Decolonization - Knowledge

540: 1879:(October 1973) was triggered by the OPEC which decided an embargo against the US and Western countries, causing a fourfold increase in the price of oil, which lasted five months, starting on 17 October 1973, and ending on 18 March 1974. OPEC nations then agreed, on 7 January 1975, to raise crude oil prices by 10%. At that time, OPEC nations – including many who had recently nationalized their oil industries – joined the call for a New International Economic Order to be initiated by coalitions of primary producers. Concluding the First OPEC Summit in Algiers they called for stable and just commodity prices, an international food and agriculture program, technology transfer from North to South, and the democratization of the economic system. But industrialized countries quickly began to look for substitutes to OPEC petroleum, with the oil companies investing the majority of their research capital in the US and European countries or others, politically sure countries. The OPEC lost more and more influence on the world prices of oil. 1613: 267:; yet another argument sees decolonisation as a diffusion process wherein earlier revolutionary movements inspired later ones. Other explanations emphasize how the lower profitability of colonization and the costs associated with empire prompted decolonization. Some explanations emphasize how colonial powers struggled militarily against insurgents in the colonies due to a shift from 19th century conditions of "strong political will, a permissive international environment, access to local collaborators, and flexibility to pick their battles" to 20th century conditions of "apathetic publics, hostile superpowers, vanishing collaborators, and constrained options". In other words, colonial powers had more support from their own region in pursuing colonies in the 19th century than they did in the 20th century, where holding on to such colonies was often understood to be a burden. 497:, which seemed less ruthless than, for example, Belgium, in controlling political dissent. Driven by pragmatic demands of budgets and manpower the British made deals with the local politicians. Across the empire, the general protocol was to convene a constitutional conference in London to discuss the transition to greater self-government and then independence, submit a report of the constitutional conference to parliament, if approved submit a bill to Parliament at Westminster to terminate the responsibility of the United Kingdom (with a copy of the new constitution annexed), and finally, if approved, issuance of an Order of Council fixing the exact date of independence. 586:, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa; Ireland had been brought into a union with Great Britain in 1801 creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922. However, some of the Dominions were already independent de facto, and even de jure and recognized as such by the international community. Thus, Canada was a founding member of the League of Nations in 1919 and served on the council from 1927 to 1930. That country also negotiated on its own and signed bilateral and multilateral treaties and conventions from the early 1900s onward. Newfoundland ceded self-rule back to London in 1934. 1799: 4274: 3318:...as kids, we tried to act out the things we had seen in the movies. We used to play cowboys and Indians in the mountains around Gondar...We acted out the roles of these heroes, identifying with the cowboys conquering the Indians. We didn't identify with the Indians at all and we never wanted the Indians to win. Even in Tarzan movies, we would become totally galvanized by the activities of the hero and follow the story from his point of view, completely caught up in the structure of the story. Whenever Africans sneaked up behind Tarzan, we would scream our heads off, trying to warn him that 'they' were coming". 1954: 4158: 3429: 4013: 3173: 40: 1115: 1317: 3034: 968: 4216: 4071: 3445: 1928: 2807: 621: 4042: 2471: 2318: 4412: 4204: 4175: 4146: 4117: 4088: 4059: 4030: 4001: 3972: 3943: 723: 4291: 4262: 4233: 1490: 4245: 377: 4383: 3000: 2964: 2612: 2359: 2082: 2784: 2443: 3078: 2764: 4129: 452: 4320: 4100: 3058: 4187: 3955: 850: 4332: 3984: 2736: 2282: 2512: 8200: 8188: 8176: 8164: 2504: 1665:—over 300,000—as well as several hundred thousand ethnic Indonesians who supported the Dutch cause. In the aftermath, the Netherlands prospered greatly in the 1950s and 1960s but nevertheless public opinion was bitterly hostile to the United States for betrayal. The Dutch government eventually gave up on claims to Indonesian sovereignty in 1949, after American pressure. The Netherlands also had one other major colony, Dutch Guiana in 8152: 4303: 4400: 4371: 785:" or union with Greece) and the minority Turks. London for decades assumed it needed the island to defend the Suez Canal; but after the Suez crisis of 1956, that became a minor factor, and Greek violence became a more serious issue. Cyprus became an independent country in 1960, but ethnic violence escalated until 1974 when Turkey invaded and partitioned the island. Each side rewrote its own history, blaming the other. 3014: 2700: 2166: 4349: 2262: 4451:

inalienable nature of their sovereignty, many people do not realize that these non-self-governing structures still exist". Some activists have claimed that the attention of the United Nations was "further diverted from the social and economic agenda towards "firefighting and extinguishing" armed conflicts". Advocates have stressed that the United Nations " the last refuge of hope for peoples under the yolk

8140: 4552: 2938:") have renewed awareness of Russian colonialism and interest in decolonizing scholarship in their field, with academic conferences organized on the theme by the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) in Stockholm in December 2022, the British Association for Slavonic and Eastern European Studies (BASEES) in April 2023, the Aleksanteri Institute in October, and the 1461:, a Democrat in office from 1913 to 1921, ignored the Philippines, and focused his attention on Mexico and Caribbean nations. By the 1920s, the peaceful efforts by the Filipino leadership to pursue independence proved convincing. When the Democrats returned to power in 1933, they worked with the Filipinos to plan a smooth transition to independence. It was scheduled for 1946 by 2906:. Historian Robert Daniels says, "A special dimension that the anti-Communist revolutions shared with some of their predecessors was decolonization." Moscow's policy had long been to settle ethnic Russians in the non-Russian republics. After independence, minority rights have been an issue for Russian-speakers in some republics and for 3912:. After the conclusion of World War II with the surrender of the Axis Powers in 1945, and two decades into the latter half of the 20th century, over three dozen "states in Asia and Africa achieved autonomy or outright independence" from European administering powers. As of 2020, 17 territories remain under Chapter XI distinction: 1452:

In the United States, the two major parties were divided on the acquisition of the Philippines, which became a major campaign issue in 1900. The Republicans, who favored permanent acquisition, won the election, but after a decade or so, Republicans turned their attention to the Caribbean, focusing on

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in 1904, providing that the United States had a right and obligation to intervene "in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence" that a nation in the Western Hemisphere became vulnerable to European control. In practice, this meant that the United States was led to act as a collections agent for

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was a revolt of a portion of the Indian Army. It was characterized by massacres of civilians on both sides. It was not a movement for independence, however, and only a small part of India was involved. In the aftermath, the British pulled back from modernizing reforms of Indian society, and the level

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it was not recognized by the local government who followed the authority of the Junta of Cadiz. The rivalry between the two cities was the main reason for the distrust between them. During the next 15 years, the Spanish and Royalist on one side, and the rebels on the other fought in South America and

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wherein the United Nations declared its "renewal of the call to States Members of the United Nations to speed up the process of decolonization towards the complete elimination of colonialism". According to an article by scholar John Quintero, "given the modern emphasis on the equality of states and

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emerged at a time Japan wanted to reach Asian populations in other countries by way of its cultural influence. The surge in popularity of kung fu movies began in the late 1960s through the 1970s. Local populations were depicted as protagonists opposing "imperialists" (foreigners) and their "Chinese

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was especially rich, and many Belgian businessmen lobbied hard to maintain control. Local revolts grew in power and finally, the Belgian king suddenly announced in 1959 that independence was on the agenda – and it was hurriedly arranged in 1960, for country bitterly and deeply divided on social and

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remained a beacon of hope to pro-independence activists. However, with the anti-colonial wars of the 1900s (decade) barely over, new modernizing forms of Africa nationalism began to gain strength in the early 20th century with the emergence of Pan-Africanism, as advocated by the Jamaican journalist

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in 1806, the American colonies declared autonomy and loyalty to King Ferdinand VII. The contract was broken and each of the regions of the Spanish Empire had to decide whether to show allegiance to the Junta of Cadiz (the only territory in Spain free from Napoleon) or have a junta (assembly) of its

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The decolonization agenda championed by the United Nations is not based exclusively on independence. There are three other ways in which an NSGT can exercise self-determination and reach a full measure of self-government (all of them equally legitimate): integration within the administering power,

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After independence, the new states needed to establish or strengthen the institutions of a sovereign state – governments, laws, a military, schools, administrative systems, and so on. The amount of self-rule granted prior to independence, and assistance from the colonial power and/or international

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According to political theorist Kevin Duong, decolonization "may have been the century's greatest act of disenfranchisement", as numerous anti-colonial activists primarily pursued universal suffrage within empires rather than independence: "As dependent territories became nation-states, they lost

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economists calculated that the economic effect from the loss of the great Dutch empire in Indonesia was compensated for by a couple of years or so of domestic post-war economic growth. The end of the colonial era is celebrated in the history books as a triumph of national aspiration in the former

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that as of that date it had terminated its presence in the Territory of the Sahara and deemed it necessary to place on record that Spain considered itself thenceforth exempt from any responsibility of any international nature in connection with the administration of the Territory, in view of the

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in 1783, 165 colonies have gained independence from Western imperial powers. Several analyses point to different reasons for the spread of anti-colonial political movements. Institutional arguments suggest that increasing levels of education in the colonies led to calls for popular sovereignty;

4524:, settlers have not left, even as independence from the metropole was gained... The systemic oppression and domination of the colonized by the colonizer is not historical — firmly in the past — but ongoing and supported by radically unequal political, social, economic, and legal institutions." 3411:

In general, the release of the colonized caused little economic loss to the colonizers. Part of the reason for this was that major costs were eliminated while major benefits were obtained by alternate means. Decolonization allowed the colonizer to disclaim responsibility for the colonized. The

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Nation-building is the process of creating a sense of identification with, and loyalty to, the state. Nation-building projects seek to replace loyalty to the old colonial power, and/or tribal or regional loyalties, with loyalty to the new state. Elements of nation-building include creating and

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a large-scale communist revolt, the United States realized that it needed the nationalist government as an ally in the Cold War. Dutch possession was an obstacle to American Cold War goals, so Washington forced the Dutch to grant full independence. A few years later, Sukarno nationalized all

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Some authors contend that even in countries that have become politically independent from a former colonial power, indigenous peoples may still in effect be living under the impacts of colonization. In a 2023 paper on the political theory of settler colonialism, Canadian academics Yann

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The decolonization of North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s, very suddenly, with little preparation. There was widespread unrest and organized revolts, especially in French Algeria, Portuguese Angola, the Belgian Congo and British Kenya.

7240:), Éditions La Découverte, 2007, p. 88. (Another account claims, without supporting citation, that Nyobe "was killed in a plane crash on September 13, 1958. No clear cause has ever been ascertained for the mysterious crash. Assassination has been alleged with the French 1598:

as League of Nations mandates from the former German Empire in 1919. The colonies remained independent during the war, while Belgium was occupied by the Germans. There was no serious planning for independence, and exceedingly little training or education provided. The

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cessation of its participation in the temporary administration established for the Territory. In 1990, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the question of Western Sahara was a question of decolonization which remained to be completed by the people of Western Sahara."

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A 2019 study found that "democracy levels increased sharply as colonies gained internal autonomy in the period immediately before their independence. However, conflict, revenue growth, and economic growth did not systematically differ before and after independence."

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Strengthening of bilateral and multilateral international assistance to promote industrialization in the developing countries through, in particular, the provisioning of sufficient financial resources and opportunities for transfer of appropriate techniques and

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to the U.S. Navy. The attempt of the first governor to void the island's constitution and remain in power past the end of his term provoked a rebellion that provoked a reoccupation between 1906 and 1909, but this was again followed by devolution. Similarly, the

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A union of former colonies itself, the United States approached imperialism differently from the other Powers. Much of its energy and rapidly expanding population was directed westward across the North American continent against English and French claims, the

613:, India's independence movement leader, led a peaceful resistance to British rule. By becoming a symbol of both peace and opposition to British imperialism, many Indians began to view the British as the cause of India's problems leading to a newfound sense of 4488:

debated and adopted a resolution that affirmed that the Chagos Archipelago "forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius". The UK does not recognize Mauritius' sovereignty claim over the Chagos Archipelago. In October 2020, Mauritian Prime Minister

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Allard-Tremblay and Elaine Coburn posit that: "In Africa, the Middle East, South America, and much of the rest of the world, decolonization often meant the expulsion or departure of most colonial settlers. In contrast, in settler colonial states like

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free association with the administering power, or some other mutually agreed upon option for self-rule. It is the exercise of the human right of self-determination, rather than independence per se, that the United Nations has continued to push for.

