260:), which involved the use of the whole German heavy bomber fleet, flying in waves over London and Paris and dropping all the incendiary bombs that they could carry, until they were either all shot down or the crews were too exhausted to fly. The hope was that the two capitals would be engulfed in an inextinguishable blaze, causing the Allies to sue for peace. Thousands of Elektron bombs were stockpiled at forward bomber bases and the operation was scheduled for August and again in early September 1918, but on both occasions, the order to take off was countermanded at the last moment, perhaps because of the fear of Allied reprisals against German cities. The
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33:
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317:); the casing was designed to open at altitude, scattering the bomblets in order to cover a wide area. An explosive charge would then ignite the incendiary material, often starting a raging fire. The fire would burn at extreme temperatures that could destroy most buildings made of wood or other combustible materials (buildings constructed of stone tend to resist incendiary destruction unless they are first blown open by high explosives).
541:, a weapon that was used only once in warfare. Napalm however, became an intrinsic element of US military action during the Vietnam War as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects. Reportedly about 388,000 tons of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973, compared to 32,357 tons used over three years in the Korean War, and 16,500 tons dropped on Japan in 1945.
443:
incendiary pellets. It was capable of burning for up to ten minutes. There was also a high explosive version and delayed high explosive versions (2â4 minutes) which were designed to kill rescuers and firefighters. It was normal for a proportion of high explosive bombs to be dropped during incendiary
482:
for all three purposes, frequently using WP shells in large 4.2-inch chemical mortars. WP was widely credited by many Allied soldiers for breaking up numerous German infantry attacks and creating havoc among enemy troop concentrations during the latter part of World War II. In both World War II and
676:
Munitions designed to combine penetration, blast or fragmentation effects with an additional incendiary effect, such as armor-piercing projectiles, fragmentation shells, explosive bombs and similar combined-effects munitions in which the incendiary effect is not specifically designed to cause burn
251:
and aluminium alloy casing, which ignited at 650 °C, burned at 1,100 °C and emitted vapour that burned at 1,800 °C. A further advantage of the alloy casing was its lightness, being a quarter of the density of steel, which meant that each bomber could carry a considerable number. The
1552:
462:
Towards the end of World War Two, the
British introduced a much improved 30 lb (14 kg) incendiary bomb, whose fall was retarded by a small parachute and on impact sent out an extremely hot flame for 15 ft (4.6 m); This, the "Incendiary Bomb, 30-lb., Type J, Mk I", burned for
356:
In World War II, incendiaries were principally developed in order to destroy the many small, decentralised war industries located (often intentionally) throughout vast tracts of city land in an effort to escape destruction by conventionally aimed high-explosive bombs. Nevertheless, the civilian
345:; later modifications included the addition of a small explosive charge intended to penetrate the roof of any building which it landed on. Racks holding 36 of these bombs were developed, four of which could, in turn, be fitted to an electrically triggered dispenser so that a single
224:. On 8 September 1915, Zeppelin L-13 dropped a large number of firebombs, but even then the results were poor and they were generally ineffective in terms of the damage inflicted. They did have a considerable effect on the morale of the civilian population of the United Kingdom.
503:" in South Korea during the night of June 10â11, 1953. Eighth Army chemical officer Donald Bode reported that on an "average good day" UN pilots used 70,000 US gallons (260,000 L) of napalm, with approximately 60,000 US gallons (230,000 L) of this thrown by US forces.
463:
approximately two minutes. Articles in late 1944 claimed that the flame was so hot it could crumble a brick wall. For propaganda purposes the RAF dubbed the new incendiary bomb the "Superflamer". Around fifty-five million incendiary bombs were dropped on
Germany by
123:, for example, is petroleum especially thickened with certain chemicals into a gel to slow, but not stop, combustion, releasing energy over a longer time than an explosive device. In the case of napalm, the gel adheres to surfaces and resists suppression.
397:, a change to firebombing tactics resulted in the death of 500,000 Japanese and the homelessness of five million more. Sixty-seven Japanese cities lost significant areas to incendiary attacks. The most deadly single bombing raid in history was
212:
The first incendiary devices to be dropped during World War I fell on coastal towns in the east of
England on the night of 18â19 January 1915. The small number of German bombs, also known as firebombs, were finned containers filled with
510:
privately criticized the use of napalm in Korea, writing that it was "very cruel", as US and UN forces, he wrote, were "splashing it all over the civilian population", "tortur great masses of people". He conveyed these sentiments to US
1611:
1772:
1666:
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had already used their own "Baby" incendiary bomb (BIB) which also contained a thermite charge. A plan to fire bomb New York with new long range
Zeppelins of the L70 class was proposed by the naval airship fleet commander
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313:. Different methods of delivery, e.g. small bombs, bomblet clusters and large bombs, were tested and implemented. For example, a large bomb casing was filled with small sticks of incendiary (
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in very large numbers, declining slightly in 1944 to 35.8 million bombs produced (the decline being due to more bombs arriving from the United States). It was the weapon of choice for the
1792:
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Protocol III to the
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects
3695:
552:. It takes very high temperatures to ignite, but when alight, it can burn through solid steel. In World War II, such devices were employed in incendiary grenades to burn through heavy
3396:
1596:
800:
Andriukaitis, Lukas; Beals, Emma; Brookie, Graham; Higgins, Eliot; Itani, Faysal; Nimmo, Ben; Sheldon, Michael; Tsurkov, Elizabeth; Waters, Nick (2018). "Incendiary
Weapons".
