Homophobia - Knowledge

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be homophobic (as measured by the Index of Homophobia) were considerably more likely to experience more erectile responses when exposed to homoerotic images than non-homophobic men. Weinstein and colleagues arrived at similar results when researchers found that students who came from controlling and homophobic homes were most likely to reveal repressed homosexual attraction. The researchers said that this explained why some religious leaders who denounce homosexuality are later revealed to have secret homosexual relations. One co-author said, "In many cases these are people who are at war with themselves and they are turning this internal conflict outward." A 2016 eye-tracking study showed that heterosexual men with high negative impulse reactions toward homosexuals gazed for longer periods at homosexual imagery than other heterosexual men. According to Cheval et al. (2016), these findings reinforce the necessity to consider that homophobia might reflect concerns about sexuality in general and not homosexuality in particular. In contrast, Jesse Marczyk argued in

3520: 4443: 3780: 4194: 4695: 4362:, and participation in a sexual-minority affirming group can help resolve the internal conflicts, such as between religious beliefs and sexual identity. Even informal therapies that address understanding and accepting of non-heterosexual orientations can prove effective. Many diagnostic "Internalized Homophobia Scales" can be used to measure a person's discomfort with their sexuality and some can be used by people regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Critics of the scales note that they presume a discomfort with non-heterosexuality which in itself enforces heternormativity. 4160: 3464: 4304:. This can include repression and denial coupled with forced outward displays of heteronormative behavior for the purpose of appearing or attempting to feel "normal" or "accepted". Other expressions of internalized homophobia can also be subtle. Some less overt behaviors may include making assumptions about the gender of a person's romantic partner, or about gender roles. Some researchers also apply this label to LGBT people who support "compromise" policies, such as those that find 4190:, and promiscuity. In North Korea, "violating the rules of collective socialist life" can be punished with up to two years' imprisonment. However, according to the North Korean government, "As a country that has embraced science and rationalism, the DPRK recognizes that many individuals are born with homosexuality as a genetic trait and treats them with due respect. Homosexuals in the DPRK have never been subject to repression, as in many capitalist regimes around the world." 13880: 11943: 5020:

victimology and its negative impact on sexual science.) Others look at the parallelism between heterophobia and homophobia, and suggest that the former trivializes the latter... For others, it is merely a curiosity or parallel-construction word game. But for others still, it is part of both the recognition and politicization of heterosexuals' cultural interests in contrast to those of gays—particularly where those interests are perceived to clash.

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homophobia, and in Latin America & the Caribbean it was 8.04 billion dollars. Economical cost in East Asia and Middle Asia was 10.85 billion dollars. Economical cost in Middle East and North Africa was 16.92 billion dollars. The researcher suggested that a 1% decrease in the level of homophobia is correlated with a 10% increase in the gross domestic product per capita – though this does not imply causation.

181: 100: 13890: 3162: 3673:. After their fall, homosexuality was reduced from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines and prison sentences. After the revolution of 1979 in Iran and the establishment of a new government based on Islamic Sharia, the pressure and punishment against LGBT people has expanded in this country. The legal situation in the United Arab Emirates, however, is unclear. 4630:. According to this study, the legal rights of LGBT people have a bigger influence than the degree of acceptance in the society, but both effects reinforce each other. A one-point increase in their LGBT Global Acceptance Index (GAI) showed an increase of $ 1,506 in GDP per capita, and one additional legal right was correlated with an increase of $ 1,694 in GDP per capita. 5232:). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia. 4065:, homosexuality was treated by the government as a "social disgrace or a form of mental illness", and individuals who were homosexual widely faced persecution. Although there were no laws specifically against homosexuality, other laws were used to prosecute homosexual people and they were "charged with hooliganism or disturbing public order." 4751:"Anti-gay bias causes young people to engage in sexual behavior earlier in order to prove that they are straight. Anti-gay bias contributed significantly to the spread of the AIDS epidemic. Anti-gay bias prevents the ability of schools to create effective honest sexual education programs that would save children's lives and prevent STDs ( 62: 4691:

the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity, described by CoE Secretary General as the first legal instrument in the world dealing specifically with one of the most long-lasting and difficult forms of discrimination to combat.

