German Empire - Knowledge

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weak, the parties were fragmented, and there was a high level of mutual distrust. The Nazis built on the illiberal, anti-pluralist elements of Weimar's political culture. The Junker elites (the large landowners in the east) and senior civil servants used their great power and influence well into the twentieth century to frustrate any movement toward democracy. They played an especially negative role in the crisis of 1930–1933. Bismarck's emphasis on military force amplified the voice of the officer corps, which combined advanced modernisation of military technology with reactionary politics. The rising upper-middle-class elites, in the business, financial and professional worlds, tended to accept the values of the old traditional elites. The German Empire was for Hans-Ulrich Wehler a strange mixture of highly successful capitalist industrialisation and socio-economic modernisation on the one hand, and of surviving pre-industrial institutions, power relations and traditional cultures on the other. Wehler argues that it produced a high degree of internal tension, which led on the one hand to the suppression of socialists, Catholics and reformers, and on the other hand to a highly aggressive foreign policy. For these reasons

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were without a priest. In the face of systematic defiance, the Bismarck government increased the penalties and its attacks, and were challenged in 1875 when a papal encyclical declared the whole ecclesiastical legislation of Prussia was invalid, and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who obeyed. There was no violence, but the Catholics mobilized their support, set up numerous civic organizations, raised money to pay fines, and rallied behind their church and the Centre Party. The "Old Catholic Church", which rejected the First Vatican Council, attracted only a few thousand members. Bismarck, a devout pietistic Protestant, realized his Kulturkampf was backfiring when secular and socialist elements used the opportunity to attack all religion. In the long run, the most significant result was the mobilization of the Catholic voters, and their insistence on protecting their religious identity. In the elections of 1874, the Centre party doubled its popular vote, and became the second-largest party in the national parliament—and remained a powerful force for the next 60 years, so that after Bismarck it became difficult to form a government without their support.

4448: 4601: 4577: 4473: 4455: 4510: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4437: 4440: 3741:. However, the evolution of weapons over the last century heavily favored defense over offense, especially thanks to the machine gun, so that it took proportionally more offensive force to overcome a defensive position. This resulted in the German lines on the offense contracting to keep up the offensive timetable while correspondingly the French lines were extending. In addition, some German units that were originally slotted for the German far-right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated. The combined effect had the German right flank sweeping down in front of Paris instead of behind it exposing the German Right flank to the extending French lines and attack from strategic French reserves stationed in Paris. Attacking the exposed German right flank, the 4512: 4065: 4465: 4361: 4585: 1699: 4489: 4495: 4575: 4896: 1310:

1815, the now united Germany became predominantly urban. The success of German industrialization manifested itself in two ways in the early 20th century; German factories were often larger and more modern than many of their British and French counterparts, but the preindustrial sector was more backward. The success of the German Empire in the natural sciences, especially in physics and chemistry, was such that one-third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire became an industrial, technological, and scientific power in Europe, and by 1913, Germany was the largest economy in continental Europe and the third-largest in the world. Germany also became a

5361: 2459:(League of Three Emperors), in 1881. During this period, individuals within the German military were advocating a preemptive strike against Russia, but Bismarck knew that such ideas were foolhardy. He once wrote that "the most brilliant victories would not avail against the Russian nation, because of its climate, its desert, and its frugality, and having but one frontier to defend", and because it would leave Germany with another bitter, resentful neighbor. Despite this, another alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy would be signed in 1882, preying on the fears of the German and Austro-Hungarian militaries of the untrustworthiness of Russia itself. This alliance, named the 6416: 4553: 5392: 1030: 4784: 1762: 5043: 5015: 4987: 4581: 3710: 1627: 4593: 4472: 5106: 1516: 5130: 5855: 88: 6459: 6473: 5958: 6440: 5321: 4610: 3777: 6517: 4721: 3815:. Verdun had been one of the last cities to hold out against the German Army in 1870, and Falkenhayn predicted that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not taken. He expected that he could take strong defensive positions in the hills overlooking Verdun on the east bank of the river Meuse to threaten the city and the French would launch desperate attacks against these positions. He predicted that French losses would be greater than those of the Germans and that continued French commitment of troops to Verdun would "bleed the French Army white." In February 1916, the 1044: 5897: 2784: 74: 4854: 4833: 4805: 6014: 2714:. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France. The total length of German railroad tracks expanded from 21,000 km (13,000 mi) in 1871 to 63,000 km (39,000 mi) by 1913, establishing the largest rail network in the world after the United States. The German rail network was followed by Austria-Hungary (43,280 km; 26,890 mi), France (40,770 km; 25,330 mi), the United Kingdom (32,623 km; 20,271 mi), Italy (18,873 km; 11,727 mi) and Spain (15,088 km; 9,375 mi). 5841: 5930: 5986: 5972: 3230: 5196: 5175: 6039: 6000: 5916: 5869: 1016: 988: 4499: 5944: 3410: 5883: 5154: 4749: 4422: 13396: 3045: 4441: 5291: 6487: 7350: 5404: 3138: 1083: 236: 6077:

by bit, through internal migration, religious blending was more and more common. In eastern territories, confession was almost uniquely perceived to be connected to one's ethnicity and the equation "Protestant = German, Catholic = Polish" was held to be valid. In areas affected by immigration in the Ruhr area and Westphalia, as well as in some large cities, religious landscape changed substantially. This was especially true in largely Catholic areas of Westphalia, which changed through Protestant immigration from the eastern provinces.

6428: 1111: 4532: 4665: 4450: 3833: 1002: 2506: 5531: 4693: 2592: 4959: 4443: 5420: 5085: 4477: 1069: 6797: 5217: 3245:. The threat of the SPD to the German monarchy and industrialists caused the state both to crack down on the party's supporters and to implement its own programme of social reform to soothe discontent. Germany's large industries provided significant social welfare programmes and good care to their employees, as long as they were not identified as socialists or trade-union members. The larger industrial firms provided pensions, sickness benefits and even housing to their employees. 1874: 1097: 4938: 4875: 4494: 4408:

proclaimed, Bismarck implemented a convention in which his sovereign would only send and receive envoys to and from other German states as the King of Prussia, while envoys from Berlin sent to foreign nations always received credentials from the monarch in his capacity as German Emperor. In this way, the Prussian foreign ministry was largely tasked with managing relations with the other German states while the Imperial foreign ministry managed Germany's external relations.

3057: 3378: 5373: 4011:, the Germans expected to unfreeze the battlefield and win a decisive victory before the army of the United States, which had now entered the war on the side of the Allies, arrived in strength. In what was known as the "kaiserschlacht", Germany converged their troops and delivered multiple blows that pushed back the allies. However, the repeated German offensives in the spring of 1918 all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped and the Germans lacked the 3970: 3073: 222: 4044:

blockade. The winter of 1916–1917 was known as the "turnip winter", because the people had to survive on a vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock, as a substitute for potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry, who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves. Even the army had to cut the soldiers' rations. The morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink.

212: 4468: 3193: 2961: 5275: 7280: 2335: 5259: 252: 4444: 3304: 6678:). The catastrophic German politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures. At the core of Wehler's interpretation is his treatment of "the middle class" and "revolution", each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century. Wehler's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of "charismatic domination", which focuses heavily on Hitler. 4479: 2904: 4571: 2349: 6549:, the Empire's colonial efforts and its vigorous, competitive industrial prowess all gained it the dislike and envy of other nations. The German Empire enacted a number of progressive reforms, such as Europe's first social welfare system and freedom of press. There was also a modern system for electing the federal parliament, the Reichstag, in which every adult man had one vote. This enabled the 4428: 2630:

after those of Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. Germany invested more heavily than the British in research, especially in chemistry, ICE engines and electricity. Germany's dominance in physics and chemistry was such that one-third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers. The German

4497: 2849:. He came to realize that this sort of policy was very appealing, since it bound workers to the state, and also fit in very well with his authoritarian nature. The social security systems installed by Bismarck (health care in 1883, accident insurance in 1884, invalidity and old-age insurance in 1889) at the time were the largest in the world and, to a degree, still exist in Germany today. 4504: 2702:

was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the

3260:, and became the largest political party in Germany. The government remained in the hands of a succession of conservative coalitions supported by right-wing liberals or Catholic clerics and heavily dependent on the Kaiser's favour. The rising militarism under Wilhelm II caused many Germans to emigrate to the U.S. and the British colonies to escape mandatory military service. 3386:

with the United States, which opposed German attempts at colonial expansion in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. Native insurrections in German territories received prominent coverage in other countries, especially in Britain; the established powers had dealt with such uprisings decades earlier, often brutally, and had secured firm control of their colonies by then. The

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premodern society battled an emerging capitalist, bourgeois, modernising society. Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm, Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany, as well as social mentalities and in class relations (

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the heart of Europe so powerful and yet so restless that her neighbors on each side had no choice but either to become her vassals or to stand together for protection....They used their central position to create fear in all sides, in order to gain their diplomatic ends. And then they complained that on all sides they had been encircled.

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separate public schools where their religion was taught. There was little interaction or intermarriage. On the whole, the Protestants had a higher social status, and the Catholics were more likely to be peasant farmers or unskilled or semiskilled industrial workers. In 1870, the Catholics formed their own political party, the

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emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side. A key difference between Wilhelm II and Bismarck was their approaches to handling political crises, especially in 1889, when German coal miners went on strike in

9587: 4584: 4400:). Relations between the Imperial centre and the Empire's components were somewhat fluid and were developed on an ongoing basis. The extent to which the German Emperor could, for example, intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion—for example in the inheritance crisis in 1840:

completely different franchises. Universal suffrage was significantly diluted by gross over-representation of rural areas from the 1890s onward. By the turn of the century, the urban-rural population balance was completely reversed from 1871; more than two-thirds of the empire's people lived in cities and towns.

10131: 3394:, was an untested power and had only been active there for two years. Seven western nations, including the United States, and Japan mounted a joint relief force to rescue westerners caught up in the rebellion. During the departure ceremonies for the German contingent, Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the 4020:

4.5 million men on the western front and 4,000 tanks for the Hundred Days Offensive, the Americans arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day, Germany's allies facing collapse and the German Empire's manpower exhausted, it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offensives destroyed the German army.

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state board which weeded out intransigent Catholics. Another provision gave the government a veto power over most church activities. A second law abolished the jurisdiction of the Vatican over the Catholic Church in Prussia; its authority was transferred to a government body controlled by Protestants.

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of social history, places the origins of Germany's path to disaster in the 1860s–1870s, when economic modernisation took place, but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army, diplomacy and the civil service. Traditional, aristocratic,

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Towards the end of the war, conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. The causes included the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military, combined with the overburdened railway system, shortages of coal, and the British

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Berlin was deeply suspicious of a supposed conspiracy of its enemies: that year-by-year in the early 20th century it was systematically encircled by enemies. There was a growing fear that the supposed enemy coalition of Russia, France and Britain was getting stronger militarily every year, especially

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Technological progress during German industrialisation occurred in four waves: the railway wave (1877–1886), the dye wave (1887–1896), the chemical wave (1897–1902), and the wave of electrical engineering (1903–1918). Since Germany industrialised later than Britain, it was able to model its factories

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Meanwhile, the chancellor remained wary of any foreign policy developments that looked even remotely warlike. In 1886, he moved to stop an attempted sale of horses to France because they might be used for cavalry and also ordered an investigation into large Russian purchases of medicine from a German

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responsible only to him. The emperor was given extensive powers by the constitution. He alone appointed and dismissed the chancellor (so in practice, the emperor ruled the empire through the chancellor), was supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and final arbiter of all foreign affairs, and

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After 1850, the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized, with particular strengths in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals, and railways. In 1871, Germany had a population of 41 million people; by 1913, this had increased to 68 million. A heavily rural collection of states in

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has had a turbulent history. 19th-century scholars who emphasised a separate German path to modernity saw it as a positive factor that differentiated Germany from the "western path" typified by Great Britain. They stressed the strong bureaucratic state, reforms initiated by Bismarck and other strong

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hardly changed. Still, there were almost entirely Catholic areas (Lower and Upper Bavaria, northern Westphalia, Upper Silesia, etc.) and almost entirely Protestant areas (Schleswig-Holstein, Pomerania, Saxony, etc.). Confessional prejudices, especially towards mixed marriages, were still common. Bit

4526: 3929:. Thus Germany had at last achieved its long-wanted dominance of "Mitteleuropa" (Central Europe) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front. In practice, however, the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort. 3573:

The encirclement, such as it was, was of Germany's own making. She had encircled herself by alienating France over Alsace-Lorraine, Russia by her support of Austria-Hungary's anti—Slav policy in the Balkans, England by building her rival fleet. She had created with Austria-Hungary a military bloc in

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be sent in to crush the strike, but Wilhelm II rejected this authoritarian measure, responding "I do not wish to stain my reign with the blood of my subjects." Instead of condoning repression, Wilhelm had the government negotiate with a delegation from the coal miners, which brought the strike to an

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produced several hundred different dyes, along with the five smaller firms. Imperial Germany built up the world's largest chemical industry, the production of German chemical industry was 60% higher than that of the United States. In 1913, these eight firms produced almost 90% of the world supply of

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with Austria-Hungary in 1879. The Dual Aliance was a defensive alliance that was established against Russia, and by association France, in the event alliance did not work out with the state. However, an alliance with Russia would come not long after the signing of the Dual Alliance with Austria, the

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or "special path" (or "exceptionalism") as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century. According to the historiography by Kocka (1988), the process of nation-building from above had very grievous long-term implications. In terms of parliamentary democracy, Parliament was kept

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shaped the positive memory of the Empire, especially among Germans who distrusted and despised the Weimar Republic. Conservatives, liberals, socialists, nationalists, Catholics and Protestants all had their own interpretations, which led to a fractious political and social climate in Germany in the

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cities and one imperial territory. The free cities had a republican form of government on the state level, even though the Empire at large was constituted as a monarchy, and so were most of the states. Prussia was the largest of the constituent states, covering two-thirds of the empire's territory.

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began, with the French positions under constant shelling and poison gas attack and taking large casualties under the assault of overwhelmingly large German forces. However, Falkenhayn's prediction of a greater ratio of French killed proved to be wrong as both sides took heavy casualties. Falkenhayn

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Claims that German communities in South America acted as extensions of the German Empire were ubiquituous by 1900 but it has never been proved that these communities acted in such way to any significant degree. German political, cultural and scientific influence was particularly intense in Chile in

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had tried "to convince the Kaiser that the future of the German empire abroad lay in the Middle East" and not in Africa; with a grand Middle-Eastern empire, Germany could afford to allow Britain the unhindered completion of the Cape-to-Cairo railway that Rhodes favoured. Britain initially supported

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Bismarck had originally dismissed the agitation for colonies with contempt; he favoured a Eurocentric foreign policy, as the treaty arrangements made during his tenure in office show. As a latecomer to colonization, Germany repeatedly came into conflict with the established colonial powers and also

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Bismarck's efforts also initiated the levelling of the enormous differences between the German states, which had been independent in their evolution for centuries, especially with legislation. The completely different legal histories and judicial systems posed enormous complications, especially for

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The Kulturkampf launched by Bismarck 1871–1880 affected Prussia; although there were similar movements in Baden and Hesse, the rest of Germany was not affected. According to the new imperial constitution, the states were in charge of religious and educational affairs; they funded the Protestant and

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in 1815. Territories were not necessarily contiguous—many existed in several parts, as a result of historical acquisitions, or, in several cases, divisions of the ruling families. Some of the initially existing states, in particular Hanover, were abolished and annexed by Prussia as a result of the

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On the advice of the chancellor, the emperor appointed the ministers and – at least formally – all other imperial officers. All acts of the emperor except for military directives required the countersignature of the chancellor (Article XVII). The emperor was also responsible for signing bills into

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was able to set guidelines and make organisational changes within the executive branch, act as supreme arbitrator in administrative disputes between states, and serve as constitutional court for states that did not have a constitutional court (Article LXXVI). It was composed of representatives who

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Artists began experimental art in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm's support for traditional art, to which Wilhelm responded "art which transgresses the laws and limits laid down by me can no longer be called art". It was largely thanks to Wilhelm's influence that most printed material in Germany used

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Bismarck's paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist. Bismarck further won the support of both industry

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Nearly all German bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant in the face of heavier and heavier penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government. By 1876, all the Prussian bishops were imprisoned or in exile, and a third of the Catholic parishes

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Much more serious were the May laws of 1873. One made the appointment of any priest dependent on his attendance at a German university, as opposed to the seminaries that the Catholics typically used. Furthermore, all candidates for the ministry had to pass an examination in German culture before a

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Prussia in 1871 included 16,000,000 Protestants, both Reformed and Lutheran, and 8,000,000 Catholics. Most people were generally segregated into their own religious worlds, living in rural districts or city neighbourhoods that were overwhelmingly of the same religion, and sending their children to

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Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centers of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany

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which weighted votes based on the amount of taxes paid, all but assuring a conservative majority. The king and (with two exceptions) the prime minister of Prussia were also the emperor and chancellor of the empire – meaning that the same rulers had to seek majorities from legislatures elected from

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The other states retained their own governments but had only limited aspects of sovereignty. For example, both postage stamps and currency were issued for the empire as a whole. Coins through one mark were also minted in the name of the empire, while higher-valued pieces were issued by the states.

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With Bismarck's departure, Wilhelm II became the dominant ruler of Germany. Unlike his grandfather, Wilhelm I, who had been largely content to leave government affairs to the chancellor, Wilhelm II wanted to be fully informed and actively involved in running Germany, not an ornamental figurehead,

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Bismarck announced there would be no more territorial additions to Germany in Europe, and his diplomacy after 1871 was focused on stabilizing the European system and preventing any wars. He succeeded, and only after his departure from office in 1890 did the diplomatic tensions start rising again.

168: 2808:, which generally supported unification and most of Bismarck's policies. However, Bismarck distrusted parliamentary democracy in general and opposition parties in particular, especially when the Centre Party showed signs of gaining support among dissident elements such as the Polish Catholics in 2615:. By 1902, the factory alone became "A great city with its own streets, its own police force, fire department and traffic laws. There are 150 kilometers of rail, 60 different factory buildings, 8,500 machine tools, seven electrical stations, 140 kilometers of underground cable, and 46 overhead." 2490:

Many consider Bismarck's foreign policy as a coherent system and partly responsible for the preservation of Europe's stability. It was also marked by the need to balance circumspect defensiveness and the desire to be free from the constraints of its position as a major European power. Bismarck's

2397:. Less preoccupied with continental power politics following unification in 1871, Germany's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world's leading industrial power of the time. 1834:

Although authoritarian in many respects, the empire had some democratic features. Besides universal manhood suffrage, it permitted the development of political parties. Bismarck intended to create a constitutional façade that would mask the continuation of authoritarian policies. However, in the

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Bismarck and most of his contemporaries were conservative-minded and focused their foreign policy attention on Germany's neighboring states. In 1914, 60% of German foreign investment was in Europe, as opposed to just 5% of British investment. Most of the money went to developing nations such as

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concludes that he "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". This was a departure from his adventurous foreign policy for Prussia, where he

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granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society, to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter, to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups, and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist

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While Prussian aristocrats challenged the demands of a united German state, in the 1890s several organizations were set up to challenge the authoritarian conservative Prussian militarism which was being imposed on the country. Educators opposed to the German state-run schools, which emphasized

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wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads. This decision led the ambitious Kaiser into conflict with Bismarck. The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather, but the

2573:, which were also its main economic rivals. Throughout its existence, it experienced economic growth and modernization led by heavy industry. In 1871, it had a largely rural population of 41 million, while by 1913, this had increased to a predominantly urban population of 68 million. 1484:(around US$ 269 billion or €240 billion in 2019, or roughly US$ 32 billion in 1921), as well as limiting the army to 100,000 men and disallowing conscription, armored vehicles, submarines, aircraft, and more than six battleships. The consequential economic devastation, later exacerbated by the 6698:

led Germany to the disaster of 1933–1945. The special circumstances of German historical structures and experiences, were interpreted as preconditions that, while not directly causing National Socialism, did hamper the development of a liberal democracy and facilitate the rise of fascism. The

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concept. This meant that Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic Empire with a considerable German-speaking population, would remain outside of the German nation state. Bismarck's policy was to pursue a solution diplomatically. The effective alliance between Germany and Austria played a major role in

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marked his period in the office. Despite his hatred of liberalism and socialism – he called liberals and socialists "enemies of the Reich" – social programs introduced by Bismarck included old-age pensions, accident insurance, medical care and unemployment insurance, all aspects of the modern

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Unusually for a federation or a nation-state, the German states maintained limited autonomy over foreign affairs and continued to exchange ambassadors and other diplomats (both with each other and directly with foreign nations) for the Empire's entire existence. Shortly after the Empire was

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in 1915 promised it the frontier districts of Austria and also colonial concessions. Germany did acquire a second ally in 1914 when the Ottoman Empire entered the war on its side, but in the long run, supporting the Ottoman war effort only drained away German resources from the main fronts.

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Industrialisation progressed dynamically in Germany, and German manufacturers began to capture domestic markets from British imports, and also to compete with British industry abroad, particularly in the U.S. The German textile and metal industries had by 1870 surpassed those of Britain in

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and were less willing to continue fighting. The war effort sparked civil unrest in Germany, while the troops, who had been constantly in the field without relief, grew exhausted and lost all hope of victory. In the summer of 1918, the British Army was at its peak strength with as many as

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One of the effects of the unification policies was the gradually increasing tendency to eliminate the use of non-German languages in public life, schools and academic settings with the intent of pressuring the non-German population to abandon their national identity in what was called

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and some had their own armies, the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. Those of the larger states, such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony, were coordinated along Prussian principles and would, in wartime, be controlled by the federal government.

9557: 3018:). In 1873 the constitution was amended to allow the Empire to replace the various and greatly differing Civil Codes of the states (If they existed at all; for example, parts of Germany formerly occupied by Napoleon's France had adopted the French Civil Code, while in Prussia the 4519: 2491:

successors did not pursue his foreign policy legacy. For instance, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who dismissed the chancellor in 1890, let the treaty with Russia lapse in favor of Germany's alliance with Austria, which finally led to a stronger coalition-building between Russia and France.

1396:("world politics") – a bellicose new course that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. Bismarck's successors were incapable of maintaining their predecessor's complex, shifting, and overlapping alliances which had kept Germany from being diplomatically isolated. 4438: 169: 160: 4625: 165: 164: 170: 163: 162: 161: 172: 1803:

The evolution of the German Empire is somewhat in line with parallel developments in Italy, which became a united nation-state a decade earlier. Some key elements of the German Empire's authoritarian political structure were also the basis for conservative modernization in

4595: 4594: 4459: 171: 167: 4627: 4556: 4545: 4476: 4507: 2693:(1914–1918), German industry switched to war production. The heaviest demands were on coal and steel for artillery and shell production, and on chemicals for the synthesis of materials that were subject to import restrictions and for chemical weapons and war supplies. 3729:, sweeping down to encircle and crush both Paris and the French forces along the Franco-German border in a quick victory. After defeating France, Germany would turn to attack Russia. The plan required violating the official neutrality of Belgium and Luxembourg, which 10095: 4442: 4466: 4457: 3278:. Hindenburg took over the role of commander–in–chief from the Kaiser, while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff. By 1916, Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead. 4578: 2645:

Germany overtook British steel production in 1893 and pig iron production in 1903. The German steel and pig iron production continued its rapid expansion: Between 1911 and 1913, the German steel and pig iron output reached one quarter of total global production.

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in 1908 further soured relations with Russia. Berlin missed the opportunity to secure an alliance with Britain in the 1890s when it was involved in colonial rivalries with France, and he alienated British statesmen further by openly supporting the Boers in the

3326:"), causing the German Empire to vie with other European powers for remaining "unclaimed" territories. With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain, which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France, Germany acquired 4486: 4517: 4433: 158: 4511: 4445: 2844:

Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. In the 1880s he introduced old-age pensions, accident insurance, medical care and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern

6709:", the history of the bourgeoisie, and comparisons with the West. After 1990, increased attention to cultural dimensions and to comparative and relational history moved German historiography to different topics, with much less attention paid to the 4461: 2400:

Bismarck's "revolutionary conservatism" was a conservative state-building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans—not just the Junker elite—more loyal to the throne and empire. According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis, his strategy was:

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In the 1860s, Russia removed privileges for German emigrants and placed pressure on German immigrants to assimilate. The majority of German emigrants left Russia after the turn of the century. Some of these ethnic Germans immigrated to Germany.

