2443:
office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment." Article 153 itself expressly forbids particular forms of discrimination; clause 5 states that "All persons of whatever race in the same grade in the service of the
Federation shall, subject to the terms and conditions of their employment, be treated impartially," while clause 9 states: "Nothing in this Article shall empower Parliament to restrict business or trade solely for the purpose of reservations for Malays."
2310:, was asked by Lim Chong Eu if there is a "legal and constitutional definition of the term "Bumiputera", and whether the children of Malaysian citizens who were born after 31 August 1963, will also be entitled to all the rights of "Bumiputera". To this, Tunku replied: "Mr Speaker, Sir, the term 'Bumiputera'...has no legal meaning except in so far as to denote the natives of the mainland of Malaya and the natives of the Borneo States". He later qualified that the benefits under Article 153 were for "the natives of Malaysia…who are less advanced and less able to compete with these other Malaysians".
2545:
are opaque, with details of implementation largely left to the various ministries and civil servants within those ministries. Policies and practices vary greatly. Some practices are explicit and contained in law or regulation, while others are informal, leaving much ambiguity for potential investors. The civil service itself is subject to bumiputera hiring preferences. The NEM proposes reforming ethnic preferences in business ownership and social safety net programs. Some conservative bumiputera groups have voiced strong opposition to any significant changes to the extensive preferences."
2277:
5058:
2799:
2480:(NEP), designed to be a more aggressive form of affirmative action for the bumiputera than Article 153. Article 153 provides specifically for the use of quotas in the granting of scholarships, positions in the civil service, and business licences, as well as native reservations of land. Policies under the rubric of the NEP include subsidies for real estate purchases, quotas for public equity shares, and general subsidies to bumiputera businesses.
45:
162:
2617:, former Minister of Trade and Industry, the policy was to create "Towering Malays". In 2005 she gave a speech that stated: "If there are young Malay entrepreneurs whose companies are successful, then we appreciate their success, we want Towering Malays of glokal (global and local) standard". She also said that the policy of Approved Permits (APs) had produced many bumiputera entrepreneurs in the automotive industry.
2533:
preferential policies include quotas for the following: admission to government educational institutions, qualification for public scholarships, marking of universities exam papers, special bumiputera-only classes prior to university's end of term exams, for positions in government, and ownership of businesses. Most of the policies were established in the
2686:
of training and education that the more competitive societies, the non-Malay society, has produced. That is what must be done, isn't it? Not to feed them with this obscurantist doctrine that all they have got to do is to get Malay rights for the few special Malays and their problem has been resolved."
2702:
cautioned against questioning the bumiputera's special rights, which met with approval from the delegates: "Let no one from the other races ever question the rights of Malays on this land. Don't question the religion because this is my right on this land." In 2004, Mohd. Johari
Baharum, parliamentary
2468:
argued that "the question be left to the Malays themselves because ... as more and more Malays became educated and gained self-confidence, they themselves would do away with this 'special position'." Ismail believed the special position was "a slur on the ability of the Malays." In 1970, however, one
2494:
have both suggested that Malays should depend less on government assistance. Many observers believe full abolition of bumiputera privileges is unlikely, especially in view of the constitutional issues involved, although successive administrations since
Mahathir have attempted to reform the system of
2714:
of
Peninsular Malaysia are not considered bumiputera under the federal constitution. As their settlement predates that of the Malays, it is considered by many, that bumiputera is about the promotion one religion over another, especially since Orang Asli are much worse off than Muslim Malays. Others
2685:
Lee closed with "Meanwhile, whenever there is a failure of economic, social and educational policies, you come back and say, oh, these wicked
Chinese, Indian and others opposing Malay rights. They don't oppose Malay rights. They, the Malay, have the right as Malaysian citizens to go up to the level
2681:
find his way out into this modernised civil society? By becoming servants of the 0.3 per cent who would have the money to hire them to clean their shoe, open their motorcar doors?" and "How does telling a Malay bus driver that he should support the party of his Malay director (UMNO) and the
Chinese
2593:
Approved
Permits (APs) for automobiles preferentially allow bumiputera to import vehicles. Automotive companies wishing to bring in cars need to have an AP to do so. APs were originally created to allow bumiputera participation in the automotive industry, since they were issued to companies with at
2544:
In a report titled 2012 Investment
Climate Statement – Malaysia published by the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (US Department of State), under the heading "Ethnic Preferences", part of a paragraph describes the reality of the bumiputera policy as follows: "Many of the preference policies
2532:
for bumiputera, for NEP is racial-based and not deprivation-based. For instance, all bumiputera, regardless of their financial standing, are entitled 7 percent discount on houses or property, including luxurious units; whilst a low-income non-bumiputra receives no such financial assistance. Other
2442:
of the
Constitution, states that all Malaysian citizens shall be equal under the law, and "Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth in any law or in the appointment to any
2770:
In 2006, the
Minister of Higher Education, Mustapa Mohamad, stated that he wanted public universities to recruit more non-bumiputera academic staff to "strive for world-class institutions", which may have signaled a move toward less racial discrimination in academia. However this does not affect
2567:
For a limited period, a certain percentage of new housing in any development had to be sold to bumiputera. Housing developers are required to provide a minimum 7% discount to bumiputera buyers of these lots. This is required regardless of the income level of the potential buyer. Remaining unsold
2255:
in 1969 and to placate the Malay majority through granting them a privileged status over Malaysian Chinese. Originally intended as a temporary measure, these policies are still in effect. They have been described as racially discriminatory. Although the policies have succeeded in creating a
2636:) programme. Bumiputera compose an overwhelming majority of entrants to the matriculation programme. It is a commonly-held belief that the public university entry requirements are easier for matriculation students and disproportionately difficult for STPM students.
