459:
720:) is found instead, and this forces to interpret the sentence by inferring an implicit event ("reading", "writing", or other prototypical actions performed on a book). The problem for compositionality is that the meaning of reading or writing is not present in the words of the sentence, neither in "begin" nor in "book".
585:
parts and a top-level syntactic function that describes their combination. Weak compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by the meaning of its parts as well as their complete syntactic combination. However, there can also be further gradations in between these two extremes.
668:
principle to guide the development of theories of syntax and semantics. The
Principle of Compositionality has been attacked in all three spheres, although so far none of the criticisms brought against it have been generally regarded as compelling. Most proponents of the principle, however, make
597:, are the rules of composition. The sentence "Socrates was a man", for example, becomes "S was a M" once the meaningful lexical itemsâ"Socrates" and "man"âare taken away. The task of finding the rules of composition, then becomes a matter of describing what the connection between S and M is.
727:
purely on the basis of words and their composition, yet a phrase used sarcastically means something completely different from the same phrase uttered straightforwardly. Thus, some theorists argue that the principle has to be revised to take into account linguistic and extralinguistic
619:
should be associated with an operation of the semantics that acts on the meanings of the constituents combined by the syntactic operation. As a guideline for constructing semantic theories, this is generally taken, as in the influential work on the philosophy of language by
586:
This is possible, if one not only allows the meaning of immediate parts but also the meaning of the second-highest parts (third-highest parts, fourth-highest parts, etc.) together with functions that describes their respective combinations.
652:
The principle of compositionality has been the subject of intense debate. Indeed, there is no general agreement as to how the principle is to be interpreted, although there have been several attempts to provide formal definitions of it.
628:
with an operator in the semantics that specifies how the meaning of the whole expression is built from constituents combined by the syntactic rule. In some general mathematical theories (especially those in the tradition of
1194:
550:
Discussion of compositionality started to appear at the beginning of the 19th century, during which it was debated whether what was most fundamental in language was compositionality or
511:
is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them. The principle is also called
1859:
1102:
581:
It is possible to distinguish different levels of compositionality. Strong compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by the meaning of its
519:
is widely credited for the first modern formulation of it. However, the principle has never been explicitly stated by Frege, and arguably it was already assumed by
788:
723:
Further, in the context of the philosophy of language, the principle of compositionality does not explain all of meaning. For example, you cannot infer
693:
1232:
578:, stating: "The meaning of a compound expression is a function of the meanings of its parts and of the way they are syntactically combined."
2793:
1128:
999:". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published Thu Apr 8, 2004; substantive revision Fri Dec 7, 2012
2087:
1949:
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1186:
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996:
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376:
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732:, which includes the tone of voice used, common ground between the speakers, the intentions of the speaker, and so on.
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17:
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An investigation of the laws of thought: on which are founded the mathematical theories of logic and probabilities
680:, while it becomes more problematic and questionable when the complexity increase is due to sentence or discourse
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2516:
2044:
1218:
336:
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The principle of compositionality usually holds when only syntactic factors play in the increased complexity of
641:
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Among the most prominent linguistic problems that challenge the principle of compositionality are the issues of
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114:
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2019:
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436:
142:
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771:
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1984:
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Scholars are also divided as to whether the principle should be regarded as a factual claim, open to
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426:
326:
152:
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633:), this guideline is taken to mean that the interpretation of a language is essentially given by a
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89:
1089:
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530:) is highly debated in linguistics. Among its most challenging problems there are the issues of
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52:
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1026:. In Sixth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (* SEM 2017) (pp. 168-177).
885:
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2536:
2501:
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1775:
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1574:
1356:
1044:
Ray
Jackendoff. 1997. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
741:
157:
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never adhered to the principle of compositionality as it is known today (Frege endorsed the
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1939:
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1648:
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34:
692:. Among the problematic phenomena for traditional theories of compositionality is that of
8:
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1989:
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119:
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729:
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697:
624:, to mean that every construct of the syntax should be associated by a clause of the
559:
458:
306:
284:
227:
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between an algebra of syntactic representations and an algebra of semantic objects.
