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co-existence of overtly incompatible norms that may breed conflict, either due to circumstances in a particular situation or inherently due to their incongruous content. This lack of rule classification and failure to eradicate internal inconsistencies between potentially conflicting norms allows for much flexibility in dispute settlement and is also viewed as a 'strategic resource' for disputants who seek to advance their own success in a case. The latter incongruities (especially inconsistencies of norm content) are typically solved by elevating one of the norms (tacitly) from 'the literal to the symbolic. This allows for the accommodation of both as they now theoretically exist in different realms of reality. This is highly contextual, which further illustrates that norms cannot be viewed in isolation and are open to negotiation. Thus, although there are a small number of so-called non-negotiable norms, the vast majority are viewed and given substance contextually, which is seen as fundamental to the Tswana.
780:
is created. In their explanation, the complainant (who always speaks first) thus establishes a paradigm the defendant can either accept and therefore argue within that specific paradigm or reject and therefore introduce his or her own paradigm (usually, the facts are not contested here). If the defendant means to change the paradigm, they will refer to norms as such, where actually norms are not ordinarily explicitly referenced in Tswana dispute resolution as the audience would typically already know them and just the way one presents one's case and constructs the facts will establish one's paradigm. The headman or chief adjudicating may also do same: accept the normative basis implied by the parties (or one of them), and thus not refer to norms using explicit language but rather isolate a factual issue in the dispute and then make a decision on it without expressly referring to any norms, or impose a new or different paradigm onto the parties.
813:, i.e. they are not created through legal/moral reasoning only but are instead driven by the personal/political motives of those who create them. The scope for such influence is created by the loose and undefined nature of customary law, which, Hund argues, grants customary-lawmakers (often through traditional 'judicial processes') a wide discretion in its application. Yet, Hund contends that the fact that rules might sometimes be arrived at in the more ad hoc way, does not mean that this defines the system. If one requires a perfect system, where laws are created only deductively, then one is left with a system with no rules. For Hund, this cannot be so and an explanation for these kinds of law-making processes is found in Hart's conception of "secondary rules" (rules in terms of which the main body of norms are recognised). Hund therefore says that for some cultures, for instance in some sections of
776:
to de facto observations of transformation . Furthermore, the legitimacy of a chief is a direct determinant of the legitimacy of his decisions. In the formulation of legislative pronouncements, as opposed to decisions made in dispute resolution, the chief first speaks of the proposed norm with his advisors, then council of headmen, then the public assembly debate the proposed law and may accept or reject it. A chief can proclaim the law even if the public assembly rejects it, but this is not often done; and, if the chief proclaims the legislation against the will of the public assembly, the legislation will become melao, however, it is unlikely that it will be executed because its effectiveness depends on the chief's legitimacy and the norm's consistency with the practices (and changes in social relations) and will of the people under that chief.
744:
1021:
over two hundred years by the fishing fleet of local inhabitants of a coastal community will not simply transfer so as to benefit present day recreational boat owners who may hail from much further afield. Whereas a group of houseboats on a mooring that has been in continuous use for the last 25 years with a mixture of owner occupiers and rented houseboats, may clearly continue to be used by houseboats, where the owners live in the same town or city. Both the purpose of the moorings and the class of persons benefited by the custom must have been clear and consistent.
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behaviour that is rule bound and behaviour that is notâi.e., which behaviour is motivated by adherence to law (or at least done in recognition of the law) and is merely a response to other factors. Hund sees this as problematic because it makes quantifying the law almost impossible, since behaviour is obviously inconsistent. Hund argues that this is a misconception based on a failure to acknowledge the importance of the
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to the habit, and it is welcomed. And, third, when members of a group behave in a common way not only out of habit or because everyone else is doing it, but because it is seen to be a common standard that should be followed, at least by some members. Hund, however, acknowledges the difficulty of an outsider knowing the dimensions of these criteria that depend on an internal point of view.
794:
Internal aspects are the reflective attitude on the part of adherents toward certain behaviours perceived to be obligatory, according to a common standard. External aspects manifest in regular, observable behaviour, but is not obligatory. In Hart's analysis, then, social rules amount to custom that has legal force.