2703:
secretary of the Prime Minister's Department, stated that the PSD scholarships would remain quota based. He added that there were no plans to convert this to a merit based system, and that the total value of the PSD scholarship since 1996 was 2.4 billion
2344:"If the child was born in Sabah or the father was domiciled in Sabah at the time of birth, and one of the parents is an indigenous native of Sabah as stated in Article 161A (6)(b) Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the child is considered as a Bumiputera"
2317:(Guidebook for entry into public higher learning institutions for SPM/equivalent graduates for academic year 2007/2008), the Malaysian Higher Education Ministry defined bumiputra as follows, depending on the region of origin of the individual applicant:
2402:
Chinese immigrants, who typically settled in urban areas, played a significant role in the commercial sector after the Indians left the country to return to India, much of the commercial sector was taken over by wealthy Chinese merchants. The
1121:
2436:, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay customs and is the child of at least one parent who was born within the Federation of Malaysia before independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957, or the issue of such a person."
2303:" (Article 160(2)), "natives" of Sarawak (161A(6)(a)), and "natives" of Sabah (Article 161A(6) (b)). Definitions of bumiputera in public use vary among different institutions, organisations, and government departments and agencies.
2761:
reflected on how non-Muslims have been treated as second class citizens. He stated, "I'm sorry but some of your fellow citizens in this country who are not Muslims are facing this discrimination, they are facing injustices."
2774:
The manufacturing sector is exempted from the Foreign Investment Committee (FIC) Guidelines and the mandatory 30% Bumiputera equity and restrictions in market entry have been removed for all (manufacturing) sub-sectors.
2582:
Many government-tendered projects require that companies submitting tenders be bumiputera owned. This requirement has led to non-bumiputera teaming up with bumiputera companies to obtain projects, in a practice known as
2608:
group, received 6,387 in 2003, making him the largest single recipient of APs. More than 12,200 APs were issued in 2003. In addition to APs, foreign car marquees are required to pay between 140% and 300% import
2250:
in public education and in the public sector) in order to elevate the socioeconomic status of the economically disadvantaged bumiputera community. It was an effort to defuse interethnic tensions following the
2973:
Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Ra'ayat (House of Representatives), Official Report, Second Session of the Second Parliament of Malaysia, vol. II, Session 1965–1966, 13 November 1965 (Kuala Lumpur: GPO), cols.
2425:
to safeguard the special position of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with the provisions of this Article.
2682:
bus conductor to join another party of his Chinese director (MCA) – how does that improve the standards of the Malay bus driver and the Chinese bus conductor who are both workers in the same company?"
2639:
Quotas also exist for Public Services Department (JPA) scholarships, full scholarships offered to students to study in leading universities worldwide. These scholarships are given on the basis of SPM (
2568:
houses after a given time period are allowed to be sold to non-bumiputera if the developer proves attempts have been made to fulfil the requirement. There is no bumiputera discount on existing housing.
2407:(CLC), comprising leading politicians from different racial backgrounds, supported the promotion of economic equality for the Malays, conditional on political equality for the non-Malays. CLC member
2411:
later said, "I and others believed that the backward Malays should be given a better deal. Malays should be assisted to attain parity with non-Malays to forge a united Malayan Nation of equals."
4953:
1087:
3559:
2395:
At the time of Malaya's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, the population included many first- or second-generation immigrants who had come to fill manpower needs as
3414:
2647:) results, ethnic group, and certain quotas. The JPA scholars are sent to selected pre-university programmes offered by the government – from there, they apply to universities.
2516:
said that the government would consider the request of the Muslim Indian community to be recognized as bumiputera, in what is seen as a move to woo voters in the lead-up to the
2624:". In 2003 it began the system of "Malaysian model meritocracy" for university admission. Admission to public universities was not based upon a common examination such as the
2376:
of Portuguese-Eurasian descent. Most of these encompass communities that were established in southeast Asia prior to the period of British colonial rule which saw large-scale
3530:
2354:"If both of the parents are indigenous natives of Sarawak as stated in Article 161A (6)(a) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus their child is considered as a Bumiputera"
3471:
2387:
In Sarawak, there were cases of people with one bumiputera parent and one non-bumiputera parent being dismissed as non-bumiputera. However, this law was changed in 2022.
1590:
5023:
629:
2734:
is racist and the policy prevented other races from receiving government aid. Nik Aziz's remarks were made in response to the criticisms and threats made by
4870:
4821:
4650:
4875:
3596:
840:
2787:. Smart Cards identify citizens as Muslims or non-Muslims. The national identification card does not specify whether or not the holder is a bumiputera.
4779:
2001:
1362:
5094:
4932:
2133:
791:
3564:
4942:
4785:
4909:
704:
3272:
5109:
4937:
4615:
2675:(who was also a member of that Parliament) questioned the implementation of Malay rights as proposed. Lee asked, "How does the Malay in the
3813:
1367:
4947:
2587:". Ali, the bumiputera, is included solely to satisfy this requirement, and Baba (the non-bumiputera) pays Ali a certain sum in exchange.
2429:
2414:
2296:
1337:
933:
459:
4746:
3330:
614:
3422:
3207:
2537:(NEP) period. Many policies focus on trying to achieve a bumiputerashare of corporate equity, comprising at least 30% of the total.
541:
429:
109:
4970:
4417:
3589:
3021:
2771:
entry into universities, which is still designed to restrict other races access to higher education in favour of the bumiputera.
81:
4397:
2102:
796:
551:
379:
364:
359:
189:
62:
4412:
4298:
3570:
2012 Investment Climate Statement – Malaysia, By BUREAU OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS AFFAIRS, U.S. Department of State, June 2012
619:
344:
3086:
4815:
4383:
3048:
3017:
2126:
1143:
434:
248:
88:
3497:
5104:
4721:
2695:
2633:
1803:
1459:
1372:
1263:
923:
741:
369:
354:
2458:
in 1969, representatives within the government argued over whether the special position of the bumiputera should have a
2439:
2315:
Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008
5084:
4731:
3582:
3534:
3141:
3072:
2739:
1357:
823:
3475:
2564:. Foreign companies that operate in Malaysia also had to adhere to this requirement. This policy was canceled in 2009.
