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3129:) or traditional Han clothing comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia until the end of the Ming dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, Hanfu clothing was mostly replaced by the Manchu style until the dynasty's fall in 1911, yet Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty. Manchu and Han fashions of women's clothing coexisted during the Qing dynasty. Moreover, neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests. During the Republic of China period, fashion styles and forms of traditional Qing costumes gradually changed, influenced by fashion sensibilities from the Western World resulting modern Han Chinese wearing Western style clothing as a part of everyday dress.
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boosted the development of pancreas transplantation… the
Spitzingsee meetings, participants had the idea to renew the urinary drainage technique of the exocrine secretion of the pancreatic graft with segmental graft and eventually with whole pancreaticoduodenal transplant. That was clinically achieved during the mid- and remained the mainstay technique during the next decade. In parallel, the Swedish group developed the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion. It was the onset of the whole pancreas reign. The enthusiasm for the technique was rather moderated in its early phase due to the rapid development of liver transplantation and the need for sharing vascular structures between both organs, liver and pancreas. During the modern era of immunosuppression, the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion became the gold standard… .
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now today modern
Southern China. These successive waves of Han migration to the south, subsequent intermarriage and cultural mixing between the northern Han migrants and the non-Han aborigines over the past two thousand years gave rise to modern Chinese demographics - a Han Chinese super-majority and minority non-Han Chinese indigenous peoples. According to Yang et. al (2020), northern Han populations have 36–41% southern East Asian-related ancestry whilst southern East Asian mainland populations have 21–55% northern East Asian-related ancestry. This admixture was already present since the Late Neolithic although in general, present-day southern East Asians cluster with coastal Neolithic southern East Asians (e.g. Qihe). Likewise, present-day northern East Asians cluster with coastal Neolithic northern East Asians (e.g. Bianbian).
4289:, who on their patrilines, bear a closer genetic resemblance to aboriginal peoples, but have Han matrilines. The Tanka are a group of boat-dwellers who speak a Sinitic language and who claim Han ancestry, but who have traditionally faced severe discrimination from the other southern Han subgroups. Unlike the Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan Han (whose dominant Y-chromosome haplotype is the Han patriline O2-M122), the Tanka have been shown instead to have a predominantly non-Han patriline similar to Daic peoples from Guizhou. However, matrilineally, the Tanka are closely clustered with the Hakka Han and Teochew Han, rather than with Austronesian or Austroasiatic populations, thus supporting an admixture hypothesis and validating, even if only partially, their own claims to Han ancestry.
1931:
3410:
3347:
2771:
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4426:(mtDNA) between modern Northern Han Chinese and 3000-year-old Hengbei samples reveal extreme similarity, confirming genetic continuity between ancient Hengbei inhabitants to present-day Northern Han Chinese. This shows that the core genetic structure of Northern Han Chinese was established more than three thousand years ago in the Central Plains Area. Additionally, these studies indicate that contemporary northern and southern Han Chinese populations exhibit an almost identical Y-DNA genetic structure, indicating a common paternal descent, corroborating the historical record of Han Chinese migration to the south and Chinese surname practices. However, a study of
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regular levels of recognition that they would have typically enjoyed had they only chosen to remain as mere commoners back in their ancestral regions. Yet even such a dynamic social phenomenon has greatly influenced Han society, leading to the homogenization of the Han populace. Additionally, it has played a crucial role in the formation of a socially cohesive and distinct shared Han culture as well as the overall growth and integration of Han society. This development has been facilitated by various extraneous factors, including periods of rapid urbanization and sprouts of geographically extensive yet interconnected commodity markets.
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1945:
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1206:
nobility of Han
Chinese ethnicity but retained a Bai Yue majority for several centuries. Yet others were forcibly brought into the Sinosphere by the imperial ambitions of emperors such as Qin Shi Huangdi and Han Wu Di, both of whom settled hundreds of thousands of Chinese in these lands to form agricultural colonies and military garrisons. Even then, control over these lands was tenuous, and Bai Yue cultural identity remained strong until sustained waves of Han Chinese emigration in the Jin, Tang and Song dynasties altered the demographic balance completely.
1777:
752:
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1959:
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lands south of the
Yangtze and on the southeastern coast, leading to the earnest settlement by Chinese of lands hitherto regarded as part of the empire's sparsely populated frontier or periphery. Guangdong and Fujian, hitherto regarded as backwater regions populated by the descendants of garrison soldiers, exiles and refugees, became new centers and representatives of Han Chinese culture under the influence of the new Han migrants. The term is used in everyday colloquial discourse and is also an element in one of the words for
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for such esteemed roles of great influence and responsibility, extending beyond their prevailing entrance as a gateway into the imperial bureaucracy. Han literature itself has a rich tradition dating back thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming dynasty which were employed as a source of cultural pleasure to entertain the masses of literate
Chinese. Some of the most important Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era were
1424:
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1215:
another two hundred thousand men were ordered to build ships to attack and colonialize the
Lingnan region, thus adding to the population in Guangdong and Guangxi. The first urban cornubations in the region, for example, Panyu, were created by Han settlers rather than the Bai Yue, who preferred to maintain small settlements subsisting on swidden agriculture and rice farming. Later on, Guangdong, Northern Vietnam, and Yunnan all experienced a surge in Han Chinese migrants during
3333:
1699:
4312:
1367:, a further wave of Han migrants from northern China headed the south. At the start of the rebellion in 755 there were 52.9 million registered inhabitants of the Tang Empire, and after its end in 764, only 16.9 million were recorded. It is likely that the difference in census figures was due to the complete breakdown in administrative capabilities, as well as the widespread escape from the north by the Han Chinese and their mass migration to the south.
3222:
lineage branches of all surname groups will maintain a hall containing the memorial tablets (also known as spirit tablets) of deceased family members in clan halls. Extended family groupings have been very important to the Han
Chinese, and there are strict conventions as how one may refer to aunts, uncles, and cousins and the spouses of the same, depending on their birth order as well as whether these blood relatives share the same surname.
1342:, also led to the resettlement of Fujian. The province of Fujian - whose aboriginal inhabitants had been deported to the Central Plains by Han Wu Di, was now repopulated by Han Chinese settlers and colonists from the Chinese heartland. The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from the Central Plains to Fujian - these were the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin clans, who remain there until this very day.
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3569:, both historically and in the modern era. They have also played a pivotal role in being at the forefront of shaping the evolutionary trajectory of Chinese civilization and significantly influenced the advancement of East Asian civilization in concurrence with the broader region of East Asia as a whole. The invention of paper, printing, the compass and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese society as the
1690:
1267:. These events caused widespread devastation, and even depopulated the north, resulting in the complete social and political breakdown and collapse of central authority in the Central Plains, triggering massive, sustained waves of Han Chinese migration into South China, leading to the formation of distinct Han lineages, who also likely assimilated the by-now partially sinicized Bai Yue in their midst.
3037:, written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely understood by speakers of all varieties and has taken up the dominant position among written forms, formerly occupied by literary Chinese. Thus, although residents of different regions would not necessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language, Standard Written Chinese and Literary Chinese.
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60:
2278:), setting the precedent for the next two millennia. To consolidate administrative control over the newly conquered parts of the country, the First Emperor decreed a nationwide standardization of currency, writing scripts and measurement units, to unify the country economically and culturally. He also ordered large-scale infrastructure projects such as the
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Hmong-Mien speakers whilst northwestern Han have more West
Eurasian ancestral components. Northeastern Han like Liaoning Han have more Yellow River Basin and ancient Northeast Asian ancestry than south Chinese and are genetically similar to Tungusic Manchu. There is also evidence of minor West Eurasian ancestry, dating 4,500–1,200/1,300 years ago.
2197:. Through conquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization and this culture extended south. However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented not long afterwards, and many autonomous vassal states emerged. This dynasty is traditionally divided into two eras – the Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE) and the
2585:, which eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was sinicized during this period via large-scale migration accompanied by assimilation, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. In 1681, the
3607:(1031–1095) of the Song dynasty theorized that the sun and moon were spherical and wrote of planetary motions such as retrogradation as well as postulating theories for the processes of geological land formation. Medieval Han Chinese astronomers were also among the first peoples to record observations of a cosmic
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Patrilineal DNA indicates the northern Han
Chinese were the primary contributors to the paternal gene pool of modern southern Han Chinese. The data also indicates that the contribution of southern non-Han aboriginals to the southern Han Chinese genetics is limited. In short, male Han Chinese were the
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Zhou et. al (2022) states that Han subgroups still differ in their ancestral components despite shared ancestry, reflective of their demographic history. For example, southern Han show evidence of being admixed with Tai-Kadai and
Austronesian ancestry populations. Southwestern Han are more related to
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in Imperial China. Such comprehensive examinations were not only employed as the prevailing universal standards to evaluate a candidate's ethical behavior and virtuous conduct, but were also deployed as a measure of academic aptitude that determined a candidate's caliber, credibility, and eligibility
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With a rich historical literary heritage spanning over three thousand years, the Han Chinese have continued to push the boundaries that have circumscribed the standards of literary excellence by showcasing an unwaveringly exceptional caliber and extensive wealth of literary accomplishments throughout
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The total overseas Chinese population worldwide number some 60 million people. Overseas Han Chinese have settled in numerous countries across the globe, particularly within the Western World where nearly 4 million people of Han Chinese descent live in the United States (about 1.5% of the population),
1612:
Clashes and tensions between the two groups over land, water, ethno-racial, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities and over time, varying degrees of intermarriage and assimilation took place. In Taiwan, Han Chinese (including both the earlier Han Taiwanese settlers and the
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A study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han sub-populations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han sub-populations in different regions are also genetically quite close to the local ethnic non-Han minorities, meaning that in many cases, the blood of ethnic
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MtDNA of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China, which suggests that the influx of male Han Chinese migrants intermarried with the local female non-Han aborigines after arriving in what is now modern-day Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and other regions of
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Drawing upon their extensive literary heritage rooted in a historical legacy spanning over three thousand years, the Han Chinese have continued to demonstrate a uniformly high level of literary achievement throughout the modern era as the reputation of contemporary Chinese literature continues to be
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have revealed their main staple to be rice (more likely to consumed by Southerners) as well as noodles and other wheat-based food items (which are more likely to be eaten by Northerners). During China's Neolithic period, southwestern rice growers transitioned to millet from the northwest, when they
1302:
peoples, all claim Han Chinese ancestry pointing to official histories and their own genealogical records to support such claims. Linguists hypothesize that the Wu and Min varieties of Chinese originate from the way Chinese was spoken during the Jin, while the Yue and Hakka from the way Chinese was
1243:
The genesis of the modern Han people and their subgroups cannot be understood apart from their historical migrations to the south, resulting in a depopulation of the Central Plains, a fission between those that remained and those that headed south, and their subsequent fusion with aboriginal tribes
1214:
The first emperor Qin Shih Huang Di is said to have sent several hundred thousand men and fifteen thousand women to form agricultural and military settlements in Lingnan (present day Guangxi and Guangdong), under the leadership of a general named Zhao Tuo. The famous Han emperor, Han Wu Di, ordered
1205:
There were several periods of mass migration of Han people to Southeastern and Southern China throughout history. Initially, the sparsely populated regions of south China were inhabited by tribes known only as the Bai Yue or Hundred Yue. Many of these tribes developed into kingdoms under rulers and
11070:
The first attempt to cure type 1 diabetes by pancreas transplantation was done at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, on December 17, 1966… opened the door to a period, between the mid- to mid- where only segmental pancreatic grafts were used... In the late – early , three major events…
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that exists for its corresponding maternal ancestry. These genetic findings are in concord with historical records confirming the continuous and large migratory waves of northern Han Chinese inhabitants escaping dynastic changes, geopolitical upheavals, instability, warfare and famine into what is
4191:
and Buddhist influences in Chinese folk religion, such as the cult of Guanyin, who is treated as a Bodhisattva, immortal, goddess or exemplar of Confucian virtue, depending on the tradition. The four largest schools of Han Buddhism (Chan, Jingtu, Tiantai and Huayan) were all developed in China and
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that they brought and garnered to their families, social circles, and the localities that they hailed from. This elevation in their social standing, respectability, and pedigree was greatly augmented both within their own family circles, as well as among their neighbors and peers compared with the
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The Han Chinese also share a distinct set of cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs that have evolved over centuries. Traditional Han customs, art, dietary habits, literature, religious beliefs, and value systems have not only deeply influenced Han culture itself, but also the cultures of its
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Han Chinese rule resumed during the Sui and Tang dynasties, led by the Han Chinese families of the Yang (杨) and Li (李) surnames respectively. Both the Sui and Tang dynasties are seen as high points of Han Chinese civilization. These dynasties both emphasized their aristocratic Han Chinese pedigree
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and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center and speeding up sinicization of the far south. At the same time, most of the nomads in northern China came to be sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populations and adopted elements of their culture and administration. Of note, the Xianbei
1197:
Han Chinese can be divided into various subgroups based on the variety of Chinese that they speak. Waves of migration have occurred throughout China's long history and vast geographical expanse, engendering the emergence of Han Chinese subgroups found throughout the various regions of modern China
1126:
and high point in Chinese civilization. The self-identification as Tang Ren is popular in south China, because it was at this time that massive waves of migration and settlement led to a shift in the center of gravity of the Chinese nation away from the tumult of the Central Plains to the peaceful
737:
The lands of southern China were acquired through conquest and colonization during the Qin and Han dynasty. Han Chinese people and culture then spread south from the northern heartland in the Yellow River valley, driven by large and sustained waves of migration during successive periods of Chinese
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displaying slight but discernible physical and physiological differences. Although genetically similar, Han Chinese subgroups exhibit a north-south stratification in their genetics, with centrally placed populations acting as conduits for outlying ones. Although a genetic north-south cline can be
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Ancestral halls and academies, as well as tombs were of great import to the Chinese. Ancestral halls were used for the veneration or commemoration of ancestors and other large family events. Family members preferred to be buried near one another. Academies were also set up to benefit those of the
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Ancestry and lineage are an important part of Han Chinese cultural practice and self-identity, and there have been strict naming conventions since the time of the Song dynasty that have been preserved until this day. Elaborate and detailed genealogies and family registers are maintained, and most
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area. The Manchus designated Jilin and Heilongjiang as the Manchu homeland, to which the Manchus could hypothetically escape and regroup if the Qing dynasty fell. Because of increasing Russian territorial encroachment and annexation of neighboring territory, the Qing later reversed its policy and
4153:
Confucianism, although sometimes described as a religion, is another indigenous governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship. It continues to be deeply ingrained in modern Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in ancient China during the
3622:
have exerted enormous influence on its East Asian neighbors in the areas of business and economy, culture and society, governance, and science and technology. In modern times, the Han Chinese form the largest ethnic group in China, while an overseas Han Chinese diaspora numbering in the tens of
2706:
has been gaining mainstream popularity throughout China since the 2000s, attributed to discontent toward these ethnic policies instituted by the Chinese government. The contemporary dissatisfaction and discord between the dominant Han Chinese mainstream and its non-Han minorities has led to the
1534:
is "the country with the biggest proportion of Han Chinese" in Southeast Asia. Singapore is the only nation in the world where Overseas Chinese constitute a majority of the population and remain the country's cultural, economic and politically dominant arbiters vis-à-vis their non-Han minority
12855:
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (1
3827:
made from a permeable plastic sack that would effectively carry hemoglobin around the human circulatory system. Chang is also noteworthy for his development of charcoal-filled cells to treat drug poisoning in addition to the discovery of enzymes carried by artificial cells as a medical tool to
3788:
methylation in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. Chuan is also noteworthy for having invented TAB-seq, a biochemical method that can map 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at base-resolution genome-wide, as well as hmC-Seal, a method that covalently labels 5hmC for its detection and
1247:
At various points in Chinese history, collapses of central authority in the face of barbarian uprisings or invasions and the loss of control of the Chinese heartland triggered mass migratory waves which transformed the demographic composition and cultural identity of the south. This process of
1325:
triggered the first massive movement of Han Chinese dominated by civilians rather than soldiers to the south, being led principally by the aristocracy and the Jin elite. Thus, Jiangnan, comprising Hangzhou's coastal regions and the Yangtze valley were settled in the 4th century AD by families
4044:
has always maintained a profound influence within the confines of Chinese civilization both historically and in the modern era. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion and neither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and
4008:
9446:
The government of imperial China still seems in many ways curiously modern and familiar. Bureaucratically organized, and dominated by a graded civil service led by men selected through competitive examinations, it was both a model for a precursor of the complex administrations of our modern
11660:
Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; Mao, Xianyun; Zhang, Liang; Qian, Ji; Tan, Jingze; Jin, Jianzhong; Huang, Wei; Deka, Ranjan; Su, Bing; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture".
2912:
who did not enter the imperial bureaucracy or who left it opting out to pursue other careers experienced significant improvements with respect to their credibility, pedigree, respectability, social status, and societal influence, resulting in a considerable amelioration with regards to the
1403:
caused yet another wave of mass migration of the Han Chinese from Northern China to Southern China, leading to a further increase in the Han Chinese population across southern Chinese provinces. The formation of the Hainanese and Hakka people can be attributed to the chaos of this period.
3626:
In the contemporary era, Han Chinese have continued to contribute to the development and growth of modern science and technology. Among such prominently illustrious names that have been honored, recognized, remembered, and respected for their historical groundbreaking achievements include
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has been regarded as the "father of modern differential geometry" and has also been recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th-century. Chern was awarded the 1984 Wolf Prize in mathematics in recognition for his fundamental contributions to the development and growth of
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Variation notwithstanding, Han Chinese subgroups are genetically closer to each other than they each are to their Korean and Yamato neighbors, to whom they are also genetically close in general. The close genetic relationship between the Han across the entirety of China has led to their
9707:
Men's clothing in the Qing Dyansty consisted for the most part of long silk gowns and the so-called "Mandarin" jacket, which perhaps achieved their greatest popularity during the latter Kangxi Period to the Yongzheng Period. For women's clothing, Manchu and Han systems of clothing
2332:
The reign of the first imperial dynasty was short-lived. Due to the First Emperor's autocratic rule and his massive labor projects, which fomented rebellion among his population, the Qin dynasty fell into chaos soon after his death. Under the corrupt rule of his son and successor
1454:(PRC), where they constitute about 90% of its overall population. Han Chinese in China have been a culturally, economically and politically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities throughout most of China's recorded history. Han Chinese are almost the majority in every
2433:. From this period, the native population of China proper was referred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han" to distinguish them from the nomads from the steppe. Warfare and invasion led to one of the first great migrations of Han populations in history, as they fled south to the
1592:
There are over 22 million people of Han Chinese ancestry in living in Taiwan. At first, these migrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north or south of Taiwan.
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was not quite compatible with traditional Chinese cultural values, especially with the Confucian sociopolitical elite, as certain Buddhist values conflicted with Chinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of mutual tolerance, assimilation, adaptation, and syncretism,
3122:
Han Chinese clothing has been shaped through its dynastic traditions as well as foreign influences. Han Chinese clothing showcases the traditional fashion sensibilities of Chinese clothing traditions and forms one of the major cultural facets of Chinese civilization. Hanfu
1370:
By now, the Han Chinese population in the south far outstripped that of the Bai Yue. Guangdong and Fujian both experienced a significant influx of Northern Han Chinese settlers, leading many Cantonese, Hokkien and Teochew individuals to identify themselves as "Tang people"
895:. As a unified and cohesive empire that succeeded the short-lived Qin dynasty, Han China established itself as the center of the East Asian geopolitical order at the time, projecting its power and influence unto Asian neighbors. It was comparable with the contemporary
4414:
The Hengbei archaeological site in Jiang County, southern Shanxi was part of the suburbs of the capital during the Zhou dynasty. Genetic material from human remains in Hengbei have been used to examine the genetic continuity between ancient and modern Han Chinese.
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alongside historical writings, philosophical works, treatises, poetry, drama, and fiction have been revered and immortalized as timeless cultural masterpieces within the vast expanse of Chinese literature. Historically, ambitious individuals who aspired to seek top
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that became sinicised over the centuries. In fact, Ning et. al (2020) found that Yellow River populations, dating 7500-1000 BP, showed a monotonic increase in their genetic affinities with present-day South Chinese and Southeast Asians, compared to neighboring
3206:. Across large double doors was a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms: a central room where the four tablets – heaven, earth, ancestor and teacher – were worshipped and two rooms attached to the left and right, which were
719:. Han Chinese form large diaspora populations throughout Southeast Asia, comprising large minorities in countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. In Singapore, people of Han Chinese descent make up around 75 percent of the country's population.
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Karafet, Tatiana; Hagberg, L; Hanson, L. A.; Korhonen, T; Leffler, H; Olling, S (1981). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders".
9032:
5292:
The name "Han" was derived from the Han River, an upper tributary of the Yangtze River. It was further strengthened by the famous Han Empire (206 BC–220 AD) which lasted for several hundred years when the people began active interactions with the outside
775:. The Warring States period led to the emergence of the Zhou-era Chinese referring to themselves as being Huaxia (literally, "the beautiful grandeur"), which was distinctively used to adumbrate a "civilized" culture in contrast to peoples perceived as "
3779:
is well known for his pioneering research in glycoscience research and developing the first enzymatic method for the large-scale synthesis of oligosaccharides and the first programmable automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. The chemical biologist
4360:
The Y-chromosome haplogroup distribution between southern Han Chinese and northern Han Chinese populations and principal core component analysis indicates that almost all modern Han Chinese populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome:
2476:. This was especially true in the latter part of the Tang era and the Five Dynasties period that followed; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractive destination for refugees fleeing continual warfare and turmoil in the north.