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Decolonization is not an easy matter in colonies with large settler populations, particularly if they have been there for several generations. When settlers remain in former colonies after independence, colonialism is ongoing and takes the form of

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and Puerto Ricans became full U.S. citizens that same year. The US government declared Puerto Rico the territory was no longer a colony and stopped transmitting information about it to the United Nations Decolonization Committee. As a result, the

8180: 1337:. Pursuing a colonial policy comparable to those of European powers, Japan settled significant populations of ethnic Japanese in its colonies while simultaneously suppressing Indigenous ethnic populations by enforcing the learning and use of the 3398:– as now measured and much discussed – came to be seen as far more important than the erstwhile colonial trade.... The economic effect in the United States from the granting of independence to the Philippines was unnoticeable, partly due to the 88:

Critical scholars extend the meaning beyond independence or equal rights for colonized peoples to include broader economic, cultural and psychological aspects of the colonial experience. Extending the meaning of decolonization beyond political

5158:. Self determination should be understood as power of peoples to control their own destiny. Therefore for indigenous peoples, right to self determination is instrumental in the protection of their human rights and struggle for self-governance. 217:, which established many aspects of decolonisation that would be considered in later works. Subsequent studies of decolonisation addressed economic disparities as a legacy of colonialism as well as the annihilation of people's cultures. 940:

Although France was ultimately a victor of World War II, Nazi Germany's occupation of France and its North African colonies during the war had disrupted colonial rule. On 27 October 1946, France adopted a new constitution creating the

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Many colonies were serving as resource colonies which produced raw materials and agricultural products, and as a captive market for goods manufactured in the colonizing country. Many decolonized countries created programs to promote

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escalated its effort in the war: for instance, it increased the number of natives in the colonial army and built strategic hamlets. Portugal sent another 300,000 European settlers into Angola and Mozambique before 1974. That year,

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Significant violence was involved in several prominent cases of decolonization of the British Empire; partition was a frequent solution. In 1783, the North American colonies were divided between the independent United States, and

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that did forbid to have toponymy with names associated with Russian ("the occupying state"). This law in particular has been described by Ukrainian media as providing "a legitimate framework and effective mechanisms" for the

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post–World War II economic growth period. In the 1960s, due to economic needs for post-war reconstruction and rapid economic growth, French employers actively sought to recruit manpower from the colonies, explaining today's

3416:) from the former colonies. Financial, political and military pressure could still be used to achieve goals desired by the colonizer. Thus decolonization allowed the goals of colonization to be largely achieved, but 1477:, who took leave from his U.S. Army position to take command of the new army reporting to Quezon. The Japanese occupation 1942 to 1945 disrupted but did not delay the transition. It took place on schedule in 1946 as 6792: 2837:

Soviet control of its non-Russian member republics weakened as movements for democratization and self-government gained strength during the late 1980s, and four republics declared independence in 1990 and 1991. The

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The UNCTAD however was not very effective in implementing the NIEO, and social and economic inequalities between industrialized countries and the Third World grew throughout the 1960s until the 21st century. The

1628:, corresponding to what is now Indonesia. Its massive oil reserves provided about 14 percent of the Dutch national product and supported a large population of ethnic Dutch government officials and businessmen in 1780:, which had benefited the leading states which had created it, and remained in force until 1971 after the United States' suspension of convertibility from dollars to gold. The main principles of the NIEO are: 474:

in Portugal, which led to the return of the Portuguese court to Lisbon. This led to distrust between the Portuguese and the Brazilian colonists, and finally, in 1822, to the colony becoming independent as the

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The following list shows the colonial powers following the end of hostilities in 1945, and their colonial or administrative possessions. The year of decolonization is given chronologically in parentheses.

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own. The economic monopoly of the metropolis was the main reason why many countries decided to become independent from Spain. In 1809, the independence wars of Latin America began with a revolt in La Paz,

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The sovereign equality of all States, with non-interference in their internal affairs, their effective participation in solving world problems and the right to adopt their own economic and social systems;

1276:, and other grants and loans to Europe and Asia to rebuild the world economy. At the same time American military bases were established around the world and direct and indirect interventions continued in 6083:

The United States had used its exempt status from the transmission of information under Article 73 e of the United Nations Charter as a loophole to commit human rights violations in Puerto Rico and its

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was transferred from Japanese to US administration. By 1990 all but one of the trust territories had achieved independence, either as independent states or by merger with another independent state; the

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Before World War I, Japan had gained several substantial colonial possessions in East Asia such as Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1910). Japan joined the allies in World War I, and after the war acquired the

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colonizer no longer had the burden of obligation, financial or otherwise, to their colony. However, the colonizer continued to be able to obtain cheap goods and labor as well as economic benefits (see

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Just and equitable relationship between the price of raw materials and other goods exported by developing countries, and the prices of raw materials and other goods exported by the developed countries;

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Heuman, J. (2023). The silent disappearance of Jews from Algeria: French anti-racism in the face of antisemitism in Algeria during the decolonization. Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 22(2), 149-168.

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regained control of Japanese-occupied territories in Manchuria and eastern China, as well as Taiwan. Only Hong Kong and Macau remained in outside control until both places were transferred to the

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for the colonial empire. However power over the colonies remained concentrated in France, and the power of local assemblies outside France was extremely limited. On the night of 29 March 1947, a

1652:. The Dutch both abroad and at home generally agreed that Dutch power depended on an expensive war to regain the islands. Compromises were negotiated, but were trusted by neither side. When the 1292:), Africa, and the Middle East to oppose Communist movements and insurgencies. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States has been far less active in the Americas, but invaded 1099:. However, France, taking advantage of the American government's distraction during the Civil War, intervened militarily in Mexico and set up a French-protected monarchy. Spain took the step to 861:

After World War I, the colonized people were frustrated at France's failure to recognize the effort provided by the French colonies (resources, but more importantly colonial troops – the famous

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Clement, Vincent (2019). "Beyond the sham of the emancipatory Enlightenment: Rethinking the relationship of Indigenous epistemologies, knowledges, and geography through decolonizing paths".

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inside Portugal overthrew the existing regime and encouraged pro-Soviet elements to attempt to seize control in the colonies. The result was a very long and extremely difficult multi-party

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was invaded by the British. After their 2nd defeat, a Frenchman called Santiague de Liniers was proclaimed a new Viceroy by the local population and later accepted by Spain. In May 1810 in

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V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty

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among its population. With this new wave of Indian nationalism, Gandhi was eventually able to garner the support needed to push back the British and create an independent India in 1947.

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colonies and of benign good sense on the part of the colonial powers. Lurking beneath, as so often happens, was a strong current of economic interest – or in this case, disinterest."

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addressed the attendants of the Caribbean Regional Seminar on Decolonization, urging international political leaders to "build on towards fully eradicating colonialism by 2020".

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raged from 1954 to 1962. To this day, the Algerian war – officially called a "public order operation" until the 1990s – remains a trauma for both France and Algeria. Philosopher

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nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. The meanings and applications of the term are disputed. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on

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Sharma, Nandita. "Migrants and indigeneity: Nationalism, nativism and the politics of place." Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies. Routledge, 2019. 246-257.

3203:, and replacing colonial place-names with local ones. Nation-building after independence often continues the work began by independence movements during the colonial period. 8568: 7458:"United Nations Should Eradicate Colonialism by 2020, Urges Secretary-General in Message to Caribbean Regional Decolonization Seminar | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 2956:

The decolonization of Oceania occurred after World War II when nations in Oceania achieved independence by transitioning from European colonial rule to full independence.

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Strayer, Robert. "Decolonisation, Democratisation, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective," Journal of World History 12#2 (2001), 375–406.

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of India and Pakistan. Much later, in 1970, further communal violence broke out within Pakistan in the detached eastern part of East Bengal, which became independent as

1103:. The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 forced both France and Spain to accede to American demands to evacuate those two countries. America's only African colony, 3754: 1787:

Full sovereignty of each State over its natural resources and other economic activities necessary for development, as well as regulation of transnational corporations;

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After 1898 direct intervention expanded in Latin America. The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 and annexed Hawaii in 1898. Following the

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exploded in Mexico first, then Argentina and Brazil, which proved unable to pay back their debts, jeopardizing the existence of the international economic system.

7424: 7302:"The man who ran Francafrique – French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle – Obituary" 4958: 4446: 3199:

promoting symbols of the state like a flag, a coat of arms and an anthem, monuments, official histories, national sports teams, codifying one or more Indigenous

8204: 8192: 3219:), "linguistic decolonization" entails the replacement of a colonizing (imperial) power's language with a given colony's indigenous language in the function of 5034: 3452: 3402:, which allowed American monopoly in the economy of the Philippines. The departure of India and Pakistan made small economic difference in the United Kingdom. 3363:

After independence, many countries created regional economic associations to promote trade and economic development among neighboring countries, including the

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is the imposition and enforcement of one dominant language over other languages, and one response to this form of imperialism is linguistic decolonization.

1541:). The regime was fiercely determined to maintain the country's colonial possessions at all costs and to aggressively suppress any insurgencies. In 1961, 763:

of 1930. Large-scale communal violence broke out between Muslims and Hindus and Muslims and Sikhs after the British left in 1947 in the newly independent

6399:[The Conflict Between Tito’s Concept of Universalism and Sukarno’s Concept of Regionalism in the 1964 Summit of Non-Aligned Countries in Cairo]. 6054:

U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987))

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Newly independent states also had to develop independent economic institutions – a national currency, banks, companies, regulation, tax systems, etc.

1253:. In allowing allies France and Britain the former colonial possessions of the German and Ottoman Empires, the US demanded of them submission to the 4484:

ruled that the United Kingdom must transfer the islands to Mauritius as they were not legally separated from the latter in 1965. On 22 May 2019, the

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of 1934. In 1935, the Philippines transitioned out of territorial status, controlled by an appointed governor, to the semi-independent status of the

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is a currency shared by 14 countries in West and Central Africa, mostly former French colonies. The CFA franc is guaranteed by the French treasury.

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reserved the Americas as its sphere of interest, prohibiting other states (particularly Spain) from recolonizing the newly independent polities of

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was dissolved, and national independence movements resisted the re-imposition of colonial control by European countries and the United States.

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seized property from white African farmers, killing several of them, and forcing the survivors to emigrate. A large Indian community lived in

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during the war, and Japan sank the Dutch fleet in seizing the East Indies. In 1945 the Netherlands could not regain these islands on its own;

9319: 8583: 1073: 812: 44: 7501: 7064: 1100: 7301: 1469:. Its constitutional convention wrote a new constitution, which was approved by Washington and went into effect, with an elected governor 2914:. Meanwhile, the Russian Federation continues to apply political, economic, and military pressure on former Soviet colonies. In 2014, it 2626: 628:

Africa was only fully drawn into the colonial system at the end of the 19th century. In the north-east the continued independence of the

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from the colonizers' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior. Issues of decolonization persist and are raised contemporarily. In the

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By 1977, European colonial rule in mainland Africa had ended. Most of Africa's island countries had also become independent, although

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was merged with Ethiopia in 1952. Italian Somaliland was governed by the UK, and by Italy after 1954, until its independence in 1960.

1206:. Four referendums showed little support for independence, but much interest in statehood such as Hawaii and Alaska received in 1959. 8770: 8685: 8243: 7108: 3368: 2826:

islands in 1912, but Italian occupation ended after World War II, and the islands were integrated into Greece. British rule ended in

2071: 888: 637:(1887–1940) whose widely distributed newspapers demanded swift abolition of European imperialism, as well as republicanism in Egypt. 313: 5266:

Strayer, Robert W. (2001). "Decolonization, Democratization, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective".

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in 1945, Japan was deprived of all its colonies with a number of them being returned to the original colonizing Western powers. The

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Some of the British colonies in Asia were directly administered by British officials, while others were ruled by local monarchs as

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described the British and American governments as "hypocrites" and "champions of double talk" over their response to the dispute.

85:. Major waves of decolonization occurred in the aftermath of the First World War and most prominently after the Second World War. 8979: 8526: 6687: 4697: 4455: 4429: 3456: 8877: 5552:

Boswell, Terry (1989). "Colonial Empires and the Capitalist World-Economy: A Time Series Analysis of Colonization, 1640–1960".

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Newly independent states organised themselves in order to oppose continued economic colonialism by former imperial powers. The

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Belgium's empire began with the annexation of the Congo in 1908 in response to international pressure to bring an end to the

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in Europe cut the direct links between Spain and its American colonies, allowing for the process of decolonization to begin.

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Bousquet, Nicole (1988). "The Decolonization of Spanish America in the Early Nineteenth Century: A World-Systems Approach".

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MacDonald, Paul K. (April 2013). "'Retribution Must Succeed Rebellion': The Colonial Origins of Counterinsurgency Failure".

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is the core requirement for decolonization, and that this right can be exercised with or without political independence. A

8156: 8967: 381: 9450: 8391: 7133: 6842: 6003: 4755: 1583: 1293: 1199: 808: 699: 504:, several former German and Ottoman territories in the Middle East, Africa, and the Pacific were governed by the UK as 7432: 4966: 9385: 9210: 9105: 6498: 6289: 4702: 3908:

as "territories whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government"—the contemporary definition of

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and legislature. Foreign Affairs remained under American control. The Philippines built up a new army, under general

1178: 777:, which came under full British control in 1914 from the Ottoman Empire, was culturally divided between the majority 7562:"The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing" 6741:"Moscow's Invasion Of Ukraine Triggers 'Soul-Searching' At Western Universities As Scholars Rethink Russian Studies" 5172:"The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing" 9205: 8578: 8558: 4667: 3748: 3675: 3654: 3641: 3560: 2328: 2055:

gained independence as monarchies, but all four countries' monarchs were later deposed, and they became republics.

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Baylis, J. & Smith S. (2001). The Globalisation of World Politics: An introduction to international relations.

6213:

American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949

3417: 9435: 8396: 8291: 8281: 8144: 8109: 4485: 3295: 1466: 1122: 1038:

during the Algerian war, and the decisive role of African and especially North African immigrant manpower in the

462:

The Napoleonic Wars also led to the severing of the direct links between Portugal and its only American colony,

9410: 9007: 8920: 8780: 8573: 7767:

Cooper, Frederick (2014). "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation".

6096:

Torres, Kelly M. (2017). "Puerto Rico, the 51st state: The implications of statehood on culture and language".

5482:

Strang, David (1990). "From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization 1870–1987".