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or aggression. Essentially, legal obligations are believed to arise between states to carry out their affairs consistently with past accepted conduct. These customs can also change based on the acceptance or rejection by states of particular acts. Some principles of customary law have achieved the
720:
A central issue regarding the recognition of custom is determining the appropriate methodology to know what practices and norms actually constitute customary law. It is not immediately clear that classic
Western theories of jurisprudence can be reconciled in any useful way with conceptual analyses of
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Hart identifies three further differences between habits and binding social rules. First, a social rule exists where society frowns on deviation from the habit and attempts to prevent departures by criticising such behaviour. Second, when this criticism is seen socially as a good reason for adhering
779:
Regarding the invocation of norms in disputes, Comaroff and
Roberts used the term, "paradigm of argument", to refer to the linguistic and conceptual frame used by a disputant, whereby 'a coherent picture of relevant events and actions in terms of one or more implicit or explicit normative referents'
775:
Comaroff and
Roberts describe how outcomes of specific cases have the ability to change the normative repertoire, as the repertoire of norms is seen to be both in a state of formation and transformation at all times. These changes are justified on the grounds that they are merely giving recognition
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as norms that become customary law through traditional usage. Importantly, however, they noted that the Tswana seldom attempt to classify the vast array of existing norms into categories and they thus termed this the 'undifferentiated nature of the normative repertoire'. Moreover, they observe the
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The mooring must have been in continuous use for "time immemorial" which is defined by legal precedent as 12 years (or 20 years for Crown land) for the same purpose by people using them for that purpose. To give two examples: a custom of mooring which might have been established in past times for
817:
society, the secondary rules have developed only to the point where laws are determined with reference to politics and personal preference. This does not mean that they are not "rules". Hund argues that if we acknowledge a developmental pattern in societies' constructions of these secondary rules
1016:
It is known in case law as "customary rights". Something which has been practised since time immemorial by reference to a particular locality may acquire the legal status of a custom, which is a form of local law. The legal criteria defining a custom are precise. The most common claim in recent
801:
For Hund, the first form of rule scepticism concerns the widely held opinion that, because the content of customary law derives from practice, there are actually no objective rules, since it is only behaviour that informs their construction. On this view, it is impossible to distinguish between
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there are more than 60 systems of customary law currently in force, "some of them operating quite independently of the formal state legal system". They offer two reasons for the relative autonomy of these customary law systems: one is that the
Ethiopian government lacks sufficient resources to
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on their part. He notes that the concept of custom generally denotes convergent behaviour, but not all customs have the force of law. Hund therefore draws from Hart's analysis distinguishing social rules, which have internal and external aspects, from habits, which have only external aspects.
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customary law, and thus some scholars (like John
Comaroff and Simon Roberts) have characterized customary law norms in their own terms. Yet, there clearly remains some disagreement, which is seen in John Hund's critique of Comaroff and Roberts' theory, and preference for the contributions of
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It is a broad principle of property law that, if something has gone on for a long time without objection, whether it be using a right of way or occupying land to which one has no title, the law will eventually recognise the fact and give the person doing it the legal right to continue.
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notes that, though the attention it is given in scholarly works is great, its importance is "slight and decreasing". On the other hand, in many countries around the world, one or more types of customary law continue to exist side by side with official law, a condition referred to as
708:). In many, though not all instances, customary laws will have supportive court rulings and case law that have evolved over time to give additional weight to their rule as law and also to demonstrate the trajectory of evolution (if any) in the interpretation of such law by relevant
1083:. Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. In a 2005 speech, he connected the courts back to the country's nomadic past and extolled how the courts expressed the Kyrgyz ability of self-governance. Similar
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Hund finds
Comaroff and Roberts' flexibility thesis of a 'repertoire of norms' from which litigants and adjudicator choose in the process of negotiating solutions between them uncompelling. He is therefore concerned with disproving what he calls
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solves the conceptual problem with which scholars who have attempted to articulate how customary law principles may be identified, defined, and how they operate in regulating social behavior and resolving disputes.
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said "These customary laws are not written down. They are handed down by tradition from one generation to another. Yet beyond doubt they are well established and have the force of law within the community."
928:, which cannot be violated or altered except by a norm of comparable strength. These norms are said to gain their strength from universal acceptance, such as the prohibitions against
1051:
enforce its legal system to every corner of
Ethiopia; the other is that the Ethiopian government has made a commitment to preserve these customary systems within its boundaries.
589:
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law in a way that was less legalistic (or rule-oriented) than had Isaac
Schapera. They defined "mekgwa le melao ya Setswana" in terms of Casalis and Ellenberger's definition:
1333:. Following or disregarding a custom is not determinative of negligence, but instead is an indication of possible best practices or alternatives to a particular action.
1726:
651:
is the established pattern of behavior within a particular social setting. A claim can be carried out in defense of "what has always been done and accepted by law".
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then we can understand how this society constructs its laws and how it differs from societies that have come to rely on an objective, stand-alone body of rules.
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law, which consists of explicit agreements between nations to assume obligations. However, many treaties are attempts to codify pre-existing customary law.
275:
999:, however, differs from civil law jurisprudence in requiring the express or implied consent of the legislator for a custom to obtain the force of law.
1954:
847:, collections of local customary law that developed in a specific manorial or borough jurisdiction, and which were slowly pieced together mainly from
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806:. In his view, by using the criteria described above, there is not this problem in deciphering what constitutes "law" in a particular community.