1415:. These mass migrations over the centuries inevitably led to the demographic expansion, economic prosperity, agricultural advancements, and cultural flourishing of Southern China, which remained relatively peaceful unlike its northern counterpart.
3742:
was well-noted for his research that unlocked the key to prolonging freshness in fruits and flowers and "for his remarkable contributions to the understanding of the mechanism of biosynthesis, mode of action and applications of the plant hormone,
12833:
742:
over the centuries at various points in Chinese history. By the time of the Tang and Song dynasties, Han Chinese were the main inhabitants of the fertile lowland areas and cities of southern China, with minority tribes occupying the highlands.
1303:
spoken in the Tang and Song, about half-a-millenia later. The presence of Tai-Kradai substrates in these dialects may have been due to the assimilation of the remaining groups of Bai Yue, integrating these lands into the Sinosphere proper.
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Biological research findings have also demonstrated that the paternal lineages Y-DNA O-M119, O-P201, O-P203 and O-M95 are found in commonly Southern non-Han minorities, less commonly in southern Han, and even less frequently in northern Han
4402:
southern China. In these populations, the contribution to mtDNA from Han Chinese and indigenous tribes is evenly matched, representing a substantial mtDNA contribution from non-Han groups, collectively known as the Bai Yue or Hundred Yue.
1717:
The prehistory of the Han Chinese is closely intertwined with both archaeology, biology, historical textual records, and mythology. The ethnic stock to which the Han Chinese originally trace their ancestry from were confederations of late
9557:
2413:(266-420 BC), although protracted struggles within the ruling house of Sima (司馬) sparked off a protracted period of fragmentation, rebellion by immigrant tribes that served as slaves and indentured servants, and extended non-native rule.
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During the Zhou dynasty, or earlier, peoples with haplogroup Q-M120 also contributed to the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese people. This haplogroup is implied to be spread across in the Eurasian steppe and north Asia since it is found among
4708:
2341:
and succeeded in establishing a much longer-lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by the Qin dynasty, but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han dynasty, art and culture flourished, while the Han Empire
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primary drivers of Han Chinese expansion in successive migratory waves from the north into what is now modern southern China as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern to southern Han.
2408:
The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfare among rival kingdoms. There was a brief period of prosperity under the native Han Chinese dynasty known as the
2659:
in the early 1900s. In Sun's revolutionary philosophical view, Han identity is exclusively possessed by the so-called civilized Hua Xia people who originated from the Central Plains, and were also the former subjects of the
9396:
11911:
Luo, Xiao-Qin; Du, Pan-Xin; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Zhou, Bo-Yan; Li, Yu-Chun; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wei, Lan-Hai; Liu, Jun-Jian; Sun, Chang; Meng, Hai-Liang; Tan, Jing-Ze; Su, Wen-Jing; Wen, Shao-Qing; Li, Hui (6 August 2020).
3811:, which became known for its efficacy against lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer. Soon-Shiong is also well known for performing the first whole-pancreas transplant and he developed and first performed the experimental
1613:
recent mainland Chinese that arrived in Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek in 1949) constitute over 95% of the population. They have also been a politically, culturally and economically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han
4406:
minorities had mixed into Han genetic substrate through varying degrees of intermarriage, while at the same time, the blood of the Han had also mixed into the genetic substrates of the local ethnic non-Han minorities.
3796:, who was one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. In recognition of his medical contributions, Ho was named
1219:'s reign. The demographic composition and culture of these regions during this period, could however scarcely be said to have been Sinitic outside the confines of these agricultural settlements and military outposts.
1330:
of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive number of Han Chinese immigrating during this period which included notable families such as the Wang and the Xie. A religious group known as the
4365:
Haplogroups prevalent in non-Han southern natives such as O1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in non-Han southern natives, were observed in 4% of southern Han Chinese and not at all in the northern
2286:
and the Qin road system to militarily fortify the frontiers. In effect, he established a centralized bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal confederation system of preceding dynasties, making Qin the first
7773:
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based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developing for several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other varieties of Chinese exist, such as
4805:
4173:
ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end of the dynasty, Buddhism entered China, later gaining popularity. Historically, Buddhism alternated between periods of state tolerance (and even patronage) and
1759:
were assimilated and absorbed by the Han Chinese at various points in China's history. Like many modern ethnic groups, the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese was a lengthy process that involved the expansion of the
1581:
3395:
could not find a suitable northwestern ecology – which was typically dry and cold – to sustain the generous yields of their staple as well as it did in other areas, such as along the eastern Chinese coast.
1201:
The expansion of the Han people outside their traditional homeland in the Yellow River is an important part of their historical consciousness and ethnogenesis, and accounts for their present-day diversity.
2872:, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Credited with shaping much of Chinese philosophical thought, Confucianism was the official state philosophical doctrine throughout most of
1658:, with periods during which it has seen cycles of expansion, contraction, unity, and fragmentation. Due to the overwhelming numerical and cultural dominance of Han culture in China, most of the written
4235:
4114:, is also widely practiced by the Han in both its folk forms and as an organized religion with its traditions having been a source of vestigial perennial influence on Chinese art, poetry, philosophy,
1750:
10099:
7865:
9541:
3565:
The Han Chinese have made significant contributions to various fields in the advancement and progress of human civilization, including business and economy, culture and society, governance, and
7899:
3702:
was a noted mathematician recognized for his contributions to number theory, where he demonstrated that any sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers or a
4704:
2012:(c. 2852–2070 BCE), who, allegedly, were elected to power among the tribes. This is a period for which scant reliable archaeological evidence exists – these sovereigns are largely regarded as
4242:
as a religion in the Chinese language instead of the name for any ethnic group, and that Han Chinese Muslims should not be considered as a separate ethnic group apart from other Han Chinese.
899:
in population size, geographical extent, and cultural reach. The Han dynasty's prestige and prominence led many of the ancient Huaxia to identify themselves as 'Han people'. Similarly, the
4730:
4649:"Population structure of Han Chinese in the modern Taiwanese population based on 10,000 participants in the Taiwan Biobank project | Human Molecular Genetics | Oxford Academic"
10965:
6184:
Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; Mao, Xianyun; et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture".
2461:
and enforced the restoration of Central Plains culture, even the founders of both dynasties had already intermarried with non-Han or partly-Han women from the Dugu and Yuwen families.
9491:"The Relationship Between Filial Piety and the Academic Achievement and Subjective Wellbeing of Chinese Early Adolescents: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Educational Expectations"
4887:
3792:
Other prominent Han Chinese who have made notable contributions the development and growth of modern science and technology include the medical researcher, physician, and virologist
2464:
The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties saw continuing emigration from the Central Plains to the south-eastern coast of what is now China proper, including the provinces of
10484:
1244:
south of the Yangtze, even as the centres of Han Chinese culture and wealth moved from the Yellow River Basin to Jiangnan, and to a lesser extent also, to Fujian and Guangdong.
2593:
to prevent Han Chinese migration to the three northeastern provinces, which nevertheless had harbored a significant Chinese population for centuries, especially in the southern
11715:
Gan, Rui-Jing; Pan, Shang-Ling; Mustavich, Laura F.; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Cai, Xiao-Yun; Qian, Ji; Liu, Cheng-Wu; Peng, Jun-Hua; Li, Shi-Lin; Xu, Jie-Shun; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2008).
8341:
Gan, Rui-Jing; Pan, Shang-Ling; Mustavich, Laura F.; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Cai, Xiao-Yun; Qian, Ji; Liu, Cheng-Wu; Peng, Jun-Hua; Li, Shi-Lin; Xu, Jie-Shun; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2008).
8981:
7575:
7535:
7475:
14330:
11288:
3210:
for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while the west wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a
1255:
during the Jin dynasty (304-316 AD) in which China was completely overrun by minority groups previously serving as vassals and servants to Sima (the royal house of Jin), the
7959:
3577:(683-727), a polymathic Buddhist monk, mathematician, and mechanical engineer of the Tang dynasty is acknowledged for applying the earliest-known escapement mechanism to a
7270:
2865:
4943:
1535:
counterparts. Up until the past few decades, overseas Han communities originated predominantly from areas in Eastern and Southeastern China (mainly from the provinces of
11344:
10310:
8911:
8832:
1248:
sustained mass migration has been known as "garments and headdresses moving south" 衣冠南渡 (yì guān nán dù), on account of it first being led by the aristocratic classes.
7769:
10344:
4794:
12217:
10875:
Song CX, Szulwach KE, Fu Y, Dai Q, Yi C, Li X, Li Y, Chen CH, Zhang W, Jian X, Wang J, Zhang L, Looney TJ, Zhang B, Godley LA, Hicks LM, Lahn BT, Jin P, He C (2011).
5071:
4450:. Although the genetic relationship is close, the various Han Chinese subgroups are genetically closer to each other than to their Korean and Yamato counterparts.
3346:
4150:. Taoism was the state religion during the Han and Tang eras where it also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperors and successive ruling dynasties.
3513:
internationally recognized. Erudite literary scholars who are well-versed in Chinese literature continue to remain highly esteemed in contemporary Chinese society.
2892:
ceremonies that imitated the Confucian standards of the Emperors. Educational achievement and academic success gained through years of arduous study and mastery of
2046:, managed to not only install himself as the next ruler, but also dictated his sons as heirs by default, making the Xia dynasty the first in recorded history where
1996:
Early ancient Chinese history is largely legendary, consisting of mythical tales intertwined with sporadic annals written centuries to millennia later. Sima Qian's
4187:
gained an respectable place in the culture. Chinese Buddhism was also influenced by Confucianism and Taoism and exerted influence in turn – such as in the form of
2741:
associations, which often identify famous figures from Chinese history or myth as ancestors of current members. Such patriarchs include the Yellow Emperor and the
10377:
10698:
4678:
3044:
were adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore and Malaysia, while Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and overseas countries continue to use
7929:
8976:
5150:
4393:. But it is currently near-absent in these regions except for East Asia. In modern China, haplogroup Q-M120 can be found in the northern and eastern regions.
4049:, where multiple religions or belief systems are often practiced in conjunction with local customs and traditions. Han culture has for long been influenced by
7385:
7228:
1930:
1512:, respectively. The Han Chinese in Hong Kong and Macau have been culturally, economically and politically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities.
15472:
14105:
13914:
2733:, whose culture dates back thousands of years. Overseas Han Chinese maintain cultural affinities to Chinese territories outside of their host locale through
11255:
8946:
8714:
7075:
4292:
Han Chinese in Fujian and Guangdong also show excessive ancestries from Late Neolithic Fujianese sources (35.0–40.3%), which are more significant in modern
11962:
He, Guanglin (16 November 2021). "The genomic formation of the Tanka people, an isolated "gypsies in the water" in the coastal region of southeast China".
10089:
10637:
7714:
13429:
13318:
12612:
11594:
Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (4 May 2015). Hofreiter, Michael (ed.).
11192:
8422:
7869:
11318:
5714:
5305:
Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Lai, David (September 1995). "War And Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis".
4605:
3485:. The most esteemed and noteworthy novels of great literary significance in Chinese literature, otherwise known as the Four Great Classical Novels are:
3242:
5756:
5235:
9055:
7891:
4738:
3899:" for pioneering the application of quantitative and analytical engineering principles to the study of the human body and disease. China's system of "
14004:
10130:
6548:
3468:
of distinguished authority, importance, and power were mandated to demonstrate their proficiency in the Confucian classics assessed through rigorous
2139:– on realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser and deserved to inherit the throne – fled to Wu and settled there. Three generations later,
11536:
Chen, Jieming; Zheng, Houfeng; Bei, Jin-Xin; Sun, Liangdan; Jia, Wei-hua; Li, Tao; Zhang, Furen; Seielstad, Mark; Zeng, Yi-Xin; et al. (2009).
3188:
Han Chinese houses differ from place to place. In Beijing, the whole family traditionally lived together in a large rectangle-shaped house called a
2954:
Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language that are descended from a common early language; one of the names of the language groups is
14308:
14009:
10668:
4434:
showed similarity with modern northern Han Chinese, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese - indicating admixture on the matriline.
5601:
3270:
2900:
while also providing the primary qualifying basis criterion for entry among ambitious individuals who sought to hold high ranking and influential
14153:
13165:
11159:
10443:
4085:
2813:
2546:. During this period, China referred to the Ming Empire and to the Han people living in them, and non-Han communities were separated from China.
722:
The Han Chinese have exerted the primary formative influence in shaping the development and growth of Chinese civilization. Originating from the
11002:
10607:
5125:
2997:
as their native tongue. However, there was a larger variety of languages in certain areas of Southeast China, "in an arc extending roughly from
14044:
11392:
11222:
6822:
Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song
6364:
Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song
6312:
Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song
2358:
of Chinese history, with the modern Han Chinese people taking their ethnic name from this dynasty and the Chinese script being referred to as "
4265:
The internal genetic structure of the Han Chinese is consistent with the vast geographical expanse of China and the recorded history of large
4084:
or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region and do not characterize an organized religion, though many
14072:
11427:
10957:
4834:
4324:
The estimated contribution of northern Han to the southern Han is substantial in the paternal ancestral lineages in addition to a geographic
3841:
7983:
3256:
14252:
7747:
7501:
4910:
4883:
2779:
2627:
2502:
2401:
12290:"A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages"
2614:
famously proclaimed that "China is the China of the Chinese. We compatriots should identify ourselves with the China of the Han Chinese".
1411:
during the thirteenth century once again caused a surging influx of Northern Han Chinese refugees to move south to settle and develop the
13518:
12011:
9941:
8795:
8208:
7354:
7312:
7001:
6959:
6875:
6797:
6719:
6678:
6525:
6417:
6255:
3725:
and radically altered modern physical theory and changed the conventionally accepted view of the structure of the universe. The geometer
2686:("China" or "Mainland China") founded in 1949 was critical of Han chauvinism. In the latter half of the 20th century, official policy of
1765:
1756:
739:
10467:
10404:
9770:
9737:
7163:
7121:
7043:
6917:
6836:
6758:
6456:
6378:
3907:
conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasizing
1944:
13417:
9694:
5562:
5041:
3132:
Han Chinese clothing has continued to play an influential role within the realm of traditional East Asian fashion as both the Japanese
830:). The two respective aforementioned terms are applied solely to those with a Han ethnic background that is semantically distinct from
12559:
Du, R; Xiao, C; Cavalli-Sforza, LL (1997). "Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene frequencies of 38 loci".
11085:
10924:
10581:
8684:
8156:
Cioffi-Revilla, C.; Lai, D. (1995). "War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. To 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis".
7822:
Suryadinata, Leo (2017). "Blurring the Distinction between huaqiao and huaren: China's Changing Policy towards the Chinese Overseas".
11366:
9582:
8443:
Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019).
7409:
4860:
4656:
2080:
11278:
8971:
7800:
7563:
7527:
7463:
3304:
14275:
13859:
2244:
The chaotic Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty came to an end with the unification of China by the western state of
10358:
Chen, J. R. (1973). "On the representation of a larger even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes".
8822:"Thinking About the 'Ming China' Anew: The Ethnocultural Space In A Diverse Empire-With Special Reference to the 'Miao Territory'"
4219:, after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers and engaged in widespread proselytizing.
4032:, as well as other various traditional homegrown Chinese philosophies, have influenced not only Han Chinese culture, but also the
3318:
1788:
and Han dynasties, Han Chinese writers established genealogical lineages by drawing from legendary materials originating from the
7951:
7639:
4274:
demonstrated, many studies simply conveniently categorize the Han Chinese into two subgroups: northern and southern Han Chinese
3932:
2354:) of Han ethnicity, although being ancient, was formally entrenched in the Han dynasty. The Han dynasty is considered one of the
1501:
11036:
Squifflet, J.P.; Gruessner, R.W.; Sutherland, D.E. (2008). "The History of Pancreas Transplantation: Past, Present and Future".
8230:
7254:
3284:
2050:
was the norm. The civilizational prosperity of the Xia dynasty at this time is thought to have given rise to the name "Huaxia" (
14087:
14024:
12150:
Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (4 May 2015).
11104:
7682:
5019:
4931:
1232:
11340:
10728:
10302:
10000:
9003:
8901:
8821:
4266:
3425:
that can be traced back as far as three millennia, with a body of literature encompassing significant early works such as the
2131:
were considered a different tribe, and described as being scantily dressed, tattooed and speaking a distinct language. Later,
1958:
13112:
13056:
12093:
11499:
10333:
9935:
9906:
9878:
9842:
9731:
9688:
9661:
9636:
9608:
9473:
9432:
9106:
8789:
8656:
8416:
8325:
8285:
8202:
8140:
8112:
8087:
8062:
7617:
7446:
6869:
6830:
6633:
6594:
6519:
6450:
6411:
6372:
6249:
6168:
5983:
5943:
5880:
5855:
5830:
5805:
5750:
5708:
5641:
5595:
5556:
5505:
5440:
5412:
5387:
5357:
5285:
5229:
5119:
4626:
4575:
2664:
and evangelists of Confucianism. Restoring Chinese rule to the Han majority was one of the motivations for supporters of the
2656:
1972:
12288:
Xue, Fuzhong; Wang, Yi; Xu, Shuhua; Zhang, Feng; Wen, Bo; Wu, Xuesen; Lu, Ming; Deka, Ranjan; Qian, Ji; et al. (2008).
12012:"Genetic structure and demographic history of Northern Han people in Liaoning Province inferred from genome-wide array data"
9848:
7196:
6639:
6600:
4772:
4581:
3623:
millions have settled in and contributed to the development and growth of their respective host countries across the world.
2116:–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to this period – from characters inscribed on
759:
The term "Han" not only refers to a specific ethnic collective, but also points to a shared ancestry, history, and cultural
14301:
9380:
5681:
3409:
2747:
2439:
12522:"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup Q1a1a-M120, a paternal lineage connecting populations in Siberia and East Asia"
10826:
Yu M, Hon GC, Szulwach KE, Song CX, Zhang L, Kim A, Li XK, Dai Q, Shen Y, Park B, Min JH, Jin P, Ren B, He C (June 2012).
7505:
5081:
2763:), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that of major contentions between
1812:), at the beginning of Chinese history. The Yellow Emperor is traditionally credited to have united with the neighbouring
1650:
The Han Chinese have a rich history that spans thousands of years, with their historical roots dating back to the days of
15436:
13754:
13158:
13138:
11758:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago"
11756:
Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2015).
11129:
10521:
6083:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago"
6081:
Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2015).
4175:
3884:
was a cytogeneticist renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes, a breakthrough in
2193:
shared the language and culture of the Shang people, and extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the
1858:
1745:
14049:
8031:
4682:
1394:
Jin-Song wars resulted in the devastation of northern China and the displacement of yet more Han Chinese to south China.
14188:
13120:
13094:
12798:"Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean"
12694:"Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean"
12651:
12264:
10381:
10285:
10187:
9363:
9338:
9313:
9288:
9263:
9203:
9163:
9131:
7348:
7306:
7264:
7157:
6995:
6953:
6911:
6713:
6672:
4222:
The People's Republic of China government unprecedentedly defined Han Chinese Muslims as a separate ethnic group, the "
2397:
2079:
Conclusive archaeological evidence predating the 16th century BCE is, however, rarely available. Recent efforts of the
2009:
2000:
recorded a period following the Battle of Zhuolu, during the reign of successive generations of confederate overlords (
1991:
704:
10690:
2030:
The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE), established by
14067:
13959:
13434:
13405:
13323:
9551:
9390:
5900:
5465:
4211:. Christian beliefs often had conflicts with traditional Chinese values and customs which eventually resulted in the
3994:
1455:
96:
8506:; Jin, Li (24 April 2019). "Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic".
7921:
5157:
4442:
The Han Chinese show a close yet distinguishable genetic relationship with other East Asian populations such as the
3976:
2770:
2337:, the Qin dynasty collapsed a mere three years later. The Han dynasty (206 BC–220 CE) then emerged from the ensuing
734:
in northern China. The Huaxia are the progenitors of Chinese civilization and the ancestors of modern Han Chinese.
15446:
14265:
14125:
13934:
13784:
13759:
10436:"Renowned mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern, who revitalized the study of geometry, has died at 93 in Tianjin, China"
7379:
7222:
3833:
3759:
that marked a major scientific breakthrough within the field of modern agricultural research. The physical chemist
2623:
12601:
4453:
Other research suggests a significant overlap between Yamato Japanese and the northern Han Chinese in particular.
14294:
14145:
13511:
13017:
11245:
8939:
7069:
4939:
3566:
3228:
3218:
frame. Every wing was also built around a central courtyard that was used for study, exercise or nature viewing.
3065:
2379:
1853:
Although study of this period of history is complicated by the absence of contemporary records, the discovery of
1339:
1322:
1252:
12152:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago"
11596:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago"
14317:
14198:
14135:
14110:
13996:
13749:
13151:
13086:
11914:"Uniparental Genetic Analyses Reveal the Major Origin of Fujian Tanka from Ancient Indigenous Daic Populations"
10629:
7705:
7590:
7115:
7037:
6791:
6752:
4517:
4477:
4419:
4251:
4215:
and a subsequent reduction in Christian influence in the country. Christianity grew considerably following the
3972:
3045:
2209:(476–221 BCE) periods. It was a period of significant cultural and philosophical diversification (known as the
2059:
2001:
1798:
1101:
560:
367:
10066:
8406:
7635:"Bifurcated Homeland and Diaspora Politics in China and Taiwan towards the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia"
7597:
7595:
7593:
14183:
14120:
13967:
13899:
13874:
13771:
13535:
12609:
11310:
10152:
9970:
8258:
7531:
4602:
4509:
4469:
4346:
3544:
3499:
3041:
2683:
2673:
2222:
2076:, "the magnificent Xia"), a term that was used ubiquitously throughout history to define the Chinese nation.
