428:
Early Modern
Spanish, however, was not uniform throughout the Spanish-speaking regions of Spain. Each change has its own chronology and, in some cases, geography. Slightly different pronunciations existed simultaneously. The Spanish spoken in Toledo was taken as the "best" variety and was different
1307:
could turn to, to find the "correct" spelling of a word. In fact, spelling was not considered very important. Sometimes words were spelled according to their Latin origin, rather than their actual pronunciation
394:, (3) the rise of new second-person pronouns, (4) the emergence of the "se lo" construction for the sequence of third-person indirect and direct object pronouns, and (5) new restrictions on the order of
2055:
1581:
1218:) as a usual form of second-person plural. In parts of Andalusia, in the Canary Islands, and in the Americas, however, the form did not take hold, and the form
1426:
347:
used between the end of the 15th century and the end of the 17th century, marked by a series of phonological and grammatical changes that transformed
2234:
1317:
1316:). That presents a challenge to modern editors of texts from the period, who are forced to choose what spelling(s) to use. The radical proposals of
1574:
1421:
2229:
1567:
1743:
417:
that disappeared from the rest of the variants, such as the presence of voiced sibilants and the maintenance of the phonemes
1192:, which served for both the second-person singular formal and the second-person plural, two alternative forms were created:
402:
313:
460:
358:
Notable changes from Old
Spanish to Early Modern Spanish include: (1) a readjustment of the sibilants (including their
1299:
Spelling in Early Modern
Spanish was anarchic, unlike the Spanish of today, which is governed and standardized by the
1796:
1553:
1637:
468:
406:
359:
303:
1762:
1590:
204:
1957:
1232:
1228:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1063:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1018:
998:
969:
949:
931:
926:
921:
905:
900:
884:
877:
872:
867:
846:
839:
834:
818:
813:
808:
803:
744:
739:
717:
688:
666:
646:
641:
634:
622:
615:
610:
605:
600:
586:
577:
572:
556:
551:
544:
539:
446:
442:
438:
422:
418:
2239:
1522:
1938:
466:
458:
450:
155:
150:
130:
1300:
1685:
1304:
1559:
145:
120:
1270:
In Early Modern
Spanish, clitic pronouns were still often suffixed to a finite verb form, as in
1735:
1435:
224:
160:
1614:
1274:, but they began to alternate with preverbal forms, which became the norm in Modern Spanish:
982:
701:
363:
209:
1779:
1670:
414:
8:
1971:
1774:
1698:
1675:
1271:
861:
797:
791:
595:
533:
527:
165:
1844:
2015:
2006:
1989:
1932:
1877:
1871:
1725:
1713:
1703:
1665:
1619:
1396:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2022).
1322:
769:
489:
339:
1303:, a semi-governmental body. There was no reference book or other authority writers or
1239:(consisting of an indirect object followed by a direct object) to be reinterpreted as
293:
2025:
1984:
1905:
1838:
1660:
1647:
1549:
1479:
1397:
1155:
1010:
988:
784:
774:
729:
707:
512:
504:
494:
452:
140:
85:
1919:
1768:
1748:
449:
lost their voicing and merged with their respective voiceless counterparts: laminal
309:
2071:
2020:
1951:
1814:
1804:
1708:
1693:
1609:
1594:
1360:
1106:
892:
828:
764:
566:
519:
484:
344:
125:
64:
58:
2103:
2050:
1891:
1825:
1819:
1786:
1624:
1059:
962:
916:
779:
679:
629:
499:
112:
1184:
A readjustment of the second-person pronouns differentiates Modern
Spanish from
2093:
2083:
1809:
1082:
410:
352:
256:
249:
2223:
2208:
1655:
1483:
1159:
1067:
1043:
942:
657:
1719:
2144:
1858:
1459:
1054:. In several modern dialects, the sound is the realization of the phoneme
219:
1222:
came to be used for both the formal and the informal second-person plural.