1302:. While Prussia was one of four kingdoms in the realm, it contained about two-thirds of the Empire's population and territory, and Prussian dominance was also constitutionally established, since the King of Prussia was also the German Emperor ( 197: 3866:

and the German and Austro-Hungarian armies thereafter steadily advanced eastward. The Germans benefited from political instability in Russia and its population's desire to end the war. In 1917 the German government allowed Russia's communist

3218:

military education, set up their own independent liberal schools, which encouraged individuality and freedom. However nearly all the schools in Imperial Germany had a very high standard and kept abreast with modern developments in knowledge.

4115:. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost, initiating the uprising. On 3 November, the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country, in many of which 3565:, it was after the set-back in Morocco in 1905 that the fear of encirclement began to be a potent factor in German politics." Few outside observers agreed with the notion of Germany as a victim of deliberate encirclement. English historian 2952:, where a series of anti-Polish measures was enforced. Numerous anti-Polish laws had no great effect especially in the province of Posen where the German-speaking population dropped from 42.8% in 1871 to 38.1% in 1905, despite all efforts. 3441:. In 1904, the Herero and the Nama revolted against the colonists in Southwest Africa, killing farm families, their laborers and servants. In response to the attacks, troops were dispatched to quell the uprising which then resulted in the 2877:. In the popular mind, Jews became a symbol of capitalism and wealth. On the other hand, the constitution and legal system protected the rights of Jews as German citizens. Antisemitic parties were formed but soon collapsed. But after the 2410:

Bismarck created the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s and enacted universal male suffrage in 1871. He became a great hero to German conservatives, who erected many monuments to his memory and tried to emulate his policies.

6629:

in 1886. The enormous growth of industrial production and industrial potential also led to a rapid urbanisation of Germany, which turned the Germans into a nation of city dwellers. More than 5 million people left Germany for the

4597: 4596: 4470: 3684:

Germany began the war by targeting its chief rival, France. Germany saw the French Republic as its principal danger on the European continent as it could mobilize much faster than Russia and bordered Germany's industrial core in the

4550: 1400:

was marked by increased oppression of Polish people and various factors influencing the Emperor's decisions, which were often perceived as contradictory or unpredictable by the public. In 1879, the German Empire consolidated the

4582: 4566: 4520: 4453: 1691:. However, the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas. As a result, by the time of the great expansion of German cities in the 1890s and 1900s, rural areas were grossly 4515: 2649:

German factories were larger and more modern than their British and French counterparts. By 1913, the German electricity production was higher than the combined electricity production of Britain, France, Italy and Sweden.

4503: 4474: 3214:, which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment, were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners, who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms. 4446: 2670:

dyestuffs and sold about 80% of their production abroad. The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as

2626:

organisation and technical efficiency and superseded British manufacturers in the domestic market. Germany became the dominant economic power on the continent and was the second-largest exporting nation after Britain.

4591: 4589: 4588: 4587: 2824:

Catholic schools. In July 1871 Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of ecclesiastical and educational affairs, depriving Catholics of their voice at the highest level. The system of strict

4583: 4153:, Austria-Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions, its other allies out of the war and pressure from the German high command, the Kaiser and all German ruling kings, dukes, and princes abdicated, and 7351: 4485: 4439: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4464: 3176:(2004) notes, Bismarckian foreign policy "was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser". Wilhelm became internationally notorious for his aggressive stance on foreign policy and his strategic blunders (such as the 4576: 4558: 4481: 4478: 157: 4430: 2638:), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. Following Germany's annexation of 1611:

of 1870 overwhelmed the remaining opposition to a unified Germany (aside from Austria) in the four states south of the Main, and during November 1870, they joined the North German Confederation by treaty.

3879:

into Russia. Germany believed that if Lenin could create further political unrest, Russia would no longer be able to continue its war with Germany, allowing the German Army to focus on the Western Front.

10524: 4604: 4451: 4449: 4447: 2816:, led by the liberal intellectuals who formed a vital part of Bismarck's coalition. They saw the Catholic Church as a powerful force of reaction and anti-modernity, especially after the proclamation of 4600: 4599: 4460: 4454: 1772:

Although nominally a federal empire and league of equals, in practice, the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state, Prussia. It stretched across the northern two-thirds of the new

1758:

had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills and to initiate legislation. However, as mentioned above, in practice, the real power was vested in the emperor, who exercised it through his chancellor.

196: 4516: 2751:

After achieving formal unification in 1871, Bismarck devoted much of his attention to the cause of national unity. He opposed Catholic civil rights and emancipation, especially the influence of the

3733:

had guaranteed by treaty. However, the Germans had calculated that Britain would enter the war regardless of whether they had formal justification to do so. At first the attack was successful: the

2441:

favored strength and expansion, punctuating this by saying, "The great questions of the age are not settled by speeches and majority votes – this was the error of 1848–49 – but by iron and blood."

4580: 3855:

eventually proved to be a great success. Despite initial setbacks due to the unexpectedly rapid mobilisation of the Russian army, which resulted in a Russian invasion of East Prussia and Austrian

3811:

decided to exploit the defensive advantages that had shown themselves in the 1915 Allied offensives by attempting to goad France into attacking strong defensive positions near the ancient city of

9536: 159: 4579: 4368:

Before unification, German territory (excluding Austria and Switzerland) was made up of 27 constituent states. These states consisted of kingdoms, grand duchies, duchies, principalities, free

10165: 4555: 4554: 4514: 3374:(after 1908) became self-sufficient and profitable; all the others required subsidies from the Berlin treasury for building infrastructure, school systems, hospitals and other institutions. 4506: 4471: 2517:

Germans had dreamed of colonial imperialism since 1848. Although Bismarck had little interest in acquiring overseas possessions, most Germans were enthusiastic, and by 1884 he had acquired

198: 8019: 3252:, Wilhelm II maintained good relations with the Roman Catholic Church and concentrated on opposing socialism. This policy failed when the Social Democrats won a third of the votes in the 1375:

ones. As a colonial state, it sometimes clashed with the interests of other European powers, especially the British Empire. During its colonial expansion, the German Empire committed the

4469: 4467: 4574: 3322:", like Britain, which he constantly wished to emulate or rival. With German traders and merchants already active worldwide, he encouraged colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific (" 4568: 2853:

and skilled workers by his high tariff policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade.

4623: 4560: 4559: 4549: 4509: 4484: 3206:

Under Wilhelm II, Germany no longer had long-ruling strong chancellors like Bismarck. The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles, especially the additional role as

4612: 4498: 4475: 3903:, the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front. All of present-day 8167: 3445:. In total, some 65,000 Herero (80% of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) perished. The commander of the punitive expedition, General 12641: 10232:(2003) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society. None of the series has yet been translated into English. A partial summary appears in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, 7966: 6080:

Politically, the confessional division of Germany had considerable consequences. In Catholic areas, the Centre Party had a big electorate. On the other hand, Social Democrats and

4618: 12656: 8223: 4573: 4572: 12840: 9943: 6051: 4626: 4562: 4513: 4508: 15358: 6427: 4538: 4518: 4431: 10947:

Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "Structure and Agency in Wilhelmine Germany: The history of the German Empire, Past, present and Future", in Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist, eds.

7599: 3595:

and building a navy to rival Britain's. By 1911, Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck and Britain turned to France in the

3526:

but soon abandoned any such designs given that far-flung bases in northern South America would be very vulnerable. Germany attempted to promote Chile, a country that was

3026:

of 1794 was still in effect). In 1881, a first commission was established to produce a common Civil Code for all of the Empire, an enormous effort that would produce the

4003:

The defeat of Russia in 1917 enabled Germany to transfer hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the

6415: 2929:". These policies often had the reverse effect of stimulating resistance, usually in the form of homeschooling and tighter unity in the minority groups, especially the 4116: 6594:

from 1909 was a milestone in classic modern architecture and an outstanding example of emerging functionalism. The social, economic, and scientific successes of this

4552: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4253:) was a legislative body elected by universal male suffrage that effectively served as parliament. It had the right to propose bills and, with the concurrence of the 3490:, threatening Britain's naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean. Accordingly, they asked to have construction halted, to which Germany and the Ottoman Empire acquiesced. 12738: 4535: 4523: 2988: 9982: 6084:

usually received hardly any votes in the Catholic areas of the Ruhr. This began to change with the secularization arising in the last decades of the German Empire.

12375: 12199: 11539: 15148: 12817: 3669:, which Austria-Hungary blamed for the assassination. This unconditional support for Austria-Hungary was called a "blank cheque" by historians, including German 3518:– as a buffer to protect its interest from the growing influence of the United States. Policymakers in Germany analysed the possibility of establishing bases in 4611: 4605: 4603: 1314:, building the longest railway network of Europe, the world's strongest army, and a fast-growing industrial base. Starting very small in 1871, in a decade, the 17839: 12845: 11352: 9635:'A Barometer of National Confidence': a British Assessment of the Role of Insecurity in the Formulation of German Military Policy before the First World War." 6688:

leaders, the Prussian service ethos, the high culture of philosophy and music, and Germany's pioneering of a social welfare state. In the 1950s, historians in

4436: 3891:

government came to power under the leadership of Lenin. Facing political opposition, he decided to end Russia's campaign against Germany, Austria-Hungary, the

2463:, would exist up until 1915, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. Despite Germany, and especially Austria's, lack of faith in the Russian alliance, the 4617: 4616: 4493: 13275: 13033: 12760: 12452: 11410: 4536: 3093:

as the new emperor. Frederick was a liberal and an admirer of the British constitution, while his links to Britain strengthened further with his marriage to

2977: 8876: 7488:

Seyler, Gustav A.:Die Wappen der deutschen Landesfürsten. Reprograf. Nachdr. von Siebmacher's Wappenbuch 1. Bd., 1. Abt. 2. – 5. Teil (Nürnberg 1909 – 1929)

13140: 4542: 4488: 3530:, into a regional counterweight to the United States. Germany and Britain managed through Chile to have Ecuador deny the United States a naval base in the 2380: 10969: 3582:" that Bismarck had negotiated with Tsarist Russia to lapse. It allowed Russia to make a new alliance with France. Germany was left with no firm ally but 17844: 13048: 12803: 10015: 8285: 4621: 4619: 4609: 4606: 4259:, approve the state budget annually and the military budget for periods of seven years until 1893, then after that for five years. All laws required the 4056:

arrived in Germany with returning troops. Around 287,000 people died of Spanish flu in Germany between 1918 and 1920 with 50,000 deaths in Berlin alone.

3900: 3161:

end without violence. The fractious relationship ended in March 1890, after Wilhelm II and Bismarck quarrelled, and the chancellor resigned days later.

13565: 9525: 1780:. With the exception of 1872–1873 and 1892–1894, the chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of Prussia. With 17 out of 58 votes in the 533: 13043: 12733: 12684: 12599: 1750:

to call for new elections. Officially, the chancellor was a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the

9616: 4614: 4613: 3473:

was begun in 1900, although by 1914 it was still 500 km (310 mi) short of its destination in Baghdad. In an interview with Wilhelm in 1899,

3398:

invaders of continental Europe – an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during

1835:

process, he created a system with a serious flaw. There was a significant disparity between the Prussian and German electoral systems. Prussia used a

12887: 8254: 5391: 4537: 4502: 4501: 4500: 1754:(top bureaucratic officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) functioned much like ministers in other monarchies. The 10162: 8533:

Frankel, Richard (2003). "From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power: The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right, 1898–1945".

7713: 9431: 7996: 2973:

in 1861 (which was adapted for the Empire and, with great modifications, is still in effect today), there was little similarity in laws otherwise.

8315: 6541:

Under Bismarck, a united German state had finally been achieved, but it remained a Prussian-dominated state and did not include German Austria as

4622: 4608: 4607: 4565: 2607:

For 30 years, Germany struggled against Britain to be Europe's leading industrial power. Representative of Germany's industry was the steel giant

1599:

and its allies on one side and Prussia and its allies on the other. The war resulted in the partial replacement of the Confederation in 1867 by a

577: 15525: 15368: 12728: 12086: 7499:

History of the Flag of the United States of America: With a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations

7235: 7209: 7153: 7069: 7030: 2259: 1655: 8011: 3697:

to Germany in 1871. The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace-Lorraine. Aside from the very unofficial

9147: 7774: 4093: 16628: 11517: 9828: 5430:

About 92% of the population spoke German as their first language. The only minority language with a significant number of speakers (5.4%) was

4624: 4615: 4564: 4563: 4482: 4052:

The population of Germany was already suffering from outbreaks of disease due to malnutrition due to Allied blockade preventing food imports.

15730: 11579: 4540: 4505: 4264: 87: 8074: 8042:

Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. 1. Band: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden.

6458: 6439: 14196: 14024: 13939: 13678: 12788: 12718: 12357: 11569: 11480: 9533:

Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert

7239: 6793:

In addition to present-day Germany, large parts of what comprised the German Empire now belong to several other modern European countries.

2937: 1340: 6472: 12812: 11703: 11157: 10096:""The Unspoilt Nature of German Ethnicity": Immigration and Integration of "Ethnic Germans" in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic" 9113:, Spring 1979, Vol. 53 Issue 1, pp. 40–64; Ivo N. Lambi, "The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873–1879", 8159: 3044: 1319: 10776:

Rich, Norman. "The Question of National Interest in Imperial German Foreign Policy: Bismarck, William II, and the Road to World War I."

10301: 7974: 2464: 17799: 17789: 11380: 9562: 9485:

Fischer, Ferenc (1 January 2008). "La expansión (1885–1918) del modelo militar alemán y su pervivencia (1919–1933) en América Latina".

6055: 5403: 4101: 3034:(BGB), possibly one of the most impressive legal works in the world; it was eventually put into effect on 1 January 1900. All of these 3021: 2475:, ambassador to France, who reported back that the French were not seeking a revanchist war and were desperate for peace at all costs. 8197: 4541: 3390:

in China, which the Chinese government eventually sponsored, began in the Shandong province, in part because Germany, as colonizer at

2569:

By 1900, Germany became the largest economy in continental Europe and the third-largest in the world behind the United States and the

13268: 11710: 7824:. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. 5360: 4534: 2487:, but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests. Conflict over the Baghdad Railway was resolved in June 1914. 10824: 10056: 9935: 9884: 8659:

Fitzpatrick, Matthew (2007). "A Fall from Grace? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848–1884".

8374: 16016: 15256: 14093: 11362: 4340:

and the Imperial Government, led the lawmaking process and countersigned all acts of the emperor (except for military directives).

4176:. Those opposed, including disaffected veterans, joined a diverse set of paramilitary and underground political groups such as the 2373: 13038: 10312:

Modern Germany; her political and economic problems, her foreign and domestic policy, her ambitions, and the causes of her success

4292:. The chancellor, in consultation with the emperor, determined the government's broad policy guidelines and presented them to the 17764: 16197: 14411: 12970: 12808: 12795: 12752: 12661: 12387: 12189: 12096: 11998: 11756: 11403: 11105: 7591: 4161: 3287: 2420: 1932: 9558:"Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period" 3542:, and the prestige of Germany and German things in Chile remained high after the war but did not recover to its pre-war levels. 2725: 13683: 13162: 13152: 13020: 9031:

Lamberti, Marjorie (2001). "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914". In Philip G. Dwyer (ed.).

3263:

During World War I, the Kaiser increasingly devolved his powers to the leaders of the German High Command, particularly future

3226:

instead of the Roman type used in the rest of Western Europe. At the same time, a new generation of cultural creators emerged.

2582: 1677:, adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, was substantially based upon Bismarck's 11095: 11050:

Berlin Under the New Empire: Its Institutions, Inhabitants, Industry, Monuments, Museums, Social Life, Manners, and Amusements

9759: 6800:

German territories lost in both World Wars are shown in black, while present-day Germany is marked dark grey on this 1914 map.

2436:

Bismarck's post-1871 foreign policy was conservative and sought to preserve the balance of power in Europe. British historian

1823:

One factor in the social anatomy of these governments was the retention of a very substantial share in political power by the

1776:

and contained three-fifths of the country's population. The imperial crown was hereditary in the ruling house of Prussia, the

17581: 16963: 15490: 14463: 14018: 13334: 12934: 12868: 12705: 12584: 12257: 11276: 11132: 10899: 10399: 9290: 9252: 9222: 9002: 8975: 8517: 8490: 8107: 7949: 7685: 7577:

Ochsmann, Almut. "100 Jahre deutsche Nationalhymne: Überlegungen zu Eine vaterländische Ouvertüre op. 140." Mitteilungen der

7452: 7182: 7107: 6613:" laid the foundation of Germany's status as one of the world's leading economic powers. The iron and coal industries of the 4533: 4531: 4529: 4360: 3621: 2537:, Samoa) led to frictions with the UK, Russia, Japan, and the US. The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa, where the 2467:

would be first signed in 1887, and renewed up until 1890, when the Bismarckian system collapsed upon Bismarck's resignation.

2313: 2244: 2177: 14428: 7888: 7740: 3578:

Wilhelm II, under pressure from his new advisors after Bismarck left, committed a fatal error when he decided to allow the "

17819: 15797: 13648: 13261: 13109: 12529: 11314: 11068: 10230:

Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914–1949

8992: 2622:. German workers enjoyed health, accident and maternity benefits, canteens, changing rooms, and a national pension scheme. 17487: 6486: 4570: 4288:

of the Empire – he was not a ruler. He appointed the chancellor, usually the person able to command the confidence of the

4064: 4032:" meant that supplies had to be redirected towards the armed forces and, with German commerce being stopped by the Allied 17804: 15644: 15627: 15460: 14916: 13537: 13427: 13422: 12880: 12204: 11832: 11337: 10868: 9970: 5896: 5223: 4860: 4839: 4569: 3654: 2366: 2140: 1908: 1550:

were crushed after the relations between the educated, well-off middle-class liberals and the urban artisans broke down;

1445: 13094: 10489:

The German Empire between Two Wars; a Study of the Political and Social Development of the Nation between 1871 and 1914.

3677:– was that this "blank cheque" licensed Austro-Hungarian aggression regardless of the diplomatic consequences, and thus 1488:, as well as humiliation and outrage experienced by the German population are considered leading factors in the rise of 17834: 17633: 16633: 15535: 15500: 15445: 14921: 13079: 12369: 11771: 11529: 10388: 9735: 8643: 8618: 8590: 7313: 6550: 4355: 4165: 4112: 4089: 4069: 3689:. Unlike Britain and Russia, the French entered the war mainly for revenge against Germany, in particular for France's 3238: 2760: 2279: 2073: 1928: 1473: 1166: 757: 4040:

were controlled, then rationing was introduced. During the war about 750,000 German civilians died from malnutrition.

1698: 1208:

came into force on 16 April, changing the name of the federal state to the German Empire and introducing the title of

16277: 15984: 15888: 15725: 14186: 12954: 12648: 12464: 11736: 11207: 10993: 10926: 10843: 10763: 10676: 10617: 10600: 10506: 10368: 9201: 8886: 8856: 8803:

From Old Regime to Industrial State: A History of German Industrialization from the Eighteenth Century to World War I

7535: 7318: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4228: 4193: 4088:

Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers began to associate with the political left, such as the

3555: 2564: 1674: 1621: 1536: 1333:

was marked by relative liberalism at its start, but in time grew more conservative. Broad reforms, the anti-Catholic

1205: 1177: 716: 278: 17: 10710:

Reagin, Nancy (2001). "The Imagined Hausfrau: National Identity, Domesticity, and Colonialism in Imperial Germany".

7918: 17794: 14731: 13522: 12134: 11172: 10784: 10343: 6788: 6557:

to play considerable roles in the empire's political life despite the continued hostility of Prussian aristocrats.

6505: 5160: 1923: 1718: 73: 13395: 8453: 7620:

Nipperdey, Thomas, "Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918: Zweiter Band: Machtstaat vor der Demokratie" (1995), p. 98–108.

5854: 4119:

were established. Meanwhile, Hindenburg and the senior generals lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government.

3366:). Islands were gained in the Pacific through purchase and treaties and also a 99-year lease for the territory of 1974: 17829: 17259: 15850: 15450: 14129: 13673: 13205: 13010: 12990: 12777: 12713: 12536: 12405: 11309: 11229: 11167: 9643: 8124: 7308: 4097: 2085: 1950: 1796: 1476:

with the abdication of Wilhelm II, which left the post-war federal republic to govern a devastated populace. The

16421: 11870: 8730:

Dedering, Tilman (1993). "The German-Herero war of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography?".

6013: 5957: 4231:(Article VII Nr. 1) and, because all laws required its consent, could effectively veto any bill coming from the 3433:. Herero and Nama tribal lands were used for a variety of exploitative goals (much as the British did before in 15833: 15649: 15333: 14708: 14211: 13361: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12985: 12679: 11324: 11299: 11197: 10966: 9526:"El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile" 8277: 5493: 1954: 1913: 1836: 1659: 1457: 93: 31: 10564:

Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."

10007: 5929: 3607:. When war came, Italy saw more benefit in an alliance with Britain, France, and Russia, which, in the secret 3056: 1831:, resulting from the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban areas. 1721:, proposing a toast to the new emperor. At centre (in white): Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, 17697: 16127: 15903: 15765: 15669: 15568: 14545: 12980: 12975: 12939: 12873: 12765: 12611: 12194: 12046: 11584: 11512: 11443: 11212: 11182: 11177: 10892:

The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa

6560:

The era of the German Empire is well remembered in Germany as one of great cultural and intellectual vigour.

6045: 5999: 4525: 4524: 4169: 3632: 3391: 3367: 3090: 3076: 3003: 2479:

Russia that lacked the capital or technical knowledge to industrialize on their own. The construction of the

1714: 1372: 1233: 786: 602: 510: 5985: 5840: 3824:, and with no success in sight, the German Army pulled out of Verdun in December 1916 and the battle ended. 3561:

Russia. The longer Berlin waited the less likely it would prevail in a war. According to American historian

2787:

Tensions between Germany and the Catholic Church hierarchy as depicted in a chess game between Bismarck and

2393:

Bismarck's domestic policies played an important role in forging the authoritarian political culture of the

1564:

hegemony throughout the German states; to do so meant unification of the German states and the exclusion of

17692: 17576: 16147: 15875: 15745: 15249: 15199: 14181: 14169: 13688: 12929: 12556: 12496: 12393: 12298: 12061: 11847: 11551: 11390: 11289: 9613: 8337: 7243: 7205: 5971: 5915: 3253: 3110: 2993: 2586: 2455: 1946: 1722: 1595:

ended as a result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 between the constituent Confederation entities of the

462: 8814:

Jochen Streb, et al. "Technological and geographical knowledge spillover in the German empire 1877–1918",

8246: 5868: 3961:

to gain his forces supplies and to pick up more Askari recruits. His force was still active at war's end.

17702: 16739: 15942: 15855: 15307: 15062: 14976: 14871: 14786: 14703: 14201: 14073: 13928: 13514: 13284: 13167: 12604: 12589: 12447: 12399: 12164: 11715: 11589: 11502: 11497: 11266: 11254: 11249: 9427: 9109:

Elaine Glovka Spencer, "Rules of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914",

7293: 6756: 6081: 5943: 5136: 4349: 3852: 3848: 3837: 3734: 3674: 3442: 3157: 2558: 2546: 1966: 1918: 1903: 1898: 1853: 1761: 1469: 1449: 1441: 1430: 1376: 1265: 1217: 1090: 240: 13339: 11776: 10453:

Bismarck and state socialism; an exposition of the social and economic legislation of Germany since 1870

6705:

paradigm has provided the impetus for at least three strands of research in German historiography: the "

5882: 5372: 1460:

in early 1917 contributed to bringing the United States into the war. In October 1918, after the failed

17814: 15865: 15777: 15755: 15674: 15659: 15475: 15455: 15297: 15209: 15124: 14713: 14611: 13506: 13147: 13104: 12381: 12139: 12124: 12026: 11895: 11463: 11375: 11332: 8307: 7697: 7133: 6575: 5112: 3801: 3084: 2870: 2483:, financed by German banks, was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Ottoman Empire and the 2480: 2145: 2115: 1888: 1635: 1626: 1600: 1201: 993: 638: 14901: 11082: 10186:

Jürgen Kocka (January 1988). "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German 'Sonderweg'".