2051:
1358:, whose rebellion caused a fall in recorded numbers of Tang inhabitants from 53 million to 17 million people.
1306:
480:
381:
10234:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
5999:
Leung, Genevieve Y.; Wu, Min-Hsuan (2012). "Linguistic landscape and heritage language literacy education".
3009:." Since the Qin dynasty, which standardized the various forms of writing that existed in China, a standard
2553:
rulers treated China as equivalent to both the Ming Empire and to the Han group. In 1644, the Ming capital,
2294:
This dynasty, sometimes phonetically spelt as the "Ch'in dynasty", has been proposed in the 17th century by
15349:
14206:
13929:
13719:
12473:"An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4"
12391:
Karafet, Tatiana; Hallmark, B; Cox, M.P.; Sudoyo, H; Downey, S; Lansing, J.S.; Hammer, M.F. (August 2010).
11314:
11218:
11125:
4119:
3968:
3865:
3764:
2848:
all have undergone thousands of years of development and growth, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the
2249:
2120:
used for divination – but the well-developed characters hint at a much earlier origin of writing in China.
1614:
884:
78:
10122:
8744:
6559:
14097:
13894:
13844:
13210:
11182:
8854:
Elliott, Mark C. (August 2000). "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies".
4768:
4734:
4200:
4199:
existed as early as the 7th century, Christianity did not gain a significant foothold in China until the
3560:
3391:
3017:. A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in business contracts, notes for
2708:
2699:
2087:
and the Xia dynasty, but scholars could not reach a consensus regarding the reliability of such history.
1861:
to be identified along the Yellow River. Along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River were the
1381:), which has served as a means to assert and acknowledge their ethnic and cultural origin and identity.
70:
10660:
9723:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
7110:. Vol. 13 of Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans series. Rowman Altamira. p. 11.
6706:
From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
4304:(66.9–74.3%), and less significant in Han Chinese from Zhejiang (22%), Jiangsu (17%) and Shandong (8%).
3819:, and the "first pig-to-man islet-cell transplant in diabetic patients." The physician and physiologist
2512:
The next few centuries saw successive invasions of Han and non-Han peoples from the north. In 1279, the
738:
history, leading to a demographic and economic tilt towards the south, and to the absorption of various
14270:
14260:
14168:
14163:
13504:
13334:
13036:
11514:
Muslim Chinese : ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Gladney, Dru C. Cambridge, Mass,1996
8706:
5585:
5187:
4231:
3556:
3029:
2695:
2607:
2343:
2210:
1663:
853:
636:
518:
17:
11151:
4804:(in Indonesian). Kewarganegaraan, suku bangsa, agama dan bahasa sehari-hari penduduk Indonesia. 2011.
2450:
14039:
13924:
13814:
12521:
12216:
Wen, B.; Li, H.; Lu, D.; Song, X.; Zhang, F.; He, Y.; Li, F.; Gao, Y.; et al. (September 2004).
10991:
10603:
10435:
9306:
The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America
9156:
The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America
5269:
5261:
5106:
4238:" under the Republic of China government. Bai Chongxi believed that "Hui" is an alternative name for
4212:
3904:
3857:
3768:
3695:
3532:
2410:
1662:
can be read as "a history of the Han Chinese," hinted and tinged with only passing references to its
1491:
539:
11404:
11214:
3668:
3332:
730:
people, a confederation of agricultural tribes that lived along the middle and lower reaches of the
15411:
14730:
13944:
13779:
12802:
12698:
11027:
10724:
9060:
8557:
8384:"Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration"
6664:
Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods
4226:". This was opposed by the Republic of China government and Han Chinese Muslim celebrities such as
4159:
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of distinguished authority, importance, responsibility, and power within the upper echelons of the
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2202:
2155:, where a Chinese king and his soldiers ruled a non-Han population and mixed with locals, who were
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779:" towards the adjacent and adjoining vicinities bordering the Zhou Kingdoms that were inhabited by
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Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
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Simon, Udo; Tjaden, Ekkehard-H.; Wefelscheid, Heinrich (2011). "Shiing-Shen Chern's Centenary".
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Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 BCE–50 CE
4913:(Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines. Archived from
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contributed to the movement. Jiangnan became the most populous and prosperous region of China.
15262:
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12647:"mtDNA Polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with Special Reference to the Peopling of Japan"
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2524:, seen as disloyal to ancestors and ancestral land, was banned by the Song and Yuan dynasties.
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China: A History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009
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conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Han ethnic group to do so, and established the
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12915:"Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations"
11824:"Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations"
10992:"Visions of Progress and Courage [Dr. Patrick Soon-Shiong — Medical Visionary Award]"
10877:"Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine"
10412:
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7301:. Masters of Chinese Studies (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 194.
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over 1 million in Australia (5.6%) and about 1.5 million in Canada (5.1%), nearly 231,000 in
1526:
Nearly 30 to 40 million people of Han Chinese descent live in Southeast Asia. According to a
1495:
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301:
12126:"Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China"
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7416:: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,384,688,986 billion (July 2018 est.)
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12858:"Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago"
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7770:"Chinese education companies scramble to teach Overseas Children to learn Chinese language"
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throughout China have had certain traditionally prescribed roles, such as the family head (
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3048:. Although significant differences exist between the two character sets, they are largely
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had emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from the various
2860:. Since this program was launched in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by
2783:
captures the daily life of people from the Song dynasty at the capital, Bianjing, today's
2745:, who according to legend lived thousands of years ago and gave Han people the sobriquet "
1307:
First wave: Jin Dynasty - War of the Eight Princes and the Uprising of the Five Barbarians
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and is known for his pioneering work and significant contributions to the development of
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8737:"Clayton D. Brown Research on Chinese History: Ethnology, Archaeology, and Han Identity"
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11538:"Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation"
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4731:"Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 more information"
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regardless of their ethnic origins and does not necessary imply Han ancestry, the term
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11102:
The Governor General of Canada > Honours > Recipients > Thomas Ming Swi Chang
10752:"Energy efficiency with organic electronics: Ching W. Tang revisits his days at Kodak"
10059:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia: A linguistic and archaeological model"
2993:
In the Qing era, more than two-thirds of the Han Chinese population used a variant of
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sentiment of the Han Chinese, which killed at least twenty million people and made it
2425:, which came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was the
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McFadzean A.J.S., Todd D. (1971). "Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China".
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People of Han Chinese ancestry who possess foreign citizenship of a different country
696:
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5674:
A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century
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13079:
Critical Han Studies: The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority
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4967:"The Chinese diaspora: The current distribution of the overseas Chinese population"
4301:
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3547:, the first Chinese recipient of the esteemed international children's book prize.
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3171:), who is in charge of the revenues. Because farmland was commonly bought, sold or
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to elucidate the shared ethnicity of all Chinese; Chinese people called themselves
708:
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8649:
An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China
8133:
An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China
7657:
7634:
7029:
Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China
6348:
An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China
4622:
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12393:"Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia"
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11717:"Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure"
8343:"Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure"
8169:
6442:
Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors
5659:
Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region
5318:
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2980:
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remains contentious, as the deterioration in ethnic relations has compounded by
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allowed the consolidation of a demographic Han majority in northeast China. The
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8579:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7497:
6438:
5077:
4612:: "Han Chinese 91.1%" out of a reported population of 1,416,043,270 (2024 est.)
4337:
Typical Y-DNA haplogroups of present-day Han Chinese include Haplogroup O-M95,
4239:
4097:
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of the Han people. It involves the worship of various extraordinary figures in
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of the Han Chinese since the culinary traditions and food consumed varies from
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12634:. 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
12331:"Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations"
12050:
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9099:
Kinship, Contract, Community, And State: Anthropological Perspectives on China
8527:
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7032:. Studies in Environment and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
3721:, nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics" contributed to the development of the
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12966:"The ChinaMAP analytics of deep whole genome sequences in 10,588 individuals"
12035:"The ChinaMAP analytics of deep whole genome sequences in 10,588 individuals"
11995:
11978:
11937:
11030:
began as a part of multi-organ transplants, in the mid-to-late 1960s, at the
10828:"Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome"
10480:
9151:
8628:
8613:
8575:
8562:
10th International Conference on Evolutionary Linguistics, Nanjing University
8023:
6990:. Emerging Perspectives on Education in China. Lexington Books. p. 243.
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over the past several millennia have engendered the emergence of the diverse
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2013:
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11913:
9963:
Montgomery County Public Schools Foreign Language Department (August 2006).
8469:
7149:
Nanjing: Historical Landscape and Its Planning from Geographical Perspective
5873:
America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places
4409:
4315:
A PCA graph illustrates the genetic differences among Han Chinese subgroups.
1251:
Such migratory waves were numerous and triggered by such events such as the
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1785:
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957:, while the Chinese populace were referred to as either the 'various Hua' (
954:
896:
776:
731:
609:
422:
313:
305:
12678:
12454:
11894:
9056:"China's ethnic groups face end to affirmative action in education, taxes"
5909:
4164:
movement in China today advocating that the culture be "re-Confucianized")
3161:), who represents the family to the outside world and the family manager (
15164:
15103:
15091:
15086:
15056:
14927:
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14744:
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14654:
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14531:
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14434:
14423:
14286:
13792:
13680:
13619:
13587:
13582:
13441:
13356:
13198:
12488:
11183:"Discovered Human Growth Hormone: Choh Hao Li, 74; Endocrinologist at UC"
10804:
10776:
10751:
9818:
9008:
8303:
A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence
5780:
East Asia At The Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement With The World
5200:
4541:
4501:
4293:
4227:
4155:
4135:
4017:, an allegorical image representing Buddhists, Confucianists, and Taoists
3845:
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3175:, families were run like enterprises, with set rules for the allocation (
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Thomas Chang, Professor of Physiology | About McGill – McGill University
10090:"'The Big Red Book of Modern Chinese Literature,' Edited by Yunte Huang"
9240:
7843:
6205:
4311:
3539:
also received the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 2015, children's writer
1828:
tribes then combined forces to defeat their common enemy from the east,
1075:
in its narrow, classical usages implies Central Plains or Han ancestry.
703:. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the
15366:
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13802:
13636:
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12631:
Poster: Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population
12572:
11979:"Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese"
11655:
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11651:
11649:
10043:
9894:
8875:
8445:"Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan"
8235:
7256:
Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911
6702:"The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty"
4382:
4223:
4046:
3683:
3636:
3600:
3586:
3524:
2926:
2712:
2679:
2558:
2521:
2355:
2347:
2253:
1770:
1723:
1698:
1299:
511:
337:
332:
293:
12820:
12033:
Cao Y, Li L, Xu M, Feng Z, Sun X, Lu J, et al. (September 2020).
10791:
He C (November 2010). "Grand Challenge Commentary: RNA epigenetics?".
9964:
9465:
The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Examination System
7851:
7678:
Y chromosome diversity in Singaporean Han Chinese population subgroups
6076:
6074:
6035:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5326:
3667:(known as the "Godfather of Broadband" and "Father of Fiber Optics");
14689:
14501:
14489:
14158:
13739:
13602:
13548:
13527:
12745:
12109:
Crawford, Dorothy H.; Rickinson, Alan; Johannessen, Ingolfur (2014).
10892:
9232:
8503:
7648:
7564:"The Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy"
7464:"The Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy"
6783:
Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian
6024:
6022:
4170:
3885:
3877:
3707:
3632:
3514:
3002:
2570:
2469:
2186:
2148:
2043:
1793:
1731:
1719:
1602:
1540:
1505:
1283:
1216:
1128:
764:
723:
553:
246:
206:
196:
11646:
10035:
8867:
8278:
Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions
7835:
7107:
Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions
3946:
3581:. The accomplishments and advancements of the Song dynasty polymath
2438:
rulers of Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic sinicization,
1316:
Major nomadic groups involved in the Uprising of the Five Barbarians
14892:
14832:
14805:
13577:
13478:
13269:
12629:
11762:
10661:"Yuan Longping, Plant Scientist Who Helped Curb Famine, Dies at 90"
10058:
10022:
Eberhard, Wolfram (December 1965). "Chinese Regional Stereotypes".
9147:
8560:(27–28 October 2018). "Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages".
7952:"2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ"
7426:
6087:
6071:
6029:
Zhang, Feng; Su, Bing; Zhang, Ya-ping; Jin, Li (22 February 2007).
3853:
3808:
3781:
3744:
3735:
3604:
3207:
3190:
3172:
2998:
2729:
Chinese civilization is one of the world's oldest and most complex
2694:. Today, the tension between the dominant Han Chinese majority and
2611:
2594:
2225:
are among the most important surviving philosophies from this era.
1905:). These cultures are believed to be related to the origins of the
1825:
1813:
1679:
1598:
1556:
1459:
1152:
574:
436:
176:
166:
12796:
Shi, Cheng-Min; Liu, Qi; Zhao, Shilei; Chen, Hua (21 March 2019).
12628:
Zeng, Wen; Li, Jiawei; Yue, Hongbin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2013).
11875:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
10156:
9761:"Chŭlăkantamangala: Or, The Tonsure Ceremony as Performed in Siam"
9601:
Chinese Clothing: Costumes, Adornments and Culture (Arts of China)
7259:. The Quantitative Economic History of China. BRILL. p. 154.
6937:
6935:
6019:
4007:
3784:
is notable for his work in discovering and deciphering reversible
2700:
China's contemporary ethnic policies in favor of ethnic minorities
2421:
During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by various
2306:
to be the etymological origin of the modern English word "China".
1450:
The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion – live in the
15242:
14944:
14932:
14922:
14902:
14862:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14223:
13734:
13690:
13653:
13390:
11977:
Huang, Xiufeng; Xia, Zi-Yang; Bin, Xiaoyun; He, Guanglin (2022).
11822:
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018).
9297:
5458:
Sovereignty and authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian modern
4443:
4386:
4282:
4077:
4073:
3717:
The 1978 Wolf Prize in Physics inaugural recipient and physicist
3608:
3596:
3582:
3574:
3439:
3427:
3383:
3375:
3211:
3195:
3071:
3006:
2784:
2574:
2554:
2538:" and restoring Han people's China as a mission, established the
2513:
2434:
2430:
1548:
1467:
1311:
935:
Prior to the Han dynasty, ancient Chinese scholars used the term
616:
256:
216:
33:
12113:. Oxford University Press (published 14 March 2014). p. 98.
11492:
China's Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society
9097:
Cohen, Myron L. (2005). "Late Imperial China and Its Legacies".
8239:. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014
7290:
7288:
5959:
Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y. S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.).
2442:, institutions, and culture, so the Xianbei became Han Chinese.
2151:
the descendants of Taibo in Wu – mirroring the later history of
1389:
1227:
1189:
763:. The term "Huaxia" was used by the ancient Chinese philosopher
15236:
15129:
14907:
14867:
14837:
14815:
14720:
13592:
13465:
13133:
12124:
Yang, Melinda A.; Fan, Xuechun; Sun, Bo; Chen, Chungyu (2020).
10180:
Technology and the City: Systems, Applications and Implications
9680:
Traditional Chinese Clothing Costumes, Adornments & Culture
9543:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
9219:
Reischauer, Edwin O. (1974). "The Sinic World in Perspective".
8055:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
7063:
7061:
6932:
6747:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 27.
6549:"The Transformation of Medieval Chinese Elites (850–1000 C.E.)"
5798:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
5583:
5498:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
5433:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
4567:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
4525:
4485:
4139:
4127:
4107:
4025:
3536:
3519:
3482:
3474:
3460:
3413:
3215:
3137:
3133:
3110:
showing scholars in scholar's robes and musicians dressed in a
2909:
2861:
2578:
2473:
2465:
2269:
2218:
2152:
2067:
1829:
1727:
1675:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1209:
1142:
1109:
936:
727:
716:
309:
226:
156:
12913:
Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua (2018).
9901:. Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 25–32.
9331:
East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute
8736:
6744:
Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China
5823:
East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute
5532:
Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China
4319:
1350:
665:
32:"Han people" redirects here. For the Han people of Korea, see
15256:
14984:
14959:
14917:
14644:
14476:
13565:
13553:
13543:
9834:
J. Liddell, The story of the kimono, EP Dutton New York, 1989
7697:
7285:
7021:
7019:
6987:
China's Mongols at University: Contesting Cultural Recognitio
6400:
Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt; Wolfgang Schluchter; Björn Wittrock.
5742:
China and Taiwan: Cross-strait Relations Under Chen Shui-bian
5405:
The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinesen
4911:"Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday"
4881:
4795:"Jumlah dan Persentase Penduduk menurut Kelompok Suku Bangsa"
4278:
characterization as having a "coherent genetic structure".
3478:
3111:
3093:
2392:
2334:
2182:
1846:
region. To this day, modern Han Chinese refer themselves as "
1509:
1451:
641:
624:
317:
266:
146:
13496:
13049:
The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese
12431:
12108:
8777:
8305:. Allen & Unwin (published 1 November 2003). p. 21.
7981:
China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration
7058:
6439:
Sow-Theng Leong; Tim Wright; George William Skinner (1997).
4060:
Chinese folk religion is a set of worship traditions of the
3416:
is one of the founding figures of modern Chinese literature.
2866:
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
903:
also came to be named and alluded to as the "Han language" (
12692:
Yi, SoJeong; An, Hyungmi; Lee, Howard; Lee, Sangin (2014).
8580:"The origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan language family"
6511:
Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 AD)
4036:. Chinese spiritual culture has been long characterized by
3691:
3690:
was a prominent aerospace engineer who helped to establish
3114:
variant, 12th-century remake of a 10th-century original by
1689:
844:) which has connotations and implications limited to being
12218:"Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture"
12010:
Zhou, Jingbin; Zhang, Xianpeng; Li, Xin; Sui, Jie (2022).
11279:"Joe Hin Tjio, 82; Research Biologist Counted Chromosomes"
10958:"The Inside Story Of Biotech's Barnum And His Covid Cures"
7892:"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables"
7016:
5221:
War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore
2896:
was an imperative duty for defending and protecting one's
2573:
and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Ming forces led by
1427:
The eight main dialect areas of Mandarin in mainland China
1118:, literally "the people of Tang"), derived from the later
11872:
9928:
Ethnic Dress in the United States A Cultural Encyclopedia
7670:
7668:
6895:
6893:
6857:
6708:(illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 270.
4410:
Genetic continuity between ancient and modern Han Chinese
4192:
later spread throughout the Chinese sphere of influence.
3785:
2201:(770–256 BCE) – with the latter further divided into the
593:
579:
565:
12390:
12386:
12384:
10468:"Shiing-Shen Chern, 93, Innovator in New Geometry, Dies"
9930:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 135–36.
9358:. Routledge (published 11 September 2012). p. 232.
8781:
Globalizing Chinese migration: trends in Europe and Asia
8759:
8382:
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; et al. (2020).
6622:
Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998).
5676:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
3194:. Such houses had four rooms at the front – guest room,
1504:
of the PRC – about 92.2% and 88.4% of the population of
1500:
Han Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the
1384:
1345:
985:). This gave rise to two term commonly used nowadays by
523:
12520:
Sun, Na; Ma, Peng-Cheng; Yan, Shi; et al. (2019).
11246:"Joe Hin Tjio The man who cracked the chromosome count"
9198:. Belknap Press (published 9 April 2012). p. 156.
9101:. Stanford University Press, 2005. pp. 41–45, 50.
8024:"A Point Of View: How China sees a multicultural world"
7332:
7330:
6621:
6507:
6335:] (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. p. 761.
5700:
Language, Politics and Identity in Taiwan: Naming China
3864:(the most powerful of the body's natural painkillers),
3803:
in 1996. The medical researcher and transplant surgeon
2038:
abdicated leadership to reward Yu's work in taming the
917:) ever since and the Chinese script is referred to as "
12471:
Yan, Shi; Wang, C.C.; Li, H; Li, S.L.; Jin, L (2011).
10636:. Vol. 439 Number 9247. 29 May 2021. p. 86.
10537:
9871:
The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America
9758:
9281:
Redesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis
8699:
7665:
7343:. Understanding China. Rosen Publishing. p. 127.
6890:
6586:
Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600
3535:
in 2000. In 2012, the novelist and short story writer
3421:
the ages. The Han Chinese possess a vast catalogue of
2672:, which led to the establishment of the Han-dominated
2632:
1636:(4.9%), and as many as 750,000 in Sub-Saharan Africa.
12381:
10574:"Taking the Long View: The Life of Shiing-shen Chern"
10248:
10239:
10217:
10208:
9382:
Great Power Conduct and Credibility in World Politics
9303:
9146:
8670:
8668:
8634:
8442:
8057:. ABC-CLIO (published 10 February 2014). p. 90.
6948:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 177.
5978:. Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 279.