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The LGBT activist Adebisi Alimi, in a preliminary estimation, has calculated that the economic loss due to homophobia in Nigeria is about 1% of its GDP. Taking into account that in 2015 homosexuality is still illegal in 36 of the 54 African countries, the money loss due to homophobia in the continent

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the results of a study about the economic impact of homophobia in India. Only in health expenses, caused by depression, suicide, and HIV treatment, India would have spent additional 23,100 million dollars due to homophobia. On top, there would be costs caused by violence, workplace loss, rejection of

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with the lack of translators from Arabic, and with the delay in the translation of Arabic documents, calculated to be about 120,000 hours at the time. Since 1998, with the introduction of the new policy, about 20 Arabic translators had been expelled from the Army, specifically during the years the US

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magazine, Candace Chellew-Hodge argues that the six or so verses that are often cited to condemn LGBT people are referring instead to "abusive sex". She states that the Bible has no condemnation for "loving, committed, gay and lesbian relationships" and that Jesus was silent on the subject. This view

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The term heterophobia is confusing for some people for several reasons. On the one hand, some look at it as just another of the many me-too social constructions that have arisen in the pseudoscience of victimology in recent decades. (Many of us recall John Money's 1995 criticism of the ascendancy of

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issued a statement which "urges States to do away with criminal penalties against ." The statement, however, was addressed to reject a resolution by the UN Assembly that would have precisely called for an end of penalties against homosexuals in the world. In March 2010, the Committee of Ministers of

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and a desire to change one's orientation or become more comfortable with one's sexual orientation. Such a situation may cause extreme repression of homosexual desires. In other cases, a conscious internal struggle may occur for some time, often pitting deeply held religious or social beliefs against

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Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have repressed homosexual desires. In 1996, a controlled study of 64 heterosexual men (half said they were homophobic by experience, with self-reported orientation) at the University of Georgia found that men who were found to

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Transgender people subjected to violence, in a range of cultural contexts, frequently report that transphobic violence is expressed in homophobic terms. The tendency to translate violence against a trans person to homophobia reflects the role of gender in attribution of homosexuality as well as the

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that homophobia could be reduced through exposure (learning about LGBT experiences), explanation (understanding the different challenges faced by LGBT people), and experience (putting themselves in situations experienced by LGBT people by working alongside LGBT co-workers or volunteering at an LGBT

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Some argue that anti-LGBT prejudice is immoral and goes above and beyond the effects on that class of people. Warren J. Blumenfeld argues that this emotion gains a dimension beyond itself, as a tool for extreme right-wing conservatives and fundamentalist religious groups and as a restricting factor

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Another study regarding socioecological measurement of homophobia and its public health impact for 158 countries was conducted in 2018. It found that the prejudice against gay people has a worldwide economic cost of $ 119.1 billion. Economical loss in Asia was 88.29 billion dollars due to

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is also commonly seen as a condemnation of homosexuality. Christians and Jews who oppose homosexuality may often cite such passages; the historical context and interpretation of which is more complicated. Scholarly debate over the interpretation of these passages has tended to focus on placing them

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implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) calls on all international health organizations, psychiatric organizations, and individual psychiatrists in other countries to urge the repeal in their

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also find fault with the term "homophobia:" "Technically, homophobia means fear of sameness, yet its usage implies a fear of homosexuals....the –phobia suffix implies a specific kind of fear... Fear or aversion may comprise one component of beliefs about homosexuality, but other factors are

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the family, and bullying at school, that would result in a lower education level, lower productivity, lower wages, worse health, and a lower life expectancy among the LGBT population. In total, she estimated for 2014 in India a loss of up to 30,800 million dollars, or 1.7% of the Indian GDP.

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Homophobia manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others. There were also ideas to classify homophobia and other types of bigotry as

4743:, and laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Successful preventative strategies against homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching pupils about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality. 4948:

and Christine Caselles stated in 1993 that "as is usually used, makes an illegitimately pejorative evaluation of certain open and debatable value positions, much like the former disease construct of homosexuality" itself, arguing that the term may be used as an

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is sometimes used in place to represent internalized homophobia. An internalized stigma arises when a person believes negative stereotypes about themselves, regardless of where the stereotypes come from. It can also refer to many stereotypes beyond sexuality and

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own countries of legislation that penalizes homosexual acts by consenting adults in private. Further, APA calls on these organizations and individuals to do all that is possible to decrease the stigma related to homosexuality wherever and whenever it may occur.