7709: 3029: 1588:

in 1870–1871 sparked a growing pan-German ideal and contributed to the formation of the German state.

17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17759: 17660: 16808: 16372: 16117: 15302: 15179: 14866: 14801: 14791: 14776: 14111: 14058: 13968: 13532: 13089: 12857: 12441: 12429: 12184: 12169: 11890: 11781: 11475: 11453: 11202: 11192: 11125: 11015:

Reagin, Nancy R. "Recent Work on German National Identity: Regional? Imperial? Gendered? Imaginary?"

10986:

Wilhelminism and Its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930

10631:

The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933

10494: 9140: 8878:

An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization

6901: 6658: 5202: 4544: 4543: 4246: 4212: 4146: 4142: 3750: 3709: 3670: 3662: 3527: 3207: 1962: 1958: 1893: 1731: 1683: 1678: 1643: 1515: 1213: 676: 664: 498: 79: 15001: 13385: 12036: 7858:. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller, eds., 4755: 3717:

Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco-German border and instead adopted the

1735:, the federal council of deputies from the 27 states. Executive power was vested in the emperor, or 1253: 1021: 17618: 17593: 17443: 17102: 17097: 16094: 16056: 15893: 15664: 14621: 14601: 14566: 14519: 14473: 13825: 13641: 13432: 13330: 13326: 13064: 12551: 12541: 12470: 12423: 12411: 12351: 12159: 12154: 12076: 11485: 11458: 11162: 10484: 9824: 9820: 7459:, Masurian in the south of East Prussia, Kashubian in the north of West Prussia and Sorbian in the 7344: 4881: 3856: 3327: 3165:

although most Germans found his claims of divine right to rule amusing. Wilhelm allowed politician

3094: 2982: 2778: 1970: 1572:, from the subsequent German Empire. He envisioned a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany. The 1560:, which appealed to peasants as well as the aristocracy, took its place. Bismarck sought to extend 771: 10305:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 804–828 and more to page 901. 8351: 4267:, the Reich chancellor, through a change to Article XV, became dependent on the confidence of the 3776: 3180:), which pushed the German Empire into growing political isolation and eventually helped to cause 3120:, which had been diagnosed in 1887. He died on the 99th day of his rule, on 15 June 1888. His son 3105:

of the Reich and an increase of parliament's influence on the political process. The dismissal of

2472: 17809: 17685: 17566: 17107: 17060: 17003: 16702: 16646: 16394: 16230: 16104: 16084: 16061: 16041: 16001: 15964: 15913: 15787: 15750: 15520: 15242: 14499: 14191: 14174: 14164: 14139: 13983: 13709: 13314: 13135: 13127: 13069: 12829: 12524: 12287: 12114: 12109: 12041: 11900: 11885: 11880: 11860: 11741: 11618: 10419: 10361:

The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany

9059:

The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887

8202: 8070: 7444: 7303: 6492: 6478: 6464: 6433:

Distribution of Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Imperial Germany (Meyers Konversationslexikon)

4205: 3942: 3841: 3797: 3608: 3237:

From the 1890s onwards, the most effective opposition to the monarchy came from the newly formed

2237: 1938: 1461: 1453: 1418: 144: 30:

This article is about the German nation-state existing from 1871 until 1918. For other uses, see

12081: 5481:

was spoken throughout northern Germany and, though linguistically as distinct from High German (

2783: 17824: 17707: 17608: 17603: 17291: 17239: 17159: 17092: 16996: 16981: 16874: 16641: 16595: 16436: 16323: 16031: 16006: 15969: 15828: 15760: 15589: 15480: 15470: 15219: 15134: 14981: 14693: 14626: 14494: 14443: 14375: 14275: 14265: 14063: 13998: 13805: 13734: 13597: 13527: 13369: 12902: 12626: 12561: 12417: 12144: 12071: 12021: 12006: 11988: 11961: 11875: 11842: 11507: 11468: 11448: 11259: 11152: 10984:

Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (2004), "Introduction", in Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (eds.),

10286: 9494: 8583:

German Diplomatic Relations 1871–1945: The Wilhelmstrasse And the Formulation Of Foreign Policy

8341: 7432: 7129: 6554: 6394: 5874: 5718: 5501: 5486: 5458: 5181: 4150: 3793: 3587: 3425:

Upon acquiring Southwest Africa, German settlers were encouraged to cultivate land held by the

3298: 2846: 2805: 2510: 2500: 2460: 2103: 1997: 1540: 1510: 1465: 1410: 1352: 1162: 1128: 703: 257: 9725: 8716:(1977) focuses on political and economic history; Michael Perraudin and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. 8507: 8146:

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

8097: 6983:), an uninhabited hill and some nearby slivers of land, annexed by the Netherlands after WWII 5297: 1448:

caused severe shortages of food and supplements. However, Imperial Germany had success on the

17638: 17598: 17411: 17286: 16350: 16340: 16299: 16270: 16192: 16011: 15996: 15959: 15204: 15184: 15164: 15027: 14991: 14946: 14891: 14683: 14678: 14453: 14400: 14225: 14134: 14103: 14043: 13993: 13775: 13765: 13501: 13470: 12892: 12546: 12435: 12211: 12174: 12104: 12051: 11973: 11941: 11915: 11865: 11796: 11698: 11651: 11435: 11304: 11187: 11100: 9282: 9272: 8480: 6837: 6038: 5512: 5091: 5021: 4401: 4126: 4004: 3958: 3860: 3789: 3551: 3229: 3177: 2987:

was introduced; in 1877, common court procedures were established in the court system by the

2907: 2736: 2300: 1942: 1777: 1742: 1561: 1330: 1237: 1221: 468: 17526: 14355: 8403: 7796: 7006:(excluding towns of Taps, Hejle and Vejstrup), and the towns of Hviding, Roager and Spandet 6516: 590: 17731: 17561: 17531: 17406: 17337: 17308: 17227: 16561: 16399: 16389: 15974: 15918: 15802: 15740: 15735: 15705: 15637: 15615: 15563: 15465: 15189: 15108: 15072: 15022: 14881: 14806: 14591: 14468: 14260: 14035: 14013: 14008: 13973: 13915: 13437: 13417: 13412: 13343: 13242: 13157: 11837: 11811: 11761: 11118: 8790:

The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared

7673: 7436: 7408: 7125: 7003: 6993: 6863: 6765: 6734: 6509: 6398: 4902: 4811: 4790: 4320: 4316: 4202: 4008: 3863: 3808: 3414: 3409: 3264: 3106: 2970: 2941: 2878: 2449: 2295: 2123: 2110: 2002: 1710: 1667: 1592: 1573: 1524: 1477: 1402: 1351:

Late in Bismarck's chancellorship and in spite of his earlier personal opposition, Germany

1329:

From 1871 to 1890, Otto von Bismarck's tenure as the first and to this day longest-serving

1315: 1257: 1245: 1181: 1049: 1035: 459: 17511: 13253: 11786: 10447:(1908), 503 pages, covers 1871–1906 with focus on social and economic history and colonies 3796:) with huge casualties. A series of allied offensives in 1915 against German positions in 3531: 3523: 3113:, on 8 June was a sign of the expected direction and a blow to Bismarck's administration. 8: 17423: 17303: 17269: 17171: 16991: 16986: 16798: 16517: 16453: 16328: 16313: 16157: 16051: 16026: 16021: 15898: 15843: 15782: 15688: 15419: 15353: 15214: 15159: 14996: 14986: 14971: 14961: 14926: 14856: 14771: 14741: 14688: 14405: 14159: 14154: 14053: 14048: 13815: 13770: 13729: 13634: 13581: 13365: 13322: 13224: 12363: 12227: 12179: 12056: 12016: 12011: 11956: 11639: 11633: 11534: 10821: 10173: 10060: 9876: 8366: 7456: 7420: 7166: 6587: 6073: 6005: 5790: 5629: 5497: 5327: 4181: 4158: 4134: 4122: 4073: 3690: 3406:. On two occasions, a French-German conflict over the fate of Morocco seemed inevitable. 3268: 3013: 2817: 2445: 1608: 1585: 1581: 1547: 1360: 1359:. Claiming much of the leftover territory that was not yet conquered by Europeans in the 1299: 1261: 1104: 921: 800: 367: 351: 17139: 17129: 15515: 13177: 11106:

Dissemination of the main foreign mother tongues in the German Reich 1913 (map, 300 dpi)

11049: 10704:

Jewish Responses to Anti-Semitism in Germany, 1870–1914: A Study in the History of Ideas

10461: 10311: 8345: 1784:, Berlin needed only a few votes from the smaller states to exercise effective control. 17536: 17516: 17499: 17450: 17315: 17124: 17075: 17008: 16926: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16813: 16783: 16675: 16573: 16441: 16416: 16223: 16216: 16071: 16036: 15923: 15908: 15838: 15816: 15792: 15720: 15654: 15584: 15495: 15414: 15383: 15292: 15269: 15113: 14936: 14931: 14896: 14876: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14816: 14811: 14756: 14663: 14509: 14380: 14270: 14250: 14206: 14149: 14144: 14121: 14088: 14078: 14068: 13950: 13460: 13357: 13304: 13299: 13184: 13099: 12458: 12322: 12304: 12269: 12233: 12066: 12031: 11983: 11968: 11855: 11806: 11645: 11604: 11284: 10914: 10815: 10743: 10727: 10607: 10576: 10554: 10291: 10211: 10203: 10123: 9579: 8936:

Carsten Burhop, "Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany: the Case of E. Merck",

8761: 8550: 8278:"The National Archives Learning Curve | The Great War | Why was it hard to make peace?" 8129: 7845:

being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.

7393: 7298: 7231: 7026: 7016: 6664: 6520: 6406: 5935: 5766: 5642: 5446: 5435: 4965: 4699: 4671: 4385: 4384:

sovereign from the mid-1600s onward. Others were created as sovereign states after the

4331: 4312: 4081: 4016: 3938: 3579: 3351: 3198: 3035: 2874: 2090: 2050: 2022: 1862: 1789: 1688: 1528: 1481: 1289: 1249: 1241: 1007: 626: 371: 181: 9268: 7057: 7047: 5485:) as from Dutch and English, was considered "German", hence also its name. Danish and 3137: 2722:

The creation of the Empire under Prussian leadership was a victory for the concept of

1076: 17645: 17541: 17477: 17472: 17401: 17298: 17013: 16941: 16936: 16778: 16707: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16480: 16431: 16177: 16152: 16099: 16046: 15860: 15632: 15424: 15139: 15129: 15092: 14966: 14951: 14826: 14796: 14766: 14761: 14736: 14673: 14668: 14658: 14529: 14478: 14365: 14360: 14083: 13719: 13704: 13380: 13349: 13217: 13211: 13172: 13074: 12907: 12490: 12345: 12328: 12129: 11951: 11931: 11766: 11751: 11681: 11669: 11370: 11347: 11294: 10989: 10922: 10895: 10839: 10759: 10735: 10687: 10672: 10613: 10596: 10502: 10452: 10436: 10397:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

10380: 10364: 10335:

Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler".

10215: 10127: 10115: 9731: 9610:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

9583: 9286: 9248: 9218: 9197: 8998: 8971: 8882: 8852: 8639: 8614: 8586: 8513: 8486: 8407: 8215: 8207: 8103: 7990: 7945: 7766: 7744: 7681: 7656: 7531: 7464: 7412: 7397: 7389: 7087: 6706: 6661:

and his students emphasised Germany's primary guilt for causing the First World War.

5949: 5921: 5906: 5655: 5603: 5519: 5439: 4727: 4377: 4369: 4015:

needed to consolidate their gains. Meanwhile, soldiers had become radicalised by the

3698: 3666: 3592: 3446: 3418: 3311: 3307: 3169:

to tutor him in European economics and industrial and financial realities in Europe.

2949: 2675: 2518: 2055: 1978: 1551: 1383: 1229: 952: 729: 552: 407: 359: 355: 10747: 10669:

Imperial Germany 1867–1918: Politics, Culture, and Society in an Authoritarian State

10499:

From Kaiserreich to Third Reich: Elements of Continuity in German History, 1871–1945

6941: 3899:

to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent. In March 1918, by the

2444:

Bismarck's chief concern was that France would plot revenge after its defeat in the

17494: 17281: 17276: 17232: 17219: 17149: 17117: 17112: 16976: 16971: 16953: 16914: 16847: 16830: 16771: 16761: 16756: 16697: 16653: 16623: 16583: 16566: 16549: 16512: 16263: 16239: 16187: 16182: 16172: 16167: 16162: 15989: 15954: 15928: 15600: 15404: 15373: 15328: 15323: 15155: 15119: 15037: 14861: 14631: 14576: 14539: 14514: 14504: 14438: 14390: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14290: 14285: 13978: 13724: 12275: 12245: 12239: 12149: 11978: 11946: 11936: 11675: 11599: 11594: 11522: 11342: 11242: 11020: 10885: 10719: 10664: 10568:

115.462 (2000): 570–606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority

10546: 10195: 10107: 9751: 9571: 9178:

School Strikes in Prussian Poland, 1901–1907: The Struggle over Bilingual Education

8739: 8695: 8668: 8542: 7868:

Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany

7648: 6668: 6579: 5991: 5977: 5753: 5424: 4887: 4199: 4012: 3821: 3816: 3761:

resulted in a long-held stalemate between the German Army and the Allies in dug-in

3678: 3600: 3596: 3519: 3319: 3275: 3166: 3117: 3101:. With his ascent to the throne, many hoped that Frederick's reign would lead to a 2813: 2706:

and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of

2683: 2534: 2430: 2017: 2012: 2007: 1706: 1692: 1485: 1414: 1292: 1169:

in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a

946: 456: 375: 11040: 10443: 10396: 8397: 4301:), negotiating peace, making treaties, and calling and adjourning sessions of the 3737:

swept down from Belgium and Luxembourg and advanced on Paris, at the nearby river

3701:, the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war. 3089:

On 9 March 1888, Wilhelm I died shortly before his 91st birthday, leaving his son

17712: 17680: 17553: 17521: 17504: 17460: 17455: 17433: 17428: 17386: 17379: 17354: 17214: 17209: 17050: 16931: 16825: 16820: 16788: 16613: 16603: 16497: 16490: 16485: 16470: 16426: 16308: 16294: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16079: 15505: 15032: 14781: 14751: 14746: 14606: 14596: 14561: 14551: 14534: 14370: 14325: 14240: 13958: 13933: 13780: 13455: 13084: 12924: 12263: 11816: 11791: 11490: 11398: 11237: 11072: 10973: 10828: 10788: 10531: 10470: 10403: 10347: 10169: 9647: 9620: 8842: 7880: 7385: 7103: 6976: 6828: 6631: 6571: 6059: 5963: 5888: 5846: 5616: 5579: 5530: 5450: 5431: 4944: 4392:

Each component of the German Empire sent representatives to the Federal Council (

4173: 4154: 4138: 4077: 3832: 3758: 3753:, resulting in the German Army retreating to defensive positions along the river 3722: 3718: 3694: 3658: 3583: 3566: 3562: 3479: 3470: 3387: 3323: 3211: 2945: 2918: 2873:, it had been religiously motivated, but by the 19th century, it was a factor in 2825: 2639: 2591: 2530: 2187: 1805: 1751: 1681:. The political system remained the same. The empire had a parliament called the 1663: 1647: 1596: 1569: 1532: 1437: 1406: 1364: 1170: 1062: 686: 614: 564: 425: 343: 339: 313: 235: 54: 17134: 11064: 6721:

thesis, they have not provided a generally accepted alternative interpretation.

5419: 4376:

Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the

4036:, German civilians were forced to live in increasingly meagre conditions. First 3641:

Map of the world showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the

17655: 17650: 17613: 17588: 17571: 17482: 17467: 17438: 17396: 17244: 17204: 17199: 17154: 17080: 17040: 17030: 17020: 16835: 16714: 16608: 16475: 16357: 16244: 16122: 16109: 15772: 15530: 15174: 14956: 14941: 14906: 14646: 14641: 14524: 14458: 14330: 13988: 13963: 13868: 13785: 13739: 13555: 13483: 13475: 13465: 13353: 12917: 12897: 12568: 12281: 12119: 11910: 11801: 11657: 11561: 11544: 11024: 10909: 10793: 10692: 10199: 9912: 9320: 9189: 8848: 7428: 7401: 7285: 7034: 7021: 6602:, or founding epoch, have sometimes led the Wilhelmine era to be regarded as a 5902: 5860: 5705: 5692: 5668: 5505: 5461:, were located in the north and northwest of the empire, near the borders with 5454: 5265: 5049: 4993: 4275: 4149:

on 3 November 1918. So, in November 1918, with internal revolution, the Allies

4130: 4033: 3892: 3872: 3805: 3762: 3730: 3646: 3642: 3462: 3173: 3102: 3098: 2796: 2570: 2353: 2339: 2080: 1817: 1639: 1422: 1368: 1209: 479: 127: 10731: 10111: 10045:] (in German) (3 ed.). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 1003. 9965: 9963: 9961: 9575: 8994:

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present

8743: 6597: 1638:

Reichstag renamed the Confederation the "German Empire" and gave the title of

17753: 17736: 17623: 17418: 17391: 17364: 17342: 17087: 17070: 17055: 16899: 16852: 16840: 16766: 16658: 16532: 16527: 16502: 16384: 14586: 14581: 14003: 13861: 13820: 13800: 13028: 12316: 12310: 11746: 11663: 10624:

A constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

10537:

Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1917), "The History of German Socialism Reconsidered",

10465:(1914); 507 pages, describes the workings of local government and bureaucracy 10296: 10119: 8672: 8411: 8219: 8211: 7660: 7424: 7091: 6882: 6622: 6591: 5208: 4324: 4285: 3989: 3949:, Lettow-Vorbeck launched multiple guerrilla raids against British forces in 3754: 3738: 3499: 3466: 3426: 3153: 2969:

national trade. While a common trade code had already been introduced by the

2930: 2926: 2911: 2898: 2619: 2505: 2437: 1809: 1765: 1345: 1197: 927: 915: 446: 293: 280: 17164: 17144: 14350: 10385:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

10043:

German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume III: Bismarck and the Reich

9864:

The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt

8699: 8065: 8063: 7710:"German Empire: administrative subdivision and municipalities, 1900 to 1910" 7652: 6917: 6796: 6583: 4221:) held sovereignty over the Empire and served as its highest authority. The 3941:, a guerrilla campaign was waged by the colonial army leader there, General 2828:

was applied only in Catholic areas; the Protestant schools were left alone.

17628: 17369: 17359: 17325: 17254: 17249: 17176: 16966: 16948: 16909: 16904: 16884: 16879: 16751: 16744: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16618: 16556: 16537: 16522: 16458: 15870: 15545: 15540: 15510: 15409: 15363: 14911: 14433: 14395: 14295: 13878: 13613: 13604: 13493: 13373: 13318: 12478: 11905: 10977: 10875:

Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire

10739: 9958: 9278: 8844:

The Challenges of Globalization: Economy and Politics in Germany, 1860–1914

7639:

Haardt, Oliver F. R. (2016). "The Kaiser in the Federal State, 1871–1918".

7552: 7448: 7416: 7222: 7115: 7083: 7065: 6913: 6772: 6749: 6741: 6689: 6566: 6067: 4978: 4137:

on 30 October 1918. Between 24 October and 3 November 1918, Italy defeated

3746: 3487: 3474: 3403: 3371: 2886: 2882: 2862: 2820:

in 1870, and the tightening control of the Vatican over the local bishops.

2788: 2756: 2679: 2522: 2484: 2276: 2272: 2207: 2197: 2158: 2045: 1824: 1604: 1493: 1489: 1397: 1285: 1193: 1158: 941: 935: 363: 111: 10039:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich

8482:

Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities, and Reform

8347:

A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies

7149: 7111: 6909: 5166: 1873: 1709:(1877), depicting the proclamation of Emperor William I (18 January 1871, 17347: 17332: 17181: 16894: 16803: 16793: 16719: 16367: 16362: 15880: 15594: 15429: 15378: 15143: 14652: 14448: 14340: 14335: 14255: 13846: 13830: 13404: 12689: 12594: 12292: 11720: 11141: 10884:(2011), a recent scholarly biography; emphasis on Bismarck's personality 10581: 8193: 8060: 7910: 7201: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6561: 5466: 4866: 4053: 4037: 3974: 3876: 3804:

resulted in huge allied casualties and little territorial change. German

3742: 3539: 3430: 3399: 3249: 3223: 3181: 3116:

By the time of his accession, however, Frederick had developed incurable

2772: 2690: 2538: 2060: 1556: 1426: 1392: 1356: 1335: 1311: 1277: 744: 690: 411: 227: 11044:(1908) 275 pp; popular description of social life in villages and cities 10781: 10340: 9686:

The spirit of British policy and the myth of the encirclement of Germany

8247:"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off" 7629:

Röhl, John C. G. "Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life" (2014), p. 172–173.

7072:

by the Soviet authorities; now part of independent Lithuania since 1990

6625:

especially contributed to that process. The first motorcar was built by

5518:

A few (0.5%) spoke French, the vast majority of these in the Reichsland

3969: 3072: 1244:-led North German Confederation and its southern German allies, such as 221: 17374: 17191: 17065: 17025: 16958: 16089: 15710: 14698: 14636: 14555: 13795: 13760: 13547: 10558: 10323: 10320:

Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

10082: 9920: 8554: 8133: 7770: 6603: 6546: 6542: 6531: 6524: 5478: 5474: 5340: 5187: 3726: 3458: 3377: 3210:

assigned to them in the German Constitution. The reforms of Chancellor

3148: 3141: 3121: 2666: 2130: 1812:

and the preservation of an authoritarian political structure under the

1658:) and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871. During the 1387: 1323: 1295: 522: 432: 401: 335: 10638:

The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany

10207: 9640: 9509:

The danger of dreams: German and American imperialism in Latin America

9128:

The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany

2642:

in 1871, it absorbed parts of what had been France's industrial base.

1713:). From left, on the podium (in black): Crown Prince Frederick (later 17264: 17035: 16919: 16889: 16670: 16544: 16335: 15700: 15348: 15057: 15047: 14616: 13923: 13810: 12484: 12251: 10877:(1979) Bismarck worked closely with this leading banker and financier 10010:[Law Amending the Imperial Constitution of 28 October 1918]. 9906: 9904: 9902: 7860:

Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives

7193: 7061: 7052: 7029:, on the Czech–Polish border in Silesia, whose German population was 6851: 6651: 6643: 6626: 5062: 5006: 4824: 4796: 4761: 4177: 4029: 3912: 3888: 3868: 3686: 3515: 3482:; but by 1911 British statesmen came to fear it might be extended to 3192: 2653:

By 1900, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for

652: 415: 226:

The German Empire and its occupied territories in the final stage of

211: 10645:

Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution

10550: 10330:

Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics

8916:

German History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company

8546: 7553:""Max Schneckenburger (1819–1849)–der Dichter der "Wacht am Rhein "" 7145: 7141: 7099: 5423:

Percentage of linguistic minorities of the German Empire in 1900 by

3079:

was emperor for only 99 days (9 March – 15 June 1888)

2960: 1452:; it occupied a large amount of territory to its east following the 16665: 16448: 16406: 16345: 15234: 15194: 15077: 15067: 14886: 14385: 13657: 12744: 11010:

Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates and New Perspectives

10723: 8954:

Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

8941: 6945: 6937: 6869: 6843: 6648:

Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German

6618: 4845: 3954: 3917: 3896: 3770: 3511: 3438: 3434: 3370:

in northeast China. But of these German colonies only Togoland and

3363: 3343: 3339: 2866: 2752: 2521:. By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( 1468:, allies Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed, and 1273: 1269: 9971:"Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918: Der föderative Nationalstaat" 9899: 7137: 7095: 2425: 251: 16578: 16507: 16463: 16318: 15979: 15399: 15343: 15265: 15087: 15042: 15017: 14571: 14280: 13898: 13851: 13790: 13714: 13668: 13560: 10949:

The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany

10659:

The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany

10652:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914

10519:

Haardt, Oliver FR. "The Kaiser in the Federal State, 1871–1918."