5033:
4915:
4797:
4608:
3194:
3119:
2598:(a business newspaper) estimated that APs were worth approximately RM 35,000 each. They also estimated that the late
997:
828:
300:
278:
128:
95:
2987:
1756:
1585:
1479:
928:
818:
5002:
4995:
4551:
2958:
Part XIIA: Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 161 – 161h)
2517:
2119:
1332:
835:
589:
384:
77:
5018:
4546:
3254:
2613:
As a result of these policies, many bumiputera with good connections quickly became millionaires. According to
444:
66:
2450:, which drafted the Constitution, initially proposed that Article 153 expire after 15 years unless renewed by
594:
4891:
4843:
4726:
4582:
3356:
2599:
2534:
2477:
2404:
2033:
1741:
424:
3560:
Indian Community Victim of 'Bumiputera' Policy, Observer Research Foundation, By Dilip Lahiri, February 2008
2334:
as stated in Article 160 (2) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus the child is considered as a Bumiputera"
5062:
4632:
4601:
2495:
government aid for the bumiputera. Some bumiputera groups believe further affirmative action is necessary.
1290:
1238:
179:
2620:
Since 2000, the government has discussed phasing out certain affirmative action programs and reinstating "
4897:
4692:
4640:
4562:
2727:
2669:
2553:
2360:
In addition to the interpretation given above, a broader definition of bumiputera include groups such as
1944:
1788:
1193:
786:
724:
3531:"Easy step to amend religion in MyKad, The Star On-Line, BY M. Krishnamoorthy, Friday December 23, 2005"
5089:
5043:
4848:
4809:
4767:
4741:
2957:
2828:
2632:, but rather upon a two parallel systems of either a one-year matriculation course or a two-year STPM (
2484:
2053:
808:
479:
194:
31:
2938:
2885:
2590:
Projects were earmarked for bumiputera contractors to enable them to gain expertise in various fields.
4697:
3605:
2246:
In the 1970s, the Malaysian government implemented policies designed to favour bumiputera (including
1384:
1198:
1092:
977:
636:
604:
258:
184:
17:
4572:
4501:
3703:
2838:
2640:
2399:, among rich Chinese merchants and settlers who brought their wealth and investment into Malaysia.
2292:
2225:
1650:
1538:
1379:
1148:
1077:
905:
860:
714:
599:
579:
509:
439:
315:
4990:
4476:
4422:
3723:
2243:"; the latter is also used in Malaysia but in a more generic sense to mean "indigenous peoples".
1949:
1929:
1783:
1773:
1731:
1347:
1188:
1042:
1012:
1007:
950:
885:
870:
803:
776:
761:
145:
102:
55:
3569:
3232:
987:
4791:
4567:
3803:
3678:
2818:
2723:
2661:
2498:
2451:
2281:
2191:
2048:
2021:
2011:
1469:
1449:
1312:
1183:
1072:
1022:
992:
972:
900:
880:
855:
850:
845:
756:
719:
692:
668:
663:
243:
233:
5114:
4975:
4703:
4536:
4526:
4055:
3673:
3658:
3298:
2487:
2422:
2327:
2276:
2171:
2016:
1976:
1909:
1798:
1746:
1665:
1414:
1178:
1082:
1057:
1052:
1037:
1032:
1027:
967:
915:
875:
781:
751:
646:
253:
4516:
4803:
4666:
4541:
4521:
4486:
3693:
3640:
2506:
2408:
2396:
2299:. However, the constitution does not use the term bumiputera; it defines only "Malay" and "
1887:
1399:
1273:
982:
940:
890:
865:
678:
641:
374:
228:
8:
5028:
4980:
4645:
4624:
4557:
4506:
3788:
3708:
2813:
2699:
2629:
2584:
2541:
proposed this target after the government was unable to agree on a suitable policy goal.
2538:
2470:
2465:
2321:
2288:
2195:
2179:
2063:
1924:
1543:
1439:
1419:
1208:
1116:
1067:
1047:
1017:
910:
697:
504:
5099:
4903:
4407:
4402:
4392:
3668:
3350:
2529:
2361:
2307:
2247:
2240:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1761:
1751:
1726:
1660:
1618:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1424:
709:
4773:
4736:
4713:
4671:
4577:
4378:
4342:
4293:
4275:
4003:
3840:
3771:
3190:
3137:
3115:
2365:
2216:
2095:
2006:
1934:
1919:
1702:
1645:
1444:
1352:
1243:
1163:
1002:
283:
3446:"Look in the mirror, Muslim don tells Malaysians critical of Western discrimination"
4762:
4432:
4427:
4312:
4085:
3988:
3825:
3746:
3635:
3276:
2491:
2377:
2058:
2043:
1971:
1892:
1862:
1677:
1513:
1213:
771:
766:
609:
499:
4231:
2939:"Part XII: General and Miscellaneous, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 152–160)"
2235:). This can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil". In
4531:
4510:
4495:
4491:
4264:
4258:
4214:
4179:
4100:
3983:
3798:
3756:
3713:
3688:
2823:
2804:
2579:(ASN) has return rates approximately 3 to 5 times that of local commercial banks.
2455:
2447:
2373:
2252:
2206:
2073:
1981:
1877:
1818:
1670:
1655:
1635:
1600:
1307:
1218:
1153:
945:
895:
673:
524:
5038:
4687:
4327:
4270:
4170:
4135:
4105:
4060:
4033:
3998:
3909:
3830:
3808:
3683:
3663:
3504:
2561:
2068:
2026:
1996:
1986:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1872:
1692:
1628:
1570:
1565:
1550:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1203:
1138:
651:
624:
469:
153:
4466:
2925:
2911:
5078:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4236:
4221:
4189:
4130:
4110:
4065:
4043:
3993:
3919:
3902:
3793:
3761:
3698:
2758:
2743:
2473:
said that Malay special rights would remain for "hundreds of years to come."
2459:
2183:
2080:
1687:
1623:
1608:
1464:
1429:
1409:
1280:
1223:
1158:
546:
449:
3574:
3025:
4985:
4838:
4317:
4307:
4204:
4199:
4155:
4140:
4075:
4023:
3978:
3966:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3914:
3882:
3818:
3741:
2672:
2614:
2509:(MARA), the government founded an agency to preserve bumiputera interests.
