413:. The intervention was envisioned in Moscow was merely a short conflict to stabilize the situation and allow the Communist regime to regain power. Brezhnev was indecisive, fearing that an occupation of Afghanistan might not be the short war that Gromyko, Ustinov and Andropov kept insisting it would be, but was fearful of the possibility of an Islamic fundamentalist regime being established that would export Islam into Soviet Central Asia. As it was, the inability and unwillingness of much of the Soviet-controlled Afghan Army to fight led the Soviets to involve themselves in Afghanistan for almost 10 years. Ironically, despite what was being feared in Moscow, the United States was not supporting the Islamic fundamentalist rebellion in Afghanistan, and only started to support the
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283:", he instituted changes in Czechoslovakia to create a much more free and liberal version of the socialist state. Aspects of a market economy were implemented, travel restrictions were eased for citizens, state censorship loosened, the power of the secret police was limited, and steps were taken to improve relations with the west. As the reforms piled up, the Kremlin quickly grew uneasy as they hoped to not only preserve their power within Czechoslovakia, but to avoid another Hungarian-style revolution as well. Soviet panic compounded in March 1968 when student protests erupted in Poland and Antonín Novotný resigned as the Czechoslovak President. On March 21,
318:'s idea of "different paths to socialism" towards one that fostered a more unified vision throughout the socialist camp. "Economic integration, political consolidation, a return to ideological orthodoxy, and inter-Party cooperation became the new watchwords of Soviet bloc relations." On November 12, 1968, Brezhnev stated that "hen external and internal forces hostile to socialism try to turn the development of a given socialist country in the direction of … the capitalist system ... this is no longer merely a problem for that country's people, but a common problem, the concern of all socialist countries." Brezhnev's statement at the
20:
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287:, the KGB Chairman, issued a grave statement concerning the reforms taking place under Dubček. "The methods and forms by which the work is progressing in Czechoslovakia remind one very much of Hungary. In this outward appearance of chaos…there is a certain order. It all began like this in Hungary also, but then came the first and second echelons, and then, finally the social democrats."
464:. His views were much more relaxed. This is most likely due to the fact that Brezhnev Doctrine was no longer at the disposal of the Soviet Union. This had a major effect on the way that the Soviets carried out their new mentality when dealing with countries they once tried to control. This was best captured by Gorbachev's involvement with a group by the name of the
481:
began to collapse. While the communist agenda had caused infinite problems for other countries, it was the driving force behind the Soviet Union staying together. After all, it seems that the removal of the incentive to conquer, and forcing of communism upon other nations, defeated the one thing Soviet Russia had always been about, the expansion of
Communism.
383:
in
Afghanistan, and the rebellion in Afghanistan was seen in Moscow not so much in the context of Afghan politics with an unpopular government pursuing policies that much of the population rejected (such as the collectivisation of agriculture), but rather in the context of the Cold War, being seen as
293:
sought clarification from Dubček on March 21, with the
Politburo convened, on the situation in Czechoslovakia. Eager to avoid a similar fate as Imre Nagy, Dubček reassured Brezhnev that the reforms were totally under control and not on a similar path to those seen in 1956 in Hungary. Despite Dubček's
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must coexist, and more importantly, build relations. This idea stressed that all people are equal, and own the right to solve the problems of their own countries themselves, and that in order for both states to peacefully coexist, neither country can exercise the right to get involved in each other's
480:
It is possible to pinpoint the renouncement of the
Brezhnev Doctrine as to what started the end for the Soviet Union. Countries that were once micromanaged now could do what they wanted to politically, because the Soviets could no longer try to conquer where they saw fit. With that, the Soviet Union
451:
trade union protests in Poland were suppressed without outside intervention, leaving the
Brezhnev doctrine effectively dead. Although the Kremlin wanted to preserve communism in its satellites, the decision was not to intervene. Gorbachev's Glasnost and Perestroika finally opened the door for Soviet
135:
or disturb a ruling communist party's monopoly on power. Implicit in this doctrine was that the leadership of the Soviet Union reserved, for itself, the power to define "socialism" and "capitalism". Following the announcement of the
Brezhnev Doctrine, numerous treaties were signed between the Soviet
446:
made the
Soviets realize that their reach and influence was in fact limited. " had shown that socialist internationalism and Soviet national interests were not always compatible." Tensions between the USSR and Czechoslovakia since 1968, as well as Poland in 1980, proved the inefficiencies inherent
331:
The vague, broad nature of the
Brezhnev Doctrine allowed application to any international situation the USSR saw fit. This is clearly evident not only through the Prague Spring in 1968, and the indirect pressure on Poland from 1980 to 1981, but also in the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan starting
229:
as well. By
October 23 Soviet forces landed in Budapest. A chaotic and bloody suppression of revolutionary forces lasted from October 24 until November 7, ending with thousands of Hungarians murdered and many more fleeing the country. Although order was restored, tensions remained on both sides of
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and had him murdered on 8 October 1979. Soviet diplomats in Kabul had a low opinion of Taraki's ability to handle the rebellion, and an even lower one of Amin, who was regarded as a fanatic, but incompetent leader who lost control of the situation. In the fall of 1979, the leaders who pressed the
224:
which stated "separate paths to socialism were permissible within the Soviet Bloc." With hopes for serious reform just having been extinguished in
Hungary, this declaration was not received well by the Hungarians. Tensions quickly mounted in Hungary with demonstrations and calls for not only the
322:
effectively classified the issue of sovereignty as less important than the preservation of Soviet-style socialism. While no new doctrine had been officially announced, it was clear that Soviet intervention was imminent if Moscow perceived any satellite to be at risk of jeopardizing the Soviet
368:. The Parcham was the more moderate of the two factions, arguing that Afghanistan was not ready for socialism, requiring more gradual process while the ultra-Communist Khalq favored a more radical approach. The Khalq faction was victorious and the leader of the Pacham faction
306:." After three months of negotiations, agreements, and rising tensions between Moscow and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet/Warsaw Pact invasion began on the night of August 20, 1968, which was to be met with great Czechoslovak discontent and resistance for many months into 1970.
216:. Almost immediately Nagy set out on a path of reform. Police power was reduced, collectivized farms were split up and being returned to individual peasants, industry and food production shifted and religious tolerance was becoming more prominent. These reforms shocked the
95:
on November 13, 1968, which stated: "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries."
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was killed during the coup. The Saur Revolution (as the coup was known) took Moscow by surprise, who preferred that the pro-Soviet Daoud Khan stay in power. The previous regime had maintained a pro-Soviet foreign policy as Daoud Khan was a Pashtun who rejected the
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In practice, the policy meant that only limited independence of the satellite states' communist parties was allowed and that none would be allowed to compromise the cohesiveness of the Eastern Bloc in any way. That is, no country could leave the
433:
The Soviet Union, once again, fell back to the Brezhnev Doctrine for rationale, claiming that it was both morally and politically justified. It was also explained by the Soviets that they owed help to their friend and ally Babrak Karmal.