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According to Hund, the second form of rule scepticism says that, though a community may have rules, those rules are not arrived at
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1120:. The Dutch attorney Michael van Notten also draws upon his experience as a legal expert in his comprehensive study on Xeer,
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Customary law is the set of customs, practices and beliefs that are accepted as obligatory rules of conduct by a community.
627:
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courts were eventually included under
Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000
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laws of the country's various indigenous ethnicities are recognized, and customary dispute resolution is recognized in
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In Canada, customary aboriginal law has a constitutional foundation and for this reason has increasing influence.
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Druzin, Bryan H. (2014, April). "Planting Seeds of Order: How the State Can Create, Shape, and Use
Customary Law"
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Comaroff and Roberts' famous work, "Rules and Processes", attempted to detail the body of norms that constitute
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J Comaroff and S Roberts Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context (1981).
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Judith Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts: Pluralistic Accounts of History, 53 J. OF L. PLURALISM 144 (2006)
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courts of village elders. The courts would have jurisdiction over property, torts and family law. The
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2011:
The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic and Social Development in the Horn of Africa
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1108:. It survives to a significant degree everywhere in Somalia and in the Somali communities in the
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administration to the security in life, liberty and property provided by Xeer in large parts of
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that have been long-established in a given locale. However, the term can also apply to areas of
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1112:. Economist Peter Leeson attributes the increase in economic activity since the fall of the
855:. Custumals acquired the force of law when they became the undisputed rule by which certain
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The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa
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1808:. Vol. 18 No. 7 (July, 2008). Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 574â578. Archived from
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Let Right Be Done: Aboriginal title, the Calder Case, and the Future of Indigenous Rights
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The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America
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in their acceptance as correct bases of action – for example, laws against
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Hund, John. 'Customary law is what people say it is', ARSP Vol 84 1998, 420â433.
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or the legal norms that have developed through the customary exchanges between
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courts exist, with varying levels of legal formality, in other countries of
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960:. In addressing custom as a source of law within the civil law tradition,
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Customary law is a recognized source of law within jurisdictions of the
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1886:"Homicide in Ethiopia: Human Rights, Federalism, and Legal Pluralism,"
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the relevant actors consider it to be an opinion of law or necessity (
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were regulated between members of a community. Some examples include
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countries customary law continues to exist and has great influence.
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1146:. Indonesian adat law are mainly divided into 19 circles, namely
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1955:"Grassroots Conflict Assessment Of the Somali Region, Ethiopia"
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Foster, Hamar; Heather Raven and Jeremy Webber (eds.) (2007).
1038:, usually used alongside common or civil law. For example, in
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R. v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
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In India many customs are accepted by law. For example,
936:. Customary international law can be distinguished from
1924:
738:
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4441:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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783:
747:A court presided over by a customary chief in the
1017:times, is for customary rights to moor a vessel.
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1960:. CHF International. August 2006. Archived from
767:therefore being rules pronounced by a chief and
1042:, despite the adoption of legal codes based on
952:tradition, where it may be subordinate to both
1046:in the 1950s according to Dolores Donovan and
3307:
2077:
1102:follow a customary law system referred to as
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1293:. There might be a discussion about this on
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2070:
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1131:marriage ceremonies are recognized by the
635:
621:
563:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
1912:Former President Akaev, quoted in Beyer,
1313:Learn how and when to remove this message
690:where certain standards have been nearly
3229:History of the American legal profession
1899:
1897:
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669:a certain legal practice is observed and
583:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
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1784:Generic and Specific Aboriginal Rights
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239:Societies without hierarchical leaders
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1894:
1061:announced a decree to revitalize the
869:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
1777:
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1009:, "long usage" must be established.
892:
739:As an indefinite repertoire of norms
1930:"The Rule of Law without the State"
1888:American Journal of Comparative Law
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1635:
1587:
1569:
1384:Australian Aboriginal customary law
1034:Customary law is also used in some
883:for northern Germany, and the many
24:
1753:"Constitution Act, 1982, s. 35(1)"
1261:
25:
4721:
2213:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2035:
1557:
944:Within contemporary legal systems
557:Political economy in anthropology
4511:The Closing of the American Mind
4431:Civilization and Its Discontents
4411:A Vindication of Natural Society
3260:
3259:
3245:
1270:
851:and later written down by local
840:developed from the tradition of
784:Law as necessarily rule-governed
3224:History of the legal profession
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1343:List of national legal systems
1079:, including in the capital of
978:List of national legal systems
716:Nature, definition and sources
682:Most customary laws deal with
419:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
13:
1:
4401:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1683:Merryman, John Henry (2007).