2381:
1914:
1793:
1613:
1580:
1560:
1484:
1474:
1454:
1434:
1062:
960:
955:
683:
658:
514:
454:
419:
389:
3565:
The "Allah" case in Malaysia, World Press, By Dr Marranci, 18 January 2010
3445:
2783:
Malaysia requires citizens to carry a national identification card called
4364:
4090:
4038:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3835:
3782:
3370:
2621:
2572:
2513:
2264:
middle class, they have been less effective in eradicating poverty among
2187:
2158:
1808:
1768:
1736:
1595:
1555:
1389:
1302:
1253:
1228:
1128:
813:
536:
519:
474:
394:
3208:"Putrajaya to study Indian Muslims' call to be recognised as Bumiputera"
2995:
2859:
2446:
The concept of the bumiputera's special position has been disputed. The
27:
Term describing various communities designated as indigenous in Malaysia
4358:
4250:
4226:
4194:
4070:
3892:
3867:
3854:
3615:
2716:
2711:
2698:, which is the largest member of the governing coalition, deputy chair
2384:. Others favour a definition encompassing all children of bumiputera.
2331:
2300:
2257:
2175:
2090:
2085:
1966:
1961:
1857:
1833:
1682:
1575:
1533:
1489:
1297:
1285:
1258:
1248:
1168:
563:
558:
529:
464:
305:
4593:
4954:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
4865:
4184:
4080:
4050:
2833:
2778:
2751:
2665:
2369:
2306:
In the parliamentary debate of 13 November 1965, the Prime Minister,
2291:. It recognised the "special position" of the Malays provided in the
2236:
1991:
1939:
1640:
1233:
339:
3392:
2560:) used to adhere to a 30% bumiputera ownership of equity to satisfy
44:
4160:
2287:
The concept of a bumiputera ethnic group in Malaysia was coined by
2202:
2186:. The term is sometimes controversial. It is used similarly in the
1956:
1778:
1697:
1342:
1268:
1173:
1133:
494:
489:
484:
409:
404:
349:
2750:
when Boo was reported to have compared "bumiputeraism" with state
4165:
4028:
4015:
3956:
3718:
3010:
2926:"Quickiepedia | Outcasts in their own land – The Orang Asli"
2704:
2677:
2644:
2349:
414:
310:
290:
263:
238:
161:
2454:. This qualification was struck from the final draft. After the
4446:
4209:
4145:
3961:
3951:
3946:
3926:
3176:, p. 218 (2nd ed.). Democratic Action Party. No ISBN available.
2261:
1394:
399:
295:
273:
268:
218:
3136:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd.
4150:
4122:
3973:
3778:
3766:
3751:
2784:
2747:
2433:
2339:
2265:
1404:
223:
2432:
defines a Malay as being one who "professes the religion of
2735:
2689:
2604:
2210:
2162:
2038:
1867:
2280:
A diagram of the special position of bumiputera under the
2625:
5024:
List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports
3319:, Abridged edition, pp. 327–328. Federal Publications.
2765:
2650:
2230:
3087:"Of Mixed Marriages And Recognition Of Native Status"
2528:
Certain but not all pro-bumiputera policies exist as
3018:"Takrifan Bumiputera (The definition of Bumiputera)"
2794:
2575:are available for purchase by bumiputera only. The
2571:A basket of government-run (and profit-guaranteed)
2505:in 1965. Following debate of the act to create the
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4780:Labuan International Business and Financial Centre
2779:National identification card system and bumiputera
2170:, Native) is a term used in Malaysia to describe
2002:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
5076:
3528:
30:"Bumiputra" redirects here. For other uses, see
4786:Malaysia International Islamic Financial Centre
3155:
3153:
3049:"Siamese community now regarded as Bumiputeras"
1646:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1122:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
4609:
3604:
3590:
3337:. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011
3185:Tan, Chee Koon & Vasil, Raj (ed., 1984).
2982:
2980:
2476:In the 1970s, the government implemented the
2127:
4933:Malaysia–European Union Free Trade Agreement
4871:Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle
3150:
2912:"Malaysia ethnic tribes 'forced to convert'"
4948:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
4943:Malaysia–United States Free Trade Agreement
4876:Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle
3415:"Nik Aziz says 'bumiputera' term is racist"
3085:Chandra, Sarah Hafizah (20 February 2022).
2694:At the 2004 annual general assembly of the
2205:language which was later absorbed into the
1338:List of people killed for being transgender
4747:Malaysian Industrial Development Authority
4616:
4602:
3597:
3583:
3328:
2977:
2134:
2120:
4938:Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
3046:
2726:, the spiritual leader of the opposition
2710:Another controversial aspect is that the
2594:least 70% bumiputera ownership. In 2004,
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
4441:
4351:
2690:Policy apologists and ongoing opposition
2275:
2163:
430:Social determinants of health in poverty
5095:Racial and religious quotas in Malaysia
4623:
3084:
3022:Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia)
2845:
14:
5077:
3329:Gatsiounis, Ioannis (2 October 2004).
3114:, pp. 82–84. Oxford University Press.
2421:It shall be the responsibility of the
2271:
4597:
3578:
3529:M.Krishnamoorthy (23 December 2005).
3189:, p. 10. Eastern Universities Press.
3112:Nation-building in Malaysia 1946–1974
3047:Webmaster, M. T. (25 February 2012).
2523:
5110:Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
4816:Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy
2953:
2951:
2182:, and various indigenous peoples of
1144:Capital punishment for homosexuality
435:Social determinants of mental health
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
4910:Government Transformation Programme
3469:
3291:
3131:
2766:Present condition of the bumiputera
2757:On 1 February 2015, Swiss academic
2719:are in fact considered bumiputera.