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2014:
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1411:
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2409:
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2145:
1765:
1720:
1544:
1476:
1346:
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701:
589:
On a sentence level, the principle claims that what remains if one removes the
575:
251:
1351:
825:
2767:
2419:
2394:
2228:
2009:
1624:
1529:
1524:
1486:
1406:
1386:
1361:
1326:
1035:
James
Pustejovsky. 1995. The Generative Lexicon. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
943:
661:
563:
555:
516:
2682:
2607:
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2354:
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2218:
1750:
1745:
1700:
1659:
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1471:
1426:
1421:
1391:
1376:
1371:
1107:
634:
520:
294:
84:
1201:
Werning, Markus; & Wolfram Hinzen, & Edouard
Machery (Eds., 2012)
1192:
Werning, Markus; & Edouard
Machery, & Gerhard Schurz (Eds., 2004)
2602:
2576:
2459:
2223:
2150:
1994:
1959:
1879:
1705:
1496:
1436:
1321:
1306:
1210:
689:
665:
446:
421:
42:
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2399:
2165:
2120:
2115:
1999:
1790:
1634:
1589:
1466:
1441:
1366:
1301:
935:
640:
The principle of compositionality also exists in a similar form in the
416:
99:
716:) an event as its argument, but in a logical metonymy an object (i.e.
2551:
2369:
2294:
2273:
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2155:
2135:
2031:
1740:
1680:
1559:
1539:
1291:
1286:
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670:
657:
609:
574:
A common formulation of the principle of compositionality comes from
539:
500:
391:
386:
222:
212:
104:
94:
1112:
1023:
Logical metonymy in a distributional model of sentence comprehension
920:"Hierarchical structure in language and action: A formal comparison"
2464:
2253:
2004:
1695:
1316:
1276:
696:, which has been studied at least since the mid 1990s by linguists
625:
1715:
1271:
918:
Coopmans, Cas W.; Kaushik, Karthikeya; Martin, Andrea E. (2023).
724:
1860:
An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
1795:
616:
109:
2329:
1281:
615:
It is frequently taken to mean that every operation of the
1020:
Chersoni, E., Lenci, A., & Blache, P. (2017, August).
1057:
Baggio, G., Van
Lambalgen, M., & Hagoort, P. (2012)
664:, obvious from the nature of language and meaning; or a
2095:
1126:
Ferreira, F., Bailey, K. G., & Ferraro, V. (2002).
562:
instead), and the first to explicitly formulate it was
1129:
Good-enough representations in language comprehension
1078:, in M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.),
1063:, in M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.),
917:
850:
848:
789:
Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)
1142:
The âgood enoughâapproach to language comprehension
845:
526:The principle of compositionality (also known as
2765:
2562:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
959:
1113:The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1060:The processing consequences of compositionality
1016:
1014:
962:"Compositionality I: Definitions and Variants"
554:, and compositionality was usually preferred.
2081:
1226:
480:
1011:
899:Partee, Barbara (1984). "Compositionality".
779:— another problem for compositionality
1195:The Compositionality of Meaning and Content
1134:Current directions in psychological science
991:
989:
987:
2088:
2074:
1950:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
1240:
1233:
1219:
1139:Ferreira, F., & Patson, N. D. (2007).
1095:Journal of Logic, Language and Information
1084:, pp. 19â46, Oxford University Press.
814:Journal of Logic, Language and Information
487:
473:
807:
642:compositionality of programming languages
984:
874:"Compositionality: Its Historic Context"
704:. Logical metonymies are sentences like
1204:The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality
1081:The Oxford handbook of compositionality
1066:The Oxford handbook of compositionality
960:Pagin, Peter; WesterstÄhl, Dag (2010).
886:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199541072.013.0001
871:
14:
2766:
1075:Compositionality: Its historic context
898:
810:"Did Frege Believe Frege's Principle?"
27:Principle in linguistics about meaning
2517:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
2069:
1214:
1090:Did Frege believe Fregeâs principle?
955:
953:
867:
865:
863:
377:Conservative and innovative language
2794:Formal semantics (natural language)
2430:Quantificational variability effect
2097:Formal semantics (natural language)
1164:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
878:Oxford handbook of compositionality
24:
1120:
1008:Baggio et al. (2012), Conclusions.
808:Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2001).
608:, and the non compositionality of
538:, and the non-compositionality of
25:
2805:
1152:
1100:Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2016)
1087:Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2001)
950:
860:
673:expressions in natural language.
1147:Language and Linguistics Compass
978:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00228.x
785:— in programming languages
457:
1038:
1029:
2512:Combinatory categorial grammar
1890:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1002:
995:SzabĂł, ZoltĂĄn Gendler (2012) "
911:
892:
832:
801:
604:, the non compositionality of
534:, the non-compositionality of
13:
1:
2290:Antecedent-contained deletion
1771:Principle of compositionality
1051:
901:Varieties of formal semantics
523:decades before Frege's work.