1545:
752:
590:Journal of Legal Anthropology
258:The Art of Not Being Governed
4471:The Society of the Spectacle
2013:, Trenton NJ: Red Sea Press.
1550:
1458:of Pakistan and Afghanistan)
919:over time, whether based on
7:
2009:Van Notten, Michael. 2005.
1433:Laws of the Brets and Scots
1402:Custom (Catholic canon law)
899:Customary international law
877:for the city of Paris, the
10:
4726:
2891:International legal theory
2370:International slavery laws
2365:International human rights
2360:International criminal law
2020:
1934:Ludwig von Mises Institute
1723:"Customary Mooring Rights"
1656:Comaroff & Roberts, 85
1644:Comaroff & Roberts, 82
1632:Comaroff & Roberts, 81
1623:Comaroff & Roberts, 79
1614:Comaroff & Roberts, 75
1605:Comaroff & Roberts, 73
1596:Comaroff & Roberts, 70
1439:Medieval Scandinavian laws
1340:
1242:monarchies, including the
896:
825:
725:. Hund argues that Hart's
684:standards of the community
596:Journal of Law and Society
316:Colonialism and resistance
4649:
4553:
4541:Intellectuals and Society
4491:The Culture of Narcissism
4382:
4050:
3842:
3791:
3720:
3634:
3627:
3567:
3329:
3239:
3216:
3106:
2944:Administration of justice
2929:
2838:
2729:
2608:
2510:
2231:
2099:
2052:BYU Journal of Public Law
1691:Stanford University Press
270:Non-western state systems
246:African Political Systems
4531:The Malaise of Modernity
4481:The History of Sexuality
3580:Catholic social teaching
2721:Basic structure doctrine
2571:Natural and legal rights
2452:Public international law
1727:Associated Yacht Brokers
1230:including the island of
1138:In Indonesia, customary
4675:Customary legal systems
4611:Philosophy of education
2901:Principle of typicality
2375:International trade law
2091:
1926:Spencer Heath MacCallum
1880:Dolores A. Donovan and
1566:Comaroff & Roberts.
1423:Kanun of Leke Dukagjini
1418:Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit
1389:Basque and Pyrenean law
1337:Customary legal systems
1056:President of Kyrgyzstan
997:Canonical jurisprudence
295:and the State in Africa
4710:Management cybernetics
4705:Political anthropology
3550:
3504:
3490:
2042:Customary IHL Database
1987:"Better off stateless"
1329:law to help determine
756:
537:Circumscription theory
324:Europe and the People
293:Technology, Tradition,
4616:Philosophy of history
4606:Philosophy of culture
4501:A Conflict of Visions
2896:Principle of legality
2655:Delegated legislation
2355:Intellectual property
1928:(12 September 2007).
1914:Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts
746:
705:hostis humani generis
611:cultural anthropology
399:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
252:Papuan Big man system
4621:Political philosophy
4421:Democracy in America
3114:Barristers' chambers
3056:Legal representation
2994:Justice of the peace
2340:Financial regulation
1862:on 24 September 2008
1856:University of Ottawa
1540:Territories, Canada)
1526:(various regions of
1283:confusing or unclear
1244:Yogyakarta Sultanate
1036:developing countries
995:is a source of law.
859:, entitlements, and
404:Wolfgang Fikentscher
379:Henri J. M. Claessen
134:Pantribal sodalities
4461:One-Dimensional Man
3149:Election commission
2861:Expressive function
2390:Landlordâtenant law
2289:Consumer protection
1891:, 51 (2003), p. 505
1669:, 2 All E.R. 118,
1291:clarify the section
1226:, Central and East
962:John Henry Merryman
547:Leftâright paradigm
4581:Cultural pessimism
4576:Cultural criticism
3475:National character
3107:Legal institutions
2974:Lawsuit/Litigation
2964:Dispute resolution
2769:Catholic canon law
2477:State of emergency
2440:Will and testament
2164:Law of obligations
2117:Constitutional law
2107:Administrative law
1836:has generic name (
1407:Early Germanic law
1325:Custom is used in
1248:Surakarta Sunanate
1133:Hindu Marriage Act
1075:courts throughout
828:Codification (law)
757:
728:The Concept of Law
665:) exists where:
542:Legal anthropology
444:Thomas Blom Hansen
374:Robert L. Carneiro
163:Segmentary lineage
100:Leveling mechanism
50:legal anthropology
4680:International law
4662:
4661:
4378:
4377:
3523:Spontaneous order
3513:Social alienation
3362:Cultural heritage
3323:Social philosophy
3289:
3288:
2949:Constitutionalism
2871:Law and economics
2709:Act of parliament
2447:Product liability
2400:Legal archaeology
2325:Environmental law
2319:Entertainment law
2159:International law
1812:on 30 August 2008
1700:978-0-8047-5569-6
1523:Usos y costumbres
1323:
1322:
1315:
1258:princely states.