10008:"Gesetz zur Abänderung der Reichsverfassung vom 28. Oktober 1918" 8758:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914

8180:

Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ...

7460: 7405: 7197: 7178: 7170: 6998: 6925: 6897: 6887: 6402: 5490: 5470: 5462: 5281: 5236: 5097: 4740: 3926: 3922: 3904: 3507: 3503: 3359: 3335: 3331: 3303: 3242: 2809: 2707: 2542: 2526: 2225: 2027: 1577: 1565: 441: 347: 16379: 10586:

Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire 1871–1918

9973:[The German Empire 1871–1918: The Federal Nation State] 9098:

Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870

7511:

Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.).

16411: 16286: 15169: 15082: 14345: 14245: 13888: 13744: 13310: 10865:

The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany

10798:

The Sword and the Scepter; the Problem of Militarism in Germany

9938:[The Federal Council in the Constitution and Reality]. 8774:

The fossil monarchies: the collapse of the old order, 1905–1922

8122:

Alfred Vagts, "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich."

7187: 7174: 7120: 6933: 6929: 6921: 6857: 5034: 4950: 4915: 4712: 4684: 4280: 3946: 3908: 3812: 3766: 3355: 2903: 2711: 2631: 1828: 1737: 1225: 1189: 379: 272: 11110: 10290: 4323:(Article LIII); when exercising his military authority he had 3784:

German attempts to break through failed at the two battles of

2618:

Under Bismarck, Germany was a world innovator in building the

17045: 15359:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

15338: 13626: 13447: 12912: 8198:"Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide" 7440: 6893: 6578:

a year later for his Roman history. Painters like the groups

6421:

Distribution of Protestants and Catholics in Imperial Germany

5145: 3950: 3785: 3653:

Following the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke

3645:'s side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the 3483: 2662: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 1281: 1185: 10853:(2011), 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760 10354:

The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918

9782:

Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire

3437:), including farming, ranching, and mining for minerals and 2759:, and working-class radicalism, represented by the emerging 1788:

However, these larger gold and silver issues were virtually

15052: 13893: 13883: 13873: 13856: 13283: 9911: 7837:. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term 6905: 6614: 5434:(a figure that rises to over 6% when including the related 5121: 4108: 3884: 3347: 2703: 2671: 2658: 1813: 1390:'s refusal to recall him to office, the empire embarked on 16255: 10697:

The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914

9795:

The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918

8012:"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 – Weimarer Republik" 7678:

The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945

3937:

Germany quickly lost almost all its colonies. However, in

3749:

put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the

1662:

on 18 January 1871, William was proclaimed Emperor in the

11083:

Administrative subdivision and census results (1900/1910)

10433:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

9085:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

7866:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, 7797:"Cornell University Library Making of America Collection" 7513:

Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung

5522:

where francophones formed 11.6% of the total population.

4364:

Coats of arms and flags of the constituent states in 1900

4242:

were appointed by and reported to the state governments.

3637: 3395: 3038:

are, albeit with many amendments, still in effect today.

2654: 2471:

chemical works. Bismarck stubbornly refused to listen to

11101:

Dissemination of the German Language 1913 (map, 300 dpi)

10961:

Dickinson, Edward Ross. "The German Empire: an Empire?"

8720:(2010) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany. 8686:

Ciarlo, David (2008). "Globalizing German Colonialism".

8055:

The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914

2964:

Crime; convicts in relation to the population, 1882–1886

2583:

Economic history of Germany § Industrial Revolution

1429:

arrived, Italy left the alliance and the Ottoman Empire

1240:, the head of government. As these events occurred, the 10836:

Escape into War? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany

9699:

British history in the 19th century and after 1782–1919

9039: 8636:

Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors

7903: 4396:) and, via single-member districts, the Imperial Diet ( 8990: 7181:, southern East Prussia, central and eastern parts of 4297:

law, declaring war (which required the consent of the

3887:

was ousted from the Russian throne, and in November a

3665:

full support for Austro-Hungarian plans to invade the

3465:. Under Wilhelm II, with the financial backing of the 2936:

The Germanisation policies were targeted particularly

9446: 8160:"Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee" 7463:

regions of Prussia (Brandenburg and Silesia) and the

7455:. Czech was spoken predominantly in the south of the 7192:

Northern and western parts of the country, including

5539:

Native languages of the citizens of the German Empire

3506:

and viewed the countries of northern South America –

10285: 10152:"The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora" p. 64 9819: 8881:. Cambridge University Press, New York. p. 28. 7275: 6545:

nationalists had desired. The influence of Prussian

6405:

also lived under German colonial rule, primarily in

3721:, a military strategy designed to cripple France by 3599:. Germany's only other ally besides Austria was the 3498:

In South America, Germany's primary interest was in

10245: 9395: 9370: 9330: 9245:

The Second Reich: Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Germany

8784: 8782: 8506:Moore, Robert Laurence; Vaudagna, Maurizio (2003). 6586:made a significant contribution to modern art. The 6523:of the German Empire used since 1903. In 1956, the 4227:was a legislative body that possessed the right of 10609:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 10289:; Lake, Philip; Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). 7741:"Population statistics of the German Empire, 1871" 5496:and Dutch in the western border areas of Prussia ( 4157:was abolished. On 9 November, the Social Democrat 3915:was given over to the German occupation authority 8071:"Germany article of Encyclopedia Britannia, Link" 7528:Heil Dir im Siegerkranz: die Hymnen der Deutschen 7261: Denotes territories lost in both World Wars 5409:Detailed map in 1893 with cities and larger towns 3673:. Subsequent interpretation – for example at the 2865:was endemic in Germany during the period. Before 1768:, the main residence of the House of Hohenzollern 1729:The legislation also required the consent of the 1480:imposed post-war reparation costs of 132 billion 1440:in the autumn of 1914 failed, and the war on the 17751: 10057:"Fremdsprachige Minderheiten im Deutschen Reich" 8991:Broadberry, Stephen; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2010). 8779: 7942:A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present 7862:. Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., 7242:and continued as a part of Russia following the 6088:Religious confessions in the German Empire 1880 4111:, in northern Germany, saw the beginning of the 3679:Germany bore responsibility for starting the war 3050:Different legal systems in Germany prior to 1900 2948:even where they made up the majority, as in the 2812:. A powerful intellectual force of the time was 12087:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 10956:Imperial Germany: A Historiographical Companion 10262: 9727:German Anglophobia and the Great War, 1914–1918 9347: 9345: 9141:"Everyday Antisemitism in Pre-War Nazi Germany" 8829:The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe 7404:were located in the east; Polish mainly in the 7234:exclave on the Baltic, from which Germans were 4424: 4100:into the war in April 1917 tipped the long-run 3461:after him sought closer economic ties with the 835:540,857.54 km (208,826.26 sq mi) 10822:"Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945" 10271:. 15th edition, vol. 14, Leipzig 1933, p. 741. 9936:"Der Bundesrat in Verfassung und Wirklichkeit" 9723: 9519: 9517: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9474: 8870: 8868: 8604: 8602: 8456:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. 8435: 8433: 8157: 7267: Denotes territories lost in World War II 6401:in addition to Christianity. Over two million 5489:were spoken predominantly in the north of the 4096:(USPD), which demanded an end to the war. The 3248:Having learned from the failure of Bismarck's 1603:, comprising the 22 states north of the river 17840:States and territories disestablished in 1918 16271: 15250: 13642: 13269: 11126: 11008:Müller, Sven Oliver, and Cornelius Torp, ed. 10831:(2008), a brief textbook by a leading scholar 10800:. (4 vol University of Miami Press 1969–1973) 10426:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 9851:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 9551: 9549: 9325:The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 9304: 9302: 9238: 9236: 9234: 8634:Gvosdev, Nikolas; Marsh, Christopher (2013). 8505: 8478: 7856:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 7510: 7255: Denotes territories lost in World War I 4151:advancing toward Germany on the Western Front 3067: 2374: 1472:had surrendered. The empire collapsed in the 17728:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 13611: 13602: 10851:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 10185: 9363:Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch, eds. 9342: 8965: 8940:. Volume: 83. Issue: 3. 2009. pp. 475ff. in 8638:. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press. p. 241. 8633: 8627: 7995:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7839: 7759: 7357: 6861: 6849: 6841: 6729:The Empire of Germany had two armed forces: 6716: 6710: 6700: 6693: 6682: 6673: 6649: 6595: 6529: 5332: 5309: 5247: 5228: 5073: 5054: 5026: 4998: 4970: 4926: 4907: 4816: 4772: 4732: 4704: 4676: 4653: 4335: 4302: 4254: 4236: 4222: 4216: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2723: 2242: 2128: 1703:Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches 1654:of the Confederation. The new constitution ( 1192:, where the south German states, except for 954: 933: 925: 913: 179: 142: 109: 46: 15369:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 12577: 9752:"Schlieffen Plan | German military history" 9514: 9471: 9217:. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. 8865: 8827:Stephen Broadberry, and Kevin H. O'Rourke. 8658: 8599: 8479:Kersbergen, Kees van; Vis, Barbara (2013). 8430: 8191: 6968: 6715:. While some historians have abandoned the 4145:, which forced Austria-Hungary to sign the 825:1,750,000 km (680,000 sq mi) 120: 17845:States and territories established in 1871 16278: 16264: 15257: 15243: 13649: 13635: 13276: 13262: 11133: 11119: 10246:Helmut Walser Smith (May 2008). "When the 9563:Comparative Studies in Society and History 9546: 9299: 9231: 8997:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. 8402:. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. p. 8364: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7501:, 2nd ed, p. 102; A. Williams and co, 1880 7435:) with 13.8% of the population and in the 6681:The historiographical concept of a German 5534:Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries 3681:, or at least provoking a wider conflict. 2889:, antisemitism in Germany would increase. 2381: 2367: 250: 234: 220: 210: 11096:German Reich map of states 1913 (300 dpi) 10657:Mombauer, Annika and Wilhelm Deist, eds. 10412:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900 10339:, vol. 40, no. 1 (2017) pp. 147–162 9808:The defeat of imperial Germany, 1917–1918 8512:. Cornell University Press. p. 226. 8418: 8244: 7870:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005. 6397:, millions of subjects practiced various 6072:Generally, religious demographics of the 5515:(6.28%) were spoken chiefly in the east. 5397:Election constituencies for the Reichstag 3851:was a stalemate for the German Army, the 3649:in orange, and neutral countries in grey. 3586:, and her support for action in annexing 3132: 2861:As it was throughout Europe at the time, 12376:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 10894:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10462:Municipal life and government in Germany 10416:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 9523: 9511:(U of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 67 9415:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 9215:Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany 9117:, March 1962, Vol. 22 Issue 1, pp. 59–70 9045: 9030: 8903:The Emergence of the German Dye Industry 8818:, May 2006, Vol. 59 Issue 2, pp. 347–373 8729: 8718:German Colonialism and National Identity 8102:. Oxford University Press. p. 517. 8095: 7965:Toyka-Seid, Gerd Schneider, Christiane. 7550: 6795: 6515: 6465:Greater Imperial coat of arms of Germany 6445:Distribution of Jews in Imperial Germany 6037: 5529: 5418: 4359: 4172:on 11 November. It was succeeded by the 4063: 3968: 3831: 3775: 3708: 3636: 3408: 3376: 3302: 3228: 3191: 3136: 3071: 2959: 2940:of the empire, gained by Prussia in the 2902: 2782: 2590: 2504: 2424: 1760: 1697: 1656:Constitution of the German Confederation 1625: 1607:. The patriotic fervor generated by the 1514: 1363:, it managed to build the third-largest 215: 17552: 12753:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 11065:Ravenstein's Atlas of the German Empire 10951:(2003) pp. 281–293, historiography 10805:Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin 10756:Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II 10686:(1996) dense coverage of chief topics; 10435:(2006), the standard scholarly survey; 9484: 9452: 9267: 9212: 9194:Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik 8801:Richard H. Tilly and Michael Kopsidis, 8532: 8089: 7967:"Reichsgründung/ Deutsches Reich | bpb" 7939: 7728: 7702: 6527:was re-introduced as the symbol of the 6493:Lesser Imperial coat of arms of Germany 6479:Middle Imperial coat of arms of Germany 4311:(Articles XI and XII). The emperor was 4047: 3318:Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her " 2938:against the significant Polish minority 14: 17752: 13684:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 11003:Contesting the German Empire 1871–1918 10812:A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914 10593:Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918 10573:A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945 10474:(1894); politics and parties, Volume 2 10407:(1938); written for advanced students. 10093: 9933: 9542:from the original on 21 December 2018. 9390:Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918 9072:A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945 8874: 8805:. (University of Chicago Press, 2020). 8714:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 8685: 8611:A History of Modern Germany Since 1815 8608: 8377:from the original on 17 September 2021 8336: 8318:from the original on 17 September 2021 8312:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 8257:from the original on 17 September 2021 8192:Steinhauser, Gabriele (28 July 2017). 8022:from the original on 17 September 2021 7964: 7891:from the original on 17 September 2021 7789: 7638: 7602:from the original on 20 September 2022 7579:Internationalen Max-Reger-Gesellschaft 7525: 5525: 4265:constitutional reforms of October 1918 3840:at the time of the cease-fire and the 1341:systematic repression of Polish people 151:("Hail to Thee in the Victor's Crown") 16259: 15238: 13914: 13630: 13257: 12706:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 12042:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 11114: 10036: 10018:from the original on 15 November 2022 9979:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 9688:(London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1931). 9555: 9401: 9376: 9351: 9336: 9308: 9242: 8580: 8454:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht" 8451: 8288:from the original on 14 December 2017 8009: 7777:from the original on 25 December 2018 7716:from the original on 26 December 2018 7698:Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II 7343: 6948:region on the Belgian–German border) 6782: 4343: 3622:History of Germany during World War I 1438:German plans to capture Paris quickly 15264: 13110:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 10807:(1998), 1139 pages, pp. 188–233 10375:Prussian Poland in the German Empire 9887:from the original on 27 January 2023 9831:from the original on 2 November 2000 9163:Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson, 8840: 8439: 8424: 8395: 8275: 8170:from the original on 19 October 2017 8158:Matthias Heine (17 September 2012). 8077:from the original on 24 January 2022 8010:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011). 7854:See, for example, Roger Chickering, 6513:aftermath of the empire's collapse. 4059: 4007:. By retraining the soldiers in new 3998: Occupied territory (1914–1918) 1519:Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1890 13039:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 11833:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 10906:Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman 10359:Blackbourn, David, and Geoff Eley. 9590:from the original on 7 January 2019 9501: 9165:What is a nation?: Europe 1789–1914 8732:Journal of Southern African Studies 8585:. New York: iUniverse. p. 33. 8044:Springer, Berlin 2006, pp. 231, 246 7822:The World Book dictionary, Volume 1 7551:von ADELHEID, K. L. A. I. B. E. R. 4104:even more in favour of the Allies. 4094:Independent Social Democratic Party 3859:, the badly organised and supplied 3713:German troops being mobilized, 1914 3362:, and the mainland part of current 3288:International relations (1814–1919) 3202:in the 1890s / early 1900s 3187: 2611:, whose first factory was built in 2576: 2421:International relations (1814–1919) 2406:forces of liberalism and socialism. 24: 13679:List of current sovereign monarchs 11772:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 10980:, with guide to recent scholarship 10933:German Women for Empire, 1884–1945 10278: 10134:from the original on 11 March 2023 9988:from the original on 30 April 2023 9946:from the original on 30 April 2023 9762:from the original on 2 August 2019 9730:. Cambridge UP. pp. 176–178. 9434:from the original on 8 August 2018 9033:Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 8613:. London: Continuum. p. 170. 8226:from the original on 1 August 2017 7921:from the original on 13 April 2023 7314:Spa Conference (29 September 1918) 6056:Evangelical Church of the Redeemer 5832: 4420: 4356:List of historic states of Germany 3381:Flag of the German colonial empire 3281: 3239:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3062:Fields of law in the German Empire 3010:) and code of criminal procedure ( 1795:While the states issued their own 1531:on 8 June 1815 as a result of the 1527:had been created by an act of the 1127:Area and population not including 27:1871–1918 empire in Central Europe 25: 17856: 17800:20th century in Germany by period 17790:1918 disestablishments in Germany 11058: 10684:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck 10650:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 9914:Constitution of the German Empire 9825:"1914–18: Lebensmittelversorgung" 9180:(Columbia University Press, 1981) 9153:from the original on 12 May 2004. 8756:Alan S. Milward, and S. B. Saul, 8452:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). 7911:"Reich, German political concept" 7427:). Small islands also existed in 7319:Spa Conferences (First World War) 7208:, from all of which Germans were 7068:in 1939, from which Germans were 7031:partially deported following WWII 6537:, the modern German armed forces. 6508:and the penalties imposed by the 4194:Constitution of the German Empire 3556:Diplomatic history of World War I 3545: 3127: 3022:Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht 2826:government supervision of schools 2565:Urbanization in the German Empire 2414: 1622:Proclamation of the German Empire 1264:. The German Empire consisted of 14197:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13394: 12135:Second Battle of the Piave River 11757:Russian invasion of East Prussia 10958:(1996); 18 essays by specialists 10514:German Foreign Policy, 1871–1914 10239: 10222: 10179: 10155: 10146: 10087: 10075: 10049: 10030: 10000: 9927: 9869: 9856: 9843: 9813: 9800: 9787: 9774: 9744: 9717: 9704: 9691: 9678: 9665: 9652: 9625: 9602: 8245:Blakemore, Erin (27 June 2019). 7680:. London: Macmillan. pp. 13–14. 7530:. Oldenburg, Hamburg: Stalling. 7377: 7278: 6789:Territorial evolution of Germany 6609:In the field of economics, the " 6506:aftermath of the First World War 6485: 6471: 6457: 6438: 6426: 6414: 6042:Emperor Wilhelm II, who was the 6012: 5998: 5984: 5970: 5956: 5942: 5928: 5914: 5895: 5881: 5867: 5853: 5839: 5402: 5390: 5371: 5359: 5319: 5289: 5273: 5257: 5215: 5194: 5173: 5152: 5128: 5104: 5083: 5041: 5013: 4985: 4957: 4936: 4894: 4873: 4852: 4831: 4803: 4782: 4747: 4719: 4691: 4663: 4411: 4164:. The new government led by the 3982: Home Territory (1871–1918) 3827: 3704: 3569:expressed the British viewpoint: 3493: 3241:(SPD), whose radicals advocated 3055: 3043: 2892: 2869:'s decrees ended the ghettos in 2839: 2746: 2717: 2347: 2333: 1872: 1109: 1095: 1081: 1067: 1042: 1028: 1014: 1000: 986: 194: 155: 86: 72: 15461:German revolutions of 1848–1849 15430:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 13674:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 13206:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 12406:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 11140: 10444:The Evolution of Modern Germany 10188:Journal of Contemporary History 9981:(in German). 2016. p. 10. 9673:German foreign policy 1871–1914 9458: 9420: 9407: 9382: 9357: 9314: 9261: 9206: 9183: 9170: 9157: 9133: 9120: 9103: 9090: 9077: 9064: 9051: 9024: 9011: 8984: 8959: 8946: 8930: 8921: 8908: 8895: 8834: 8821: 8808: 8795: 8766: 8750: 8723: 8706: 8679: 8652: 8574: 8561: 8526: 8499: 8472: 8445: 8399:European Constitutional History 8389: 8358: 8330: 8300: 8269: 8238: 8185: 8151: 8138: 8125:The Journal of Military History 8116: 8047: 8034: 8003: 7958: 7933: 7873: 7848: 7827: 7814: 7801:collections.library.cornell.edu 7691: 7667: 7632: 7365: 7336: 7309:List of German monarchs in 1918 6450: 5414: 4187: 4117:workers' and soldiers' councils 3977:, shortly before its collapse: 3875:to travel through Germany from 3603:, but it remained an ally only 3413:Hoisting of the German flag at 3233:Berlin in the late 19th century 2856: 2141:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1843: 1717:), his father the emperor, and 578:C. zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 17765:1871 establishments in Germany 15446:Early modern period, 1500–1800 15334:List of early Germanic peoples 13656: 13029:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 12888:Deportations from East Prussia 12685:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 11053:(2 vol. London, 1879) Volume 2 11019:(2004) v 37, pp. 273–289 10640:(Yale University Press, 1975). 10479:Bismarck and the German Empire 9940:Orte der Demokratie Geschichte 9535:(in Spanish). pp. 29–40. 8509:The American Century in Europe 8350:. London: H. G. Bohn. p. 7623: 7614: 7584: 7571: 7544: 7519: 7504: 7491: 7482: 7037:until its dissolution in 1992 6054:after the inauguration of the 6024: 5568:German and a foreign language 5494:province of Schleswig-Holstein 4113:German Revolution of 1918–1919 3615: 3452: 3292: 2766: 1458:unrestricted submarine warfare 32:German Empire (disambiguation) 13: 1: 15569:History of Germany since 1990 12940:Ukrainian Canadian internment 9934:Haardt, Oliver F. R. (2020). 9883:(in German). 4 January 2019. 9365:German Professions, 1800–1950 9130:(Yale University Press, 1975) 8458:Deutsches Historisches Museum 8338:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig 7767:"German constitution of 1871" 7384:The Slavic speakers included 7356:; today often referred to as 7324: 6046:Evangelical Church of Prussia 5379: 5352: 4023: 3932: 3661:, the Kaiser offered Emperor 3633:German entry into World War I 3528:heavily influenced by Germany 3156:. Bismarck demanded that the 2545:in 1906–1907 resulted in the 2513:and its protectorates in 1914 1792:and had limited circulation. 1615: 1504: 1234:Minister President of Prussia 13689:List of monarchy referendums 13095:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 12394:Estonian War of Independence 12062:Southern Palestine offensive 10919:The German Empire, 1871–1918 10491:New York: Macmillan Company. 10234:The German Empire, 1871–1918 10037:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1988). 9274:The German Empire: 1870–1918 8569:The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 8485:. Cambridge UP. p. 38. 7526:Hansen, Hans Jürgen (1978). 7244:collapse of the Soviet Union 7094:, parts of the districts of 6637: 4263:approval to pass. After the 4107:The end of October 1918, in 3943:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck 2735:Germany's decision to enter 2587:Industrialization in Germany 1723:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 1535:, after being alluded to in 1456:. The German declaration of 1431:formally allied with Germany 1260:, were still engaged in the 463:semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 17820:Former monarchies of Europe 16285: 13285:States of the German Empire 13049:USA against Austria-Hungary 12448:Turkish War of Independence 12400:Latvian War of Independence 12125:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 11716:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 10059:(in German). Archived from 9697:George Macaulay Trevelyan, 9247:. McGraw-Hill. p. 60. 9115:Journal of Economic History 8927:Chandler (1990) pp. 474–475 8918:(2004) covers 1865 to 2000; 8712:L. Gann and Peter Duignan, 8282:www.nationalarchives.gov.uk 7973:(in German). Archived from 7743:(in German). Archived from 7515:. Münster: Bachmann Verlag. 7294:Economic history of Germany 7271: 7152:(the German population was 7134:Greater Poland Voivodeships 6757:Imperial German Air Service 6724: 6033: 4350:States of the German Empire 4168:called for and received an 4092:(SPD) and the more radical 3945:. Using Germans and native 3780:German Army positions, 1914 3675:Versailles Peace Conference 3522:and showed interest in the 3443:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 2998:, code of civil procedure ( 2944:. Poles were treated as an 2730:(Smaller Germany) over the 2696: 2559:Economic history of Germany 2547:Herero and Namaqua genocide 2494: 1377:Herero and Namaqua genocide 1091:Territory of the Saar Basin 241:States of the German Empire 10: 17861: 17805:Former countries in Europe 15476:North German Confederation 15456:Confederation of the Rhine 13132:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 12680:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 12140:Second Battle of the Marne 12027:Second battle of the Aisne 11896:Second Battle of Champagne 11737:German invasion of Belgium 11025:10.1163/156916104323121483 10858:The German Colonial Empire 10849:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. 10771:Imperial Germany 1871–1918 10539:American Historical Review 10200:10.1177/002200948802300101 9019:Europe reshaped, 1848–1878 8968:Imperial Germany 1850–1918 7864:Imperial Germany 1871–1918 6868:(northeastern part of the 6786: 6641: 6576:Nobel prize for literature 6065: 4353: 4347: 4191: 4129:on 29 September 1918. The 3630: 3626: 3619: 3549: 3296: 3285: 3111:Prussian interior minister 3109:, the highly conservative 3085:Year of the Three Emperors 3082: 3068:Year of the three emperors 2896: 2871:Confederation of the Rhine 2776: 2770: 2580: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2498: 2418: 2146:North German Confederation 2116:Confederation of the Rhine 1725:, Prussian Chief of Staff. 1636:North German Confederation 1619: 1601:North German Confederation 1508: 1499: 1417:in 1882. It also retained 1228:remained its capital, and 1202:North German Confederation 1180:on 18 January 1871 at the 994:North German Confederation 190:("The Watch on the Rhine") 29: 17835:Modern history of Germany 17721: 17673: 17190: 16594: 16293: 16210: 16070: 15950: 15941: 15824: 15815: 15696: 15687: 15623: 15614: 15577: 15556: 15438: 15392: 15316: 15285: 15276: 15101: 15010: 14724: 14487: 14421: 14233: 14224: 14120: 14102: 14034: 13949: 13907: 13839: 13753: 13697: 13664: 13590: 13574: 13546: 13533:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 13492: 13446: 13403: 13392: 13292: 13238: 13197: 13118: 13057: 13019: 12963: 12952: 12913:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 12856: 12828: 12776: 12698: 12672: 12624: 12517: 12510: 12442:Irish War of Independence 12338: 12220: 12185:Armistice of Villa Giusti 12170:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 12095: 11997: 11924: 11825: 11782:First Battle of the Marne 11729: 11691: 11626: 11617: 11560: 11434: 11423: 11389: 11361: 11323: 11275: 11228: 11221: 11148: 11038:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10890:Steinmetz, George (2007) 10712:Journal of Modern History 10575:(1969), pp. 173–532 10566:English Historical Review 10530:20 September 2022 at the 10468:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10459:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10450:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10441:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10402:17 September 2021 at the 10112:10.1080/00905990600841959 9881:deutsche-schutzgebiete.de 9637:English Historical Review 9619:20 September 2018 at the 9576:10.1017/S0010417517000159 9524:Sanhueza, Carlos (2011). 9196:. suhrkamp 1978, p. 144; 8966:Feuchtwanger, Ed (2002). 8744:10.1080/03057079308708348 8099:War in Human Civilization 7944:. John Wiley & Sons. 7835:Whitaker's almanack, 1991 7447:) (5.5%) and in parts of 7220: 7165: 7081: 7046: 7015: 6992: 6980: 6969: 6957: 6881: 6862: 6850: 6842: 6827: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6806: 6634:during the 19th century. 6499: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 5304: 5295: 5279: 5263: 5244:Free and Hanseatic Cities 5242: 5203:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 5068: 4921: 4767: 4648: 4640: 4271:rather than the emperor. 4147:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4143:battle of Vittorio Veneto 3973:The German Empire during 3751:First Battle of the Marne 3208:Prime Minister of Prussia 2429:A postage stamp from the 1837:three-class voting system 1679:North German Constitution 1634:On 10 December 1870, the 1382:After the resignation of 1284:(six before 1876), seven 1125: 965: 901: 897: 884: 871: 858: 854: 844: 839: 829: 819: 814: 810: 797: 782: 767: 754: 741: 726: 713: 700: 696: 682: 670: 658: 648: 644: 632: 620: 608: 596: 584: 570: 558: 546: 542: 532: 528: 516: 504: 492: 488: 478: 452: 440: 388: 319: 309: 265: 249: 216:The German Empire in 1914 207: 136: 104: 68: 63: 41: 15628:Administrative divisions 13826:Self-proclaimed monarchy 13340:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 13065:Constantinople Agreement 12358:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 12221:Co-belligerent conflicts 12190:Second Romanian campaign 12160:Third Transjordan attack 11871:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 11777:Battle of Grand Couronné 11017:Central European History 10965:Issue 66, (Autumn 2008) 10963:History Workshop Journal 10787:19 November 2021 at the 10778:Naval War College Review 9821:German Historical Museum 9714:(1978) pp. 302–338, 350. 9646:12 November 2021 at the 9639:117.471 (2002): 333–55. 9556:Penny, H. Glenn (2017). 9428:"Wilhelm II (1859–1941)" 9213:Kitchen, Martin (2000). 8875:Berend, T. Ivan (2016). 8841:Torp, Cornelius (2014). 8673:10.1177/0266355406075719 8308:"How Did Hitler Happen?" 8276:Archives, The National. 7940:Kitchen, Martin (2011). 6395:overseas colonial empire 6044:Supreme Governor of the 5803:Other foreign languages 5028:Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 3500:Argentina, Brazil, Chile 2779:Pope Pius IX and Germany 2657:. The three major firms 1741:, who was assisted by a 1474:November 1918 Revolution 1444:became a stalemate. The 1436:In the First World War, 1427:the great crisis of 1914 1157:, was the period of the 17795:19th century in Germany 14094:Vatican City (Holy See) 13128:Modus vivendi of Acroma 13080:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 12388:Greater Poland Uprising 12288:National Protection War 12165:Meuse–Argonne offensive 12115:German spring offensive 12110:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 11886:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 11861:Second Battle of Artois 11742:Battle of the Frontiers 10954:Chickering, Roger, ed. 10647:(2 vol Abc-clio, 2005). 10471:Germany and the Germans 10328:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 10318:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 10302:Encyclopædia Britannica 10287:Ashworth, Philip Arthur 10168:6 February 2018 at the 10094:Oltmer, Jochen (2006). 9756:Encyclopedia Britannica 9724:Matthew Stibbe (2006). 9466:Ruanda-Urundi 1884–1919 9111:Business History Review 8938:Business History Review 8816:Economic History Review 8581:Young, William (2006). 8342:Talboys, David Alphonso 8203:The Wall Street Journal 7345:[ˌdɔʏtʃəsˈʁaɪç] 7304:List of German monarchs 7236:deported following WWII 7210:deported following WWII 7154:deported following WWII 7070:deported following WWII 6062:, 31 October 1898) 4909:Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach 4206:constitutional monarchy 4166:German Social Democrats 4090:Social Democratic Party 3964: 3901:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3842:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3328:German Southwest Africa 3030:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 2989:courts constitution act 2793:Between Berlin and Rome 2761:Social Democratic Party 1746:could also disband the 1689:universal male suffrage 1687:, which was elected by 1454:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1367:at the time, after the 1145:), also referred to as 603:T. von Bethmann Hollweg 310:Official languages 145:Heil dir im Siegerkranz 17830:Military dictatorships 15889:Science and technology 15590:History of Brandenburg 15481:Unification of Germany 15471:Frankfurt Constitution 14376:Islands of Refreshment 13806:Legitimacy (political) 13612: 13603: 13598:German colonial empire 13528:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 13153:Paris Peace Conference 13141:Ukraine–Central Powers 12935:Massacres of Albanians 12903:Late Ottoman genocides 12710:Bulgarian occupations 12418:Third Anglo-Afghan War 12382:Hungarian–Romanian War 12200:Naval Victory Bulletin 12195:Armistice with Germany 12145:Hundred Days Offensive 12072:Battle of La Malmaison 12022:Second battle of Arras 11989:Battle of Transylvania 11843:Second Battle of Ypres 11711:Sarajevo assassination 11600:South African Republic 11087:gemeindeverzeichnis.de 10654:(1977) pp. 17–70. 10622:Koch, Hannsjoachim W. 10523:34.4 (2016): 529–554. 9631:Matthew S. Seligmann, 9495:Uniwersytet Warszawski 9243:Kurtz, Harold (1970). 8970:. Routledge. Table 1. 8609:Tipton, Frank (2003). 7840: 7497:Preble, George Henry, 7372: 7358: 6808:When lost from Germany 6801: 6717: 6711: 6701: 6694: 6683: 6674: 6650: 6596: 6538: 6530: 6063: 5535: 5427: 5333: 5310: 5248: 5229: 5182:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 5074: 5055: 5027: 4999: 4971: 4927: 4908: 4817: 4773: 4733: 4705: 4677: 4654: 4630: 4365: 4336: 4303: 4255: 4237: 4229:legislative initiative 4223: 4217: 4184:, and the Communists. 