509:principle of compositionality
507:and related disciplines, the
1920:Philosophical Investigations
752:Semantics (computer science)
647:
317:Functional discourse grammar
183:Ethnography of communication
7:
1761:Modality (natural language)
735:
569:
437:Second-language acquisition
10:
2810:
2789:Syntaxâsemantics interface
2171:Syntaxâsemantics interface
1900:Language, Truth, and Logic
1640:Theological noncognitivism
1525:Contrast theory of meaning
1520:Causal theory of reference
1251:Index of language articles
772:Levels of Processing model
545:
115:Syntaxâsemantics interface
2700:
2663:Question under discussion
2613:Conversational scoreboard
2590:
2494:
2487:
2390:Intersective modification
2375:Homogeneity (linguistics)
2282:
2191:
2184:
2103:
2040:
1985:Philosophy of information
1972:
1821:
1673:
1585:Mediated reference theory
1510:
1257:
1248:
1207:, Oxford University Press
1103:Semantic Compositionality
854:Pelletier (2016) section
528:semantic compositionalism
427:Philosophy of linguistics
327:Interactional linguistics
2718:Distributional semantics
1910:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1198:, Vol. I & II, Ontos
794:
783:Referential transparency
2713:Computational semantics
2455:Subsective modification
2259:Propositional attitudes
1711:Useâmention distinction
1555:Direct reference theory
1153:SzabĂł, ZoltĂĄn Gendler.
826:10.1023/A:1026594023292
669:certain exceptions for
2784:Philosophy of language
2743:Philosophy of language
2385:Inalienable possession
2365:Free choice inferences
2360:Faultless disagreement
2131:Generalized quantifier
1645:Theory of descriptions
1580:Linguistic determinism
1242:Philosophy of language
1072:Janssen, T. M. (2012)
872:Janssen, Theo (2012).
593:parts of a meaningful
264:Theoretical frameworks
218:Philosophy of language
198:History of linguistics
2643:Plural quantification
2537:Inquisitive semantics
2502:Alternative semantics
1756:Mental representation
1691:Linguistic relativity
1575:Inquisitive semantics
842:. Walton and Maberly.
742:Componential analysis
606:idiomatic expressions
536:idiomatic expressions
158:Conversation analysis
2628:Function application
2435:Responsive predicate
2425:Privative adjectives
1940:Naming and Necessity
1850:De Arte Combinatoria
1649:Definite description
1610:Semantic externalism
1169:(2004) revisions in
924:Psychological Review
762:Garden-path sentence
402:Internet linguistics
312:Construction grammar
2708:Cognitive semantics
2623:Existential closure
2567:Situation semantics
2470:Temperature paradox
2440:Rising declaratives
2405:Modal subordination
2380:Hurford disjunction
2340:Discourse relations
1990:Philosophical logic
1980:Analytic philosophy
1786:Sense and reference
1665:Verification theory
1620:Situation semantics
1069:(pp. 655â672).
706:John began the book
678:sentence processing
337:Systemic functional
132:Applied linguistics
74:General linguistics
2753:Semantics of logic
2678:Strict conditional
2653:Quantifier raising
2618:Downward entailing
2598:Autonomy of syntax
2527:Generative grammar
2507:Categorial grammar
2445:Scalar implicature
2350:Epistemic modality
2325:De dicto and de re
1840:Port-Royal Grammar
1736:Family resemblance
1655:Theory of language
1630:Supposition theory
1155:"Compositionality"
966:Philosophy Compass
936:10.1037/rev0000429
838:Boole, G. (1854).
757:Semantics of logic
505:mathematical logic
442:Theory of language
412:Origin of language
367:Autonomy of syntax
322:Grammaticalization
168:Discourse analysis
163:Corpus linguistics
2761:
2760:
2733:Logic translation
2696:
2695:
2688:Universal grinder
2673:Squiggle operator
2633:Meaning postulate
2572:Supervaluationism
2542:Intensional logic
2522:Dynamic semantics
2483:
2482:
2315:Crossover effects
2264:Tenseâaspectâmood
2244:Lexical semantics
2063:
2062:
1565:Dynamic semantics
856:"12 This Chapter"
747:Context principle
708:, where the verb
698:James Pustejovsky
560:context principle
513:Frege's principle
497:
496:
285:Distributionalism
228:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
2801:
2738:Linguistics wars
2668:Semantic parsing
2557:Montague grammar
2492:
2491:
2335:Deontic modality
2189:
2188:
2176:Truth conditions
2111:Compositionality
2104:Central concepts
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2025:Formal semantics
1973:Related articles
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1605:Relevance theory
1600:Phallogocentrism
1235:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1168:
1159:Zalta, Edward N.