4657: 4601: 4596: 4477: 3092: 2827: 2585: 2413: 2349: 1958: 1633: 1617: 1423: 695: 405: 17: 7838:

The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco

6343:

Mukherjee, Mithi (2010). "'A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947-62".

5700:

Kelly, John D.; Kaplan, Martha (2001). "Nation and decolonization: Toward a new anthropology of nationalism".

5063: 1538: 9240: 8796: 8264: 8236: 3901: 2911: 2843: 2551: 1687:

When the United Nations was formed in 1945, it established trust territories. These territories included the

1222:(1915–1934), and elsewhere. The intrusiveness and bad relations this engendered were somewhat checked by the 7941:

O'Sullivan, Christopher. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East (2012).

6740: 6682: 6397:"Sukob Titovog koncepta univerzalizma i Sukarnovog koncepta regionalizma na Samitu nesvrstanih u Kairu 1964" 5065:

Sovereignty and Decolonization: Realizing Indigenous Self-Determinationn at the United Nations and in Canada

2304: 9405: 8750: 8481: 8312: 7931: 5588: 4278: 4273: 3135:

organizations after independence, varied greatly between colonial powers, and between individual colonies.

1027: 774: 614: 602: 594: 136:, there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times. These include the 8128: 3394:"The engine of economic well-being was now within and between the advanced industrial countries. Domestic 1358: 117:

characterised colonial foreign rule as a violation of human rights. In states that have won independence,

9373: 9296: 8974: 8915: 8817: 8785: 8516: 8252: 7893: 6131: 4692: 3531: 3471: 1503: 1174: 571: 563: 417:

Mexico. Numerous countries declared their independence. In 1824, the Spanish forces were defeated in the

287: 283: 270:

A great deal of scholarship attributes the ideological origins of national independence movements to the

231: 7663:

Strang, David (1994). "British and French political institutions and the patterning of decolonization".

6647:

Kirch, Aksel; Kirch, Marika; Tuisk, Tarmo (1993). "Russians in the Baltic States: To be or Not to Be?".

6067:"Decolonization Committee Calls on United States to Expedite Process for Puerto Rich Self-determination" 4540:

David Strang writes that the loss of their empires turned France and Britain into "second-rate powers".

207:

Early studies of decolonisation appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. An important book from this period was

9095: 9057: 8991: 8870: 8755: 8700: 8511: 8059: 3719: 3619: 2461: 2372:(formerly an independent dominion but under direct British rule since 1934) (1949, union with Canada); 2108: 1891: 1803: 1629: 1587: 1362: 933:

In some instances, decolonization efforts ran counter to other concerns, such as the rapid increase of

832: 610: 471: 321: 278:

were central to the debates about national constitutions for newly independent countries. Contemporary

255: 5836: 2918:, the first such action in Europe since the end of the Second World War. In March 2023, following the 9245: 9022: 8935: 8650: 8286: 7512:

Britain's behaviour towards its former colony has been shameful. The UN resolution changes everything

7021:"Linguistic imperialism and language decolonisation in Africa through documentation and preservation" 5116:""Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal" 4923:

Naicker, Veeran (2023). "The problem of epistemological critique in contemporary Decolonial theory".

4830:"Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination" 3525: 3307: 3255: 2951: 2928: 1910: 1688: 1334: 1321: 1254: 505: 218: 209: 118: 31: 5868:

Masselos, Jim (1985). "Audiences, actors and congress dramas: Crowd events in Bombay city in 1930".

3310:

has written about colonization and decolonization in the film universe. Born in Ethiopia, filmmaker

9230: 9215: 9012: 8855: 8827: 8765: 8406: 8229: 7987:

Ending empire in the Middle East: Britain, the United States and post-war decolonisation, 1945–1973

6843:"Aleksanteri Conference takes a stand for Ukraine | Aleksanteri Institute | University of Helsinki" 6001:

Wong, Kwok Chu (1982). "The Jones Bills 1912–16: A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence".

4829: 4611: 4162: 4157: 3612: 3589: 3543: 3372: 3155: 2540: 2369: 2228: 1922: 1701: 1462: 1381: 1145: 1023: 996: 747: 660:'s unilateral declaration of independence in 1965 was not recognized by the UK or internationally. 434: 430: 189: 137: 7886: 7320: 7253:"Power of the dead and language of the living: The Wanderings of Nationalist Memory in Cameroon", 2842:

in August 1991 accelerated the breakup of the USSR, which formally ended on 26 December 1991. The

1034:

has spoken of the necessity of a "decolonisation of memory", starting with the recognition of the

803:. During that war, the British gained support from Jews and Arabs by making promises to both (see 9445: 9314: 9220: 8986: 8812: 8563: 7968:

Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan

7346: 7112: 6986: 3143: 2062:

includes all 55 African states. There are several regional associations of states, including the

1953: 1546: 1545:

and by the same year nationalist forces had begun organizing in Portugal. Revolts (preceding the

1170: 972: 755:

was relatively small. Most of that was initiated by repressive British administrators, as in the

513: 181: 7894:"The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962" 7399: 5335: 9225: 9182: 9177: 9110: 9017: 8962: 8760: 8690: 8496: 7749: 7085: 4017: 4012: 3383: 3228: 2622: 2589: 2498: 2063: 1807: 1624:

The Netherlands had spent centuries building up its empire. By 1940 it consisted mostly of the

1534: 1527: 1511: 1416: 1384:

started in 1937, and Japan occupied much of eastern China, including the Republic's capital at

1046: 942: 930:, as League of Nations mandates. Lebanon declared its independence in 1943, and Syria in 1945. 844: 800: 446: 169: 7926:

The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire

6621: 6488: 6186:

The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire

1942:

After Italy's defeat in World War II, France and the UK occupied the former Italian colonies.

1798: 1632:(now Jakarta) and other major cities. The Netherlands was overrun and almost starved to death 263:

analyses view decolonisation as a result of economic shifts toward wage labor and an enlarged

132:

and power, central to the concept of decolonization, can be found as early as the writings of

9081: 8863: 8844: 8640: 8553: 8537: 8221: 7306: 6211: 5950: 4537:

their voice in metropolitan assemblies whose affairs affected them long after independence."

3428: 3356:

Some decolonized countries maintain strong economic ties with the former colonial power. The

2919: 2425: 2232: 2120: 1939:

In 1945, Africa had four independent countries – Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa.

1906: 1558: 1431: 1354: 1227: 872: 792: 756: 740: 656:

in 1957. All of the British colonies on mainland Africa became independent by 1966, although

525: 359: 223: 7154: 7077: 3583: 3386:

argues that the post–World War II decolonization was brought about for economic reasons. In

875:

was constructed as recognition of these efforts, the French state had no intention to allow

9440: 9342: 9258: 9235: 8930: 8839: 8715: 8521: 8486: 6516:"Introductory Note, Declaration of the Establishment of a New International Economic Order" 4712: 4647: 4576: 3336: 3117: 2682: 2453: 1898: 1777: 1721: 1567: 1518:

had a large and particularly long-lasting colonial empire which had begun in 1415 with the

1341:

in schools. Other methods such as public interaction, and attempts to eradicate the use of

1301: 1231: 1069: 904: 559: 554:

became independent in 1922, although the UK retained security prerogatives, control of the

271: 8181:

United Nations Trusteeship Agreements listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing

7883:

Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire

6417: 6396: 5853:

Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith.

5771:

The age of the Democratic Revolution: a political history of Europe and America, 1760–1800

2507:

Western European colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945

823:. The British eventually pulled out, and the former Mandate territory was divided between 8: 9400: 9143: 9125: 8548: 8461: 7147:"Origins: History of immigration from Zimbabwe – Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia" 6817: 5920: 4652: 4502: 3694: 3247: 3240: 2907: 2634: 2417: 2397: 2377: 1757: 1289: 1210: 1035: 1018:

gained their independence from France. In 1960, eight independent countries emerged from

984: 804: 788: 668: 303: 122: 82: 7993:

Smith, Tony (January 1978). "A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization".

6313: 4886:"Calcified identities: Persisting essentialism in academic collections of human remains" 1395:

by invading the European and U.S. colonies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including

1118: 77:

As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from their respective

39: 9395: 8730: 8501: 8317: 8273: 8215: 8047: 8039: 8010: 7913: 7792: 7784: 7704: 7645: 7583: 6963: 6664: 6422: 6364: 6356: 6262: 6254: 6113: 6020: 5989: 5924: 5916: 5895:

Papadakis, Yiannis (2008). "Narrative, Memory and History Education in Divided Cyprus:

5805: 5752: 5717: 5682: 5619: 5611: 5569: 5534: 5499: 5464: 5393: 5283: 5248: 5201: 5155: 5145: 5015: 4940: 4905: 4810: 4586: 4581: 4465: 3745: 2934:

After the 2022 Russian invasion, scholars of Eastern Europe and Central Asia Studies ("

2811: 2810:

A protest sign from the second half of the 20th century calling on the U.N. to abolish

2654: 2524: 2485: 2013: 2009: 1887: 1883: 1745: 1741: 1692: 1637: 1330: 1316: 1215: 1186: 1088: 1019: 1015: 1011: 896: 820: 698:

and Pakistan. India and Pakistan fought several wars over the former princely state of

679: 544: 418: 339: 333: 291: 110: 7980:

Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention

5952:

The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict: 8th edition

4814: 3314:

describes the "colonization of the unconscious" he describes experiencing as a child:

2565:

The Allied powers divided Korea into two occupation zones, which became the states of

967: 9278: 9192: 9090: 8939: 8506: 8327: 8123: 8084: 8051: 8014: 7957: 7917: 7823: 7796: 7729: 7676: 7649: 7601:

Lee, Alexander; Paine, Jack (2019). "What Were the Consequences of Decolonization?".

7587: 7457: 7270: 7213: 7129: 7089: 7078: 7000: 6990: 6967: 6910: 6906: 6627: 6494: 6426: 6368: 6295: 6285: 6266: 6217: 6160: 6117: 6066: 6043: 6024: 5956: 5928: 5756: 5721: 5686: 5642: 5623: 5375: 5365: 5316: 5306: 5287: 5240: 5205: 5193: 5149: 5137: 5094: 5042: 5005: 4944: 4909: 4864: 4841: 4800: 4751: 4606: 4571: 3413: 3346: 3220: 3216: 3200: 2863: 2670: 2272: 1982: 1658: 1625: 1571: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1519: 1474: 1338: 1190: 1040: 953: 911:

in 1925. However, these movements would gain full potential only after World War II.

816: 796: 731: 711: 521: 455: 309: 221:

explored the cultural and linguistic legacies of colonialism in the influential book

177: 6718:"Що таке деколонізація, чому вона важлива і як буде здійснюватися згідно з законом?" 5088: 3859: 3650: 3570: 3554: 3444: 3172: 1165: 282:

has critiqued the emancipatory potential of enlightenment thought, highlighting its

9063: 9053: 8423: 8031: 8002: 7905: 7776: 7668: 7637: 7610: 7573: 7274: 7126:

Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture

7028: 6953: 6943: 6902: 6656: 6412: 6348: 6246: 6105: 6012: 5946: 5908: 5877: 5744: 5709: 5674: 5603: 5561: 5526: 5491: 5456: 5342: 5275: 5232: 5183: 5127: 4997: 4932: 4897: 4792: 4566: 4490: 4416: 4411: 4220: 4215: 4075: 4070: 3798: 3713: 3539: 3460: 3151: 3088: 3048: 2746: 2593: 1927: 1725: 1591: 1523: 1470: 1412: 1396: 1223: 1114: 1108: 980: 964:) to violent repression: one year of bitter fighting, 11,000–40,000 Malagasy died. 927: 854: 707: 629: 583: 493:

The emergence of Indigenous political parties was especially characteristic of the

476: 342:

was a revolt in 1789 and subsequent slave uprising in 1791 in the French colony of

6515: 6109: 4936: 3900:, under "Chapter XI: Declaration Regarding Non-Self Governing Territories" of the 2535:

Japan expanded its occupation of Chinese territory during the 1930s, and occupied

620: 574:

established full legislative independence for them. The equal dominions were six–

9347: 9329: 9263: 9153: 9120: 9115: 8705: 8628: 8445: 8307: 8066: 7672: 7542: 7374: 7266: 6352: 4662: 3829: 3739: 3664: 3635: 3573: 3515: 3502: 3448: 3395: 3269:

by France was particularly uneasy due to the large European population (see also

3212: 3167: 3113: 2982: 2935: 2001: 1872: 1827: 1815: 1733: 1649: 1493: 1376:, the last Manchu emperor of China. In 1933 Japan seized the Chinese province of 1342: 1238: 1092: 1058: 923: 727: 694:, states ruled by monarchs in a treaty of subsidiary alliance with Britain, were 389: 149: 71: 30:

This article is about the undoing of colonialism. For medical interventions, see

5032: 1992:

Most independent African countries exist within prior colonial borders. However

1989:, Africa's last UN Trust Territory, became independent of South Africa in 1990. 1716:

Czechoslovak anti-colonialist propaganda poster: "Africa – in fight for freedom"

9352: 9273: 9197: 9187: 9167: 8894: 8386: 8256: 8035: 8022:

Smith, Tony (1974). "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946-58".

7848: 7278: 7238:

A Black War: Investigation into the origins of the Rwandan genocide (1959-1994)

7182: 6250: 5942: 5447:

Strang, David (December 1991). "Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987".