388:
in Soviet Central Asia where the majority of the population was Muslim. To assist the government, the Soviet Union drastically increased its military aid to Afghanistan while sending Soviet advisers to train the Afghan military.
332:
in the 1970s. Any instance which caused the USSR to question whether or not a country was becoming a "risk to international socialism", the use of military intervention was, in Soviet eyes, not only justified, but necessary.
468:(CMEA). This organization lessens the control that the Soviets had on all other partners of the agreement. This notion provided other countries that were once oppressed under communist intervention, to go about their own
424:
During his talks with the Soviets during his time as Ambassador, Karmal coordinated with the Soviet government to replace Amin. It was this coordination that led to both Soviet soldiers and airborne units organizing a
429:
against the Amin-led Afghanistan government, during which Amin was assassinated. In his place, the Soviets installed their ally, former-Ambassador Babrak Karmal, as the new lead of the government in Afghanistan.
298:(banned after the restoration of Ukrainian independence in 1991) called on Moscow for an immediate invasion of Czechoslovakia in order to stop Dubček's "socialism with a human face" from spreading into the
476:
Dilemma. This did not address how to stop internal political reform, but how to tame the physical violence that comes along with it. It had become clear that the Soviet Union was beginning to loosen up.
279:
replaced Novotný as head of the party, initially thought a friend to the Soviet Union. It was not long before Dubček began making serious liberal reforms. In an effort to establish what Dubček called "
452:
Bloc countries and republics to make reforms without fear of Soviet intervention. When East Germany desperately asked for Soviet troops to put down growing unrest in 1989, Gorbachev flatly refused.
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most strongly for an invasion of Afghanistan to replace the incompetent Amin with Karmal, who was the man better able to preserve the communist regime's existence, were the Foreign Minister
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Union and its satellite states to reassert these points and to further ensure inter-state cooperation. The principles of the doctrine were so broad that the Soviets even used it to justify
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Frustrated and hoping to discredit him, the KGB initially planted false stories that Amin was a CIA agent. In the autumn these rumors rebounded on the KGB in a strange case of "
208:" denouncing Stalin. This denouncement of the former leader led to a period of the Soviet Era known commonly as "De-Stalinization." Under the blanket reforms of this process,
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internal affairs. While this idea was brought up following the events of Hungary, they were not put into effect for a great deal of time. This is further explained in the
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Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
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the conflict. Hungarians resented the end of the reformation, and the Soviets wanted to avoid a similar crisis from occurring again anywhere in the Soviet Bloc.
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496:. The Brezhnev Doctrine coming to a close, was perhaps the beginning of the end for one of the strongest empires in the world's history, the Soviet Union.
50:
was a threat to all of them, and therefore, it justified the intervention of fellow socialist states. It was proclaimed in order to justify the Soviet-led
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The period between 1953 and 1968 was saturated with dissidence and reformation within the Soviet satellite states. 1953 saw the death of Soviet Leader
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Suri, Jeremi (2006-01-01). "The Promise and Failure of 'Developed Socialism': The Soviet 'Thaw' and the Crucible of the Prague Spring, 1964–1972".
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472:. This actually carried over internally as well. In fact, the Soviet Union's biggest problem after the removal of the Brezhnev Doctrine, was the
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The Soviet government's desire to link its foreign policy to the Brezhnev Doctrine was evoked again when it ordered a military intervention in
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was proclaimed against the Communist government. Brezhnev and other Soviet leaders falsely portrayed the United States as the one behind the
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220:. Nagy was quickly overthrown by Rákosi in 1955, and stripped of his political livelihood. Shortly after this coup, Khrushchev signed the
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assurances, other Soviet allies grew uneasy by the reforms taking place in an Eastern European neighbor. The First Secretary of the
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1195:," the term used by spies to describe planted propaganda that filters back to confuse the country that first set the story loose.
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742:"Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German – 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.
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as the frontier with Pakistan. The Afghan Communist Party was divided into a factional struggle between factions known as the
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Notions of reform had been slowly growing in Czechoslovakia since the early-mid 1960s. However, once the Stalinist President
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and sparking unrest. By May 6, Brezhnev condemned Dubček's system, declaring it a step toward "the complete collapse of the
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Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
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The Soviet Union was not the only Communist country to intervene militarily in fellow countries. Vietnam deposed the
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repudiated the doctrine in the late 1980s, as the Kremlin accepted the peaceful overthrow of Soviet rule in all its
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417:("warriors of Allah") with weapons after the Soviet invasion, concentrating foreign policy matters in the form of
99:
This doctrine was announced to retroactively justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 that ended the
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With the fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine, came the fall of the man, Brezhnev himself, the share of power in the
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Pravda, September 25, 1968; translated by Novosti, Soviet press agency. Reprinted in L. S. Stavrianos,
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Kramer, Mark (1989). "Beyond the Brezhnev Doctrine: A New Era in Soviet-East European Relations?".
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With the agreement to terminate the Brezhnev Doctrine, later came on a new leader for the Soviets—
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Schwebel, Stephen M. (1972). "The Brezhnev Doctrine Repealed and Peaceful Co-Existence Enacted".
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175:". The refusal to intervene in the emancipation of the Eastern European satellite states and the
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Stephen G. Glazer, "The Brezhnev Doctrine." ‘’International Lawyer’’ Vol. 5#1. 1971 pp 169–179.
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fled to Moscow in fear of his life, to take up the position as Afghan ambassador in Moscow.
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Freedman, Lawrence, and Jeffrey Michaels. "Soviet Doctrine from Brezhnev to Gorbachev." in
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The Soviet Concept of 'Limited Sovereignty' from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Brezhnev Doctrine
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article entitled "Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries".
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The policy was first and most clearly outlined by Sergei Kovalev in a September 26, 1968
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Loth, Wilfried (2001). "Moscow, Prague and Warsaw: Overcoming the Brezhnev Doctrine".
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defeated the Polish United Workers' Party. It was superseded by the facetiously named
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Islamic fundamentalists took issue with the Communist party in power. As a result, a
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Cold War-era Soviet foreign policy aimed at justifying foreign military interventions
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was suppressed, the Soviets adopted the mindset that governments supporting both
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being installed as the second president of Afghanistan. The previous president,
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In April 1978, a coup in Kabul brought the Afghan Communist Party to power with
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Loth, Wilfried. "Moscow, Prague and Warsaw: Overcoming the Brezhnev Doctrine."