4085: 4000: 3844: 3781: 3714: 3650: 3588:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3576: 3422: 3382: 3315: 3299:German colonial empire 3273:Generalquartiermeister 3234: 3203: 3145: 3133:Bismarck's resignation 3080: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2965: 2955: 2921: 2847:European welfare state 2800: 2724: 2680:agricultural chemicals 2604: 2514: 2511:German colonial empire 2501:German colonial empire 2481:Berlin–Baghdad railway 2461:Triple Alliance (1882) 2433: 2408: 2243: 2129: 1998:Linear Pottery culture 1769: 1726: 1631: 1568:'s main German rival, 1520: 1511:Unification of Germany 1419:strong diplomatic ties 1318:became second only to 1300:one imperial territory 1163:unification of Germany 1142: 955: 934: 926: 914: 258:German colonial empire 180: 143: 121: 110: 47: 17698:Medieval great powers 15526:Flight and expulsions 14187:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13776:Criticism of monarchy 13766:Abolition of monarchy 13163:Treaty of St. Germain 13136:Russia–Central Powers 13090:Sykes–Picot Agreement 12918:Pontic Greek genocide 12893:Destruction of Kalisz 12869:Eastern Mediterranean 12430:Polish–Lithuanian War 12212:Armistice of Belgrade 12175:Armistice of Salonica 12105:Operation Faustschlag 12052:Third Battle of Oituz 11974:Baranovichi offensive 11942:Lake Naroch offensive 11916:Battle of Robat Karim 11891:Vistula–Bug offensive 11866:Battles of the Isonzo 11797:First Battle of Ypres 10880:Steinberg, Jonathan. 10827:24 March 2012 at the 10643:Levy, Richard S. ed. 10394:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 10346:7 August 2020 at the 10337:German Studies Review 10252:German Studies Review 10163:A New Surge of Growth 9684:Hermann Kantorowicz, 9612:(1938) pp 485ff, 830. 8700:10.1093/gerhis/ghn007 8535:German Studies Review 8396:Case, Nelson (1902). 7674:Wheeler-Bennett, John 7653:10.1093/gerhis/ghw117 7359:Deutsches Kaiserreich 7238:. Transferred to the 6799: 6519: 6066:Further information: 6041: 5533: 5513:West Slavic languages 5422: 5249:Freie und Hansestädte 5022:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4629: 4363: 4162:proclaimed a republic 4127:Armistice of Salonica 4080:for Germany from the 4067: 3972: 3959:Portuguese Mozambique 3835: 3779: 3712: 3640: 3571: 3552:Causes of World War I 3412: 3380: 3306: 3286:Further information: 3232: 3195: 3140: 3075: 2963: 2908:Prussian deportations 2906: 2786: 2594: 2557:Further information: 2508: 2473:Georg Herbert Münster 2428: 2419:Further information: 2403: 1924:Territorial evolution 1778:House of Hohenzollern 1764: 1701: 1629: 1518: 1446:Allied naval blockade 1222:House of Hohenzollern 469:military dictatorship 320:Common languages 294:52.51861°N 13.37611°E 17708:European colonialism 17693:Ancient great powers 16198:World Heritage Sites 15876:German states by GDP 15466:German Confederation 14019:United Arab Emirates 13575:Imperial Territories 13428:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 13423:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 13344:Starostwo of Draheim 13158:Treaty of Versailles 12874:Mount Lebanon famine 12789:in the United States 12757:Russian occupations 12471:Turkish–Armenian War 12412:Polish–Ukrainian War 12352:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12299:Central Asian Revolt 12082:Armistice of Focșani 11812:Battle of Sarikamish 11762:Battle of Tannenberg 11158:Military engagements 11001:Jefferies, Matthew. 10780:(1973) 26#1: 28–41. 10485:Fife, Robert Herndon 10431:Clark, Christopher. 10100:Nationalities Papers 9608:E. Malcolm Carroll, 8914:Werner Abelshauser, 7769:(in German). German 7064:in 1923, retaken by 7004:South Jutland County 6766:Imperial German Navy 6735:Imperial German Army 6564:published his novel 6510:Treaty of Versailles 6399:indigenous religions 5378:Population density ( 5306:Imperial Territories 4903:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 4861:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4840:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 4319:(Article LXIII) and 4048:Spanish Flu Pandemic 4009:infiltration tactics 3809:Erich von Falkenhayn 3107:Robert von Puttkamer 2942:partitions of Poland 2885:'s rise to power in 2879:Treaty of Versailles 2450:Dual Alliance (1879) 2260:Expulsion of Germans 2226:Contemporary Germany 2124:German Confederation 1719:Frederick I of Baden 1711:Palace of Versailles 1668:Palace of Versailles 1593:German Confederation 1574:Second Schleswig War 1525:German Confederation 1478:Treaty of Versailles 1464:, the German armies 1268:, each with its own 1182:Palace of Versailles 1129:colonial possessions 772:Abdication of Kaiser 17703:Modern great powers 15834:Automobile industry 15420:Carolingian dynasty 15354:History of the Huns 15215:Trinidad and Tobago 15102:Commonwealth realms 14987:United Baltic Duchy 14130:Antigua and Barbuda 14122:Commonwealth realms 13816:Order of succession 13538:Waldeck and Pyrmont 13225:They shall not pass 13148:Treaty of Bucharest 13105:Treaty of Bucharest 13044:USA against Germany 13021:Declarations of war 12725:German occupations 12638:British casualties 12497:Soviet–Georgian War 12424:Egyptian Revolution 12364:Armeno-Georgian War 12228:Somaliland campaign 12180:Armistice of Mudros 12057:Battle of Caporetto 12047:Battle of Mărășești 12017:Zimmermann telegram 12012:February Revolution 11957:Battle of the Somme 11881:Bug-Narew Offensive 11856:Battle of Gallipoli 11848:Sinking of the RMS 11640:Scramble for Africa 11634:Franco-Prussian War 11290:Sinai and Palestine 11071:6 June 2013 at the 10972:12 May 2020 at the 10915:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 10863:Sperber, Jonathan. 10856:Smith, Woodruff D. 10834:Schollgen, Gregor. 10803:Richie, Alexandra. 10682:Nipperdey, Thomas. 10595:. (Palgrave, 2003) 10591:Jefferies, Mattew. 10424:Chickering, Roger. 10352:Blackbourn, David. 10269:Der Große Brockhaus 10174:Library of Congress 9675:(1976) pp. 121–138. 9388:Matthew Jefferies, 9176:John J. Kulczycki, 9083:Christopher Clark, 9074:(1969), pp. 258–260 9035:. pp. 169–187. 8367:"Otto von Bismarck" 7581:3.42 (2022): 18–23. 7330:Informational notes 6588:AEG turbine factory 6089: 6074:early modern period 5542: 5526:1900 census results 5230:Waldeck und Pyrmont 5224:Waldeck and Pyrmont 4637: 4330:The chancellor was 4182:Organisation Consul 4159:Philipp Scheidemann 4135:Armistice of Mudros 4084:on 9 November 1918. 4074:Philipp Scheidemann 3883:In March 1917, the 3538:the decades before 3269:Paul von Hindenburg 3014:Strafprozessordnung 3004:Zivilprozessordnung 2917:, 1909 painting by 2915:(Polenausweisungen) 2818:papal infallibility 2446:Franco-Prussian War 2074:Early Modern period 2061:Eastward settlement 1790:commemorative coins 1675:German Constitution 1609:Franco-Prussian War 1586:Franco-Prussian War 1582:Austro-Prussian War 1548:Revolutions of 1848 1361:Scramble for Africa 1272:, four constituent 1262:Franco-Prussian War 1167:November Revolution 922:South German gulden 801:Weimar Constitution 290: / 15904:Telecommunications 15585:History of Prussia 15501:Revolution of 1918 15496:War guilt question 15415:Carolingian Empire 15384:Sack of Rome (410) 15293:History of Germany 13362:Schleswig-Holstein 13185:Treaty of Lausanne 13100:Paris Economy Pact 13034:UK against Germany 12964:Entry into the war 12930:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 12649:Ottoman casualties 12459:Franco-Turkish War 12339:Post-War conflicts 12323:Russian Revolution 12305:Invasion of Darfur 12270:Kelantan rebellion 12258:Kurdish rebellions 12234:Mexican Revolution 12067:October Revolution 12032:Kerensky offensive 12007:Capture of Baghdad 11984:Monastir offensive 11969:Brusilov offensive 11807:Battle of Kolubara 11646:Russo-Japanese War 11047:Vizetelly, Henry. 10988:, Berghahn Books, 10931:Wildenthal, Lora. 10769:Retallack, James. 10754:Retallack, James. 10381:Brandenburg, Erich 10309:Barker, J. Ellis. 10063:on 6 February 2010 9849:Roger Chickering, 9793:Holger H. Herwig, 9087:(2006) pp. 568–576 9017:J.A.S. Grenville, 8427:, pp. 139–140 7977:on 26 October 2020 7557:SCHRIFTEN DER BAAR 7299:Kingdom of Germany 7232:Kaliningrad Oblast 7206:Warmia and Masuria 6994:Northern Schleswig 6940:(all are parts of 6802: 6783:Territorial legacy 6667:, a leader of the 6665:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 6539: 6407:German East Africa 6087: 6064: 6048:'s older Provinces 5541:(1 December 1900) 5538: 5536: 5447:Germanic languages 5428: 5366:Administrative map 4636: 4631: 4386:Congress of Vienna 4366: 4344:Constituent states 4332:head of government 4313:commander-in-chief 4086: 4082:Reichstag building 4017:Russian Revolution 4001: 3957:. He also invaded 3939:German East Africa 3845: 3782: 3715: 3651: 3580:Reinsurance Treaty 3423: 3383: 3352:German East Africa 3316: 3235: 3204: 3146: 3097:, eldest child of 3081: 2976:In 1871, a common 2966: 2922: 2875:German nationalism 2801: 2605: 2515: 2465:Reinsurance Treaty 2434: 2354:History portal 2340:Germany portal 2091:Kingdom of Prussia 2051:Kingdom of Germany 2023:Barbarian kingdoms 1770: 1727: 1632: 1529:Congress of Vienna 1521: 1409:, followed by the 1165:in 1871 until the 689: • 672:• Lower house 660:• Upper house 627:Georg von Hertling 591:Bernhard von Bülow 299:52.51861; 13.37611 182:Die Wacht am Rhein 17815:Former monarchies 17747: 17746: 17669: 17668: 17634:Polish–Lithuanian 16809:Gurjara-Pratihara 16253: 16252: 16206: 16205: 15937: 15936: 15851:Chemical Triangle 15811: 15810: 15798:Political parties 15746:Foreign relations 15683: 15682: 15610: 15609: 15521:Allied occupation 15425:Holy Roman Empire 15232: 15231: 15228: 15227: 14917:Piedmont-Sardinia 14669:Sip Song Chau Tai 14479:Thirteen Colonies 14220: 14219: 13624: 13623: 13251: 13250: 13234: 13233: 13218:The Golden Virgin 13212:Mutilated victory 13193: 13192: 13173:Treaty of Trianon 13168:Treaty of Neuilly 13075:Damascus Protocol 12948: 12947: 12908:Armenian genocide 12865:Allied blockades 12837:Belgian refugees 12620: 12619: 12530:Strategic bombing 12506: 12505: 12491:Franco-Syrian War 12465:Greco-Turkish War 12453:Anglo-Turkish War 12436:Polish–Soviet War 12370:German Revolution 12346:Russian Civil War 12329:Finnish Civil War 12155:Battle of Megiddo 12130:Battle of Goychay 12077:Battle of Cambrai 12037:Battle of Mărăști 11952:Battle of Jutland 11932:Erzurum offensive 11787:Siege of Przemyśl 11767:Siege of Tsingtao 11752:Battle of Galicia 11682:Second Balkan War 11670:Italo-Turkish War 11627:Pre-War conflicts 11613: 11612: 11503:Portuguese Empire 11419: 11418: 11381:German New Guinea 11363:Asian and Pacific 10900:978-0-2267-7241-7 10820:Scheck, Raffael. 10702:Ragins, Sanford. 10665:Mommsen, Wolfgang 10636:Levy, Richard S. 10629:Kurlander, Eric. 10373:Blanke, Richard. 10250:Debate Left Us". 10012:documentarchiv.de 9853:(2004) p. 141–142 9712:Germany 1866–1945 9660:Germany 1866–1945 9658:Gordon A. Craig, 9507:Mitchell, Nancy. 9487:Revista del CESLA 9292:978-0-679-64090-5 9254:978-0-07-035653-5 9224:978-0-521-79432-9 9126:Richard S. Levy, 9004:978-1-139-48951-5 8977:978-1-13462-072-2 8519:978-0-8014-4075-5 8492:978-1-107-65247-7 8206:. New York City. 8128:3.4 (1939): 210+ 8109:978-0-19-923663-3 8096:Azar Gat (2008). 8040:Michael Kotulla: 7951:978-1-44439-689-8 7833:Joseph Whitaker. 7820:World Book, Inc. 7773:. 16 March 2011. 7686:978-1-4039-1812-3 7465:Kingdom of Saxony 7249: 7248: 6892:The two towns of 6737:, which included 6707:long 19th century 6553:and the Catholic 6391: 6390: 6082:Free Trade Unions 5830: 5829: 5815:Imperial citizens 5656:Wendish (Sorbian) 5520:Elsass-Lothringen 5511:Polish and other 5350: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5334:Elsass-Lothringen 5140: 5116: 5056:Sachsen-Meiningen 5000:Sachsen-Altenburg 4378:Holy Roman Empire 4235:(Article V). The 4198:The Empire was a 4098:entry of the U.S. 4060:Revolt and demise 3699:Septemberprogramm 3667:Kingdom of Serbia 3593:South African War 3532:Galápagos Islands 3524:Galápagos Islands 3447:Lothar von Trotha 3419:German New Guinea 3312:Berlin Conference 3095:Princess Victoria 2950:Province of Posen 2676:photographic film 2634:system (known as 2519:German New Guinea 2391: 2390: 2322: 2321: 2216: 2215: 2056:Holy Roman Empire 1933:Holy Roman Empire 1752:State Secretaries 1630:Wilhelm I in 1884 1584:in 1866, and the 1552:Otto von Bismarck 1384:Otto von Bismarck 1230:Otto von Bismarck 1135: 1134: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1055: 1054: 758:German Revolution 730:Berlin Conference 622:• 1917–1918 598:• 1909–1917 586:• 1900–1909 572:• 1894–1900 560:• 1890–1894 553:Otto von Bismarck 548:• 1871–1890 518:• 1888–1918 494:• 1871–1888 408:United Protestant 199: 188: 173: 18:Empire of Germany 16:(Redirected from 17852: 17785:1910s in Germany 17780:1900s in Germany 17775:1890s in Germany 17770:1880s in Germany 17760:1870s in Germany 17550: 17549: 17215:Austro-Hungarian 16915:Chagatai Khanate 16280: 16273: 16266: 16257: 16256: 16233: 16226: 16219: 16183:Prussian virtues 15948: 15947: 15856:Economic history 15822: 15821: 15716: 15694: 15693: 15645:Cities and towns 15621: 15620: 15601:Baden Revolution 15405:Treaty of Verdun 15374:Marcomannic Wars 15329:Migration Period 15324:Germanic peoples 15308:Military history 15283: 15282: 15259: 15252: 15245: 15236: 15235: 15156:Irish Free State 14922:Poland–Lithuania 14231: 14230: 14182:Papua New Guinea 13912: 13911: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13628: 13627: 13617: 13608: 13523:Schaumburg-Lippe 13518: 13510: 13480: 13398: 13377: 13347: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13255: 13254: 13178:Treaty of Sèvres 13070:Treaty of London 12961: 12960: 12739:Northeast France 12670: 12669: 12642:Parliamentarians 12575: 12574: 12537:Chemical weapons 12515: 12514: 12276:Senussi campaign 12246:Muscat rebellion 12240:Maritz rebellion 12208: 12150:Vardar offensive 11979:Battle of Romani 11947:Battle of Asiago 11937:Battle of Verdun 11901:Kosovo offensive 11676:First Balkan War 11624: 11623: 11523:Russian Republic 11432: 11431: 11226: 11225: 11168:Economic history 11135: 11128: 11121: 11112: 11111: 11091: 10998: 10921:. (Berg, 1985). 10882:Bismarck: A Life 10751: 10561: 10512:Geiss, Imanuel. 10456:(1890) 175 pages 10306: 10294: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10243: 10237: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10183: 10177: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9987: 9976: 9967: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9918: 9908: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9873: 9867: 9860: 9854: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9817: 9811: 9804: 9798: 9791: 9785: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9721: 9715: 9708: 9702: 9695: 9689: 9682: 9676: 9669: 9663: 9656: 9650: 9634: 9629: 9623: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9553: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9530: 9521: 9512: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9482: 9469: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9424: 9418: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9297: 9296: 9269:Stürmer, Michael 9265: 9259: 9258: 9240: 9229: 9228: 9210: 9204: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9168: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9145: 9137: 9131: 9124: 9118: 9107: 9101: 9094: 9088: 9081: 9075: 9068: 9062: 9057:Ronald J. Ross, 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9028: 9022: 9015: 9009: 9008: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8963: 8957: 8952:Allan Mitchell, 8950: 8944: 8934: 8928: 8925: 8919: 8912: 8906: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8872: 8863: 8862: 8838: 8832: 8825: 8819: 8812: 8806: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8777: 8770: 8764: 8760:(1977) pp 17–70 8754: 8748: 8747: 8727: 8721: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8606: 8597: 8596: 8578: 8572: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8365:Kenneth Barkin. 8362: 8356: 8355: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8155: 8149: 8142: 8136: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8067: 8058: 8051: 8045: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7994: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7877: 7871: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7831: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7737: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7706: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7588: 7582: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7508: 7502: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7469: 7468: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7171:East Brandenburg 7017:Hultschin Region 6982: 6974: 6973: 6867: 6866: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6846: 6804: 6803: 6720: 6714: 6704: 6697: 6692:argued that the 6686: 6677: 6669:Bielefeld School 6655: 6601: 6580:Der Blaue Reiter 6551:Social Democrats 6535: 6489: 6475: 6461: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6102:Other Christian 6090: 6086: 6052:Augusta Victoria 6016: 6002: 5988: 5974: 5960: 5946: 5932: 5918: 5899: 5885: 5871: 5857: 5843: 5693:Moravian (Czech) 5543: 5537: 5406: 5394: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5363: 5336: 5323: 5322: 5313: 5293: 5292: 5277: 5276: 5261: 5260: 5251: 5232: 5219: 5218: 5198: 5197: 5177: 5176: 5161:Schaumburg-Lippe 5156: 5155: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5087: 5086: 5077: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5030: 5017: 5016: 5002: 4989: 4988: 4974: 4961: 4960: 4940: 4939: 4930: 4911: 4898: 4897: 4877: 4876: 4856: 4855: 4835: 4834: 4820: 4807: 4806: 4786: 4785: 4776: 4751: 4750: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4708: 4695: 4694: 4680: 4667: 4666: 4657: 4638: 4635: 4423: 4416: 4415: 4339: 4334:and chaired the 4315:of the Empire's 4306: 4258: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4102:balance of power 4028:The concept of " 3997: 3987: 3981: 3822:Erich Ludendorff 3820:was replaced by 3817:Battle of Verdun 3723:invading Belgium 3609:Treaty of London 3601:Kingdom of Italy 3597:Entente Cordiale 3520:Margarita Island 3320:place in the sun 3276:Erich Ludendorff 3267:, Field Marshal 3265:German president 3188:Domestic affairs 3167:Walther Rathenau 3124:became emperor. 3118:laryngeal cancer 3059: 3047: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3009: 3007: 2997: 2986: 2814:anti-Catholicism 2729: 2726:Kleindeutschland 2689:By the start of 2684:electrochemicals 2577:Industrial power 2535:Caroline Islands 2431:Caroline Islands 2383: 2376: 2369: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2248: 2231: 2230: 2164: 2163: 2134: 2018:Migration Period 2013:Germanic peoples 2008:Urnfield culture 1876: 1866: 1848: 1847: 1707:Anton von Werner 1693:over-represented 1486:Great Depression 1462:Spring Offensive 1304:Deutscher Kaiser 1206:new constitution 1147:Imperial Germany 1113: 1112: 1099: 1098: 1085: 1084: 1071: 1070: 1059: 1058: 1046: 1045: 1032: 1031: 1018: 1017: 1004: 1003: 990: 989: 983: 982: 967: 966: 958: 947:German gold mark 939: 931: 919: 793:11 November 1918 789: 774: 737: 736:15 November 1884 580: 404: 305: 304: 302: 301: 300: 295: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 268:and largest city 254: 243: 238: 231: 230:, September 1918 224: 217: 214: 201: 200: 186: 185: 175: 174: 148: 124: 115: 90: 76: 58: 50: 39: 38: 21: 17860: 17859: 17855: 17854: 17853: 17851: 17850: 17849: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17743: 17732:American Empire 17717: 17713:African empires 17665: 17548: 17240:Central African 17186: 17004:Romano-Germanic 16590: 16324:Middle Assyrian 16297: 16289: 16284: 16254: 16249: 16236: 16229: 16222: 16215: 16202: 16066: 16017:Life expectancy 15933: 15807: 15778:Law enforcement 15714: 15679: 15606: 15573: 15552: 15536:Divided Germany 15506:Weimar Republic 15434: 15400:Frankish Empire 15388: 15312: 15278: 15272: 15263: 15233: 15224: 15149:princely states 15097: 15033:Kingdom of Fiji 15006: 14752:Austria-Hungary 14720: 14483: 14417: 14216: 14202:Solomon Islands 14116: 14098: 14030: 13945: 13903: 13835: 13781:Democratization 13749: 13693: 13660: 13655: 13625: 13620: 13586: 13582:Alsace–Lorraine 13570: 13542: 13516: 13508: 13488: 13478: 13442: 13438:Weimar-Eisenach 13418:Hesse-Darmstadt 13399: 13390: 13342:and the former 13338:(including the 13337: 13308: 13288: 13282: 13252: 13247: 13230: 13189: 13121: 13114: 13085:Treaty of Darin 13053: 13015: 12971:Austria-Hungary 12957: 12944: 12925:Rape of Belgium 12852: 12824: 12772: 12766:Western Armenia 12761:Eastern Galicia 12694: 12668: 12632: 12631:Civilian impact 12630: 12616: 12573: 12502: 12334: 12264:Ovambo Uprising 12216: 12202: 12091: 11993: 11920: 11838:Battle of Łomża 11821: 11817:Christmas truce 11792:Race to the Sea 11725: 11687: 11609: 11580:Austria-Hungary 11556: 11491:Empire of Japan 11428: 11426: 11415: 11399:U-boat campaign 11385: 11357: 11319: 11271: 11217: 11198:Popular culture 11144: 11139: 11089: 11077:library.wis.edu 11073:Wayback Machine 11061: 11056: 11041:Germany at Home 11032:Primary sources 11029: 10996: 10983: 10974:Wayback Machine 10938: 10904:Taylor, A.J.P. 10838:. (Berg, 1990) 10829:Wayback Machine 10794:Ritter, Gerhard 10789:Wayback Machine 10709: 10693:Padfield, Peter 10612:(2nd ed. 1988) 10606:Kennedy, Paul. 10571:Holborn, Hajo. 10551:10.2307/1837686 10536: 10532:Wayback Machine 10414:(1989); vol 2: 10404:Wayback Machine 10348:Wayback Machine 10292:"Germany" 10281: 10279:Further reading 10276: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10244: 10240: 10227: 10223: 10184: 10180: 10170:Wayback Machine 10160: 10156: 10151: 10147: 10137: 10135: 10092: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10055: 10054: 10050: 10035: 10031: 10021: 10019: 10006: 10005: 10001: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9974: 9969: 9968: 9959: 9949: 9947: 9932: 9928: 9910: 9909: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9861: 9857: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9818: 9814: 9805: 9801: 9792: 9788: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9738: 9722: 9718: 9709: 9705: 9696: 9692: 9683: 9679: 9671:Imanuel Geise, 9670: 9666: 9657: 9653: 9648:Wayback Machine 9632: 9630: 9626: 9621:Wayback Machine 9607: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9554: 9547: 9539: 9528: 9522: 9515: 9506: 9502: 9483: 9472: 9463: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9412: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9387: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9362: 9358: 9350: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9319: 9315: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9266: 9262: 9255: 9241: 9232: 9225: 9211: 9207: 9188: 9184: 9175: 9171: 9162: 9158: 9150: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9134: 9125: 9121: 9108: 9104: 9095: 9091: 9082: 9078: 9069: 9065: 9056: 9052: 9046:Lamberti (2001) 9044: 9040: 9029: 9025: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8964: 8960: 8951: 8947: 8935: 8931: 8926: 8922: 8913: 8909: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8839: 8835: 8826: 8822: 8813: 8809: 8800: 8796: 8788:E. P. Hennock, 8787: 8780: 8772:Edmond Taylor, 8771: 8767: 8755: 8751: 8728: 8724: 8711: 8707: 8684: 8680: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8579: 8575: 8571:(1987), p. 312. 8567:Eric Hobsbawm, 8566: 8562: 8547:10.2307/1432746 8531: 8527: 8520: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8463: 8461: 8450: 8446: 8438: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8335: 8331: 8321: 8319: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8291: 8289: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8190: 8186: 8173: 8171: 8156: 8152: 8143: 8139: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8061: 8053:J. H. Clapham, 8052: 8048: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8004: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7978: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7892: 7881:"German Empire" 7879: 7878: 7874: 7853: 7849: 7841:Deutsches Reich 7832: 7828: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7747:on 5 April 2007 7739: 7738: 7729: 7719: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7692: 7672: 7668: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7592:"German Empire" 7590: 7589: 7585: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7524: 7520: 7509: 7505: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7473: 7472: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7349: 7348: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7284: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7218: 7163: 7136:, the towns of 7079: 7078:Both World Wars 7058:Klaipėda Region 7048:Memel Territory 7044: 7043:Both World Wars 7013: 7012:Both World Wars 6990: 6955: 6879: 6878:Both World Wars 6829:Alsace-Lorraine 6825: 6824:Both World Wars 6809: 6791: 6785: 6727: 6646: 6640: 6572:Theodor Mommsen 6504:The defeat and 6502: 6495: 6490: 6481: 6476: 6467: 6462: 6453: 6446: 6443: 6434: 6431: 6422: 6419: 6320:Alsace-Lorraine 6070: 6060:Reformation Day 6036: 6027: 6020: 6017: 6008: 6003: 5994: 5989: 5980: 5975: 5966: 5961: 5952: 5947: 5938: 5933: 5924: 5919: 5910: 5900: 5891: 5886: 5877: 5872: 5863: 5858: 5849: 5844: 5835: 5833:Linguistic maps 5540: 5528: 5445:The non-German 5417: 5410: 5407: 5398: 5395: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5367: 5364: 5355: 5328:Alsace–Lorraine 5320: 5290: 5274: 5258: 5216: 5195: 5174: 5153: 5129: 5105: 5084: 5042: 5014: 4986: 4958: 4937: 4895: 4874: 4853: 4832: 4804: 4783: 4774:Großherzogtümer 4748: 4720: 4692: 4664: 4632: 4628: 4421: 4414: 4380:, and had been 4358: 4352: 4346: 4213:Federal Council 4196: 4190: 4174:Weimar Republic 4155:German nobility 4139:Austria-Hungary 4062: 4050: 4026: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3967: 3935: 3830: 3765:positions from 3759:Race to the Sea 3757:. A subsequent 3719:Schlieffen Plan 3707: 3695:Alsace-Lorraine 3659:Gavrilo Princip 3655:Franz Ferdinand 3635: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3584:Austria-Hungary 3567:G. M. Trevelyan 3563:Gordon A. Craig 3558: 3550:Main articles: 3548: 3496: 3480:Baghdad Railway 3471:Baghdad Railway 3455: 3324:new imperialism 3301: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3282:Foreign affairs 3212:Leo von Caprivi 3190: 3135: 3130: 3087: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3051: 3048: 2991: 2980: 2958: 2946:ethnic minority 2919:Wojciech Kossak 2901: 2895: 2859: 2842: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2749: 2732:Großdeutschland 2720: 2699: 2672:pharmaceuticals 2640:Alsace-Lorraine 2589: 2581:Main articles: 2579: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2541:in what is now 2503: 2497: 2423: 2417: 2387: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2305: 2284: 2251: 2228: 2218: 2217: 2188:Weimar Republic 2161: 2151: 2150: 2137: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2076: 2066: 2065: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2028:Frankish Empire 2003:Únětice culture 1993: 1985: 1984: 1929:Historic states 1884: 1864: 1857: 1846: 1664:Hall of Mirrors 1652:Bundespräsidium 1648:King of Prussia 1624: 1618: 1597:Austrian Empire 1541:Treaty of Paris 1533:Napoleonic Wars 1513: 1507: 1502: 1466:were in retreat 1411:Triple Alliance 1407:Austria-Hungary 1365:colonial empire 1353:became involved 1218:King of Prussia 1176:The empire was 1143:Deutsches Reich 1131: 1110: 1096: 1082: 1077:Memel Territory 1068: 1063:Weimar Republic 1043: 1029: 1015: 1001: 987: 960: 951: 949: 945: 944: 911: 890: 877: 864: 847: 846:• Estimate 822: 803: 790: 785: 778:9 November 1918 775: 770: 763:3 November 1918 760: 747: 735: 732: 719: 709:18 January 1871 706: 687:New Imperialism 673: 661: 635: 623: 615:Georg Michaelis 611: 599: 587: 576: 573: 565:Leo von Caprivi 561: 549: 519: 507: 495: 471: 435: 430: 428: 423: 419: 405: 399: 398: 392: 384: 334: 328: 327: 298: 296: 292: 289: 284: 281: 279: 277: 276: 275: 269: 261: 245: 244: 239: 232: 225: 218: 203: 202: 195: 191: 189: 178: 177: 176: 156: 152: 150: 132:("God with us") 131: 118: 100: 99: 98: 96: 91: 83: 82: 77: 59: 52: 48:Deutsches Reich 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17858: 17848: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17810:Former empires 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17745: 17744: 17742: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17734: 17725: 17723: 17719: 17718: 17716: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17689: 17688: 17677: 17675: 17671: 17670: 17667: 17666: 17664: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17642: 17641: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17585: 17584: 17579: 17569: 17564: 17558: 17556: 17547: 17546: 17545: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17514: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17497: 17492: 17491: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17470: 17465: 17464: 17463: 17458: 17448: 17447: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17416: 17415: 17414: 17409: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17384: 17383: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17352: 17351: 17350: 17345: 17335: 17330: 17329: 17328: 17323: 17313: 17312: 17311: 17306: 17296: 17295: 17294: 17289: 17279: 17274: 17273: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17242: 17237: 17236: 17235: 17230: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17196: 17194: 17188: 17187: 17185: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17168: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17127: 17122: 17121: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17011: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16945: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16924: 16923: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16871: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16845: 16844: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16818: 16817: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16775: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16754: 16749: 16748: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16668: 16663: 16662: 16661: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16644: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16600: 16598: 16596:Post-classical 16592: 16591: 16589: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16576: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16494: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16468: 16467: 16466: 16461: 16451: 16446: 16445: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16395:Middle Kingdom 16392: 16382: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16355: 16354: 16353: 16351:Neo-Babylonian 16348: 16343: 16341:Old Babylonian 16333: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16316: 16311: 16305: 16303: 