1742:
353:, a 250 kg or 500 kg high explosive bomb case filled with an inflammable oil mixture, which often failed to detonate and was withdrawn in January 1941.
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518:, who "never published the statement". Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue a statement that confirmed U.K. support for U.S. napalm attacks".
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prohibits the use of incendiary weapons against civilians (effectively a reaffirmation of the general prohibition on attacks against civilians in
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Many incendiary weapons developed and deployed during World War II were in the form of bombs and shells whose main incendiary component is
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type incendiary bomb. Top: complete device, nose is red. Middle: dud found without the tin plate tail. Bottom: the remains after burning.
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2176:
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305:. Many different configurations of incendiary bombs and a wide range of filling materials such as isobutyl methacrylate (IM) polymer,
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as an effective bombing weapon, often in a conjunction with high-explosive bombs. Probably the most famous incendiary attacks are the
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located within concentrations of civilians and loosely regulates the use of other types of incendiary weapons in such circumstances.
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injury to persons, but to be used against military objectives, such as armoured vehicles, aircraft and installations or facilities.
1219:
474:(WP), and can be used in an offensive anti-personnel role against enemy troop concentrations, but WP is also used for signalling,
4314:
3808:
1507:
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1626:
4175:
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dropped 80 million of these 4 lb incendiary bombs during World War II. The 4 lb bomb was also used by the US as the "AN-M50".
382:
79:
are weapons designed to start fires. They may destroy structures or sensitive equipment using fire, and sometimes operate as
444:
attacks in order to expose combustible material and to fill the streets with craters and rubble, hindering rescue services.
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1344:
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1196:"The presence of a protected person(s) may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations."
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destruction caused by such weapons quickly earned them a reputation as terror weapons with the targeted populations.
17:
177:. Sulfur- and oil-soaked materials were sometimes ignited and thrown at the enemy, or attached to spears, arrows or
4678:
4585:
3545:
1782:
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398:
302:
882:
611:, can be used. Thickened triethylaluminium, a napalm-like substance that ignites in contact with air, is known as
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1402:
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2007:
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2012:
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and boring—relied on combustibles and fire to complete the collapse of walls and structures.
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478:, and target-marking purposes. The U.S. Army and marines used WP extensively in World War II and
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bomber could carry 1,152 incendiary bombs, or more usually a mixed load. Less successful was the
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872:"ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 45 â RFC BOMBS & BOMBING 1912â1918 (pp. 12â13)"
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146:
1138:"Books in brief. Napalm: An American Biography Robert M. Neer Harvard University Press 352 pp"
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1997:
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819:, "Zeppelins of World War I" page 35, published 1991 Paragon House ISBN I-56619-390-7
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309:, and similar jellied-petroleum formulas were used, many of them developed by the US
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1992:
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204:
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was invented, which increased the sophistication of the weapons, starting with
32:
401:, an incendiary attack that killed some 100,000 Tokyo residents in one night.
169:
could be toxic and blinding. Incendiary mixtures, such as the petroleum-based
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Munitions which may have incidental incendiary effects, such as illuminates,
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154:
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is currently in use. The United States has confirmed the use of Mark 77s in
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37:
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started the war using the 1918-designed one-kilogram magnesium alloy B-1E
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1955:
1940:
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although the 4th Geneva
Convention, Part 3, Article 1, Section 28 states
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52:
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but in fact operate to slow the process of chemical reactions and use
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181:, and fired by hand or machine. Some siege techniques—such as
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Protocol III states though that incendiary weapons do not include:
619:
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Napalm proper is no longer used by the United States, although the
545:
544:
Incendiary bombs used in the late 20th century sometimes contained
458:
and 12 small bomb containers each containing 236 4 lb incendiaries.