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to be an essential and defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with
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43:
19:
6692:
1433:
Kramer, Mark. "The Kremlin, the Prague Spring, and the Brezhnev Doctrine." in
851:
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3840:
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1964:
1819:
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1623:
1176:
555:
550:
406:
369:
284:
272:
197:
168:
100:
931:
The Communist Party of Ukraine statute (Статут Комуністичної партії України)
512:
of 1978, which was followed by a revenge Chinese invasion of Vietnam in the
144:
in 1979. The Brezhnev Doctrine stayed in effect until it was ended with the
6256:
6238:
5942:
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5822:
5812:
5666:
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5447:
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4023:
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3732:
3727:
3722:
3428:
3007:
2828:
2222:
1129:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
1093:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
1060:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
1027:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
994:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
961:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
906:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
772:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
392:
Following a split in the Communist Party, the leader of the Khalq faction,
120:
39:
23:
1309:
Beyond the Brezhnev Doctrine: A New Era in Soviet-East European Relations?
1205:
1203:
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that proclaimed that any threat to "socialist rule" in any state of the
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indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the
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2620:
2281:
1457:
Mitchell, R. Judson. "The Brezhnev doctrine and communist ideology."
1386:
Kemp-Welch, Anthony. "Poland and the Brezhnev Doctrine (1968–1989)."
930:
488:, and perhaps the final moment for the Soviet Union, the fall of the
243:
225:
withdrawal of Soviet troops, but for a Hungarian withdrawal from the
209:
59:
1561:
1512:
1410:
628:
The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader
344:
in 1979. This was perhaps the last chapter of this doctrine's saga.
212:
came to power in Hungary as the new Prime Minister, taking over for
6879:
5621:
5462:
5359:
5234:
5053:
4957:
4097:
3955:
3409:
3070:
2615:
2349:
2309:
1471:. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London. 2003.
1469:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
1321:
Harff, Barbara. "Cambodia: revolution, genocide, intervention." in
1278:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
1227:
1215:
1147:
1125:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
1089:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
1056:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
1023:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
990:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
957:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
902:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
798:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
768:
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
116:
4741:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1550:
115:
efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet
5567:
5452:
5442:
5391:
4932:
3677:
2962:
2466:
465:
365:
67:
6629:
1535:
Valenta, Jiri. "Soviet Decisionmaking on Afghanistan, 1979." im
1478:(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1971), pp. 465–466.
191:
5635:
5437:
5376:
4311:
570:
172:
152:
83:
1365:
Blinders, Blunders, and Wars: What America and China Can Learn
6120:
6076:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
5582:
5365:
3444:
2885:
2763:
361:
800:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 9-16
5660:
5542:
3434:
3378:
2997:
2773:
2118:
1741:
1484:"Law and the use of force by states: The Brezhnev Doctrine"
384:
the first stage of an alleged American plot to instigate a
124:
6115:
6095:
6090:
2982:
2802:
822:
Law and the Use of Force by States: The Brezhnev Doctrine
727:'Sinatra Doctrine' at Work in Warsaw Pact, Soviet Says",
1363:
Gompert, David C.; Binnendijk, Hans; Lin, Bonny (2014).
631:. Central European University Press. pp. 502–503.
494:
prevented the migration of East Germans to West Germany
183:
and the largely peaceful collapse of the Eastern Bloc.
91:
reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the
824:. Yale Journal of International Law. pp. 209–243.
151:
Mikhail Gorbachev refused to use military force when
1362:
1342:(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2019) pp. 527–542.
1262:
1250:
1238:
1221:
1209:
1153:
759:
757:
119:
inside the Soviet Bloc, which was considered by the
611:Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds.
335:
111:. These interventions were meant to put an end to
1281:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 243–45.
1274:
754:
320:Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party
146:Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981
140:in the communist (but non-Warsaw Pact) nation of
7009:
6061:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3071:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1376:(Bedford/St. Martin's, Boston and London. 2009).
326:
4498:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
3905:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
654:"The Khrushchev/ Brezhnev Doctrine at Helsinki"
499:
233:
880:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
6815:
6645:
6221:
3394:
2207:
1577:
192:1956 Hungarian Revolution and Soviet invasion
6137:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3688:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
1374:The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures
314:Brezhnev realized the need for a shift from
309:
4998:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1537:Soviet Decisionmaking for National Security
1443:Lesaffer, Randall. "Brezhnev Doctrine." in
1306:
54:earlier in 1968, with the overthrow of the
6822:
6808:
6652:
6638:
6505:
6228:
6214:
6101:United States involvement in regime change
3656:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
3401:
3387:
2214:
2200:
1719:Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev
1584:
1570:
1323:Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century,
1501:The American Journal of International Law
1311:. International Security. pp. 25–27.
940:. Communist Party of Ukraine (www.kpu.ua)
455:
1498:
651:
624:
18:
6255:
4227:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
2221:
7010:
6829:
6071:Russian espionage in the United States
4343:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2240:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1481:
1396:
1345:
1120:
1084:
1051:
1018:
985:
952:
897:
819:
763:
7043:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
7028:Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
6983:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula
6803:
6633:
6545:
6504:
6254:
6244:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
6209:
6066:Soviet espionage in the United States
4222:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
4001:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
3666:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
3382:
2195:
1591:
1565:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1116:
1114:
948:
946:
893:
891:
833:
831:
815:
813:
613:Encyclopedia of US foreign relations.
466:Council of Mutual Economic Assistance
421:towards preventing Soviet expansion.
258:
58:government there. The references to "
6142:Soviet Union–United States relations
4493:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
1165:
837:
677:
6106:Soviet involvement in regime change
1709:Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis
1539:(Routledge, 2021) pp. 218–236.
26:: the USSR and its satellite states
13:
6147:Soviet Union–United States summits
3621:1947 Polish parliamentary election
3506:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1295:
1263:Gompert, Binnendijk & Lin 2014
1251:Gompert, Binnendijk & Lin 2014
1239:Gompert, Binnendijk & Lin 2014
1222:Gompert, Binnendijk & Lin 2014
1210:Gompert, Binnendijk & Lin 2014
1154:Gompert, Binnendijk & Lin 2014
1111:
943:
888:
828:
810:
652:Schwartz, Harry (August 5, 1975).
14:
7074:
6659:
4908:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4843:United States invasion of Grenada
4113:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4054:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
1752:1983 false nuclear alarm incident
1543:
1488:Yale Journal of International Law
1367:. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
1340:The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy
442:The long lasting struggle of the
409:and the Defense Minister Marshal
6947:
6874:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
6491:
6237:
4983:United States invasion of Panama
4833:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
4473:1971 Turkish military memorandum
4436:Communist insurgency in Thailand
4406:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4338:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4165:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4093:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
3611:Restatement of Policy on Germany
3363:
3362:
3350:
1549:
7018:1968 in international relations
5703:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5084:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5013:Fall of the inner German border
4913:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4563:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
4553:Spanish transition to democracy
4513:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4140:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
3646:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
3527:Occupation of the Baltic states
1332:
1315:
1268:
1159:
1078:
1045:
1012:
979:
924:
790:
625:Navrátil, Jaromír, ed. (1998).
437:
336:Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
4483:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4118:Mozambican War of Independence
3557:Indonesian National Revolution
1644:Brezhnev assassination attempt
1325:(Routledge, 2019) pp. 218-234.