5035:"Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples" 4628: 4557: 4437: 4358: 4249: 4244: 4208: 4203: 4179: 4174: 4150: 4145: 4121: 4116: 4092: 4087: 4063: 4058: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4005: 4000: 3976: 3971: 3947: 3942: 3897: 3849: 3840: 3511: 3399: 3129: 3109: 3005: 2969: 2646: 2617: 2536: 2528: 2364: 2087: 1997: 1876: 1851: 1691:

territories which had not achieved independence by 1945, along with the former

1458: 1404: 1242: 1080: 892: 778: 722: 691: 508:. Some were administered directly by the UK, and others by British dominions – 494: 488: 343: 185: 165: 157: 153: 102: 8006: 7803:

Darwin, John. "Decolonisation and the End of Empire" in Robin W. Winks, ed.,

7788: 7641: 7578: 7561: 6660: 6016: 5912: 5881: 5713: 5678: 5607: 5236: 5188: 5171: 4901: 4885: 4796: 1031: 605:. These reforms included creating elected legislative councils in some of the 9429: 9379: 8807: 8725: 8670: 8608: 8418: 7293: 7283: 6472:

Laszlo, Ervin; Baker, Robert Jr.; Eisenberg, Elliott; Raman, Venkata (1978).

6299: 5748: 5379: 5320: 5244: 5197: 5141: 5132: 5115: 4845: 4591: 4521: 4387: 4382: 4295: 4290: 4266: 4261: 4237: 4232: 3815: 3684: 3284: 3190: 3083: 2815: 2769: 2292: 2059: 1902: 1835: 1831: 1819: 1762:

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

1666: 1653: 1641: 1600: 1595: 1427: 1377: 1350: 1273: 1096: 1004: 1000: 957: 675: 638: 634: 529: 347: 317: 279: 243: 145: 7973:

The Invention of Decolonisation: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France

7871: 7004: 6948: 6931: 4736:

Note however discussion of (for example) the Russian and Nazi empires below.

1806:(HDI) is a quantitative index of development, an alternative to the classic 1489: 1388:. An estimated 20 million Chinese died during the 1931–1945 war with Japan. 466:. Days before Napoleon invaded Portugal, in 1807 the Portuguese royal court 9337: 9172: 9130: 9073: 8949: 8886: 8740: 8616: 8350: 8340: 7744:

The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonisation

7506: 7234:

Une guerre noire: Enquête sur les origines du génocide rwandais (1959-1994)

7032: 5019: 4133: 4128: 3773: 3601: 3323: 3311: 3262: 3147: 3138:

Except for a few absolute monarchies, most post-colonial states are either

2895: 2710: 2658: 2476: 2433: 2401: 2216: 2104: 1478: 1454: 1420: 1392: 1305: 1269: 1161: 946: 934: 900: 880: 703: 664: 579: 451: 409: 239: 214: 197: 193: 173: 106: 90: 5279: 5093:. Internet Archive. New York : Praeger Publishers, Inc. p. 278. 2806: 1498: 1353:

among the Indigenous peoples, were seen to be used. Japan also set up the

9100: 9085: 9045: 8695: 8680: 8675: 8364: 8345: 8335: 7614: 4621: 4509: 4458: 4324: 4319: 3909: 3565: 3403: 3350: 3275:), which largely evacuated to France when Algeria became independent. In 3251: 3063: 2789: 2774: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2448: 2409: 2220: 2020:

merged with Ethiopia in 1952, but became an independent country in 1993.

1855: 1811: 1662: 1281: 1250: 1153: 1149: 914:

After World War I, France administered the former Ottoman territories of

884: 863: 752: 598: 533: 501: 426: 264: 161: 59: 55: 7375:"Non-Self-Governing Territories | The United Nations and Decolonization" 7047: 6668: 6580:

Decolonisation: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960

6360: 5809: 5615: 5362:

The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options

5252: 5220: 5001: 4787:

Betts, Raymond F. (2012). "Decolonization a brief history of the word".

274:. Enlightenment social and political theories such as individualism and 9158: 8834: 8822: 8621: 8411: 7853:

Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France."

7524: 7482: 7210:

From Kung Fu to Hip Hop: Globalization, Revolution, and Popular Culture

6958: 6683:"Geographical names associated with Russia have been banned in Ukraine" 6198:

Decolonisation: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919–63

5573: 5538: 5503: 5468: 5346: 5336:"Exploring the intellectual foundations of Egyptian national education" 5303:

Crafting Qualitative Research: Working in the Postpositivist Traditions

4687: 4677: 4616: 4104: 4099: 3497: 3353:

to redistribute land to individual farmers or create collective farms.

3349:. Some nationalized industries and infrastructure, and some engaged in 2903: 2891: 2871: 2867: 2851: 2823: 2750: 2597: 2300: 2296: 2240: 2204: 2156: 2132: 1863: 1764:. The next year, the first Non-Aligned Movement conference was held in 1753: 1644:. By the time Dutch soldiers returned, an independent government under 1277: 1137: 950: 768: 760: 648:

Independence for the colonies in Africa began with the independence of

555: 413: 351: 275: 133: 63: 8043: 6258: 5589:"The Political Economy of Imperialism, Decolonization and Development" 5517:

Strang, David (1991). "Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500–1987".

5154:

For them, indigenous sovereignty is linked with identity and right to

2922:

and subsequent Russian occupation of parts of Ukraine, Ukraine passed

1966: 849: 458:

proclaims himself Emperor of an independent Brazil on 7 September 1822

7754:

Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century

7020: 6767:"How the Field was Colonized: Russian History's Ukrainian Blind Spot" 5033:

Adopted by General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) (14 December 1960).

4682: 4513: 4481: 4473: 4191: 4186: 3699: 3357: 3271: 3039: 2879: 2794: 2714: 2690: 2662: 2642: 2581: 2511: 2481: 2152: 2148: 2058:

African countries cooperate in various multi-state associations. The

1859: 1843: 1408: 1400: 1369: 1185:

was eventually granted independence. In 1917, the U.S. purchased the

876: 517: 78: 8885: 5565: 5530: 5495: 5460: 5420:"Africa's student movements: history sheds light on modern activism" 2503: 1160:. Deciding not to annex Cuba outright, the U.S. established it as a 937:

in Algeria in the course of the nation's resistance to French rule.

887:

in the colonies became stronger in between the two wars, leading to

376: 125:

continue to make demands for decolonization and self-determination.

8381: 8216:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7909: 7780: 6692: 6408: 5837:"Canada and the League of Nations | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 3959: 3954: 3845: 3819: 3680: 3292: 3280: 3276: 3139: 2990: 2741: 2722: 2666: 2630: 2559: 2520: 2457: 2429: 2405: 2381: 2287: 2252: 2188: 2140: 2136: 2036: 2024: 1978: 1974: 1823: 1765: 1712: 1670: 1515: 1297: 988: 764: 706:

was integrated into India between 1950 and 1954, and India annexed

687: 657: 567: 396: 235: 201: 129: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163: 7875: 7812:

Decolonisation: The British, Dutch, and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963

6623:

Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition: In the West 1560–1991

6578:

for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini,

6237:

Baudet, Henri (1969). "The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire".

5090:

Indians of the Americas : human rights and self determination

3291:

as a result of Britain colonizing both India and East Africa, and

1814:. While the GDP only calculates economic wealth, the HDI includes 1707: 1129: 9390: 8151: 7820:

Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968

7805:

The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 5: Historiography

7628:

Duong, Kevin (May 2021). "Universal Suffrage as Decolonization".

6594:"Barbados ditches Britain's Queen Elizabeth to become a republic" 4994:

Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination

4336: 4331: 3988: 3983: 3876: 3836:

Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab

3804: 3778: 3703: 3669: 3266: 3224: 3024: 2899: 2883: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2718: 2674: 2638: 2393: 2389: 2373: 2332: 2323: 2248: 2244: 2200: 2180: 2176: 2144: 2100: 2052: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1986: 1985:

that year and Zimbabwe the next, and until 1994 in South Africa.

1970: 1947: 1847: 1749: 1729: 1645: 1385: 1346: 1261:

the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight

1194: 1104: 919: 401: 260: 27:

Undoing political, economic and cultural legacies of colonisation

7543:"Chagos Islands dispute: Mauritius calls US and UK 'hypocrites'" 7502:"At last, the Chagossians have a real chance of going back home" 6175:

Solihull, UK (Helion Studies in Military History, No. 12), 2012.

4772:

Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1826: Old and New World Origins

3728: 2596:

in 1975. In 2002, former Portuguese Timor became independent as

8139: 7726:

The Wind of Change: Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization

7400:"Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism" 6446:. Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from 4517: 4441: 4404: 4399: 4375: 4370: 3880: 3787: 3763: 3624: 3288: 3019: 2986: 2887: 2875: 2705: 2686: 2650: 2421: 2385: 2336: 2308: 2184: 2171: 2128: 2124: 2112: 1839: 1562: 1502:

advancing in the African jungle in the early 1960s, during the

824: 782: 575: 463: 67: 8251: 7525:"Chagos Islands dispute: UK misses deadline to return control" 6173:

Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War 1961–74

5639:

Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition

2039:

remain monarchies under dynasties that predate colonial rule.

1263:

with the equitable government whose title is to be determined.

8735: 8441: 8433: 8073:

Crises of Empire: Decolonisation and Europe's imperial states

7241: 4447:

Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism

4425: 4353: 4348: 3810: 3759: 3596: 3186: 3182: 3096: 3068: 3044: 2974: 2754: 2678: 2516: 2267: 2236: 2212: 2208: 2116: 2096: 2092: 2048: 2044: 1943: 1219: 915: 868: 683: 653: 649: 642: 551: 509: 355: 6866: 6864: 2343: 1850:

generally have better standards of living than countries in

1372:

from the Republic of China, setting up a puppet state under

8453: 5120:

AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples

4307: 4302: 3871: 2978: 2940:

Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies

2726: 2224: 2196: 2192: 1380:, and incorporated it into its Manchurian possessions. The 1373: 1157: 992: 590:, a League of Nations mandate, became independent in 1932. 587: 422: 7052:

Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers (Archive)

6554:

The transfer of power in Africa: decolonisation, 1940–1960

3436:, Britain's last Viceroy of India, and his wife Vicereine 1756:, Premier of the People's Republic of China. In 1960, the 1214:

European creditors by administering customs duties in the

1148:

in 1898, the US added most of Spain's remaining colonies:

8710: 8212:

Colonial Empires after the First World War/Decolonisation

7867: 6861: 6592:

Faulconbridge, Guy; Ellsworth, Brian (30 November 2021).

6471: 6314:"Non-Aligned Movement | Definition, Mission, & Facts" 717: 7483:"Chagos Islands dispute: UK obliged to end control – UN" 6098:

Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

6040:

The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898

3423: 2834:

in 1964, and both islands became independent republics.

1768:(1961), and was followed in 1964 by the creation of the 641:(1909–1972) who was inspired by the works of Garvey led 242:, such issues are increasingly discussed under the term 7948:(Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp 6042:. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 166, 178. 5221:"Thucydides and Hegemony: Athens and the United States" 4861:

Against decolonisation: taking African agency seriously

2555: 1973:

remain part of France. However the black majorities in

1744:, head of Egypt. In 1955 these leaders gathered at the 1704:

elected to become a commonwealth of the United States.

1272:, the U.S. poured tens of billions of dollars into the 1101:

occupy the Dominican Republic and restore colonial rule

7665:

The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State

6936:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics

6591: 6474:

The Objectives of the New International Economic Order

6157:

Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines

5897:

A Comparison of Schoolbooks on the "History of Cyprus"

5824:

International Law in Historical Perspective, Volume II

5418:

Hodgkinson, Dan; Melchiorre, Luke (18 February 2019).

