Battle of the Somme

1975:, Erich von Falkenhayn continued the policy of unyielding defence in 1916. Falkenhayn implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers, shortage of manpower and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable, as the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist. High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat were preferable to higher losses, voluntary withdrawals and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle. When a more flexible policy was substituted later, decisions about withdrawal were still reserved to army commanders. On the Somme front, Falkenhayn's construction plan of January 1915 had been completed. Barbed wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5–10 yards (4.6–9.1 m) wide to two, 30 yards (27 m) wide and about 15 yards (14 m) apart. Double and triple thickness wire was used and laid 3–5 feet (0.91–1.52 m) high. The front line had been increased from one trench line to a position of three lines 150–200 yards (140–180 m) apart, the first trench ( 1812:

disproportionate casualties. The battle changed the nature of the offensive on the Somme, as French divisions were diverted to Verdun, and the main effort by the French diminished to a supporting attack for the British. German overestimation of the cost of Verdun to the French contributed to the concentration of German infantry and guns on the north bank of the Somme. By May, Joffre and Haig had changed their expectations of an offensive on the Somme, from a decisive battle to a hope that it would relieve Verdun and keep German divisions in France, which would assist the Russian armies conducting the Brusilov Offensive. The German offensive at Verdun was suspended in July, and troops, guns, and ammunition were transferred to Picardy, leading to a similar transfer of the French Tenth Army to the Somme front. Later in the year, the Franco-British were able to attack on the Somme and at Verdun sequentially and the French recovered much of the ground lost on the east bank of the Meuse in October and December.

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of pressure on the French at Verdun and the infliction of losses on the Germans. After a five-day artillery bombardment, the British Fourth Army was to capture 27,000 yards (25,000 m) of the German first line, from Montauban to Serre and the Third Army was to mount a diversion at Gommecourt. In a second phase, the Fourth Army was to take the German second position, from Pozières to the Ancre and then the second position south of the Albert–Bapaume Road, ready for an attack on the German third position south of the road towards Flers, when the Reserve Army which included three cavalry divisions, would exploit the success to advance east and then north towards Arras. The French Sixth Army, with one corps on the north bank from Maricourt to the Somme and two corps on the south bank southwards to Foucaucourt, would make a subsidiary attack to guard the right flank of the main attack being made by the British.

2156:. The attack was made by five divisions of the French Sixth Army on the east side of the Somme, eleven British divisions of the Fourth Army north of the Somme to Serre and two divisions of the Third Army opposite Gommecourt, against the German Second Army of General Fritz von Below. The German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road mostly collapsed and the French had "complete success" on both banks of the Somme, as did the British from the army boundary at Maricourt to the Albert–Bapaume road. On the south bank the German defence was made incapable of resisting another attack and a substantial retreat began; on the north bank the abandonment of Fricourt was ordered. The defenders on the commanding ground north of the road inflicted a huge defeat on the British infantry, who took an unprecedented number of casualties. Several truces were negotiated to recover wounded from 629: 559: 537: 437: 426: 415: 404: 335: 2423: 2501: 2586:(1 October – 11 November). Organisational difficulties and deteriorating weather frustrated Joffre's intention to proceed by vigorous co-ordinated attacks by the Anglo-French armies, which became disjointed and declined in effectiveness during late September, at the same time as a revival occurred in the German defence. The British experimented with new techniques in gas warfare, machine-gun bombardment and tank–infantry co-operation, as the Germans struggled to withstand the preponderance of men and material fielded by the Anglo-French, despite reorganisation and substantial reinforcements of troops, artillery and aircraft from Verdun. September became the worst month for casualties for the Germans. 2086:(barrage sectors); each officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries ready to engage fleeting targets. A telephone system was built, with lines buried 6 feet (1.8 m) deep for 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied. The front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The defences were crowded towards the front trench with a regiment having two battalions near the front-trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the 2053: 2532:, south of Morval and because of rain. The combined attack was also intended to deprive the German defenders further west, near Thiepval of reinforcements, before an attack by the Reserve Army, due on 26 September. Combles, Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt were captured and a small number of tanks joined in the battle later in the afternoon. Many casualties were inflicted on the Germans but the French made slower progress. The Fourth Army advance on 25 September was its deepest since 14 July and left the Germans in severe difficulties, particularly in a Salients, re-entrants and pockets salient near Combles. The Reserve Army attack began on 26 September in the 3833: 3935:, Holger Herwig, William Philpott et al. wrote that there was no strategic alternative for the British in 1916 and that an understandable horror at British losses is insular, given the millions of casualties borne by the French and Russian armies since 1914. This school of thought sets the battle in a context of a general Allied offensive in 1916 and notes that German and French writing on the battle puts it in a continental perspective. Little German and French writing on this topic has been translated, leaving much of their historical perspective and detail of German and French military operations inaccessible to the English-speaking world. 262: 3675: 2386: 2203: 1922: 2551: 2443:, British troops were required to advance to positions which would give observation over the German third position, ready for a general attack in mid-September. British attacks from Leuze Wood northwards to Ginchy had begun on 3 September, when the 7th Division captured the village and was then forced out by a German counter-attack. The capture of Ginchy and the success of the French Sixth Army on 12 September, in its biggest attack of the battle of the Somme, enabled both armies to make much bigger attacks, sequenced with the Tenth and Reserve armies, which captured much more ground and inflicted 646: 596: 573: 505: 494: 483: 472: 461: 450: 217: 1827: 307: 350: 2321: 2650: 68: 292: 232: 2191: 393: 382: 371: 3070:

showed that such lines or metalled roads could not be built quickly enough to sustain an advance, and that pausing while communications caught up allowed the defenders to recover. On the Somme the daily carry during attacks on a 12 mi (19 km) front was 20,000 long tons (20,000 t) and a few wood roads and rail lines were inadequate for the number of lorries and roads. A comprehensive system of transport was needed, which required a much greater diversion of personnel and equipment than had been expected.

2141: 613: 550: 528: 2850: 202: 185: 277: 247: 1661: 2332:, while the centre advanced to capture the higher-lying areas of High Wood and Pozières. After the Battle of Albert the offensive had evolved to the capture of fortified villages, woods, and other terrain that offered observation for artillery fire, jumping-off points for more attacks, and other tactical advantages. The mutually costly fighting at Delville Wood eventually secured the British right flank and marked the Western Front debut of the South African 2025: 321: 2250:. Field artillery fired a creeping barrage and the attacking waves pushed up close behind it in no man's land, leaving them only a short distance to cross when the barrage lifted from the German front trench. Most of the objective was captured and the German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road put under great strain but the attack was not followed up due to British communication failures, casualties and disorganisation. 2704:(13–18 November 1916), British attacks on the Somme front were stopped by the weather and military operations by both sides were mostly restricted to survival in the rain, snow, fog, mud fields, waterlogged trenches and shell-holes. As preparations for the offensive at Arras continued, the British attempted to keep German attention on the Somme front. British operations on the Ancre from 2005:) about 1,000 yards (910 m) behind the front line was also built. Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line, renamed the second position, which was as well-built and wired as the first position. The second position was beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the position. 1781:

offensive had been shattered.) If such Franco-British defeats were not enough, Germany would attack the remnants of both armies and end the western alliance for good. The unexpected length of the Verdun offensive, and the need to replace many drained units at Verdun, depleted the German strategic reserve placed behind the 6th Army, which held the Western Front from

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delay during more bad weather on the right flank of the Fourth Army and on the French Sixth Army front, until 5 November. Next day, the Fourth Army ceased offensive operations, except for small attacks intended to improve positions and divert German attention from attacks being made by the Reserve/Fifth Army. Larger operations resumed in January 1917.

1852:, commanding the German Second Army, for a spoiling attack on the Somme. On 4 June, Russian armies attacked on a 200 mi (320 km) front, from the Romanian frontier to Pinsk and eventually advanced 93 mi (150 km), reaching the foothills of the Carpathian mountains, against German and Austro-Hungarian troops of 3917:

though the battle had forced the Germans to end their offensive at Verdun, attrition was damaging the British armies more than the German armies. Though Churchill was unable to suggest an alternative, a critical view of the British on the Somme has been influential in English-language writing ever since. In 2016, historian

2815:(Hindenburg Line) begin. Ludendorff rejected the proposal the next day, but British attacks on the First Army – particularly the action of Miraumont (also known as the Battle of Boom Ravine, 17–18 February) – caused Rupprecht on the night of 22 February to order a preliminary withdrawal of c. 4 mi (6.4 km) to the 2767:(Hindenburg Line) at the end of September. Withdrawing to the new line was not an easy decision and the German high command struggled over it during the winter of 1916–1917. Some members wanted to take a shorter step back to a line between Arras and Sailly, while the 1st and 2nd army commanders wanted to stay on the Somme. 2470:

supporting attack on the south bank of the Somme. The strategic objective of a breakthrough was not achieved but the tactical gains were considerable, the front line being advanced by 2,500–3,500 yards (2,300–3,200 m) and many casualties were inflicted on the German defenders. The battle was the debut of the

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The Battle of the Somme has been called the beginning of modern all-arms warfare, during which Kitchener's Army learned to fight the mass-industrial war in which the continental armies had been engaged for two years. This view sees the British contribution to the battle as part of a coalition war and

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who said, "There will be a national two-minute silence on Friday morning. I will be attending a service at the Thiepval Memorial near the battlefield and it's right that the whole country pauses to remember the sacrifices of all those who fought and lost their lives in that conflict." On 1 July 2016,

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Churchill, concluding that there had been fewer German losses than Anglo-French casualties but that the ability of the German army to inflict disproportionate losses had been eroded by attrition. In 2003 British historian Gary Sheffield wrote that the calculation by Edmonds of Anglo-French casualties

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In 1931, Hermann Wendt published a comparison of German and British–French casualties which showed an average of 30 per cent more Allied casualties than German losses on the Somme. In the first 1916 volume of the British Official History (1932), J. E. Edmonds wrote that comparisons of casualties were

2888:. Philpott argues that the German army was exhausted by the end of 1916, with loss of morale and the cumulative effects of attrition and frequent defeats causing it to collapse in 1918, a process which began on the Somme, echoing Churchill's argument that the German soldiery was never the same again. 2891:

The destruction of German units in battle was made worse by lack of rest. British and French aircraft and long-range guns reached well behind the front line, where trench-digging and other work meant that troops returned to the line exhausted. Despite the strategic predicament of the German army, it

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The Battle of Flers–Courcelette was the third and final general offensive mounted by the British Army, which attacked an intermediate line and the German third line to take Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt, which was combined with a French attack on Frégicourt and Rancourt to encircle Combles and a

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when a general attack combined with the French further south, degenerated into a series of separate attacks due to communication failures, supply failures and poor weather. German bombardments and counter-attacks began on 23 July and continued until 7 August. The fighting ended with the Reserve Army

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Research in German archives revealed in 2016 that the date and location of the British offensive had been betrayed to German interrogators by two politically disgruntled soldiers several weeks in advance. The German military accordingly undertook significant defensive preparatory work on the British

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heights and make Verdun untenable. The French would have to conduct a counter-offensive on ground dominated by the German army and ringed with masses of heavy artillery, leading to huge losses and bringing the French army close to collapse. The British would mount a hasty relief offensive and suffer

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at the start of the war. The British volunteers were often the fittest, most enthusiastic and best-educated citizens but were inexperienced and it has been claimed that their loss was of lesser military significance than the losses of the remaining peacetime-trained officers and men of the Imperial

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The Battle of the Ancre was the last big British operation of the year. The Fifth (formerly Reserve) Army attacked into the Ancre valley to exploit German exhaustion after the Battle of the Ancre Heights and gain ground ready for a resumption of the offensive in 1917. Political calculation, concern

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reduced the scope of operations by cancelling the Third Army plans and reducing the Reserve Army and Fourth Army attacks to limited operations, in co-operation with the French Sixth Army. Another pause followed before operations resumed on 23 October on the northern flank of the Fourth Army, with a

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French losses at Verdun reduced the contribution available for the offensive on the Somme and increased the urgency for the commencement of operations on the Somme. The principal role in the offensive devolved to the British and on 16 June, Haig defined the objectives of the offensive as the relief

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December 1916) began a week after Joffre and Haig agreed to mount an offensive on the Somme. The German offensive at Verdun was intended to threaten the capture of the city and induce the French to fight an attrition battle, in which German advantages of terrain and firepower would cause the French

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The Battle of the Somme was one of the costliest battles of World War I. The original Allied estimate of casualties on the Somme, made at the Chantilly Conference on 15 November 1916, was that the Germans suffered 630,000 casualties, exceeding the 485,000 suffered by the British and French. As one

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was a logical strategy for Britain against Germany, which was also at war with France and Russia. A school of thought holds that the Battle of the Somme placed unprecedented strain on the German army and that after the battle it was unable to replace casualties like-for-like, which reduced it to a

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afterwards. Thiepval Ridge was well fortified and the German defenders fought with great determination, while the British co-ordination of infantry and artillery declined after the first day, due to confused fighting in the maze of trenches, dug-outs and shell-craters. The final British objectives

1749:, intended to end the war by splitting the Anglo-French Entente in 1916, before its material superiority became unbeatable. Falkenhayn planned to defeat the large number of reserves which the Entente could move into the path of a breakthrough, by threatening a sensitive point close to the existing 2117:

The Battle of Albert was the first two weeks of Anglo-French offensive operations in the Battle of the Somme. The Allied preparatory artillery bombardment began on 24 June and the Anglo-French infantry attacked on 1 July, on the south bank from Foucaucourt to the Somme and from the Somme north to

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divisions and three of the divisions in OHL reserve behind the 6th Army. The maintenance of the strength of the 6th Army, at the expense of the 2nd Army on the Somme, indicated that Falkenhayn intended the counter-offensive against the British to be made north of the Somme front, once the British

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which was insufficient where large masses of men and guns were concentrated. When the Fourth Army advance resumed in August, the wisdom of not building light railways which would be left behind was argued by some, in favour of building standard gauge lines. Experience of crossing the beaten zone

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Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition; the garrisons were exhausted and censors of correspondence reported tiredness and low morale in front-line soldiers. The situation left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a

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was a subsidiary attack to support the Fourth Army on the Somme 80 km (50 mi) to the south, to exploit any weakening of the German defences opposite. Preparations for the attack were rushed, the troops involved lacked experience in trench warfare and the power of the German defence was

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Haig and General Rawlinson have been criticised ever since 1916 for the human cost of the battle and for failing to achieve their territorial objectives. On 1 August 1916, Churchill, then out of office, criticised the British Army's conduct of the offensive to the British Cabinet, claiming that

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Enemy superiority is so great that we are not in a position either to fix their forces in position or to prevent them from launching an offensive elsewhere. We just do not have the troops.... We cannot prevail in a second battle of the Somme with our men; they cannot achieve that any more. (20

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and the second position, all within 2,000 yards (1,800 m) of no man's land and most troops within 1,000 yards (910 m) of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts. The concentration of troops at the front line on a forward slope guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an

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The Battle of the Ancre Heights was fought after Haig made plans for the Third Army to take the area east of Gommecourt, the Reserve Army to attack north from Thiepval Ridge and east from Beaumont Hamel–Hébuterne and for the Fourth Army to reach the Péronne–Bapaume road around Le Transloy and

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The Battle of Guillemont was an attack on the village which was captured by the Fourth Army on the first day. Guillemont was on the right flank of the British sector, near the boundary with the French Sixth Army. German defences ringed the British salient at Delville Wood to the north and had

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in early 1915 and then the BEF in December, which eventually comprised five armies with sixty divisions. The swift increase in the size of the army reduced the average level of experience within it and created an acute equipment shortage. Many officers resorted to directive command to avoid

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British survivors of the battle had gained experience and the BEF learned how to conduct the mass industrial warfare which the continental armies had been fighting since 1914. The European powers had begun the war with trained armies of regulars and reservists, which were wasting assets.

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was unavoidable. After the loss of a considerable amount of ground around the Ancre valley to the British Fifth Army in February 1917, the German armies on the Somme were ordered on 14 February, to withdraw to reserve lines closer to Bapaume. A further retirement to the Hindenburg Line

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at Combles, Guillemont, Falfemont Farm, Delville Wood and High Wood, which were mutually supporting. The battle for Guillemont was considered by some observers to be the supreme effort of the German army during the battle. Numerous meetings were held by Joffre, Haig, Foch, General Sir

3775:) that the "blood test" is a crude measure compared to manpower reserves, industrial capacity, farm productivity and financial resources and that intangible factors were more influential on the course of the war, which the Allies won despite "losing" the purely quantitative test. 1968:

delegating to novice subordinates, although divisional commanders were given great latitude in training and planning for the attack of 1 July, since the heterogeneous nature of the 1916 army made it impossible for corps and army commanders to know the capacity of each division.

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Gommecourt, 2 mi (3.2 km) beyond Serre. The French Sixth Army and the right wing of the British Fourth Army inflicted a considerable defeat on the German Second Army, but from the Albert–Bapaume road to Gommecourt the British attack was a disaster where most of the

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criticised attrition warfare frequently and condemned the battle in his post-war memoirs. In the 1930s a new orthodoxy of "mud, blood and futility" emerged and gained more emphasis in the 1960s when the 50th anniversaries of the Great War battles were commemorated.

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casualties were incurred. Against Joffre's wishes, Haig abandoned the offensive north of the road, to reinforce the success in the south, where the Anglo-French forces pressed forward towards the German second line, preparatory to a general attack on 14 July.

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on 21 February 1916, French commanders diverted many of the divisions intended for the Somme and the "supporting" attack by the British became the principal effort. The British troops on the Somme comprised a mixture of the remains of the pre-war army, the

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and Stuff Redoubts, during which bad weather caused great hardship and delay. The Marine Brigade from Flanders and fresh German divisions brought from quiet fronts counter-attacked frequently and the British objectives were not secured until 11 November.

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in 1916 by the French, Russian, British and Italian armies, with the Somme offensive as the Franco-British contribution. Initial plans called for the French army to undertake the main part of the Somme offensive, supported on the northern flank by the

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was to be built from Arras to St. Quentin, La Fère and Condé, with another new line between Verdun and Pont-à-Mousson. These lines were intended to limit any Allied breakthrough and to allow the German army to withdraw if attacked; work began on the

1878:. Three divisions were ordered from France to the Eastern Front on 9 June and the spoiling attack on the Somme was abandoned. Only four more divisions were sent to the Somme front before the Anglo-French offensive began, bringing the total to 1955:, which had begun forming in August 1914. Rapid expansion created many vacancies for senior commands and specialist functions, which led to many appointments of retired officers and inexperienced newcomers. In 1914, Douglas Haig had been a 2738:

on 11 March, forestalling a British attack, which was not noticed by the British until dark on 12 March; the main German withdrawal from the Noyon salient to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) commenced on schedule on 16 March.

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Philpott writes of Churchill's "snapshot of July 1916". It is not entirely clear what he means by this. He may be referring to the paper which Churchill distributed in August 1916, rather than the fuller numbers later presented in

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to be withdrawn to reinforce the Somme front. The Battle of Fromelles had inflicted some losses on the German defenders but gained no ground and deflected few German troops bound for the Somme. The attack was the debut of the

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Von Falkenhayn was sacked and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the end of August 1916. At a conference at Cambrai on 5 September, a decision was taken to build a new defensive line well behind the Somme front. The

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captured the German-held village. Ginchy was 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north-east of Guillemont, at the junction of six roads on a rise overlooking Combles, 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south-east. After the end of the

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The high Allied casualties of July 1916 are not representative of the way attrition turned in the Allies' favour in September, although this was not sustained as the weather deteriorated. Philpott quoted Robin Prior (in

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divisions. Falkenhayn, and then Hindenburg and Ludendorff, were forced to send divisions to Russia throughout the summer to prevent a collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army and then to conduct a counter-offensive against

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divisions. By 31 May, the ambitious Franco-British plan for a decisive victory had been reduced to a limited offensive to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and inflict attrition on the German armies in the west.

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to co-ordinate joint attacks by the four armies, all of which broke down. A pause in Anglo-French attacks at the end of August, coincided with the largest counter-attack by the German army in the Battle of the Somme.

5860:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 5704:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1716:

In January 1916, Joffre had agreed to the BEF making its main effort in Flanders but in February 1916 it was decided to mount a combined offensive where the French and British armies met, astride the Somme River in

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Beaulencourt–Thilloy–Loupart Wood, north of the Albert–Bapaume road. The Reserve Army attacked to complete the capture of Regina Trench/Stuff Trench, north of Courcelette to the west end of Bazentin Ridge around

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to German figures, supposedly to make them comparable to British criteria, was criticised as "spurious" by M. J. Williams in 1964. McRandle and Quirk in 2006 cast doubt on the Edmonds calculations but counted

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p.m. Each took on temporarily the identity of a British soldier who died on the first day of the Somme and handed out information cards about that soldier. They did not talk, except for occasionally singing

5723:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: 5051: 2892:

survived the battle, withstood the pressure of the Brusilov Offensive and conquered almost all of Romania. In 1917, the German army in the west survived the large British and French offensives of the

5803:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 2394:

observation over the French Sixth Army area to the south towards the Somme river. The German defence in the area was based on the second line and numerous fortified villages and farms north from

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At the end of the battle, British and French forces had penetrated 6 mi (10 km) into German-occupied territory along the majority of the front, their largest territorial gain since the

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German casualties. Until the 1930s the dominant view of the battle in English-language writing was that the battle was a hard-fought victory against a brave, experienced and well-led opponent.

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at Verdun and that around one eighth of their casualties were suffered on "quiet" sectors. According to the tables, between July and October 1916, German forces on the Western Front suffered

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At the start of 1916, most of the British Army was an inexperienced and patchily trained mass of volunteers. The Somme was a great test for Kitchener's Army, created by Kitchener's call for

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for Allied morale and Joffre's pressure for a continuation of attacks in France, to prevent German troop transfers to Russia and Italy also influenced Haig. The battle began with another

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failed, although a brigade of the 31st Division, which had attacked in the disaster of 1 July, took its objectives before being withdrawn later. South of Serre, Beaumont Hamel and

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resumption of the battle. The German defence of the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks, which on 28 January 1917 caused Rupprecht to urge that the retirement to the

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with a retirement of about 25 mi (40 km), giving up more French territory than that gained by the Allies from September 1914 until the beginning of the operation.

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to allow time for a methodical bombardment, when it became clear that the German defence had recovered from earlier defeats. Haig consulted with the army commanders and on

9328: 1766:, Falkenhayn sent only four divisions, keeping eight in the western strategic reserve. No divisions were taken from the Sixth Army, despite it holding a shorter line with 1725:

against the French army. The costly defence of Verdun forced the army to divert divisions intended for the Somme offensive, eventually reducing the French contribution to

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valley resumed in January 1917 and forced the Germans into local withdrawals to reserve lines in February before the strategic retreat by about 25 mi (40 km) in

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and the Cavalry Division, had lost most of the British pre-war regulars in the battles of 1914 and 1915. The bulk of the army was made up of volunteers of the

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north of Courcelette, then took Desire Support Trench on 18 November. Until January 1917 a lull set in, as both sides concentrated on enduring the weather.

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Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2013) . "Chapter 7: The Scientific Method: planning the Somme, 1916 and Chapter 8: Fighting on the Somme, July–November 1916".

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Until 1916, transport arrangements for the BEF were based on an assumption that the war of movement would soon resume and make it pointless to build

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part of a process, which took the strategic initiative from the German Army and caused it irreparable damage, leading to its collapse in late 1918.

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In Britain on 1 July 2016, 1,400 actors dressed in replica Great War British Army uniforms, walked about in streets and public open areas, from 7:00

9313: 9303: 1227: 983: 686: 7081: 2273:. On 19 July, von Falkenhayn had judged the British attack to be the anticipated offensive against the 6th Army. Next day, Falkenhayn ordered the 8733: 8091: 5301:

On the French historiography see Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century, William Philpott (2009) and

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were captured. South of the Ancre, St. Pierre Division was captured, the outskirts of Grandcourt reached and the Canadian 4th Division captured

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casualties and offer no figures for French casualties or the losses they inflicted on the Germans. Sheldon wrote that the British lost "over

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as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig favoured a British offensive in Flanders, close to BEF supply routes, to drive the Germans from the

3801:. For their efforts on the first day of the battle, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment was given the name "The Royal Newfoundland Regiment" by 8817: 7708: 7162: 3954: 922: 392: 381: 370: 207: 6723: 7385: 3805:

on 28 November 1917. The first day of the Battle of the Somme is commemorated in Newfoundland, remembering the "Best of the Best" at 11

17: 5439: 1527:. More than three million men fought in the battle, of whom more than one million were either wounded or killed, making it one of the 7715: 2726:

the Germans fell back another 3 mi (4.8 km) on a 15 mi (24 km) front. The Germans then withdrew from much of the

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The British and French had advanced about 6 mi (9.7 km) on the Somme, on a front of 16 mi (26 km) at a cost of

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for woundings, which would have been counted as casualties using British criteria; Anglo-French casualties on the Somme were over

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British aerial photograph of German trenches north of Thiepval, 10 May 1916, with the German forward lines to the lower left. The

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argued in a series of three television programmes that the Battle of the Somme should be regarded as a German defensive victory.

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Robinson, H. (2010). "Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles".

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The Battle of Pozières began with the capture of the village by the 1st Australian Division (Australian Imperial Force) of the

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against the 6th Army and be destroyed. (Despite the certainty by mid-June of an Anglo-French attack on the Somme against the

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and provoking the French into counter-attacking German positions. Falkenhayn chose to attack towards Verdun to take the

9084: 8374: 7776: 7534: 3794: 2876: 487: 6731:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 6197: 1075: 8959: 8653: 8469: 7741: 7212: 7010: 6983: 6891: 6869: 6828: 6809: 6680: 6658: 6634: 6610: 6518: 6489: 6442: 6403: 6384: 6139: 6099: 6073: 6045: 5986: 5947: 5924: 5905: 5865: 5846: 5827: 5732: 5709: 5652: 5611: 5558: 1028: 2879:

wrote, "What remained of the old first-class peace-trained German infantry had been expended on the battlefield". A

8139: 7177: 7029: 2708:, forced the Germans back 5 mi (8.0 km) on a 4 mi (6.4 km) front, ahead of the schedule of the 1444: 748: 7091: 3503:

In the second 1916 volume of the British Official History (1938), Wilfrid Miles wrote that German casualties were

9210: 9015: 8995: 8782: 8718: 8541: 8410: 7314: 7234: 7172: 7063: 2525: 2464: 2422: 2279: 1146: 858: 814: 672: 7875: 7074:

Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battle, 24 June – 26 November 1916, Below F., pp. 77–143 (1917)

6281: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8990: 8684: 7329: 7304: 7202: 6417:. Cambridge Military Histories (pbk. repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–191. 5721:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

2195: 1931: 1793:

and reduced the German counter-offensive strategy north of the Somme to one of passive and unyielding defence.

1695: 35: 2500: 9338: 8985: 8980: 8944: 8878: 8770: 8616: 8199: 8051: 7589: 7517: 7448: 7217: 7187: 7182: 6434:

Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)

5702:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

2600:

The Battle of Le Transloy began in good weather and Le Sars was captured on 7 October. Pauses were made from

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in 1914. The operational objectives of the Anglo-French armies were unfulfilled, as they failed to capture

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In the United Kingdom and Newfoundland, the Battle of the Somme became the central memory of World War I.

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inexact, because of different methods of calculation by the belligerents but that British casualties were

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German Army. British casualties on the first day were the worst in the history of the British Army, with

2622: 2583: 1964: 1845: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1604: 1467: 1439: 1419: 1252: 1007: 880: 875: 375: 55: 7781: 7043: 5744:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

4864: 3832: 2282:

on the Western Front and, according to McMullin, "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history". Of

2242:

on the ridge beyond. The attack was made by four divisions on a front of 6,000 yd (5.5 km) at

1634:

and Bapaume, where the German armies maintained their positions over the winter. British attacks in the

1109: 9152: 9109: 8386: 8144: 8129: 8031: 7900: 7468: 7380: 7337: 7078: 6649: 1987:) for the bulk of the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were 1894: 1414: 1404: 1382: 1316: 1232: 1222: 1195: 1023: 31: 7101: 6035: 3862:

fired a gun every four seconds for one hundred seconds and a whistle was blown to end it. Just like a

9094: 8862: 8446: 8434: 8189: 8174: 7895: 7786: 7480: 7458: 7207: 7197: 7130: 2061: 1988: 1627: 1608: 1462: 1434: 1389: 1372: 1328: 1242: 1163: 1119: 1114: 902: 8041: 6111:

Verdun 1916 Die Angriffe Falkenhayns im Maasgebiet mit Richtung auf Verdun als strategisches Problem

3674: 2385: 2202: 1603:

road. The 57,470 casualties suffered by the British, including 19,240 killed, were the worst in the

1519:. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the upper reaches of the river 765: 9288: 9069: 8556: 8546: 8475: 8428: 8416: 8356: 8164: 8159: 8081: 7490: 7463: 7167: 3918: 3854:

to mark the start of the battle which began 100 years earlier. A special ceremony was broadcast on

3790: 2748: 2709: 2674: 2550: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2291: 2185: 2074:) of 1915, a third defensive position another 3,000 yards (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) back from the 1960: 1921: 1763: 1580: 1429: 1367: 1343: 1247: 1173: 890: 885: 848: 755: 325: 297: 7058: 5858:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme

5233:"Cinema, spectatorship and propaganda: 'Battle of the Somme' (1916) and its contemporary audience" 2389:

British gunners watching German prisoners passing after the taking of Guillemont, 3 September 1916

9283: 9140: 9132: 9074: 8834: 8529: 8292: 8119: 8114: 8046: 7905: 7890: 7885: 7865: 7746: 7623: 6205: 3882:

in north Manchester in England, which was the site of a large army training camp during the war.

3441:

data, showing that on the Western Front between February and June 1916, the Germans had suffered

2897: 2315: 2153: 2112: 1927: 1588: 1394: 1355: 1333: 1183: 1124: 1050: 787: 743: 738: 713: 252: 8086: 5623:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

2528:(15–22 September). The attack was postponed to combine with attacks by the French Sixth Army on 1607:. Most of the British casualties were suffered on the front between the Albert–Bapaume road and 8907: 8631: 8566: 8422: 8149: 8076: 8026: 8011: 7993: 7966: 7880: 7847: 7512: 7473: 7453: 7264: 7157: 6957:

Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918

3814: 3079: 2805:

began on 16 March 1917, despite the new line being unfinished and poorly sited in some places.

2666: 2135: 1619:) was made. The battle became notable for the importance of air power and the first use of the 1576: 1409: 1377: 1338: 1306: 1237: 1205: 1178: 1151: 1060: 947: 841: 819: 797: 718: 441: 84: 6481:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

6461:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

6115:

Verdun 1916 The attacks by Falkenhayn in the Meuse area towards Verdun as a strategic question

1826: 1652:) in March 1917. Debate continues over the necessity, significance, and effect of the battle. 1188: 917: 836: 8897: 8551: 8440: 8216: 8179: 8109: 8056: 7978: 7946: 7920: 7870: 7801: 7703: 7656: 7440: 7309: 7192: 6740: 6437:. Washington: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. 3992: 3766:

Army casualties. Philpott described German losses as "disputed", with estimates ranging from

2595: 2509: 2435: 2247: 1713:

but the British played a lesser role on the Western Front and complied with French strategy.

1671: 1535: 1524: 1512: 1424: 1399: 1257: 1139: 1043: 853: 628: 558: 536: 436: 425: 414: 403: 340: 267: 6693:

An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front, 1916–1918

2353: 792: 9247: 9162: 7842: 7816: 7766: 7123: 2559: 2475: 2440: 2380: 2274: 1746: 1742: 1552: 1311: 804: 780: 723: 454: 7791: 5385:"X. Haig versus Rawlinson-Manoeuvre versus Attrition: The British Army on the Somme, 1916" 5303:

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (July 2003). "Flames over the Somme: A Retort to William Philpott".

3693:

at Verdun. Prior and Wilson used Churchill's research and wrote that the British suffered

8: 9229: 8368: 8232: 8184: 8061: 8021: 8016: 7644: 7638: 7539: 7073: 5192: 3858:

and all BBC radio stations participated in the silence. At the start of the silence, the

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contingent), which held the wood from 15 to 20 July. When relieved, the brigade had lost

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The French and British had committed themselves to an offensive on the Somme during the

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In a commentary on the debate about Somme casualties, Philpott used Miles's figures of

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had objected to the way the battle was being fought in August 1916, and Prime Minister

2649: 2563: 2367:

taking the plateau north and east of the village, overlooking the fortified village of

2320: 1821: 1675: 1639: 1538:

in December 1915. The Allies agreed upon a strategy of combined offensives against the

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Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920

6839: 4913:

A Brief History of the First World War: Eyewitness Accounts of the War to End All Wars

2504:

British troops moving up to the attack during the Battle of Morval, 25 September 1916.