745:
736:
717:
708:
671:
645:
618:
605:
593:
447:in the Brezhnev Doctrine. The
1:
6546:
6081:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5096:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5049:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
4771:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
4736:Seven Days to the River Rhine
4468:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
3755:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
3683:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2903:Political abuse of psychiatry
2695:Congress of People's Deputies
1634:1968 Red Square demonstration
1445:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy
840:Contemporary European History
586:
327:Brezhnev Doctrine in practice
5074:Fall of communism in Albania
5044:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
4993:Polish Round Table Agreement
4333:1968 Polish political crisis
4150:Eritrean War of Independence
3916:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3811:East German uprising of 1953
3743:Chinese Communist Revolution
3408:
1767:1984 Summer Olympics boycott
1689:1978 Georgian demonstrations
546:Russian-occupied territories
500:In other Communist countries
269:Czechoslovak Communist Party
240:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
234:A peaceful Brezhnev Doctrine
93:Polish United Workers' Party
52:occupation of Czechoslovakia
7:
4948:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
4676:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
4421:Corrective Movement (Syria)
4385:New People's Army rebellion
4380:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4108:Angolan War of Independence
3971:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
3851:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
3496:Jamaican political conflict
3066:Academy of Medical Sciences
1747:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
1649:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1614:Glassboro Summit Conference
1346:Glazer, Stephen G. (1971).
1121:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003).
1085:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003).
1052:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003).
1019:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003).
986:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003).
953:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003).
764:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003).
519:
138:their military intervention
109:invasion of Hungary in 1956
107:interventions, such as the
10:
7079:
5144:Sino-Indian border dispute
4973:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4903:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
4661:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4573:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4523:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
4207:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4175:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
3864:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
3631:Asian Relations Conference
1629:Invasion of Czechoslovakia
1307:Kramer, Mark (1989–1990).
1275:Matthew J. Ouimet (2003).
186:
6991:
6956:
6945:
6837:
6761:
6685:
6667:
6594:
6552:
6541:
6514:
6500:
6489:
6462:
6396:
6335:
6304:
6268:
6264:
6250:
6180:
6129:
6051:
6028:William Appleman Williams
5973:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
5755:
5727:
5676:
5608:
5601:
5535:
5400:
5325:
5255:
5248:
5157:
5104:
5036:
4749:
4488:Bangladesh Liberation War
4478:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
4393:
4365:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
4353:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
4016:
3791:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
3768:
3478:
3416:
3344:
3288:
3262:
3182:
3105:
3096:
3041:
2948:
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2754:
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2498:
2489:
2439:
2387:
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2230:
2152:
2111:
2104:
2056:
2012:
1780:
1732:
1724:Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev
1599:
1556:Text of Brezhnev's speech
852:10.1017/S0960777306003183
820:Rostow, Nicholas (1981).
310:Formation of the Doctrine
296:Ukrainian Communist Party
218:Hungarian Communist Party
167:in 1989, alluding to the
7038:Foreign policy doctrines
7023:1968 in the Soviet Union
6784:Red Square demonstration
4803:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4638:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4608:1978 Somali coup attempt
4568:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4533:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4358:Revolutionary Government
4252:South African Border War
4044:1960 Turkish coup d'état
3961:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
3816:1953 Iranian coup d'état
3796:1952 Egyptian revolution
1694:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
1684:1977 Soviet constitution
1352:The International Lawyer
898:Ouimet, Matthew (2003).
510:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
267:resigned as head of the
181:fall of the Iron Curtain
66:which were loyal to the
6427:Weimar and Nazi Germany
5008:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4953:People Power Revolution
4938:Central American crisis
4878:1986 Black Sea incident
4528:1973 Afghan coup d'état
4426:Western Sahara conflict
4237:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4160:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4103:Portuguese Colonial War
4066:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
3831:1954 Syrian coup d'état
3708:Annexation of Hyderabad
3651:1947–1949 Palestine war
3357:Soviet Union portal
1348:"The Brezhnev Doctrine"
854:(inactive 2024-08-31).
796:Matthew Ouimet, (2003)
405:, the Chairman of KGB,
62:" meant control by the
6998:Allies of World War II
6614:Occupations by country
5302:Neoclassical economics
4813:Gulf of Sidra incident
4370:1969 Libyan revolution
4061:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3846:1954 Geneva Conference
3606:Turkish straits crisis
3601:Corfu Channel incident
3249:Stalinist architecture
3003:Science and technology
2913:Ideological repression
2841:Soviet Airborne Forces
2779:Destruction battalions
1461:34.2 (1972): 190–209.
1459:The Review of Politics
1399:International Security
456:Post-Brezhnev Doctrine
396:, overthrew President
200:, followed closely by
157:free elections in 1989
27:
6152:Russia–NATO relations
6033:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5317:Democratic capitalism
5312:Supply-side economics
5280:American conservatism
5079:Breakup of Yugoslavia
4968:Bougainville conflict
4883:South Yemen civil war
4818:Martial law in Poland
4681:Nicaraguan Revolution
4656:Dirty War (Argentina)
4463:1971 JVP insurrection
4277:Years of Lead (Italy)
4155:North Yemen civil war
4073:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4049:Albanian–Soviet split
3981:1959 Tibetan uprising
3946:Syrian Crisis of 1957
3801:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
3661:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3031:List of metro systems
2584:Collective leadership
1609:Collective leadership
1388:Wolność i Solidarność
275:began to take shape.
271:in January 1968, the
103:, along with earlier
36:Soviet foreign policy
22:
6677:Normalization Period
6672:Warsaw Pact Invasion
6567:Common European Home
6562:Peaceful coexistence
5573:Non-Aligned Movement
5195:Peaceful coexistence
5149:North Borneo dispute
5064:German reunification
5059:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
4757:Salvadoran Civil War
4706:Grand Mosque seizure
4701:Yemenite War of 1979
4593:Mozambican Civil War
4548:Carnation Revolution
4503:Yemenite War of 1972
4441:1970 Polish protests
4272:1967 Hong Kong riots
4247:Argentine Revolution
4197:Guatemalan Civil War
4125:Cuban Missile Crisis
4039:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3911:1956 Poznań protests
3889:Geneva Summit (1955)
3491:Hukbalahap Rebellion
3470:Non-Aligned Movement
2993:Net material product
2936:Censorship of images
2853:Political repression
2813:Soviet Border Troops
2746:First Deputy Premier
2330:1965 economic reform
2325:Soviet space program
2048:Konstantin Chernenko
1762:Uzbek cotton scandal
1704:1980 Summer Olympics
1679:1977 Moscow bombings
1454:1.2 (2001): 103–118.
1437:(2010) pp: 285–370.
1390:10 (2017): 155–223.