1897:

The 1990s were characterized by the prevalence of the

1426:, and shortly after occupied and annexed the southern 7559: 5169: 4708:

United Nations list of non-self-governing territories

7178:"Once Outcasts, Asians Again Drive Uganda's Economy" 5417: 4834:

Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society

4547: 1977:

and South Africa were disenfranchised until 1979 in

1091:, often unwillingly. With support from Britain, its 230:"Decolonization" has also been used to refer to the 8071:Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. 6932:"Global Language Politics: Eurasia versus the Rest" 6038:Levinson, Sanford; Sparrow, Bartholomew H. (2005). 1676: 1140:

administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986

8599:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 8589:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 5170:Allard-Tremblay, Yann; Coburn, Elaine (May 2023). 4996:. Princeton University Press. pp. 14, 73–74. 4863:. African arguments. London: Hurst & Company. 4750:. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 255–257. 2460:(1954, both becoming constituent countries of the 1961:on becoming an overseas department of France, 2009 1770:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1164:with obligations including the perpetual lease of 8081:Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945 7347:"Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian" 6279: 4883: 4748:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4527: 421:. The mainland was free, and in 1898, Spain lost 9427: 8776:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 8746:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 7289:Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard 5941: 5784:The emerging nations and the American Revolution 2996: 2960: 2608: 2355: 2078: 999:ended France's occupation of Indochina, leaving 437:of the US, but Cuba became independent in 1902. 8462:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) 8205:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 8193:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 7723: 6646: 6441:"Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries" 6037: 3074: 2942:(ASEEES) in Philadelphia in November–December. 2760: 1810:(GDP), which some use as a proxy to define the 1708:The emergence of the Third World (1945–present) 1638:it did so by depending on British military help 1333:, the former German colony in Micronesia, as a 983:withdrew from the French Union, leading to the 8442:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) 7936:Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956 7560:Allard-Tremblay, Yann; Coburn, Elaine (2023). 7281:for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to 6790: 4884:Kurzwelly, Jonatan; Wilckens, Malin S (2023). 4636:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 4454:of colonialism". Furthermore, on 19 May 2015, 3261:In a few cases, settler populations have been 1724:constituted itself around the main figures of 1442: 8871: 8584:New World Information and Communication Order 8237: 8169:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 6883:Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, William J. Folt, eds, 6874:2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 6493:. New York City: Penguin Press. p. 310. 6209: 5586: 3108:Typical challenges of decolonization include 3054: 2780: 2484:(1979, became an autonomous territory of the 2439: 2074:, some of which have overlapping membership. 2023:Most African countries became independent as 1616:Dutch soldiers in the East Indies during the 1415:, and others. Following its surrender to the 1391:In December 1941, the empire of Japan joined 1074:Timeline of United States military operations 7855:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 7109:"Pieds-noirs": ceux qui ont choisi de rester 6619: 4633: 3378: 2945: 1522:and ended only in 1999 with the handover of 1304:in 2001, establishing army and air bases in 7701:A diplomatic history of the American people 7431:. United Nations University. Archived from 7203: 7201: 6897:Mylonas, Harris (2017). "Nation-Building". 6764: 6520:UN Audiovisual Library of International Law 6490:Governing the World: The History of an Idea 5986:A diplomatic history of the American people 5855:The Making of the West Peoples and Cultures 5699: 5047:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3915: 3030: 2801: 2584:'s independence in 1949, after a four-year 2531:) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948 2404:as head of state, transition to republic); 1916: 1654:Indonesian Republic successfully suppressed 1204:U.N. list of non-self-governing territories 714:merged with India by popular vote in 1975. 8878: 8864: 8244: 8230: 7995:Comparative Studies in Society and History 7951: 7425:"Residual Colonialism In The 21St Century" 6980: 6385:, pp. 603–604, 2007 edition, Vintage Books 6375: 5870:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 5219:Lebow, Richard Ned; Kelly, Robert (2001). 5218: 4959:"Residual Colonialism In The 21St Century" 4827: 4673:Repatriation and reburial of human remains 2732: 2436:as head of state, transition to republic). 2278: 1574:, and lesser insurrections in Mozambique. 1241:were preconditions addressed by President 1111:and opposed the direct division of China. 93:has been disputed and received criticism. 8771:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 7946:The Routledge companion to decolonisation 7891: 7843:Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. 7577: 7118: 7102: 6957: 6947: 6929: 6416: 6407:(2). Institute for Contemporary History, 6342: 5894: 5664: 5187: 5131: 5113: 3369:Economic Community of West African States 3193:to commemorate the country's independence 2492: 2467: 2344:Decolonization in the Americas after 1945 2314: 2072:Economic Community of West African States 1776:(NIEO). The NIEO was opposed to the 1944 1290:1965 occupation of the Dominican Republic 995:became independent in 1953, and the 1954 249: 7600: 7198: 7048:"Settler colonialism and decolonisation" 7045: 5867: 5795: 5037:. The United Nations and Decolonisation. 4991: 3443: 3427: 3171: 3010: 2805: 2696: 2577:became independent of the U.S. in 1946. 2539:during World War II. After the war, the 2510: 2502: 2162: 1952: 1926: 1797: 1711: 1611: 1488: 1315: 1209:The Monroe Doctrine was expanded by the 1128: 1113: 966: 848: 721: 619: 597:, the UK made successive reforms to the 543:Members of the Irish delegation for the 538: 450: 375: 358:secured independence from France as the 38: 8527:OPEC Fund for International Development 7018: 6896: 6885:Nation Building in Comparative Contexts 6765:Smith-Peter, Susan (14 December 2022). 6486: 6394: 6388: 5734: 5587:Gartzke, Erik; Rohner, Dominic (2011). 5551: 5359: 5265: 4922: 4698:Indigenous survival during colonization 3330: 2258: 1946:became an independent kingdom in 1951. 1648:was in power, originally set up by the 1447: 799:after World War I, initially including 254:In the two hundred years following the 58:, the latter being the process whereby 14: 9428: 8736:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 7766: 7662: 7452: 7450: 7212:. State University of New York Press. 6738: 6236: 6095: 5804:(4). Fernand Braudel Center: 497–531. 5636: 5516: 5481: 5446: 5333: 5300: 3365:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3265:. For instance, the decolonization of 3234: 2068:Southern African Development Community 1697:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 1134:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 718:Violence, civil warfare, and partition 320:in 1776, and defeating Britain in the 297: 115:UN General Assembly Resolution in 1960 43:Map of the year each country achieved 8859: 8225: 8078: 8021: 7992: 7627: 7499: 7369: 7367: 7175: 7169: 6930:Kamusella, Tomasz (1 December 2020). 6507: 6465: 6418:10.29362/IST20VEKA.2017.2.BOG.101-118 6324:from the original on 27 February 2021 6132:"Remember role in ending fascist war" 5857:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008. 5660: 5658: 5442: 5440: 5086: 4858: 4828:Corntassel, Jeff (8 September 2012). 4786: 4643:Organisation of Ibero-American States 3508:Portuguese colonial admiministration 3424:Assassinated anti-colonialist leaders 1728:, the first Prime Minister of India, 975:, escorted by Vietnamese troops, 1954 440: 372:Spanish American wars of independence 327: 294:with liberty, equality, and dignity. 9358:Postcolonial international relations 8721:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group 8594:United Nations Development Programme 8492:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 7817: 7718:France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960 7207: 7075: 7069: 6000: 5826:. Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff. Pp. 76–68. 5596:British Journal of Political Science 4782: 4780: 4745: 3459:, was murdered by Belgian-supported 3223:. With the exception of colonies in 1424:declared war on Japan in August 1945 956:led the French government headed by 922:, and the former German colonies of 645:to independence from colonial rule. 284:erasure of Indigenous epistemologies 9299:— Predecessors of sovereign states 7447: 7232:Gabriel Périès and David Servenay, 6282:Jawaharlal Nehru.: an autobiography 5061: 4985: 4496: 3891: 2916:annexed Ukraine's Crimean peninsula 1913:" for the former Communist states. 1535:Portugal was an authoritarian state 1183:Territory of the Philippine Islands 382:Chilean Declaration of Independence 24: 8569:Global System of Trade Preferences 7892:McDougall, James (December 2017). 7724:Butler, L.; Stockwell, S. (2013). 7692: 7364: 7080:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia 7025:African Linguistics on the Prairie 6791:Administration (2 November 2012). 6004:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5866:On the nonviolent methodology see 5655: 5545: 5437: 5327: 5026: 3906:Non-Self Governing Nations (NSGSs) 3536:Spanish colonial admiministration 3206: 3161: 2464:), 1975 (independence of Suriname) 1772:(UNCTAD) which tried to promote a 682:into the independent dominions of 365: 81:, decolonization began in 1775 in 25: 9462: 8103: 7954:Memories of Post-Imperial Nations 7761:The wars of French decolonisation 7630:American Political Science Review 5364:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5114:Shrinkhal, Rashwet (March 2021). 4777: 4739: 4703:Timeline of national independence 3301: 3146:. These new states had to devise 3123: 1886:occurred in the wake of the 1979 1826:as fundamental factors of a good 482: 479:, which later became a republic. 362:, which later became a republic. 9320:Sovereign states formation dates 8579:New International Economic Order 8559:Infrastructure-based development 8198: 8186: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8138: 7982:(Oxford University Press, 2004). 7656: 7621: 7594: 7553: 7535: 7517: 7493: 7475: 6541:Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule 6345:The International History Review 5068:(Thesis). University of Victoria 4668:Repatriation (cultural heritage) 4550: 4410: 4398: 4381: 4369: 4347: 4330: 4318: 4301: 4289: 4272: 4260: 4243: 4231: 4214: 4202: 4185: 4173: 4156: 4144: 4127: 4115: 4098: 4086: 4069: 4057: 4040: 4028: 4011: 3999: 3982: 3970: 3953: 3941: 3749:National Union of Popular Forces 3655:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3642:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3561:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon 3076: 3056: 3032: 3012: 2998: 2962: 2782: 2762: 2734: 2698: 2610: 2469: 2441: 2357: 2329:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2316: 2280: 2260: 2164: 2080: 1931:British decolonisation in Africa 1774:New International Economic Order 1683:United Nations trust territories 1677:United Nations trust territories 1063: 838: 759:, or the police assaults on the 751:of organised violence under the 310:Thirteen North American colonies 8701:G33 developing countries (G-33) 8397:World Conference against Racism 8292:Heavily indebted poor countries 8282:Landlocked developing countries 8024:Journal of Contemporary History 7978:Simpson, Alfred William Brian. 7845:Decolonisation: A Short History 7603:International Studies Quarterly 7500:Sands, Philippe (24 May 2019). 7417: 7392: 7339: 7313: 7260: 7247: 7226: 7139: 7058: 7039: 7012: 6974: 6923: 6890: 6877: 6835: 6818:"BASEES Annual Conference 2022" 6810: 6784: 6758: 6745:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6739:Prince, Todd (1 January 2023). 6732: 6710: 6675: 6640: 6613: 6604: 6585: 6572: 6559: 6546: 6533: 6480: 6476:. New York, NY: Pergamon Press. 6433: 6336: 6306: 6273: 6239:Journal of Contemporary History 6230: 6203: 6190: 6178: 6165: 6149: 6124: 6089: 6059: 6031: 5994: 5978: 5969: 5935: 5888: 5860: 5847: 5829: 5816: 5789: 5776: 5763: 5728: 5693: 5630: 5580: 5519:International Studies Quarterly 5510: 5475: 5449:International Studies Quarterly 5411: 5386: 5353: 5294: 5259: 5225:Review of International Studies 5212: 5163: 5107: 5080: 5055: 4486:United Nations General Assembly 4472:between the United Kingdom and 3451:, first democratically elected 3388:A Journey Through Economic Time 2858:(formerly called Byelorussia,) 1752:, the leader of Indonesia, and 1467:Commonwealth of the Philippines 1123:Commonwealth of the Philippines 883:to the colonized people. Thus, 558:, and effective control of the 9411:Decolonization of public space 8781:Small Island Developing States 8574:Protocol on Trade Negotiations 7956:. Cambridge University Press. 7822:. Cambridge University Press. 7176:Lacey, Marc (17 August 2003). 7084:. New York: Garland. pp. 6907:10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0217 6872:Systematic Political Geography 6381:Jung Chang and John Halliday, 5841:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 5087:Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar (1984). 