1113:
was preserved without change and so it can be represented phonemically as
2109:
1185:
1051:
437:
From the late 16th century to the mid-17th century, the voiced sibilants
348:
229:
2195:
2154:
2124:
2175:
2134:
2117:
1402:
1047:
1046:
in most areas, though it still exists for some words in varieties of
855:
385:
286:
274:
260:
214:
95:
2041:
1406:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
1349:
1150:
390:
2181:
2031:
1207:, 'your grace') as a form of respect in the second-person singular.
1167:
1078:
321:
1589:
16:
Variety of
Spanish used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
2088:
2077:
1163:
317:
1515:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2020).
395:
1058:; additionally, in many dialects it exists as a result of the
1140:
Many dialects have lost the distinction between the phonemes
405:, and thus it forms the historical basis of all varieties of
135:
75:
1516:
366:, wherein voicing remains before voiced consonants, such as
1171:
320:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1502:
Manual de dialectología hispánica. El Español de España
1434:(2). Cervantes Society of America: 3–14. Archived from
1154:. Both phonemes have remained separate in parts of the
343:, especially in literary contexts) is the variant of
1514:
1384:
1521:(23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
473:, resulting in the phonemic inventory shown below:
401:Early Modern Spanish corresponds to the period of
1259:'I gave it to him/her' > Early Modern Spanish
2221:
2159:(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)
1504:, Ariel Lingüística, Barcelona, 1996 and 2007.
1575:
1353:
379:
373:
367:
42:
35:
1415:
1413:
1582:
1568:
1085:, and almost all of Andalusia, the apical
1419:
1395:
1188:. To eliminate the ambiguity of the form
1093:(the resulting phoneme is represented as
2235:Languages attested from the 15th century
1410:
1389:
314:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2222:
1117:). Some authors use the transcription
1563:
1511:, Ariel Lingüística, Barcelona, 2005.
1457:
1359:
481:
63:
57:
1385:Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2020)
403:Spanish colonization of the Americas
388:), (2) the phonemic merger known as
1541:, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
1472:Estudios de Lingüística del Español
1460:"El desarrollo de las variantes de
13:
1518:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1494:
1097:). In central and northern Spain,
14:
2251:
1525:from the original on 6 April 2006
2230:History of the Spanish language
1546:Gramática histórica del español
1448:J. I. Hualde, 2005, pp. 153–158
1509:Historia de la lengua española
1451:
1442:
1378:
1342:
1:
1898:Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela
1537:Hualde, José Ignacio (2005):
1330:
757:Consonants in Southern Spain
477:Consonants in Northern Spain
1371:
1007:
980:
960:
940:
914:
889:
853:
825:
789:
726:
699:
677:
655:
627:
593:
563:
525:
432:
413:preserves some archaisms of
7:
1294:
1235:—caused the medieval forms
1070:(a process commonly termed
10:
2256:
2188:Coastal Argentina, Uruguay
2056:spoken by Catalan speakers
1500:Alvar, Manuel (director),
1420:Eisenberg, Daniel (1990).
1178:
1038:(from Old Spanish initial
2167:
2064:
2002:
1865:Central western Argentina
1795:
1734:
1684:
1646:
1633:
1602:
1074:in Hispanic linguistics).
1004:
981:
961:
941:
915:
854:
790:
761:
714:
700:
678:
656:
628:
594:
526:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
300:
284:
272:
267:
246:
197:
109:
101:
91:
81:
71:
53:
31:
26:
21:
1335:
1237:gelo, gela, gelos, gelas
1227:The loss of the phoneme
1945:Colombia-Ecuador border
1507:Cano, Rafael (coord.):
1422:"Cervantes' Consonants"
1231:—through a merger with
1042:) progressively became
1591:Dialects and varieties
1458:Jonge, Bob de (2005).
1354:
1301:Real Academia Española
380:
374:
368:
302:This article contains
43:
36:
27:Early Modern Castilian
1544:Penny, Ralph (1993):
1539:The sounds of Spanish
429:from that of Madrid.