905:international law
893:International law
871:for England, the
791:"rule scepticism"
688:international law
645:
644:
369:Jeremy Boissevain
354:Georges Balandier
349:E. Adamson Hoebel
16:(Redirected from
4717:
4695:Social agreement
4626:Social criticism
4546:
4536:
4526:
4516:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4426:
4416:
4406:
4396:
3632:
3631:
3614:Frankfurt School
3592:Communitarianism
3555:
3509:
3495:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3073:Question of fact
2954:Criminal justice
2284:Construction law
2279:Conflict of laws
2244:Agricultural law
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2014:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1858:. Archived from
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1759:on 20 March 2007
1755:. Archived from
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1733:on 13 April 2015
1729:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1712:
1689:(3rd ed.).
1680:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1567:
1564:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1274:
1273:
1266:
970:
926:peremptory norms
874:Coutume de Paris
804:internal element
754:
637:
630:
623:
531:Related articles
514:Douglas R. White
504:Jonathan Spencer
484:Marshall Sahlins
474:Sally Falk Moore
30:
29:
21:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4645:
4571:Critical theory
4549:
4544:
4534:
4524:
4514:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4424:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4374:
4052:
4046:
3844:
3838:
3787:
3716:
3623:
3575:Budapest School
3563:
3352:Cosmopolitanism
3325:
3320:
3290:
3285:
3258:
3244:
3235:
3212:
3203:Political party
3176:Legal education
3164:Law enforcement
3144:Court of equity
3102:
3078:Question of law
3031:Practice of law
3011:Judicial review
2925:
2876:Legal formalism
2856:Comparative law
2851:Contract theory
2834:
2754:Legal pluralism
2725:
2714:Act of Congress
2638:Executive order
2604:
2506:
2425:Nationality law
2350:Immigration law
2274:Competition law
2227:
2095:
2090:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1967:on 26 July 2011
1964:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1882:Getachew Assefa
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1779:Slattery, Brian
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1701:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1412:Early Irish law
1366:Anglo-Saxon law
1345:
1339:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:Custom in torts
1048:Getachew Assefa
989:Catholic Church
974:legal pluralism
964:
946:
901:
895:
830:
824:
786:
741:
718:
641:
601:
600:
577:
569:
568:
552:State formation
532:
524:
523:
509:Bjorn Thomassen
464:Elizabeth Mertz
449:Ted C. Lewellen
394:Pierre Clastres
344:
343:Major theorists
336:
335:
326:Without History
325:
294:
230:
222:
221:
144:Paramount chief
76:Achieved status
71:Ascribed status
63:Status and rank
59:
48:
28:
27:Legal principle
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4723:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4685:Sources of law
4682:
4677:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4631:Social science
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4527:
4521:Gender Trouble
4517:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4451:The Second Sex
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4407:
4397:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
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3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3718:
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3715:
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3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
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3654:
3649:
3644:
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3625:
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3611:
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3609:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3501:
3496:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Invisible hand
3440:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3255:
3252:Law portal
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
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3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
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3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Trial advocacy
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
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2941:
2935:
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2927:
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2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
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2873:
2868:
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2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
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2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2799:
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2771:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
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2718:
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2716:
2711:
2706:
2696:
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2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2618:Ballot measure
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:Legal treatise
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2561:Letters patent
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2512:Sources of law
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:Unenforced law
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
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2387:
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2377:
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2367:
2362:
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2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Commercial law
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
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2229:
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2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
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2209:
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2198:
2193:
2188:
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2181:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
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2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2036:External links
2034:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2002:
1978:
1946:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1873:
1843:
1834:|author2=
1770:
1744:
1714:
1699:
1693:. p. 24.