4951: 4916: 4877: 4852: 4821: 4764: 4730: 4658:Political history of the world 4602:Decolonization of public space 4597:Decolonization of the Americas 4528:Consequences of decolonization 4478:International Court of Justice 3298:for domestic political gain. 3093:Federated States of Micronesia 2414:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2350:Decolonization of the Americas 1669:, which became independent as 1618:Indonesian National Revolution 1607: 1510:As a result of its pioneering 1245:to the European powers at the 971:Captured French soldiers from 809:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 603:Government of India Act (1935) 412:, a Junta was created, but in 406:Viceroyalty of the River Plate 395:With the invasion of Spain by 13: 1: 9226:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) 8691:G20 developing nations (G-20) 8075:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015) 7898:The Journal of Modern History 7874:, retrieved: March 17, 2021 ( 7872:Institute of European History 7868:EGO – European History Online 7863:Decolonization and Revolution 7019:Agyekum, Kofi (23 May 2018). 6870:Glassner, Martin Ira (1980). 6720:(in Ukrainian). 22 March 2023 6698:(in Ukrainian). 22 March 2023 6626:. Routledge. pp. 202–3. 6110:10.1080/08263663.2017.1323615 6071:Welcome to the United Nations 4937:10.1080/02533952.2023.2226497 4724: 3902:Charter of the United Nations 3103: 2912:Russians in the Baltic states 2844:Republics of the Soviet Union 1437: 1202:removed Puerto Rico from the 1121:, the first president of the 1052: 743:, which later became Canada. 547:negotiations in December 1921 213:(1961) by Martiniquan author 142:breakup of the Spanish Empire 9406:Christianity and colonialism 8751:International Solar Alliance 8313:Newly industrialized country 8129:Resources in other libraries 7952:Rothermund, Dietmar (2015). 7673:10.1017/CBO9781139174053.012 6514:Mahiou, Ahmed (1 May 1974). 6353:10.1080/07075332.2010.489753 6216:. Amsterdam UP. p. 36. 5955:. Penguin Publishing Group. 5641:. Cornell University Press. 5554:American Sociological Review 5484:American Sociological Review 4279:United States Virgin Islands 3640:first Prime Minister of the 3472:list of assassinated leaders 3154:, and other institutions of 2635:British Mandate of Palestine 1732:, the Indonesian president, 1661:properties and expelled all 1526:to China. In 1822, Portugal 1028:Algerian War of Independence 595:Indian independence movement 566:declared the British Empire 472:Constitutionalist Revolution 144:in the 19th century; of the 7: 9374:Decolonization of knowledge 9297:Wars of national liberation 8818:International Monetary Fund 8517:Common Fund for Commodities 6981:Phillipson, Robert (1992). 6887:, New York, Atherton, 1966. 5737:Progress in Human Geography 5360:Mignolo, Walter D. (2011). 4693:Subaltern (postcolonialism) 4543: 3604:, Central African Republic 3546:, Viceroyalty of New Spain 3532:Mexican War of Independence 3516:Portuguese Colony of Brazil 2580:The Netherlands recognized 1586:that had taken place under 1539:António de Oliveira Salazar 1504:Angolan War of Independence 1484: 1443:Planning for decolonization 1363:Taihoku Imperial University 1226:and renounced by President 564:Balfour Declaration of 1926 232:intellectual decolonization 70:and the collapse of global 10: 9467: 8756:Melanesian Spearhead Group 8512:Caribbean Development Bank 8456:(BRICS minus South Africa) 8036:10.1177/002200947400900410 7840:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) 7046:Veracini, Lorenzo (2007). 6620:David Parker, ed. (2002). 6280:Nehru, Jawaharlal (2004). 6251:10.1177/002200946900400109 5667:International Organization 4500: 3432:Gandhi in 1947, with Lord 3334: 3238: 3165: 3127: 2949: 2840:Soviet coup d'état attempt 2552:People's Republic of China 2496: 2470: 2462:Kingdom of the Netherlands 2347: 2008:formed from the merger of 1957:Comorians protest against 1920: 1892:Latin American debt crisis 1804:UN Human Development Index 1680: 1577: 1481:took office as president. 1403:, the Philippines, Burma, 1173:, despite prosecuting the 1067: 1056: 842: 815:reached a climax with the 611:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 607:provinces of British India 506:League of Nations mandates 486: 444: 369: 331: 301: 256:American Revolutionary War 29: 9451:Aftermath of World War II 9366: 9328: 9287: 9152: 9072: 9044: 9035: 9000: 8948: 8908: 8901: 8794: 8659: 8651:World Health Organization 8607: 8535: 8474: 8432: 8372: 8363: 8326: 8300: 8287:Least developed countries 8272: 8263: 8124:Resources in your library 8007:10.1017/S0010417500008835 7642:10.1017/S0003055420000994 7579:10.1177/00323217211018127 7124:Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian. 7076:Cook, Bernard A. (2001). 6661:10.1080/01629779300000051 6649:Journal of Baltic Studies 6513: 6017:10.1017/S0022463400008687 5921:10.2979/his.2008.20.2.128 5913:10.2979/his.2008.20.2.128 5882:10.1080/00856408508723067 5714:10.1177/14634990122228818 5679:10.1017/S0020818313000027 5608:10.1017/S0007123410000232 5334:Sabrin, Mohammed (2013). 5301:Prasad, Pushkala (2005). 5237:10.1017/S0260210501005939 5189:10.1177/00323217211018127 5062:Roy, Audrey Jane (2001). 4963:United Nations University 4902:10.1177/14634996221133872 4797:10.1163/9789004260443_004 4791:. Brill. pp. 23–37. 4634: 4436:On 10 December 2010, the 3870:Portuguese secret police 3674: 3668: 3594: 3526:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 3379:Effects on the colonizers 3256:opposition to immigration 3144:constitutional monarchies 2952:Decolonisation of Oceania 2946:Decolonization of Oceania 2929:decolonization of Ukraine 1689:League of Nations mandate 1642:American financial grants 1359:Keijō Imperial University 1335:League of Nations Mandate 1255:League of Nations mandate 1007:independence recognized. 853:French poster about the " 757:Amritsar massacre of 1919 593:In response to a growing 210:The Wretched of the Earth 32:Decolonization (medicine) 8828:World Trade Organization 8766:Polynesian Leaders Group 8079:White, Nicholas (2013). 6567:Decolonisation in Africa 6395:Bogetić, Dragan (2017). 5822:J. H. W. Verzijl. 1969. 5749:10.1177/0309132517747315 5637:Spruyt, Hendrik (2018). 5268:Journal of World History 5133:10.1177/1177180121994681 4859:Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi (2022). 4789:Beyond Empire and Nation 4719: 4612:Exploitation colonialism 4476:. In February 2019, the 4163:Turks and Caicos Islands 3916:United Nations NSGS list 3590:Central African Republic 3588:leader of a nationalist 3373:Gulf Cooperation Council 3211:From the perspective of 3156:representative democracy 2846:became sovereign states— 2802:Decolonization in Europe 2541:Japanese colonial empire 2432:(2021, removal of Queen 2400:(1976, removal of Queen 2229:Central African Republic 1923:Decolonisation of Africa 1917:Decolonization of Africa 1736:the Communist leader of 1702:Northern Mariana Islands 1382:Second Sino-Japanese War 1311: 1024:French Equatorial Africa 813:ethno—religious violence 748:Indian Rebellion of 1857 570:as equals, and the 1931 435:unincorporated territory 433:. Puerto Rico became an 404:. In 1807 and 1808, the 318:United States of America 138:decolonization of Africa 128:Although discussions of 96: 9315:Independence referendum 8813:Global financial system 8564:Sustainable development 8253:South–South cooperation 6987:Oxford University Press 6949:10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0008 6899:International Relations 6318:Encyclopedia Britannica 4992:Getachew, Adom (2019). 4468:in the Indian Ocean is 4464:The sovereignty of the 4440:published its official 3755:Moroccan secret service 3620:Cameroon's People Union 2822:Italy had occupied the 1547:Portuguese Colonial War 1365:) to compel education. 1175:Philippine–American War 1171:McKinley administration 979:In 1946, the states of 899:and to the creation of 514:Territory of New Guinea 286:and failure to provide 9436:History of colonialism 8629:Pharmaceutical patents 8497:Asian Development Bank 8155:Quotations related to 7860:Klose, Fabian (2014), 7847:(Princeton UP, 2017). 7750:Chamberlain, Muriel E. 7257:(June 1986), pp. 37-72 7128:. ABC-CLIO, LLC 2013. 7033:10.5281/zenodo.1251718 6983:Linguistic Imperialism 6487:Mazower, Mark (2012). 6383:Mao: The Unknown Story 6347:. 32: 2 (2): 253–271. 6210:Frances Gouda (2002). 5702:Anthropological Theory 5398:Global Security Theory 4890:Anthropological Theory 4815:10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm.5 4424:"On 26 February 1976, 4018:British Virgin Islands 3676:Belgian secret service 3464: 3441: 3409: 3384:John Kenneth Galbraith 3320: 3229:Linguistic imperialism 3195: 2819: 2590:Netherlands New Guinea 2532: 2508: 2499:Decolonisation of Asia 2493:Decolonization of Asia 2064:East African Community 1962: 1932: 1867: 1808:Gross Domestic Product 1717: 1621: 1568:a left-wing revolution 1530:, its largest colony. 1528:lost control of Brazil 1507: 1368:In 1931, Japan seized 1325: 1247:Paris Peace Conference 1141: 1126: 1047:multiethnic population 976: 945:, and substituted the 858: 845:French colonial empire 735: 625: 624:British Empire in 1952 572:Statute of Westminster 548: 470:. In 1820 there was a 459: 447:Independence of Brazil 385: 280:decolonial scholarship 250:Independence movements 64:independence movements 48: 8845:Global digital divide 8731:Afro–Asian Conference 8641:Test data exclusivity 8554:Flying geese paradigm 7944:Rothermund, Dietmar. 7885:(Cambridge UP, 2013) 7857:42#5 (2014): 787–825. 7818:Hyam, Ronald (2007). 7307:The National Interest 7151:Museumvictoria.com.au 6552:William Roger Louis, 5305:. London: Routledge. 5280:10.1353/jwh.2001.0042 3809:French secret police 3595:French secret police 3447: 3431: 3392: 3316: 3175: 2920:2022 Russian invasion 2809: 2586:independence struggle 2514: 2506: 2426:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2305:São Tomé and Príncipe 2233:Republic of the Congo 2121:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1956: 1930: 1907:structural adjustment 1801: 1715: 1615: 1492: 1355:Imperial Universities 1319: 1228:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1132: 1117: 1057:Further information: 970: 873:Great Mosque of Paris 852: 843:Further information: 741:British North America 725: 696:integrated into India 623: 601:, culminating in the 542: 526:Union of South Africa 454: 379: 224:Decolonising the Mind 105:(UN) states that the 42: 9343:Internal colonialism 8840:Financial regulation 8716:Non-Aligned Movement 8522:New Development Bank 8487:Asian Clearing Union 8448:(BRICS minus Russia) 8147:at Wikimedia Commons 7667:. pp. 278–296. 7208:Kato, M. T. (2012). 6565:John D. Hargreaves, 4713:Wars of independence 4648:Partition (politics) 4577:Coloniality of power 4456:UN Secretary-General 3929:Administering Power 3461:Katangan separatists 3337:Economic development 3331:Economic development 3118:economic development 2908:non-Russian-speakers 2683:United Arab Emirates 2588:. Indonesia annexed 2454:Netherlands Antilles 1899:Washington consensus 1778:Bretton Woods system 1722:Non-Aligned Movement 1463:Tydings–McDuffie Act 1448:U.S. and Philippines 1302:September 11 attacks 1265:See also point XII. 1232:Good Neighbor Policy 1146:Spanish–American War 1070:American imperialism 954:nationalist uprising 905:Star of North Africa 560:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 431:Spanish–American War 314:declare independence 272:Age of Enlightenment 9401:Uncontacted peoples 9252:Mostly contiguous: 9126:settler colonialism 9091:Chartered companies 8549:Developmental state 7881:Lawrence, Adria K. 7746:(Bloomsbury, 2002). 7531:. 22 November 2019. 7489:. 25 February 2019. 6159:(1992) pp. 138–60. 5782:Richard B. Morris, 5002:10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg 4746:Hack, Karl (2008). 4653:Periphery countries 4503:Settler colonialism 3695:Pierre Ngendandumwe 3613:Félix-Roland Moumié 3418:without its burdens 3248:settler colonialism 3241:Settler colonialism 3235:Settled populations 3189:'s first president 3179:Black Star Monument 2418:Antigua and Barbuda 2398:Trinidad and Tobago 2378:Trinidad and Tobago 1875:which followed the 1758:UN General Assembly 1584:terrible atrocities 1572:Civil War in Angola 1533:From 1933 to 1974, 1211:Roosevelt Corollary 1200:UN General Assembly 1189:(later renamed the 1181:, set out that the 1125:(from 1935 to 1944) 1036:1961 Paris massacre 805:Balfour Declaration 669:subsidiary alliance 384:on 18 February 1818 304:American Revolution 298:American Revolution 123:settler colonialism 9396:Indigenous peoples 9139:Non-self-governing 8761:North–South Summit 8502:Arab Monetary Fund 8318:Transition economy 8210:James E. Kitchen: 8065:2015-02-24 at the 7924:MacQueen, Norrie. 7807:(1999) 5: 541–557. 7763:(Routledge, 2014). 7759:Clayton, Anthony. 7716:Betts, Raymond F. 7709:Betts, Raymond F. 7699:Bailey, Thomas A. 7615:10.1093/isq/sqy064 7549:. 19 October 2020. 7157:on 2 February 2013 7113:La Dépêche du Midi 6822:www.myeventflo.com 6582:(Doubleday, 1971). 6184:Norrie MacQueen, 5984:Thomas A, Bailey, 5901:History and Memory 5769:Robert R. Palmer, 5156:self determination 4587:Creole nationalism 4582:Colonial mentality 4466:Chagos Archipelago 3744:the leader of the 3584:Barthélemy Boganda 3578:13 September 1958 3503:colonial Brazilian 3465: 3457:Congo-Léopoldville 3442: 3438:Edwina Mountbatten 3371:(ECOWAS), and the 3201:official languages 3196: 2820: 2812:Soviet colonialism 2655:Kingdom of Sarawak 2562:in 1997 and 1999. 2533: 2525:Dominion of Ceylon 2509: 2486:Kingdom of Denmark 2014:Italian Somaliland 2010:British Somaliland 1963: 1959:Mayotte referendum 1933: 1888:Iranian Revolution 1868: 1746:Bandung Conference 1742:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1718: 1693:Italian Somaliland 1622: 1604:economic grounds. 1596:Rwanda and Burundi 1508: 1331:South Seas Mandate 1326: 1216:Dominican Republic 1187:Danish West Indies 1142: 1127: 1020:French West Africa 977: 879:, let alone grant 859: 736: 626: 549: 545:Anglo-Irish Treaty 460: 441:Portuguese America 419:Battle of Ayacucho 386: 340:Haitian Revolution 334:Haitian Revolution 328:Haitian Revolution 312:were the first to 200:at the end of the 111:self-determination 54:is the undoing of 49: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9204:Overseas, minor: 9166:Overseas, major: 9031: 9030: 8968:European colonies 8853: 8852: 8470: 8469: 8359: 8358: 8203:Works related to 8191:Works related to 8179:Works related to 8167:Works related to 8143:Media related to 8110:Library resources 8090:978-1-317-88789-8 7989:(Routledge, 2013) 7963:978-1-107-10229-3 7932:Monroe, Elizabeth 7829:978-1-316-02565-9 7756:(Routledge, 2014) 7735:978-1-137-31800-8 7682:978-0-521-43473-7 7566:Political Studies 7351:history.state.gov 7287:review. See also 7271:Charles de Gaulle 7219:978-0-7914-8063-2 7095:978-0-8153-4057-7 6996:978-0-19-437146-9 6916:978-0-19-974329-2 6633:978-1-134-69058-9 6453:on 8 October 2011 6401:Istorija 20. Veka 6284:. Penguin Books. 