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refers to a system of negative attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favour of opposite-sex sexual orientation and relationships. It can include the presumption that everyone is heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only

3738:, and condemning them to death. Because of the threat and because they come from conservative societies, many members of the foundation's site still prefer to be anonymous so as to protect their identities while they are continuing a tradition of secrecy. 3425:

phobia about homosexuals.... It was a fear of homosexuals which seemed to be associated with a fear of contagion, a fear of reducing the things one fought for — home and family. It was a religious fear and it had led to great brutality as fear always

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in Iran, the Iranian government has executed more than 4,000 people charged with homosexual acts. In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution, but the government will use other punishments – e.g., fines, jail time,

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Weinstein, Netta; Ryan, William S.; DeHaan, Cody R.; Przybylski, Andrew K.; Legate, Nicole; Ryan, Richard M. (2012). "Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities: Dynamics of self-acceptance and defense".

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added an entry for "homophobia" and "homophobic" for the first time, after having excluded it in 2012. The entry says the terms are "acceptable in broad references or in quotations to the concept of fear or hatred of gays, lesbians and bisexuals."

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unquestionably important. Several alternative terms have been offered ...These include homonegativism (Hudson & Ricketts, 1980), homosexism (Hansen, 1982), and heterosexism (Herek, 1986a). Unfortunately, none has gained widespread acceptance."

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was "probably more widely used and more often criticized." He also observed that "Its critics note that homophobia implicitly suggests that antigay attitudes are best understood as an irrational fear and that they represent a form of individual

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stated, "Homophobia is like racism and anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood." One study of white adolescent males conducted at the

71: 4221:. He told an audience: "If you see people parading themselves as lesbians and gays, arrest them and hand them over to the police!" In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. In 1997, a court found 5003:'s sex research. To date, the existence or extent of heterophobia is mostly unrecognized by sexologists. Beyond sexology, there is no consensus as to the meaning of the term because it is also used to mean "fear of the opposite", such as in 7879:

Cheval, Boris; Grob, Emmanuelle; Chanal, Julien; Ghisletta, Paolo; Bianchi-Demicheli, Francesco; Radel, Remi (October 2016). "Homophobia is related to a low interest in sexuality in general: An analysis of pupillometric evoked responses".

4732:(or IDAHO), first celebrated 17 May 2005, in related activities in more than 40 countries. The four largest countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia) developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. 67: 12906: 11831: 1138: 7843:

Cheval, Boris; Radel, Remi; Grob, Emmanuelle; Ghisletta, Paolo; Bianchi-Demicheli, Francesco; Chanal, Julien (May 2016). "Homophobia: An impulsive attraction to the same sex? Evidence from eye-tracking data in a picture-viewing task".

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have suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. Homophobia in men is correlated with insecurity about masculinity. For this reason, homophobia is allegedly rampant in sports, and in the

3800: 3471:, a political coalition formed in 1977 in Miami, Florida, U.S., to overturn a recently legislated county ordinance that banned discrimination in areas of housing, employment, and public accommodation based on sexual orientation 3684:, which is based on research carried out by Daniel Ottosson at Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden. This research found that of the 80 countries around the world that continue to consider homosexuality illegal: 4466:

The anxiety of heterosexual individuals (particularly adolescents whose construction of heterosexual masculinity is based in part on not being seen as gay) that others may identify them as gay has also been identified by

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in proper historical context, for instance pointing out that Sodom's sins are historically interpreted as being other than homosexuality, and on the translation of rare or unusual words in the passages in question. In

5171: 4619: 3455:, attitudes and behaviours toward homosexual people," which are characteristics that are not consistent with accepted definitions of phobias, that of "an intense, illogical, or abnormal fear of a specified thing." 4291:

The effect of these ideas depends on how much and which they have consciously and subconsciously internalized. These negative beliefs can be mitigated with education, life experience, and therapy, especially with

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to be "highly problematic," but for reasons of continuity and consistency with the majority of other publications on the issue retains its use rather than using more accurate but obscure terminology. The phrase

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Homophobia is an individual's irrational fear or hate of homosexual people. This may include bisexual or transgender persons, but sometimes the more distinct terms of biphobia or transphobia, respectively, are

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Homan, and organization for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Iranians in exile, estimates that more than 4,000 gay Iranians have been executed in the country since the Islamic revolution of 1979.