2696:United Malays National Organisation
2655:
2651:Opposition to the bumiputera policy
2634:Malaysian Higher School Certificate
2548:Examples of such policies include:
1264:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
5034:Goods and services tax in Malaysia
4732:Federal Land Development Authority
3443:
3373:. malaysiakini.com. 7 October 2004
3073:"Malaysia: The People of Malaysia"
25:
5126:
4916:Economic Transformation Programme
4798:Northern Corridor Economic Region
3553:
3472:"Archives | The Star Online"
3255:"Scrapped – 30% bumi equity rule"
3159:"Snag in policy implementation",
2994:. 29 October 2009. Archived from
2948:
2417:of the Constitution states that,
5057:
5056:
3533:. Thestar.com.my. Archived from
3474:. Thestar.com.my. Archived from
3331:"Abdullah stirs a hornets' nest"
2797:
1757:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1586:Law for Protection of the Nation
1480:White genocide conspiracy theory
160:
43:
4651:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
3522:
3490:
3463:
3444:AR, Zurairi (1 February 2015).
3437:
3407:
3385:
3363:
3322:
3309:
3265:
3247:
3225:
3200:
3179:
3166:
3134:Lim Kit Siang: Defying the Odds
3125:
3104:
3078:
3066:
3040:
2988:"Being 'mixed' is no privilege"
1591:MSM blood donation restrictions
1333:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
54:needs additional citations for
5019:List of Malaysia states by GDP
3470:Goh, Leanne (30 August 2006).
3421:. 1 March 2009. Archived from
2967:
2932:
2918:
2904:
2878:
2860:"The slaughter of sacred cows"
2852:
1604:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
4892:Malaysian New Economic Policy
4844:Shared Prosperity Vision 2030
4727:Energy Commission of Malaysia
2602:, the former chairman of the
2535:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2512:In July 2017, Prime Minister
2405:Communities Liaison Committee
2201:The term is derived from the
2034:Second-generation gender bias
1742:Constitutional colorblindness
425:Social determinants of health
4849:National Transformation 2050
4263:Peranakan Eropah (including
2928:– via www.youtube.com.
2914:– via www.youtube.com.
2368:, Muslim Indian Malaysians,
7:
4898:National Development Policy
4688:Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange
4641:1997 Asian financial crisis
3163:, 31 December 2006, pp. 8–9
2790:
2746:, the opposition leader in
2728:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
2554:Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange
2231:
1945:Medical model of disability
1789:Hate speech laws by country
10:
5131:
5105:Discrimination in Malaysia
5044:Subsidy reform in Malaysia
4810:Sabah Development Corridor
4768:East Coast Economic Region
4742:Permodalan Nasional Berhad
3110:Ongkili, James P. (1985).
2829:Social contract (Malaysia)
2390:
2326:"If one of the parents is
2054:Social model of disability
480:Discrimination against men
78:"Bumiputera" Malaysia
32:Bumiputra (disambiguation)
29:
5085:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
5052:
5011:
4963:
4925:
4884:
4858:
4831:
4755:
4712:
4698:Payments Network Malaysia
4680:
4659:
4631:
4475:
4457:
4377:
4292:
4249:
4121:
4014:
3866:
3853:
3732:
3649:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3606:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
3355:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3299:"Memoirs of Lee Kwan Yew"
2518:upcoming general election
2239:, this term is known as "
2220:
2164:
1385:Opposition to immigration
274:Race / Ethnicity
4722:Employees Provident Fund
4667:Central Bank of Malaysia
3679:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
2839:Human rights in Malaysia
2641:Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
2558:Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur
2552:Companies listed on the
2293:Constitution of Malaysia
1380:Occupational segregation
1149:Compulsory sterilization
3747:Christmas Island Malays
3172:Lim, Kit Siang (1978).
2886:"A Never Ending Policy"
2740:Democratic Action Party
2660:In the 1965 session of
1930:Internalized oppression
1784:Fighting Discrimination
1774:Fat acceptance movement
1732:Anti-discrimination law
1358:Native American mascots
4792:Malaysia Vision Valley
3315:Lee, Kuan Yew (2000).
3187:Without Fear or Favour
3174:Time Bombs in Malaysia
3132:Kee, Beng Ooi (2015).
2964:. Accessed 30 May 2007
2945:. Accessed 30 May 2007
2819:Bumiputera (Indonesia)
2724:Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat
2501:began to use the term
2427:
2284:
2282:Malaysian Constitution
2211:
2049:Social identity threat
2022:Reverse discrimination
2012:Racial color blindness
1470:Violence against women
1450:Sex-selective abortion
4885:Policies and Programs
4859:Economic co-operation
4756:Corridors and Regions
4704:Overnight Policy Rate
3419:The Malaysian Insider
2730:stated that the term
2577:Amanah Saham Nasional
2488:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2423:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2419:
2279:
2017:Religious intolerance
1977:Political correctness
1799:Intersex human rights
1747:Cultural assimilation
1415:Religious persecution
1179:Disability hate crime
956:Jewish / Antisemitism
4804:Port Klang Free Zone
4517:China/Taiwan Chinese
2846:Notes and references
2643:, the equivalent of
2562:listing requirements
2507:Majlis Amanah Rakyat
2490:and his predecessor
2409:E.E.C. Thuraisingham
2397:indentured labourers
1400:Political repression
385:Anti-left handedness
375:Anti-intellectualism
63:improve this article
5029:Poverty in Malaysia
4996:Palm oil production
4714:Government agencies
4681:Banking and Finance
4646:Tiger Cub Economies
4625:Economy of Malaysia
4477:Foreign ethnicities
3860:Indigenous peoples)
3498:"amfta-Mansurpapar"
3317:The Singapore Story
3091:New Sarawak Tribune
2814:Bumiputera (Brunei)
2700:Badruddin Amiruldin
2539:Ismail Abdul Rahman
2478:New Economic Policy
2466:Ismail Abdul Rahman
2322:Peninsular Malaysia
2289:Abdul Razak Hussein
2272:Official definition
2180:Peninsular Malaysia
1925:Historical eugenics
1440:Segregation academy
1420:Religious terrorism
1209:Enemy of the people
1117:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
620:Jehovah's Witnesses
505:Perpetual foreigner
4904:New Economic Model
4832:Economic blueprint
4822:South Perak Region
4418:Indians in Sarawak
3709:Terengganuan Malay
3537:on 28 January 2006
3510:on 30 October 2012
3478:on 23 October 2007
3371:"malaysiakini.com"
3028:on 5 February 2012
2998:on 1 November 2009
2530:affirmative action
2524:Contentious policy
2362:native Indonesians
2308:Tunku Abdul Rahman
2301:aboriginal peoples
2285:
2248:affirmative action
1829:Social integration
1824:Self-determination
1814:Racial integration
1762:Diversity training
1752:Cultural pluralism
1727:Affirmative action
1619:Racial segregation
1529:Crime of apartheid
1425:Religious violence
920:Indigenous people
301:Sexual orientation
5090:Politics and race
5072:
5071:
4774:Iskandar Malaysia
4737:Khazanah Nasional
4672:Malaysian ringgit
4591:
4590:
4453:
4452:
4373:
4372:
4343:Penangite Chinese
4288:
4287:
4245:
4244:
3849:
3848:
3704:Selangorian Malay
3669:Kelantanese Malay
3279:on 10 August 2007
3161:New Straits Times
2722:On 1 March 2009,
2366:Malaysian Siamese