364:place of articulation
362:and changes in their
1548:, Ariel, Barcelona,
1361:[kasteˈʝano]
1263:> Modern Spanish
1148:in a merger, called
1089:merged with laminal
331:Early Modern Spanish
171:Early Modern Spanish
65:[kasteˈʎano]
22:Early Modern Spanish
758:
596:Voiceless fricative
478:
205:Proto-Indo-European
2240:Spanish Golden Age
1832:Chiloé Archipelago
1327:were not adopted.
756:
476:
340:Golden Age Spanish
59:[espaˈɲol]
2217:
2216:
2203:
2189:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2113:
2047:
2037:
1998:
1997:
1979:
1978:Coastal Argentina
1965:
1946:
1927:
1913:
1899:
1885:
1866:
1852:
1851:Central Argentina
1833:
1758:
1156:Iberian Peninsula
1031:
1030:
1013:
991:
895:
864:
831:
800:
754:
753:
732:
710:
569:
536:
522:
515:
407:New World Spanish
335:classical Spanish
328:
327:
310:rendering support
306:phonetic symbols.
105:15th–17th century
86:Iberian Peninsula
2247:
2201:
2187:
2158:
2149:(mixed language)
2148:
2138:
2128:
2107:
2045:
2035:
1977:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1911:
1897:
1883:
1864:
1850:
1831:
1752:
1644:
1643:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1488:
1487:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1346:
1326:
1234:
1230:
1158:and in parts of
1147:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1065:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1009:
1000:
987:
971:
951:
933:
928:
923:
907:
902:
891:
886:
879:
874:
869:
860:
848:
841:
836:
827:
820:
815:
810:
805:
796:
759:
755:
746:
741:
728:
719:
706:
690:
668:
648:
643:
636:
624:
617:
612:
607:
602:
588:
579:
574:
565:
558:
553:
546:
541:
532:
518:
511:
479:
475:
472:
464:
456:
448:
444:
440:
424:
420:
383:
377:
371:
296:
277:
252:
115:
67:
61:
46:
39:
19:
18:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2202:Central America
2163:
2060:
2004:
1994:
1884:Coastal Ecuador
1791:
1730:
1686:Central America
1680:
1635:
1629:
1603:Africa and Asia
1598:
1588:
1528:
1526:
1497:
1495:Further reading
1492:
1491:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1418:
1411:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1320:
1318:Gonzalo Correas
1297:
1181:
1060:debuccalization
435:
308:Without proper
292:
273:
259:
253:
248:
242:
200:
193:
151:Western Romance
131:Latino-Faliscan
116:
113:Language family
111:
62:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:Tetuani Ladino
2084:Judaeo-Spanish
2081:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1542:
1535:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1474:(in Spanish).
1462:vuestra merced
1450:
1441:
1438:on 2018-03-26.
1409:
1388:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1358:is pronounced
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1268:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1208:
1205:vuestra merced
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1138:
1083:Canary Islands
1075:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
992:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
972:
967:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
952:
947:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
903:
898:
896:
888:
887:
882:
880:
875:
870:
865:
858:
852:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
832:
824:
823:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
794:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
752:
751:
749:
747:
742:
737:
735:
733:
725:
724:
722:
720:
715:
713:
711:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
691:
686:
684:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
669:
664:
662:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
644:
639:
637:
632:
626:
625:
620:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
591:
589:
584:
582:
580:
575:
570:
562:
561:
559:
554:
549:
547:
542:
537:
530:
524:
523:
516:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
465:, and palatal
434:
431:
411:Judaeo-Spanish
386:allophonically
353:Modern Spanish
326:
325:
312:, you may see
298:
297:
290:
282:
281:
278:
270:
269:
268:Language codes
265:
264:
254:
250:Writing system
247:
244:
243:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
203:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
119:
117:
110:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
72:Native to
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
48:
47:
40:
32:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2252:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:(Extremadura)
2044:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1797:South America
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:United States
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1736:North America
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:Interamerican
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Equatoguinean
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1554:84-344-8265-7
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1403:Glottolog 4.6
1399:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:South America
1157:
1153:
1152:
1139:
1108:
1107:apicoalveolar
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:syllabic coda
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1002:
997:
995:
993:
990:
986:
984:
977:
975:
973:
968:
966:
964:
957:
955:
953:
948:
946:
944:
937:
935:
930:
925:
920:
918:
911:
909:
904:
899:
897:
894:
890:
883:
881:
876:
871:
866:
863:
859:
857:
850:
845:
843:
838:
833:
830:
826:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
799:
795:
793:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
760:
750:
748:
743:
738:
736:
734:
731:
727:
723:
721:
716:
712:
709:
705:
703:
696:
694:
692:
687:
685:
683:
681:
674:
672:
670:
665:
663:
661:
659:
652:
650:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
621:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:
590:
585:
583:
581:
576:
571:
568:
564:
560:
555:
550:
548:
543:
538:
535:
531:
529:
521:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
480:
474:
470:
462:
454:
430:
426:
416:
412:
409:. Meanwhile,
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
392:
387:
382:
376:
370:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:
336:
333:(also called
332:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
299:
295:
291:
289:
288:
283:
279:
276:
271:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
245:
231:
228:
227:
226:
225:Proto-Romance
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
202:
196:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:Ibero-Romance
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:Italo-Western
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:Indo-European
118:
114:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
60:
56:
54:Pronunciation
52:
45:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2153:
2145:Media Lengua
2143:
2133:
2123:
2116:
2102:
2076:
2040:
2030:
1970:
1964:Coastal Peru
1956:
1937:
1926:Paisa Region
1918:
1904:
1890:
1876:
1857:
1843:
1824:
1780:Sabine River
1767:
1754:
1749:
1718:
1671:Puerto Rican
1597:by continent
1545:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1501:
1478:. sec. 7.3.
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1444:
1436:the original
1431:
1425:
1401:
1391:
1380:
1344:
1313:
1309:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1162:, mainly in
1149:
1071:
1034:The phoneme
436:
427:
400:
389:
357:
338:
334:
330:
329:
301:
285:
220:Vulgar Latin
210:Proto-Italic
170:
161:West Iberian
2110:Para-Romani
1972:Rioplatense
1912:Zulia State
1775:New Mexican
1763:Californian
1699:Costa Rican
1676:Trinidadian
1321: [
1312:instead of
1305:compositors
1186:Old Spanish
1101:shifted to
1052:Extremadura
983:Approximant
702:Approximant
415:Old Spanish
384:, but only
349:Old Spanish
316:instead of
230:Old Spanish
199:Early forms
2224:Categories
2155:Papiamento
2125:Palenquero
2016:Andalusian
2007:Peninsular
1990:Venezuelan
1933:Paraguayan
1878:Equatorial
1872:Ecuadorian
1726:Salvadoran
1714:Nicaraguan
1704:Guatemalan
1666:Panamanian
1620:Philippine
1398:"Castilic"
1355:castellano
1331:References
1284:se enfermó
1272:Portuguese
1105:, and the
1072:aspiration
398:pronouns.