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State-sponsored homophobia includes the criminalization and penalization of homosexuality, hate speech from government figures, and other forms of discrimination, violence, persecution of LGBT people.

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Isay, Richard A.; Sved, Margery; Klinger, Rochelle L.; Carter, Debbie R.; Kertzner, Robert M.; Akman, Jeffrey; Atkins, Daphne Lanette; Cabaj, Robert P.; Townsend, Mark H.; Ashley, Kenneth (2011) .

3786: 3701:. On the other hand, due to the traditional and religious structure of Islamic societies, people also refuse to accept the identity of homosexuals and have a conservative attitude towards them. 8060:

Rostosky, Sharon Scales; Riggle, Ellen D. B.; Horne, Sharon G.; Miller, Angela D. (January 2009). "Marriage amendments and psychological distress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults".

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In a culture of homophobia (an irrational fear of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people), GLBT people often face a heightened risk of violence specific to their sexual identities.

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Between January 2010 and November 2014, 47 individuals have been killed due to their real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity in Turkey according to online news sources.

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Kinsey, sex and fraud: The indoctrination of a people, an investigation into the human sexuality research of Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin, and Paul H. Gebhard

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theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. This threat causes repression, denial or

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psychotherapy/analysis. Internalized homophobia also applies to conscious or unconscious behaviors which a person feels the need to promote or conform to cultural expectations of

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Some world religions contain anti-homosexual teachings, while other religions have varying degrees of ambivalence, neutrality, or incorporate teachings that regard homosexuals as

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from 2000 through 2004. Homophobia also varies by region; statistics show that the Southern United States has more reports of anti-gay prejudice than any other region in the US.

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Kimmel, Michael Scott (13 June 1994). "Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity". In Brod, Harry; Kaufman, Michael (eds.).

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There are at least two studies which indicate that homophobia may have a negative economic impact for the countries where it is widespread. In these countries there is a

8414: 6564: 4217:, arguing that before colonisation, Zimbabweans did not engage in homosexual acts. His first major public condemnation of homosexuality was in August 1995, during the 2703: 9566: 7638:

Herek, Gregory M.; Cogan, Jeanine C.; Gillis, J. Roy; Glunt, Eric K. (1997). "Correlates of internalized homophobia in a community sample of lesbians and gay men".

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Delavega, Elena; Lennon-Dearing, Robin (2016). "Do social workers apply 'love thy neighbor as thyself' to gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transpersons in the south?".

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as being descriptive, free of presumptions about motivations, and lacking value judgments as to the irrationality or immorality of those so labeled. He compared

6205: 12430: 11402: 3697: – and even forced sex change as alternatives, unless it feels that people engaging in homosexual activity are challenging state authority by engaging in 646: 8912: 7982:

Martino, Wayne (1 January 2000). "Policing masculinities: Investigating the role of homophobia and heteronormativity in the lives of adolescent school boys".

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Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See

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fact that hostility connected to homosexuality is often associated with the perpetrators' prejudices about particular gender practices and their visibility.

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by scholars, and it is used to describe an intolerance towards homosexuality and homosexuals that grew during the Middle Ages, especially by adherents of

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Cities across the word use crossings repainted in rainbow colors for their annual pride parades. The first permanent crossings have been put on roads in

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Let us recognize where the problem lies – in the dislike and distaste felt by many heterosexuals for homosexuals, a problem we have come to call

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described examples of negative attitudes toward homosexuality as "homophobia", including "a mixture of revulsion and apprehension" which some called

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Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People

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Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: Gay people in western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century

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In some cases, the distinction between religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia is not clear, a key example being territories under

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as an example of homophobia. The taunting of boys seen as eccentric (and who are not usually gay) is said to be endemic in rural and suburban

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encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay or

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homophobia, for instance, is a condition characterized by having a sexual orientation or an attraction that is at odds with one's idealized

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Seven carry the death penalty for homosexual activity: Iran, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen, Afghanistan and Brunei. Since the 1979

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laws and the initial Soviet criminal code kept these liberal sexual policies in place. Lenin's emancipation was reversed a decade later by

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White, Stephen M.; Franzini, Louis R. (24 February 1999). "Heteronegativism: The attitudes of gay men and lesbians toward heterosexuals".