440:
374:
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and the bombing of Moscow, among other cities. Later, an extensive
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and oil and wrapped with tar-covered rope. They were dropped from
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that led to the near-annihilation of many German cities. In the
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768:
604:
553:
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306:
174:
173:, were launched by throwing machines or administered through a
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84:
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prohibits the use of air-delivered incendiary weapons against
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2950:
2924:
2868:
2367:
690:
596:
584:
436:
161:, animal fat and other similar compounds. Substances such as
158:
483:
Korea, WP was found particularly useful in overcoming enemy
2827:
2486:
2471:
2451:
2352:
2233:
600:
588:
104:
1240:
432:. The bomb consisted of a hollow body made from aluminium-
420:
The 4 lb (1.8 kg) incendiary bomb, developed by
2461:
1215:
United States
Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific War) 1946
633:
495:
Napalm was widely used by the United States during the
490:
389:, during the last seven months of strategic bombing by
1170:"Liquid Fire â How Napalm Was Used In The Vietnam War"
276:
2718:
256:
devised an operation called "The Fire Plan" (German:
208:
An incendiary bomb dropped on
Southend-on-Sea in 1916
199:
881:. Royal Air Force Historical Society. Archived from
247:
charge, but the main incendiary effect was from the
243:-Elektron chemical works. The bomb was ignited by a
1028:"SUPERFLAMER Dropped by Chute Throws Fire 15 Feet."
239:) was developed by scientists and engineers at the
1224:1944 article on the production of incendiary bombs
638:Signatory states are bound by Protocol III of the
328:, as a result of incendiary bombing by the German
227:After further experiments with 5-litre barrels of
137:A range of early thermal weapons were utilized by
424:, was the standard light incendiary bomb used by
4905:
1002:. Command Naval Ordnance Systems. Archived from
1033:, December 1944, p. 13. Article bottom of page.
2170:
1256:
642:which governs the use of incendiary weapons:
439:with a cast iron/steel nose, and filled with
269:in July 1918, but it was vetoed by Admiral
4712:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
4659:International Congress of Maritime Museums
4639:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
3931:
2177:
2163:
1263:
1249:
293:Incendiary bombs were used extensively in
4772:
4727:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1153:
1036:
990:
988:
83:. Incendiaries utilize materials such as
446:
403:
319:
280:
203:
51:
31:
4697:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
188:Towards the latter part of the period,
56:A 17th century fire or light ball from
14:
4906:
4649:European Association of Archaeologists
994:
985:
743:(Historic Byzantine incendiary weapon)
634:Incendiary weapons and laws of warfare
365:at the start of World War II with the
4771:
3930:
3905:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
3863:
3733:
3732:
3115:
2717:
2196:
2184:
2158:
1244:
1130:
1099:. Harvard University Press. pp.
793:
640:UN Convention on Conventional Weapons
571:materials can also be used: selected
513:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
491:Incendiary weapons after World War II
126:
1090:
1066:. Harvard University Press. p.
1057:
995:Hussey, G.F. Jr. (4 January 1970) .
782:(Historic Chinese incendiary weapon)
760:(Historic Chinese incendiary weapon)
564:and other complex machined weapons.
103:. Though colloquially often called "
48:during a June 1993 training exercise
4644:Archaeological Institute of America
969:. The Doric Columns. Archived from
869:
806:. Atlantic Council. pp. 36â43.
277:Development and use in World War II
119:to start or maintain the reaction.
24:
1125:55 Days: The Fall of South Vietnam
499:, most notably during the battle "
200:Development and use in World War I
25:
4930:
4654:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
4044:Coastal defence and fortification
3419:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
2719:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1203:
303:bombing of Tokyo on 10 March 1945
4888:
4754:
4679:Society for American Archaeology
3913:
3846:
3715:
3098:
2700:
2139:
2138:
1042:
4111:Phoenician discovery of America
1188:
1162:
1117:
1084:
1051:
1021:
959:
776:(Historic Chinese flamethrower)
456:4,000-pound "Cookie" blast bomb
27:Weapons intended to start fires
3803:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1228:AN-M50-series incendiary bombs
939:"How we fight Japan with fire"
931:
909:
900:
863:
854:
845:
822:
810:
454:bomb bay showing later mix of
13:
1:
4722:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
3397:Phoenician maritime expansion
1176:. Nikola Budanovic. June 2016
1095:Napalm: An American Biography
1062:Napalm: An American Biography
787:
673:, smoke or signaling systems;
4664:Nautical Archaeology Society
7:
4717:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
4094:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
3900:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
3757:IndusâMesopotamia relations
3116:
2197:
1553:National Revolutionary Army
1270:
683:
10:
4935:
4573:Phoenician Ship Expedition
3864:
3414:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
3407:Circumnavigation of Africa
1365:War of the Triple Alliance
997:"British English Ordnance"
613:thickened pyrophoric agent
591:derivatives of aluminium,
548:, made from aluminium and
383:strategic bombing campaign
130:
4886:
4778:
4767:
4752:
4687:
4629:
4432:
4416:
4164:
4099:Samothrace temple complex
4034:
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3713:
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3111:
3096:
2815:
2728:
2724:
2713:
2698:
2650:
2585:
2522:
2407:
2376:
2209:
2205:
2192:
2134:
2098:
1868:
1821:
1720:
1562:
1516:
1393:
1385:Pre-20th century firearms
1325:
1287:
1278:
747:High explosive incendiary
395:the air war against Japan
369:, and continued with the
3387:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
1773:CambodianâVietnamese War
1763:South African Border War
1545:Second Sino-Japanese War
1174:www.warhistoryonline.com
1091:Neer, Robert M. (2013).