1149:, 1(1â2), 71-83.
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:Compositionality
993:
982:
981:
957:
948:
947:
915:
909:
908:
896:
890:
889:
869:
858:
852:
843:
836:
830:
829:
805:
694:logical metonymy
631:Montague grammar
489:
482:
475:
461:
407:LGBT linguistics
397:Internationalism
372:Compositionality
233:Sociolinguistics
208:Neurolinguistics
203:Interlinguistics
188:Ethnomethodology
30:
29:
21:
18:Compositionality
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2692:
2586:
2547:Lambda calculus
2479:
2450:Sloppy identity
2410:Opaque contexts
2345:Donkey anaphora
2310:Counterfactuals
2278:
2180:
2099:
2094:
2064:
2059:
2036:
2015:School of Names
1968:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1930:Of Grammatology
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1817:
1669:
1615:Semantic holism
1595:Non-cognitivism
1535:Conventionalism
1506:
1253:
1244:
1239:
1136:, 11(1), 11-15.
1123:
1121:Further reading
1054:
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837:
833:
806:
802:
797:
767:Initial algebra
738:
686:semantic memory
650:
622:Donald Davidson
572:
548:
493:
452:
451:
362:
354:
353:
265:
257:
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252:Writing systems
143:Anthropological
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125:
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67:
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23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2728:Inferentialism
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2723:Formal grammar
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2648:Possible world
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2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Glue semantics
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2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2495:Formal systems
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2485:
2484:
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2420:Polarity items
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2305:Conservativity
2302:
2297:
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2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:Quantification
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2146:Presupposition
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1836:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Presupposition
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:Deconstruction
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1150:
1137:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1098:
1085:
1070:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1010:
1001:
983:
972:(3): 250â264.
949:
930:(4): 935â952.
910:
891:
859:
844:
831:
799:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
786:
780:
777:Opaque context
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
737:
734:
714:subcategorizes
702:Ray Jackendoff
666:methodological
662:analytic truth
649:
646:
576:Barbara Partee
571:
568:
547:
544:
495:
494:
492:
491:
484:
477:
469:
466:
465:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Prescriptivism
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
66:
65:
60:
55:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Performatives
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Logophoricity
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Evidentiality
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Scholasticism
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Structuralism
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Descriptivism
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Contrastivism
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1005:
998:
992:
990:
988:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
906:
902:
895:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
864:
857:
851:
849:
841:
835:
827:
823:
820:(1): 87â114.
819:
815:
811:
804:
800:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
733:
731:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
667:
663:
659:
654:
645:
643:
638:
636:
632:
627:
623:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
602:contextuality
598:
596:
592:
587:
584:
579:
577:
567:
565:
564:Rudolf Carnap
561:
557:
556:Gottlob Frege
553:
552:contextuality
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:contextuality
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:Gottlob Frege
514:
510:
506:
502:
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
471:
470:
468:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Descriptivism
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
350:
349:Structuralism
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Prague circle
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Documentation
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Computational
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
129:
128:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2683:Type shifter
2658:Quantization
2608:Continuation
2475:Veridicality
2355:Exhaustivity
2320:Cumulativity
2239:Indexicality
2219:Definiteness
2214:Conditionals
2141:Logical form
2110:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1810:
1770:
1751:Metalanguage
1746:Logical form
1701:Truth-bearer
1660:Unilalianism
1570:Expressivism
1397:Wittgenstein
1342:von Humboldt
1259:Philosophers
1202:
1193:
1162:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1116:, Oxford UP.
1111:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1040:
1031:
1021:
1004:
969:
965:
927:
923:
913:
904:
900:
894:
877:
855:
839:
834:
817:
813:
803:
722:
717:
709:
705:
690:sensory cues
675:
660:testing; an
655:
651:
639:
635:homomorphism
614:
599:
588:
582:
580:
573:
549:
527:
525:
521:George Boole
512:
508:
498:
371:
295:Glossematics
275:Constituency
247:interpreting
85:Lexicography
2603:Context set
2577:Type theory
2460:Subtrigging
2224:Disjunction
2151:Proposition
1995:Linguistics
1960:Limited Inc
1880:On Denoting
1706:Proposition
1357:de Saussure
1322:Ibn Khaldun
447:Terminology
422:Orthography
342:Usage-based
243:Translating
138:Acquisition
43:Linguistics
2779:Principles
2768:Categories
2748:Pragmatics
2400:Mirativity
2166:Speech act
2121:Entailment
2116:Denotation
2055:Discussion
2050:Task Force
2000:Pragmatics
1791:Speech act
1721:Categories
1635:Symbiosism
1590:Nominalism
1502:Watzlawick
1382:Bloomfield
1302:Chrysippus
1108:M. Aronoff
1097:10:87â114.