5973: 3372:, phóbos, meaning "fear", "morbid fear" or "aversion". Weinberg is credited as the first person to have used the term in speech. The word 3299:

extrapolating data from FBI national hate crime statistics from 1995 to 2008, found that LGBT people were "far more likely than any other

13929: 13122: 12726: 12268: 11904: 11774: 11618: 11133: 9606: 6404: 3742: 3636:'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered.'...They are contrary to the natural law.... Under no circumstances can they be approved." 2933: 1354: 950: 478: 8534: 12415: 11884: 11453: 11180: 11123: 9753: 8445: 8369:

Kimmel, Michael Scott; Mahler, Matthew (2003). "Adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence: Random school shootings, 1982–2001".

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on gender-relations as to the weight associated with performing each role accordingly. Furthermore, Blumenfeld in particular stated:

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Saudi executions are not systematically reported, and officials deny that the death penalty is applied for same-sex activity alone

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as a personality profile to describe the psychological aversion to homosexuality. Weinberg also used it this way in his 1972 book

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Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity

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Epstein, Debbie (1996). "Keeping them in their Place: Hetero/Sexist Harassment, Gender and the Enforcement of Heterosexuality".

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to refer to the range of negative feelings that some gay individuals may hold toward heterosexuals. This term is preferred to

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Adams, Henry E.; Wright, Lester W.; Lohr, Bethany A. (August 1996). "Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal?".

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Report of the American Psychological Association task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation

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Although bisexuality was accepted as normal human behavior in Ancient China, homophobia became ingrained in the late

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O'Donohue, William; Caselles, Christine (September 1993). "Homophobia: Conceptual, definitional, and value issues".

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Human Rights Watch calls on Iran to end juvenile executions, after claims that two boys were executed for being gay.

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Lamontagne, Erik; d'Elbée, Marc; Ross, Michael W; Carroll, Aengus; Plessis, André du; Loures, Luiz (3 March 2018).

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nonconformity. According to 2010 Hate Crimes Statistics released by the FBI National Press Office, 19.3 percent of

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in LGBT-friendlier countries. As an example, LGBT tourists contribute 6.8 billion dollars every year to the

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people that a person with same-sex attraction turns inward on themselves, whether or not they identify as LGBT.

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first appeared in print in an article written for the 23 May 1969, edition of the American pornographic magazine

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Herek, Gregory M. (1990). "The context of anti-gay violence: Notes on cultural and psychological heterosexism".

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by Janet Baker has been used to argue that negative feelings towards gay people are also associated with other

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In addition to public expression, legislation has been designed, controversially, to oppose homophobia, as in

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Nancy J. Chodorow states that homophobia can be viewed as a method of protection of male masculinity. Various

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by a margin of 52% to 37%. That is a shift upwards from 2010, when 46% of Catholics favored gay marriage. The

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may be a problematic term. Professor David A. F. Haaga says that contemporary usage includes "a wide range of

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Passages commonly interpreted as condemning homosexuality or same-gender sexual relations are found in both

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The fear of being identified as gay can be considered as a form of social homophobia. Theorists including

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strong sexual and emotional desires. This discordance can cause clinical depression, and a higher rate of

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However, neutral use of the term has gained acceptance and usage over time since the 1990s. In 2017, the

4647: 4578: 4252: 4132: 3580: 3292: 2560: 2543: 1961: 1805: 1210: 803: 741: 6354: 3531:)". The association of homosexual sex with immorality or sinfulness is seen by many as a homophobic act. 13816: 12601: 12288: 12019: 11738: 11011: 10899: 10584: 10173: 7476: 5867: 4969: 4128: 3597:

18:22 says "Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination." The destruction of

3514: 3382:, in which the word was used to refer to heterosexual men's fear that others might think they are gay. 3182: 2923: 2837: 2826: 2611: 2438: 2356: 2070: 825: 496: 213: 6769: 6599:"Angry and afraid, Afghanistan's LGBTQ community say they're being hunted down after Taliban takeover" 4061:

due to interactions with the Christian West, and homosexual behavior was outlawed in 1740. During the

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Lyons, P. M. Jr.; Anthony, C. M.; Davis, K. M.; Fernandez, K.; Torres, A. N.; Marcus, D. K. (2005).