2229:
2144:
2143:
2007:Racism by country
1935:Intersectionality
1920:Heteronormativity
1703:Voter suppression
1445:Sexual harassment
1244:Forced conversion
1164:Cultural genocide
819:African Americans
630:post–Cold War era
615:Eastern Orthodoxy
370:Anti-drug addicts
365:Anti-homelessness
284:Scientific racism
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
5122:
5060:
5059:
4763:Economy of Johor
4618:
4611:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4447:Peranakan Chitty
4439:
4438:
4413:Indians in Sabah
4398:Penangite Indian
4349:
4348:
3864:
3863:
3724:Sarawakian Malay
3647:
3646:
3632:
3631:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3503:. Archived from
3502:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3275:. Archived from
3269:
3263:
3262:
3259:The Edge Markets
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3204:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3129:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:. Archived from
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2955:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2656:Early opposition
2492:Mahathir Mohamad
2295:, in particular
2234:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2059:Social privilege
2044:Social exclusion
1972:Police brutality
1893:Multiculturalism
1863:Amatonormativity
1678:Social exclusion
1514:Age of candidacy
1308:Homeless dumping
1214:Ethnic cleansing
164:
141:
140:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5048:
5007:
4959:
4921:
4880:
4854:
4827:
4751:
4708:
4693:Islamic Banking
4676:
4655:
4627:
4622:
4592:
4587:
4478:
4471:
4460:(non-Peranakan)
4459:
4449:
4437:
4381:
4369:
4347:
4296:
4284:
4281:Peranakan Turki
4241:
4117:
4010:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3845:
3728:
3684:Penangite Malay
3638:
3619:
3608:
3603:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3425:on 2 March 2009
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3338:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3130:
3126:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2956:
2949:
2943:helplinelaw.com
2937:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2892:. 27 April 2013
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2824:Ketuanan Melayu
2805:Malaysia portal
2803:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2781:
2768:
2715:argue that the
2692:
2658:
2653:
2600:Nasimuddin Amin
2526:
2456:13 May Incident
2448:Reid Commission
2393:
2374:Kristang people
2274:
2253:13 May Incident
2207:classical Malay
2140:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
1982:Polyculturalism
1878:Civil liberties
1850:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1819:Reappropriation
1719:
1718:Countermeasures
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1636:Racial steering
1602:Numerus clausus
1506:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1219:Ethnic conflict
1154:Corrective rape
1109:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
744:
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
582:
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
460:HIV/AIDS stigma
332:
324:
323:
322:
321:
320:
269:Mental disorder
211:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
172:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5128:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5039:Bamboo network
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:(Kuala Lumpur)
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4458:Mixed ancestry
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4359:Peranakan Cina
4355:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4276:Peranakan Siam
4273:
4271:Jawi Peranakan
4268:
4261:
4259:Peranakan Arab
4255:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3874:
3872:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:Burmese Malays
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Bruneian Malay
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Perlisan Malay
3691:
3689:Perakian Malay
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:Malaccan Malay
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Johorean Malay
3655:
3653:
3644:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3554:External links
3552:
3549:
3548:
3521:
3489:
3462:
3436:
3406:
3384:
3362:
3321:
3308:
3290:
3264:
3261:. 1 July 2009.
3246:
3224:
3199:
3178:
3165:
3149:
3143:978-9814516259
3142:
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3053:Malaysia Today
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2866:. 3 April 2003
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2670:Prime Minister
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2485:Prime Minister
2469:member of the
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2262:Native Bornean
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2027:Reverse racism
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
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1997:Prisoner abuse
1994:
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1905:Ethnic penalty
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1898:Neurodiversity
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1883:Dehumanization
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1873:Cisnormativity
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1849:Related topics
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1571:Ghetto benches
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1566:Gerrymandering
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1551:Gender pay gap
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51:
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42:
26:
9:
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4782:(Labuan IBFC)
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4361:(Baba-Nyonya)
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4131:Kadazan-Dusun
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3990:
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3903:Orang Seletar
3901:
3899:
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3879:
3876:
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3873:
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3865:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Patani Malays
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
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3817:
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3812:
3810:
3807:
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3664:Kedahan Malay
3662:
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3195:967-908-051-X
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3120:0-19-582681-7
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3075:, TripAdvisor
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2890:The Economist
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2864:The Economist
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2759:Tariq Ramadan
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2744:Boo Cheng Hau
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2460:sunset clause
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2268:communities.