5908:. Indiana University Press. p. 1. Archived from
1654:. Throughout Han history, China has been governed by
1162:
711:. The Han Chinese represent 92% of the population in
499:
485:
471:
455:
441:
427:
12558:
12466:
12464:
10271:
10269:
10171:
9805:
Lacouture, Elizabeth (2017), "Elizabeth LaCouture",
8972:"Han Chauvinism/Exceptionalism: The Problem with it"
7914:
7740:"Taiwan Population (2017) – World Population Review"
7526:
7327:
6393:
6241:
History Education and National Identity in East Asia
5745:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 53.
5697:
Chang, Hui-Ching; Holt, Richard (20 November 2014).
4437:
3903:" was among the most important inspirations for the
3828:
correct the faults within some metabolic disorders.
1456:
Chinese province, municipality and autonomous region
12425:
10989:
8778:Nyíri, Pál; Rostislavovich Savelʹev, Igorʹ (2002).
7922:"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada"
7374:
7372:
6903:
China's Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou & Shenzhen
6625:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492
6546:
5577:
5460:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7.
5114:. Government Information Office. 2014. p. 36.
3755:varieties in the 1970s, which was then part of the
1051:; 'Central China'). While the general term
544:
13107:. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press.
12964:Cao, Yanan; Li, Lin; Xu, Min; et al. (2020).
12854:
11964:Wiley, American Journal of Biological Anthropology
11714:
11451:"Confucian Political Theory in Contemporary China"
10466:
10332:
9969:. Montgomery County Public Schools. pp. 1–8.
9921:
9719:
9631:. Createspace Independent Publishing. p. 79.
9622:
9620:
8677:"The Feudal State of Wu 吳 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
8665:
8340:
8126:
8124:
7095:
7093:
6979:
6977:
6152:
5938:. Pentagon (published 30 June 2012). p. 155.
5544:
4761:"Selected Population Profile in the United States"
2185:), which had emerged as a western state along the
1222:
1088:Among some southern Han Chinese varieties such as
12741:"Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups"
12461:
11817:
11815:
11813:
11367:"Consensus during the Cold War: back to Alma-Ata"
10874:
10825:
10723:["Father of hybrid rice" Yuan Longping].
10402:
10266:
10182:. Routledge (published 10 May 2016). p. 19.
9025:
8155:
7195:. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 4 December 2008.
6864:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 752–.
6501:
6495:Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese
6031:"Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia"
5304:
4281:The two notable exceptions to this structure are
4057:has also gained a foothold among the population.
3611:in 1054 AD, the remnants of which would form the
3603:mechanism. The work of medieval Chinese polymath
3531:became the first Chinese novelist to receive the
3263:Memorial tablets of the Khoo (許) family in Penang
3140:were influenced by Han Chinese clothing designs.
3080:) is a crucial identity point of the Han people.
2610:in history. Late Qing revolutionary intellectual
989:as an ethnic identity for the Chinese diaspora –
15459:
14010:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
12602:Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation
12322:
12149:
11755:
11593:
10949:
10784:
9926:. In Annette Lynch; Mitchell D. Strauss (eds.).
9726:. University of Washington Press. pp. 60–.
9416:
9414:
9322:
9124:The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History
7557:
7555:
7553:
7369:
7183:
7181:
6906:. Hunter travel guides. Hunter Publishing, Inc.
6589:. Barnes & Noble Books. 2000. p. 2.25.
6080:
4679:"Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C."
4104:come from the most popular of these traditions.
3249:Name tablets or spirit tablets in Tainan, Taiwan
1913:. They were the foundation for the formation of
1842:and established their cultural dominance in the
14154:Association of East Asian Research Universities
12848:
11535:
11483:
10659:Bradsher, Keith; Buckley, Chris (23 May 2021).
10658:
10622:
10380:. National Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from
10226:
10030:(12). University of California Press: 596–608.
9617:
9461:
8381:
8194:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
8121:
7944:
7858:
7090:
6974:
6432:
6028:
5382:. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 709.
3618:Throughout much of Chinese history, successive
3353:Zhou (周) clan ancestral hall, Xinzhuang village
3025:and other daily documents for educated people.
2455:Cortege of Emperor Li Xian, Emperor of the Tang
73:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
12795:
12287:
12123:
12009:
11810:
10985:
10983:
9795:, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 133–34
9424:Village and Bureaucracy in Southern Sung China
9172:
8501:
8411:, Albany: State University of New York Press,
8105:An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
7381:Chinese journal of international law, Volume 3
7224:Migration and settlement in Sichuan, 1644-1796
7152:(illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 95.
6237:
6233:
6231:
6150:
5936:China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia
5076:[ROC Vital Information] (in Chinese).
3771:(OPV) and is widely considered the "Father of
3277:Painting of the ancestors of the Li (李) family
2876:'s history, institutionalizing values such as
1259:during the Tang dynasty (755-763 AD), and the
726:, the Han Chinese trace their ancestry to the
14302:
14106:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
13512:
13159:
12644:
12627:
12111:Cancer Virus: The story of Epstein-Barr Virus
11976:
11910:
11821:
10275:
10236:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 1986) pp. 470–475.
9676:
9411:
9353:
9333:. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34.
9196:China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty
8819:
7550:
7178:
7074:. Newspaper Enterprise Limited. p. 120.
6851:
6818:
6360:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
5825:. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34.
5551:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10.
5217:
4902:
4615:
4260:
3852:(and subsequently used it to treat a form of
3842:Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology
3176:
3162:
3152:
3124:
3075:
2758:
2752:
2324:A female servant and male advisor dressed in
1833:
1807:
1605:tended to gather on inland plains, while the
891:, which is considered to be one of the first
386:
372:
15473:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China
12088:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
11393:"China's village doctors take great strides"
10087:
10063:Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching
9468:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 69–71.
9356:World History: Journeys from Past to Present
9115:
7681:(Master). National University of Singapore.
6825:. Chinese University Press. pp. 78–79.
6367:. Chinese University Press. pp. 37–38.
5976:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
5656:
5538:
5264:. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (eds.).
5099:
5064:
4236:inland nationals with special living customs
2970:), literally the "Han language". Similarly,
2908:. But even among successful test takers and
2780:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
2328:, ceramic figurines from the Western Han era
2256:. King Zheng then gave himself a new title "
1210:Military garrisons and agricultural colonies
1025:; 'the Chinese immigrant'), meaning
27:East Asian ethnicity native to Greater China
12519:
12470:
12215:
12032:
11659:
11403:(12): 909–88. December 2008. Archived from
11377:(10): 737–816. October 2008. Archived from
10980:
10278:Let There be Peace - Ascension to Ivisimara
10177:
9752:
9212:
7884:
7821:
7498:2016 Population By-census – Summary Results
7400:
7141:
7139:
6812:
6786:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 190.
6704:. In Li, Tang; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.).
6445:. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–.
6406:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 213–14.
6228:
6183:
5958:
5738:
5350:Chinese Business: Landscapes and Strategies
5185:(2023), "Rethinking Han Chinese Identity",
4535:
4495:
4320:Demic diffusion and north-south differences
4234:. Han Chinese Muslims were categorised as "
4162:(though it is worth noting that there is a
3975:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2880:, which implied the performance of certain
1806:, the legendary leader of Youxiong tribes (
36:. For citizens and residents of China, see
14316:
14309:
14295:
13519:
13505:
13166:
13152:
12691:
10868:
10257:
10201:
10199:
9457:
9455:
9427:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1.
9372:
9218:
8937:
8899:
8300:
8017:
8015:
7703:
7528:2016 Population By-Census Detailed Results
6135:
5629:Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
5584:Gyanendra Pandey; Peter Geschiere (2003).
4964:
4926:
4924:
4671:
4463:
4160:fall of imperial China in the 20th century
3585:(1020-1101) is recognized for inventing a
1601:settled in coastal regions and those from
1326:descended from Chinese nobility. Special "
1270:Modern Han Chinese subgroups, such as the
1100:, a different term exists – Tang Chinese (
14005:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
13173:
12991:
12981:
12940:
12930:
12889:
12819:
12772:
12762:
12715:
12668:
12645:Horai, Satoshi; Murayama, Kumiko (1996).
12496:
12408:
12364:
12354:
12305:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12185:
12175:
12058:
11994:
11849:
11839:
11793:
11783:
11732:
11629:
11619:
11561:
11466:
11417:
11397:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
11371:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
11343:. National Academy of Engineering. 2007.
10900:
10851:
10775:
10015:
9804:
9670:
9516:
9506:
9378:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9078:
8603:
8478:
8468:
8358:
8318:Modern East Asia: An Introductory History
7656:
7248:
7246:
7220:
7216:
7214:
6660:
6492:
6354:
6118:
6108:
6054:
5963:. Columbia University Press. p. 126.
5696:
5377:
4884:"Population by Ethnic Origin by Province"
4557:
4178:. In its original form, certain ideas in
3995:Learn how and when to remove this message
3550:
2974:, used to write the language, are called
2628:History of the People's Republic of China
2101:The Xia dynasty was overthrown after the
1816:tribes after defeating their leader, the
1029:. It has also given rise to the literary
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
13073:
13051:. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited.
12548:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
11180:
11076:
10819:
10300:
10021:
9999:(in Chinese (China)). 18 November 2014.
9915:
9629:China, Japan, Korea: Culture and Customs
9420:
9354:Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2012).
9053:
8784:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 208.
8765:
8082:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 5.
7713:. Bangkok: Far Eastern Economic Review.
7704:Vatikiotis, Michael (12 February 1998).
7336:
7136:
7067:
6477:
6403:Public Spheres and Collective Identities
6314:. Chinese University Press. p. 223.
5973:
5894:
5892:
5791:
5789:
5782:. Columbia University Press. p. 59.
5734:
5732:
5671:
5621:
5619:
5480:
5373:
5371:
5369:
4908:
4310:
4006:
3895:, was regarded as the "Father of modern
3408:
3097:
2769:
2631:
2501:
2449:
2391:
2365:
2319:
2298:and supported by later scholars such as
2123:During the Shang dynasty, people of the
1775:
1580:
1422:
1388:
1349:
1310:
1226:
1188:
1178:
1157:
750:
12963:
12789:
12732:
12685:
12638:
12283:
12281:
12279:
12277:
11957:
11955:
10749:
10433:
10409:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
10303:"'Master of Light' awarded Nobel Prize"
10196:
9868:
9830:
9546:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 93.
9539:
9452:
9278:
8853:
8574:
8556:
8052:
8021:
8012:
8003:
7640:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
7068:Herklots, Geoffrey Alton Craig (1932).
6983:
5998:
5795:
5625:
5495:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5213:
5211:
5209:
4921:
4563:
4201:establishment of contact with Europeans
3933:Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
3815:-treatment known as encapsulated-human-
1965:Yangshao culture pottery (5000-3000 BC)
1951:Longshan culture pottery (3200-2000 BC)
1198:today with distinct regional features.
1007:; 'ethnic Chinese people') and
14:
15460:
14025:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
12202:
12145:
12143:
12081:
11906:
11904:
11710:
11708:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11583:
11581:
11542:The American Journal of Human Genetics
11531:
11529:
11489:
11243:
11008:from the original on 11 September 2015
10056:
9887:
9256:Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD
9178:
9121:
9075:
8966:
8964:
8945:. Washington University in St. Louis.
8933:
8931:
8929:
8895:
8893:
8815:
8813:
8315:
8271:
7962:from the original on 23 September 2019
7797:"The Overseas Chinese: A Long History"
7794:
7637:. Politics and Public Administration.
7608:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p.
7437:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p.
7243:
7211:
7099:
6899:
6740:
6661:Dean, Kenneth; Zheng, Zhenman (2009).
6323:
6321:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6159:. Cambridge University Press. p.
5845:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
4596:
4112:indigenous Han philosophy and religion
2718:
2565:committed suicide. The Manchus of the
2177:, the Shang dynasty was overthrown by
1979:Erlitou culture pottery (1900-1500 BC)
1925:Neolithic forebears of the Han Chinese
1522:Overseas Chinese § Southeast Asia
1477:
1175:is also used to denote the same area.
598:
501:
43:For the Chinese imperial dynasty, see
14290:
13500:
13147:
12738:
11468:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-020230
11448:
11430:from the original on 15 December 2020
11276:
11092:. Mcgill.ca. Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
10968:from the original on 25 November 2023
10955:
10731:from the original on 9 September 2020
10584:from the original on 16 December 2022
10527:from the original on 20 January 2024.
10464:
10347:from the original on 11 January 2022.
10120:
9893:
9862:
9626:
9572:
9193:
9096:
9016:
8949:from the original on 15 February 2024
8940:"Han-Nationalism Throughout the Ages"
8798:from the original on 14 December 2021
8717:from the original on 21 December 2016
8425:from the original on 14 December 2021
8404:
8231:"Common traits bind Jews and Chinese"
8102:
7803:from the original on 15 February 2024
7776:from the original on 15 February 2024
7578:from the original on 26 February 2021
7508:from the original on 20 November 2017
7478:from the original on 26 February 2021
7388:from the original on 14 December 2021
7273:from the original on 14 December 2021
7231:from the original on 14 December 2021
7078:from the original on 14 December 2021
7071:The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 3-4
7025:
6984:Zhao, Zhenzhou; Lee, Wing On (2010).
6941:
6839:from the original on 29 December 2016
6779:
6699:
6603:from the original on 19 December 2016
6309:
5902:The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220)
5889:
5864:
5839:
5786:
5777:
5729:
5690:
5616:
5604:from the original on 14 December 2021
5474:
5455:
5366:
5255:
5253:
5218:Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl (2012).
5181:
5022:from the original on 22 December 2020
4886:. Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada.
4863:from the original on 10 February 2021
4711:from the original on 14 February 2022
4659:from the original on 8 September 2020
4080:, mythological creatures such as the
3823:is the inventor of the world's first
3390:. Analyses throughout the reaches of
2569:then allied with former Ming general
2344:expanded militarily in all directions
2109:, who established the Shang dynasty (
1937:Cishan culture pottery (6000-5500 BC)
1458:except for the autonomous regions of
1385:Jin-Song wars and the Mongol invasion
1346:Tang dynasty and An Lu Shan rebellion
13046:
12836:from the original on 5 November 2021
12274:
12136:(6501): 282–288 – via Science.
11952:
11494:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.
11418:Anderlini, Jamil (7 November 2014).
11207:
11181:Maugh II, Thomas (2 December 1987).
10405:"Chern biography: Shiing-shen Chern"
10357:
10276:O'Doherty, Mark (24 November 2012).
10003:from the original on 4 December 2014
9773:from the original on 10 January 2017
9651:
9598:
9328:
8835:from the original on 7 February 2024
8747:from the original on 18 January 2019
8674:
8190:
8080:Interpreters in Early Imperial China
8077:
7932:from the original on 3 November 2021
7902:from the original on 27 October 2017
7868:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
7750:from the original on 27 October 2021
7601:
7561:
7461:
7425:
6628:. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21.
6177:
5870:
5820:
5421:
5402:
5266:Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology
5206:
4965:Poston, Dudley; Wong, Juyin (2016).
4946:from the original on 30 October 2018
4775:from the original on 5 February 2024
3973:adding citations to reliable sources
3940:
2748:Descendants of Yan and Huang Emperor
1707:Han Chinese refer to themselves as "
1664:ethnic non-Han minority counterparts
852:of China, especially with regard to
141:Regions with significant populations
53:
15437:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
12140:
11901:
11705:
11578:
11526:
11420:"The rise of Christianity in China"
11277:Saxon, Wolfgang (7 December 2001).
11258:from the original on 25 August 2017
11244:Wright, Pearce (11 December 2001).
11225:from the original on 2 October 2012
11195:from the original on 5 October 2013
10691:"Dr. Monty Jones and Yuan Longping"
10566:
10499:
10434:Sanders, Robert (6 December 2004).
10427:
10396:
10133:from the original on 24 August 2015
10123:"2015 Hugo Award Winners Announced"
10069:from the original on 15 August 2021
9488:
9399:from the original on 2 October 2023
9253:
8961:
8926:
8890:
8810:
8687:from the original on 8 January 2018
8646:
8130:
8022:Jacques, Martin (26 October 2012).
7720:from the original on 16 August 2017
7674:
7632:
7538:from the original on 16 August 2021
7294:
7252:
7145:
6345:
6318:
6296:
5514:
5483:A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture
5378:Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2015).
5347:
5259:
5131:from the original on 20 August 2017
4909:Macrohon, Pilar (21 January 2013).
4882:Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada.
4837:from the original on 27 August 2021
2707:Chinese government scaling back on
2617:
2228:
924:
854:people of non-Han Chinese ethnicity
24:
13011:
12652:American Journal of Human Genetics
12477:European Journal of Human Genetics
12328:
12294:European Journal of Human Genetics
12016:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
11983:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
11961:
11455:Annual Review of Political Science
11311:"News from the National Academies"
10933:. 30 December 1996. Archived from
10790:
10507:"Interview with Shiing Shen Chern"
10465:Chang, Kenneth (7 December 2004).
10102:from the original on 28 March 2024
9973:from the original on 22 March 2007
9944:from the original on 3 August 2020
9851:from the original on 3 August 2020
9740:from the original on 5 August 2016
8984:from the original on 30 March 2024
8914:from the original on 30 March 2024
8211:from the original on 14 April 2016
7357:from the original on 3 August 2020
7315:from the original on 3 August 2020
7227:. Harvard University. p. 14.
7199:from the original on 30 March 2019
7166:from the original on 3 August 2020
7124:from the original on 3 August 2020
7046:from the original on 3 August 2020
7004:from the original on 3 August 2020
6962:from the original on 3 August 2020
6920:from the original on 3 August 2020
6878:from the original on 14 April 2016
6858:Endymion Porter Wilkinson (2000).
6800:from the original on 3 August 2020
6761:from the original on 2 August 2020
6722:from the original on 2 August 2020
6681:from the original on 3 August 2020
6642:from the original on 14 April 2016
6528:from the original on 3 August 2020
6508:John Lagerwey; Pengzhi Lü (2009).
6459:from the original on 14 April 2016
6420:from the original on 14 April 2016
6381:from the original on 2 August 2020
6258:from the original on 14 April 2016
5933:
5565:from the original on 14 April 2016
5407:. Libraries Unlimited. p. 6.
5250:
5048:. 17 December 2020. Archived from
4890:from the original on 22 March 2016
4831:"Topic: Demographics of Singapore"
4629:from the original on 15 March 2020
4430:from Yinxu commoner graves in the
4332:
2250:conquest of all other rival states
2010:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1992:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1921:, China's first confirmed dynasty.
1792:, while the Han dynasty historian
25:
15484:
13127:
13105:The Han: China's Diverse Majority
12085:A History of Chinese Civilization
11347:from the original on 15 June 2013
11111:. Gg.ca. Retrieved on 2020-03-03.
10701:from the original on 25 June 2020
10640:from the original on 24 June 2021
10610:from the original on 5 March 2012
10487:from the original on 25 July 2018
10313:from the original on 7 March 2021
9697:from the original on 26 July 2020
9580:Surnames and Han Chinese Identity
9308:. Penguin Press HC. p. 121.
9158:. Penguin Press HC. p. 122.
8034:from the original on 23 July 2018
7685:from the original on 8 March 2021
7568:Harvard International Law Journal
7468:Harvard International Law Journal
6155:A History of Chinese Civilization
5759:from the original on 8 March 2021
5717:from the original on 9 March 2021
5238:from the original on 8 March 2021
4438:Closely related East Asian groups
4034:neighboring cultures in East Asia
3370:There is no one specific uniform
3185:) of pooled earnings and assets.
2081:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
1726:agricultural tribes known as the
1515:
1431:
755:Han Chinese in traditional attire
15442:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
14189:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
13601:
13132:
13103:Joniak-Lüthi, Agnieszka (2015).
12957:
12906:
12739:Pan, Ziqing; Xu, Shuhua (2019).
12621:
12595:
12552:
12513:
12117:
12102:
12075:
12026:
12003:
11970:
11866:
11749:
11517:
11508:
11442:
11411:
11385:
11359:
11333:
11321:from the original on 12 May 2013
11303:
11291:from the original on 12 May 2013
11270:
11237:
11174:
11162:from the original on 14 May 2013
11144:
11132:from the original on 12 May 2013
11114:
11095:
11020:
10917:
10743:
10713:
10683:
10671:from the original on 26 May 2021
10652:
10596:
10531:
10458:
10446:from the original on 8 June 2021
10370:
10351:
10325:
10301:Ferguson, Ben (7 October 2009).
10294:
10145:
10114:
10088:Julia Lovell (5 February 2016).
10081:
10057:Sagart, Laurent (January 2008).
10050:
9985:
9956:
9873:. Pomegranate. pp. 131–42.
9824:
9798:
9785:
9713:
9645:
9592:
9533:
9482:
9347:
9304:Amy Chua; Jed Rubenfeld (2014).
9272:
9247:
9187:
9140:
9047:
8996:
8847:
8771:
8729:
8640:
8568:
8550:
8495:
8436:
8398:
8375:
8334:
8309:
8294:
8265:
8223:
8184:
8149:
8096:
8071:
8046:
8008:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 5.
7997:
7974:
7815:
7788:
7502:Census and Statistics Department
4811:from the original on 4 July 2018
4584:from the original on 7 June 2020
4090:Duanwu (or Dragon Boat) Festival
4011:A traditional representation of
3945:
3834:combined oral contraceptive pill
3345:
3331:
3317:
3303:
3283:
3269:
3255:
3241:
3227:
2711:for ethnic minorities under the
2624:History of the Republic of China
2346:. Many Chinese scholars such as
2090:
2083:drew the connection between the
1985:
1971:
1957:
1943:
1929:
1697:
1688:
1474:are the majority, respectively.