7917:"Homophobia isn't repressed homosexuality and there's no good reason to suspect it would be, either" 7652: 6060: 4694: 4080:

effectively legalized no-fault divorce, abortion and homosexuality, when they abolished all the old

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Violence against queer people: Race, class, gender, and the persistence of anti-LGBT discrimination

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homophobia, experienced by people who have same-sex attractions, regardless of how they identify.

13883: 13712: 13692: 13554: 13544: 13502: 13132: 12973: 12835: 12805: 12800: 12743: 12678: 12663: 12596: 12569: 12554: 11967: 10924: 10289: 9870: 8993:"1st annual International Day Against Homophobia to be celebrated in over 40 countries on May 17" 8627: 8097:

Shidlo, Ariel (1994). "Internalized Homophobia: Conceptual and Empirical Issues in Measurement".

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Democrats and Republicans—rhetoric and reality: Comparing the voters in statistics and anecdotes

7431: 6134:"Intolerance and psychopathology: Toward a general diagnosis for racism, sexism, and homophobia" 5689: 3463: 1004: 13964: 13811: 13784: 13774: 13254: 13234: 13097: 12968: 12865: 12815: 12785: 12765: 12693: 12673: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12549: 12520: 12493: 12469: 12464: 12060: 12050: 11699: 11608: 11327: 11111: 11022: 10849: 10769: 10236: 9938: 9211: 8313:

Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals

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used by Hudson and Ricketts in a 1980 paper; they coined the term for their research to avoid

4225:, Mugabe's predecessor and the first President of Zimbabwe, guilty of 11 counts of sodomy and 13779: 13739: 13672: 13569: 13517: 13444: 13199: 12963: 12875: 12850: 12845: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12760: 12708: 12668: 12574: 12544: 12447: 12070: 11443: 11380: 11322: 11307: 11240: 10986: 10749: 10745: 10447: 10188: 10146: 10050: 9344: 8606: 8554: 6745: 5732:"Beyond 'homophobia': Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century" 5398: 5149: 4791:

Researchers have proposed alternative terms to describe prejudice and discrimination against

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argument against those who advocate values or positions of which the user does not approve.

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Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.

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countries. In Afghanistan, for instance, homosexuality carried the death penalty under the

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to have negative attitudes about gays and lesbians, according to surveys conducted by the

8: 13914: 13826: 13687: 13322: 13224: 13204: 12993: 12901: 12860: 12840: 12810: 12703: 12498: 12313: 11704: 11317: 10819: 10334: 10040: 9757: 9651: 9012:"PAHO/WHO | Campaigns against homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico" 6943: 5665: 5528:"Internalized homophobia and relationship quality among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals" 4626:

School of Law) concludes that there is a positive correlation between LGBT inclusion and

4159: 4120: 4062: 4038:. In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major charges leveled during the 3621: 3620:

is that same-sex behavior should not be expressed. In the United States, a February 2012

3610: 3604: 3316: 3144: 2884: 2506: 2476: 2080: 1941: 1560: 1456: 1436: 1225: 1133: 1084: 1064: 1034: 927: 714: 521: 121: 8315:. Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues. Vol. 4. Sage Publications. 8160: 7947:

Gonsiorek, John C. (March 1988). "Mental health issues of gay and lesbian adolescents".