263:(marginal)
44:castellano
2176:Cocoliche
2135:Chavacano
2118:Spanglish
2036:(Galicia)
2026:Castilian
1985:Uruguayan
1906:Maracucho
1839:Colombian
1661:Dominican
1648:Caribbean
1484:1139-8736
1427:Cervantes
1372:Citations
1352:dialects,
1310:trasumpto
1276:enfermose
1216:vos otros
1210:The form
1201:vuesarced
1195:The form
1109:sibilant
1048:Andalusia
862:Voiceless
856:Fricative
798:Voiceless
792:Obstruent
534:Voiceless
528:Obstruent
457:, apical
433:Phonology
360:devoicing
287:Glottolog
275:ISO 639-3
215:Old Latin
166:Castilian
96:Spaniards
92:Ethnicity
2196:Malespín
2182:Lunfardo
2139:(creole)
2129:(creole)
2072:Standard
2032:Castrapo
2021:Canarian
1958:Ribereño
1952:Peruvian
1845:Cordobés
1815:Bolivian
1805:Amazonic
1709:Honduran
1694:Belizean
1634:Americas
1610:Canarian
1523:Archived
1314:trasunto
1295:Spelling
1288:se murió
1265:se lo di
1255:, as in
1212:vosotros
1168:Paraguay
1079:Americas
770:Alveolar
490:Alveolar
322:Help:IPA
294:stan1288
2168:Extinct
2089:Haketia
2078:Llanito
2051:Murcian
1939:Pastuso
1892:Llanero
1826:Chilote
1820:Chilean
1787:Mexican
1755:Chicano
1720:Pachuco
1625:Saharan
1595:Spanish
1529:22 June
1280:muriose
1220:ustedes
1179:Grammar
1164:Bolivia
1129:and/or
1077:In the
1011:Lateral
989:Central
785:Glottal
775:Palatal
730:Lateral
708:Central
513:Laminal
505:Glottal
495:Palatal
345:Spanish
318:Unicode
261:Aljamía
141:Romance
37:español
2042:Castúo
2003:Europe
1859:Cuyano
1810:Andean
1769:Isleño
1552:
1482:
1350:yeísmo
1261:díselo
1257:digelo
1253:se las
1249:se los
1214:(<
1199:(<
1170:, and
1151:yeísmo
1081:, the
1044:silent
893:Voiced
829:Voiced
765:Labial
567:Voiced
520:Apical
485:Labial
396:clitic
391:yeísmo
378:, and
126:Italic
82:Region
2209:Bozal
2065:Other
1920:Paisa
1656:Cuban
1466:usted
1336:Notes
1325:]
1282:>
1245:se la
1241:se lo
1203:<
1197:usted
963:Trill
917:Nasal
780:Velar
680:Trill
630:Nasal
500:Velar
381:rasgo
375:desde
369:mismo
351:into
257:Latin
136:Latin
76:Spain
2179:and
2104:Caló
1750:Caló
1550:ISBN
1531:2002
1480:ISSN
1286:and
1278:and
1172:Peru
1144:and
1135:/s̺/
1133:for
1131:/s̠/
1125:for
1123:/s̻/
1121:and
1119:/s̪/
1111:/s̺/
1087:/s̺/
1050:and
443:/z̺/
421:and
1593:of
1348:In
1233:/ʃ/
1229:/ʒ/
1190:vos
1146:/ʝ/
1142:/ʎ/
1127:/s/
1115:/s/
1103:/θ/
1099:/s/
1095:/s/
1091:/s/
1066:in
1064:/s/
1062:of
1056:/x/
1040:/f/
1036:/h/
943:Tap
885:(h)
814:t͡ʃ
658:Tap
623:(h)
552:t͡ʃ
447:/ʒ/
439:/z/
423:/ʒ/
419:/ʃ/
337:or
304:IPA
102:Era
2226::
1476:22
1470:.
1464:a
1432:10
1430:.
1424:.
1412:^
1400:.
1323:es
1251:,
1247:,
1243:,
1166:,
901:z̻
873:s̻
611:s̺
606:s̻
461:s̺
445:,
441:,
425:.
372:,
355:.
2112:)
2108:(
2009:)
2005:(
1757:)
1753:(
1640:)
1636:(
1583:e
1576:t
1569:v
1556:.
1533:.
1486:.
1468:"
1364:.
1308:(
1290:.
1267:.
1174:.
1137:.
1024:ʎ
1019:l
999:ʝ
970:r
950:ɾ
932:ɲ
927:n
922:m
906:ʒ
878:ʃ
868:f
847:g
840:d
835:b
819:k
809:t
804:p
745:ʎ
740:l
718:ʝ
689:r
667:ɾ
647:ɲ
642:n
635:m
616:ʃ
601:f
587:g
578:d
573:b
557:k
545:t
540:p
471:/
469:ʃ
467:/
463:/
459:/
455:/
453:s
451:/
324:.
280:–
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