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2199:
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2184:East Malaysia
2181:
2177:
2173:
2160:
2156:
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2137:
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2097:
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2081:Social stigma
2079:
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2057:
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2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
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1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
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1955:
1951:
1948:
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1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
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1933:
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1911:
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1688:State atheism
1686:
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1624:Jim Crow laws
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1609:One-drop rule
1607:
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1525:
1524:Blood quantum
1522:
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1515:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1488:
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1465:Victimisation
1463:
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1460:Trans bashing
1458:
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1430:Religious war
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1410:Racialization
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1224:Ethnic hatred
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1159:Counter-jihad
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710:Protestantism
708:
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625:LDS or Mormon
623:
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547:Transmisogyny
545:
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450:Gerontophobia
448:
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383:
381:
380:Anti-intersex
378:
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371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:Anti-albinism
353:
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180:Institutional
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83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5115:Malay people
5061:
5012:Other topics
4573:Singaporeans
4479:/expatriates
4205:Orang Sungai
3742:Cocos Malays
3733:
3699:Pahang Malay
3650:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3505:the original
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:the original
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3449:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:the original
3418:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3395:. temiar.com
3393:"temiar.com"
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3365:
3339:. Retrieved
3334:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:the original
3267:
3258:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3211:
3202:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3133:
3127:
3111:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:
3080:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3052:
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:the original
3020:(in Malay).
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:the original
2991:
2969:
2961:
2942:
2934:
2920:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2889:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2863:
2854:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2756:
2731:
2721:
2709:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2673:Lee Kuan Yew
2659:
2638:
2619:
2615:Rafidah Aziz
2612:
2603:
2595:
2576:
2573:mutual funds
2557:
2547:
2543:
2527:
2511:
2502:
2497:
2482:
2475:
2464:
2445:
2438:
2428:
2420:
2413:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2359:
2328:Muslim Malay
2314:
2313:In the book
2312:
2305:
2286:
2256:significant
2245:
2200:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
1915:Gender-blind
1794:Human rights
1614:Racial quota
1601:
1581:Jewish quota
1561:Gerontocracy
1556:Gender roles
1534:Disabilities
1519:Blood purity
1485:Wife selling
1475:White flight
1455:Slut-shaming
1435:Scapegoating
1353:Murder music
1018:Palestinians
961:Anti-Zionism
829:South Africa
814:Black people
792:South Africa
605:Christianity
595:Baháʼí Faith
515:Sectarianism
455:Heterosexism
420:Ephebiphobia
390:Anti-Masonry
249:Hair texture
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
4991:Agriculture
4839:Vision 2020
4502:Bangladeshi
4365:Sino-Native
3898:Orang Kuala
3888:Orang Kanaq
3878:Proto-Malay
3804:Minangkabau
3783:Bugis-Malay
3734:Anak Dagang
3235:. State.gov
3032:27 February
2992:Borneo Post
2962:helplinelaw
2622:meritocracy
2514:Najib Razak
2430:Article 160
2415:Article 153
2378:immigration
2297:Article 153
2232:bhū́miputra
2188:Malay world
1809:Nonviolence
1804:LGBT rights
1769:Empowerment
1737:Anti-racism
1651:Segregation
1596:No kid zone
1390:Persecution
1303:Hate speech
1254:Gay bashing
1229:Ethnic joke
1184:Dog whistle
1129:Blood libel
809:Azerbaijani
705:Neopaganism
698:Persecution
664:Persecution
647:Persecution
610:Catholicism
537:Transphobia
520:Supremacism
475:Lesbophobia
395:Aporophobia
360:Anti-autism
195:Taste-based
190:Statistical
5079:Categories
5003:Automotive
4964:Industries
4926:Agreements
4583:Vietnamese
4537:Indonesian
4423:Sri Lankan
4227:Sama-Bajau
4195:Lun Bawang
4071:Lun Bawang
4004:Semaq Beri
3893:Orang Laut
3868:Peninsular
3855:Orang Asal
3772:Mandailing
3626:Bumiputera