1052:References
907:: 281â311.
712:requires (
610:quotations
540:quotations
515:, because
417:Orismology
302:Functional
290:Generative
280:Dependency
100:Pragmatics
90:Morphology
80:Diachronic
2774:Semantics
2552:Mereology
2488:Formalism
2370:Givenness
2295:Cataphora
2283:Phenomena
2274:Vagueness
2204:Ambiguity
2156:Reference
2136:Intension
2126:Extension
2032:Semiotics
2020:Semantics
1870:Alciphron
1806:Statement
1741:Intension
1681:Ambiguity
1560:Dramatism
1540:Cratylism
1292:Eubulides
1287:Aristotle
1267:Confucius
944:1939-1471
880:: 19â46.
671:idiomatic
658:empirical
648:Critiques
583:immediate
566:in 1947.
501:semantics
392:Iconicity
387:Etymology
307:Cognitive
270:Formalist
223:Phonetics
213:Philology
105:Semantics
95:Phonology
2701:See also
2591:Concepts
2465:Telicity
2300:Coercion
2254:Negation
2249:Modality
2199:Anaphora
2045:Category
2005:Rhetoric
1830:Cratylus
1801:Sentence
1776:Property
1696:Language
1674:Concepts
1512:Theories
1477:Strawson
1462:Davidson
1452:Hintikka
1447:Anscombe
1392:Vygotsky
1347:Mauthner
1317:Averroes
1307:Zhuangzi
1297:Diodorus
1277:Cratylus
736:See also
718:the book
710:to begin
626:T-schema
595:sentence
570:Overview
193:Forensic
173:Distance
120:Typology
35:a series
33:Part of
2209:Binding
1812:more...
1716:Concept
1457:Dummett
1432:Gadamer
1427:Chomsky
1412:Derrida
1402:Russell
1387:Bergson
1372:Tillich
1332:Leibniz
1272:Gorgias
1161:(ed.).
730:context
725:sarcasm
682:context
591:lexical
546:History
148:Applied
58:History
53:Outline
2638:Monads
2185:Topics
1964:(1988)
1954:(1982)
1944:(1980)
1934:(1967)
1924:(1953)
1914:(1951)
1904:(1936)
1894:(1921)
1884:(1905)
1874:(1732)
1864:(1668)
1854:(1666)
1844:(1660)
1834:(n.d.)
1796:Symbol
1497:Searle
1487:Putnam
1437:Kripke
1422:Austin
1407:Carnap
1352:RicĆur
1337:Herder
1327:Hobbes
942:
617:syntax
463:Portal
361:Topics
110:Syntax
2330:De se
2234:Focus
2192:Areas
2161:Scope
1822:Works
1731:Class
1492:Lewis
1482:Quine
1467:Grice
1417:Whorf
1377:Sapir
1362:Frege
1312:Xunzi
1282:Plato
1157:. In
1110:(ed)
1093:, in
795:Notes
688:, or
63:Index
1781:Sign
1686:Cant
1472:Ryle
1442:Ayer
1367:Boas
1187:2020
1183:2017
1179:2012
1175:2007
1171:2005
940:ISSN
700:and
245:and
238:Text
2582:TTR
1726:Set
1145:in
1132:in
1106:in
974:doi
932:doi
928:130
882:doi
822:doi
499:In
2770::
1882:"
1185:,
1181:,
1177:,
1173:,
1013:^
986:^
968:.
964:.
952:^
938:.
926:.
922:.
903:.
876:.
862:^
847:^
818:10
816:.
812:.
684:,
644:.
612:.
542:.
503:,
37:on
2089:e
2082:t
2075:v
1878:"
1651:)
1647:(
1234:e
1227:t
1220:v
1189:.
1167:.
980:.
976::
970:5
946:.
934::
905:3
888:.
884::
828:.
824::
488:e
481:t
474:v
20:)
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