16291: 16290: 16283: 16282: 16275: 16268: 16260: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16235: 16234: 16227: 16220: 16212: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16204: 16203: 16201: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16114:Cultural icons 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16076: 16074: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15993: 15992: 15987: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15951: 15945: 15939: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15894:Stock exchange 15891: 15886: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15847: 15846: 15836: 15831: 15825: 15819: 15813: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15708: 15703: 15697: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15681: 15680: 15678: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15635: 15624: 15618: 15612: 15611: 15608: 15607: 15605: 15604: 15598: 15592: 15587: 15581: 15579: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15571: 15566: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15548: 15543: 15533: 15531:Denazification 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15442: 15440: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15396: 15394: 15390: 15389: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15310: 15305: 15303:Historiography 15300: 15295: 15289: 15287: 15280: 15274: 15273: 15262: 15261: 15254: 15247: 15239: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15153: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15111: 15105: 15103: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14907:Ottoman Empire 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14867:Kartli-Kakheti 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14728: 14726: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14549: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14484: 14482: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14425: 14423: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14276:Central Africa 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14237: 14235: 14228: 14222: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14214: 14212:United Kingdom 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14126: 14124: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14114: 14108: 14106: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14040: 14038: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14028: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13955: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13920: 13918: 13909: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13869:Prince regnant 13866: 13865: 13864: 13854: 13849: 13843: 13841: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13786:Decolonization 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13757: 13755: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13742: 13740:Personal union 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13710:Constitutional 13707: 13701: 13699: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13654: 13653: 13646: 13639: 13631: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13618: 13609: 13600: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13552: 13550: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13512: 13504: 13498: 13496: 13494:Principalities 13490: 13489: 13487: 13486: 13481: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13452: 13450: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13409: 13407: 13401: 13400: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13289: 13281: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13258: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13209: 13201: 13199: 13195: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13130: 13124: 13122: 13120:Peace treaties 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13025: 13023: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13006:United Kingdom 13003: 12998: 12996:Ottoman Empire 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12967: 12965: 12958: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12900: 12898:Sack of Dinant 12895: 12890: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12862: 12860: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12846:United Kingdom 12843: 12834: 12832: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12806: 12800:POW locations 12798: 12793: 12792: 12791: 12782: 12780: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12769: 12768: 12763: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12716: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12676: 12674: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12659: 12651: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12635: 12633: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12614: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12600:United Kingdom 12597: 12595:Ottoman Empire 12592: 12587: 12581: 12579: 12572: 12571: 12569:Trench warfare 12566: 12565: 12564: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12521: 12519: 12512: 12508: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12456: 12445: 12439: 12433: 12427: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12355: 12349: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12296: 12290: 12285: 12282:Volta-Bani War 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12120:Zeebrugge Raid 12117: 12112: 12107: 12101: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12003: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11911:Battle of Loos 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11802:Black Sea raid 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11704:Historiography 11695: 11693: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11658:Bosnian Crisis 11655: 11652:Tangier Crisis 11649: 11643: 11637: 11630: 11628: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11585:Ottoman Empire 11582: 11577: 11572: 11566: 11564: 11562:Central Powers 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11545:British Empire 11540:United Kingdom 11537: 11532: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11518:Russian Empire 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11436:Entente Powers 11429: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11404:North Atlantic 11395: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11315:Central Arabia 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11277:Middle Eastern 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11252: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11234: 11232: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11178:Historiography 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11138: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11080: 11060: 11059:External links 11057: 11055: 11054: 11045: 11035: 11028: 11027: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10994: 10981: 10959: 10952: 10944: 10941:Historiography 10937: 10936: 10929: 10912: 10902: 10888: 10878: 10873:Stern, Fritz. 10871: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10832: 10818: 10810:Sagarra, Eda. 10808: 10801: 10791: 10774: 10767: 10752: 10732:10.1086/319879 10724:10.1086/319879 10707: 10700: 10690: 10680: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10604: 10589: 10579: 10569: 10562: 10534: 10521:German History 10517: 10510: 10495:Fischer, Fritz 10492: 10482: 10475: 10466: 10457: 10448: 10439: 10429: 10428:(2nd ed. 2004) 10422: 10410:Cecil, Lamar. 10408: 10392: 10378: 10371: 10357: 10350: 10333: 10332:(2nd ed. 2005) 10326: 10316: 10307: 10297:Chisholm, Hugh 10282: 10280: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10261: 10238: 10221: 10178: 10154: 10145: 10106:(4): 429–446. 10086: 10074: 10048: 10029: 9999: 9957: 9926: 9898: 9868: 9855: 9842: 9812: 9806:Rod Paschall, 9799: 9786: 9773: 9743: 9737:978-0521027281 9736: 9716: 9703: 9701:(1937) p. 463. 9690: 9677: 9664: 9651: 9624: 9601: 9570:(3): 519–549. 9545: 9513: 9500: 9489:(in Spanish). 9470: 9457: 9445: 9419: 9417:(1996) ch 9–13 9406: 9394: 9381: 9369: 9356: 9341: 9329: 9321:Isabel V. Hull 9313: 9298: 9291: 9260: 9253: 9230: 9223: 9205: 9190:Martin Broszat 9182: 9169: 9156: 9132: 9119: 9102: 9096:Hermann Beck, 9089: 9076: 9070:Hajo Holborn, 9063: 9050: 9048:, p. 177. 9038: 9023: 9010: 9003: 8983: 8976: 8958: 8945: 8929: 8920: 8907: 8901:John J. Beer, 8894: 8887: 8864: 8857: 8851:. p. 63. 8849:Berghahn Books 8833: 8820: 8807: 8794: 8778: 8765: 8749: 8722: 8705: 8694:(2): 285–298. 8688:German History 8678: 8667:(2): 135–161. 8661:German History 8651: 8645:978-1452234847 8644: 8626: 8620:978-0826449092 8619: 8598: 8592:978-0595407064 8591: 8573: 8560: 8541:(3): 543–560. 8525: 8518: 8498: 8491: 8471: 8444: 8429: 8417: 8388: 8357: 8329: 8299: 8268: 8237: 8184: 8150: 8144:Paul Kennedy, 8137: 8115: 8108: 8088: 8059: 8046: 8033: 8002: 7957: 7950: 7932: 7915:britannica.com 7902: 7872: 7847: 7826: 7813: 7788: 7758: 7727: 7701: 7690: 7666: 7647:(4): 529–554. 7641:German History 7631: 7622: 7613: 7583: 7570: 7543: 7536: 7518: 7503: 7490: 7480: 7479: 7471: 7470: 7429:Recklinghausen 7376: 7364: 7334: 7333: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7286:Germany portal 7273: 7270: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7228: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7190: 7185: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7123: 7118: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7035:Czechoslovakia 7024: 7022:Czech Republic 7019: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6942:Liège Province 6902:municipalities 6890: 6885: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6834: 6831: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6787:Main article: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6754: 6750:Polizeitruppen 6746: 6726: 6723: 6675:Klassenhabitus 6642:Main article: 6639: 6636: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6413: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6058:in Jerusalem ( 6050:, and Empress 6035: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6011: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5911: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5527: 5524: 5506:Rhine Province 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5377: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5324: 5316: 5315: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5253: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5220: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5133: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5080: 5079: 5070:Principalities 5066: 5065: 5060: 5050:Saxe-Meiningen 5046: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5018: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4994:Saxe-Altenburg 4990: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4962: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4899: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4808: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4778: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4696: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4633: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4348:Main article: 4345: 4342: 4192:Main article: 4189: 4186: 4131:Ottoman Empire 4076:proclaims the 4061: 4058: 4049: 4046: 4034:naval blockade 4025: 4022: 3994: 3984: 3978: 3966: 3963: 3934: 3931: 3893:Ottoman Empire 3873:Vladimir Lenin 3829: 3826: 3806:Chief of Staff 3763:trench warfare 3706: 3703: 3647:Central Powers 3631:Main article: 3628: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3547: 3546:Pre-war Europe 3544: 3495: 3492: 3463:Ottoman Empire 3454: 3451: 3336:German Kamerun 3297:Main article: 3294: 3291: 3283: 3280: 3254:1912 elections 3189: 3186: 3178:Tangier Crisis 3134: 3131: 3129: 3128:Wilhelmine era 3126: 3103:liberalization 3099:Queen Victoria 3083:Main article: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3042: 2957: 2954: 2897:Main article: 2894: 2891: 2858: 2855: 2841: 2838: 2797:Kladderadatsch 2771:Main article: 2768: 2765: 2748: 2745: 2719: 2716: 2698: 2695: 2655:synthetic dyes 2578: 2575: 2571:British Empire 2554: 2551: 2529:in China, the 2499:Main article: 2496: 2493: 2456:Dreikaiserbund 2416: 2415:Foreign policy 2413: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2343: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2314:Modern history 2310: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2254:1945–1949/1952 2252: 2250: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1936: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894:Historiography 1891: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1818:Russian Empire 1806:Imperial Japan 1660:siege of Paris 1640:German Emperor 1620:Main article: 1617: 1614: 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1423:Ottoman Empire 1286:principalities 1210:German Emperor 1133: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1005: 997: 996: 991: 979: 978: 973: 963: 962: 912: 906: 905: 903: 899: 898: 895: 894: 891: 885: 882: 881: 878: 872: 869: 868: 865: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 848: 845: 842: 841: 837: 836: 833: 827: 826: 823: 820: 817: 816: 812: 811: 808: 807: 806:11 August 1919 804: 798: 795: 794: 791: 783: 780: 779: 776: 768: 765: 764: 761: 755: 752: 751: 748: 742: 739: 738: 733: 727: 724: 723: 720: 714: 711: 710: 707: 701: 698: 697: 694: 693: 684: 683:Historical era 680: 679: 674: 671: 668: 667: 662: 659: 656: 655: 650: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 633: 630: 629: 624: 621: 618: 617: 612: 609: 606: 605: 600: 597: 594: 593: 588: 585: 582: 581: 574: 571: 568: 567: 562: 559: 556: 555: 550: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 530: 529: 526: 525: 520: 517: 514: 513: 508: 505: 502: 501: 496: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 476: 475: 474: 473: 454: 450: 449: 444: 438: 437: 426:Roman Catholic 393: 390: 386: 385: 383: 382: 325: 324: 323: 321: 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 270: 267: 263: 262: 255: 247: 246: 233: 219: 209: 208: 205: 204: 193: 192: 154: 153: 134: 133: 102: 101: 92: 85: 84: 78: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 61: 60: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17857: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17825:German Empire 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17757: 17755: 17738: 17737:Soviet empire 17735: 17733: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17722:Miscellaneous 17720: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17687: 17684: 17683: 17682: 17679: 17678: 17676: 17672: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17640: 17637: 17636: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17574: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17557: 17555: 17551: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17519: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17506: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17475: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17453: 17452: 17449: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17421: 17420: 17417: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17404: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17356: 17353: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17321:German Empire 17319: 17318: 17317: 17314: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17300: 17297: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17284: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17247: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17197: 17195: 17193: 17189: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17132: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17063: 17062: 17061:Turco-Persian 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17006: 17005: 17002: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16969: 16968: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16925: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16846: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16717: 16716: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16700: 16699: 16696: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16673: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16652: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16639: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16601: 16599: 16597: 16593: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16555: 16551: 16548: 16547: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16469: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16419: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16359: 16356: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16337: 16334: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16296: 16292: 16288: 16281: 16276: 16274: 16269: 16267: 16262: 16261: 16258: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16232: 16228: 16225: 16221: 16218: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16057:Social issues 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15985:Ethnic groups 15983: 15982: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15883: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15845: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15826: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15686: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15613: 15602: 15599: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15580: 15576: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15564:Reunification 15562: 15561: 15559: 15555: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15486:German Empire 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15441: 15437: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15397: 15395: 15391: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15315: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15281: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15260: 15255: 15253: 15248: 15246: 15241: 15240: 15237: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15157: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15145: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15100: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15028:Easter Island 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14654: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14567:Jabal Shammar 14565: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14486: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14420: 14414: 14413: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14223: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14123: 14119: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14059:Liechtenstein 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14026: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13954: 13952: 13948: 13942: 13941: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13917: 13913: 13910: 13906: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13863: 13862:Queen regnant 13860: 13859: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13821:Republicanism 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13801:Head of state 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13758: 13756: 13752: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13735:Non-sovereign 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13696: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13652: 13647: 13645: 13640: 13638: 13633: 13632: 13629: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13551: 13549: 13545: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13513: 13511: 13509:(Junior Line) 13505: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13485: 13482: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13405:Grand Duchies 13402: 13397: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13345: 13341: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13286: 13279: 13274: 13272: 13267: 13265: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13237: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13196: 13186: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13117: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13012: 13011:United States 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12951: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12875: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12671: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12628: 12623: 12613: 12612:United States 12610: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12567: 12563: 12562:Convoy system 12560: 12559: 12558: 12557:Naval warfare 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12509: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12472: 12469: 12466: 12463: 12460: 12457: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12443: 12440: 12437: 12434: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12422: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12410: 12407: 12404: 12401: 12398: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12383: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12371: 12368: 12365: 12362: 12359: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12337: 12330: 12327: 12324: 12321: 12318: 12317:Kaocen revolt 12315: 12312: 12311:Easter Rising 12309: 12306: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11923: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11876:Great Retreat 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11747:Battle of Cer 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11690: 11683: 11680: 11677: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11664:Agadir Crisis 11662: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11616: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11552:United States 11550: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11470: 11469:French Empire 11467: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11422: 11412: 11411:Mediterranean 11409: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11391:Naval warfare 11388: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11267:Italian Front 11265: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11255:Eastern Front 11253: 11251: 11250:Western Front 11248: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11208:Puppet states 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11136: 11131: 11129: 11124: 11122: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11033: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10995:1-5718-1687-9 10991: 10987: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10928: 10927:0-9075-8222-2 10924: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10870: 10869:online review 10866: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10844:0-8549-6275-1 10841: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764:0-3121-6031-3 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10677:0-3406-4534-2 10674: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10635: 10632: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10619: 10618:1-5739-2301-X 10615: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10602: 10601:1-4039-0421-9 10598: 10594: 10590: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10545:(1): 62–101, 10544: 10540: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10507:0-04-943043-2 10504: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10477:Eyck, Erich. 10476: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10427: 10423: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10376: 10372: 10370: 10369:0-19-873058-6 10366: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10284: 10283: 10270: 10265: 10258:(2): 225–240. 10257: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10158: 10149: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10033: 10017: 10014:(in German). 10013: 10009: 10003: 9984: 9980: 9972: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9945: 9942:(in German). 9941: 9937: 9930: 9922: 9917: 9915: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9865: 9862:A. J. Ryder, 9859: 9852: 9846: 9830: 9827:(in German). 9826: 9822: 9816: 9809: 9803: 9796: 9790: 9783: 9777: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9739: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9720: 9713: 9707: 9700: 9694: 9687: 9681: 9674: 9668: 9662:(1978) p. 321 9661: 9655: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9628: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9552: 9550: 9538: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9518: 9510: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9467: 9461: 9455:, p. 91. 9454: 9449: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9416: 9413:Lamar Cecil, 9410: 9403: 9398: 9391: 9385: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9360: 9353: 9348: 9346: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9322: 9317: 9310: 9305: 9303: 9294: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9256: 9250: 9246: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9226: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9203: 9202:3-518-36574-6 9199: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9179: 9173: 9166: 9160: 9149: 9142: 9136: 9129: 9123: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9099: 9093: 9086: 9080: 9073: 9067: 9060: 9054: 9047: 9042: 9034: 9027: 9021:(2000) p. 342 9020: 9014: 9006: 9000: 8996: 8995: 8987: 8979: 8973: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8904: 8898: 8890: 8888:9781107136427 8884: 8880: 8879: 8871: 8869: 8860: 8858:9781782385035 8854: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8837: 8831:(2 vol. 2010) 8830: 8824: 8817: 8811: 8804: 8798: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8655: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8622: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8603: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8521: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8502: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8475: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8442:, p. 140 8441: 8436: 8434: 8426: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8392: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8169: 8166:(in German). 8165: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8111: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8056: 8050: 8043: 8037: 8021: 8018:(in German). 8017: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7992: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7823: 7817: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7715: 7712:(in German). 7711: 7705: 7699: 7694: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7626: 7617: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7574: 7559:. p. 165 7558: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7537:3-7979-1950-6 7533: 7529: 7522: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7494: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7425:Upper Silesia 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7373:Zweites Reich 7368: 7360: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7276: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7092:Upper Silesia 7089: 7085: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7060:, annexed by 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7027:Hlučín Region 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6978: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Eupen-Malmedy 6876: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6856:(both within 6853: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6821: 6805: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6659:Fritz Fischer 6654: 6653: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6632:United States 6628: 6624: 6623:Upper Silesia 6620: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6592:Peter Behrens 6590:in Berlin by 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6574:received the 6573: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6494: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6474: 6469: 6466: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6393:In Germany's 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6078: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6047: 6040: 6031: 6015: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5996: 5993: 5987: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5926: 5923: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5893: 5890: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5532: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449:(0.5%), like 5448: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209:Sondershausen 5207: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5115:(Junior Line) 5110: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4769:Grand Duchies 4766: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4681:) as a whole 4679: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4418: 4417: 4412:Map and table 4409: 4405: 4403: 4402:Lippe-Detmold 4399: 4395: 4390: 4389:war of 1866. 