
3125:Genocide
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2004:Archived
1956:Archived
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735:Examples
618:of 1949.
603:of 1949.
592:of 1949.
560:of 1864.
446:Abu Bakr
271:case law
110:Treaties
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2969:of the
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1435:1946414
1153:Culture
950:torture
790:perfidy
786:uniform
778:weapons
741:doctors
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710:torture
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1325:(PDF)
1181:Notes
955:GC IV
941:Spies
824:mines
2889:ISBN
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2470:2664
2333:2019
2307:2016
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1964:2016
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1386:ICRC
1373:2019
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