5249:"Homophobia and media representations of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people" 4555:

of their LGBT populations—with the consequent loss of talent—as well as an avoidance of

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Homophobia is not evenly distributed throughout society, but is more or less pronounced

3213:, may be based on irrational fear and may sometimes be attributed to religious beliefs. 13599: 13594: 13584: 13532: 13522: 13497: 13439: 13397: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13209: 12510: 11804: 11689: 11603: 11531: 11506: 11491: 11471: 11390: 10735: 10617: 10554: 10314: 10304: 10035: 9933: 9830: 9626: 9325: 9290: 9255: 9127: 8875: 8849: 8674: 8396: 8077: 7999: 7790: 7705: 7218: 6673: 5914: 5754: 5552: 5527: 5176:

Queering the web: A practical, digital inquiry into the history of sexuality and gender

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refers to negative stereotypes, beliefs, stigma, and prejudice about homosexuality and

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Homosexuality is illegal in 74 countries. The North Korean government condemns Western

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across the United States "were motivated by a sexual orientation bias." Moreover, in a

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youth attempt suicide) has been attributed to this phenomenon. Psychotherapy, such as

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seeks to provide a counterpoint to religious homophobia. In 2015, attorney and author

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as "irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against heterosexual people".

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in support of non-traditional sexual relationships was enacted as an amendment to an

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decriminalized homosexuality in 1922, long before many other European countries. The

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Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and

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Some prominent social media accounts have recently asked people to edit this article.

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Breaking the Silence: Criminalisation of Lesbians and Bisexual Women and its Impacts

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Negative attitudes toward identifiable LGBT groups have similar yet specific names:

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from Allies Committee website, Department of Student Life, Texas A&M University

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declared that the international LGBT rights movement is an extremist organization.

4226: 3983: 3452: 3397: 3378: 3225: 3099: 3094: 2975: 2948: 2846: 2806: 2565: 2324: 2075: 2060: 1988: 1909: 1879: 1694: 1530: 1230: 788: 783: 626: 516: 9115: 7795: 6249:"A thousand years ago, the Catholic Church paid little attention to homosexuality" 4486:

In some cases, the works of authors who merely have the word "Gay" in their name (

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Reisman, Judith A.; Eichel, Edward W.; Muir, J. Gordon; Court, John Hugh (1990).

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Hudson, WW; Ricketts, WA (1980). "A strategy for the measurement of homophobia".

8465: 8287: 7445: 7347: 7302: 7279: 6792:"LGBT in Iran: The homophobic laws and social system in Islamic republic of Iran" 6109: 6012: 5576: 5129: 5066: 5033: 4909: 4643: 4564: 4552: 4476: 4329:. Internalized homophobia can cause discomfort with and disapproval of one's own 4259:. The law resulted in the numerous arrests of Russian LGBT citizens. In 2023 the 3414: 3391: 3280: 3114: 2953: 2943: 2801: 2516: 2443: 2428: 2351: 2309: 2299: 2294: 2260: 2090: 1998: 1894: 1835: 1687: 1672: 1652: 1617: 1324: 1235: 1170: 962: 912: 690: 541: 125: 43:"Anti-homosexuality" redirects here. For the two Ugandan acts of parliament, see 10368: 9845: 9678:

Forbidden tale: A comprehensive study on lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) in Iran

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Forbidden tale: A comprehensive study on lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) in Iran

5894: 13831: 13789: 13759: 13749: 13667: 13660: 13645: 13635: 13471: 13407: 13349: 13344: 13329: 13112: 13107: 13102: 12988: 12923: 12452: 12425: 12278: 11990: 11947: 11501: 11476: 11185: 11039: 10996: 10809: 10329: 10279: 10261: 10055: 9928: 9908: 9677: 9251: 9067: 8611: 7893: 7857: 7506:"Polish towns advocate 'LGBT-free' zones while the ruling party cheers them on" 6565:"Lives of LGBTQ+ Afghans 'dramatically worse' under Taliban rule, finds survey" 6507: 6477:"Iran: UN experts demand stay of execution for two women LGBT rights activists" 6476: 6431: 6151: 6133: 5780: 5330: 5172:"Teaching (hetero)sexuality: 1960s sexual education films in the United States" 5119: 5076: 4627: 4572: 4532: 4468: 4395: 4388: 4248: 4237: 4197: 4081: 4073: 4043: 3750: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3312: 3300: 3089: 3022: 2811: 2708: 2433: 2085: 2043: 2013: 2003: 1921: 1914: 1899: 1889: 1709: 1645: 1587: 1582: 1567: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1220: 1155: 668: 641: 486: 172: 9696: 9434: 8106: 6526: 4503:

In the United States, attitudes vary on the basis of partisan identification.