58:
12659:(3). Cambridge, Massachusetts:
12397:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10604:"The Wolf Prize in Agriculture"
10403:O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F.
10254:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 448.
10245:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 445.
9759:Gerolamo Emilio Gerini (1895).
9683:. Long River Press. p. 7.
9603:. Long River Press. p. 3.
9560:from the original on 6 May 2023
9039:. 26 April 2017. Archived from
7866:"American FactFinder - Results"
7762:
7732:
7626:
7520:
7490:
7455:
7419:
7337:Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. (2010).
7221:Entenmann, Robert Eric (1982).
6945:China: An Environmental History
6773:
6734:
6693:
6654:
6615:
6577:
6540:
6486:
6471:
6339:
6270:
6001:Written Language & Literacy
5992:
5967:
5952:
5927:
5898:
5814:
5771:
5665:
5650:
5489:
5449:
5396:
5341:
5298:
5175:
5143:
5034:
5004:
4958:
4940:Australian Bureau of Statistics
4875:
4849:
4823:
4420:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
3066:List of common Chinese surnames
3028:During the early 20th century,
2690:China marked Han chauvinism as
2479:
2380:Northern and Southern dynasties
2189:in the 2nd millennium BCE. The
2162:
1418:
1340:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
1323:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
1253:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
1223:Historical southward migrations
1131:: "street of the Tang people" (
864:
707:, making up about 17.5% of the
666:
642:
625:
594:
580:
566:
545:
524:
47:. For the spoken language, see
14136:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
14111:East Asian Football Federation
13087:University of California Press
12608:. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from
11834:(published 6 April 2018): 19.
11050:10.1080/00015458.2008.11680243
10956:Knapp, Alex (27 August 2020).
10925:"Dr David Ho, Man of the Year"
9489:Guo, Xiaolin (17 March 2022).
9279:Richter, Frank-Jurgen (2002).
8158:Journal of Conflict Resolution
7633:Han, Enze (28 December 2017).
5703:. Routledge. pp. 162–64.
5657:Schliesinger, Joachim (2016).
5307:Journal of Conflict Resolution
5108:The Republic of China Yearbook
5042:"Chinese Ethnicities: The Han"
4787:
4753:
4723:
4697:
4641:
4530:
4521:
4513:
4490:
4481:
4473:
4252:Genetic history of East Asians
3163:
3153:
3125:
3046:Traditional Chinese characters
2985:
2979:
2965:
2959:
2884:. Thus, villagers lavished on
2792:East Asian neighbors as well.
2759:
2753:
2608:one of the bloodiest conflicts
2309:
2274:
2233:
2072:
2063:
2055:
2019:
2005:
1998:Records of the Grand Historian
1799:Records of the Grand Historian
1502:special administrative regions
1377:
1372:
1172:
1168:
1147:
1114:
1105:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1003:
998:
994:
981:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
949:
944:
940:
913:
908:
904:
893:golden ages in Chinese history
879:
874:
870:
859:
841:
837:
826:
821:
817:
806:
801:
797:
500:
486:
472:
456:
442:
428:
387:
373:
123:
119:
13:
1:
14184:Journal of East Asian Studies
14121:East Asian Judo Championships
13968:East Asia Climate Partnership
13526:
12538:10.1080/03014460.2019.1632930
11930:10.13110/humanbiology.91.4.05
7658:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409172
7532:Statistics and Census Service
7504:. February 2016. p. 37.
7298:China: A New Cultural History
6700:Xu, Bin; Xie, Bizhen (2013).
6497:. Cambridge University Press.
5974:Schaefer, Richard T. (2008).
5846:Tanner, Harold Miles (2010).
5380:Chinese History: A New Manual
4705:"confirmed latest statistics"
4551:
3579:water-powered celestial globe
3545:Hans Christian Andersen Award
3500:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
3398:
3070:Through China, the notion of
3042:Simplified Chinese characters
2532:Han-centered concept of China
2507:Tea competition in Song China
2143:of the Zhou dynasty defeated
2110:
1899:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1766:various non-Han ethnic groups
1755: In addition, numerous
1669:
1078:
767:'s contemporaries during the
715:and 97% of the population in
14207:Horses in East Asian warfare
13750:other ethnic groups in China
13037:Resources in other libraries
12717:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000075
12177:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676
11887:10.1016/0035-9203(71)90185-4
11785:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676
11621:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676
11341:"Dr. Yuan-Cheng 'Bert' Fung"
11315:National Academy of Sciences
11219:National Academy of Sciences
11126:National Academy of Sciences
10990:Light, Leti McNeill (2015).
9283:. Quorum Books. p. 15.
9122:Goscha, Christopher (2016).
9054:Mimi Lau (5 December 2019).
8900:Ian Buruma (February 2022).
8856:The Journal of Asian Studies
7992:Migration Information Source
7772:. GETChina Insights. 2021 .
6333:Complete History of the Tang
6244:. Routledge. pp. 191–.
6110:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676
5435:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–90.
4971:Chinese Journal of Sociology
4570:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–95.
4418:Comparisons of Y chromosome
4197:Christian influence in China
4086:traditional Chinese holidays
4053:, while in recent centuries
3866:follicle-stimulating hormone
3807:is the inventor of the drug
3765:organic light-emitting diode
2668:to overthrow the Manchu-led
2639:, the father of modern China
2589:ordered construction of the
1857:has enabled a succession of
1848:Descendants of Yan and Huang
1762:successive Chinese dynasties
1709:Descendants of Yan and Huang
1615:indigenous Taiwanese peoples
885:Northern and Southern period
883:) first appeared during the
705:world's largest ethnic group
7:
12710:(published 2013): 477–485.
12561:Science China Life Sciences
9922:Sandra Lee Evenson (2014).
9720:Edward J.M. Rhoads (2000).
9652:Zhou, Xibao (周锡保) (2002).
9421:McKnight, Brian E. (1983).
9254:Lim, SK (1 November 2011).
9194:Lewis, Mark Edward (2012).
9179:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012).
8301:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003).
8170:10.1177/0022002795039003004
5632:. Checkmark Books. p.
5545:Erica Fox Brindley (2015).
5319:10.1177/0022002795039003004
4769:United States Census Bureau
4735:United States Census Bureau
4245:
4072:, heroic personnel such as
3918:
3832:was the co-inventor of the
3801:magazine Person of the Year
3767:(OLED) and hetero-junction
3561:List of Chinese discoveries
3392:Northern and Southern China
2984:; traditional Chinese:
2964:; traditional Chinese:
2937:
2147:(the last Shang king), and
1163:
746:
10:
15489:
14261:Needham Research Institute
14169:East Asia Image Collection
14164:East Asian Economic Review
13599:
12764:10.1186/s41065-020-00162-w
12447:10.1002/9780470720639.ch11
11554:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016
11156:Britannica Online for Kids
10844:10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.027
9899:Kimono: Fashioning Culture
9589:, University of Washington
9540:Minahan, James B. (2014).
9379:Smolnikov, Sergey (2018).
8605:10.1038/d41586-019-01214-6
8502:Zhang, Menghan; Yan, Shi;
8394:(2700) – via Nature.
8004:Roberts, John A.G (2001).
5875:. Greenwood. p. 403.
5796:Minahan, James B. (2015).
5672:Holcombe, Charles (2017).
5496:Minahan, James B. (2015).
5431:Minahan, James B. (2015).
4564:Minahan, James B. (2014).
4389:and Bronze Age natives of
4261:Internal genetic structure
4249:
4232:Chinese Muslim Association
3922:
3763:, was the inventor of the
3599:, which employed an early
3557:List of Chinese inventions
3554:
3533:Nobel Prize for Literature
3402:
3363:
3087:
3083:
3059:
3030:written vernacular Chinese
2947:
2941:
2722:
2684:People's Republic of China
2621:
2561:'s peasant rebels and the
2534:, and regarded expelling "
2483:
2369:
2350:believe that the concept (
2313:
2237:
2211:Hundred Schools of Thought
2166:
2094:
2023:
1989:
1780:Tomb of Huangdi in Shaanxi
1764:and their assimilation of
1746:Excessive citations inline
1673:
1643:
1639:
1624:
1566:
1547:, and to a lesser extent,
1519:
1481:
1452:People's Republic of China
1435:
1182:
42:
31:
15432:
15392:
15327:
15273:
15174:
15119:
15001:
14775:
14729:
14699:
14628:
14580:
14548:
14511:
14407:
14346:
14337:
14324:
14251:
14197:
14144:
14096:
14058:
14040:Human rights in East Asia
13991:
13958:
13925:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
13770:
13610:
13534:
13184:
13032:Resources in your library
12983:10.1038/s41422-020-0322-9
12932:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5
12051:10.1038/s41422-020-0322-9
11841:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5
11734:10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x
11721:Journal of Human Genetics
10750:Forrest, Stephen (2012).
10552:10.1007/s00025-011-0196-8
10178:Yigitcanlar, Tan (2016).
9869:Stevens, Rebecca (1996).
9807:Journal of Design History
9508:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.747296
9183:. AuthorHouse. p. 2.
9033:"皇汉史观今天我们如何定义中国|多维新闻网|中国"
8902:"The Great Wall of Steel"
8528:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z
8360:10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x
8347:Journal of Human Genetics
8257:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8191:West, Barbara A. (2009).
8135:. Wiley. pp. 66–67.
7744:worldpopulationreview.com
6942:Marks, Robert B. (2017).
6861:Chinese History: A Manual
6547:Nicolas Olivier Tackett.
5778:Cohen, Warren I. (2000).
5661:. Booksmango. p. 14.
5626:Perkins, Dorothy (1998).
5587:The Forging of Nationhood
5456:Duara, Prasenjit (2003).
5352:. Routledge. p. 34.
5224:. NUS Press. p. 96.
4213:Chinese Rites controversy
3905:World Health Organization
3872:(the key hormone used in
3858:growth hormone deficiency
3769:organic photovoltaic cell
3710:, a concept now known as
3696:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3177:
3143:
3108:Night Revels of Han Xizai
3076:
2978:(simplified Chinese:
2958:(simplified Chinese:
2894:classical Confucian texts
2765:Mainland China and Taiwan
2602:erupted in 1850 from the
2265:
1903: 1900–1500 BCE
1892: 3000–2000 BCE
1881: 5000–3000 BCE
1870: 6500–5000 BCE
1834:
1808:
1738:basins in Northern China.
1620:
1562:
1492:Demographics of Hong Kong
1462:(38% or 40% in 2010) and
1136:
1081:
790:are commonly referred as
691:, or colloquially simply
677:
656:
649:
632:
615:
608:
587:
573:
559:
552:
538:
531:
517:
510:
493:
479:
465:
449:
435:
421:
414:
409:
405:
394:
380:
366:
362:
357:
328:
323:
292:
287:
280:
275:
265:
255:
245:
235:
225:
215:
205:
195:
185:
175:
165:
155:
145:
140:
135:
130:
117:
15412:Local ethnic nationalism
14331:recognized ethnic groups
12803:Annals of Human Genetics
12699:Annals of Human Genetics
12335:BMC Evolutionary Biology
12082:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
11996:10.3389/fevo.2022.853391
11107:6 September 2023 at the
11044:(3, May–June): 367–378.
11028:pancreas transplantation
10725:China Central Television
10630:"Obituary Yuan Longping"
10280:. Lulu.com. p. 57.
10121:Kevin (23 August 2015).
9656:. 中国戏剧出版社. p. 449.
9653:
9585:22 November 2009 at the
9462:Wolfgang Franke (1960).
9181:East Asia: A New History
9061:South China Morning Post
8320:. Routledge. p. 7.
8107:. Springer. p. 26.
7412:13 February 2021 at the
6741:Szonyi, Michael (2002).
6514:. Brill. pp. 831–.
6493:Hashimoto, Anne (1972).
6478:Kurpaska, Maria (2010).
6350:. John Wiley & Sons.
5961:China: A Religious State
5800:. ABC-CLIO. p. 92.
5590:. Manohar. p. 102.
5530:Szonyi, Michael (2002).
5500:. ABC-CLIO. p. 91.
5278:10.1007/0-387-29905-X_73
5093:
5072:
4983:10.1177/2057150X16655077
4608:17 February 2023 at the
4456:
4169:During the Han dynasty,
3488:Dream of the Red Chamber
3055:
1917:and the founding of the
1802:places the reign of the
1586:Lungshan Temple of Manka
887:and was inspired by the
596:Cantonese pronunciation:
368:Traditional Chinese
118:
14126:East Asian martial arts
14073:Archaeological cultures
13077:, Thomas Shawn (2012).
12615:7 February 2017 at the
12606:The Genographic Project
12526:Annals of Human Biology
12356:10.1186/1471-2148-8-146
12307:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998
11449:Jiang, Yi-Huah (2018).
11032:University of Minnesota
10223:Needham, Volume 4, 470.
10214:Needham, Volume 3, 351.
9599:Yang, Shaorong (2004).
9495:Frontiers in Psychology
9329:Kang, David C. (2012).
9258:. ASIAPAC. p. 89.
9022:《凭栏观史》第34期:中国到底有没有大汉族主义
8707:"China The Zhou Period"
8637:, pp. 10319–10320.
8470:10.1073/pnas.1817972116
8408:The Shape of the Turtle
8280:. AltaMira. p. 8.
8053:Minahan, James (2014).
7986:29 January 2014 at the
7824:Southeast Asian Affairs
7799:. UNESDOC. p. 24.
7675:Yim, Onn Siong (2005).
7193:Encyclopædia Britannica
6780:Zheng, Zhenman (2001).
6310:Clark, Hugh R. (2007).
6238:Edward Vickers (2013).
6151:Jacques Gernet (1996).
5850:. Hackett. p. 83.
5821:Kang, David C. (2012).
5485:. Simon & Schuster.
5183:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
3359:
3311:Imperial Ancestral Hall
3235:Ma (马) family genealogy
3015:forms of spoken Chinese
2990:) or "Han characters".
2653:Han Chinese superiority
2423:non-Han nomadic peoples
2048:genealogical succession
1751:considered for deletion
1609:inhabited hilly areas.
1464:Tibet Autonomous Region
953:) in texts to describe
869:The name 'Han people' (
784:non-Han Chinese peoples
699:ethnic group native to
382:Simplified Chinese
15447:Historic ethnic groups
14318:Ethnic groups in China
14253:Science and technology
14237:The Book of Five Rings
14131:East Asian Youth Games
13047:Yuan, Haiwang (2006).
12882:10.1126/sciadv.1601877
12757:(published 2020): 49.
12022:– via Frontiers.
11490:Austin, Alvyn (2007).
10540:Results in Mathematics
9831:Liddell, Jill (1989),
9677:Shaorong Yang (2004).
8820:Yonglin Jiang (2018).
8647:Guo, Rongxing (2010).
8316:Miller, David (2007).
8131:Guo, Rongxing (2016).
7795:Zhuang, Guotu (2021).
7026:Marks, Robert (1998).
6900:Foster, Simon (2010).
6819:Hugh R. Clark (2007).
6667:. BRILL. p. 341.
6361:Hugh R. Clark (2007).
6346:Guo, Rongxing (2011).
6047:10.1098/rstb.2007.2028
6013:10.1075/wll.15.1.06leu
5403:Yuan, Haiwang (2006).
5080:. 2016. Archived from
4936:2016 Census QuickStats
4316:
4018:
3838:in vitro fertilization
3567:science and technology
3551:Science and technology
3543:was bestowed with the
3417:
3119:
2788:
2709:preferential treatment
2640:
2509:
2457:
2405:
2329:
2205:(770–476 BCE) and the
2105:, around 1600 BCE, by
1907:Sino-Tibetan languages
1781:
1589:
1577:Demographics of Taiwan
1428:
1396:
1360:
1318:
1240:
1239:in the 2nd century BC.
1194:
1122:, regarded as another
756:
13536:Countries and regions
13141:at Wikimedia Commons
12812:John Wiley & Sons
12708:John Wiley & Sons
12410:10.1093/molbev/msq063
9924:"Hanfu Chinese robes"
8651:. Wiley. p. 10.
8405:Allan, Sarah (1991),
8388:Nature Communications
8103:Zhang, Qizhi (2016).
8078:Lung, Rachel (2011).
7990:, By Malia Politzer,
7562:Chua, Amy L. (2000).
7462:Chua, Amy L. (2000).
7384:. 2004. p. 631.
7295:Hsu, Cho-yun (2012).
7253:Shi, Zhihong (2017).
5934:Li, Xiaobing (2012).
5481:Dingming, Wu (2014).
5268:. Springer. pp.
5094:臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群,約占總人口97%
4314:
4230:, the founder of the
4042:Chinese folk religion
4010:
3925:Chinese folk religion
3821:Thomas Ming Swi Chang
3732:differential geometry
3573:. The innovations of
3571:Four Great Inventions
3455:. Canonical works of
3434:Analects of Confucius
3412:
3339:Chen (陳) clan academy
3325:Ming tombs in Nanjing
3291:Painting of ancestors
3101:
3050:mutually intelligible
3023:Chinese folk religion
2773:
2655:a basic tenet of the
2635:
2544:Red Turban Rebellions
2505:
2453:
2440:adopting Han surnames
2395:
2366:Three Kingdoms to Jin
2323:
1779:
1730:that lived along the
1584:
1496:Demographics of Macau
1446:Han Chinese subgroups
1442:Demographics of China
1426:
1392:
1353:
1314:
1230:
1192:
1185:Han Chinese subgroups
1179:Han Chinese subgroups
754:
740:non-Han ethnic groups
324:Related ethnic groups
302:Chinese folk religion
14276:Traditional medicine
14174:East Asia Law Review
14030:East Asian Community
13720:Indigenous Taiwanese
13083:Berkeley, California
12489:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64
11407:on 12 December 2008.
11088:27 July 2017 at the
10805:10.1038/nchembio.482
10777:10.1557/mrs.2012.125
10343:. 22 November 2009.
9627:Brown, John (2006).
9004:"Revolution of 1911"
8635:Sagart et al. (2019)
7340:The History of China
7146:Yao, Yifeng (2016).
6556:History.berkeley.edu
6284:(in Chinese (China))
5739:Sheng Lijun (2002).
5260:Liu, Xingwu (2004).
4857:"The World Factbook"
3969:improve this section
3876:, an example is the
3850:human growth hormone
3466:government positions
3459:, Confucianism, and
3423:classical literature
3149:Han Chinese families
2906:imperial bureaucracy
2902:government positions
2858:World Heritage Sites
2798:Chinese architecture
2702:since its founding.
2670:Qing dynasty in 1912
2581:and established the
2400:in 742, showing the
2291:in Chinese history.
2258:First Emperor of Qin
1855:archaeological sites
1466:(8% in 2014), where
1365:An Lu Shan rebellion
1257:An Lu Shan rebellion
1193:Han Chinese children
971:) or 'various Xia' (
600:[hɔ̄ːntsʊ̀k]
345:Sino-Tibetan peoples
13701:Khalkha in Mongolia
12874:2017SciA....3E1877S
12347:2008BMCEE...8..146L
12245:10.1038/nature02878
12237:2004Natur.431..302W
12168:2015PLoSO..1025676Z
11776:2015PLoSO..1025676Z
11683:10.1038/nature02878
11675:2004Natur.431..302W
11612:2015PLoSO..1025676Z
10937:on 30 December 2011
10768:2012MRSBu..37..552F
10340:The Daily Telegraph
10153:"HCAA 2016 Winners"
9043:on 13 January 2020.
8938:Weiying Wu (2023).
8596:2019Natur.569...45L
8520:2019Natur.569..112Z
8461:2019PNAS..11610317S
8455:(21): 10319–10320.
7898:. 25 October 2017.
6206:10.1038/nature02878
6198:2004Natur.431..302W
6101:2015PLoSO..1025676Z
5871:Ueda, Reed (2017).
5163:on 16 February 2016
5084:on 18 February 2017
5012:"在日华人统计人口达92万创历史新高"
4518:traditional Chinese
4478:traditional Chinese
4102:Mid-Autumn Festival
4038:religious pluralism
4014:The Vinegar Tasters
3913:preventive medicine
3909:primary health care
3891:. The bio-engineer
3870:luteinizing hormone
3805:Patrick Soon-Shiong
3773:Organic Electronics
3506:Journey to the West
3021:, ritual texts for
2719:Culture and society
2583:Kingdom of Tungning
2429:established by the
2129:Yangtze River Delta
2060:traditional Chinese
1824:. The newly merged
1478:Hong Kong and Macau
1363:In the wake of the
114:
14179:East Asian studies
13875:Hip-and-gable roof
13870:Chinese characters
13139:Han Chinese people
13123:(paperback: 2017).
12573:10.1007/BF02882691
11523:白崇禧先生访问纪录(下册)第五七四章
11317:. 4 January 2007.
11284:The New York Times
10995:(print and online)
10721:"CCTV-"杂交水稻之父"袁隆平"
10665:The New York Times
10514:Notices of the AMS
10473:The New York Times
10159:on 22 October 2016
10095:The New York Times
9819:10.1093/jdh/epw042
8675:Theobald, Ulrich.
8006:A History of China
7602:Chua, Amy (2003).
5348:Liu, Hong (2017).