222:Belgrade Declaration
6018:Alex von Tunzelmann
6008:Vladimir Tismăneanu
5933:Thomas J. McCormick
5928:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
5828:Robert Hugh Ferrell
5691:Crusade for Freedom
5488:Illiberal democracy
5372:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5175:Eisenhower Doctrine
5028:Peaceful Revolution
5023:Romanian Revolution
5003:Revolutions of 1989
4988:1988 Polish strikes
4898:Operation INFEKTION
4893:1987 Lieyu massacre
4798:Eritrean Civil Wars
4781:Peruvian Revolution
4731:1979 Herat uprising
4721:Sino-Vietnamese War
4686:Uganda–Tanzania War
4666:Egyptian–Libyan War
4633:Third Indochina War
4628:Sino-Albanian split
4618:Ethiopian Civil War
4518:Eritrean Civil Wars
4458:Ping-pong diplomacy
4431:Cambodian Civil War
4257:Korean DMZ Conflict
4242:Cultural Revolution
4212:Dominican Civil War
4190:Tlatelolco massacre
3976:1959 Mosul uprising
3966:1958 Lebanon crisis
3693:Al-Wathbah uprising
3616:First Indochina War
3586:Iran crisis of 1946
3061:Academy of Sciences
2876:Population transfer
2820:Soviet Armed Forces
2683:Congress of Soviets
2664:Presidium/Politburo
2628:Soviet anti-Zionism
2477:West Siberian Plain
2355:Revolutions of 1989
2292:Great Patriotic War
2277:New Economic Policy
1482:Rostow, N. (1981).
514:Sino-Vietnamese War
398:Nur Muhammad Taraki
353:Mohammed Daoud Khan
349:Nur Muhammad Taraki
281:developed socialism
177:Pan-European Picnic
127:were to break out.
78:in Eastern Europe.
76:satellite countries
6932:Western Belorussia
6831:Soviet occupations
6172:Russian Revolution
5968:Mary Elise Sarotte
5953:William B. Pickett
5878:Patrick J. Hearden
5858:Gabriel Gorodetsky
5853:Timothy Garton Ash
5838:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
5433:Ethnic nationalism
5185:Hallstein Doctrine
5069:Yemeni unification
4858:1985 Geneva Summit
4823:Casamance conflict
4726:New Jewel Movement
4711:Iranian Revolution
4696:Chadian–Libyan War
4643:Cambodian conflict
4623:Lebanese Civil War
4613:Western Sahara War
4588:June 1976 protests
4583:Cambodian genocide
4348:17 July Revolution
4302:Nigerian Civil War
4217:Rhodesian Bush War
4202:Colombian conflict
4145:Ramadan Revolution
3884:Bandung Conference
3760:Operation Valuable
3641:Partition of India
2706:Military Collegium
2574:Capital punishment
2452:Caucasus Mountains
2365:Post-Soviet states
2245:Russian Revolution
1734:Events (1982–1985)
1669:Vladivostok Summit
1601:Events (1964–1982)
1265:, p. 135-136.
1253:, p. 134-136.
1212:, p. 131-132.
1179:. pp. 47–49.
936:2022-02-14 at the
658:The New York Times
615:(1997) 1: 180–181.
561:Soviet occupations
444:war in Afghanistan
259:1968 Prague Spring
28:
7005:
7004:
6797:
6796:
6774:Brezhnev Doctrine
6718:František Kriegel
6627:
6626:
6590:
6589:
6557:Brezhnev Doctrine
6537:
6536:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6203:
6202:
6190:List of conflicts
6038:Rudolph Winnacker
5983:Giles Scott-Smith
5958:Ronald E. Powaski
5913:Melvyn P. Leffler
5843:John Lewis Gaddis
5818:Robert D. English
5783:Warren H. Carroll
5773:Michael Beschloss
5742:Nuclear arms race
5723:
5722:
5629:Neues Deutschland
5531:
5530:
5513:White nationalism
5483:Liberal democracy
5220:Ulbricht Doctrine
5210:Brezhnev Doctrine
5018:Velvet Revolution
4762:Soviet–Afghan War
4578:Angolan Civil War
4375:Goulash Communism
4232:ASEAN Declaration
4185:Mexican Dirty War
4083:Annexation of Goa
4034:1960 U-2 incident
4008:Sino-Soviet split
3986:Laotian Civil War
3826:Bricker Amendment
3806:Mau Mau rebellion
3750:Malayan Emergency
3738:Chinese Civil War
3698:Tito–Stalin split
3552:Division of Korea
3376:
3375:
3340:
3339:
3332:Hammer and sickle
3274:and their groups
3272:Soviet dissidents
3051:Communist Academy
2968:Economic planning
2944:
2943:
2837:Soviet Air Forces
2756:Security services
2676:General Secretary
2659:Central Committee
2601:Political parties
2533:Brezhnev Doctrine
2528:Foreign relations
2485:
2484:
2426:Autonomous okrugs
2340:Soviet–Afghan War
2320:Sino-Soviet split
2262:Russian Civil War
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
1781:Politburo members
1699:Soviet–Afghan War
1639:Brezhnev Doctrine
1593:Era of Stagnation
1554:Works related to
1467:Ouimet, Matthew:
1392:online in English
1383:(Springer, 2016).
1379:Jones, Robert A.