6223:978-90-5356-479-0 6136:chinadaily.com.cn 6049:978-0-7425-4983-8 5962:978-1-101-99241-8 5648:978-1-5017-1787-1 5371:978-0-8223-5060-6 5312:978-1-317-47369-5 5176:Political Studies 5100:978-0-03-000917-4 5011:978-0-691-17915-5 4870:978-1-78738-692-1 4806:978-90-04-26044-3 4607:Dependency theory 4572:Blue water thesis 4444:, announcing the 4430:Secretary-General 4422: 4421: 3889: 3888: 3720:president of Togo 3434:Louis Mountbatten 3414:Suez Canal Crisis 3347:industrialization 3308:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 3221:official language 3217:language politics 3152:electoral systems 2548:Republic of China 2273:Equatorial Guinea 1983:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 1890:. Then, the 1982 1884:second oil crisis 1659:Dutch East Indies 1626:Dutch East Indies 1590:'s privately run 1543:India annexed Goa 1520:conquest of Ceuta 1475:Douglas MacArthur 1339:Japanese language 1284:, Latin America ( 1257:, in calling for 1191:US Virgin Islands 1041:Trente Glorieuses 817:UN Partition Plan 797:League of Nations 781:(which demanded " 712:Kingdom of Sikkim 710:in 1961, and the 700:Jammu and Kashmir 582:, Australia, the 522:South West Africa 388:The chaos of the 322:Revolutionary War 292:Indigenous people 219:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 119:Indigenous people 107:fundamental right 16:(Redirected from 9458: 9367:Related concepts 9308:in South America 9216:Austro-Hungarian 9154:Colonial empires 9064:Age of Discovery 9054:Maritime history 9042: 9041: 8906: 8905: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8857: 8856: 8646:Doha Declaration 8457: 8449: 8424:Post-Western era 8370: 8369: 8308:Emerging markets 8270: 8269: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8223: 8222: 8202: 8190: 8178: 8166: 8154: 8142: 8094: 8055: 8018: 7985:Smith, Simon C. 7967: 7921: 7833: 7800: 7769:Critical Inquiry 7739: 7687: 7686: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7581: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7371: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7317: 7311: 7299: 7275:Georges Pompidou 7269:, counsellor to 7264: 7258: 7251: 7245: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7153:. Archived from 7143: 7137: 7122: 7116: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7083: 7073: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7016: 7010: 7008: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6961: 6951: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6894: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6849:. 6 October 2022 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6696: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6589: 6583: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6557: 6556:(Yale UP, 1982). 6550: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6420: 6392: 6386: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6207: 6201: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6035: 6029: 6028: 5998: 5992: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5833: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5793: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5593: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5424:The Conversation 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5191: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5135: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4965:. Archived from 4955: 4949: 4948: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4784: 4775: 4770:John Lynch, ed. 4768: 4762: 4761: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4639: 4638: 4567:Anti-imperialism 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4497:Settler colonies 4491:Pravind Jugnauth 4417:French Polynesia 4415: 4414: 4403: 4402: 4386: 4385: 4374: 4373: 4352: 4351: 4335: 4334: 4323: 4322: 4306: 4305: 4294: 4293: 4277: 4276: 4265: 4264: 4248: 4247: 4236: 4235: 4219: 4218: 4207: 4206: 4190: 4189: 4178: 4177: 4161: 4160: 4149: 4148: 4132: 4131: 4120: 4119: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4090: 4076:Falkland Islands 4074: 4073: 4062: 4061: 4045: 4044: 4033: 4032: 4016: 4015: 4004: 4003: 3987: 3986: 3975: 3974: 3958: 3957: 3946: 3945: 3920: 3919: 3892:Current colonies 3885:20 January 1973 3824:3 February 1969 3799:Eduardo Mondlane 3793:15 January 1966 3768:29 October 1965 3734:13 January 1963 3714:Sylvanus Olympio 3708:15 January 1965 3689:13 October 1961 3659:17 January 1961 3630:3 November 1960 3477: 3476: 3327:collaborators". 3089:Marshall Islands 3086: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3066: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3049:Papua New Guinea 3042: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2747:Portuguese India 2744: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2594:Portuguese Timor 2479: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2083: 1726:Jawaharlal Nehru 1592:Congo Free State 1524:Portuguese Macau 1471:Manuel L. Quezon 1413:Portuguese Timor 1397:French Indochina 1324:, September 1945 1224:Clark Memorandum 1119:Manuel L. Quezón 1109:Open Door Policy 1085:Native Americans 1083:and Mexico. The 1022:, and five from 1003:independent and 981:French Indochina 708:Portuguese India 630:Ethiopian Empire 584:Irish Free State 477:Empire of Brazil 308:Great Britain's 190:Japanese Empires 150:Austro-Hungarian 72:colonial empires 21: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9415: 9362: 9348:Nation-building 9330:Postcolonialism 9324: 9283: 9156: 9148: 9121:detribalization 9096:Interventionism 9068: 9037: 9027: 8996: 8944: 8897: 8884: 8854: 8849: 8801: 8798: 8790: 8664: 8662: 8655: 8603: 8542: 8539: 8531: 8466: 8455: 8447: 8444: 8428: 8355: 8322: 8296: 8259: 8250: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8106: 8097: 8091: 8067:Wayback Machine 7971:Shepard, Todd. 7964: 7830: 7810:Grimal, Henri. 7736: 7695: 7693:Further reading 7690: 7683: 7661: 7657: 7626: 7622: 7599: 7595: 7558: 7554: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7498: 7494: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7456: 7455: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7435:on 17 July 2021 7423: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7373: 7372: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7328: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7297: 7267:Jacques Foccart 7265: 7261: 7252: 7248: 7244:being blamed.") 7231: 7227: 7220: 7206: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7186:. New York City 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7123: 7119: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7059: 7044: 7040: 7017: 7013: 6997: 6979: 6975: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6895: 6891: 6882: 6878: 6869: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6847:www.helsinki.fi 6841: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6590: 6586: 6577: 6573: 6564: 6560: 6551: 6547: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6393: 6389: 6380: 6376: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6292: 6278: 6274: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6166: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6094: 6090: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6036: 6032: 5999: 5995: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5943:Laqueur, Walter 5940: 5936: 5893: 5889: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5848: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5794: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5768: 5764: 5733: 5729: 5698: 5694: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5635: 5631: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5566:10.2307/2095789 5550: 5546: 5531:10.2307/2600949 5515: 5511: 5496:10.2307/2095750 5480: 5476: 5461:10.2307/2600949 5445: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5394:"Decoloniality" 5392: 5391: 5387: 5372: 5358: 5354: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5313: 5299: 5295: 5264: 5260: 5217: 5213: 5168: 5164: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5040: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5012: 4990: 4986: 4972: 4970: 4969:on 17 July 2021 4957: 4956: 4952: 4925:Social Dynamics 4921: 4917: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4857: 4853: 4826: 4822: 4807: 4785: 4778: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4663:Postcolonialism 4556: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4530: 4505: 4499: 4409: 4397: 4380: 4368: 4346: 4329: 4317: 4300: 4288: 4271: 4259: 4242: 4230: 4213: 4201: 4184: 4172: 4155: 4143: 4126: 4114: 4097: 4085: 4068: 4056: 4039: 4027: 4010: 3998: 3981: 3969: 3952: 3940: 3923:Year Listed as 3918: 3894: 3830:Mohamed Bassiri 3740:Mehdi Ben Barka 3665:Louis Rwagasore 3636:Patrice Lumumba 3574:French Cameroon 3489:Place of death 3474:would include: 3449:Patrice Lumumba 3426: 3396:economic growth 3381: 3339: 3333: 3304: 3254:can be seen as 3243: 3237: 3213:language policy 3209: 3207:Language policy 3194: 3170: 3168:Nation-building 3164: 3162:Nation-building 3132: 3126: 3114:nation-building 3106: 3077: 3075: 3057: 3055: 3033: 3031: 3013: 3011: 2999: 2997: 2983:Solomon Islands 2963: 2961: 2954: 2948: 2936:Russian studies 2910:in Russia; see 2804: 2783: 2781: 2763: 2761: 2735: 2733: 2699: 2697: 2611: 2609: 2501: 2495: 2468: 2442: 2440: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2317: 2315: 2281: 2279: 2261: 2259: 2165: 2163: 2081: 2079: 2002:Spanish Morocco 1981:, which became 1925: 1919: 1911:shock therapies 1873:1973 oil crisis 1858:, parts of the 1830:. Countries in 1828:quality of life 1816:life expectancy 1734:Josip Broz Tito 1710: 1685: 1679: 1650:Empire of Japan 1610: 1580: 1494:Portuguese Army 1487: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1320:U.S. troops in 1314: 1239:Fourteen Points 1179:native republic 1093:Monroe Doctrine 1076: 1068:Main articles: 1066: 1061: 1059:New Imperialism 1055: 943:Fourth Republic 895:(1921–1925) in 867:). Although in 847: 841: 793:British mandate 728:Lord Cornwallis 720: 692:princely states 491: 485: 449: 443: 390:Napoleonic Wars 374: 368: 366:Spanish America 360:Empire of Haiti 336: 330: 306: 300: 265:bourgeois class 252: 158:Russian Empires 99: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9464: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9446:Decolonization 9443: 9438: 9421: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9376: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9355: 9353:Neocolonialism 9350: 9345: 9340: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9293: 9291: 9289:Decolonization 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9163: 9161: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9078: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9050: 9048: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9004: 9002: 9001:Decolonization 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8980:Southeast Asia 8972: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8954: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8895:neocolonialism 8891:decolonization 8883: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8810: 8804: 8802: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8613: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8451: 8438: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8394: 8389: 8387:Neocolonialism 8384: 8379: 8377:Decolonization 8373: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8257:Third Worldism 8249: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8157:Decolonization 8148: 8145:Decolonization 8132: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8115:Decolonization 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104:External links 8102: 8101: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8089: 8076: 8069: 8056: 8030:(4): 217–247. 8019: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7949: 7942: 7939: 7929: 7922: 7910:10.1086/694427 7904:(4): 772–811. 7889: 7887:online reviews 7879: 7858: 7851: 7841: 7834: 7828: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7789:10.1086/676416 7781:10.1086/676416 7775:(4): 466–478. 7764: 7757: 7747: 7742:Chafer, Tony. 7740: 7734: 7721: 7714: 7713:(2nd ed. 2004) 7711:Decolonisation 7707: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7681: 7655: 7636:(2): 412–428. 7620: 7609:(2): 406–416. 7593: 7572:(2): 359–378. 7552: 7534: 7516: 7492: 7474: 7446: 7416: 7391: 7363: 7338: 7327:. 17 June 2015 7312: 7279:Jacques Chirac 7259: 7255:African Policy 7246: 7225: 7218: 7197: 7183:New York Times 7168: 7138: 7134:978-1610692472 7117: 7101: 7094: 7068: 7057: 7038: 7011: 6995: 6973: 6942:(2): 117–151. 6922: 6915: 6889: 6876: 6860: 6834: 6809: 6783: 6757: 6731: 6709: 6674: 6655:(2): 173–188. 6639: 6632: 6612: 6603: 6584: 6571: 6558: 6545: 6532: 6506: 6499: 6479: 6464: 6432: 6387: 6374: 6335: 6305: 6290: 6272: 6245:(1): 127–139. 6229: 6222: 6202: 6196:Henri Grimal, 6189: 6177: 6171:John P. Cann, 6164: 6155:H. W. Brands, 6148: 6123: 6104:(2): 165–180. 6088: 6058: 6048: 6030: 6011:(2): 252–269. 5993: 5977: 5968: 5961: 5947:Schueftan, Dan 5934: 5907:(2): 128–148. 5887: 5876:(1–2): 71–86. 5859: 5846: 5828: 5815: 5788: 5775: 5762: 5743:(2): 276–294. 5727: 5708:(4): 419–437. 5692: 5673:(2): 253–286. 5654: 5647: 5629: 5602:(3): 525–556. 5579: 5560:(2): 180–196. 5544: 5525:(4): 429–454. 5509: 5490:(6): 846–860. 5474: 5455:(4): 429–454. 5436: 5410: 5385: 5370: 5352: 5326: 5311: 5293: 5274:(2): 375–406. 5258: 5231:(4): 593–609. 5211: 5182:(2): 359–378. 5162: 5106: 5099: 5079: 5054: 5025: 5010: 4984: 4950: 4931:(2): 220–241. 4915: 4896:(1): 100–122. 