5201:10.1093/jdh/epw042
5046:The Beijing Center
4741:on 12 October 2016
4510:simplified Chinese
4504:ethnic group'
4470:simplified Chinese
4317:
4098:Zhongyuan Festival
4019:
3747:." The agronomist
3418:
3405:Chinese literature
3204:servants' quarters
3120:
2972:Chinese characters
2842:Chinese philosophy
2838:Chinese numerology
2826:Chinese literature
2789:
2657:Chinese revolution
2641:
2557:, was captured by
2542:in 1368 after the
2510:
2458:
2406:
2330:
2103:Battle of Mingtiao
2052:simplified Chinese
1859:Neolithic cultures
1782:
1590:
1528:population genetic
1429:
1397:
1361:
1319:
1241:
1195:
769:Warring States era
757:
112:
77:You can assist by
15455:
15454:
14624:
14623:
14284:
14283:
14035:Four Asian Tigers
13494:
13493:
13430:Teochew Taiwanese
13319:Teochew Taiwanese
13137:Media related to
13113:978-0-295-99467-3
13058:978-1-59158-294-6
13018:Library resources
12821:10.1111/ahg.12320
12706:(10). Cambridge:
12270:on 24 March 2009.
12095:978-0-521-49781-7
11669:(7006): 302–305.
11501:978-0-8028-2975-7
11188:Los Angeles Times
11152:"Chang Min-Chueh"
11122:"Min Chueh Chang"
10378:"Chien-Shiung Wu"
9937:978-0-7591-2150-8
9908:978-0-295-98155-0
9880:978-0-87654-598-0
9844:978-0-525-24574-2
9766:The Bangkok Times
9733:978-0-295-98040-9
9690:978-1-59265-019-4
9663:978-7-104-00359-5
9638:978-1-4196-4893-9
9610:978-1-59265-019-4
9475:978-0-674-75250-4
9434:978-0-226-56060-1
9108:978-1-5036-2498-6
8977:The SAIS Observer
8907:Harper's Magazine
8829:Bryn Mawr College
8791:978-0-7546-1793-8
8681:Chinaknowledge.de
8658:978-0-470-82604-1
8514:(7754): 112–115.
8418:978-0-791-40460-7
8327:978-0-765-61823-8
8287:978-0-759-10458-7
8204:978-1-438-11913-7
8142:978-3-319-32305-3
8114:978-3-662-51507-5
8089:978-90-272-2444-6
8064:978-1-61069-017-1
7848:Project MUSE
7619:978-0-385-72186-8
7448:978-0-385-72186-8
6871:978-0-674-00249-4
6832:978-962-996-227-2
6635:978-0-7607-1976-3
6596:978-0-7607-1973-2
6521:978-90-04-17585-3
6452:978-0-8047-2857-7
6413:978-1-4128-3248-9
6374:978-962-996-227-2
6278:""衣冠南渡"字的解释 | 汉典"
6251:978-1-135-40500-7
6170:978-0-521-49781-7
6041:(1482): 987–996.
5985:978-1-4129-2694-2
5945:978-81-8274-611-4
5882:978-1-4408-2864-5
5857:978-1-60384-204-4
5832:978-0-231-15319-5
5807:978-1-61069-017-1
5752:978-981-230-110-9
5710:978-1-135-04635-4
5643:978-0-8160-2693-7
5597:978-81-7304-425-0
5558:978-1-316-35228-1
5507:978-1-61069-017-1
5442:978-1-61069-017-1
5414:978-1-59158-294-6
5389:978-0-674-08846-7
5359:978-1-138-91825-2
5287:978-0-306-47754-6
5231:978-9971-69-599-6
5121:978-986-04-2302-0
4685:on 4 January 2011
4623:"Taiwan snapshot"
4577:978-1-610-69018-8
4538:
4498:
4428:mitochondrial DNA
4424:mitochondrial DNA
4355:Haplogroup Q-M120
4351:Haplogroup N-M231
4343:Haplogroup O-M175
4339:Haplogroup O-M122
4256:Peopling of China
4094:Qingming Festival
4066:Chinese mythology
4051:Mahayana Buddhism
4005:
4004:
3997:
3937:Religion in China
3874:fertility testing
3727:Shiing-Shen Chern
3723:Manhattan Project
3620:Chinese dynasties
3428:Classic of Poetry
3354:
3340:
3326:
3312:
3292:
3278:
3264:
3250:
3236:
3106:Chinese painting
3035:written Cantonese
2868:. Throughout the
2834:Chinese mythology
2814:Chinese festivals
2696:ethnic minorities
2674:Republic of China
2600:Taiping Rebellion
2563:Chongzhen Emperor
2508:
2456:
2203:Spring and Autumn
2135:, elder uncle of
1980:
1966:
1952:
1938:
1911:Sinitic languages
1838:) tribes, at the
1822:Battle of Banquan
1413:Pearl River Delta
1395:
1359:
1333:Celestial Masters
1321:The chaos of the
1317:
1261:Jingkang incident
709:global population
681:
680:
673:
672:
561:Yale Romanization
481:Yale Romanization
416:Standard Mandarin
353:
352:
191:3.80–5.79 million
107:
106:
99:
16:(Redirected from
15480:
15313:Tajiks (Pamiris)
14344:
14343:
14311:
14304:
14297:
14288:
14287:
14219:Miyamoto Musashi
14116:East Asian Games
14088:Former countries
14020:East Asia Summit
13850:Chinese knotting
13605:
13521:
13514:
13507:
13498:
13497:
13438:
13426:
13409:
13327:
13168:
13161:
13154:
13145:
13144:
13136:
13100:
13070:
13006:
13005:
12995:
12985:
12961:
12955:
12954:
12944:
12934:
12910:
12904:
12903:
12893:
12862:Science Advances
12856:February 2017).
12852:
12846:
12845:
12843:
12841:
12823:
12810:(2). Cambridge:
12793:
12787:
12786:
12776:
12766:
12736:
12730:
12729:
12719:
12689:
12683:
12682:
12672:
12642:
12636:
12635:
12625:
12619:
12599:
12593:
12592:
12556:
12550:
12549:
12517:
12511:
12510:
12500:
12468:
12459:
12458:
12429:
12423:
12422:
12412:
12388:
12379:
12378:
12368:
12358:
12329:Li, Hui (2008).
12326:
12320:
12319:
12309:
12285:
12272:
12271:
12269:
12263:. Archived from
12231:(7006): 302–05.
12222:
12213:
12200:
12199:
12189:
12179:
12147:
12138:
12137:
12121:
12115:
12114:
12106:
12100:
12099:
12079:
12073:
12072:
12062:
12030:
12024:
12023:
12007:
12001:
12000:
11998:
11974:
11968:
11967:
11959:
11950:
11949:
11908:
11899:
11898:
11870:
11864:
11863:
11853:
11843:
11819:
11808:
11807:
11797:
11787:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11736:
11712:
11703:
11702:
11657:
11644:
11643:
11633:
11623:
11591:
11576:
11575:
11565:
11533:
11524:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11487:
11481:
11480:
11470:
11446:
11440:
11439:
11437:
11435:
11415:
11409:
11408:
11389:
11383:
11382:
11363:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11337:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11307:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11274:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11263:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11211:
11205:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11148:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11137:
11118:
11112:
11099:
11093:
11080:
11074:
11073:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11007:
10996:
10987:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10973:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10921:
10915:
10914:
10904:
10893:10.1038/nbt.1732
10872:
10866:
10865:
10855:
10838:(6): 1368–1380.
10823:
10817:
10816:
10788:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10717:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10695:World Food Prize
10687:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10600:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10589:
10570:
10564:
10563:
10535:
10529:
10528:
10526:
10511:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10470:
10462:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10451:
10431:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10420:
10411:. Archived from
10400:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10355:
10349:
10348:
10336:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10298:
10292:
10291:
10273:
10264:
10261:
10255:
10252:
10246:
10243:
10237:
10232:Joseph Needham,
10230:
10224:
10221:
10215:
10212:
10206:
10203:
10194:
10193:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10155:. Archived from
10149:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10138:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10085:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10019:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10008:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9919:
9913:
9912:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9866:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9802:
9796:
9793:Chinese Clothing
9789:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9769:. pp. 11–.
9756:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9704:
9702:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9624:
9615:
9614:
9596:
9590:
9578:Ebrey, Patricia
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9520:
9510:
9486:
9480:
9479:
9459:
9450:
9449:
9443:
9441:
9418:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9233:10.2307/20038053
9216:
9210:
9209:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9094:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8980:. 7 April 2014.
8968:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8944:
8935:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8897:
8888:
8887:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8826:
8817:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8741:Claytonbrown.org
8733:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8672:
8663:
8662:
8644:
8638:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8607:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8482:
8472:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8402:
8396:
8395:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8362:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8256:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8128:
8119:
8118:
8100:
8094:
8093:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8019:
8010:
8009:
8001:
7995:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7872:on 11 April 2019
7862:
7856:
7855:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7719:
7712:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7672:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7647:(1). Hong Kong:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7599:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7559:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7423:
7417:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7376:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7334:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7292:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7218:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7185:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7097:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7065:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7023:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
6981:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6897:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6558:. Archived from
6553:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6325:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6192:(7006): 302–05.
6181:
6175:
6174:
6158:
6148:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6112:
6078:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6026:
6017:
6016:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5907:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5793:
5784:
5783:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5683:978-1-10754489-5
5669:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5623:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5527:
5512:
5511:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5375:
5364:
5363:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5257:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5215:
5204:
5203:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5156:. Archived from
5155:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5113:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4802:media.neliti.com
4799:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4737:. Archived from
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4653:Academic.oup.com
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4619:
4613:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4561:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4523:
4515:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4189:Neo-Confucianism
4185:Chinese Buddhism
4030:Chinese Buddhism
4000:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3949:
3941:
3901:barefoot doctors
3817:islet transplant
3757:Green Revolution
3669:Fields Medalists
3641:Samuel C.C. Ting
3587:hydro-mechanical
3352:
3349:
3338:
3335:
3324:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3290:
3287:
3276:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3180:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3128:
3127:
3090:Chinese clothing
3079:
3078:
3072:hundred surnames
3040:From the 1950s,
3011:literary Chinese
2995:Mandarin Chinese
2989:
2983:
2969:
2963:
2950:Standard Chinese
2944:Chinese language
2870:history of China
2822:Chinese language
2818:Chinese holidays
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2735:ancestor worship
2715:administration.
2662:Celestial empire
2618:Republic history
2506:
2454:
2376:Sixteen Kingdoms
2289:imperial dynasty
2276:
2267:
2229:Imperial history
2115:
2112:
2074:
2065:
2057:
2007:
1978:
1975:
1964:
1961:
1950:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1904:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1885:Longshan culture
1882:
1879:
1874:Yangshao culture
1871:
1868:
1840:Battle of Zhuolu
1837:
1836:
1811:
1810:
1754:
1701:
1692:
1660:history of China
1646:History of China
1627:Overseas Chinese
1597:immigrants from
1573:Taiwanese people
1393:
1379:
1374:
1354:
1315:
1231:Map showing the
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1158:tong4 jan4 gaai1
1149:
1140:
1116:
1107:
1084:
1083:
1069:Chinese national
1063:) refers to any
1062:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1027:Overseas Chinese
1023:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1000:
996:
987:Overseas Chinese
983:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
951:
946:
942:
915:
910:
906:
901:Chinese language
881:
876:
872:
843:
839:
828:
823:
819:
808:
803:
799:
669:
668:
645:
644:
628:
627:
604:
603:
602:
597:
583:
582:
569:
568:
548:
547:
527:
526:
506:
505:
504:
489:
488:
475:
474:
461:
460:
459:
445:
444:
431:
430:
407:
406:
390:
389:
376:
375:
355:
354:
131:Total population
125:
121:
115:
111:
102:
95:
91:
88:
82:
62:
61:
54:
49:Standard Chinese
21:
15488:
15487:
15483:
15482:
15481:
15479:
15478:
15477:
15458:
15457:
15456:
15451:
15428:
15400:Han nationalism
15388:
15335:African Chinese
15323:
15269:
15170:
15115:
14997:
14955:Sichuan Mongols
14771:
14725:
14695:
14620:
14576:
14544:
14507:
14403:
14333:
14320:
14315:
14285:
14280:
14247:
14193:
14140:
14092:
14054:
14050:Stock exchanges
13987:
13954:
13766:
13606:
13597:
13530:
13525:
13495:
13490:
13432:
13420:
13403:
13401:Hakka Taiwanese
13321:
13297:Hoklo Taiwanese
13180:
13172:
13130:
13097:
13059:
13043:
13042:
13041:
13026:
13025:
13021:
13014:
13012:Further reading
13009:
12962:
12958:
12911:
12907:
12868:(2): e1601877.
12853:
12849:
12839:
12837:
12794:
12790:
12737:
12733:
12690:
12686:
12643:
12639:
12626:
12622:
12617:Wayback Machine
12600:
12596:
12557:
12553:
12518:
12514:
12469:
12462:
12435:Ciba Found Symp
12430:
12426:
12389:
12382:
12327:
12323:
12286:
12275:
12267:
12220:
12214:
12203:
12162:(5): e0125676.
12148:
12141:
12122:
12118:
12107:
12103:
12096:
12080:
12076:
12031:
12027:
12008:
12004:
11975:
11971:
11960:
11953:
11909:
11902:
11871:
11867:
11820:
11811:
11770:(5): e0125676.
11754:
11750:
11713:
11706:
11658:
11647:
11606:(5): e0125676.
11592:
11579:
11534:
11527:
11522:
11518:
11513:
11509:
11502:
11488:
11484:
11447:
11443:
11433:
11431:
11416:
11412:
11391:
11390:
11386:
11381:on 9 July 2012.
11365:
11364:
11360:
11350:
11348:
11339:
11338:
11334:
11324:
11322:
11309:
11308:
11304:
11294:
11292:
11275:
11271:
11261:
11259:
11242:
11238:
11228:
11226:
11213:
11212:
11208:
11198:
11196:
11179:
11175:
11165:
11163:
11150:
11149:
11145:
11135:
11133:
11120:
11119:
11115:
11109:Wayback Machine
11100:
11096:
11090:Wayback Machine
11081:
11077:
11038:Acta Chir. Belg
11025:
11021:
11011:
11009:
11005:
11001:(Spring): 42f.
10994:
10988:
10981:
10971:
10969:
10954:
10950:
10940:
10938:
10923:
10922:
10918:
10881:Nat. Biotechnol
10873:
10869:
10824:
10820:
10799:(12): 863–865.
10793:Nat. Chem. Biol
10789:
10785:
10748:
10744:
10734:
10732:
10719:
10718:
10714:
10704:
10702:
10689:
10688:
10684:
10674:
10672:
10657:
10653:
10643:
10641:
10628:
10627:
10623:
10613:
10611:
10602:
10601:
10597:
10587:
10585:
10572:
10571:
10567:
10536:
10532:
10524:
10509:
10505:
10504:
10500:
10490:
10488:
10463:
10459:
10449:
10447:
10432:
10428:
10418:
10416:
10401:
10397:
10387:
10385:
10376:
10375:
10371:
10360:Scientia Sinica
10356:
10352:
10331:
10330:
10326:
10316:
10314:
10307:The Independent
10299:
10295:
10288:
10274:
10267:
10262:
10258:
10253:
10249:
10244:
10240:
10231:
10227:
10222:
10218:
10213:
10209:
10204:
10197:
10190:
10176:
10172:
10162:
10160:
10151:
10150:
10146:
10136:
10134:
10127:The Hugo Awards
10119:
10115:
10105:
10103:
10086:
10082:
10072:
10070:
10055:
10051:
10036:10.2307/2642652
10020:
10016:
10006:
10004:
9993:"十大经典川菜 你吃过哪些?"
9991:
9990:
9986:
9976:
9974:
9961:
9957:
9947:
9945:
9938:
9920:
9916:
9909:
9892:
9888:
9881:
9867:
9863:
9854:
9852:
9845:
9837:, E.P. Dutton,
9829:
9825:
9803:
9799:
9790:
9786:
9776:
9774:
9757:
9753:
9743:
9741:
9734:
9718:
9714:
9700:
9698:
9691:
9675:
9671:
9664:
9655:
9650:
9646:
9639:
9625:
9618:
9611:
9597:
9593:
9587:Wayback Machine
9577:
9573:
9563:
9561:
9554:
9538:
9534:
9487:
9483:
9476:
9460:
9453:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9419:
9412:
9402:
9400:
9393:
9377:
9373:
9366:
9352:
9348:
9341:
9327:
9323:
9316:
9302:
9298:
9291:
9277:
9273:
9266:
9252:
9248:
9221:Foreign Affairs
9217:
9213:
9206:
9192:
9188:
9177:
9173:
9166:
9145:
9141:
9134:
9120:
9116:
9109:
9095:
9076:
9066:
9064:
9052:
9048:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9021:
9017:
9012:. 27 July 2011.
9002:
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8997:
8987:
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8970:
8969:
8962:
8952:
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8942:
8936:
8927:
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8898:
8891:
8868:10.2307/2658945
8852:
8848:
8838:
8836:
8824:
8818:
8811:
8801:
8799:
8792:
8776:
8772:
8766:Schaefer (2008)
8764:
8760:
8750:
8748:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8720:
8718:
8705:
8704:
8700:
8690:
8688:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8645:
8641:
8633:
8629:
8590:(7754): 45–47.
8573:
8569:
8555:
8551:
8500:
8496:
8441:
8437:
8428:
8426:
8419:
8403:
8399:
8380:
8376:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8314:
8310:
8299:
8295:
8288:
8272:Him, Mark Lai;
8270:
8266:
8250:
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8242:
8240:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8214:
8212:
8205:
8189:
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8129:
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8101:
8097:
8090:
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8051:
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8037:
8035:
8020:
8013:
8002:
7998:
7988:Wayback Machine
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7875:
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7864:
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7859:
7836:10.1355/aa17-1f
7820:
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7793:
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7768:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7738:
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7733:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7710:
7707:Entrerepeeneurs
7702:
7698:
7688:
7686:
7673:
7666:
7631:
7627:
7620:
7600:
7591:
7581:
7579:
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7551:
7541:
7539:
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7511:
7509:
7496:
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7479:
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7456:
7449:
7424:
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7414:Wayback Machine
7405:
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7276:
7274:
7267:
7251:
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7234:
7232:
7219:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7189:"Six Dynasties"
7187:
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7169:
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7160:
7144:
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7118:
7098:
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7066:
7059:
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7017:
7007:
7005:
6998:
6982:
6975:
6965:
6963:
6956:
6940:
6933:
6923:
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6914:
6898:
6891:
6881:
6879:
6872:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6833:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6794:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6755:
6739:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6716:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6675:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6636:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6597:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6568:
6566:
6565:on 4 March 2016
6562:
6551:
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6541:
6531:
6529:
6522:
6506:
6502:
6491:
6487:
6476:
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6460:
6453:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6414:
6398:
6394:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6359:
6355:
6344:
6340:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6308:
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6287:
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6276:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6252:
6236:
6229:
6182:
6178:
6171:
6149:
6136:
6095:(5): e0125676.
6079:
6072:
6027:
6020:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5972:
5968:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5915:on 11 July 2019
5912:
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5890:
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5559:
5543:
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5528:
5515:
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5468:
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5450:
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5429:
5422:
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5397:
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5360:
5346:
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5299:
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5216:
5207:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
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5149:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5111:
5105:
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5100:
5095:
5087:
5085:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4930:
4929:
4922:
4917:on 16 May 2021.
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4880:
4876:
4866:
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4855:
4854:
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4840:
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4754:
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4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4610:Wayback Machine
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4578:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4508:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4440:
4412:
4397:Matrilineal DNA
4335:
4333:Patrilineal DNA
4322:
4267:migratory waves
4263:
4258:
4250:Main articles:
4248:
4217:First Opium War
4001:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3966:
3950:
3939:
3929:Three teachings
3923:Main articles:
3921:
3893:Yuan-Cheng Fung
3830:Min Chueh Chang
3825:artificial cell
3813:Type 1 diabetes
3738:. The botanist
3719:Chien-Shiung Wu
3688:Tsien Hsue-shen
3563:
3555:Main articles:
3553:
3523:series won the
3407:
3401:
3382:to Guangdong's
3368:
3366:Chinese cuisine
3362:
3355:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3327:
3322:
3313:
3308:
3293:
3288:
3279:
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3260:
3251:
3246:
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3232:
3146:
3136:and the Korean
3096:
3088:Main articles:
3086:
3068:
3060:Main articles:
3058:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2854:Terracotta Army
2846:Chinese theatre
2810:Chinese fashion
2802:Chinese cuisine
2727:
2725:Chinese culture
2721:
2666:1911 Revolution
2645:Han nationalist
2630:
2622:Main articles:
2620:
2591:Willow Palisade
2500:
2484:Main articles:
2482:
2417:Non-native rule
2402:major provinces
2390:
2370:Main articles:
2368:
2318:
2312:
2304:Berthold Laufer
2296:Martino Martini
2275:Qín Shǐ Huángdì
2242:
2236:
2231:
2171:
2165:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2085:Erlitou culture
2028:
2022:
2014:cultural heroes
2008:) known as the
1994:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1902:
1896:Erlitou culture
1891:
1880:
1869:
1739:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1674:Main articles:
1672:
1648:
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1629:
1623:
1579:
1567:Main articles:
1565:
1524:
1518:
1498:
1482:Main articles:
1480:
1448:
1436:Main articles:
1434:
1421:
1409:Mongol invasion
1387:
1348:
1309:
1225:
1212:
1187:
1181:
1086:
1080:
1065:Chinese citizen
933:
867:
862:
749:
687:(alternatively
595:
467:Tongyong Pinyin
457:
395:Literal meaning
349:
342:
126:
110:
103:
92:
86:
83:
76:
63:
59:
52:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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15414:
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14230:The Art of War
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13956:
13955:
13953:
13952:
13950:Chinese zodiac
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13857:
13855:Chinese dragon
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13815:Blepharoplasty
13812:
13811:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13795:
13787:
13782:
13776:
13774:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13757:
13747:
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13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
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13712:
13707:
13706:
13705:
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13703:
13698:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13666:
13661:
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13649:
13639:
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13608:
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13595:
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13585:
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13575:
13574:
13573:
13563:
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13556:
13551:
13540:
13538:
13532:
13531:
13524:
13523:
13516:
13509:
13501:
13492:
13491:
13489:
13488:
13487:
13486:
13481:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13457:
13456:
13446:
13445:
13444:
13439:
13427:
13415:
13410:
13393:
13388:
13387:
13386:
13376:
13375:
13374:
13369:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13348:
13347:
13342:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13329:
13328:
13311:
13306:
13305:
13304:
13302:Hui'an maidens
13299:
13289:
13284:
13274:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13257:
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13255:
13250:
13245:
13244:
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13230:
13225:
13224:
13223:
13213:
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13201:
13196:
13185:
13182:
13181:
13171:
13170:
13163:
13156:
13148:
13129:
13128:External links
13126:
13125:
13124:
13121:978-0295741789
13101:
13096:978-0984590988
13095:
13071:
13057:
13040:
13039:
13034:
13028:
13027:
13016:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13007:
12976:(9): 717–731.