1675:
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1586:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1552:
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1547:
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1531:
1519:
1507:
1499:Cyfraith Hywel
1495:
1479:
1478:(South Africa)
1473:
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1441:
1436:
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1420:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1399:
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1363:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1200:South Sulawesi
1100:Horn of Africa
945:
942:
913:Law of Nations
911:refers to the
897:Main article:
894:
891:
880:Sachsenspiegel
826:Main article:
823:
820:
785:
782:
740:
737:
717:
714:
680:
679:
670:
663:unofficial law
659:consuetudinary
643:
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544:
539:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Aidan Southall
496:
491:
489:James C. Scott
486:
481:
479:Rodney Needham
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Ernest Gellner
421:
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58:Basic concepts
57:
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52:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
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2:
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4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
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4676:
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4642:
4639:
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4636:Social theory
4634:
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4617:
4614:
4612:
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4607:
4604:
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4522:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Radhakrishnan
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:20th and 21st
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:18th and 19th
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Civil society
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Trier of fact
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Legal opinion
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Court-martial
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2931:Jurisprudence
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Statutory law
2818:
2816:
2815:Socialist law
2813:
2809:
2808:Byzantine law
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:Religious law
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2731:Legal systems
2728:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:Statutory law
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Statutory law
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Transport law
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Legal fiction
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Financial law
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Corporate law
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Statutory law
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:Core subjects
2098:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2006:
1988:
1982:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:Latin America
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:Customary law
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1306:
1303:November 2008
1296:
1295:the talk page
1292:
1286:
1284:
1279:This section
1277:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1256:Mangkunegaran
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:South Sumatra
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:Somali people
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:customary law
906:
900:
890:
888:
887:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
829:
819:
816:
812:
811:'deductively'
807:
805:
799:
795:
792:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
750:
749:Belgian Congo
745:
736:
733:
730:
729:
724:
723:H. L. A. Hart
713:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
676:
671:
668:
667:
666:
664:
660:
656:
655:Customary law
652:
650:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
618:
616:
615:
612:
608:
605:
604:
597:
594:
592:
591:
587:
585:
584:
580:
579:
573:
572:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:Elman Service
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:David Graeber
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:John Comaroff
387:
385:
384:Jean Comaroff
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Fredrik Barth
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
322:
321:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
302:Legal systems
301:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:
243:
242:
238:
236:
233:
232:
226:
225:
218:
215:
213:
212:Legal culture
210:
208:
207:Customary law
205:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:Theatre state
191:
189:
186:
184:
183:House society
181:
179:
178:Petty kingdom
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Social status
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:
42:
39:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4389:
3809:Guicciardini
3792:Early modern
3628:Philosophers
3602:Conservatism
3597:Confucianism
3585:Distributism
3518:Social norms
3506:Sittlichkeit
3492:Ressentiment
3438:Institutions
3416:Human nature
3356:
3278:
3271:
3257:
3243:
3016:Jurisdiction
2984:Legal remedy
2939:Adjudication
2839:Legal theory
2677:Ratification
2672:Promulgation
2643:Proclamation
2623:Codification
2556:Human rights
2544:Divine right
2538:
2534:Constitution
2502:Women in law
2420:Military law
2415:Marriage law
2410:Maritime law
2309:Election law
2249:Aviation law
2239:Abortion law
2191:Property law
2127:Criminal law
2055:
2050:
2010:
2005:
1995:11 September
1993:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:11 September
1969:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1949:
1939:11 September
1937:. Retrieved
1920:
1913:
1908:
1887:
1876:
1866:11 September
1864:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1846:
1816:11 September
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1717:
1685:
1678:
1671:Lord Denning
1666:
1661:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1481:
1467:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1393:
1378:Central Asia
1371:
1349:
1324:
1309:
1300:
1289:Please help
1280:
1137:
1126:
1121:
1103:
1093:
1089:Central Asia
1084:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1033:
1029:Scandinavian
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1001:
982:
947:
912:
908:
902:
884:
878:
872:
868:
834:codification
831:
822:Codification
808:
803:
800:
796:
787:
778:
774:
768:
764:
758:
734:
727:
719:
703:
683:
681:
675:opinio juris
673:
662:
658:
654:
653:
649:legal custom
648:
646:
595:
588:
581:
561:
469:Sidney Mintz
459:Ralph Linton
454:Edmund Leach
414:Morton Fried
409:Meyer Fortes
359:F. G. Bailey
291:
256:
244:
229:Case studies
206:
188:Ethnic group
158:Band society
33:
18:Custom (law)
4596:Historicism
4425:(1835â1840)
4391:De Officiis
4115:de Beauvoir
4085:Baudrillard
4037:Vivekananda
4027:Tocqueville
3942:Kierkegaard
3758:Ibn Khaldun
3728:Alpharabius
3619:Personalism
3528:Stewardship
3485:Reification
3480:Natural law
3401:Familialism
3367:Culturalism
3188:Legislature
3119:Bureaucracy
2916:Rule of man
2911:Rule of law
2886:Libertarian
2749:Chinese law
2650:Legislation
2600:Regulations
2588:Law reports
2566:Natural law
2462:Reparations
2457:Refugee law
2380:Jurimetrics
2321:(Media law)
2259:Banking law
2254:Amnesty law
2232:Disciplines
2169:Private law
1852:"JuryGlobe"
1790:. p. 6
1534:Wahkohtowin
1492:Islamic law
1445:Pashtunwali
1164:Minangkabau
1059:Askar Akaev
965: [
958:regulations
861:obligations
832:The modern
439:Ulf Hannerz
434:Lesley Gill
4669:Categories
4601:Humanities
4561:Agnotology
4220:KoĆakowski
3783:Ibn Tufayl
3763:Maimonides
3707:Thucydides
3702:Tertullian
3657:Lactantius
3552:Volksgeist
3533:Traditions
3347:Convention
3181:Law school
3061:Prosecutor
2999:Magistrate
2786:Jewish law
2744:Common law
2665:Rulemaking
2660:Regulation
2610:Law making
2549:Divine law
2525:Legal code
2472:Sports law
2395:Law of war
2345:Health law
2330:Family law
2314:Energy law
2264:Bankruptcy
2201:Punishment
2196:Public law
2058:: 373â412.