4876: 4869: 4851: 4820: 4805: 4776: 4763: 4757:978-0028659657 4756: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4631: 4629:Neocolonialism 4626: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4558:History portal 4545: 4542: 4529: 4526: 4501:Main article: 4498: 4495: 4438:United Nations 4420: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4394:1946–47, 2013 4391: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4365:1946–47, 1986 4362: 4361: 4359:Western Sahara 4356: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4250:American Samoa 4240: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4211: 4209:United Kingdom 4199: 4195: 4194: 4182: 4180:United Kingdom 4170: 4166: 4165: 4153: 4151:United Kingdom 4141: 4137: 4136: 4124: 4122:United Kingdom 4112: 4108: 4107: 4095: 4093:United Kingdom 4083: 4079: 4078: 4066: 4064:United Kingdom 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047:Cayman Islands 4037: 4035:United Kingdom 4025: 4021: 4020: 4008: 4006:United Kingdom 3996: 3992: 3991: 3979: 3977:United Kingdom 3967: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3948:United Kingdom 3938: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3917: 3914: 3898:United Nations 3893: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3860:Amílcar Cabral 3856: 3855: 3852: 3850:Spanish Sahara 3843: 3841:Spanish Legion 3838: 3834:leader of the 3832: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3757: 3752: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3651:Élisabethville 3648: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627:, Switzerland 3622: 3618:leader of the 3616: 3609: 3608: 3607:29 March 1959 3605: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3571:Nyong-et-Kellé 3568: 3563: 3559:Leader of the 3557: 3555:Ruben Um Nyobé 3551: 3550: 3547: 3537: 3534: 3530:leader of the 3528: 3522: 3521: 3520:21 April 1792 3518: 3512:Rio de Janeiro 3509: 3506: 3505:revolutionary 3500: 3494: 3493: 3492:Date of death 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3469:non-exhaustive 3453:Prime Minister 3425: 3422: 3400:Bell Trade Act 3380: 3377: 3335:Main article: 3332: 3329: 3324:kung fu cinema 3306:Kenyan writer 3303: 3302:Cinematography 3300: 3236: 3233: 3208: 3205: 3176: 3166:Main article: 3163: 3160: 3130:State-building 3128:Main article: 3125: 3124:State-building 3122: 3110:state-building 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3072: 3052: 3028: 3006:United Kingdom 2994: 2970:United Kingdom 2950:Main article: 2947: 2944: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2778: 2758: 2730: 2694: 2647:British Malaya 2618:United Kingdom 2537:Southeast Asia 2529:Union of Burma 2515:Four nations ( 2497:Main article: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2465: 2437: 2365:United Kingdom 2348:Main article: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2312: 2276: 2256: 2160: 2088:United Kingdom 1998:French Morocco 1921:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1877:Yom Kippur War 1852:Central Africa 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1709: 1706: 1681:Main article: 1678: 1675: 1609: 1606: 1579: 1576: 1486: 1483: 1459:Woodrow Wilson 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1430:, which Japan 1361:) and Taiwan ( 1313: 1310: 1300:following the 1243:Woodrow Wilson 1166:Guantánamo Bay 1081:Spanish Empire 1065: 1062: 1054: 1051: 997:Geneva Accords 855:Madagascar War 840: 837: 811:). Decades of 719: 716: 690:. Hundreds of 495:British Empire 489:British Empire 487:Main article: 484: 483:British Empire 481: 468:fled to Brazil 445:Main article: 442: 439: 370:Main article: 367: 364: 344:Saint-Domingue 332:Main article: 329: 326: 316:, forming the 302:Main article: 299: 296: 251: 248: 103:United Nations 98: 95: 52:Decolonization 26: 18:Decolonisation 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9463: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9380:Terra nullius 9377: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9279:South African 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9034: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8808:Brandt Report 8806: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8726:African Union 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8661:Organizations 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8617:Generic drugs 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8609:Public health 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8534: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8419:Globalization 8417: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392:Multipolarity 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8328:Worlds theory 8325: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8242: 8240: 8235: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8207:at Wikisource 8206: 8201: 8197: 8195:at Wikisource 8194: 8189: 8185: 8183:at Wikisource 8182: 8177: 8173: 8171:at Wikisource 8170: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8099: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8083:. Routledge. 8082: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8001:(1): 70–102. 8000: 7996: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7684: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7451: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7326: 7322: 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3621: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3602:Boda District 3600: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3549:30 July 1811 3548: 3545: 3544:Nueva Vizcaya 3541: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3390:, he writes: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3367:(ASEAN), the 3366: 3361: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3296:expelled them 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285:Robert Mugabe 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3192: 3191:Kwame Nkrumah 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148:constitutions 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3084:United States 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1723: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667:South America 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1614: 1605: 1602: 1601:Belgian Congo 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:Guinea Bissau 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1453:building the 1435: 1433: 1429: 1428:Kuril Islands 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Marshall Plan 1271: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218:(1905–1941), 1217: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:Latin America 1094: 1090: 1087:were sent to 1086: 1082: 1075: 1071: 1064:United States 1060: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1005:North Vietnam 1002: 1001:South Vietnam 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:Indochina War 982: 974: 973:Điện Biên Phủ 969: 965: 963: 959: 958:Paul Ramadier 955: 952: 948: 944: 938: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865: 856: 851: 846: 839:French Empire 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 784: 780: 779:Greek element 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 744: 742: 733: 729: 726:Surrender of 724: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:British India 672: 671:with the UK. 670: 666: 665:protectorates 661: 659: 655: 652:in 1956, and 651: 646: 644: 640: 639:Kwame Nkrumah 636: 635:Marcus Garvey 631: 622: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 546: 541: 537: 535: 531: 530:Western Samoa 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 490: 480: 478: 473: 469: 465: 457: 453: 448: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 393: 391: 383: 378: 373: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 335: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 305: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 257: 247: 245: 244:decoloniality 241: 237: 233: 228: 226: 225: 220: 216: 212: 211: 205: 203: 199: 196:; and of the 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 121:living under 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 94: 92: 86: 84: 83:North America 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9378: 9338:Independence 9288: 9074:Colonization 8950:Colonization 8940:World oceans 8890: 8887:Colonization 8786:South Centre 8741:Colombo Plan 8376: 8351:Fourth World 8341:Second World 8265:Global South 8159:at Wikiquote 8114: 8080: 8072: 8027: 8023: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7953: 7945: 7935: 7925: 7901: 7897: 7882: 7862: 7854: 7844: 7837: 7836:Ikeda, Ryo. 7819: 7811: 7804: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7753: 7743: 7728:. Springer. 7725: 7717: 7710: 7700: 7664: 7658: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7511: 7507:The Guardian 7505: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7461: 7437:. Retrieved 7433:the original 7428: 7419: 7407:. Retrieved 7403: 7394: 7382:. Retrieved 7378: 7354:. Retrieved 7350: 7341: 7329:. Retrieved 7324: 7321:"Chapter XI" 7315: 7305: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7262: 7254: 7249: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7209: 7188:. Retrieved 7181: 7171: 7159:. Retrieved 7155:the original 7150: 7141: 7125: 7120: 7115:, March 2012 7104: 7079: 7071: 7060: 7051: 7041: 7024: 7014: 6982: 6976: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6898: 6892: 6884: 6879: 6871: 6851:. Retrieved 6846: 6837: 6825:. Retrieved 6821: 6812: 6800:. Retrieved 6796: 6786: 6774:. Retrieved 6770: 6760: 6748:. Retrieved 6744: 6734: 6722:. Retrieved 6712: 6700:. Retrieved 6686: 6677: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6622: 6615: 6606: 6597: 6587: 6579: 6574: 6566: 6561: 6553: 6548: 6540: 6539:John Hatch, 6535: 6523:. 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Retrieved 4967:the original 4962: 4953: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4860: 4854: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4788: 4771: 4766: 4747: 4741: 4732: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4506: 4463: 4452: 4445: 4435: 4423: 4134:Saint Helena 3895: 3774:Ahmadu Bello 3725:coup d'état 3672:nationalist 3468: 3466: 3410: 3393: 3387: 3382: 3362: 3355: 3343: 3340: 3321: 3317: 3312:Haile Gerima 3305: 3270: 3260: 3244: 3210: 3197: 3178: 3137: 3133: 3107: 2955: 2933: 2896:Turkmenistan 2836: 2821: 2711:French India 2659:North Borneo 2602: 2579: 2564: 2545: 2534: 2434:Elizabeth II 2402:Elizabeth II 2370:Newfoundland 2217:Burkina Faso 2105:Sierra Leone 2057: 2022: 1991: 1964: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1896: 1881: 1869: 1719: 1686: 1663:ethnic Dutch 1634:by the Nazis 1623: 1588:King Leopold 1581: 1549:) spread to 1532: 1509: 1497: 1479:Manuel Roxas 1457:. President 1455:Panama Canal 1451: 1432:still claims 1421:Soviet Union 1393:World War II 1390: 1367: 1327: 1306:Central Asia 1285: 1270:World War II 1267: 1260: 1258: 1236: 1208: 1162:client state 1143: 1089:reservations 1077: 1039: 1009: 978: 947:French Union 939: 935:antisemitism 932: 913: 901:Messali Hadj 881:independence 862: 860: 787: 773: 745: 737: 704:French India 673: 662: 647: 627: 592: 580:Newfoundland 550: 499: 492: 461: 456:Prince Pedro 410:Buenos Aires 394: 387: 337: 307: 269: 253: 240:South Africa 229: 222: 215:Frantz Fanon 208: 206: 198:Soviet Union 194:World War II 127: 100: 91:independence 87: 76: 51: 50: 45:independence 36: 9441:Sovereignty 9236:New Zealand 9101:Colonialism 9086:Imperialism 9046:Exploration 8909:Exploration 8797:North–South 8540:development 8365:Geopolitics 8346:Third World 8336:First World 8274:Development 7705:online free 7310:, Fall 1997 7298:(in French) 7291:, Fayard – 7136:pp. 54–275. 6959:10023/21315 6691: [ 6525:17 December 6411:: 101–118. 6161:online free 6141:25 February 5990:online free 5347:10724/28885 5020:j.ctv3znwvg 4622:Indigenismo 4510:New Zealand 4459:Ban Ki-moon 4325:New Zealand 3910:colonialism 3566:French army 3351:land reform 3263:repatriated 3185:, built by 3064:New Zealand 2790:Netherlands 2775:Philippines 2725:(1953) and 2717:comprising 2713:(1954) and 2623:Transjordan 2575:Philippines 2571:South Korea 2567:North Korea 2449:Netherlands 2410:Saint Lucia 2221:Ivory Coast 1905:policies, " 1856:East Africa 1812:Third World 1748:along with 1608:Netherlands 1594:. It added 1512:discoveries 1294:Afghanistan 1251:World War I 1154:Philippines 1150:Puerto Rico 1032:Paul Ricœur 987:(1946–54). 889:Abd el-Krim 885:nationalism 864:tirailleurs 821:ensuing war 801:Transjordan 753:British Raj 680:partitioned 615:nationalism 599:British Raj 534:New Zealand 502:World War I 427:Puerto Rico 354:. In 1804, 162:World War I 56:colonialism 9430:Categories 9386:Plantation 9211:Australian 9193:Portuguese 9159:modern era 9106:chronology 8992:Antarctica 8936:Antarctica 8835:Fair trade 8823:World Bank 8663:and groups 8622:biosimilar 8412:Durban III 7462:www.un.org 7404:www.un.org 7379:www.un.org 7325:www.un.org 6985:. Oxford: 6797:ccrs.ku.dk 6724:23 January 6077:17 January 5429:15 October 5403:15 October 5072:19 October 4973:18 October 4725:References 4688:Separatism 4678:Revanchism 4617:Indigenism 4520:, and the 4105:Montserrat 3932:Territory 3904:, defines 3864:leader of 3803:leader of 3790:, Nigeria 3498:Tiradentes 3252:colonizers 3239:See also: 3104:Challenges 2904:Uzbekistan 2892:Tajikistan 2872:Kyrgyzstan 2868:Kazakhstan 2852:Azerbaijan 2824:Dodecanese 2751:East Timor 2598:East Timor 2301:Cape Verde 2297:Mozambique 2241:Mauritania 2205:Madagascar 2157:Seychelles 2109:Tanganyika 1903:neoliberal 1864:South Asia 1754:Zhou Enlai 1738:Yugoslavia 1559:Mozambique 1537:(ruled by 1438:After 1945 1357:in Korea ( 1286:inter alia 1249:following 1177:against a 1138:Micronesia 1053:After 1918 951:Madagascar 769:Bangladesh 761:Salt March 556:Suez Canal 414:Montevideo 352:Hispaniola 350:island of 276:liberalism 192:following 178:Portuguese 160:following 134:Thucydides 79:metropoles 9303:in Europe 9241:Norwegian 9144:Dependent 9137:Current: 9082:Antiquity 8902:By region 8634:criticism 8538:Trade and 8407:Durban II 8052:159883569 8015:145080475 7918:148602270 7870:, Mainz: 7797:162291339 7650:232422414 7588:236234578 7300:and also 7027:: 87–88. 7009:p. 46-47. 6968:230283299 6427:189123378 6369:155062058 6300:909343858 6267:159531822 6118:157682270 6025:162468431 5929:159912409 5757:148760397 5722:143978771 5687:154683722 5624:231796247 5380:700406652 5321:904046323 5288:154594627 5245:0260-2105 5206:236234578 5198:0032-3217 5150:232264306 5142:1177-1801 4945:259828705 4910:254352277 4846:1929-8692 4683:Secession 4514:Australia 4482:The Hague 4474:Mauritius 4192:Gibraltar 3700:Bujumbura 3592:movement 3540:Chihuahua 3358:CFA franc 3322:In Asia, 3279:, former 3272:pied noir 3140:republics 3040:Australia 2880:Lithuania 2795:Indonesia 2715:Indochina 2691:Hong Kong 2663:Singapore 2582:Indonesia 2482:Greenland 2153:Swaziland 2149:Mauritius 2025:republics 1860:Caribbean 1844:East Asia 1673:in 1975. 1499:caçadores 1409:Indonesia 1401:Hong Kong 1370:Manchuria 1282:Indochina 1010:In 1956, 962:Socialist 877:self-rule 795:from the 791:became a 789:Palestine 771:in 1971. 765:dominions 674:In 1947, 568:dominions 518:Australia 348:Caribbean 346:, on the 288:subaltern 164:; 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