3616:Malaysians
3541:6 February
3514:6 February
3482:6 February
3450:Malay Mail
3399:6 February
3377:6 February
3341:8 November
3335:Asia Times
3239:6 February
3233:"Malaysia"
3002:29 October
2974:2467–2476.
2732:bumiputera
2717:Orang Asli
2712:Orang Asli
2662:Parliament
2499:Parliament
2452:Parliament
2332:Orang Asli
2260:Malay and
2212:bhumiputra
2176:Orang Asli
2148:Bumiputera
2091:Stereotype
2086:Speciesism
1967:Oppression
1962:Oikophobia
1858:Allophilia
1834:Toleration
1683:Sodomy law
1576:Internment
1490:Witch-hunt
1368:Blackhawks
1298:Hate group
1286:Hate crime
1259:Gendercide
1249:Freak show
1239:Excellence
1199:Employment
1169:Defamation
1093:Vietnamese
1088:Venezuelan
978:Lithuanian
637:Falun Gong
564:Xenophobia
559:Vegaphobia
542:Non-binary
500:Pedophobia
465:Homophobia
279:Skin color
239:Disability
210:Attributes
185:Structural
89:newspapers
5100:Ethnology
4976:Transport
4866:BIMP-EAGA
4851:(defunct)
4568:Pakistani
4467:Chindians
4442:Peranakan
4352:Peranakan
4323:Hainanese
4313:Cantonese
4278:(Sam-Sam)
4251:Peranakan
4156:Mangka'ak
4051:Orang Ulu
3989:Cheq Wong
3826:Sundanese
3794:Baweanese
3762:Banjarese
3651:Anak Jati
3351:cite news
2834:Malayness
2752:apartheid
2666:Singapore
2503:bumiputra
2440:Article 8
2370:Peranakan
2237:Indonesia
2226:romanized
2221:भूमिपुत्र
2192:Indonesia
2165:بوميڤوترا
2154:bumiputra
2064:Christian
1992:Prejudice
1940:Masculism
1888:Diversity
1666:religious
1641:Redlining
1234:Ethnocide
1194:Education
1078:Ukrainian
1013:Pakistani
1003:Mongolian
924:Australia
906:Hungarian
861:Colombian
841:Bulgarian
715:Rastafari
669:Ahmadiyya
580:Religious
552:Trans men
510:Pregnancy
445:Gayphobia
440:Fatphobia
345:Acephobia
340:Arophobia
316:Viewpoint
119:June 2009
18:Bumiputra
5063:Category
4700:(PayNet)
4660:Currency
4554:(former)
4547:Japanese
4527:Filipino
4511:Rohingya
4496:Hadhrami
4408:Malayali
4393:Gujarati
4265:Kristang
4215:Tambanuo
4161:Maragang
3984:Mah Meri
3870:Malaysia
3799:Makassar
3789:Javanese
3757:Acehnese
3455:22 March
3217:22 March
2896:20 April
2791:See also
2738:against
2645:O-Levels
2630:A-Levels
2596:The Edge
2585:Ali Baba
2372:and the
2217:Sanskrit
2203:Sanskrit
2103:The talk
2039:Snobbery
1957:Net bias
1779:Feminism
1698:Ugly law
1539:Catholic
1505:Policies
1348:Mortgage
1343:Lynching
1274:examples
1269:Genocide
1189:Economic
1174:Democide
1134:Bullying
1043:Romanian
1008:Nigerian
951:Japanese
886:Georgian
871:Filipino
804:Assyrian
777:Armenian
767:American
762:Albanian
742:national
720:Yazidism
642:Hinduism
600:Buddhism
495:Nepotism
490:Misogyny
485:Misandry
410:Clannism
405:Biphobia
350:Adultism
259:Language
146:a series
144:Part of
4981:Tourism
4956:(CPTPP)
4818:(SCORE)
4633:History
4542:Iranian
4507:Burmese
4487:African
4403:Punjabi
4338:Henghua
4333:Foochow
4328:Teochew
4308:Hokkien
4294:Chinese
4190:Illanun
4171:Rumanau
4166:Minokok
4136:Kadazan
4106:Melanau
4097:Others
4061:Kelabit
4034:Bukitan
4029:Bidayuh
4016:Sarawak
3999:Jah Hut
3957:Mendriq
3910:Semelai
3841:Siamese
3809:Kerinci
3719:Kedayan
3429:1 March
3283:11 July
2870:22 July
2705:ringgit
2678:kampung
2483:Former
2471:Cabinet
2391:History
2350:Sarawak
2241:Pribumi
2228::
2167:
1910:Figleaf
1313:Housing
1073:Turkish
1023:Pashtun
993:Mexican
973:Kurdish
946:Italian
896:Haitian
881:Finnish
856:Chinese
851:Chechen
846:Catalan
836:Bengali
757:African
740:Ethnic/
693:Judaism
684:Sunnism
674:Shi'ism
590:Atheism
415:Elitism
306:Species
244:Genetic
234:Dialect
103:scholar
4986:Postal
4950:(RCEP)
4806:(PKFZ)
4800:(NCER)
4770:(ECER)
4563:Nepali
4558:Korean
4552:Jewish
4532:Indian
4433:Telugu
4379:Indian
4237:Tidong
4222:Rungus
4210:Dumpas
4185:Ida'an
4180:Bisaya
4146:Kwijau
4111:Miriek
4101:Bisaya
4086:Sa'ban
4066:Kenyah
4044:Selako
3994:Temiar
3962:Mintil
3952:Kintaq
3947:Kensiu
3927:Semang
3920:Temuan
3858:(Other
3273:"UMNO"
3193:
3140:
3118:
2196:Brunei
2194:, and
2174:, the
2172:Malays
2096:threat
1950:autism
1671:sexual
1661:racial
1544:Jewish
1395:Pogrom
1373:Chiefs
1363:Braves
1083:Uyghur
1058:Somali
1053:Slavic
1038:Romani
1033:Quebec
1028:Polish
968:Korean
929:Canada
916:Indian
901:Hazara
876:Fulani
787:France
752:Afghan
679:Sufism
400:Audism
331:Social
254:Height
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
4971:Ports
4918:(ETP)
4912:(GTP)
4906:(NEM)
4900:(NDP)
4894:(NEP)
4824:(WPS)
4812:(SDC)
4794:(MVV)
4428:Tamil
4318:Hakka
4232:Suluk
4200:Murut
4151:Lotud
4141:Dusun
4123:Sabah
4081:Punan
4076:Penan
4056:Kayan
4024:Dayak
3979:Semai
3974:Senoi
3942:Jahai
3937:Lanoh
3932:Batek
3915:Temoq
3883:Jakun
3779:Bugis
3767:Batak
3752:Chams
3636:Malay
3508:(PDF)
3501:(PDF)
3212:TODAY
3096:9 May
3058:9 May
2785:MyKad
2748:Johor
2609:duty.
2434:Islam
2382:China
2380:from
2340:Sabah
2266:rural
2258:urban
2209:word
2074:white
1405:Purge
1063:Tatar
988:Māori
983:Malay
941:Irish
891:Greek
866:Croat
824:China
782:Asian
659:Islam
525:White
264:Looks
229:Class
224:Caste
171:Forms
110:JSTOR
96:books
4776:(IM)
4578:Thai
4492:Arab
4384:list
4299:list
4091:Ukit
4039:Iban
3819:Rawa
3641:list
3543:2014
3516:2014
3484:2014
3457:2023
3431:2009
3401:2014
3379:2014
3357:link
3343:2009
3285:2008
3241:2014
3219:2023
3191:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3116:ISBN
3098:2024
3060:2024
3034:2012
3004:2009
2898:2019
2872:2011
2736:UMNO
2605:Naza
2159:Jawi
2069:male
1868:Bias
1291:LGBT
1068:Thai
1048:Serb
911:Igbo
772:Arab
530:Male
311:Size
291:Rank
82:news
3967:Mos
3814:Ocu
3303:CNN
2742:'s
2668:'s
2628:or
2626:SAT
2178:of
2151:or
1656:age
296:Sex
219:Age
65:by
5081::
3448:.
3417:.
3353:}}
3349:{{
3333:.
3301:.
3257:.
3210:.
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3089:.
3051:.
2990:.
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2888:.
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2462:.
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