1709:2007003956
1546:References
1488:Arab world
1435:(Scotland)
1341:See also:
1331:negligence
1285:to readers
1252:Pakualaman
1250:, and the
1238:, and the
1184:Kalimantan
1114:Siad Barre
1077:Kyrgyzstan
1007:common law
976:(see also
889:of Spain.
331:Cargo cult
234:Acephelous
124:Matriarchy
119:Patriarchy
106:Leadership
4641:Sociology
4591:Historism
4300:Santayana
4270:Oakeshott
4240:MacIntyre
4225:Kropotkin
4200:Heidegger
4053:centuries
3967:Nietzsche
3932:Jefferson
3917:Helvétius
3882:Condorcet
3845:centuries
3829:Montaigne
3652:Confucius
3642:Augustine
3559:Worldview
3453:Modernity
3426:Formation
3159:Judiciary
3154:Executive
3129:The bench
3066:Solicitor
3041:Barrister
2921:Sociology
2906:Pseudolaw
2846:Anarchist
2803:Roman law
2791:Parsi law
2776:Hindu law
2764:Canon law
2739:Civil law
2692:Concordat
2583:Precedent
2492:Trust law
2467:Space law
2304:Drugs law
2174:Procedure
2112:Civil law
1826:cite book
1794:21 August
1551:Citations
1414:(Ireland)
1368:(England)
1360:Nusantara
1208:Molluccas
1192:Gorontalo
1174:regions,
1054:In 1995,
1044:civil law
985:canon law
950:civil law
924:force of
921:diplomacy
845:custumals
838:civil law
692:universal
519:Eric Wolf
91:Age grade
45:Political
4690:Tort law
4654:Category
4566:Axiology
4554:See also
4345:Voegelin
4335:Spengler
4310:Shariati
4265:Nussbaum
4250:Maritain
4210:Irigaray
4190:Habermas
4155:Foucault
4140:Durkheim
4042:Voltaire
4007:de Staël
3982:Rousseau
3907:Franklin
3768:Muhammad
3753:Gelasius
3738:Avempace
3721:Medieval
3697:Polybius
3692:Plutarch
3458:Morality
3433:Ideology
3421:Identity
3330:Concepts
3266:Category
3208:Tribunal
3193:Military
3036:Attorney
3006:Judgment
2866:Feminist
2781:Jain law
2578:Case law
2299:Cyberlaw
2206:Corporal
2184:Criminal
2154:Evidence
2144:Doctrine
2122:Contract
1737:19 April
1456:Pashtuns
1398:(France)
1240:Javanese
1188:Minahasa
1180:Belitung
1124:(2005).
1040:Ethiopia
954:statutes
930:genocide
849:case law
842:medieval
576:Journals
173:Chiefdom
150:Polities
36:a series
34:Part of
4395:(44 BC)
4325:Sombart
4320:Skinner
4305:Scruton
4285:Polanyi
4260:Niebuhr
4245:Marcuse
4180:Gramsci
4175:Gentile
4135:Du Bois
4125:Deleuze
4095:Benoist
4065:Agamben
4022:Thoreau
4012:Stirner
4002:Spencer
3952:Le Play
3902:Fourier
3887:Emerson
3872:Carlyle
3857:Bentham
3834:MĂŒntzer
3804:Erasmus
3778:Plethon
3773:Photios
3733:Aquinas
3667:Mencius
3635:Ancient
3568:Schools
3448:Loyalty
3406:History
3394:Counter
3389:Culture
3357:Customs
3280:Outline
3217:History
3124:The bar
3098:Verdict
3046:Counsel
3026:Justice
2881:History
2704:Statute
2520:Charter
2482:Tax law
2430:Probate
2021:Sources
1763:29 July
1516:Somalia
1472:(India)
1427:Albania
1395:Coutume
1373:Aqsaqal
1281:may be
1204:Ternate
1118:Somalia
1098:in the
1085:aqsaqal
1081:Bishkek
1073:aqsaqal
1069:aqsaqal
1064:aqsaqal
1027:In the
1004:English
1002:In the
987:of the
983:In the
934:slavery
865:Bracton
853:jurists
700:slavery
657:(also,
281:Mandala
114:Big man
95:Age set
4700:Custom
4586:Ethics
4545:(2010)
4535:(1991)
4525:(1990)