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4326: 4325:plenary power 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286:head of state 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4247:Imperial Diet 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203:parliamentary 4201: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4045: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3991: 3990:Puppet states 3976: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3921:, along with 3920: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3853:Eastern Front 3850: 3849:Western Front 3843: 3839: 3838:Eastern Front 3834: 3828:Eastern Front 3825: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3705:Western Front 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671:Fritz Fischer 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3623: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494:South America 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467:Deutsche Bank 3464: 3460: 3457:Bismarck and 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154:Upper Silesia 3150: 3143: 3139: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3078: 3077:Frederick III 3074: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036:codifications 3032: 3031: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3015: 3008: 3006: 3005: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2978:criminal code 2974: 2972: 2971:Confederation 2962: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2927:Germanisation 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2899:Germanisation 2893:Germanisation 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2840:Social reform 2837: 2833: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747:Social issues 2744: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2718:Consolidation 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2620:welfare state 2616: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2438:Eric Hobsbawm 2432: 2427: 2422: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2355: 2344: 2341: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2296:Reunification 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2168:German Empire 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111:Mediatisation 2109: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992:Early history 1989: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:Emperor Meiji 1807: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1766:Berlin Palace 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Frederick III 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1580:in 1864, the 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1554:'s pragmatic 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1512: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450:Eastern Front 1447: 1443: 1442:Western Front 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:Dual Alliance 1399: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1386:in 1890, and 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1346:welfare state 1342: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278:grand duchies 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200:, joined the 1199: 1198:Liechtenstein 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:German Empire 1130: 1124: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 999: 998: 995: 992: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 964: 959: 957: 948: 943: 938: 937: 930: 929: 928:Bremen thaler 923: 918: 917: 916:Vereinsthaler 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 889: 883: 879: 876: 870: 866: 863: 857: 853: 849: 843: 838: 834: 832: 828: 824: 818: 813: 809: 805: 802: 796: 792: 788: 781: 777: 773: 766: 762: 759: 753: 749: 746: 740: 734: 731: 725: 722:16 April 1871 721: 718: 712: 708: 705: 699: 695: 692: 688: 685: 681: 678: 675: 669: 666: 663: 657: 654: 651: 647: 643: 640: 639:Max von Baden 637: 631: 628: 625: 619: 616: 613: 607: 604: 601: 595: 592: 589: 583: 579: 575: 569: 566: 563: 557: 554: 551: 545: 541: 537: 535: 531: 527: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511:Friedrich III 509: 503: 500: 497: 491: 487: 483: 481: 477: 470: 466: 465: 464: 461: 460:parliamentary 458: 455: 451: 448: 445: 443: 439: 434: 427: 422: 417: 413: 409: 403: 397: 394: 387: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 330: 329: 322: 318: 315: 312: 308: 303: 274: 271: 264: 259: 253: 248: 242: 237: 229: 223: 213: 206: 184: 183: 149: 147: 146: 139: 135: 129: 125: 123: 122:Nobiscum Deus 116: 114: 113: 107: 103: 95: 89: 81: 75: 67: 62: 56: 49: 43:German Empire 40: 37: 33: 19: 17488:Contemporary 17338:Indo-Persian 17326:Nazi Germany 17320: 17270:Contemporary 17172:Vijayanagara 17071:Great Seljuk 16982:Thessalonica 16910:Golden Horde 16550:Carthaginian 16329:Neo-Assyrian 16314:Neo-Sumerian 16231:Bibliography 16105:Coat of arms 16085:Architecture 16062:Trade unions 16042:Prostitution 16002:Homelessness 15965:Demographics 15914:Trade unions 15881: 15871:German model 15844:Central bank 15788:Conservatism 15751:Human rights 15736:Court system 15731:Constitution 15711: 15557:Contemporary 15546:West Germany 15541:East Germany 15516:World War II 15511:Nazi Germany 15485: 15451:18th-century 15410:East Francia 15364:Cimbrian War 15205:South Africa 15200:Sierra Leone 15147: 14977:Two Sicilies 14912:Papal States 14821: 14712: 14651: 14544: 14410: 14170:Cook Islands 14023: 14009:Saudi Arabia 13938: 13614:Mitteleuropa 13605:Mittelafrika 13517:(Elder Line) 13515:Reuss-Greiz 13479:(until 1876) 13471:Coburg-Gotha 13374:West Prussia 13331:Hohenzollern 13327:Hesse-Nassau 13319:East Prussia 13223: 13216: 13204: 12811: / 12743: 12578:Conscription 12542:Cryptography 12479:Iraqi Revolt 11906:Siege of Kut 11849: 11574: 11427:participants 11376:German Samoa 11310:South Arabia 11086: 11076: 11048: 11039: 11031: 11030: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10985: 10978:Project MUSE 10962: 10955: 10948: 10940: 10939: 10932: 10918: 10905: 10891: 10881: 10874: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10835: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10777: 10770: 10755: 10718:(1): 54–86. 10715: 10711: 10706:(ISD, 1980). 10703: 10696: 10683: 10668: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10608: 10592: 10585: 10582:Hoyer, Katja 10572: 10565: 10542: 10538: 10520: 10513: 10498: 10488: 10478: 10469: 10460: 10451: 10442: 10432: 10425: 10420:vol 2 online 10415: 10411: 10395: 10384: 10374: 10360: 10353: 10336: 10329: 10319: 10310: 10300: 10268: 10264: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10157: 10148: 10136:. Retrieved 10103: 10099: 10089: 10077: 10065:. Retrieved 10061:the original 10051: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10020:. Retrieved 10011: 10002: 9990:. Retrieved 9978: 9948:. Retrieved 9939: 9929: 9919:– via 9913: 9889:. Retrieved 9880: 9871: 9863: 9858: 9850: 9845: 9833:. Retrieved 9815: 9807: 9802: 9794: 9789: 9781: 9780:Edwin Hoyt, 9776: 9764:. Retrieved 9755: 9746: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9706: 9698: 9693: 9685: 9680: 9672: 9667: 9659: 9654: 9636: 9627: 9609: 9604: 9592:. Retrieved 9567: 9561: 9532: 9508: 9503: 9490: 9486: 9465: 9460: 9453:Stürmer 2000 9448: 9436:. Retrieved 9422: 9414: 9409: 9397: 9389: 9384: 9372: 9364: 9359: 9332: 9327:(2004) p. 85 9324: 9316: 9279:Random House 9277:. New York: 9273: 9263: 9244: 9214: 9208: 9193: 9185: 9177: 9172: 9167:(2006) p 166 9164: 9159: 9135: 9127: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9097: 9092: 9084: 9079: 9071: 9066: 9058: 9053: 9041: 9032: 9026: 9018: 9013: 8993: 8986: 8967: 8961: 8953: 8948: 8937: 8932: 8923: 8915: 8910: 8902: 8897: 8877: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8823: 8815: 8810: 8802: 8797: 8789: 8776:(1967) p 206 8773: 8768: 8757: 8752: 8738:(1): 80–88. 8735: 8731: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8635: 8629: 8610: 8582: 8576: 8568: 8563: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8508: 8501: 8481: 8474: 8462:. Retrieved 8457: 8447: 8420: 8398: 8391: 8379:. Retrieved 8370: 8360: 8346: 8332: 8320:. Retrieved 8311: 8302: 8290:. Retrieved 8281: 8271: 8259:. Retrieved 8250: 8240: 8228:. Retrieved 8201: 8194:Tucker, Emma 8187: 8179: 8172:. Retrieved 8163: 8153: 8145: 8140: 8123: 8118: 8098: 8091: 8079:. Retrieved 8054: 8049: 8041: 8036: 8026:21 September 8024:. Retrieved 8015: 8005: 7981:21 September 7979:. 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Retrieved 7556: 7546: 7527: 7521: 7512: 7506: 7498: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7449:East Prussia 7417:West Prussia 7379: 7367: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7240:Russian SFSR 7223:East Prussia 7217:World War II 7162:World War II 7116:East Prussia 7090:, a part of 7084:West Prussia 7066:Nazi Germany 6954:World War II 6914:Burg-Reuland 6860:region) and 6792: 6773:Seebataillon 6771: 6748: 6742:Schutztruppe 6740: 6728: 6690:West Germany 6680: 6663: 6647: 6610: 6608: 6567:Buddenbrooks 6565: 6559: 6555:Centre Party 6540: 6528: 6503: 6451:Coat of arms 6392: 6355: 6079: 6071: 6068:Landeskirche 6043: 6028: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5517: 5510: 5482: 5444: 5442:languages). 5429: 5415:Demographics 5326: 5311:Reichsländer 5305: 5296: 5280: 5264: 5243: 5222: 5201: 5180: 5159: 5139:(Elder Line) 5137:Reuss-Greiz 5135: 5111: 5090: 5075:Fürstentümer 5069: 5048: 5020: 4992: 4979:Braunschweig 4972:Braunschweig 4964: 4943: 4922: 4901: 4880: 4859: 4838: 4810: 4789: 4768: 4754: 4726: 4698: 4670: 4649: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4329: 4308: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4273: 4268: 4260: 4250: 4244: 4232: 4210: 4197: 4188:Constitution 4121: 4106: 4087: 4051: 4042: 4027: 4002: 3936: 3916: 3882: 3861:Russian Army 3846: 3783: 3747:British Army 3716: 3683: 3663:Franz Joseph 3652: 3604: 3577: 3572: 3559: 3536: 3497: 3488:Persian Gulf 3475:Cecil Rhodes 3456: 3424: 3404:World War II 3388:Boxer Rising 3384: 3372:German Samoa 3317: 3272: 3262: 3257: 3247: 3236: 3220: 3216: 3205: 3197: 3171: 3163: 3147: 3115: 3088: 2975: 2967: 2935: 2923: 2914: 2883:Adolf Hitler 2863:antisemitism 2860: 2857:Antisemitism 2851: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2806:Centre Party 2802: 2792: 2789:Pope Pius IX 2757:Pope Pius IX 2750: 2741: 2731: 2721: 2700: 2688: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2606: 2568: 2523:Jiaozhou Bay 2516: 2489: 2485:Persian Gulf 2477: 2469: 2454: 2443: 2435: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2208:World War II 2198:Nazi Germany 2167: 2159:German Reich 2086:18th century 2081:Sectionalism 2046:East Francia 1844:Bismarck era 1833: 1825:landed elite 1822: 1802: 1794: 1786: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1755: 1747: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1702: 1682: 1672: 1651: 1633: 1590: 1562:Hohenzollern 1555: 1546:The liberal 1545: 1539:of the 1814 1522: 1490:Adolf Hitler 1435: 1391: 1381: 1350: 1334: 1328: 1308: 1303: 1175: 1159:German Reich 1154: 1151:Second Reich 1150: 1146: 1138: 1136: 976:Succeeded by 975: 970: 942:French franc 936:Hamburg mark 907: 887: 874: 861: 830: 821:• Total 750:28 July 1914 717:Constitution 634:• 1918 610:• 1917 506:• 1888 431:0.17% other 429:1.24% Jewish 420: 395: 364:Sinte Romani 331: 187:(unofficial) 141: 137: 119: 112:Gott mit uns 108: 106:Motto: 105: 94:Coat of arms 36: 17076:Khwarezmian 17009:Carolingian 16814:Rashtrakuta 16518:Shaishunaga 16417:Hellenistic 16400:New Kingdom 16390:Old Kingdom 16032:Pornography 16007:Immigration 15970:Drug policy 15882:Mittelstand 15829:Agriculture 15793:Nationalism 15766:Transgender 15650:Earthquakes 15597:, 1583-1588 15595:Cologne War 15491:World War I 15393:Middle Ages 15379:Gothic Wars 15144:British Raj 15116:(Sri Lanka) 15002:Württemberg 14714:South Yemen 14602:Maguindanao 14495:Afghanistan 14256:Barotseland 14192:Saint Lucia 14165:New Zealand 14074:Netherlands 13847:Chhatrapati 13831:Sovereignty 13771:Aristocracy 13548:City-states 13507:Reuss-Gera 13386:Württemberg 13315:Brandenburg 13307:as a whole 13287:(1871–1918) 12841:Netherlands 12818:Switzerland 12699:Occupations 12690:Spanish flu 12467:(1919–1922) 12461:(1918–1921) 12455:(1918–1923) 12444:(1919–1921) 12438:(1919–1921) 12432:(1919–1920) 12408:(1918–1920) 12402:(1918–1920) 12396:(1918–1920) 12378:(1918–1920) 12360:(1918–1920) 12354:(1917–1921) 12348:(1917–1921) 12295:(1916-1918) 12293:Arab Revolt 12284:(1915–1917) 12278:(1915–1917) 12266:(1914-1917) 12260:(1914–1917) 12254:(1914–1921) 12248:(1913–1920) 12236:(1910–1920) 12230:(1900–1920) 12203: [ 11721:July Crisis 11642:(1880–1914) 11305:Mesopotamia 11183:Home fronts 11142:World War I 11090:(in German) 10324:ACLS E-book 10194:(1): 3–16. 9877:"Bundesrat" 9594:13 December 8460:(in German) 8322:14 November 8292:14 November 8261:17 November 7563:9 September 7445:Brandenburg 7342:Pronounced 7202:Lubusz Land 6989:World War I 6971:Duivelsberg 6964:Netherlands 6838:departments 6598:Gründerzeit 6562:Thomas Mann 6250:Württemberg 6096:Protestant 6025:Immigration 5560:51,883,131 5552:Percentage 5483:Hochdeutsch 5467:Netherlands 5383: 1885 5113:Reuss-Gera 4928:Herzogtümer 4867:Neustrelitz 4756:Württemberg 4655:Königreiche 4261:Reichstag's 4133:signed the 4125:signed the 4054:Spanish flu 4038:food prices 3992:(1917–1918) 3975:World War I 3877:Switzerland 3743:French Army 3735:German Army 3616:World War I 3540:World War I 3453:Middle East 3400:World War I 3293:Colonialism 3250:Kulturkampf 3224:blackletter 3182:World War I 3158:German Army 2992: [ 2981: [ 2773:Kulturkampf 2767:Kulturkampf 2737:World War I 2691:World War I 2539:Herero Wars 2395:Kaiserreich 2178:World War I 2104:Unification 2040:Middle Ages 1975:Württemberg 1955:Family tree 1863:History of 1797:decorations 1673:The second 1557:Realpolitik 1398:This period 1393:Weltpolitik 1357:colonialism 1336:Kulturkampf 1312:great power 1254:Württemberg 1022:Württemberg 971:Preceded by 961:(1914–1918) 950:(1873–1914) 704:Unification 691:World War I 649:Legislature 472:(1916–1918) 436:0.07% other 421:Minorities: 332:Unofficial: 297: / 228:World War I 97:(1889–1918) 17754:Categories 17646:Portuguese 17527:Revival Le 17517:Vietnamese 17160:Later Tran 17130:Vietnamese 17026:Singhasari 17014:Holy Roman 16638:Bulgarian 16574:Satavahana 16545:Phoenician 16481:Achaemenid 16442:Indo-Greek 16422:Macedonian 16336:Babylonian 16193:Television 16178:Philosophy 16153:Literature 16012:Irreligion 15997:Healthcare 15960:Corruption 15726:Chancellor 15715:(military) 15712:Bundeswehr 15210:Tanganyika 15125:The Gambia 15053:Niuē-Fekai 14992:Yugoslavia 14892:Montenegro 14699:Upper Yafa 14694:Upper Asir 14331:Madagascar 14064:Luxembourg 13796:Government 13761:Abdication 13730:Hereditary 13658:Monarchies 13370:Westphalia 13058:Agreements 12858:War crimes 12734:Luxembourg 12627:Casualties 11498:Montenegro 11333:South West 11213:Technology 11203:Propaganda 11193:Opposition 10671:. (1995). 10501:. (1986). 10487:. (1916). 10083:Low German 10081:Including 10067:20 January 9921:Wikisource 9497:: 135–160. 9402:Kurtz 1970 9377:Kurtz 1970 9352:Kurtz 1970 9337:Kurtz 1970 9309:Kurtz 1970 9281:. p. 8464:19 January 8371:Britannica 8081:12 January 7885:Britannica 7771:Wikisource 7596:Britannica 7433:Westphalia 7325:References 7130:Pomeranian 7033:; part of 6918:Bütgenbach 6611:Kaiserzeit 6604:golden age 6584:Die Brücke 6547:militarism 6543:Pan-German 6532:Bundeswehr 6525:Iron Cross 6366:16,232,651 6360:28,331,152 6148:17,633,279 6019:non-German 6006:Lithuanian 5820:56,367,187 5791:Portuguese 5630:Lithuanian 5584:3,086,489 5504:, and the 5502:Westphalia 5479:Low German 5475:Luxembourg 5353:Other maps 5188:Rudolstadt 4354:See also: 4294:Reichstag. 4024:Home front 3847:While the 3727:Luxembourg 3620:See also: 3459:Wilhelm II 3149:Wilhelm II 3142:Wilhelm II 2910:of ethnic 2777:See also: 2563:See also: 2318:since 1990 2301:New states 2245:Ostgebiete 2238:Occupation 2131:Zollverein 1979:Mediatised 1889:Chronology 1743:chancellor 1616:Foundation 1505:Background 1482:gold marks 1388:Wilhelm II 1331:chancellor 1324:Royal Navy 1238:chancellor 1184:, outside 1153:or simply 956:Papiermark 908:Until 1873 893:64,925,993 880:56,367,178 867:41,058,792 850:70,000,000 840:Population 534:Chancellor 523:Wilhelm II 453:Government 442:Demonym(s) 402:Protestant 368:Lithuanian 352:Limburgish 336:Low German 285:13°22′34″E 17639:Couronian 17277:Ethiopian 17265:Manchukuo 17220:Brazilian 17066:Ghaznavid 17036:Srivijaya 16987:Trebizond 16972:Byzantine 16954:North Sea 16949:Norwegian 16937:Almoravid 16920:Ilkhanate 16890:Majapahit 16863:Muromachi 16772:Solomonic 16757:Ethiopian 16671:Caliphate 16604:Aragonese 16432:Ptolemaic 16148:Libraries 16128:Festivals 15975:Education 15919:Transport 15884:companies 15803:President 15741:Elections 15706:Bundesrat 15701:Bundestag 15670:Mountains 15638:Districts 15616:Geography 15349:Visigoths 15286:Overviews 15180:Mauritius 15073:Rarotonga 15058:Nuku Hiva 15048:Mangareva 15023:Bora Bora 14902:Neuchâtel 14872:Lithuania 14777:Catalonia 14664:Sri Lanka 14617:Manchukuo 14592:Kurdistan 14546:Indonesia 14469:Talamanca 14429:Araucanía 14412:and other 14391:Wassoulou 14135:Australia 13811:Oligarchy 13484:Meiningen 13476:Lauenburg 13466:Altenburg 13461:Brunswick 13433:Oldenburg 13354:Rhineland 13335:Pomerania 12955:Diplomacy 12662:Olympians 12585:Australia 12552:Logistics 12485:Vlora War 12414:(1918–19) 12390:(1918–19) 12384:(1918–19) 12372:(1918–19) 12319:(1916–17) 12301:(1916–17) 12252:Zaian War 12242:(1914–15) 11962:first day 11850:Lusitania 11678:(1912–13) 11672:(1911–12) 11660:(1908–09) 11654:(1905–06) 11636:(1870–71) 11425:Principal 11285:Gallipoli 11188:Memorials 11173:Geography 11163:Aftermath 10758:, (1996) 10248:Sonderweg 10216:159651458 10128:162220760 10120:0090-5992 9584:149372568 8440:Case 1902 8425:Case 1902 8412:608806061 8220:781541372 8212:0099-9660 7661:0266-3554 7476:Citations 7453:Pomerania 7409:provinces 7394:Kashubian 7221:Northern 7194:Pomerania 7183:Pomerania 7150:Działdowo 7108:Pomerania 7100:Lauenburg 7062:Lithuania 7053:Lithuania 6981:Wylerberg 6959:Wylerberg 6910:Büllingen 6852:Haut-Rhin 6718:Sonderweg 6712:Sonderweg 6702:Sonderweg 6695:Sonderweg 6684:Sonderweg 6652:Sonderweg 6644:Sonderweg 6638:Sonderweg 6627:Karl Benz 6570:in 1901. 6329:1,218,513 6253:1,364,580 6218:2,886,806 6189:3,748,253 6183:1,477,952 6154:9,206,283 6099:Catholic 5936:Kashubian 5767:Hungarian 5643:Kashubian 5546:language 5436:Kashubian 5341:Straßburg 5167:Bückeburg 5063:Meiningen 5007:Altenburg 4966:Brunswick 4888:Oldenburg 4882:Oldenburg 4825:Darmstadt 4797:Karlsruhe 4762:Stuttgart 4398:Reichstag 4394:Bundesrat 4370:Hanseatic 4337:Bundesrat 4309:Reichstag 4304:Bundesrat 4299:Bundesrat 4290:Reichstag 4269:Reichstag 4256:Bundesrat 4251:Reichstag 4238:Bundesrat 4233:Reichstag 4224:Bundesrat 4218:Bundesrat 4178:Freikorps 4170:armistice 4030:total war 3913:Lithuania 3889:Bolshevik 3869:Bolshevik 3802:Champagne 3687:Rhineland 3605:pro forma 3516:Venezuela 3421:, in 1884 3258:Reichstag 3199:Reichstag 3091:Frederick 2739:in 1914. 2599:works in 2287:1949–1990 2264:1944–1950 2212:1939–1945 2202:1933–1945 2192:1918–1933 2182:1914–1918 2172:1871–1918 1947:Empresses 1782:Bundesrat 1756:Reichstag 1748:Reichstag 1732:Bundesrat 1684:Reichstag 1644:William I 1537:Article 6 1344:European 1293:Hanseatic 1266:25 states 1236:, became 1220:from the 1214:Wilhelm I 1161:from the 1141:(German: 787:Armistice 745:WWI began 677:Reichstag 665:Bundesrat 653:Bicameral 499:Wilhelm I 433:Christian 396:Majority: 389:Religion 372:Kashubian 282:52°31′7″N 64:1871–1918 17619:Japanese 17582:Scottish 17562:American 17554:Colonial 17483:Imperial 17451:Moroccan 17387:Japanese 17365:Afsharid 17224:Burmese 17210:Austrian 17165:Later Le 17140:Early Le 17125:Venetian 17051:Tiwanaku 16964:Hellenic 16927:Moroccan 16858:Kamakura 16848:Japanese 16831:Saffarid 16784:Georgian 16698:Chalukya 16676:Rashidun 16666:Calakmul 16634:Bruneian 16513:Haryanka 16491:Sasanian 16486:Parthian 16437:Bactrian 16427:Seleucid 16407:Goguryeo 16385:Egyptian 16319:Assyrian 16309:Akkadian 16300:Colonies 16240:Category 16158:Internet 16143:Language 16133:Folklore 16052:Religion 16027:Pensions 16022:Naturism 15899:Taxation 15783:Lobbying 15756:Intersex 15689:Politics 15298:Timeline 15277:General 15270:articles 15195:Rhodesia 15190:Pakistan 15109:Barbados 15078:Rimatara 15068:Rapa Iti 14997:Valencia 14972:Tavolara 14962:Scotland 14927:Portugal 14887:Moldavia 14772:Bulgaria 14767:Brittany 14742:Asturias 14622:Mongolia 14612:Maldives 14474:Trinidad 14464:Suriname 14422:Americas 14406:Zimbabwe 14401:Zanzibar 14386:Wituland 14361:Ngazidja 14356:Ndzuwani 14291:Ethiopia 14014:Thailand 13994:Malaysia 13974:Cambodia 13924:Eswatini 13720:Elective 13705:Absolute 13293:Kingdoms 13243:Category 12830:Refugees 12796:Italians 12785:Germans 12745:Ober Ost 12525:Aviation 11619:Timeline 11590:Bulgaria 11371:Tsingtao 11348:Togoland 11295:Caucasus 11230:European 11222:Theatres 11069:Archived 10970:Archived 10825:Archived 10785:Archived 10748:37192065 10740:18335627 10528:Archived 10400:Archived 10344:Archived 10228:Wehler, 10166:Archived 10138:11 March 10132:Archived 10022:29 April 10016:Archived 9992:29 April 9983:Archived 9950:29 April 9944:Archived 9891:29 April 9885:Archived 9829:Archived 9760:Archived 9644:Archived 9617:Archived 9588:Archived 9537:Archived 9468:, p. 163 9438:19 April 9432:Archived 9271:(2000). 9148:Archived 8942:ProQuest 8375:Archived 8340:(1873). 8316:Archived 8286:Archived 8255:Archived 8224:Archived 8174:18 April 8168:Archived 8164:Die Welt 8075:Archived 8020:Archived 7991:cite web 7925:13 April 7919:Archived 7895:11 April 7889:Archived 7806:16 April 7775:Archived 7751:25 April 7720:25 April 7714:Archived 7676:(1967). 7600:Archived 7461:Lusatian 7406:Prussian 7390:Masurian 7371:German: 7272:See also 7126:Silesian 7082:Most of 6946:Wallonia 6938:St. Vith 6900:and the 6872:region) 6870:Lorraine 6844:Bas-Rhin 6815:Country 6725:Military 6521:War flag 6034:Religion 5922:Masurian 5907:Moravian 5779:Spanish 5742:Russian 5731:English 5681:Italian 5647:100,213 5634:106,305 5621:141,061 5608:142,049 5604:Masurian 5595:211,679 5571:252,918 5491:Prussian 5440:Masurian 4846:Schwerin 4650:Kingdoms 4644:Capital 4382:de facto 4307:and the 4123:Bulgaria 4078:republic 4013:reserves 3955:Rhodesia 3933:Colonies 3918:Ober Ost 3897:Bulgaria 3864:faltered 3771:Flanders 3745:and the 3512:Colombia 3439:diamonds 3435:Rhodesia 3392:Jiaozhou 3368:Jiaozhou 3364:Tanzania 3354:(modern 3346:(modern 3344:Togoland 3340:Cameroon 3338:(modern 3330:(modern 3308:Bismarck 2867:Napoleon 2697:Railways 2636:Konzerne 2531:Marianas 2495:Colonies 2280:division 1939:Monarchs 1899:Military 1854:a series 1852:Part of 1576:against 1470:Bulgaria 1371:and the 1288:, three 1274:kingdoms 1270:nobility 1242:Prussian 1204:and the 1171:republic 902:Currency 467:Under a 416:Reformed 412:Lutheran 117:(German) 17686:largest 17681:Empires 17661:Swedish 17656:Spanish 17651:Russian 17614:Italian 17589:Chinese 17577:English 17572:British 17567:Belgian 17542:Vietnam 17532:Tay son 17478:Tsarist 17473:Russian 17468:Ottoman 17434:Dzungar 17429:Khoshut 17402:Mexican 17397:Maratha 17380:Pahlavi 17360:Safavid 17355:Iranian 17282:Haitian 17245:Chinese 17205:Ashanti 17177:Wagadou 17103:Eastern 17098:Western 17081:Timurid 17041:Tibetan 17031:Songhai 17021:Serbian 16942:Almohad 16932:Idrisid 16836:Samanid 16826:Tahirid 16821:Iranian 16799:Kannauj 16779:Genoese 16715:Chinese 16708:Eastern 16703:Western 16691:Fatimid 16686:Abbasid 16681:Umayyad 16654:Burmese 16614:Ayyubid 16609:Angevin 16579:Xianbei 16567:Eastern 16562:Western 16508:Magadha 16471:Iranian 16464:Xiongnu 16449:Hittite 16358:Chinese 16346:Kassite 16295:Ancient 16287:Empires 16217:Outline 16123:Fashion 16110:Cuisine 16072:Culture 16037:Poverty 15980:Germans 15943:Society 15924:Welfare 15909:Tourism 15866:Exports 15839:Banking 15817:Economy 15721:Cabinet 15660:Islands 15655:Geology 15578:Regions 15344:Teutons 15317:Ancient 15279:History 15266:Germany 15185:Nigeria 15160:Ireland 15088:Tahuata 15063:Raiatea 15043:Huahine 15018:Abemama 15011:Oceania 14982:Tuscany 14937:Romania 14932:Prussia 14897:Navarre 14877:Majorca 14857:Ireland 14852:Imereti 14847:Iceland 14842:Hungary 14837:Hanover 14832:Granada 14822:Germany 14817:Georgia 14812:Galicia 14802:Finland 14792:Corsica 14787:Cilicia 14757:Bavaria 14747:Austria 14732:Albania 14704:Vietnam 14647:Sarawak 14637:Qu'aiti 14572:Kathiri 14535:Dapitan 14510:Bukhara 14459:Miskito 14381:Tunisia 14371:Shilluk 14281:Dahomey 14271:Burundi 14261:Bagirmi 14241:Adamawa 14160:Jamaica 14155:Grenada 14140:Bahamas 14104:Oceania 14054:Denmark 14049:Belgium 14044:Andorra 13959:Bahrain 13934:Morocco 13929:Lesotho 13908:Current 13899:Pharaoh 13852:Emperor 13791:Dynasty 13745:Regency 13725:Federal 13715:Diarchy 13669:Monarch 13561:Hamburg 13448:Duchies 13366:Silesia 13323:Hanover 13305:Prussia 13300:Bavaria 12981:Germany 12881:Germany 12809:Germany 12729:Belgium 12714:Albania 12673:Disease 12653:Sports 12605:Ireland 12518:Warfare 12511:Aspects 11699:Origins 11692:Prelude 11595:Senussi 11575:Germany 11570:Leaders 11508:Romania 11449:Belgium 11444:Leaders 11343:Kamerun 11325:African 11260:Romania 11238:Balkans 11153:Outline 10908:(1967) 10867:(1997) 10814:(1977) 10633:(2007). 10626:(1984). 10559:1837686 10418:(1996) 10389:online 10387:(1927) 10363:(1984) 10322:(1987) 10299:(ed.). 9835:23 July 9710:Craig, 9464:Louis, 9430:. BBC. 9392:(2003). 8905:(1959). 8555:1432746 8381:23 July 8344:(ed.). 8251:HISTORY 8230:7 March 8196:(ed.). 8134:3038611 7781:2 April 7457:Silesia 7421:Silesia 7398:Sorbian 7227:Russia 7198:Silesia 7179:Masuria 7167:Silesia 6999:Denmark 6944:in the 6926:Lontzen 6898:Malmedy 6888:Belgium 6864:Moselle 6833:France 6818:Region 6403:Muslims 6378:561,612 6323:305,315 6294:993,109 6288:547,461 6259:590,290 6180:Bavaria 6166:363,790 6145:Prussia 6137:Number 6131:Number 6125:Number 6119:Number 6113:Number 6105:Jewish 5992:Italian 5978:Walloon 5950:Sorbian 5875:Frisian 5806:14,535 5754:Swedish 5734:20,217 5723:20,677 5719:Frisian 5710:43,016 5697:64,382 5684:65,930 5673:80,361 5660:93,032 5592:French 5557:German 5498:Hanover 5487:Frisian 5471:Belgium 5463:Denmark 5459:Frisian 5282:Hamburg 5237:Arolsen 5098:Detmold 4923:Duchies 4741:Dresden 4734:Sachsen 4700:Bavaria 4678:Preußen 4672:Prussia 4276:emperor 4200:federal 4141:in the 4072:leader 3947:Askaris 3927:Ukraine 3923:Belarus 3905:Estonia 3871:leader 3857:Galicia 3731:Britain 3643:Entente 3627:Origins 3508:Ecuador 3504:Uruguay 3486:on the 3360:Burundi 3332:Namibia 3310:at the 3256:to the 3243:Marxism 3144:in 1902 3122:Wilhelm 2887:Germany 2810:Silesia 2799:, 1875. 2753:Vatican 2708:Hamburg 2667:Hoechst 2553:Economy 2543:Namibia 2527:Tianjin 1967:Prussia 1963:Bavaria 1959:Austria 1914:Judaism 1904:Economy 1865:Germany 1829:Junkers 1816:in the 1666:at the 1578:Denmark 1570:Austria 1566:Prussia 1500:History 1425:. When 1421:to the 1369:British 1320:Britain 1282:duchies 1280:, five 1250:Bavaria 1194:Austria 1178:founded 1155:Germany 1008:Bavaria 953:German 886:• 873:• 860:• 799:• 784:• 769:• 756:• 743:• 728:• 715:• 702:• 480:Emperor 457:Federal 424:35.89% 400:62.63% 376:Swahili 360:Sorbian 356:Frisian 348:Yiddish 266:Capital 260:in 1914 138:Anthem: 17624:Mongol 17609:German 17604:French 17594:Danish 17537:Dainam 17512:Tongan 17500:Somali 17495:Sokoto 17461:'Alawi 17439:Kalmyk 17419:Mongol 17412:Second 17392:Korean 17343:Mughal 17333:Indian 17316:German 17309:Second 17299:French 17292:Second 17228:Second 17200:Afghan 17192:Modern 17118:Kyrgyz 17113:Uighur 17108:Second 17088:Turkic 17056:Toltec 16992:Epirus 16977:Nicaea 16900:Mongol 16853:Yamato 16789:Huetar 16647:Second 16584:Rouran 16533:Shunga 16528:Maurya 16503:Kushan 16476:Median 16454:Hunnic 16412:Harsha 16245:Portal 16100:Cinema 16080:Anthem 16047:Racism 15861:Energy 15675:Rivers 15633:States 15603:, 1848 15439:Modern 15268: 15220:Uganda 15170:Malawi 15135:Guyana 15114:Ceylon 15093:Tahiti 15083:Rurutu 15038:Hawaii 14967:Serbia 14952:Saxony 14942:Russia 14827:Greece 14807:France 14797:Cyprus 14782:Crimea 14762:Bosnia 14737:Aragon 14725:Europe 14689:Taiwan 14659:Sikkim 14642:Ryukyu 14627:Najran 14525:Chehab 14505:Bengal 14454:Mexico 14439:Brazil 14366:Rwanda 14346:Maravi 14246:Ankole 14234:Africa 14226:Former 14207:Tuvalu 14150:Canada 14145:Belize 14089:Sweden 14079:Norway 14069:Monaco 14036:Europe 13989:Kuwait 13984:Jordan 13969:Brunei 13964:Bhutan 13916:Africa 13889:Sultan 13840:Titles 13754:Topics 13566:Lübeck 13556:Bremen 13456:Anhalt 13381:Saxony 13358:Saxony 13311:Berlin 13001:Russia 12976:France 12804:Canada 12719:Serbia 12590:Canada 12547:Horses 12499:(1921) 12493:(1920) 12487:(1920) 12481:(1920) 12473:(1920) 12426:(1919) 12420:(1919) 12366:(1918) 12331:(1918) 12325:(1917) 12313:(1916) 12307:(1916) 12272:(1915) 11684:(1913) 11666:(1911) 11648:(1905) 11605:Darfur 11530:Serbia 11513:Russia 11476:Greece 11464:France 11454:Brazil 11300:Persia 11243:Serbia 11012:(2011) 11005:(2008) 10992: 10967:online 10935:(2001) 10925: 10910:online 10898: 10886:online 10860:(1978) 10842: 10816:online 10782:online 10773:(2008) 10762: 10746: 10738: 10730: 10699:(2005) 10688:online 10675: 10661:(2003) 10616: 10599: 10588:(2021) 10577:online 10557: 10525:online 10516:(1979) 10505: 10481:(1964) 10437:online 10377:(1981) 10367: 10356:(1998) 10341:Online 10315:(1907) 10236:(1997) 10214: 10208:260865 10206: 10126: 10118: 9916: 9866:(2008) 9810:(1994) 9797:(1996) 9784:(1981) 9766:18 May 9734: 9641:online 9614:online 9582: 9367:(1990) 9289: 9251: 9221: 9200: 9100:(1995) 9061:(1998) 9001: 8974: 8956:(2000) 8885: 8855: 8792:(2007) 8762:online 8642: 8617: 8589: 8553: 8516: 8489: 8410: 8218: 8210: 8148:(1987) 8132: 8106: 8057:(1936) 8016:bpb.de 7971:bpb.de 7948: 7684: 7659: 7534: 7386:Polish 7265: 7259: 7253: 7188:Poland 7175:Warmia 7146:Słupsk 7142:Lębork 7121:Poland 7112:Soldau 6977:German 6934:Waimes 6930:Raeren 6922:Kelmis 6858:Alsace 6617:, the 6500:Legacy 6384:30,615 6372:78,031 6341:39,278 6306:27,278 6271:13,331 6224:74,333 6215:Saxony 6201:53,526 6172:23,534 6160:52,225 6108:Other 5964:French 5889:Polish 5847:Danish 5782:2,059 5771:8,158 5758:8,998 5745:9,617 5617:Danish 5580:Polish 5563:92.05 5549:Count 5473:, and 5465:, the 5451:Danish 5432:Polish 5298:Lübeck 5266:Bremen 5035:Coburg 4951:Dessau 4945:Anhalt 4916:Weimar 4818:Hessen 4728:Saxony 4713:Munich 4706:Bayern 4685:Berlin 4641:State 4284:) was 4281:Kaiser 4180:, the 4005:Allies 3996: 3988: 3986: 3980: 3909:Latvia 3813:Verdun 3798:Artois 3767:Alsace 3514:, and 3502:, and 3469:, the 3427:Herero 3356:Rwanda 3350:) and 3314:, 1884 2881:, and 2755:under 2712:Bremen 2632:cartel 2603:, 1890 2585:, and 2533:, the 1971:Saxony 1943:Queens 1883:Topics 1856:on the 1827:, the 1808:under 1738:Kaiser 1646:, the 1494:Nazism 1373:French 1298:, and 1296:cities 1276:, six 1256:, and 1226:Berlin 1190:France 1149:, the 1105:Danzig 538: 484: 447:German 391:(1880) 380:Arabic 344:Danish 340:Polish 314:German 273:Berlin 140: 55:German 51: 17674:Lists 17629:Omani 17599:Dutch 17505:Isaaq 17456:Saadi 17424:Oirat 17407:First 17375:Qajar 17304:First 17287:First 17260:China 17233:Third 17093:First 17046:Tikal 16997:Morea 16967:Roman 16885:Latin 16880:Khmer 16875:Kanem 16841:Buyid 16767:Zagwe 16762:Aksum 16752:Chola 16659:First 16642:First 16629:Bornu 16624:Benin 16619:Aztec 16557:Roman 16538:Gupta 16523:Nanda 16459:White 16224:Index 16188:Sport 16173:Names 16168:Music 16163:Media 16118:Dance 15990:Women 15955:Crime 15929:Women 15665:Lakes 15339:Goths 15175:Malta 15165:Kenya 15140:India 15130:Ghana 14957:Savoy 14947:Samos 14862:Italy 14709:Yemen 14684:Tibet 14679:Syria 14632:Nepal 14607:Mahra 14587:Kumul 14582:Korea 14577:Khiva 14556:Qajar 14540:Hejaz 14530:China 14515:Burma 14444:Haiti 14434:Aztec 14351:Mwali 14341:Maore 14321:Libya 14316:Kongo 14311:Kaffa 14306:Gumma 14301:Gomma 14296:Ghana 14286:Egypt 14266:Bornu 14251:Aussa 14112:Tonga 14084:Spain 14004:Qatar 13979:Japan 13591:Other 13502:Lippe 13413:Baden 13350:Posen 13198:Other 12991:Japan 12986:Italy 12813:camps 12657:Rugby 12207:] 11486:Japan 11481:Italy 11459:China 11353:North 10744:S2CID 10728:JSTOR 10555:JSTOR 10295:. 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