12956:
12905:
12847:
12788:
12755:BioMed Central
12753:(49). Berlin:
12731:
12684:
12637:
12620:
12594:
12551:
12532:(3): 261–266.
12512:
12483:(9): 1013–15.
12460:
12424:
12403:(8): 1833–44.
12380:
12321:
12273:
12201:
12139:
12116:
12101:
12094:
12074:
12045:(9): 717–731.
12025:
12002:
11969:
11951:
11924:(4): 257–277.
11900:
11865:
11809:
11748:
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11645:
11577:
11525:
11516:
11507:
11500:
11482:
11441:
11410:
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11332:
11302:
11269:
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11173:
11143:
11113:
11094:
11075:
11019:
10979:
10948:
10916:
10867:
10818:
10783:
10742:
10712:
10682:
10651:
10621:
10595:
10565:
10546:(1–4): 13–51.
10530:
10498:
10457:
10426:
10395:
10384:on 22 May 2014
10369:
10350:
10324:
10293:
10287:978-1291208917
10286:
10265:
10256:
10247:
10238:
10225:
10216:
10207:
10195:
10189:978-1138826700
10188:
10170:
10144:
10113:
10080:
10049:
10014:
9984:
9955:
9936:
9914:
9907:
9886:
9879:
9861:
9843:
9823:
9813:(3): 300–314,
9797:
9784:
9751:
9732:
9712:
9689:
9669:
9662:
9644:
9637:
9616:
9609:
9591:
9571:
9552:
9532:
9481:
9474:
9451:
9433:
9410:
9391:
9371:
9365:978-0415670029
9364:
9346:
9340:978-0231153195
9339:
9321:
9315:978-1594205460
9314:
9296:
9290:978-1567205251
9289:
9271:
9265:978-9812295941
9264:
9246:
9227:(2): 341–348.
9211:
9205:978-0674064010
9204:
9186:
9171:
9165:978-1594205460
9164:
9139:
9133:978-1846143106
9132:
9126:. Allen Lane.
9114:
9107:
9074:
9046:
9024:
9015:
8995:
8960:
8925:
8889:
8846:
8809:
8790:
8770:
8768:, p. 279.
8758:
8728:
8711:Lcweb2.loc.gov
8698:
8664:
8657:
8639:
8627:
8576:LaPolla, Randy
8567:
8558:Bradley, David
8549:
8494:
8435:
8417:
8397:
8374:
8353:(4): 303–313.
8333:
8326:
8308:
8293:
8286:
8264:
8222:
8203:
8183:
8148:
8141:
8120:
8113:
8095:
8088:
8070:
8063:
8045:
8011:
7996:
7994:, August 2008.
7973:
7943:
7928:. 8 May 2013.
7913:
7883:
7857:
7830:(1): 101–113.
7814:
7787:
7761:
7731:
7696:
7664:
7625:
7618:
7589:
7549:
7519:
7489:
7454:
7447:
7418:
7399:
7368:
7350:978-1615301096
7349:
7326:
7308:978-0231528184
7307:
7284:
7266:978-9004355248
7265:
7242:
7210:
7177:
7159:978-9811016370
7158:
7135:
7116:
7100:Lai, H. Mark;
7089:
7057:
7038:
7015:
6997:978-1461633112
6996:
6973:
6955:978-1442277892
6954:
6931:
6913:978-1588438119
6912:
6889:
6870:
6850:
6831:
6811:
6792:
6772:
6753:
6733:
6715:978-3643903297
6714:
6692:
6674:978-9047429463
6673:
6653:
6634:
6614:
6595:
6576:
6539:
6520:
6500:
6485:
6482:. p. 161.
6470:
6451:
6431:
6412:
6392:
6373:
6353:
6338:
6317:
6295:
6269:
6250:
6227:
6176:
6169:
6134:
6070:
6018:
6007:(1): 114–140.
5991:
5984:
5966:
5951:
5944:
5926:
5888:
5881:
5863:
5856:
5838:
5831:
5813:
5806:
5785:
5770:
5751:
5728:
5709:
5689:
5682:
5664:
5649:
5642:
5615:
5596:
5576:
5557:
5537:
5513:
5506:
5488:
5473:
5466:
5448:
5441:
5420:
5413:
5395:
5388:
5365:
5358:
5340:
5313:(3): 467–494.
5297:
5286:
5249:
5230:
5205:
5174:
5142:
5120:
5098:
5078:Executive Yuan
5063:
5052:on 3 July 2024
5033:
5016:www.rbzwdb.com
5003:
4977:(3): 348–373.
4957:
4920:
4901:
4874:
4848:
4822:
4786:
4752:
4722:
4696:
4681:Archived from
4670:
4640:
4614:
4595:
4576:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4439:
4436:
4411:
4408:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4334:
4331:
4321:
4318:
4262:
4259:
4247:
4244:
4209:Qing dynasties
4158:and until the
4136:dietary habits
4082:Chinese dragon
4062:ethnic deities
4003:
4002:
3953:
3951:
3944:
3920:
3917:
3862:beta-endorphin
3775:". Biochemist
3712:Chen's theorem
3676:Shing-Tung Yau
3665:Charles K. Kao
3661:Roger Y. Tsien
3657:Daniel C. Tsui
3645:Chen Ning Yang
3552:
3549:
3403:Main article:
3400:
3397:
3364:Main article:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3298:same surname.
3295:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3145:
3142:
3085:
3082:
3057:
3054:
2942:Main article:
2939:
2936:
2910:degree-holders
2882:shared rituals
2874:Imperial China
2723:Main article:
2720:
2717:
2704:Han chauvinism
2647:revolutionary
2619:
2616:
2587:Kangxi Emperor
2481:
2478:
2372:Three Kingdoms
2367:
2364:
2360:Han characters
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2238:Main article:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2207:Warring States
2175:Battle of Muye
2167:Main article:
2164:
2161:
2095:Main article:
2092:
2089:
2024:Main article:
2021:
2018:
1990:Main article:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1909:and later the
1863:Cishan culture
1832:of the Jiuli (
1804:Yellow Emperor
1706:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1668:
1644:Main article:
1641:
1638:
1625:Main article:
1622:
1619:
1564:
1561:
1520:Main article:
1517:
1516:Southeast Asia
1514:
1479:
1476:
1438:Chinese people
1433:
1432:Mainland China
1430:
1420:
1417:
1386:
1383:
1347:
1344:
1308:
1305:
1263:(1127 AD) and
1224:
1221:
1211:
1208:
1183:Main article:
1180:
1177:
1161:). The phrase
1085:
1077:
1031:name for China
932:
923:
919:Han characters
866:
863:
861:
858:
748:
745:
724:Central Plains
713:mainland China
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
663:
654:
653:
647:
646:
639:
630:
629:
622:
613:
612:
606:
605:
591:
585:
584:
577:
571:
570:
563:
557:
556:
554:Yue: Cantonese
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
529:
528:
521:
515:
514:
508:
507:
497:
491:
490:
483:
477:
476:
469:
463:
462:
453:
447:
446:
439:
433:
432:
425:
419:
418:
412:
411:
410:Transcriptions
403:
402:
396:
392:
391:
384:
378:
377:
370:
364:
363:
360:
359:
351:
350:
348:
347:
340:
335:
329:
326:
325:
321:
320:
290:
289:
285:
284:
278:
277:
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
149:
143:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
108:
105:
104:
66:
64:
57:
38:Chinese people
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15485:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15465:
15463:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15434:
15431:
15423:
15420:
15419:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15406:
15403:
15402:
15401:
15398:
15397:
15395:
15391:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15364:
15360:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15332:
15330:
15326:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15314:
15310:
15308:
15307:
15303:
15299:
15296:
15295:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15280:
15278:
15276:
15275:Indo-European
15272:
15264:
15261:
15260:
15259:
15258:
15254:
15252:
15251:
15247:
15245:
15244:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15232:
15228:
15226:
15225:
15221:
15219:
15218:
15214:
15212:
15211:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15181:
15179:
15177:
15173:
15167:
15166:
15162:
15160:
15159:
15155:
15153:
15152:
15148:
15146:
15145:
15141:
15137:
15134:
15133:
15132:
15131:
15127:
15126:
15124:
15122:
15118:
15112:
15111:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15099:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15077:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15065:
15061:
15059:
15058:
15054:
15052:
15051:
15047:
15045:
15044:
15040:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15027:
15026:
15025:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15013:
15009:
15008:
15006:
15004:
15000:
14992:
14989:
14988:
14987:
14986:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14974:
14970:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14939:
14938:Upper Mongols
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14825:
14824:
14823:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14801:
14797:
14795:
14794:
14790:
14788:
14787:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14778:
14774:
14768:
14767:
14763:
14761:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14749:
14748:
14747:
14746:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14736:
14734:
14732:
14728:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14716:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14706:
14704:
14702:
14698:
14692:
14691:
14687:
14685:
14684:
14680:
14678:
14677:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14640:
14636:
14635:
14633:
14631:
14630:Austroasiatic
14627:
14617:
14616:
14612:
14610:
14609:
14605:
14603:
14602:
14598:
14596:
14595:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14585:
14583:
14579:
14573:
14572:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14560:
14556:
14555:
14553:
14551:
14547:
14541:
14540:
14536:
14534:
14533:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14518:
14516:
14514:
14510:
14504:
14503:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14491:
14487:
14485:
14484:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14472:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14455:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14443:
14439:
14437:
14436:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14419:
14415:
14414:
14412:
14410:
14406:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14389:
14385:
14381:
14378:
14377:
14376:
14375:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14358:
14354:
14353:
14351:
14349:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14336:
14332:
14328:
14323:
14319:
14312:
14307:
14305:
14300:
14298:
14293:
14292:
14289:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14258:
14256:
14254:
14250:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14238:
14234:
14232:
14231:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14214:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14204:
14202:
14200:
14196:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14147:
14143:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14103:
14101:
14099:
14095:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14063:
14061:
14057:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13998:
13994:
13990:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13965:
13963:
13961:
13957:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13790:
13788:
13786:
13785:Architecture
13783:
13781:
13780:Age reckoning
13778:
13777:
13775:
13773:
13769:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13693:
13692:
13689:
13688:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13652:
13648:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13631:
13628:
13627:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13617:
13615:
13613:
13612:Ethnic groups
13609:
13604:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13572:
13569:
13568:
13567:
13564:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13546:
13545:
13542:
13541:
13539:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13522:
13517:
13515:
13510:
13508:
13503:
13502:
13499:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13476:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13450:
13447:
13443:
13440:
13436:
13431:
13428:
13424:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13407:
13402:
13399:
13398:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13385:
13382:
13381:
13380:
13377:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13337:
13336:
13333:
13325:
13320:
13317:
13316:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13294:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13279:
13278:
13275:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13262:
13261:
13258:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13242:
13239:
13238:
13237:
13234:
13233:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13222:
13219:
13218:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13190:
13187:
13186:
13183:
13179:
13176:
13169:
13164:
13162:
13157:
13155:
13150:
13149:
13146:
13142:
13140:
13135:
13122:
13118:
13115:(hardcover).
13114:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13098:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13080:
13076:
13072:
13068:
13064:
13060:
13054:
13050:
13045:
13044:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13003:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12970:Cell Research
12967:
12960:
12952:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12924:
12920:
12916:
12909:
12901:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12851:
12835:
12831:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12813:
12809:
12805:
12804:
12799:
12792:
12784:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12747:
12742:
12735:
12727:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12709:
12705:
12701:
12700:
12695:
12688:
12680:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12653:
12648:
12641:
12633:
12632:
12624:
12618:
12614:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12598:
12590:
12586:
12582:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12567:(6): 613–21.
12566:
12562:
12555:
12547:
12543:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12523:
12516:
12508:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12490:
12486:
12482:
12478:
12474:
12467:
12465:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12428:
12420:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12387:
12385:
12376:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12325:
12317:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12300:(6): 705–17.
12299:
12295:
12291:
12284:
12282:
12280:
12278:
12266:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12219:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12206:
12197:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12169:
12165:
12161:
12157:
12153:
12146:
12144:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12120:
12112:
12105:
12097:
12091:
12087:
12086:
12078:
12070:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12052:
12048:
12044:
12040:
12039:Cell Research
12036:
12029:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12006:
11997:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11973:
11965:
11958:
11956:
11947:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11923:
11919:
11918:Human Biology
11915:
11907:
11905:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11869:
11861:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11818:
11816:
11814:
11805:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11765:
11764:
11759:
11752:
11744:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11727:(4): 303–13.
11726:
11722:
11718:
11711:
11709:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11664:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11641:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11582:
11573:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11548:(6): 775–85.
11547:
11543:
11539:
11532:
11530:
11520:
11511:
11503:
11497:
11493:
11486:
11478:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11445:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11414:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11388:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11362:
11346:
11342:
11336:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11290:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11273:
11257:
11253:
11252:
11247:
11240:
11224:
11220:
11216:
11215:"Choh Hao Li"
11210:
11194:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11177:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11147:
11131:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11110:
11106:
11103:
11098:
11091:
11087:
11084:
11079:
11072:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11033:
11029:
11023:
11004:
11000:
10993:
10986:
10984:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10952:
10936:
10932:
10931:
10926:
10920:
10912:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10871:
10863:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10822:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10787:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10762:(6): 552–53.
10761:
10757:
10753:
10746:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10716:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10686:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10639:
10635:
10634:The Economist
10631:
10625:
10609:
10605:
10599:
10583:
10579:
10578:zalafilms.com
10575:
10569:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10534:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10508:
10502:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10469:
10461:
10445:
10441:
10440:Berkeley News
10437:
10430:
10415:on 5 May 2017
10414:
10410:
10406:
10399:
10383:
10379:
10373:
10365:
10361:
10354:
10346:
10342:
10341:
10335:
10334:"Qian Xuesen"
10328:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10297:
10289:
10283:
10279:
10272:
10270:
10260:
10251:
10242:
10235:
10229:
10220:
10211:
10202:
10200:
10191:
10185:
10181:
10174:
10158:
10154:
10148:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10117:
10101:
10097:
10096:
10091:
10084:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10053:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10018:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9988:
9972:
9968:
9967:
9959:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9918:
9910:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9890:
9882:
9876:
9872:
9865:
9850:
9846:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9827:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9788:
9772:
9768:
9767:
9762:
9755:
9739:
9735:
9729:
9725:
9724:
9716:
9709:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9673:
9665:
9659:
9648:
9640:
9634:
9630:
9623:
9621:
9612:
9606:
9602:
9595:
9588:
9584:
9581:
9575:
9559:
9555:
9553:9781610690188
9549:
9545:
9544:
9536:
9528:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9485:
9477:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9458:
9456:
9448:
9436:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9417:
9415:
9398:
9394:
9392:9783319718859
9388:
9384:
9383:
9375:
9367:
9361:
9357:
9350:
9342:
9336:
9332:
9325:
9317:
9311:
9307:
9300:
9292:
9286:
9282:
9275:
9267:
9261:
9257:
9250:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9215:
9207:
9201:
9197:
9190:
9182:
9175:
9167:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9152:Jed Rubenfeld
9149:
9143:
9135:
9129:
9125:
9118:
9110:
9104:
9100:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9050:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9019:
9011:
9010:
9005:
8999:
8983:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8967:
8965:
8948:
8941:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8896:
8894:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8862:(3): 603–46.
8861:
8857:
8850:
8834:
8830:
8823:
8816:
8814:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8774:
8767:
8762:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8702:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8669:
8660:
8654:
8650:
8643:
8636:
8631:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8498:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8439:
8424:
8420:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8401:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8337:
8329:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8304:
8297:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8274:Hsu, Madeline
8268:
8260:
8254:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8226:
8210:
8206:
8200:
8196:
8195:
8187:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8164:(3): 467–94.
8163:
8159:
8152:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8127:
8125:
8116:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8091:
8085:
8081:
8074:
8066:
8060:
8056:
8049:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8018:
8016:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7977:
7961:
7957:
7956:Stats.govt.nz
7953:
7947:
7931:
7927:
7926:statcan.gc.ca
7923:
7917:
7901:
7897:
7896:statcan.gc.ca
7893:
7887:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7716:
7709:
7708:
7700:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7671:
7669:
7659:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7629:
7621:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7605:World On Fire
7598:
7596:
7594:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7458:
7450:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7433:World On Fire
7432:
7428:
7422:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7403:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7373:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7342:
7341:
7333:
7331:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7300:
7299:
7291:
7289:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7249:
7247:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7217:
7215:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7142:
7140:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7102:Hsu, Madeline
7096:
7094:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7064:
7062:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7022:
7020:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6980:
6978:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6938:
6936:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6896:
6894:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6854:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6815:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6776:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6737:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6666:
6665:
6657:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6618:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6474:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6435:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6357:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6313:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6234:
6232:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6075:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6023:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5911:
5904:
5903:
5895:
5893:
5884:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5790:
5781:
5774:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5735:
5733:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5620:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5580:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5541:
5534:. p. 27.
5533:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5467:0-7425-2577-5
5463:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5425:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5254:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5159:
5152:
5146:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5007:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4790:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4543:
4533:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4432:Shang dynasty
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4327:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:Han subgroups
4268:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4009:
3999:
3996:
3988:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3954:This section
3952:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3844:. Biochemist
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3777:Chi-Huey Wong
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3761:Ching W. Tang
3758:
3754:
3750:
3749:Yuan Longping
3746:
3741:
3740:Shang Fa Yang
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:Tsung-Dao Lee
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:fresh seafood
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3348:
3343:
3334:
3329:
3320:
3315:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3286:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3258:
3253:
3244:
3239:
3230:
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2017:
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1986:Early history
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1401:Jin–Song Wars
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741:
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701:Greater China
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67:This article
65:
56:
55:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
15361:
15355:Kaifeng Jews
15311:
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14743:
14713:
14701:Austronesian
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14409:Lolo-Burmese
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14339:Sino-Tibetan
14326:
14235:
14228:
14213:Bansenshūkai
14211:
13978:Rainy season
13755:unrecognized
13624:
13454:Fuzhou Tanka
13340:Shanghainese
13241:Subei people
13204:Macau people
13174:
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13022:
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12840:14 September
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11335:
11323:. Retrieved
11305:
11293:. Retrieved
11282:
11272:
11260:. Retrieved
11251:The Guardian
11249:
11239:
11229:15 September
11227:. Retrieved
11209:
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11116:
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10935:the original
10928:
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10756:MRS Bulletin
10755:
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10382:the original
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10157:the original
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10083:
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10062:
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10024:Asian Survey
10023:
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9948:14 September
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9438:. Retrieved
9423:
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9385:. Springer.
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8243:23 September
8241:. Retrieved
8234:
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8197:. Infobase.
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7895:
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7876:16 September
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7870:the original
7860:
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7790:
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7764:
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7743:
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7571:
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7534:. May 2017.
7522:
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7492:
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7421:
7407:CIA Factbook
7402:
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7380:
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7339:
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6560:the original
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6282:www.zdic.net
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5220:
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5192:
5188:China Review
5186:
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5165:. Retrieved
5158:the original
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5082:the original
5066:
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5050:the original
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4935:
4915:the original
4904:
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4877:
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4851:
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4825:
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4739:the original
4725:
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4699:
4689:23 September
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4683:the original
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4617:
4603:CIA Factbook
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4566:
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4144:martial arts
4106:
4088:such as the
4059:
4055:Christianity
4022:Confucianism
4020:
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3982:
3967:Please help
3955:
3897:biomechanics
3882:Joe Hin Tjio
3880:home test).