430:British "dehousing" plan
324:Burning ballroom at the
311:Chemical Warfare Service
44:Strike Fighter Squadron
4669:RPM Nautical Foundation
4406:Surviving ancient ships
4325:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1753:Portuguese Colonial War
628:Operation Iraqi Freedom
81:anti-personnel weaponry
46:F/A-18A Hornet aircraft
4702:Giza Solar boat museum
4156:Underwater exploration
4151:Underwater archaeology
4116:Pre-Columbian theories
3971:John Sinclair Morrison
3932:Research and education
3382:Austronesian Expansion
2121:Civilian gun ownership
624:Mark 77 MOD 5 firebomb
575:compounds, most often
537:incendiary fuelled by
505:British prime minister
459:
417:
399:Operation Meetinghouse
361:began the campaign of
332:
290:
209:
153:armies, including hot
61:
49:
4773:Legend and literature
4731:Viking ship museums:
4707:Grand Egyptian Museum
4467:Austronesian replicas
4442:Heyerdahl expeditions
4352:Caligula's Giant Ship
4212:Dover Bronze Age Boat
2874:Berenice Troglodytica
1798:Nicaraguan Revolution
1748:Araguaia Guerilla War
1317:Early thermal weapons
1127:(Prentice-Hall 1977).
1058:Neer, Robert (2013).
828:Hanson, Neil (2009),
753:Incendiary ammunition
706:Early thermal weapons
648:Additional Protocol I
560:mechanism to destroy
556:plate, or as a quick
450:
407:
323:
284:
207:
133:Early thermal weapons
55:
35:
4674:Sea Research Society
4076:Maritime archaeology
3885:Ameinias the Phocian
3880:Mediterranean piracy
1803:Salvadoran Civil War
1370:SpanishâAmerican War
1345:American Indian Wars
1233:9 April 2015 at the
391:B-29 Superfortresses
326:Royal Castle, Warsaw
289:1 kg incendiary bomb
231:, in 1918, the B-1E
97:chlorine trifluoride
73:incendiary munitions
3767:Maritime Jade Route
2920:Kaveri Poompattinam
1856:Russo-Ukrainian War
1793:Dominican Civil War
1768:Cambodian Civil War
1729:First Indochina War
870:Dye, Peter (2009).
860:Hanson, pp. 437â438
851:Hanson, pp. 413â414
377:was enacted by the
363:incendiary bombings
254:German High Command
235:fire bomb (German:
40:napalm bomb onto a
4919:Incendiary weapons
4315:Bajo de la Campana
4017:Peter Throckmorton
4002:Jean-Yves Empereur
3976:William L. Rodgers
3797:Maritime Silk Road
1846:Russo-Georgian War
1788:Lebanese Civil War
1758:Rhodesian Bush War
1375:Mexican Revolution
1360:American Civil War
1350:War of the Pacific
1340:Napoleonic Warfare
1148:(7443): 29. 2013.
927:on 30 August 2005.
921:World War II Guide
652:Geneva Conventions
581:trimethylaluminium
485:human wave attacks
460:
426:RAF Bomber Command
418:
414:RAF Bomber Command
343:Elektronbrandbombe
333:
299:bombing of Dresden
291:
237:Elektronbrandbombe
210:
127:Pre-modern history
69:incendiary devices
65:Incendiary weapons
62:
50:
4914:Explosive weapons
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4763:
4762:
4750:
4749:
4370:Madrague de Giens
4089:Temple of Isthmia
4085:Maritime temples
4071:Marine navigation
4030:
4029:
4022:Shelley Wachsmann
4012:J. Richard Steffy
3922:
3921:
3855:
3854:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3710:
3662:
3661:
3392:Ocean exploration
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
2753:Rutter (nautical)
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2552:Mortise and tenon
2186:Ancient seafaring
2152:
2151:
1864:
1863:
1808:SovietâAfghan War
1783:Laotian Civil War
1531:Spanish Civil War
1221:Fire From The Sky
1031:Popular Mechanics
967:"German Ordnance"
583:, and some other
577:triethylaluminium
508:Winston Churchill
367:bombing of Warsaw
18:Incendiary weapon
16:(Redirected from
4926:
4892:
4891:
4786:Ark of bulrushes
4769:
4768:
4758:
4757:
4396:Oldest surviving
4106:Nusantao network
3981:Chester G. Starr
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3890:Cilician pirates
3861:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3787:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
3782:Iron Age Britain
3730:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3437:
3436:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3016:Ptolemais Theron
2726:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2296:Single-outrigger
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2018:Mass destruction
1926:Blunt instrument
1851:Syrian Civil War
1285:
1284:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1001:
992:
983:
982:
980:
978:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
935:
929:
928:
923:. Archived from
913:
907:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
887:
876:
867:
861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
826:
820:
814:
808:
807:
797:
764:Molotov cocktail
659:military targets
472:white phosphorus
410:I.B. 4-lb. Mk IV
107:", they are not
101:white phosphorus
93:magnesium powder
77:incendiary bombs
21:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4774:
4759:
4755:
4746:
4689:
4683:
4631:
4630:Institutes and
4625:
4580:Viking replicas
4521:Balangay Voyage
4434:
4428:
4412:
4167:
4160:
4036:
4026:
3985:
3933:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3866:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3738:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3658:
3615:
3468:
3428:
3373:
3366:
3167:
3120:
3103:
3099:
3090:
2966:Mueang Phra Rot
2820:
2811:
2720:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2646:
2620:Triangular sail
2581:
2518:
2492:Sail components
2403:
2372:
2346:Tessarakonteres
2201:
2188:
2183:
2153:
2148:
2130:
2126:Science fiction
2094:
1966:Directed-energy
1860:
1836:Afghanistan War
1817:
1716:
1558:
1518:Interwar period
1512:
1413:Austria-Hungary
1389:
1321:
1274:
1269:
1235:Wayback Machine
1206:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1167:
1163:
1155:10.1038/496029a
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1009:on 4 March 2016
1006:
999:
993:
986:
976:
974:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
944:Popular Science
937:
936:
932:
915:
914:
910:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
874:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
834:, Corgi Books,
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:Breaking Ghouta
798:
794:
790:
785:
711:Fire accelerant
686:
636:
493:
465:Avro Lancasters
279:
271:Reinhard Scheer
262:Royal Air Force
202:
135:
129:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4555:Mediterranean
4553:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4508:Alingano Maisu
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4451:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4357:De Meern ships
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:Cape Gelidonya
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3990:Archaeologists
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:David Blackman
3952:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Jewish pirates
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Lake Trasimene
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:Mediterranean:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2785:Maritime pilot
2782:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2748:Portolan chart
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Oared warships
2318:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
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2100:
2096:
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2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Anti-personnel
1898:
1896:Anti-ballistic
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
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1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:United Kingdom
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Czechoslovakia
1609:
1604:
1599:
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1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:United Kingdom
1495:
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1465:
1460:
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1205:
1204:External links
1202:
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1199:
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1129:
1116:
1109:
1083:
1076:
1050:
1035:
1020:
984:
958:
930:
908:
906:Hanson, p. 412
899:
879:www.raf.mod.uk
862:
853:
844:
840:978-0552155489
821:
809:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:
777:
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766:
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744:
738:
733:
731:Flame fougasse
728:
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703:
698:
693:
687:
685:
682:
679:
678:
674:
663:
662:
655:
635:
632:
573:organometallic
529:developed the
527:U.S. Air Force
492:
489:
452:Avro Lancaster
278:
275:
267:Peter Strasser
201:
198:
147:post-classical
131:Main article:
128:
125:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4931:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4856:Metamorphoses
4853:
4851:
4849:
4848:The Histories
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4826:The Histories
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4770:
4766:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:Marumaru Atua
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4501:Samudra Raksa
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:Te Au o Tonga
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Blackfriars I
4345:
4343:
4342:Arles RhĂŽne 3
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
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4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Thalassocracy
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Shell middens
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4081:Naval warfare
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Lionel Casson
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3906:
3903:
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3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
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3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Incense trade
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:South America
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Sailing ships
3642:
3640:
3639:Oared vessels
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Cape Hermaeum
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
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3509:
3507:
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3502:
3499:
3497:
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3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
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3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3372:Migration and
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:Ancient Egypt
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:Civilizations
3170:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
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2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
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2929:
2926:
2923:
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2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
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2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Clinker built
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Boat building
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
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2379:
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2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
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2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Navis lusoria
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
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2079:
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2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Anti-aircraft
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Yugoslav Wars
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1823:Post-Cold War
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:IranâIraq War
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
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1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:United States
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
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1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:United States
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
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1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Early Warfare
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
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1286:
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1281:
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1266:
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1254:
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1236:
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1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1123:Alan Dawson,
1120:
1112:
1110:9780674075450
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1079:
1077:9780674075450
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1005:
998:
991:
989:
973:on 2 May 2014
972:
968:
962:
946:
945:
940:
934:
926:
922:
918:
912:
903:
888:on 2 May 2014
884:
880:
873:
866:
857:
848:
842:(pp. 406â408)
841:
837:
833:
832:
825:
818:
813:
805:
804:
796:
792:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
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689:
688:
681:
675:
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666:
660:
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653:
649:
645:
644:
643:
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:A variety of
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
514:
509:
506:
502:
501:Outpost Harry
498:
488:
486:
481:
477:
476:smoke screens
473:
468:
466:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
411:
406:
402:
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354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
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331:
327:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
283:
274:
272:
268:
263:
259:
258:Der Feuerplan
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242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
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206:
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82:
78:
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70:
66:
59:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4877:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4834:On the Ocean
4832:
4825:
4817:
4814:Literature:
4602:
4584:
4565:
4558:
4548:Aotearoa One
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4433:Experimental
4401:Museum ships
4368:
4361:
4334:
4306:Phoenician:
4297:
4292:Leontophoros
4290:
4254:Butuan boats
4249:Pontian boat
4187:Dufuna canoe
4126:Shipbuilding
4037:and theories
4007:Boris Rankov
3801:
3734:Economy and
3634:Incendiaries
3633:
3481:
3268:Indus Valley
3236:Tarumanagara
3163:Ubaid period
3081:Wadi al-Jarf
2996:Ostia Antica
2600:Fore-and-aft
2567:Shipbuilding
2542:Carvel built
2524:Construction
2482:Steering oar
2363:Sailing ship
2286:Obelisk ship
2244:Dugout canoe
2013:Martial arts
2002:
1976:Depth charge
1946:Conventional
1687:Soviet Union
1564:World War II
1220:
1195:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1094:
1086:
1061:
1053:
1043:Pike, John.
1038:
1030:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1004:the original
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
961:
949:. Retrieved
942:
933:
925:the original
920:
911:
902:
890:. Retrieved
883:the original
878:
865:
856:
847:
830:
824:
817:Wilbur Cross
812:
802:
795:
758:Meng Huo You
736:Flamethrower
726:Fire bombing
716:Fire balloon
680:
664:
637:
617:
566:
550:ferric oxide
543:
535:cluster bomb
520:
516:Omar Bradley
494:
469:
461:
419:
409:
371:London Blitz
359:Nazi Germany
355:
351:Flammenbombe
350:
342:
336:
334:
295:World War II
292:
287:World War II
257:
236:
226:
211:
187:
151:early modern
136:
115:rather than
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:
58:Veste Coburg
29:
4841:Argonautica
4828:(Herodotus)
4791:Flood myths
4688:Museums and
4632:conferences
4597:Vital Alsar
4435:archaeology
4244:Austronesia
4237:Hjortspring
4232:Rochelongue
4182:Pesse canoe
4136:Ship burial
4121:Sea Peoples
4054:Lighthouses
4049:Grave goods
3997:George Bass
3777:Spice trade
3374:exploration
3196:Philippines
3191:Austronesia
3184:Old Kingdom
3061:Trincomalee
3011:Prosphorion
2956:Myos Hormos
2800:Micronesian
2791:By region:
2763:Lighthouses
2571:By region:
2336:Quinquereme
2261:Kunlun ship
2254:Penteconter
2239:Dragon boat
1951:Crew-served
1911:Area denial
1743:Six-Day War
1738:Vietnam War
1667:New Zealand
1662:Netherlands
1535:Nationalist
1468:New Zealand
1395:World War I
1355:Crimean War
831:First Blitz
523:Vietnam War
521:During the
387:Pacific War
335:The German
194:fire lances
4908:Categories
4850:(Polybius)
4494:Hawaiʻiloa
4376:Nemi ships
4261:Black Seaâ
4207:Khufu ship
4168:and relics
4066:Marine art
4059:Alexandria
3966:Fik Meijer
3949:Historians
3836:Indo-Roman
3649:Greek navy
3551:Salamis II
3541:Hellespont
3501:Artemisium
3491:Nile Delta
3454:Achaemenid
3347:Achaemenid
3216:Langkasuka
3211:Micronesia
3129:Prehistory
3056:Sounagoura
2884:Chittagong
2859:Barbarikon
2838:Alexandria
2780:Pilot boat
2730:Navigation
2562:Sewn-plank
2557:Lashed-lug
2435:Figurehead
2408:Components
2377:Propulsion
2331:Quadrireme
2312:Polyremes
2291:Outriggers
2028:Non-lethal
2008:Insurgency
2003:Incendiary
1998:Improvised
1931:Ceremonial
1921:Biological
1881:Amphibious
1733:Korean War
1707:Yugoslavia
1539:Republican
1463:Montenegro
1180:8 November
1013:8 December
951:9 December
947:. May 1945
788:References
774:Pen Huo Qi
741:Greek fire
615:, or TPA.
569:pyrophoric
497:Korean War
171:Greek fire
117:detonation
109:explosives
36:Loading a
4863:Geography
4801:Gilgamesh
4690:memorials
4614:Viracocha
4527:Faʻafaite
4480:Sarimanok
4386:Yassi Ada
4299:Syracusia
4222:Canaanite
4197:Moor Sand
3667:By region
3629:Grappling
3601:Naulochus
3591:Myonessus
3546:Echinades
3531:Arginusae
3526:Cynossema
3511:Naupactus
3506:Eurymedon
3340:Classical
3315:Phoenicia
3310:Mycenaean
3273:Tamilakam
3256:Polynesia
3246:Srivijaya
3041:Satingpra
3001:Palembang
2985:Cattigara
2927:(Kadaram)
2910:Jambukola
2904:Guangzhou
2845:(Podouke)
2843:Arikamedu
2805:Polynesia
2738:Celestial
2651:Armaments
2637:Spritsail
2595:Crab claw
2537:Careening
2504:Sternpost
2358:Reed boat
2301:Catamaran
2276:Multihull
2048:Pneumatic
2038:Offensive
1971:Explosive
1916:Artillery
1906:Anti-tank
1886:Ancillary
1572:Australia
1526:Chaco War
1408:Australia
1289:Premodern
721:Firestorm
701:Driptorch
630:in 2003.
622:-fuelled
593:magnesium
562:artillery
434:magnesium
338:Luftwaffe
330:Luftwaffe
285:A German
249:magnesium
241:Griesheim
190:gunpowder
163:quicklime
60:, Germany
42:US Marine
4879:TÄkitimu
4782:Legend:
4740:Roskilde
4619:Tangaroa
4560:Olympias
4534:Gaualofa
4473:HĆkĆ«leÊ»a
4448:Kon-Tiki
4281:Ashkelon
4217:Uluburun
4176:Earliest
3942:Scholars
3824:shipping
3624:Boarding
3536:Mytilene
3521:Syracuse
3486:Alashiya
3449:Egyptian
3433:Military
3424:Timeline
3402:Sardinia
3325:Carthage
3241:Kalingga
3201:Sa Huỳnh
3136:Timeline
3086:Zanzibar
3036:Sarapion
3031:Rhacotis
2961:Martaban
2906:(Canton)
2899:Godavaya
2894:Giao Chá»
2864:Barygaza
2854:Avalites
2775:Piloting
2663:Catapult
2658:Ballista
2632:Mast-aft
2445:Planking
2384:Paddling
2341:Hexareme
2306:Trimaran
2271:Longship
2219:Balangay
2144:Category
2111:Industry
2068:Tectonic
2053:Practice
2043:Personal
1936:Chemical
1876:Aircraft
1841:Iraq War
1813:Gulf War
1722:Cold War
1712:Infantry
1692:Thailand
1592:Bulgaria
1549:Japanese
1508:Infantry
1473:Portugal
1423:Bulgaria
1403:Chemical
1312:Japanese
1307:Medieval
1237:(German)
1231:Archived
1045:"Napalm"
780:Stinkpot
696:Bat bomb
684:See also
620:kerosene
546:thermite
441:thermite
408:British
375:reprisal
315:bomblets
301:and the
245:thermite
233:Elektron
222:airships
219:Zeppelin
215:kerosene
143:medieval
113:ignition
89:thermite
4819:Odyssey
4796:Genesis
4593:Others
4392:Lists:
4381:Marausa
4331:Roman:
4321:Punic:
4286:Kyrenia
4277:Greek:
4273:Marsala
4266:Sinop D
4141:Tacking
3875:History
3762:Meluhha
3752:Fishing
3747:Whaling
3654:Ramming
3576:Aegates
3571:Drepana
3566:Ecnomus
3496:Salamis
3484:
3474:Battles
3352:Nabatea
3335:Archaic
3305:Nuragic
3295:Somalia
3146:Oceania
3141:Britain
3118:History
3051:Socotra
3021:Qandala
3006:Piraeus
2976:Muziris
2946:Madurai
2941:Manthai
2879:Canopus
2849:Arsinoe
2821:harbors
2770:History
2758:Coastal
2688:Sambuca
2673:Dolphin
2587:Rigging
2399:Poling
2389:Sailing
2326:Trireme
2266:Liburna
2229:Coracle
2199:Vessels
2106:Arsenal
2083:Vehicle
2073:Torpedo
2033:Nuclear
1993:Hunting
1988:Firearm
1682:Romania
1642:Hungary
1632:Germany
1622:Finland
1617:Denmark
1607:Croatia
1582:Belgium
1577:Austria
1478:Romania
1438:Germany
1418:Belgium
1380:Antique
1302:Chinese
1297:African
1280:History
1272:Weapons
917:"Bombs"
671:tracers
650:to the
609:lithium
558:welding
539:propane
467:alone.
381:in the
157:, oil,
139:ancient
38:Mark 77
4870:Aeneid
4586:Viking
4567:Regina
4336:Alkedo
4192:Abydos
4166:Wrecks
4035:Topics
3865:Piracy
3819:Greece
3679:Odisha
3611:Actium
3606:Mycale
3441:Navies
3330:Greece
3320:Olmecs
3288:Pandya
3263:Minoan
3226:Champa
3206:Lapita
3151:Remote
3071:Tyndis
3026:Quilon
2971:Muscat
2936:Lothal
2931:Korkai
2915:Jeddah
2889:Essina
2833:Adulis
2743:Charts
2678:Harpax
2668:Corvus
2642:Square
2610:Settee
2605:Lateen
2514:Tiller
2509:Strake
2477:Rudder
2467:Paddle
2415:Anchor
2394:Towing
2316:Bireme
2249:Galley
2224:Bangka
2088:Combat
2058:Ranged
1961:Deadly
1677:Poland
1672:Norway
1657:Mexico
1637:Greece
1627:France
1597:Canada
1587:Brazil
1493:Turkey
1488:Serbia
1483:Russia
1443:Greece
1433:France
1428:Canada
1327:Modern
1142:Nature
1107:
1074:
838:
769:Napalm
607:, and
605:sodium
554:armour
531:CBU-55
525:, the
379:Allies
347:He 111
307:napalm
229:benzol
183:mining
175:siphon
167:sulfur
121:Napalm
85:napalm
4806:Greek
4609:Abora
4603:Ivlia
4515:Saina
4459:Ra II
4417:Sites
4202:Dokos
3814:Egypt
3736:trade
3701:Rafts
3686:Japan
3674:India
3586:Chios
3556:Mylae
3516:Olpae
3464:Roman
3459:Greek
3357:Aksum
3283:Chera
3278:Chola
3251:Sunda
3231:Kutai
3221:Kedah
3066:Tulum
3046:Sidon
2991:Opone
2981:Ăc Eo
2951:Malao
2925:Kedah
2869:Basra
2817:Ports
2795:Inuit
2615:Tanja
2575:Egypt
2425:Cabin
2368:Tomol
2211:Types
2116:Mount
2099:Other
2063:Space
2023:Melee
1956:Cyber
1869:Types
1652:Japan
1647:Italy
1602:China
1458:Japan
1453:Italy
1448:India
1007:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
977:1 May
892:1 May
886:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
749:(HEI)
691:Arson
597:boron
585:alkyl
480:Korea
437:alloy
179:bolts
159:resin
155:pitch
105:bombs
99:, or
75:, or
4735:Oslo
4457:and
4363:Isis
4310:Gozo
3831:Rome
3809:Maya
3691:Rome
3596:Nile
3362:Rome
3300:Maya
3156:Near
3076:Tyre
2828:Aden
2627:Junk
2499:Stem
2487:Sail
2472:Rope
2457:Mast
2452:Keel
2440:Hull
2430:Deck
2353:Raft
2234:Dhow
1981:List
1941:Cold
1182:2017
1105:ISBN
1103:â3.
1072:ISBN
1015:2015
979:2014
953:2015
894:2014
836:ISBN
601:zinc
589:aryl
587:and
533:, a
165:and
149:and
3772:Tin
2819:and
2683:Ram
2462:Oar
2420:Bow
2078:Toy
1150:doi
1146:496
1101:102
422:ICI
393:in
4910::
4455:Ra
4424:H3
4178::
1172:.
1144:.
1140:.
1070:.
1068:99
987:^
941:.
919:.
877:.
603:,
599:,
595:,
579:,
487:.
273:.
196:.
141:,
95:,
91:,
87:,
71:,
67:,
2987:)
2983:(
2178:e
2171:t
2164:v
1555:)
1551:/
1547:(
1541:)
1537:/
1533:(
1264:e
1257:t
1250:v
1184:.
1158:.
1152::
1113:.
1080:.
1047:.
1017:.
981:.
955:.
896:.
654:)
145:/
20:)
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