4515:(1987)
4505:(1987)
4495:(1979)
4485:(1976)
4475:(1967)
4465:(1964)
4455:(1949)
4445:(1935)
4435:(1930)
4415:(1756)
4405:(1486)
4350:Walzer
4340:Taylor
4330:Sowell
4315:Simmel
4280:Pareto
4275:Ortega
4185:Guénon
4170:Gehlen
4165:Gandhi
4120:Debord
4105:Butler
4100:Berlin
4090:Bauman
4080:Badiou
4070:Arendt
4060:Adorno
3992:Ruskin
3947:Le Bon
3922:Herder
3897:Fichte
3892:Engels
3862:Bonald
3852:Arnold
3824:Milton
3819:Luther
3799:Calvin
3677:Origen
3647:Cicero
3607:Social
3543:Family
3538:Values
3499:Rights
3463:Public
3411:Honour
3342:Anomie
3337:Agency
3198:Police
3169:Agency
3051:Lawyer
2796:Sharia
2687:Treaty
2682:Repeal
2628:Decree
2539:Custom
2435:Estate
2385:Labour
2149:Equity
1707:
1697:
1463:Smriti
1356:Malays
1232:Madura
1224:Lombok
1206:, the
1196:Toraja
1176:Bangka
1170:, the
1158:, and
1110:Ogaden
993:custom
938:treaty
917:states
886:fueros
857:rights
815:Tswana
769:mekgwa
761:Tswana
710:courts
696:piracy
607:Social
276:Negara
4383:Works
4370:ĆœiĆŸek
4355:Weber
4295:Röpke
4255:Negri
4235:Lasch
4205:Hoppe
4160:Fromm
4150:Evola
4130:Dewey
4110:Camus
4017:Taine
3997:Smith
3987:Royce
3977:Renan
3912:Hegel
3877:Comte
3867:Burke
3814:Locke
3748:Dante
3743:Bruni
3712:Xunzi
3687:Plato
3682:Philo
3662:Laozi
3470:Mores
3382:Multi
3372:Inter
3273:Index
3139:Court
3083:Trial
2989:Judge
2830:Yassa
2633:Edict
2179:Civil
2132:Crime
1990:(PDF)
1965:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1584:Hund.
1504:Wales
1469:ÄcÄra
1451:Jirga
1236:Sunda
1216:Timor
1212:Papua
1172:Malay
1160:Batak
1144:Papua
1129:Hindu
969:]
765:melao
702:(see
265:State
168:Tribe
139:Chief
129:Elder
86:Caste
4365:Zinn
4360:Weil
4230:Land
4215:Kirk
4075:Aron
4032:Vico
3972:Owen
3962:Mill
3957:Marx
3937:Kant
3927:Hume
3672:Mozi
3377:Mono
3021:Jury
2969:Fiqh
2825:Xeer
2223:Tort
2139:Deed
1997:2010
1973:2010
1941:2010
1868:2010
1838:help
1818:2010
1800:and
1796:2008
1765:2008
1739:2015
1705:LCCN
1695:ISBN
1538:Cree
1511:Xeer
1466:and
1448:and
1351:Adat
1327:tort
1254:and
1228:Java
1222:and
1220:Bali
1178:and
1156:Alas
1152:Gayo
1148:Aceh
1140:adat
1105:xeer
1094:The
956:and
932:and
755:1942
609:and
310:Kapu
4195:Han
4145:Eco
2093:Law
1665:In
1483:Urf
1358:of
980:).
903:In
867:'s
836:of
698:or
661:or
47:and
4671::
2527:/
2056:28
2049:,
1932:.
1896:^
1884:,
1854:.
1830::
1828:}}
1824:{{
1781:.
1725:.
1703:.
1649:^
1637:^
1589:^
1571:^
1559:^
1246:,
1234:,
1218:,
1214:,
1210:,
1202:,
1198:,
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
1182:,
1166:,
1162:,
1154:,
1150:,
1135:.
1091:.
991:,
967:de
907:,
753:c.
751:,
712:.
678:).
647:A
38:on
3315:e
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3301:v
2085:e
2078:t
2071:v
1999:.
1975:.
1943:.
1870:.
1840:)
1820:.
1798:.
1767:.
1741:.
1711:.
1536:(
1530:)
1518:)
1514:(
1506:)
1502:(
1494:)
1490:/
1486:(
1454:(
1429:)
1425:(
1380:)
1376:(
1362:)
1354:(
1316:)
1310:(
1305:)
1301:(
1297:.
1287:.
636:e
629:t
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93:/
20:)
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