3712:, an international organization seeking the establishment of a global Islamic 13908: 13843: 13466: 13402: 13387: 13249: 13214: 13194: 13065: 13008: 12943: 12355: 12258: 11836: 11255: 11128: 10968: 10956: 10914: 10844: 10814: 10705: 10663: 10635: 10422: 10319: 10309: 10294: 10256: 10228: 10114: 9986: 9960: 9950: 9823: 9712: 9622: 9187: 8550: 8519: 8392: 7661: 7517: 7176: 6917: 6864: 6807: 6576: 6159: 5985: 5958: 5902: 5504: 5000: 4860:, which they regarded as being unscientific in its presumption of motivation. 4699: 4375: 4222: 4210: 4202: 4089: 4085: 3709: 3655: 3590: 3586: 3386: 3139: 3119: 3052: 2958: 2901: 2678: 2636: 2577: 2555: 2499: 2394: 2314: 2097: 1704: 1640: 1625: 1481: 1446: 1426: 1297: 1240: 1175: 563: 468: 10539: 9557: 9286: 9088: 8818: 8801: 8330: 8019:"Hegemony and the internalisation of homophobia caused by heteronormativity" 7724: 7409: 7369: 7230: 7199:

Hazard, John Newbold (Spring 1965). "Unity and diversity in socialist law".

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Smith, David (16 October 2015). "The hidden cost of homophobia in Africa".

8632: 8188: 8135: 7901: 7865: 7816: 7786: 6186: 6167: 5561: 5512: 5134: 5057: 4864: 4842:'s criticism of the term and for his suggestion in 1980 of the alternative 4839: 4836: 4556: 4536: 4519: 4301: 4293: 4096: 4069: 4054: 3769: 3765: 3694: 3625: 3536: 3528: 3165: 3124: 2980: 2938: 2776: 2658: 2599: 2277: 2250: 1931: 1810: 1630: 1597: 1577: 1501: 1491: 1471: 1451: 1079: 977: 972: 700: 675: 531: 473: 438: 408: 129: 10544: 10208: 9563:"Gender norms affect attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women globally" 9506: 9195: 9179: 8035: 8018: 7968: 7701: 5910: 5495: 5479:"Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men" 5478: 4046:

was influential in linking condemnation of homosexuality with the idea of

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and was punishable by death. Persecutions reached their height during the

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homophobia, e.g. religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia, and

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Negative attitudes and discrimination toward homosexuality and LGBT people

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In Some Countries, Being Gay Or Lesbian Can Land You In Prison...Or Worse

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Herek, Gregory M. (February 2000). "The psychology of sexual prejudice".

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Smith, Kenneth T. (1971). "Homophobia: A tentative personality profile".

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Campaigns against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico

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Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications

9321: 9038:"Lessons on gay history cut homophobic bullying in north London school" 8099:

Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications

7424:"Under African skies, Part I: 'Totally unacceptable to cultural norms'" 7222: 6367: 5428:"Religion, same-sex relationships and politics in Indiana and Arkansas" 5376: 4934: 4740: 4655: 4651: 4603: 4560: 4487: 4384: 4380: 4342: 4179: 4150: 3662: 3346: 3288: 2641: 2589: 2528: 2511: 2381: 2255: 2107: 2102: 1983: 1978: 1874: 1850: 1699: 1592: 1550: 1506: 1314: 1302: 1275: 1265: 1185: 580: 575: 546: 324: 85: 9630: 13754: 13702: 13419: 13018: 12148: 11759: 11138: 11016: 10794: 10569: 10469: 10417: 10407: 10060: 9890: 9661: 8843:

Links between economic development and new measures of LGBT inclusion

8577:"The Legacy of & Memorial to Dr. King, MLK – Wesleyan University" 8073: 8045: 7778: 7344:

Encyclopedia of sex and gender: Men and women in the world's cultures

5609: 5543: 5213: 4716: 4496: 4491: 4213:, the former president of Zimbabwe, waged a violent campaign against 3735: 3713: 3594: 3564: 3524: 3436: 3252: 3210: 3032: 2606: 2361: 2008: 1956: 1657: 1250: 358: 55: 9376:"AP stylebook embraces 'they' as a singular, gender-neutral pronoun" 9349:. Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian & Gay Issues. New York: 8975: