1639:"In reading scriptures and studying the doctrines, you should turn all words right around and apply them to yourself. But all verbal teachings only point to the inherent nature of the present mirror awareness—as long as this is not affected by any existent or nonexistent objects at all, it is your guide; it can shine through all various existent and nonexistent realms. This is adamantine wisdom, where you have your share of freedom and independence. If you cannot understand in this way, then even if you could recite the whole canon and all its branches of knowledge, it would only make you conceited, and conversely shows contempt for Buddha—it is not true practice. Just detach from all sound and form, and do not dwell in detachment, and do not dwell in intellectual understanding—this is practice. As for reading scriptures and studying the doctrines, according to worldly convention it is a good thing, but if assessed from the standpoint of one who is aware of the inner truth, this (reading and study) chokes people up. Even people of the tenth stage cannot escape completely, and flow into the river of birth and death."
1052:
1994:(Record of the Dharma-Jewel through the Ages). According to Poceski, the aforementioned criticisms of Mazu's "ordinary mind" do not hold, since Mazu and his students did not refer to the "everyday mind of ordinary people," clearly stating that "ordinary mind" is without defilements and unwholesome mental states. Poceski defines 'ordinary mind' as "the nondual mind, which is divested of impurities and transcends all views and attachments." According to Poceski, this "detached state of nondual awareness" requires religious training and practice which "involves a constant effort to abstain from giving rise to discriminating thoughts, which bifurcate reality into dualistic opposites and obscure the essential nature of the 'ordinary mind.'” Poceski says these teachings are directed at monks who are engaged in daily contemplative practices:
2487:(compiled in 952), and the iconoclastic stories became normative only during the Song period. Accordingly, we can best understand such records as apocryphal or legendary narratives. They were a focal element of imaginative Chan lore created in response to specific social and religious circumstances and served as a centerpiece of an emerging Chan ideology. By means of these stories, novel religious formulations and nascent orthodoxies were retroactively imputed back to the great Chan teachers of the Tang period. The connection with the glories of the bygone Tang era bestowed a sense of sanctity and was a potent tool for legitimizing the Chan school in the religious world of Song China.
1426:. Some of Mazu's students were known to have come from the Oxhead school and others were sent to study at Oxhead monasteries by Mazu himself. An inscription for Dayi, one of Mazu's students, condemns sectarianism and according to Poceski "rejects the sharp distinctions between the Northern and Southern schools propounded by Shenhui and his followers and instead argues for a rapprochement between the two." Poceski also notes that "the inscription implies that Mazu's disciples adopted a tolerant attitude toward other Chan schools/lineages and eschewed the pursuit of narrow sectarian agendas (or at least were more subtle about it)."
1060:
2157:
this stage one "abandons the subtle form of spiritual clinging to the state of nondiscrimination and nonattachment." Poceski adds that "while at this stage the mind is disengaged from the habitual tendency to discriminate and attach to dualistic opposites, and there is attendant reflectivity that prevents reification and dwelling in nonattachment, there is still a subtle sense of self-awareness, as the practitioner is aware of himself as being someone who has relinquished all attachment without being stuck in an unadulterated state of nondiscriminating awareness."
2061:, and as rejecting all gradual practice (a critique leveled by Zongmi), Poceski writes that "a closer look at the relevant textual sources reveals that terms and ideas associated with subitism are not nearly as prominent within the Hongzhou school's teachings as later generations of Chan teachers, writers, and scholars have presupposed." The term 'sudden awakening' only appears once in the records of Mazu, and refers to the experience of a person with superior capacity. Likewise, it only appears once in Baizhang's record, and not in a saying attributed to him.
2009:
discrimination and illusions," which "is strikingly different from the term’s usual understanding." He says the connection between
Poceski's interpretation and the passages he cites in support of it is tenuous, and that his "lack of sufficient evidentiary and interpretive support is unfortunate." McRae further points out that Poceski's exclusive focus on connections with earlier Chan notions like no-mind and no-thought potentially creates difficulties for understanding connections between Hongzhou school doctrine and later developments in Chan.
1886:) or an unchanging essence. In other passages, Mazu states that he teaches mind is Buddha to "stop the crying of children" and that later he teaches them "it is neither mind nor Buddha" (feixin feifo) and that "it is not a thing" (bushi wu). Poceski notes that in this context the "mind is Buddha" teaching serves as an introductory teaching meant to inspire confidence, which later might even be negated as one progresses in one's training. Likewise, Baizhang argues that all such teaching statements are provisional and must ultimately be given up.
24:
1289:(720–814) was a dharma heir of Mazu and a member of the aristocratic Wang clan of Taiyuan. Baizhang later came to be seen as Mazu's most important disciple, though early on, his name did not even appear in Mazu's stele inscription as part of Mazu's ten main disciples. Baizhang's main center was at the remote Baizhang mountain southwest of Shimen where he taught students, including Guishan Lingyou (771–853) and Huangbo, for two decades.
2409:; c. 1004) depict the Hongzhou school as a revolutionary and iconoclastic group that rejected tradition and embraced antinomian practices. In Song texts "we find portrayals of Mazu and his disciples as iconoclasts par excellence, who transgress established norms and subvert received traditions. An example of such radical representations is the story about Mazu's disciple Nanquan (748–834) killing a cat."
1907:). What is an ordinary mind? It means no intentional creation and action, no right or wrong, no grasping or rejecting, no terminable or permanent, no profane or holy. The sutra says, “Neither the practice of ordinary men, nor the practice of sages—that is the practice of the Bodhisattva.” Now all these are just the Way: walking, abiding, sitting, lying, responding to situations, and dealing with things.
1279:
1999:
be perfected within the context of everyday life. Since all things and events partake of the character of reality, they provide avenues for the cultivation of detachment and transcendence. The passage can also be read as a caution against quietist withdrawal from the world and the cultivation of refined states of meditative absorption, symbolized by the sages who follow the Hīnayāna path.
59:
2092:
one can discover that which "originally existed and exists at present" without any need for religious practice. However, Jia admits that while Mazu and his disciples theoretically rejected religious practice and cultivation, "Liturgically and practically, it is doubtful that the daily practices of traditional monastic life did not continue in Chan communities."
1324:), but there is no historical evidence for this. Indeed, according to Poceski "his traditional image as a patron saint of “Chan monasticism” is not in any meaningful way related to him as a historical person. Baizhang did not institute a novel system of Chan monastic rules that was institutionally disengaged from the mainstream tradition of Tang monasticism."
1865:. The mind as suchness is like a clear mirror, which can reflect images. The mirror symbolizes the mind; the images symbolize phenomena (dharmas). If the mind attaches to phenomena, then it gets involved in external causes and conditions, which is the meaning of birth and death. If the mind does not attach to phenomena, that is the meaning of suchness.
1780:) tailored to the individual. According to Poceski, these methods for liberation need to be "flexible, contextual, and nuanced" and they should not be turned into sources of attachment. Indeed, every teaching or practice is a skillful means, and is only useful if it helps certain people to awakening. No teaching should be seen as a dogmatic assertion.
1784:
thus stressed the need to avoid the reification of and attachment to religious texts, doctrines, practices, and experiences. Becoming attached to these turned them into obstacles to awakening instead of useful methods. Because of this, authors like
Baizhang held that the truth of a doctrine was dependent on its power to lead to spiritual awakening.
1632:
including "obscure references and the use of a technical vocabulary that point to a mastery of canonical texts and doctrines." However, even while they retained the use of scripture and demonstrated a mastery of the canon, the
Hongzhou sources also demonstrate that these Chan teachers had the ability to express the insights of Mahayana in a new way.
2483:
encounter‐dialogue format, let alone that it was the main medium of instruction employed in Chan circles. The radicalized images of Mazu, Nanquan, and other Chan teachers from the mid‐Tang period make their first appearance in the middle of the tenth century, well over a century after their deaths. The earliest text that contains such anecdotes is
2013:
unenlightened mentalities (as Jia understands it) nor a pure mind divorced from all defilements (as
Poceski understands it). Instead, ordinary mind is "the fundamental capability of cognition, the bare working of the human mind" which is functioning all the time, perfectly and automatically, as "primordial cognitive capacity."
2025:“Self-nature is originally perfectly complete. If only one is not hindered by either good or evil things, he is called a man who cultivates the Way. Grasping good and rejecting evil, contemplating emptiness and entering concentration—all these belong to intentional action. If one seeks further outside, he strays farther away.”
1043:(960–1279), many texts were written which constructed encounter dialogues that included Hongzhou school masters as the main characters. These texts present them as iconoclastic and antinomian figures. However, modern scholars do not consider these later Song sources as reliable depictions of these historical figures.
2474:...what is being referred to is not some collection of activities and events that actually happened in the 8th through 10th centuries, but instead the retrospective re-creation of those activities and events, the imagined identities of the magical figures of the Tang, within the minds of Song dynasty Chan devotees.
2116:
different from seeking and doing. He says, "A Buddha is one who does not seek; seek this and you turn away. The principle is the principle of nonseeking; seek it and you lose it. If you cling to nonseeking, this is still the same as seeking; if you cling to nondoing, this is the same again as doing."
1998:
In that context, they serve as instruction about the cultivation of a holistic state of awareness, in which the mind abandons all defilements and is unattached to dualistic concepts such as worldliness and holiness, permanence and impermanence. One of Mazu's key points is that such a mental state can
1261:
After Mazu's death in 788, Xitang
Zhizang became the leader of Kaiyuan monastery. Despite his leading role, little information on him is found in Chan sources and there is no record of his sayings. None of his disciples were influential and perhaps this is why he was neglected in later sources. After
2223:
If one comprehends the mind and objects, then false thinking is not created again. When there is no more false thinking, that is acceptance of the non-arising of all dharmas. Originally it exists and it is present now, irrespective of cultivation of the Way and sitting in meditation. Not cultivating
2115:
no deeds. It says, "You must just avoid letting your minds dwell upon anything whatsoever, which implies (being unconcerned about) either deeds or no deeds—that is what we call receiving a prediction of
Buddhahood." In a similar fashion, Baizhang says that to cling to non-seeking and non-doing is no
2047:
Since limitless kalpas, all sentient beings have never left the samadhi of dharma-nature, and they have always abided in the samadhi of dharma-nature. Wearing clothes, eating food, talking and responding, making use of the six senses—all these activities are dharma nature. If you now understand this
1603:
Furthermore, their use of sources was "accompanied by an aversion to dogmatic assertions of indelible truths and an awareness of the provisional nature of conceptual constructs." Thus, while the
Hongzhou school made use of various teachings, they were not to be seen as a fixed theory, since ultimate
2232:
However, according to
Poceski, "the passage simply asserts that the originally existing Buddha-nature does not depend on the practice of meditation or any other spiritual exercise—in itself, little more than a sound doctrinal statement. Mazu's position is echoed in canonical texts, most notably the
2156:
At the second stage, one “breaks through the good mind” cultivated at the first stage and one abandons dwelling in a peaceful state of detachment. Baizhang states: "once one does not grasp anymore, and yet does not abide in nonattachment either, that is the intermediate good." Poceski notes that in
2152:
At the first stage, one cultivates non-attachment from everything. Poceski describes this as "when encountering all sorts of situations and coming in contact with various phenomena perceived though the senses," the Chan practitioner "is aware of their innate characteristics and is able to ascertain
2091:
in which original enlightenment (benjue) is situated among two other terms, "non-enlightenment" (bujue) and "actualized enlightenment" (shijue), and the three together form a cycle of religious practice. She says Mazu simplifies this cycle by emphasizing only original enlightenment. Thus, for Mazu,
2072:
The spontaneous state of human mind is the Way or the state of enlightenment. Chan practice involves nothing more than keeping the mind in a complete state and releasing it from all artificially imposed restraints, free to act naturally and spontaneously. As a result, the various forms of religious
1787:
Thus, according to
Baizhang "true words cure sickness. If the cure manages to bring about healing, then all are true words. if they cannot effectively cure sickness, all are false words. True words are false words, insofar as they give rise to views. False words are true words, insofar as they cut
1783:
This view led to what
Poceski terms "the determined refusal on the part of Mazu and his disciples to commit to a narrow doctrinal perspective." Mazu's school generally understood ultimate reality to be “inconceivable” (buke siyi), as "transcending conceptual constructs and verbal expressions." They
1631:
scriptures. According to Poceski, "rather than repudiating the scriptures or rejecting their authority, the records of Mazu and his disciples are full of quotations and allusions to a range of canonical texts." Poceski also notes that in Baizhang's record one can find numerous scriptural citations,
2136:
Regarding their discussions of monastic training and spiritual cultivation, some gradual training elements can be found in the sources of the Hongzhou school. In one example, Baizhang used the simile of washing a dirty robe to explain how one should study. Similarly, Mazu urges the keeping of pure
1873:
All of you should believe that your mind is Buddha, that this mind is identical with Buddha. The Great Master Bodhidharma came from India to China and transmitted the One Mind teaching of Mahāyāna so that it can lead you all to awakening. Fearing that you will be too confused and will not believe
1736:
Not abiding anywhere one does not abide in good and evil, existence and nothingness, inside, outside, or in-between. Not abiding in emptiness and not abiding in non-emptiness, not abiding in concentration and not abiding in the absence of concentration, that is not abiding anywhere. Only this not
1531:
With the passage of time, some of the luster of Mazu's religious personality was transferred to Linji, and the image of the Hongzhou school was altered in ways that reflected the ideological stances of subsequent Chan/Zen traditions. This process is reflected in later mythologized constructions of
2202:
Thus, the Hongzhou school was not a static entity, but underwent doctrinal changes from one generation to the next. For example, Jia also observes that while Mazu's second-generation disciple (and Baizhang's immediate disciple) Huangbo Xiyun maintained Mazu's "this Mind is the Buddha," he changed
2077:
According to Faure, the absence of such practices as the "one-practice samādhi" (yixing sanmei) in the Hongzhou school indicates an "epistemological split" between early and classical Chan. Likewise, Jinhua Jia observes that according to two Korean stele inscriptions, the Silla monk Toūi (d. 825)
1758:
The self-nature is originally complete. If only either good or evil things do not hinder one, then that is a person who cultivates the Way. Grasping good and rejecting evil, contemplating emptiness and entering samādhi, all of these belong to activity. If one seeks outside, one goes away from it.
2584:
presented the view of the Hongzhou school as follows: "The arising of mental activity, the movement of thought, snapping the fingers, or moving the eyes, all actions and activities are the functioning of the entire essence of the Buddha-nature. Since there is no other kind of functioning, greed,
2453:
Some apocryphal “encounter dialogue” (ch: jiyuan wenda, jp: kien mondō) stories depict the Hongzhou school making use of "shock techniques such as shouting, beating, and using irrational retorts to startle their students into realization". The "shock techniques" found in many of these apocryphal
2211:
Hongzhou school sources don't contain much sustained discussion on the topic of meditation. Some sources even contain explicit criticisms of certain forms of meditative practice. Poceski claims most of these appear in later unreliable sources. On the other hand, criticism of seated dhyāna can be
2160:
The final step entails freeing the mind from the most subtle hindrances, "the last vestiges of attachment and self-centered awareness"..."he must not even give rise to discernment or awareness that the subtlest forms of attachment have been forsaken." As Baizhang describes it: "once one does not
1130:
According to Poceski, "Mazu had the largest number of close disciples (rushi dizi, literally, “disciples who entered the room”) among Chan teachers from the Tang period." Some students of Mazu include: Nanquan, Fenzhou Wuye (761–823), Guizong Zhichang (dates unknown), Xingshan Weikuan (755–817),
2190:
are in accord with Mazu's ideas, Baizhang's "three propositions" involve an apophasis that differs from the more kataphatic stance of Mazu's sermons and is not found in Zongmi's account of Hongzhou doctrine. According to Jia, apophatic statements begin to appear in controversies over Hongzhou
2034:
This mind originally existed and exists at present, without depending on intentional creation and action; it was originally pure and is pure at present, without waiting for cleaning and wiping. Self-nature attains nirvana; self-nature is pure; self-nature is liberation; and self nature departs
2012:
McRae presents an alternative viewpoint to both Jia and Poceski, although he does say that "in some ways Jia's treatment of the Mazu maxim 'ordinary mind is the way' is better than Poceski's." Following Ogawa Takashi, he says "ordinary mind" is neither a capacious container of enlightened and
1954:
In the Huayan theory, the pure Buddha-nature remains forever untainted, even though it gives rise to defiled phenomena and originates the realization of all sentient beings’ enlightenment. In Mazu’s doctrine, the spontaneous, ordinary state of human mind and life, which is a mix of purity and
1938:
According to Jinhua Jia, "Mazu’s 'ordinary mind' represents the complete, empirical human mind of good and evil, purity and defilement, enlightenment and ignorance of ordinary people." According to this interpretation, Mazu identified the absolute Buddha-nature with the ordinary human mind of
2307:
Hongzhou school teaches that the arising of mental activity, the movement of thought, snapping the fingers, or moving the eyes, all actions and activities are the functioning of the entire essence of the Buddha-nature. Since there is no other kind of functioning, greed, anger, and folly, the
1580:
Poceski also highlights the importance of buddha-nature for the Hongzhou school, though he also writes that "overall there is a disposition to avoid imputing explicit ontological status to the Buddha-nature...this is accompanied by a Madhyamaka-like stress on nonattachment and elimination of
2008:
John McRae critiques Poceski's position, calling Poceski's interpretation of ordinary mind as an undefiled mind "improbable and not well supported by evidence." McRae says, "I am not at all convinced by Poceski’s interpretation of 'ordinary mind' (pingchang xin 平常心) as pure mind, devoid of
2482:
an unreflective reliance on the Song texts—especially the iconoclastic stories contained in them—is problematic because we cannot trace any of the encounter dialogues back to the Tang period. No source from the Tang period indicates that there was even an awareness of the existence of the
2454:
stories became part of the traditional and still popular image of Chan masters displaying irrational and strange behaviour to help their students achieve enlightenment. Part of this image was due to later misinterpretations and translation errors, such as the loud belly shout known as
2228:
Some scholars, like Yanagida Seizan think that this passage shows Mazu rejected formal sitting meditation. Luis Gómez also observes that a number of texts exist in the literature which "suggest that some schools of early Ch’an rejected outright the practice of sitting in meditation."
1482:
1327:
Later Song dynasty texts also attempt to make Baizhang the main "orthodox" recipient of Mazu's lineage. This is a later genealogical construct by Song authors, Mazu did not have one single "orthodox" disciple, but many different disciples who spread his teachings throughout China.
1449:
The Hongzhou school superseded the older Chan schools and established themselves as their official successor, the inclusive defender of Tang Chan orthodoxy which avoided the antinomianism of Baotang and the sectarianism of Shenhui's Southern school. While individual teachers like
2064:
Poceski's position is that while certain critiques of gradual methods are found, they generally center on critiques of mechanical cultivation as well as reification of and attachment to specific methods or skillful means. They do not outright reject spiritual cultivation per se.
2099:“The Way does not belong to cultivation. If you speak of any attainment through cultivation, whatever is accomplished through cultivation will again decay, just the same as the Śrāvaka (Hearer). If you speak of no cultivation, then you will be the same as an ordinary man.”
1104:(709–788) was a monk from Sifang county, Sichuan. His teachers are said to have included Reverend Tang (684-734) of Zizhou, Reverend Jin (Korean: Kim, also known as Wuxiang, Korean: Musang), and Huairang. Traditionally, Mazu is depicted as a successor in the lineage of
2469:
relied on these sources and saw the Hongzhou school as a radical departure from traditional Buddhism. According to modern scholars like McRae, this idea of a "golden age" of iconoclastic and radical Chan masters was mainly a romantic invention of later Song Buddhists:
2281:, who compared sitting in meditation in order to become a buddha with polishing a tile to make a mirror. According to Faure, this story is critiquing "the idea of 'becoming a Buddha' by means of any practice, lowered to the standing of a 'means' to achieve an 'end'."
2042:
For Mazu, Buddha nature was actualized in everyday human life and its actions. As noted by Jinhua Jia "the ultimate realm of enlightenment manifests itself everywhere in human life, and Buddha-nature functions in every aspect of daily experiences". Thus, Mazu argued:
1741:
Similarly, Huangbo writes that "if students of the Way wish to attain Buddhahood, they need not study all Buddhadharmas. They only need to study “non-seeking” and “non-attachment” ... Just transcend all afflictions, and then there is no Dharma that can be obtained."
2246:, which indicates that the monks at Guishan's monastery (and presumably monks at other monasteries associated with the Hongzhou school) engaged in a regimen of traditional monastic practices, of which meditation was an integral part." Poceski also points to Dayi's
1963:
stated that "they fail to distinguish between ignorance and enlightenment, the inverted and the upright," arguing that Hongzhou Chan's mistake was rooted in its teaching that greed, hatred and delusion, good and evil, happiness or suffering are all Buddha-nature.
2331:
While Zongmi acknowledged that the essence of Buddha-nature and its functioning in the day-to-day reality are but difference aspects of the same reality, he insisted that there is a difference. To avoid the dualism he saw in the Northern Line and the radical
2270:" though this does not mean they did not interpret them in a unique way according to their own teachings. However, Poceski admits, "We do not have enough evidence to judge the extent to which Mazu and his followers practiced sitting meditation (zuochan)".
1446:) all died out, being unable to attract enough students and support. This allowed Mazu's school to become the dominant Chan tradition in China. The only other school which survived this period was Shitou's school, though it remained a marginal one.
1943:. Jia refers to the anecdote of Fenzhou Wuye's first visit to Mazu when he said he did not understand the meaning of "this mind is the Buddha," to which Mazu responded: "This very mind that doesn't understand is it, without any other thing."
1134:
Poceski also notes that Mazu's disciples "come across as monks at home in their dealings with powerful officials. They appear conversant with Buddhist texts, doctrines, and practices, and proficient at preaching to monks and literati alike."
1336:
Mazu's many students spread his teachings throughout China. As Poceski writes, the Hongzhou school heavily relied on imperial and aristocratic patronage which allowed it to quickly emerge as a major Chan tradition in the ninth century.
2615:
who taught going beyond both regulating and not regulating the mind, as well as both intentionalizing and not intentionalizing (since to intentionalize was to be fettered, while to not intentionalize made one "no different than a deaf
1745:
The Hongzhou school, like many Mahayana traditions, held that all things are permeated and encompassed by an ultimate reality which complete and perfect, and is variously termed the “One Mind”, "original mind", "truth" or “Suchness”.
1788:
off the delusions of sentient beings." Ultimately, figures like Dazhu held that eventually one needs to abandon all words and teachings: "words are used to reveal the meaning, but when the meaning is realized, words are discarded."
1709:, "an ascent into increasingly rarefied states of detachment and transcendence, in which the vestiges of dualistic thought are eliminated. This implies not clinging to any doctrine, practice, or experience, including the notions of
2388:, the Tang period of Mazu's school became regarded as the "Golden Age" of Chan. Numerous stories and texts were written celebrating these figures, many of them apocryphal. The stories about the Hongzhou school are part of the
2078:
brought back to Korea the Hongzhou doctrines of “following one’s destiny freely and acting nothing” and “no-cultivation and no-certification,” and that these were strongly rejected by the earlier Korean scholastic schools.
1363:
to preach at the imperial court in 809 and he remained in the capital's Xingshan monastery until the end of his life, becoming a central figure of the imperial capital's religious life. He was also the teacher of the poet
2265:
According to Poceski, the lack of attention to meditation in Hongzhou sources is likely to be because their meditation methods were "not that different from those of other contemplative traditions, such as early Chan and
2073:
practice of early Chan, such as nianfo, seated meditation, “pacifying the mind” (anxin), “maintaining the mind” (shouxin), “cultivating the mind” (xiuxin), and “contemplating the mind” (guanxin), were no longer advocated.
1749:
A key element of the Hongzhou's school's practice instructions was to let go of conceptual thoughts, which are always dualistic. The state which has let go of all views, concerns, and thoughts is called no-mind
1532:
the Hongzhou school's teachings and character. The mystique ascribed to Mazu and his disciples was accompanied with assorted obscurations of the Hongzhou school's history, doctrines, practices, and institutions.
1089:, which changed the position of elite Chan Buddhism. Metropolitan Chan began to lose its status while other schools began to develop in outlying areas, led by various masters, many of whom traced themselves to
2029:
Mazu also stated that the Buddha-nature or the Original Mind is already pure, without the need for cultivation and hence he stated that “the Way needs no cultivation”. This was because according to Mazu:
2123:"Using the mind for practices is like washing dirty things in sticky mud. Prajna is mysterious and wonderful. Itself unbegotten, its mighty functioning is at our service regardless of times and seasons."
2131:
To attach to original purity and original liberation, to consider oneself to be a Buddha, to be someone who understands Chan , that belongs to the way of those heretics who and hold that things happen
1664:
Admonitions) provides an overview of the Hongzhou school's teachings on monastic life and ethics, which generally follow traditional Chinese models. The Hongzhou school did have lay followers, however.
1759:
Just put an end to all mental conceptions in the three realms. If there is not a single thought, then one eliminates the root of birth and death, and obtains the unexcelled treasury of the Dharma king.
1847:
The basic idea of the mind being buddha is that there is a true buddha mind or "a substratum of pure awareness" (as Poceski put its) within all sentient beings, but this is obscured by passing
1344:, where the leading disciple Guizong Zhichang (dates unknown) and Fazang (dates unknown) built the first Chan communities on the mountain, like Guizong temple, which was visited by the poet
4220:
412:
1411:
2239:." As such, Poceski argues that this passage is best read "as a warning against misguided contemplative practice and advice about the proper approach to spiritual cultivation."
1112:. McRae argues that the connection between Huineng and Huairang is doubtful, being the product of later rewritings of Chán-history to place Mazu in the traditional lineages.
3208:
The Recorded Sayings of Layman P'ang, A Ninth Century Zen Classic, translated from the Chinese by Ruth Fuller Sasaki, Yoshitaka Iriya, and Dana R. Fraser, Weatherhill, 1971
1772:, awakening is always available to all, at all times, through letting go. Generally though, to discover this ultimate reality, we need specific spiritual practices (i.e.
2048:
reality, you will truly not create any karma. Following your destiny, passing your life, with one cloak or one robe, wherever sitting or standing, it is always with you.
2585:
anger, and folly, the performance of good and bad actions and the experiencing of their pleasurable and painful consequences are all, in their entirety, Buddha-nature."
2392:
which rose to prominence in the Song dynasty, when Chán was the dominant form of Buddhism and received the support of the Imperial Court and the elite literati.
1458:
did present alternative traditions, they never rivaled the Hongzhou tradition, which remained the normative form of Chan for the rest of the Tang and beyond.
4415:
Monastic Innovator, Iconoclast, and Teacher of Doctrine: The Varied Images of chan Master Baizhang. In: steven Heine and Dale S. Wright 9eds.), "Zen Masters"
2384:
Mazu is perhaps the most influential teaching master in the formation of Chán Buddhism in China. When Chán became the dominant school of Buddhism during the
1717:. The perfection of a liberated state of mind that is free from attachment and ignorance, explains Baizhang, is predicated on the realization of the twofold
1292:
Later tradition attributes to Bhaizang the creation of a unique kind of Chan monasticism and the authorship of an early set of rules for Chan monastics, the
1844:
states: "As mind is, so is the Buddha; as the Buddha is, so are living beings. One should know that the Buddha's and mind's Essential nature is boundless."
4244:
3923:
Luis Gómez, Sudden and Gradual Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, edited by Peter Gregory, page 79, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1987, 1991
3599:
2153:
their purity or defilement. Yet, while adept at making such distinctions, he distances himself from everything and gives up all grasping and attachment."
2348:
Some of the main Tang dynasty sources which contain the teachings of the Hongzhou masters have been translated into English, and include the following:
2203:
Mazu's "ordinary mind is the Way" to "no-mind is the Way" in response to criticism that the Hongzhou school regarded the deluded mind as the true mind.
2199:
may have been based on an original discourse text complied by Baizhang's disciples, it was also supplemented with the ideas of Baizhang's successors.
3783:
John R. McRae, Zen Evangelist: Shenhui, Sudden Enlightenment, and the Southern School of Chan Buddhism, pages 97, 159 University of Hawaii Press, 2023
2401:
442:
378:
2328:
view, as it eliminates all moral distinctions and validates any actions (including unethical ones) as expressions of the essence of Buddha-nature.
2308:
performance of good and bad actions, and the experiencing of their pleasurable and painful consequences are all, in their entirety, Buddha-nature.
1051:
2396:
398:
1469:
monks who participated in the transmission of Chan to Korea were students of Mazu's disciples. These figures founded seven out of the Korean “
3810:
Ch'an Master Hui Hai, The Zen Teaching of Instantaneous Awakening, translated by John Blofeld, pages 132-133, Buddhist Publishing Group, 2007
2336:
and antinomianism of the Hongzhou school, Zongmi's paradigm preserved "an ethically critical duality within a larger ontological unity", an
1874:
that this One Mind is inherent in all of you, he used the Laṅkāvatāra Scripture to seal the sentient beings' mind-ground. Therefore, in the
1382:
Outside of Jiangxi, Yaoshan, Ruhui, Tanzang (758–827), Deng Yinfeng (dates unknown), and Zhaoti Huilang (738–820) all formed communities in
2416:, the "yü-lü" ("record") genre developed, the recorded sayings of the masters, and the encounter dialogues. The best-known example is the
3792:
Ch'an Master Hui Hai, The Zen Teaching of Instantaneous Awakening, translated by John Blofeld, page 104, Buddhist Publishing Group, 2007
2458:. In Chinese "katsu" means "to shout", which has traditionally been translated as "yelled 'katsu'" - which should mean "yelled a yell"
1968:
stated that “the south wrongly taught deluded mind as true mind, taking thief as son, and regarding mundane wisdom as Buddha wisdom.”
1131:
Zhangjing Huaihui (756–815), Danxia Tianran (739–824), Dongsi Ruhui (744–823), Tianhuang Daowu (748–807), and Furong Taiyu (747–826).
3914:
Mario Poceski, Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism, page 136, Oxford University Press, 2007
2161:
abide in nonattachment any more, and does not even engender any understanding of not abiding in it either, that is the final good".
4467:
Chan. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori
1737:
abiding anywhere is the abode. When one attains this, it is called the non-abiding mind. The non-abiding mind is the Buddha mind.
1581:
one-sided views—especially evident in Baizhang's record—that are based on the notion that ultimate reality cannot be predicated."
1127:). During his two decade period at this monastery, Mazu's fame spread and he attracted many disciples from throughout the empire.
3905:
Jeffrey L. Broughton, The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, pages 41, 51, University of California Press, 1999
1796:
Two related teachings which appear frequently in the works of Mazu and his disciples are the statements "This Mind is Buddha" (即
1541:
954:
3738:
Bernard Faure, The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism, page 69, Stanford University Press, 1997
1584:
He also argues that the Hongzhou school's doctrinal approach was an eclectic approach that drew on diverse sources, including
4379:
Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori
4336:, University of Hawai’i Press, Kuroda Institute, (originally published Princeton University Press, 1991, Princeton, N.J.),
1656:
disciplinary code and emphasis on renunciation and simple living, is an assumed background to Hongzhou school sources. The
3451:
The Recorded Sayings of Zen Master Joshu, translated and introduced by James Green, page 11, Shambhala Publications, 2001
2087:
1853:
1836:
422:
2450:. These recorded sayings are well-edited texts, written down up to 160 years after the supposed sayings and meetings.
4395:
4341:
4314:
2484:
873:
437:
2368:
The Zen Teaching of Instantaneous Awakening: Being the Teaching of the Zen Master Hui Hai, Known as the Great Pearl
1724:
Awakening is the sudden letting go of all deluded thoughts, it is a mind that does not abide or cling to anything.
1375:, the best known disciple of Mazu who taught here was Foguang Ruman (752–842?). He was also a teacher of the poet
4251:
2552:平常心, usually translated as "ordinary mind"; but also as "undisturbed mind," "normal, peaceful, undisturbed mind"
2127:
On the other hand, Baizhang's record criticizes the view that since one is Buddha one does not need to practice:
1950:
doctrine of nature-origination, his stance that Buddha-nature manifests in function was nonetheless different:
1814:
1536:
By the latter Tang dynasty, the Hongzhou school's was supplanted by various distinct regional traditions (the "
427:
393:
4208:
3431:
4275:
4442:
1608:
373:
2039:
This view was also criticized by Zongmi because he believed it “betrayed the gate of gradual cultivation.”
1882:
Mazu and his students were careful to indicate that this teaching should not be reified as a kind of self (
1067:, Mazu's main Hongzhou monastery during his later life (which at the time was known as Kaiyuan monastery).
338:
2254:) which he says, "presents the practice in fairly conventional terms." However, as McRae points out, the
224:
1959:
The Hongzhou school was also criticized for their apparent equation of ordinary mind and Buddha-nature.
1465:
during the pivotal period of the first half of the ninth century. During this period, almost all Korean
417:
1710:
1706:
1352:
include Shigong Huizang (dates unknown), Nanyuan Daoming (dates unknown), and Yangqi Zhenshu (d. 820).
947:
4432:
4296:
Chappell, David W. (1993). "Hermeneutical Phases in Chinese Buddhism". In Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (ed.).
1878:, the Buddha stated that mind is the essential teaching, and the gate of non-being is the Dharma-gate.
1565:
According to Jinhua Jia, "the doctrinal foundation of the Hongzhou school was mainly a mixture of the
1141:
788:
4232:
4196:
4184:
3600:"McRae on Jia, 'The Hongzhou School of Chan Buddhism in Eighth- through Tenth-century China' | H-Net"
2333:
2313:
1769:
1714:
3442:
Peter Gregory, Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism, page 237, University of Hawaii Press, 2002
3175:
Sayings and Doings of Pai-chang, translated by Thomas Cleary, pages 46-47, Center Publications, 1978
1355:
Huaihui and Weikuan are known for having established the Hongzhou school in the imperial capital of
4457:
1920:
1360:
901:
550:
147:
110:
896:
1607:
Mazu's citation of various sutras indicate that his teaching drew from Mahayana sources like the
1119:), where he began taking students. First he resided on Gonggong mountain, and then he settled in
868:
778:
773:
3801:
Sayings and Doings of Pai-chang, translated by Thomas Cleary, page 80, Center Publications, 1978
1123:
state-sponsored Kaiyuan monastery (today known as Youmin Temple) in Hongzhou (present day north
1036:). Mazu taught here during his last years and some of his disciples also taught in this region.
2082:
1674:
1498:
1435:
841:
500:
460:
318:
137:
1537:
793:
485:
4496:
2303:
claimed that the Hung-chou tradition believed "everything as altogether true". Zongmi writes:
1751:
1470:
940:
515:
2262:
dynasty collection, even though Poceski introduces it as though it might be an early work.
2141:
as a way to explain gradual progress on the path. According to Poceski, "a central theme in
783:
1649:
1520:, which remains a tradition today after having become the dominant form of Chan during the
1082:
1072:
267:
4481:
2418:
1059:
490:
8:
2299:(圭峰 宗密) (780–841), an influential teacher-scholar and patriarch of both the Chán and the
1493:(died 850), who was a dharma heir of Baizhang Huaihai. He started his monastic career at
1028:
refers to the Tang dynasty province that was located in the northern part of present-day
858:
505:
3951:"Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism (review)"
3625:"Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism (review)"
3562:"Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism (review)"
2176:(Discernment of the Realm of Reality), and the six categories of contemplation found in
1883:
2274:
1848:
1827:
926:
863:
287:
4434:
The Textual History of the Linji lu (Record of Linji): The Earliest Recorded Fragments
4451:
4391:
4388:
Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism
4337:
4310:
3970:
3644:
3581:
2528:, "flat, level, equal, to tie (make the same score), to draw (score), calm, peaceful"
2235:
2145:
is Chan practitioners' progression along stages that constitute a path of practice."
1916:
1622:
1414:
Doui, a student of Zhizang and Baizhang who established the Gaji san school (迦智山) at
1196:
1018:
668:
624:
545:
388:
368:
1673:
was a follower of the Hongzhou master Xingshan Weikuan 興善惟寬 (755–817). The literati
1552:
and his disciple Yangshan, but this tradition did not survive the fall of the Tang.
820:
714:
185:
3962:
3636:
3573:
2545:
2439:
1965:
1803:
1694:
1617:- cittamatra). Other teachings of Mazu and Baizhang also quote or paraphrase other
1297:
1286:
1263:
1186:
1006:
972:
916:
649:
2195:, with Mazu's second-generation disciples. Thus, Jia's position is that while the
2321:
2278:
1661:
1618:
1549:
1212:
1158:
1109:
810:
555:
262:
23:
2502:
2320:, and therefore denies the need for spiritual cultivation and moral discipline (
1718:
990:
234:
2581:
2389:
2296:
2148:
These three progressive stages are explained through the "three propositions":
1986:
1960:
1698:
1628:
1570:
1545:
1502:
1455:
1315:
1267:
1232:
1178:
1014:
878:
815:
673:
639:
594:
432:
356:
323:
219:
2137:
precepts and the accumulation of wholesome karma, and Da'an's record uses the
1976:
Mario Poceski takes a different view and associates "ordinary mind" with the "
1823:
4490:
4406:
Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism
3974:
3648:
3585:
2443:
2325:
2317:
2300:
2016:
1702:
1678:
1566:
1494:
1490:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1423:
1204:
1010:
654:
644:
629:
619:
614:
589:
525:
495:
470:
328:
257:
142:
78:
3950:
3624:
3561:
1903:
If you want to know the Way directly, then ordinary mind is the Way (平常心是道,
1797:
1689:
According to Poceski, at the core of the teaching of Hongzhou teachers like
343:
4370:
The Hongzhou School of Chan Buddhism in Eighth- through Tenth-Century China
4361:
The Hongzhou School of Chan Buddhism in Eighth- through Tenth-Century China
2595:
2462:
2447:
2413:
2385:
2324:). Zongmi's interpretation of the Hongzhou doctrine would be a dangerously
2259:
2192:
2108:
2095:
For Mazu, the Way is beyond both cultivating and not cultivating. He says:
2057:
While many traditional sources have seen the Hongzhou school as completely
1862:
1725:
1635:
Regarding the reading of scriptures and studying doctrines, Baizhang says:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1497:. In 842 he took up residence at Lung-hsing Monastery at the invitation of
1402:
received disciples such as Wuye, Zhixian, and Magu Baoche (dates unknown).
1387:
1241:
1224:
1086:
1040:
1002:
805:
729:
634:
540:
86:
34:
2354:
Sun-Face Buddha: The Teachings of Ma-tsu and the Hung-chou School of Ch'an
1476:
1115:
In the latter half of his life, Mazu moved to Hongzhou (present day north
1933:
1819:
1666:
1466:
1356:
1341:
1270:
supplanted Xitang as the leaders of the second generation of the school.
994:
584:
520:
510:
475:
383:
313:
202:
94:
3966:
3640:
3577:
2435:
2169:
school contemplative models, such as the three general discernments of
1690:
1585:
1574:
1168:
1101:
998:
761:
609:
465:
308:
272:
207:
180:
190:
4325:
The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism
2138:
1669:
was one of Mazu's students. Similarly, the scholar-official and poet
1614:
1589:
830:
825:
746:
697:
530:
175:
102:
1509:(died 866 CE), was later seen as the founder of his own school, the
333:
152:
2337:
2312:
According to Zongmi, the Hongzhou school teaching led to a radical
2290:
2058:
1670:
1461:
Mazu's students were also influential during the spread of Chan to
1391:
1376:
1365:
1120:
1105:
1064:
1033:
835:
229:
162:
4047:
2399:, traditional accounts that rely on Song dynasty sources like the
1830:
and Chinese Buddhist ideas, like the doctrine of the "true mind" (
1410:
1278:
734:
719:
535:
2612:
2466:
2316:
view that believed that all actions, good or bad, are expressing
2267:
1977:
1597:
1415:
1395:
1372:
1349:
1148:
1124:
1116:
1090:
1029:
911:
604:
599:
303:
282:
277:
132:
2068:
On the other hand, according to Jia, the Hongzhou view is that:
58:
2599:
2535:, "always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant"
2183:(Discernment of Ending Falsehood and Returning to the Source).
2177:
2170:
2166:
2119:
In a negative statement regarding practice, Dazhu Huihai says:
2081:
Jia also points out how Mazu's attitude toward the doctrine of
1947:
1940:
1653:
1593:
1481:
1399:
1345:
1305:
980:
921:
906:
756:
724:
692:
292:
157:
1540:") that arose during the instability of the late Tang and the
3398:
3396:
3394:
3284:
3282:
3269:
3267:
3265:
1773:
1514:
1462:
1383:
751:
709:
687:
252:
4280:. Asian Philosophy, Vol. 13, Nos. 2/3, 2003. Notes 26 and 41
3428:
Magic of Japan: Secret Places and Life-Changing Experiences
3306:
3082:
2901:
2899:
2186:
Jinhua Jia points out that while some of the themes of the
1768:
Because of the ultimate reality and the everyday world are
1137:
1078:
298:
3391:
3279:
3262:
3121:
2242:
Poceski writes that "this interpretation is reinforced by
1930:?", to which Nánquán responds "Ordinary mind is the way."
1648:
The Hongzhou school was a monastic tradition and as such,
4131:
4107:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3526:
3524:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3240:
3238:
3111:
3109:
3000:
2998:
2566:
2497:
2374:
The Zen Teaching of Huang-po on the Transmission of Mind.
2289:
The Hung-chou school has been criticised for its radical
1925:
1754:) and was promoted by masters like Huangbo. Mazu states:
1348:. Other disciples who formed communities of their own in
73:
48:
4095:
2896:
2872:
2850:
2848:
2821:
2797:
2785:
1434:
During the mid-Tang, most other major Chan schools (the
4059:
4026:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3873:
3818:
3816:
3352:
3350:
2737:
2713:
2701:
1889:
1477:
Next generations and replacement by regional traditions
4276:
James D. Sellmann & Hans Julius Schneider (2003),
3536:
3521:
3408:
3379:
3362:
3335:
3318:
3294:
3250:
3235:
3190:
3178:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3106:
3094:
3070:
3046:
3034:
3022:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2273:
One story depicts Mazu practicing sitting meditation (
1934:
Complete empirical human mind of purity and defilement
1684:
4076:
4074:
3466:
3223:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2884:
2860:
2845:
2833:
2809:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2379:
3981:
3813:
3722:
3720:
3660:
3658:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3478:
3347:
2689:
2646:
2224:
and not sitting is the Tathāgata's pure meditation.
4119:
2634:
1946:According to Jia, while Mazu was influenced by the
1812:). These ideas are based on teachings found in the
4422:Schuhmacher, Stephan; Woerner, Gert, eds. (1991),
4421:
4307:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China
4245:"Translation of the Lin-ji yü-lü by Fuller-Sasaki"
4155:
4071:
4053:
3861:
3765:
3211:
3010:
2725:
2672:
1791:
1405:
16:Chinese school of Chán Buddhism in the Tang period
4426:, translated by Michael H. Kohn, Boston: Shambala
3753:
3741:
3717:
3682:
3670:
3655:
3502:
3490:
3454:
3058:
1861:The mind can be spoken of : birth and death, and
4488:
1501:(787 or 797–860), who was also a lay-student of
1340:A major center of the Hongzhou tradition was at
2340:which he claimed was lacking in Hongzhou Chan.
2407:Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp
1923:(J: Nansen Fugan) (748–835) "What is the Way (
1422:There are links between Mazu's school and the
4278:Liberating Language in Linji and Wittgenstein
2003:
1971:
1919:(J. Jōshū Jūshin) (778–897) asks his teacher
1869:One source text of Mazu's teaching states:
1505:of Shenhui's Heze school. Huangbo's student,
948:
1955:defilement, is identical with Buddha-nature.
4424:The Shambala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen
2538:平常, "ordinary, common, usually, ordinarily"
4464:
2707:
2434:), which contains the recorded sayings of
2107:, attributed to Mazu's immediate disciple
1390:, and Damei Fachang formed communities in
1201:(Chao-chou Ts'ung-shen, Jpn. Jōshū Jūshin)
1085:(755-763) led to a loss of control by the
955:
941:
4334:Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism
4304:
4113:
2827:
1980:" found in earlier Chan sources like the
1808:) and "Ordinary Mind is the Way" (平常心是道,
1604:truth is indescribable and beyond words.
1331:
4295:
4101:
2277:, chan) but being chided by his teacher
2216:, the earliest extant records of Chan.
1939:ignorance and delusion, and argued that
1681:and compiled a record of his teachings.
1489:A key figure of the third generation is
1480:
1409:
1277:
1191:(Pai-chang Huai-hai, Jpn. Hyakujō Ekai)
1183:(Nan-ch'üan p'u-yüan, Jpn. Nansen Fugan)
1163:(Nan-yüeh Huai-jang, Jpn. Nangaku Ejō))
1058:
1050:
4412:
4403:
4376:
4331:
4137:
4032:
4002:
3547:
3530:
3414:
3402:
3385:
3373:
3341:
3329:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3273:
3256:
3244:
3229:
3196:
3184:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3004:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2839:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2719:
2695:
2652:
2640:
1573:theory, with a salient emphasis on the
1320:
4489:
4440:
4430:
4148:
4146:
4125:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3016:
2165:This model is similar in some ways to
2017:"Original purity" and "No cultivation"
1429:
4385:
4363:. State University of New York Press.
4349:
4322:
4161:
4080:
4065:
3990:
3948:
3622:
3559:
2731:
2683:
2628:
1217:(Kuei-shan Ling-yu, Jpn. Isan Reiyū)
2665:
2663:
2661:
1442:, Shenhui's Southern school and the
1394:. Regarding the northern provinces,
1229:(Lin-chi I-hsüan, Jpn. Rinzai Gigen)
1209:(Huang-po Hsi-yüan, Jpn. Ōbaku Kiun)
4367:
4358:
4143:
3926:
3885:
3879:
3867:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3726:
3694:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3515:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3356:
3217:
3064:
2052:
1941:Buddha-nature manifests in function
1685:Non-attachment and ultimate reality
1273:
1251:
13:
4390:, The University Press Group Ltd,
2380:Influence - Song-dynasty portrayal
14:
4508:
4475:
4354:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
4170:
2658:
2432:The Collection of the Four Houses
2252:Inscription on Sitting Meditation
2111:, taught going beyond both deeds
1818:, as well on the doctrine of the
1763:
1256:
1173:(Ma-tsu Tao-i, Jpn. Baso Dōitsu)
874:Zen organisation and institutions
438:Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall
4268:
4237:
4086:
4038:
4017:
4008:
3942:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3825:
2549:, "heart," "mind," "heart-mind"
2219:One such passage by Mazu states:
1894:
1728:defines the "non-abiding mind" (
413:Two Entrances and Four Practices
57:
22:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3732:
3708:
3616:
3592:
3553:
3445:
3436:
3420:
3202:
3169:
2605:
2588:
2575:
2515:
2361:Sayings and Doings of Pai-chang
1911:The phrase also appears in the
1596:school's philosophy as well as
1406:Relationship with Oxhead-school
1077:During the life of the founder
4054:Schuhmacher & Woerner 1991
2598:'s "true man of no rank," and
1851:. As Mazu states (echoing the
1643:
1359:. Weikuan was even invited by
1310:
997:(618–907), which started with
985:
428:Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment
1:
4300:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
2623:
2611:Compare with the teaching of
2521:The etymology is as follows:
2352:Cheng-chien Bhikshu (1992).
2206:
1560:
1544:. The first of these was the
1371:Regarding the old capital of
1096:
186:Hakuin's Four ways of knowing
4469:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
4381:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
4305:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005a),
2284:
1899:A teaching by Mazu states:
1555:
1471:nine mountain schools of Sŏn
645:Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en)
7:
4465:Yampolski, Philip (2003a),
4377:Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003),
4327:, Stanford University Press
4221:Undisturbed mind is the way
2491:
1984:(Treatise on No-mind), the
1834:) and the teachings of the
225:Doctrinal background of Zen
10:
4513:
4482:thezensite: history of Zen
4332:Gregory, Peter N. (2002),
4288:
3955:China Review International
3831:Poceski 2007, pp. 203-205.
3714:Poceski 2007, pp. 199-202.
3629:China Review International
3566:China Review International
2004:Naturally functioning mind
1972:Detached nondual awareness
1913:Chao-chou Ch'an-shih Yu-Lu
1890:"Ordinary Mind is the Way"
1070:
1046:
4417:, Oxford University Press
4408:, Oxford University Press
3849:Poceski 2007, p. 207-209.
2390:Traditional Zen Narrative
2085:differs from that of the
1301:
1185:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1140:
1001:and included key figures
976:
625:Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan)
4441:Wright, Dale S. (n.d.),
2669:Poceski 2007, pp. 10-11.
2602:'s "Unborn Buddha Mind."
2508:
2343:
1055:Mazu ("Master Ma") Daoyi
551:Ordinary Mind Zen School
443:Transmission of the Lamp
148:Turning the light around
111:Zen in the United States
4444:The Huang-po Literature
4431:Welter, Albert (n.d.),
4413:Poceski, Mario (2010),
4404:Poceski, Mario (2007),
4323:Faure, Bernard (1997),
3949:McRae, John R. (2008).
3623:McRae, John R. (2008).
3560:McRae, John R. (2008).
2359:Cleary, Thomas (1978).
1721:of person and things."
1677:was also a disciple of
1613:'s mind-only teaching (
869:Zen ranks and hierarchy
842:Category: Zen Buddhists
176:Ten Ox-Herding Pictures
4350:Heine, Steven (2008),
4309:, World Wisdom Books,
3426:Hector Garcia (2021),
2489:
2478:Mario Poceski writes:
2476:
2461:Earlier scholars like
2372:Blofeld, John (1994).
2366:Blofeld, John (1987).
2310:
2226:
2134:
2125:
2105:Dunwu rudao yaomen lun
2101:
2083:original enlightenment
2075:
2050:
2037:
2027:
2001:
1957:
1909:
1905:ping chang xin shi dao
1880:
1867:
1810:ping chang xin shi dao
1761:
1739:
1705:is the cultivation of
1641:
1534:
1486:
1419:
1332:Other students of Mazu
1294:Pure Rules of Baizhang
1283:
1108:, through his teacher
1068:
1056:
991:Chinese school of Chán
501:Plum Village Tradition
461:East Mountain Teaching
423:The Awakening of Faith
319:Prostration (Buddhism)
138:Original enlightenment
4298:Buddhist Hermeneutics
4023:Poceski 2007, p. 172.
4014:Poceski 2007, p. 171.
3939:Poceski 2007, p. 137.
3896:Poceski 2007, p. 136.
3858:Poceski 2007, p. 212.
3840:Poceski 2007, p. 207.
3822:Poceski 2007, p. 203.
3705:Poceski 2007, p. 199.
2480:
2472:
2305:
2221:
2214:Bodhidharma Anthology
2191:doctrine in the late
2181:Wangjin huanyuan guan
2129:
2121:
2097:
2070:
2045:
2032:
2023:
1996:
1952:
1901:
1876:Laṅkāvatāra Scripture
1871:
1859:
1792:"This Mind is Buddha"
1756:
1734:
1637:
1529:
1484:
1413:
1321:Pai-chang ch'ing-kuei
1281:
1153:(Hui-neng, Jpn. Enō)
1062:
1054:
655:Dahui Zonggao (Tahui)
635:Linji Yixuan (Rinzai)
630:Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo)
615:Shitou Xiqian (Kisen)
516:Kwan Um School of Zen
399:Mahaparinirvana Sutra
369:Prajñaparamita sutras
363:Indian Mahayana texts
4456:: CS1 maint: year (
4386:McRae, John (2003),
4368:Jia, Jinhua (2012).
4359:Jia, Jinhua (2006).
4352:Zen Skin, Zen Marrow
4231:writtenchinese.com,
4207:writtenchinese.com,
4195:writtenchinese.com,
4183:writtenchinese.com,
4152:Poceski 2007, p. 10.
4044:Poceski 2007, p. 16.
2422:. It is part of the
1650:buddhist monasticism
1083:An Lu-shan Rebellion
268:Bodhisattva Precepts
4092:Poceski 2007, p. 9.
3315:, p. 1664-165.
3091:, p. 129, 160.
2402:Jingde chuandeng lu
2258:is only found in a
2139:ox-herding pictures
1542:Five Dynasties eras
1527:As Poceski writes,
1430:Growth to dominance
859:Dharma transmission
506:Order of Interbeing
486:Five Houses of Chán
230:Representation-only
181:Five ranks of Tozan
3967:10.1353/cri.0.0146
3882:, p. 79, 109.
3641:10.1353/cri.0.0146
3604:networks.h-net.org
3578:10.1353/cri.0.0146
3405:, p. 177-180.
3291:, p. 161-163.
3276:, p. 158-163.
3130:, p. 143-145.
2629:Printed references
2088:Awakening of Faith
1987:Platform Scripture
1854:Awakening of Faith
1837:Awakening of Faith
1487:
1473:” (kusan sŏnmun).
1420:
1284:
1069:
1057:
927:Pure Land Buddhism
864:Zen lineage charts
288:Walking meditation
4140:, pp. 28–29.
3475:, p. 69, 76.
2021:Mazu taught that
1917:Zhaozhou Congshen
1624:Vimalakirti sutra
1610:Laṅkāvatāra sutra
1386:, while Yanguan,
1249:
1248:
1197:Zhaozhou Congshen
1063:Youmin Temple in
1032:(the area around
1019:Zhaozhou Congshen
965:
964:
669:Zhongfeng Mingben
610:Mazu Daoyi (Baso)
546:White Plum Asanga
389:Vimalakirti Sutra
379:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
374:Lankavatara Sutra
203:Bodhisattva ideal
4504:
4470:
4461:
4455:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4328:
4319:
4301:
4282:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4250:. Archived from
4249:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4219:Paradise Bound,
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4069:
4068:, p. 18-21.
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:, p. 68-69.
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3360:
3359:, p. 67-68.
3354:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3277:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2908:, p. 63-65.
2903:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2881:, p. 52-54.
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:, p. 49-50.
2801:
2795:
2794:, p. 47-48.
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2746:, p. 31-32.
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2722:, p. 22-42.
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2670:
2667:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2519:
2440:Baizhang Huaihai
2197:Baizhang guanglu
2188:Baizhang guanglu
2143:Baizhang guanglu
2053:View on practice
1966:Nanyang Huizhong
1815:Avatamsaka sutra
1577:of the former."
1567:tathagata-garbha
1361:Emperor Xianzong
1322:
1312:
1311:Bǎizhàng qīngguī
1303:
1287:Baizhang Huaihai
1274:Baizhang Huaihai
1252:Students of Mazu
1187:Baizhang Huaihai
1138:
1030:Jiangxi province
1017:and his student
1007:Baizhang Huaihai
987:
978:
957:
950:
943:
768:Thiền in Vietnam
650:Yongming Yanshou
394:Avatamsaka Sutra
163:Sudden awakening
61:
51:
43:
39:
33:
26:
19:
18:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4449:
4448:
4398:
4344:
4317:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3982:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3656:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3537:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2708:Yampolski 2003a
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2494:
2382:
2346:
2287:
2279:Nanyue Huairang
2209:
2055:
2019:
2006:
1974:
1936:
1897:
1892:
1794:
1766:
1687:
1646:
1619:Mahayana sutras
1563:
1558:
1479:
1436:Northern school
1432:
1408:
1334:
1276:
1259:
1254:
1228:
1216:
1213:Guishan Lingyou
1208:
1200:
1190:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1159:Nanyue Huairang
1152:
1110:Nanyue Huairang
1099:
1075:
1073:History of Chan
1049:
969:Hongzhou school
961:
932:
931:
892:
891:Related schools
884:
883:
854:
846:
845:
811:Hakuun Yasutani
789:Thích Nhất Hạnh
574:
569:
561:
560:
556:Zen Peacemakers
481:Hongzhou school
456:
448:
447:
418:Śūraṅgama Sūtra
359:
349:
348:
344:Zen calligraphy
263:Bodhisattva vow
258:Six Perfections
248:
240:
239:
171:
129:
124:
116:
115:
69:
49:
41:
35:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4510:
4500:
4499:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4476:External links
4474:
4472:
4471:
4462:
4438:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4396:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4342:
4329:
4320:
4315:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4267:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:Web references
4169:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4116:, p. 179.
4114:Dumoulin 2005a
4106:
4104:, p. 192.
4094:
4085:
4070:
4058:
4056:, p. 141.
4046:
4037:
4035:, p. 239.
4025:
4016:
4007:
4005:, p. 236.
3995:
3980:
3961:(2): 170–184.
3941:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3774:, p. 126.
3764:
3752:
3740:
3731:
3716:
3707:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3654:
3635:(2): 170–184.
3615:
3591:
3572:(2): 170–184.
3552:
3550:, p. 183.
3548:Poceski (2007)
3535:
3533:, p. 185.
3531:Poceski (2007)
3520:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3419:
3417:, p. 182.
3415:Poceski (2007)
3407:
3403:Poceski (2007)
3390:
3388:, p. 170.
3386:Poceski (2007)
3378:
3376:, p. 169.
3374:Poceski (2007)
3361:
3346:
3344:, p. 167.
3342:Poceski (2007)
3334:
3332:, p. 165.
3330:Poceski (2007)
3317:
3313:Poceski (2007)
3305:
3303:, p. 164.
3301:Poceski (2007)
3293:
3289:Poceski (2007)
3278:
3274:Poceski (2007)
3261:
3259:, p. 162.
3257:Poceski (2007)
3249:
3247:, p. 159.
3245:Poceski (2007)
3234:
3230:Poceski (2007)
3222:
3220:, p. 104.
3210:
3201:
3199:, p. 133.
3197:Poceski (2007)
3189:
3187:, p. 132.
3185:Poceski (2007)
3177:
3168:
3166:, p. 148.
3164:Poceski (2007)
3156:
3154:, p. 147.
3152:Poceski (2007)
3144:
3142:, p. 144.
3140:Poceski (2007)
3132:
3128:Poceski (2007)
3120:
3118:, p. 142.
3116:Poceski (2007)
3105:
3103:, p. 130.
3101:Poceski (2007)
3093:
3089:Poceski (2007)
3081:
3079:, p. 128.
3077:Poceski (2007)
3069:
3057:
3055:, p. 112.
3053:Poceski (2007)
3045:
3043:, p. 114.
3041:Poceski (2007)
3033:
3031:, p. 113.
3029:Poceski (2007)
3021:
3009:
3007:, p. 108.
3005:Poceski (2007)
2994:
2992:, p. 111.
2990:Poceski (2007)
2982:
2980:, p. 110.
2978:Poceski (2007)
2970:
2968:, p. 102.
2966:Poceski (2007)
2958:
2954:Poceski (2007)
2946:
2942:Poceski (2007)
2934:
2930:Poceski (2007)
2922:
2918:Poceski (2007)
2910:
2906:Poceski (2007)
2895:
2891:Poceski (2007)
2883:
2879:Poceski (2007)
2871:
2867:Poceski (2007)
2859:
2855:Poceski (2007)
2844:
2840:Poceski (2010)
2832:
2830:, p. 170.
2828:Dumoulin 2005a
2820:
2816:Poceski (2007)
2808:
2804:Poceski (2007)
2796:
2792:Poceski (2007)
2784:
2780:Poceski (2007)
2772:
2768:Poceski (2007)
2760:
2756:Poceski (2007)
2748:
2744:Poceski (2007)
2736:
2724:
2720:Poceski (2007)
2712:
2700:
2696:Poceski (2007)
2688:
2671:
2657:
2653:Poceski (2007)
2645:
2641:Poceski (2007)
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2587:
2582:Guifeng Zongmi
2574:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2424:Ssu-chia yü lu
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2345:
2342:
2297:Guifeng Zongmi
2286:
2283:
2244:Guishan jingce
2208:
2205:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2132:spontaneously.
2103:Likewise, the
2054:
2051:
2018:
2015:
2005:
2002:
1992:Lidai fabao ji
1973:
1970:
1935:
1932:
1921:Nánquán Pǔyuàn
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1793:
1790:
1774:skillful means
1765:
1764:Skillful means
1762:
1732:) as follows:
1707:non-attachment
1686:
1683:
1658:Guishan jingce
1645:
1642:
1629:Prajñāpāramitā
1571:prajñaparamita
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1546:Guiyang school
1503:Guifeng Zongmi
1478:
1475:
1456:Guifeng Zongmi
1431:
1428:
1407:
1404:
1333:
1330:
1275:
1272:
1258:
1257:Xitang Zhizang
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:Guiyang school
1230:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1179:Nanquan Puyuan
1175:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1142:Six Patriarchs
1098:
1095:
1048:
1045:
1015:Nanquan Puyuan
1009:, his student
963:
962:
960:
959:
952:
945:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
879:Zen Narratives
876:
871:
866:
861:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
821:Shunryū Suzuki
818:
816:Taizan Maezumi
813:
808:
797:
796:
794:Thích Thiên-Ân
791:
786:
784:Thích Thanh Từ
781:
779:Trần Nhân Tông
776:
774:Trần Thái Tông
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
701:
700:
695:
690:
677:
676:
674:Hanshan Deqing
671:
662:Post-classical
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
433:Platform Sutra
430:
425:
420:
415:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
360:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
324:Buddhist chant
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
220:Zen and Sutras
211:
210:
205:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
100:
92:
84:
76:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
45:
44:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4509:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4397:9780520237988
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4372:. SUNY Press.
4371:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4343:0-8248-2623-X
4339:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4316:9780941532891
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4257:on 2012-06-22
4253:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4163:
4158:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4102:Chappell 1993
4098:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3993:, p. 73.
3992:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3870:, p. 62.
3869:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3762:, p. 79.
3761:
3756:
3750:, p. 73.
3749:
3744:
3735:
3729:, p. 74.
3728:
3723:
3721:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3691:, p. 76.
3690:
3685:
3679:, p. 74.
3678:
3673:
3667:, p. 73.
3666:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3518:, p. 69.
3517:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3499:, p. 78.
3498:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3463:, p. 69.
3462:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3232:, p. 93.
3231:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3067:, p. 67.
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2956:, p. 96.
2955:
2950:
2944:, p. 60.
2943:
2938:
2932:, p. 55.
2931:
2926:
2920:, p. 68.
2919:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2893:, p. 54.
2892:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2869:, p. 89.
2868:
2863:
2857:, p. 52.
2856:
2851:
2849:
2842:, p. 19.
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2818:, p. 50.
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2782:, p. 47.
2781:
2776:
2770:, p. 32.
2769:
2764:
2758:, p. 45.
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2734:, p. 82.
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2710:, p. 11.
2709:
2704:
2698:, p. 31.
2697:
2692:
2686:, p. 19.
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2655:, p. 15.
2654:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:Huangbo Xiyun
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:Mario Poceski
2395:According to
2393:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Buddha-nature
2315:
2314:non-dualistic
2309:
2304:
2302:
2301:Huayan school
2298:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:found in the
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:Fajie guanmen
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1895:Ordinary Mind
1887:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1679:Huangbo Xiyun
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Mount Huangbo
1492:
1491:Huangbo Xiyun
1485:Huangbo Xiyun
1483:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:Shitou Xiqian
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:Oxhead school
1437:
1427:
1425:
1424:Oxhead school
1417:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1205:Huangbo Xiyun
1203:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Huangbo Xiyun
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
986:Hóngzhōu Zōng
982:
974:
970:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
939:
938:
936:
935:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
850:
849:
844:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
769:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:Seon in Korea
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
683:
682:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
664:
663:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:Huineng (Enō)
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
573:
572:Chán in China
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Rinzai school
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:Oxhead school
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:Chinese texts
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
364:
358:
357:Zen scripture
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Dharma combat
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
244:
243:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
170:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
143:Buddha-nature
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:The "essence"
120:
119:
112:
109:
107:
106:
101:
99:
98:
93:
91:
90:
85:
83:
82:
77:
75:
72:
71:
68:Main articles
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
47:
46:
40:
38:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4497:Chan schools
4466:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4333:
4324:
4306:
4297:
4277:
4270:
4259:. Retrieved
4252:the original
4239:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4179:
4157:
4138:Kasulis 2003
4133:
4121:
4109:
4097:
4088:
4061:
4049:
4040:
4033:Gregory 2002
4028:
4019:
4010:
4003:Gregory 2002
3998:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3875:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3734:
3710:
3684:
3672:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3607:. Retrieved
3603:
3594:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3427:
3422:
3410:
3381:
3337:
3308:
3296:
3252:
3225:
3213:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2648:
2643:, p. 7.
2636:
2607:
2596:Linji Yixuan
2590:
2577:
2570:," "the way"
2565:
2558:
2544:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2503:Chinese Chán
2481:
2477:
2473:
2463:D. T. Suzuki
2460:
2455:
2452:
2448:Linji Yixuan
2431:
2428:Shike Goruku
2427:
2423:
2419:Lin-ji yü-lü
2417:
2414:Song dynasty
2411:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2386:Song dynasty
2383:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2330:
2311:
2306:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2264:
2256:Zuochan ming
2255:
2251:
2248:Zuochan ming
2247:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:Dazhu Huihai
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1924:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1726:Dazhu Huihai
1723:
1688:
1667:Layman P'ang
1657:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:Daoist works
1583:
1579:
1569:thought and
1564:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:Song dynasty
1518:Linji temple
1511:Linji school
1507:Linji Yìxuán
1488:
1460:
1448:
1433:
1421:
1388:Dazhu Huihai
1381:
1370:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1260:
1242:Linji school
1225:Linji Yixuan
1133:
1129:
1114:
1100:
1087:Tang dynasty
1076:
1041:Song dynasty
1038:
1025:
1023:
1003:Dazhu Huihai
984:
968:
966:
840:
806:D. T. Suzuki
799:
798:
767:
766:
740:
739:
730:Hakuin Ekaku
704:Zen in Japan
703:
702:
681:Contemporary
680:
679:
678:
661:
660:
659:
577:
576:
575:
571:
541:Sanbo Kyodan
536:Ōbaku school
491:Tibetan Chan
480:
405:
404:
403:
362:
361:
213:
212:
196:
195:
168:
167:
126:
104:
96:
88:
80:
50:Zen Buddhism
36:
2412:During the
2236:Vimalakīrti
1849:defilements
1820:non-duality
1652:, with its
1644:Monasticism
1621:, like the
1538:five houses
1513:, based in
1039:During the
995:Tang period
853:Institution
800:Western Zen
585:Bodhidharma
531:Sōtō school
521:Taego Order
511:Jogye Order
476:Heze school
384:Lotus Sutra
191:One Vehicle
103:Vietnamese
4261:2012-05-23
4162:Heine 2008
4126:Welter n.d
4081:McRae 2003
4066:McRae 2003
3991:Faure 1997
3880:Jia (2006)
3868:Jia (2006)
3772:Jia (2006)
3760:Jia (2006)
3748:Jia (2006)
3727:Jia (2006)
3689:Jia (2012)
3677:Jia (2012)
3665:Jia (2012)
3609:2024-07-03
3516:Jia (2012)
3497:Jia (2006)
3485:Jia (2006)
3473:Jia (2006)
3461:Jia (2006)
3357:Jia (2012)
3218:Jia (2006)
3065:Jia (2012)
3017:Wright n.d
2732:McRae 2003
2684:McRae 2003
2624:References
2436:Mazu Daoyi
2334:nondualism
2326:antinomian
2207:Meditation
1990:, and the
1842:Avatamsaka
1715:nonduality
1711:detachment
1586:Madhyamaka
1575:kataphasis
1561:Background
1316:Wade–Giles
1262:the Tang,
1199:(778--879)
1169:Mazu Daoyi
1121:Nanchang's
1102:Mazu Daoyi
1097:Mazu Daoyi
1071:See also:
999:Mazu Daoyi
762:Seongcheol
466:Sanjiejiao
455:Traditions
339:Zen poetry
309:Samu (Zen)
273:Shikantaza
214:Background
208:Buddhahood
197:The "goal"
3975:2996-8593
3649:2996-8593
3586:2996-8593
2564:道, dao, "
2485:Zutang ji
2285:Criticism
1982:Wuxin lun
1915:in which
1778:fang-bian
1730:wuzhu xin
1719:emptiness
1693:, Dazhu,
1662:Guishan's
1556:Teachings
1215:(771-853)
1189:(720-814)
1181:(748-835)
1171:(709-788)
1161:(677-744)
1151:(638-713)
1024:The name
831:Seungsahn
826:Hsuan Hua
747:Taego Bou
698:Sheng-yen
578:Classical
247:Practices
235:Emptiness
123:Teachings
87:Japanese
4491:Category
4452:citation
2594:Compare
2492:See also
2338:ontology
2291:subitism
2178:Fazang's
2171:Dushun's
2059:subitist
1863:suchness
1770:non-dual
1695:Baizhang
1671:Bai Juyi
1615:yogacara
1590:Yogacara
1392:Zhejiang
1357:Chang'an
1342:Mount Lu
1282:Baizhang
1264:Baizhang
1065:Nanchang
1034:Nanchang
1026:Hongzhou
989:) was a
836:Sokei-an
496:Trúc Lâm
79:Chinese
37:a series
4289:Sources
2616:fool.")
2613:Shenhui
2467:Hu Shih
2268:Tiantai
1978:no-mind
1832:zhenxin
1828:nirvana
1824:samsara
1703:Huangbo
1699:Nanquan
1675:Pei Xiu
1550:Guishan
1515:Hebei's
1499:Pei Xiu
1444:Baotang
1416:Borimsa
1396:Shaanxi
1377:Bo Juyi
1373:Luoyang
1366:Bo Juyi
1350:Jiangxi
1298:Chinese
1268:Nanquan
1227:(d.866)
1207:(d.850)
1149:Huineng
1125:Jiangxi
1117:Jiangxi
1106:Huineng
1091:Huineng
1047:History
993:of the
973:Chinese
917:Shingon
912:Tiantai
620:Huangbo
605:Shenhui
595:Shenxiu
590:Hongren
568:Persons
304:Hua Tou
283:Dhāraṇī
278:Sesshin
169:The way
133:No-mind
95:Korean
32:Part of
4394:
4340:
4313:
3973:
3647:
3584:
2600:Bankei
2561:, "is"
2275:dhyana
2167:Huayan
1961:Zongmi
1948:Huayan
1840:. The
1806:shi fo
1776:, Ch:
1701:, and
1654:Vinaya
1594:Huayan
1592:, the
1438:, the
1400:Shanxi
1318::
1308::
1306:pinyin
1300::
1081:, the
983::
981:pinyin
975::
922:Tendai
907:Huayan
902:Wéishí
897:Sānlùn
757:Daewon
725:Bankei
715:Bassui
693:Xu Yun
640:Zongmi
334:Kyōgai
314:Ōryōki
293:Nianfo
158:Satori
153:Kenshō
4255:(PDF)
4248:(PDF)
2533:chang
2509:Notes
2456:katsu
2426:(Jp.
2344:Texts
1884:atman
1752:wuxin
1463:Korea
1384:Hunan
1346:Li Bo
752:Jinul
735:Dōgen
720:Ikkyū
710:Eisai
688:Taixu
253:Zazen
105:Thiền
4458:link
4392:ISBN
4338:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4274:See
3971:ISSN
3645:ISSN
3582:ISSN
3432:p.70
2526:ping
2465:and
2446:and
2322:sila
2260:Ming
2193:Tang
1826:and
1800:是佛,
1713:and
1691:Mazu
1627:and
1467:Seon
1454:and
1398:and
1302:百丈清規
1266:and
1079:Mazu
967:The
299:Koan
295:Chan
97:Seon
81:Chan
3963:doi
3637:doi
3574:doi
2567:Tao
2559:shi
2557:是,
2546:xin
2531:常,
2524:平,
2498:Zen
2113:and
1926:Tao
1857:):
1822:of
1804:xin
1548:of
977:洪州宗
89:Zen
74:Zen
4493::
4454:}}
4450:{{
4209:平常
4145:^
4073:^
3983:^
3969:.
3959:15
3957:.
3953:.
3928:^
3887:^
3815:^
3719:^
3696:^
3657:^
3643:.
3633:15
3631:.
3627:.
3602:.
3580:.
3570:15
3568:.
3564:.
3538:^
3523:^
3504:^
3430:,
3393:^
3364:^
3349:^
3320:^
3281:^
3264:^
3237:^
3108:^
2997:^
2898:^
2847:^
2674:^
2660:^
2543:心
2442:,
2438:,
2430:,
2293:.
1802:ji
1697:,
1600:.
1588:,
1524:.
1379:.
1368:.
1314:;
1304:;
1093:.
1021:.
1013:,
1005:,
979:;
42:on
4460:)
4264:.
4233:道
4197:常
4185:平
4164:.
4128:.
4083:.
3977:.
3965::
3651:.
3639::
3612:.
3588:.
3576::
3019:.
2405:(
2363:;
2356:;
2250:(
2035:.
1928:)
1798:心
1750:(
1660:(
1418:.
1296:(
971:(
956:e
949:t
942:v
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