730:Los Angeles Times
714:Hunt 2009, p. 945
694:10.1080/713999924
576:Ulbricht Doctrine
462:Mikhail Gorbachev
316:Nikita Khrushchev
202:Nikita Khrushchev
72:Mikhail Gorbachev
64:communist parties
32:Brezhnev Doctrine
7070:
6951:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6801:
6800:
6769:Action Programme
6708:Alexander Dubček
6654:
6647:
6640:
6631:
6630:
6619:Foreign ministry
6572:Sinatra Doctrine
6543:
6542:
6502:
6501:
6495:
6266:
6265:
6252:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6207:
6206:
5948:David S. Painter
5873:John Earl Haynes
5803:Nicholas J. Cull
5788:Adrian Cioroianu
5768:Thomas A. Bailey
5715:Voice of America
5606:
5605:
5518:White separatism
5498:Social democracy
5493:Guided democracy
5473:Authoritarianism
5423:Ultranationalism
5413:Anti-imperialism
5340:Marxism–Leninism
5253:
5252:
5240:Kinmen Agreement
5205:Johnson Doctrine
5190:Kennedy Doctrine
5106:Frozen conflicts
5089:1991 August Coup
4978:Afghan Civil War
4873:Reykjavík Summit
4868:Somali Rebellion
4808:Ugandan Bush War
4786:Gdańsk Agreement
4307:Protests of 1968
4287:War of Attrition
3996:Cuban Revolution
3932:We will bury you
3899:Cyprus Emergency
3879:Kashmir Princess
3869:Jebel Akhdar War
3718:Western betrayal
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3103:
3102:
3011:
2866:Collectivization
2611:Marxism–Leninism
2496:
2495:
2385:
2384:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2109:
2108:
2105:National economy
1772:Friendship Games
1674:Helsinki Accords
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1532:
1495:
1452:Cold War History
1435:Promises of 1968
1430:
1368:
1359:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1128:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1009:
993:
983:
977:
976:
960:
950:
941:
928:
922:
921:
905:
895:
886:
885:
879:
871:
835:
826:
825:
817:
808:
794:
788:
787:
771:
761:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
726:
721:
715:
712:
706:
705:
681:Cold War History
675:
669:
668:
666:
664:
649:
643:
642:
622:
616:
609:
603:
597:
581:Western betrayal
470:political reform
277:Alexander Dubček
179:then led to the
165:Sinatra Doctrine
70:. Soviet leader
7078:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7048:Leonid Brezhnev
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6987:
6952:
6943:
6927:Western Ukraine
6833:
6828:
6798:
6793:
6779:Moscow Protocol
6757:
6728:Antonín Novotný
6698:Leonid Brezhnev
6681:
6663:
6658:
6628:
6623:
6586:
6548:
6533:
6510:
6496:
6479:
6458:
6392:
6331:
6300:
6260:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6204:
6199:
6176:
6167:Second Cold War
6125:
6053:
6047:
6023:Odd Arne Westad
6013:Patrick Vaughan
5998:Athan Theoharis
5978:Ellen Schrecker
5963:Yakov M. Rabkin
5938:Timothy Naftali
5883:Tvrtko Jakovina
5868:Jussi Hanhimäki
5751:
5729:
5719:
5697:Paix et Liberté
5672:
5616:Active measures
5597:
5527:
5508:White supremacy
5468:Totalitarianism
5396:
5321:
5244:
5230:Reagan Doctrine
5225:Carter Doctrine
5165:Truman Doctrine
5153:
5100:
5032:
4927:Soviet reaction
4838:Ndogboyosoi War
4745:
4716:Saur Revolution
4543:1973 oil crisis
4508:Munich massacre
4416:Alcora Exercise
4411:Black September
4389:
4135:Sino-Indian War
4029:Simba rebellion
4012:
3856:Capture of the
3764:
3703:Berlin Blockade
3636:May 1947 crises
3626:Truman Doctrine
3591:Greek Civil War
3580:Blacklist Forty
3547:Gouzenko Affair
3534:Cursed soldiers
3486:Morgenthau Plan
3474:
3412:
3407:
3377:
3372:
3351:
3349:
3336:
3284:
3258:
3178:
3092:
3037:
3009:
2983:Internet domain
2978:Five-year plans
2940:
2907:
2847:
2750:
2712:
2644:Communist Party
2632:
2591:Passport system
2481:
2457:European Russia
2435:
2374:
2315:Khrushchev Thaw
2294:(World War II)
2272:Creation treaty
2226:
2220:
2190:
2181:
2154:Five-year plans
2148:
2100:
2052:
2008:
1782:
1776:
1728:
1659:1973 oil crisis
1595:
1590:
1546:
1513:10.2307/2198512
1476:The Epic of Man
1447:(2018) pp: 1–5.
1411:10.2307/2538931
1335:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1296:
1289:
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1261:
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1187:
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1160:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1017:
1013:
1006:
984:
980:
973:
951:
944:
938:Wayback Machine
929:
925:
918:
896:
889:
873:
872:
836:
829:
818:
811:
795:
791:
784:
762:
755:
750:
746:
741:
737:
724:
722:
718:
713:
709:
676:
672:
662:
660:
650:
646:
639:
623:
619:
610:
606:
598:
594:
589:
566:Satellite state
541:Truman Doctrine
536:Monroe Doctrine
526:Captive Nations
522:
502:
458:
440:
394:Hafizullah Amin
338:
329:
312:
291:Leonid Brezhnev
265:Antonín Novotný
261:
236:
194:
189:
105:Soviet military
89:Leonid Brezhnev
17:
12:
11:
5:
7076:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7003:
7002:
6992:
6989:
6988:
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6958:
6954:
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6946:
6944:
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6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6919:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6900:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6891:Transcarpathia
6886:Czechoslovakia
6883:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6849:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6753:Ludvík Vaculík
6750:
6748:Ludvík Svoboda
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6703:Oldřich Černík
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6657:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6634:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6529:United Nations
6526:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6421:
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6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6262:
6261:
6248:
6247:
6233:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5993:Timothy Snyder
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Vojtech Mastny
5920:
5918:Geir Lundestad
5915:
5910:
5908:Walter Laqueur
5905:
5903:Walter LaFeber
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5833:André Fontaine
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5763:Gar Alperovitz
5759:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5503:Third-Worldism
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5292:Libertarianism
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5270:Chicago school
5267:
5261:
5259:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5215:Nixon Doctrine
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5158:Foreign policy
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4943:Operation RYAN
4940:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4848:Able Archer 83
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Oromo conflict
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Yom Kippur War
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Aden Emergency
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Papua conflict
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3991:Kitchen Debate
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3951:Sputnik crisis
3948:
3943:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3921:Polish October
3918:
3913:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Pact of Madrid
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Bamboo Curtain
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3026:Rail transport
3023:
3021:Railway system
3013:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2741:Deputy Premier
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2724:Heads of state
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2689:Supreme Soviet
2686:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2606:State ideology
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2472:Ural Mountains
2469:
2464:
2462:North Caucasus
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:Food Programme
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2091:Tikhonov's 1st
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Able Archer 83
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Exercise Zapad
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Fall of Saigon
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1544:External links
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1507:(5): 816–819.
1496:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1431:
1394:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1314:
1294:
1287:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1241:, p. 136.
1226:
1224:, p. 132.
1214:
1199:
1185:
1158:
1156:, p. 131.
1146:
1139:
1110:
1103:
1077:
1070:
1044:
1037:
1011:
1004:
978:
971:
942:
923:
916:
887:
846:(2): 145–146.
827:
809:
789:
782:
753:
744:
735:
716:
707:
688:(2): 103–118.
670:
644:
637:
617:
604:
591:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
521:
518:
501:
498:
457:
454:
439:
436:
411:Dmitry Ustinov
403:Andrei Gromyko
337:
334:
328:
325:
311:
308:
260:
257:
235:
232:
193:
190:
188:
185:
113:liberalization
48:Eastern Europe
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7075:
7064:
7063:Prague Spring
7061:
7059:
7058:Neo-Sovietism
7056:
7054:
7053:Neo-Stalinism
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6970:Northern Iran
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6950:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6852:Baltic states
6850:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6820:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:Petro Shelest
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6723:Zdeněk Mlynář
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:Major figures
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6661:Prague Spring
6655:
6650:
6648:
6643:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6577:Foreign trade
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6544:
6540:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6327:United States
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6157:War on terror
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:Espionage and
6050:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:Andrew Thorpe
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:Gabriel Kolko
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:Fred Halliday
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Lloyd Gardner
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Norman Davies
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:John Costello
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:Technological
5726:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:Pro-communist
5607:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:Organizations
5534:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Eurocommunism
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Domino theory
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:South Ossetia
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:8888 Uprising
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Iran–Iraq War
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Falklands War
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:NDF Rebellion
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:German Autumn
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Metapolitefsi
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4319:Prague Spring
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Al-Wadiah War
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:12-3 incident
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Domino theory
3839:
3837:
3836:Petrov Affair
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Madiun Affair
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Marshall Plan
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:United States
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Printed media
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:Cyrillisation
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Working class
3128:
3126:
3125:Soviet people
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Energy policy
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:Supreme Court
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:The Holocaust
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Kosygin's 1st
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Yuri Andropov
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Prague Spring
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1558:at Wikisource
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:(2): 209–243.