3798:
3791:
3716:
3704:prime number
3700:Chen Jingrun
3680:Turing Award
3625:
3617:
3595:in medieval
3590:astronomical
3564:
3529:Gao Xingjian
3518:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3494:Water Margin
3492:
3486:
3470:examinations
3450:
3446:Tao Te Ching
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3378:'s famously
3369:
3296:
3220:
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3116:Gu Hongzhong
3107:
3104:Song dynasty
3069:
3062:Chinese name
3039:
3027:
2992:
2975:
2955:
2953:
2898:family honor
2878:filial piety
2790:
2778:
2777:'s painting
2775:Zhang Zeduan
2746:
2728:
2692:anti-Marxist
2678:
2642:
2567:Qing dynasty
2548:
2540:Ming dynasty
2530:, who had a
2526:
2518:Yuan dynasty
2511:
2498:Qing dynasty
2494:Ming dynasty
2490:Yuan dynasty
2486:Song dynasty
2480:Song to Qing
2463:
2459:
2446:Sui and Tang
2445:
2444:
2427:Northern Wei
2420:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2388:Tang dynasty
2352:ethnogenesis
2331:
2300:Paul Pelliot
2293:
2284:Lingqu Canal
2273:
2243:
2215:Confucianism
2199:Eastern Zhou
2191:Zhou dynasty
2172:
2169:Zhou dynasty
2163:Zhou dynasty
2122:
2118:oracle bones
2100:
2078:
2071:
2042:. Yu's son,
2036:Emperor Shun
2032:Yu the Great
2029:
1997:
1995:
1852:
1797:
1786:Western Zhou
1783:
1744:
1736:Yellow River
1716:
1649:
1630:
1611:
1591:
1525:
1499:
1488:Macau people
1449:
1419:Distribution
1406:
1398:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1337:
1328:commanderies
1320:
1269:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1156:
1148:Táng Rén Jiē
1146:
1120:Tang dynasty
1113:
1087:
1072:
1053:Zhongguo ren
1052:
1046:
1034:
1020:
1008:
1002:
990:
980:
966:
955:China proper
948:
934:
929:
925:
912:
897:Roman Empire
878:
868:
865:'Han people'
833:Zhongguo Ren
832:
831:
825:
812:
811:
805:
792:
791:
772:
758:
736:
732:Yellow River
721:
692:
688:
684:
682:
610:Southern Min
540:Romanization
519:Romanization
423:Hanyu Pinyin
401:ethnic group
314:Christianity
306:Confucianism
251:1.21 million
241:1.35 million
231:1.47 million
221:1.64 million
211:2.67 million
201:2.83 million
181:6.91 million
171:7.05 million
151:1.29 billion
109:Ethnic group
93:
84:
71:copy editing
69:may require
68:
29:
15468:Han Chinese
15199:Fuyu Kyrgyz
14068:Archaeology
13960:Environment
13825:Calligraphy
13669:in Sakhalin
13625:Han Chinese
13588:South Korea
13583:North Korea
13442:Waishengren
13433: [
13421: [
13404: [
13357:Gaoshan Han
13322: [
13221:Ngái people
13199:Hongkongers
13175:Han Chinese
13023:Han Chinese
12814:: 348–354.
12663:: 579–590.
11461:: 155–173.
11295:19 February
11262:14 December
11199:26 November
11012:20 November
10263:Bodde, 140.
10163:22 November
9895:Dalby, Liza
9564:10 November
9067:10 December
9009:China Daily
8751:12 December
8721:12 December
8691:12 December
7966:20 February
7936:20 February
7906:20 February
7807:15 February
7780:15 February
6646:31 December
6607:31 December
6569:12 December
5167:14 February
4932:"Australia"
4894:17 February
4867:17 February
4715:14 February
4663:14 February
4544:people'
4422:(SNPs) and
4228:Bai Chongxi
4203:during the
4176:persecution
4156:Han dynasty
3848:discovered
3846:Choh Hao Li
3789:profiling.
3753:hybrid rice
3678:as well as
3672:Terence Tao
3653:Yuan T. Lee
3629:Nobel Prize
3613:Crab Nebula
3593:clock tower
3541:Cao Wenxuan
2931:recognition
2794:Chinese art
2743:Yan Emperor
2649:Sun Yat-sen
2637:Sun Yat-sen
2604:anti-Manchu
2398:Tang Empire
2384:Sui dynasty
2356:golden ages
2316:Han dynasty
2310:Han dynasty
2252:under King
2240:Qin dynasty
2234:Qin dynasty
2159:over time.
2114: 1600
2040:Great Flood
2026:Xia dynasty
2020:Xia dynasty
1915:Old Chinese
1818:Yan Emperor
1784:During the
1634:New Zealand
1484:Hongkongers
1300:Wu-speaking
1237:Han dynasty
889:Han dynasty
860:Designation
685:Han Chinese
651:Eastern Min
358:Han Chinese
237:Philippines
136:1.4 billion
113:Han Chinese
87:August 2024
45:Han dynasty
15462:Categories
15405:chauvinism
15384:Pakistanis
15367:Chaoxianzu
14979:Sogwo Arig
14898:Muumyangan
14883:Khishigten
14731:Hmong-Mien
14683:Vietnamese
14327:Underlined
14243:Yi Sun-sin
14078:Bronze Age
14015:Capitalism
13940:Typography
13935:Television
13905:Philosophy
13890:Mādhyamaka
13885:Literature
13840:Sinosphere
13760:historical
13475:Yunnanese
13367:Minh Hương
13282:Fuzhounese
13253:Sichuanese
13194:Taishanese
12661:Cell Press
12604:. (2017).
12441:: 161–87.
12341:(1): 146.
11424:www.ft.com
11351:8 November
11325:8 November
10999:U Magazine
10941:17 October
10735:24 October
10705:24 October
10491:16 January
10450:16 January
10419:16 January
10388:4 November
10366:: 157–176.
10007:5 November
9966:Si-he-yuan
9777:13 October
9744:13 October
9708:coexisted.
9701:13 October
9440:7 February
8802:29 October
8504:Pan, Wuyun
8236:Asia Times
8215:29 October
7754:23 January
7582:13 January
7530:(Report).
7500:(Report).
7482:13 January
7117:0759104581
7039:113942551X
6793:0824823338
6754:0804742618
5919:22 January
5763:12 October
5721:12 October
5242:12 October
4996:23 January
4950:31 October
4779:5 February
4765:census.gov
4745:19 January
4552:References
4383:Cimmerians
4224:Hui People
4142:and other
4110:, another
4047:syncretism
3856:caused by
3684:Andrew Yao
3637:Steven Chu
3631:laureates
3601:escapement
3525:Hugo Award
3452:Art of War
3399:Literature
3380:spicy food
2948:See also:
2850:Great Wall
2713:Xi Jinping
2680:Mao Zedong
2559:Li Zicheng
2536:barbarians
2522:Emigration
2348:Ho Ping-ti
2339:civil wars
2326:silk robes
2280:Great Wall
2254:Ying Zheng
2248:after its
2173:After the
2107:Cheng Tang
1894:) and the
1771:Amur River
1724:Bronze Age
1722:and early
1670:Prehistory
1356:An Lu Shan
1124:golden age
793:Hua people
697:East Asian
689:Han people
546:Hòn-tshu̍k
451:Wade–Giles
294:Irreligion
161:22 million
79:editing it
18:Han people
15283:Armenians
15204:Ili Turks
14800:Dongxiang
14496:Qixingmin
14380:subgroups
14368:Chuanqing
14329:: the 56
14159:CrossAsia
14146:Education
13900:Mythology
13880:Languages
13860:Festivals
13808:Taiwanese
13715:Ryukyuans
13630:subgroups
13549:Hong Kong
13528:East Asia
13396:Taiwanese
13379:Peranakan
13352:Chuanqing
13309:Putianese
13287:Hainanese
13236:Jianghuai
13232:Mandarin
13189:Cantonese
13178:subgroups
12919:Hereditas
12746:Hereditas
11938:1534-6617
11828:Hereditas
11477:148800029
11434:4 January
11166:6 January
10972:27 August
10644:23 August
10614:23 August
10560:122548419
10481:0362-4331
10317:22 August
9791:Mei Hua,
9654:《中国古代服饰史》
8884:162684575
8614:0028-0836
8544:129946000
8429:5 October
8178:156043981
7649:Routledge
7427:Chua, Amy
7277:5 October
6882:8 January
6532:13 August
6463:5 January
6424:5 January
6262:8 January
5608:5 October
5569:8 January
5335:156043981
5088:23 August
4991:157718431
4841:27 August
4302:Kankanaey
4171:Confucian
4124:astronomy
3956:does not
3886:karyotype
3878:ovulation
3708:semiprime
3633:Tu Youyou
3609:supernova
3515:Liu Cixin
3483:Su Dongpo
3173:mortgaged
3005:and into
3003:Guangdong
2688:communist
2571:Wu Sangui
2470:Guangdong
2187:Wei River
2157:sinicized
2149:enfeoffed
2145:King Zhou
1820:, at the
1794:Sima Qian
1749:is being
1732:Guanzhong
1720:Neolithic
1656:dynasties
1603:Zhangzhou
1588:in Taipei
1541:Guangdong
1532:Singapore
1506:Hong Kong
1284:Hainanese
1272:Cantonese
1233:expansion
1217:Wang Mang
1129:Chinatown
1090:Cantonese
850:nationals
781:different
765:Confucius
695:) are an
643:Hàng-tsôk
626:Hàn-cho̍k
581:Hon3 zuk6
276:Languages
247:Australia
207:Singapore
197:Indonesia
15374:Macanese
15345:Japanese
15306:Russians
15288:Iranians
15184:Altaians
15121:Tungusic
14893:Khuuchid
14888:Khorchin
14878:Kharchin
14833:Abaganar
14806:Hamnigan
14777:Mongolic
14709:Filipino
14526:Gyalrong
14266:Printing
14199:Military
14083:Iron Age
13997:Politics
13945:Yogācāra
13930:Surnames
13910:Religion
13820:Buddhism
13798:Japanese
13725:Tibetans
13696:in China
13686:Mongolic
13664:in Japan
13659:in China
13642:Japanese
13578:Mongolia
13559:Mainland
13479:Chin Haw
13418:Hoklokeh
13270:Panthays
13248:Shandong
13228:Hunanese
13075:Mullaney
13067:65820295
13002:32355288
12951:29636655
12900:28164156
12834:Archived
12830:31025319
12783:33292737
12726:25029633
12613:Archived
12581:18726285
12546:31208219
12507:21505448
12419:20207712
12375:18482451
12316:18212820
12253:15372031
12196:25938511
12156:PLOS ONE
12069:32355288
11946:32767896
11860:29636655
11804:25938511
11763:PLoS ONE
11743:18270655
11691:15372031
11640:25938511
11600:PLOS ONE
11572:19944401
11428:Archived
11345:Archived
11319:Archived
11289:Archived
11256:Archived
11223:Archived
11193:Archived
11160:Archived
11130:Archived
11105:Archived
11086:Archived
11066:25795725
11058:18710120
11003:Archived
10966:Archived
10911:21151123
10862:22608086
10813:21079590
10729:Archived
10699:Archived
10697:. 2004.
10669:Archived
10638:Archived
10608:Archived
10582:Archived
10522:Archived
10485:Archived
10444:Archived
10345:Archived
10311:Archived
10205:Fry, 10.
10137:6 August
10131:Archived
10106:28 March
10100:Archived
10067:Archived
10001:Archived
9977:15 April
9971:Archived
9942:Archived
9897:(2001).
9849:archived
9771:Archived
9738:Archived
9695:Archived
9583:Archived
9558:Archived
9527:35369161
9397:Archived
9241:20038053
9154:(2014).
9148:Amy Chua
8988:30 March
8982:Archived
8953:30 March
8947:Archived
8918:30 March
8912:Archived
8839:30 March
8833:Archived
8796:Archived
8745:Archived
8715:Archived
8685:Archived
8622:31036967
8578:(2019).
8536:31019300
8489:31061123
8423:archived
8369:18270655
8276:(2004).
8253:cite web
8209:Archived
8032:Archived
8028:BBC News
7984:Archived
7960:Archived
7930:Archived
7900:Archived
7844:26492596
7801:Archived
7774:Archived
7748:Archived
7715:Archived
7683:Archived
7576:Archived
7536:Archived
7512:14 March
7506:Archived
7476:Archived
7429:(2003).
7410:Archived
7392:30 March
7386:Archived
7361:30 March
7355:Archived
7319:30 March
7313:Archived
7271:Archived
7235:30 March
7229:Archived
7203:30 March
7197:Archived
7170:30 March
7164:Archived
7128:30 March
7122:Archived
7104:(2004).
7082:30 March
7076:Archived
7050:30 March
7044:Archived
7008:30 March
7002:Archived
6966:30 March
6960:Archived
6924:30 March
6918:Archived
6876:Archived
6837:Archived
6804:29 March
6798:Archived
6765:29 March
6759:Archived
6726:29 March
6720:Archived
6685:29 March
6679:Archived
6640:Archived
6601:Archived
6526:Archived
6457:Archived
6418:Archived
6379:Archived
6256:Archived
6214:15372031
6129:25938511
6088:PLoS ONE
6065:17317646
5899:Eno, R.
5757:Archived
5715:Archived
5602:Archived
5563:Archived
5236:Archived
5126:Archived
5073:中華民國國情簡介
5026:15 April
5020:Archived
4944:Archived
4888:Archived
4861:Archived
4835:Archived
4806:Archived
4773:Archived
4709:Archived
4707:. 2022.
4657:Archived
4633:15 March
4627:Archived
4606:Archived
4582:Archived
4391:Khövsgöl
4372:Chinese.
4246:Genetics
4180:Buddhism
4120:medicine
4100:and the
3985:May 2016
3919:Religion
3889:genetics
3854:dwarfism
3809:Abraxane
3794:David Ho
3782:Chuan He
3745:Ethylene
3736:topology
3605:Shen Kuo
3457:Buddhism
3449:and the
3208:bedrooms
3200:lavatory
3191:siheyuan
3159:jiāzhǎng
3001:through
2999:Shanghai
2938:Language
2927:prestige
2852:and the
2682:and his
2612:Zou Rong
2595:Liaodong
2577:fled to
2223:Legalism
2181:(led by
2137:Ji Chang
1826:Yanhuang
1814:Shennong
1742:template
1680:Yanhuang
1599:Quanzhou
1557:Zhejiang
1472:Tibetans
1460:Xinjiang
1153:Jyutping
1115:Táng Rén
1079:Tangren
1048:Zhōnghuá
1035:Zhonghua
846:citizens
777:barbaric
761:identity
747:Identity
667:Háng-cŭk
575:Jyutping
567:Hon juhk
437:Bopomofo
298:Buddhism
288:Religion
177:Malaysia
167:Thailand
15393:Related
15363:Koreans
15340:Indians
15293:Nepalis
15263:Western
15243:Uyghurs
15144:Manchus
15035:Tai Nua
15030:Tai Lue
15003:Kra–Dai
14991:Eastern
14973:Monguor
14945:Onnigud
14933:Torghut
14923:Khoshut
14913:Dzungar
14903:Naimans
14873:Khalkha
14863:Jalaids
14853:Chahars
14848:Buryats
14843:Baarins
14822:Mongols
14811:Kangjia
14715:Gaoshan
14571:Tibetan
14550:Tibetic
14513:Qiangic
14460:Laomian
14399:Waxiang
14394:Longjia
14348:Sinitic
14224:Sun Tzu
14060:History
13993:Economy
13973:Monsoon
13915:Scripts
13865:Gardens
13835:Cuisine
13793:Chinese
13772:Culture
13735:Uyghurs
13691:Mongols
13654:Koreans
13471:Waxiang
13391:Sangley
13384:Benteng
13345:Wenzhou
13314:Teochew
12993:7609296
12942:5889524
12891:5287702
12870:Bibcode
12774:7724877
12679:8751859
12670:1914908
12589:1924085
12498:3179364
12455:6114819
12366:2408594
12343:Bibcode
12261:4301581
12233:Bibcode
12187:4418768
12164:Bibcode
12130:Science
12060:7609296
11895:5092429
11851:5889524
11795:4418768
11772:Bibcode
11699:4301581
11671:Bibcode
11631:4418768
11608:Bibcode
11563:2790583
10902:3107705
10853:3589129
10764:Bibcode
10073:6 March
10065:: 137.
10044:2642652
9518:8970312
9501:: 2–3.
8876:2658945
8592:Bibcode
8516:Bibcode
8480:6534992
8457:Bibcode
8038:21 July
7724:26 July
7651:: 582.
7574:: 328.
7542:25 July
7474:: 325.
6288:17 July
6222:4301581
6194:Bibcode
6120:4418768
6097:Bibcode
6056:2435565
5135:11 June
5056:27 June
4444:Koreans
4387:Moldova
4283:Pinghua
4195:Though
4132:alchemy
4078:Qu Yuan
4074:Guan Yu
4070:history
3977:removed
3962:sources
3840:at the
3682:winner
3597:Kaifeng
3583:Su Song
3575:Yi Xing
3440:I Ching
3384:dim sum
3376:Sichuan
3372:cuisine
3212:veranda
3196:kitchen
3169:dāngjiā
3084:Fashion
3007:Guangxi
2890:wedding
2886:funeral
2785:Kaifeng
2575:Koxinga
2555:Beijing
2514:Mongols
2431:Xianbei
2396:Map of
2262:Chinese
2141:King Wu
2127:in the
2125:Wu area
2073:Huá Xià
2002:Chinese
1883:), the
1872:), the
1640:History
1549:Guangxi
1530:study,
1468:Uighurs
1378:Tángrén
1280:Henghua
1133:Chinese
1102:Chinese
1022:Huáqiáo
1009:Huaqiao
773:Hua Ren
693:Chinese
637:Peng'im
634:Teochew
617:Hokkien
525:Hoe zoh
458:Han-tsu
443:ㄏㄢˋ ㄗㄨˊ
282:Chinese
271:922,000
261:992,600
257:Vietnam
217:Myanmar
34:Koreans
15379:Nivkhs
15328:Others
15319:Wakhis
15250:Uzbeks
15237:Tuvans
15217:Kyrgyz
15210:Kazakh
15176:Turkic
15158:Oroqen
15130:Evenks
15110:Zhuang
15082:Qabiao
15064:Maonan
15018:Buyang
15012:Bouyei
14908:Oirats
14868:Jaruud
14858:Gorlos
14838:Aohans
14816:Khatso
14721:Utsuls
14676:Ta'ang
14601:Jingpo
14594:Derung
14581:Others
14565:Sherpa
14465:Laopin
14448:Kucong
14418:Achang
14363:Caijia
14271:Swords
14098:Sports
13830:Cinema
13803:Korean
13745:Zhuang
13676:Manchu
13647:Yamato
13593:Taiwan
13571:Ryukyu
13484:Kokang
13466:Tunbao
13265:Dungan
13119:
13111:
13093:
13065:
13055:
13020:about
13000:
12990:
12949:
12939:
12925:: 19.
12898:
12888:
12828:
12781:
12771:
12724:
12677:
12667:
12587:
12579:
12544:
12505:
12495:
12453:
12417:
12373:
12363:
12314:
12259:
12251:
12225:Nature
12194:
12184:
12092:
12067:
12057:
11944:
11936:
11893:
11858:
11848:
11802:
11792:
11741:
11697:
11689:
11663:Nature
11638:
11628:
11570:
11560:
11498:
11475:
11064:
11056:
11034:. See
11026:Whole
10962:Forbes
10909:
10899:
10860:
10850:
10811:
10675:26 May
10558:
10479:
10284:
10186:
10042:
9997:阿波罗新闻网
9934:
9905:
9877:
9855:21 May
9841:
9730:
9687:
9660:
9635:
9607:
9550:
9525:
9515:
9472:
9447:world.
9431:
9389:
9362:
9337:
9312:
9287:
9262:
9239:
9202:
9162:
9130:
9105:
8882:
8874:
8788:
8655:
8620:
8612:
8584:Nature
8542:
8534:
8508:Nature
8487:
8477:
8415:
8367:
8324:
8284:
8201:
8176:
8139:
8111:
8086:
8061:
7852:658015
7850:
7842:
7689:26 May
7616:
7445:
7347:
7305:
7263:
7156:
7114:
7036:
6994:
6952:
6910:
6868:
6843:10 May
6829:
6790:
6751:
6712:
6671:
6632:
6593:
6518:
6449:
6410:
6385:10 May
6371:
6248:
6220:
6212:
6186:Nature
6167:
6127:
6117:
6063:
6053:
5982:
5942:
5879:
5854:
5829:
5804:
5749:
5707:
5680:
5640:
5594:
5555:
5504:
5464:
5439:
5411:
5386:
5356:
5333:
5327:174577
5325:
5293:world.
5284:
5270:703–17
5228:
5151:"Home"
5118:
4989:
4815:30 May
4588:21 May
4574:
4531:Hànrén
4528::
4526:pinyin
4520::
4512::
4488::
4486:pinyin
4480::
4472::
4448:Yamato
4298:Atayal
4140:Neijia
4128:Neidan
4108:Taoism
4028:, and
4026:Daoism
3935:, and
3706:and a
3537:Mo Yan
3520:San Ti
3475:Li Bai
3461:Taoism
3414:Lu Xun
3216:bamboo
3183:fēnjiā
3144:Family
3138:Hanbok
3134:Kimono
2929:, and
2915:esteem
2862:UNESCO
2856:, are
2844:, and
2579:Taiwan
2551:Manchu
2549:Early
2496:, and
2474:Hainan
2472:, and
2466:Fujian
2435:Yangzi
2386:, and
2282:, the
2272::
2270:pinyin
2264::
2219:Taoism
2213:) and
2153:Nanyue
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