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1358:(1): 169–179.
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1288:9780807854112
1284:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1186:9781594200076
1182:
1178:
1177:Penguin Group
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1140:0-8078-2740-1
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1104:0-8078-2740-1
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1071:0-8078-2740-1
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1040:
1038:0-8078-2740-1
1034:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1007:
1005:0-8078-2740-1
1001:
997:
992:
991:
982:
974:
972:0-8078-2740-1
968:
964:
959:
958:
949:
947:
939:
935:
932:
927:
919:
917:0-8078-2740-1
913:
909:
904:
903:
894:
892:
883:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
832:
823:
816:
814:
807:
806:0-8078-2740-1
803:
799:
793:
785:
783:0-8078-2740-1
779:
775:
770:
769:
760:
758:
748:
739:
733:, 1989-10-25.
732:
731:
720:
711:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
674:
659:
655:
648:
640:
634:
630:
629:
621:
614:
608:
602:
596:
592:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Sovietization
554:
552:
551:Soviet Empire
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
517:
515:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
453:
450:
445:
435:
431:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Yuri Andropov
404:
399:
395:
390:
387:
382:
378:
373:
371:
370:Babrak Karmal
367:
363:
359:
354:
350:
345:
343:
333:
324:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
300:Ukrainian SSR
297:
292:
288:
286:
285:Yuri Andropov
282:
278:
274:
273:Prague Spring
270:
266:
256:
254:
249:
245:
241:
231:
228:
223:
219:
215:
214:Mátyás Rákosi
211:
207:
206:Secret Speech
203:
199:
198:Joseph Stalin
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Frank Sinatra
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Prague Spring
97:
94:
90:
86:
85:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
7033:Eastern Bloc
6993:
6975:
6968:
6910:East Prussia
6902:
6878:
6844:
6773:
6713:Gustáv Husák
6556:
6507:Multilateral
6432:East Germany
6281:Burkina Faso
6162:Brinkmanship
6054:intelligence
5943:Marius Oprea
5893:Harvey Klehr
5823:Herbert Feis
5813:Willem Drees
5778:Archie Brown
5695:
5683:
5665:
5655:Trybuna Ludu
5653:
5646:
5642:Radio Moscow
5634:
5627:
5620:
5448:Anti-Zionism
5364:
5287:Keynesianism
5275:Conservatism
5209:
5139:Transnistria
5119:China-Taiwan
4776:Gera Demands
4649:
4450:
4325:
4130:El Porteñazo
4024:Congo Crisis
3939:
3874:Algerian War
3857:
3733:Western Bloc
3728:Eastern Bloc
3723:Iron Curtain
3579:
3571:
3563:
3540:
3520:
3512:
3429:Soviet Union
3427:
3420:
3348:
3120:Demographics
3110:Antisemitism
2963:Central Bank
2881:Forced labor
2829:Spetsnaz GRU
2649:organisation
2557:Human rights
2532:
2506:Constitution
2389:Subdivisions
2267:Russian SFSR
2223:Soviet Union
1970:Shevardnadze
1955:Shcherbytsky
1638:
1536:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1434:
1405:(3): 25–67.
1402:
1398:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1372:Hunt, Lynn.
1364:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1333:Bibliography
1322:
1317:
1308:
1277:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1217:
1190:
1170:
1161:
1149:
1124:
1088:
1080:
1055:
1047:
1022:
1014:
989:
981:
956:
926:
901:
876:cite journal
843:
839:
821:
797:
792:
767:
747:
738:
728:
719:
710:
685:
679:
673:
663:10 September
661:. Retrieved
657:
647:
627:
620:
612:
607:
595:
503:
483:
479:
459:
441:
438:Renunciation
432:
423:
414:
391:
385:
380:
376:
374:
346:
339:
330:
313:
289:
262:
253:Renunciation
252:
237:
195:
150:
129:
121:Soviet Union
98:
82:
80:
31:
29:
24:Eastern Bloc
6964:Afghanistan
6789:Warsaw Pact
6693:Vasil Biľak
6582:Occupations
6409:The Baltics
6378:Philippines
6291:Ivory Coast
5988:Shen Zhihua
5798:Michael Cox
5730:competition
5677:Pro-Western
5667:Soviet Life
5593:Safari Club
5563:Warsaw Pact
5418:Nationalism
5408:Imperialism
5307:Reaganomics
5170:Containment
4963:Perestroika
4452:Realpolitik
4282:Six-Day War
4267:Greek junta
4078:Berlin Wall
3926:Suez Crisis
3894:Vietnam War
3781:McCarthyism
3596:Baruch Plan
3541:Unthinkable
3501:Dekemvriana
3440:Warsaw Pact
3224:Phraseology
3169:Prohibition
3157:Linguistics
3142:Drug policy
3135:1989 census
3056:Cybernetics
2958:Agriculture
2871:Great Purge
2833:Soviet Navy
2825:Soviet Army
2697:(1989–1991)
2691:(1938–1991)
2685:(1922–1936)
2669:Secretariat
2540:Gun control
2447:Caspian Sea
2431:Closed city
2360:Dissolution
2345:Perestroika
2287:Great Purge
2058:Governments
1980:Solomentsev
1920:Mzhavanadze
1619:Six-Day War
1167:Coll, Steve
531:Imperialism
506:Khmer Rouge
490:Berlin Wall
486:Warsaw Pact
358:Durand Line
342:Afghanistan
304:Warsaw Pact
227:Warsaw Pact
142:Afghanistan
133:Warsaw Pact
40:Soviet Bloc
7012:Categories
6733:Jan Palach
6454:Yugoslavia
5756:Historians
5747:Space Race
5648:Rudé právo
5602:Propaganda
5458:Neo-Nazism
5428:Chauvinism
5382:Trotskyism
5297:Monetarism
5265:Liberalism
5257:Capitalism
5249:Ideologies
5200:Ostpolitik
4923:Solidarity
4888:Toyota War
4791:Solidarity
4648:Operation
4603:Ogaden War
4292:Dhofar War
4180:Shifta War
3938:Operation
3786:Korean War
3578:Operation
3570:Operation
3562:Operation
3539:Operation
3519:Operation
3511:Operation
3264:Opposition
3254:Television
3234:Propaganda
3207:Literature
3081:Naukograds
3076:Sharashkas
3010:(currency)
2988:Inventions
2931:Censorship
2861:Red Terror
2545:Government
2419:Autonomous
2402:Autonomous
2335:Stagnation
2298:Evacuation
2005:Vorotnikov
638:9639116157
587:References
474:Khrushchev
449:Solidarity
415:mujahideen
323:hegemony.
248:capitalism
161:Solidarity
6977:Manchuria
6867:Lithuania
6599:Diplomats
6547:Diplomacy
6509:relations
6383:Sri Lanka
6259:relations
6257:Bilateral
6043:Ken Young
5888:Tony Judt
5737:Arms race
5710:Red Scare
5578:NN States
5523:Apartheid
5478:Autocracy
5387:Stalinism
5355:Guevarism
5345:Castroism
5335:Communism
5327:Socialism
4853:Star Wars
4446:Koza riot
3572:Beleaguer
3564:Masterdom
3325:Republics
3313:Republics
3301:Republics
3152:Languages
3016:Transport
2898:Holodomor
2791:Militsiya
2729:President
2621:Stalinism
2523:Elections
2397:Republics
2380:Geography
2370:Nostalgia
2282:Stalinism
2177:11th plan
2172:10th plan
1940:Ponomarev
1935:Polyansky
1900:Kuznetsov
1875:Kirilenko
1855:Gorbachev
1835:Chernenko
1830:Chebrikov
1529:246003045
1427:153951685
868:154618928
702:153874504
516:of 1979.
492:that had
255:section.
244:communism
238:When the
210:Imre Nagy
204:'s 1956 "
60:socialism
56:reformist
6880:Bornholm
6609:Treaties
6439:Holy See
6423:Germany
6373:Pakistan
6368:Malaysia
6305:Americas
6195:Timeline
6185:Category
6130:See also
5622:Izvestia
5463:Islamism
5360:Hoxhaism
5235:Rollback
5114:Abkhazia
5054:Gulf War
4958:Glasnost
4328:incident
4098:Sand War
3956:Ifni War
3465:Rio Pact
3410:Cold War
3368:Category
2921:Religion
2808:Chairmen
2654:Congress
2616:Leninism
2596:Propiska
2491:Politics
2350:Glasnost
2310:Cold War
2250:February
2167:9th plan
2162:8th plan
2037:Podgorny
2027:Brezhnev
1990:Tikhonov
1975:Shvernik
1960:Shelepin
1945:Rashidov
1930:Podgorny
1905:Masherov
1880:Kiselyov
1840:Demichev
1825:Brezhnev
1820:Andropov
1193:blowback
1169:(2004).
934:Archived
860:20081303
520:See also
117:hegemony
6994:Italics
6939:Romania
6917:Hungary
6904:Germany
6898:Finland
6857:Estonia
6846:Austria
6762:Related
6743:Ota Šik
6524:Comecon
6475:Vanuatu
6463:Oceania
6444:Hungary
6414:Denmark
6404:Austria
6322:Grenada
6296:Liberia
5685:Amerika
5568:Comecon
5453:Fascism
5443:Zionism
5392:Titoism
4933:Contras
4401:Détente
3678:Comecon
3289:Symbols
3202:Fashion
3184:Culture
3098:Society
3043:Science
3008:Rouble
2950:Economy
2926:Science
2736:Premier
2717:Offices
2579:Leaders
2499:General
2467:Siberia
2440:Regions
2414:Oblasts
2255:October
2232:History
2112:Reforms
2032:Kosygin
2014:Leaders
2000:Voronov
1995:Ustinov
1965:Shelest
1950:Romanov
1915:Mikoyan
1910:Mazurov
1895:Kulakov
1890:Kosygin
1870:Gromyko
1865:Grishin
1860:Grechko
1850:Efremov
1845:Dolgikh
1654:Détente
1521:2198512
1419:2538931
508:in the
419:linkage
366:Parcham
187:Origins
68:Kremlin
44:Central
6922:Poland
6862:Latvia
6838:Europe
6519:Africa
6449:Norway
6419:France
6397:Europe
6388:Turkey
6353:Israel
6312:Canada
6286:Guinea
6276:Angola
6269:Africa
5636:Pravda
5438:Racism
5377:Maoism
5129:Kosovo
4650:Condor
4326:Pueblo
4312:May 68
3940:Gladio
3858:Tuapse
3521:Jungle
3513:Priboi
3308:Emblem
3296:Anthem
3244:Sports
3197:Cinema
3192:Ballet
3174:Racism
3147:Family
2637:Bodies
2225:topics
2023:Troika
1985:Suslov
1885:Kunaev
1815:Aliyev
1527:
1519:
1463:online
1439:online
1425:
1417:
1285:
1183:
1137:
1101:
1068:
1035:
1002:
969:
914:
866:
858:
804:
780:
700:
635:
601:online
571:Tankie
173:My Way
171:song "
153:Poland
84:Pravda
34:was a
6604:Spies
6470:Tonga
6358:Japan
6348:India
6343:China
6121:Stasi
5588:SAARC
5583:ASEAN
5548:SEATO
5401:Other
5366:Juche
5124:Korea
5037:1990s
4750:1980s
4394:1970s
4017:1960s
3769:1950s
3479:1940s
3460:NEATO
3455:SEATO
3445:ANZUS
3239:Radio
3217:Opera
3212:Music
3115:Crime
2886:Gulag
2764:Cheka
2409:Krais
1925:Pelše
1525:S2CID
1517:JSTOR
1423:S2CID
1415:JSTOR
1133:–98.
1097:–97.
998:–61.
965:–20.
910:–19.
864:S2CID
856:JSTOR
776:–11.
723:LAT,
698:S2CID
386:jihad
381:jihad
377:jihad
362:Khalq
155:held
6957:Asia
6363:Laos
6336:Asia
6317:Cuba
5661:TASS
5553:METO
5543:NATO
4769:and
4767:1980
4324:USS
3450:METO
3435:NATO
3320:Flag
3278:List
3086:List
2998:OGAS
2891:List
2774:NKVD
2562:LGBT
2550:List
2516:1977
2511:1936
2144:1984
2134:1979
2129:1973
2124:1965
2119:OGAS
2021:The
1806:26th
1801:25th
1796:24th
1791:23rd
1786:22nd
1742:RYAN
1283:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1000:ISBN
967:ISBN
912:ISBN
882:link
802:ISBN
778:ISBN
665:2021
633:ISBN
427:coup
364:and
246:and
159:and
125:NATO
46:and
30:The
6116:KGB
6111:MVD
6096:MI6
6091:MI5
6086:CIA
5558:EEC
2803:KGB
2798:MGB
2786:MVD
2769:GPU
2569:Law
2096:2nd
2086:5th
2081:4th
2076:3rd
2071:2nd
1509:doi
1407:doi
848:doi
690:doi
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