1033: 9222: 9216: 9177: 9079: 8912: 8495: 8350: 8333: 8134: 7956: 7936: 7771: 7756: 7686: 7674: 7375: 7352: 7299: 7006: 6989: 6979: 6960: 6933: 6923: 6909: 6887: 6879: 6865: 6845: 6824: 6805: 6783: 6764: 6732: 6700: 6676: 6654: 6630: 6624: 6606: 6577: 6555: 6538: 6514: 6485: 6479: 6464: 6438: 6432: 6418: 6399: 6380: 6358: 6334: 6310: 6273: 6241: 6209: 6175: 6135: 6118: 6095: 6069: 6041: 6020: 6001: 5982: 5962: 5943: 5920: 5901: 5880: 5861: 5842: 5823: 5804: 5785: 5766: 5747: 5728: 5705: 5686: 5667: 5648: 5640: 5626: 5607: 5590: 5573: 5554: 5548: 5406: 5376: 5364: 5332: 5320: 5284: 5252: 5084: 4012: 3928: 3851: 3784: 3733:

to the "best" German sources. Sheffield wrote that the losses were "appalling", with

3045: 2893: 2880: 2662: 2483: 2337: 2329: 2227: 2223: 2190: 1948: 1707: 1565: 1360: 1301: 1104: 959: 728: 1631: 8280: 8250: 8244: 8154: 7983: 7951: 7941: 7680: 7604: 7599: 7527: 7347: 7247: 6620: 6167: 5396: 5356: 5312: 5244: 5025: 4032: 3932: 3810: 3433: 2654: 2574: 2495: 2417: 2157: 1972: 1802: 1722: 1614: 1592: 1556: 1262: 1038: 826: 809: 498: 476: 6328: 5877:

Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century

2404: 2210:

The Fourth Army attacked the German second defensive position from the Somme past

430: 9089: 8929: 8268: 7821: 7796: 7495: 7403: 7242: 7085: 7033: 6668: 6571: 3818: 2769: 2395: 2140: 1897:, which declared war against the Central Powers on 27 August. In July there were 1849: 1649: 1504: 1492: 1484: 1457: 1129: 954: 509: 59: 7111:

Battle of the Somme (WW1 Documentary) | History Documentary | Reel Truth History

8922: 8902: 8573: 8286: 8124: 7915: 7806: 7662: 7566: 7549: 6857: 6567: 6372: 6217: 5232: 3900: 3871: 3826: 3431:

However, Churchill wrote that Allied casualties had exceeded German losses. In

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in September but these were a product of new technology and proved unreliable.

1596: 1595:

on the north bank and by the Fourth Army from Maricourt to the vicinity of the

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Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment: Diary and Letters

5401: 5384: 5360: 5316: 5248: 5168:"Thousands gather in Manchester to mark Battle of the Somme centenary – recap" 3449:

July and the end of the year (Appendix J); he wrote that the Germans suffered

3437:(first published in the early 1920s, reprinted in 1938), he quoted the German 2222:

on the Albert–Bapaume road. The objectives of the attack were the villages of

1611:

to the north, which was the area where the principal German defensive effort (

9262: 9033: 8321: 8315: 7751: 7668: 7579: 7068: 6736: 6704: 6596: 6559: 6396:

Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915–1948

6338: 6277: 6249: 6245: 6213: 6179: 6122: 5577: 5368: 5324: 5288: 5256: 3924: 3874: 3867: 2678: 2670: 2235: 2093:

artillery bombardment, directed by ground observers on clearly marked lines.

1721:

before the British offensive in Flanders. A week later the Germans began the

1710: 1520: 1516: 1082: 645: 595: 572: 504: 493: 482: 471: 460: 449: 408: 355: 162: 131: 118: 109: 6993: 6542: 5936: 5410: 4278: 3065:, since it would be left behind. The British relied on motor transport from 8483: 7910: 6937: 6849: 6844:. Translated by Jones, Mary Cadwalader. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 6601: 6581: 5594: 3822: 2566: 397: 6171: 6037:

The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

5895: 5273:"Learning War's Lessons: The German Army and the Battle of the Somme 1916" 3682:

Doughty wrote that French losses on the Somme were "surprisingly high" at

3421:

Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a more ghastly word.

2558:

The Battle of Thiepval Ridge was the first large offensive mounted by the

1758:

similar losses. Falkenhayn expected the relief offensive to fall south of

1690:

to move troops between fronts during lulls. In December 1915, General Sir

8694: 8599: 8297: 7725: 7146: 6506: 6324: 3879: 3678:

Dead German soldiers in a captured German trench near Ginchy, August 1916

2513: 2328:

The Battle of Delville Wood was an operation to secure the British right

1782: 1686:

by the Franco-British armies were to be carried out to deny time for the

282: 101: 7053: 6266:"The Somme in Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918" 4888: 2219: 1660: 6307:

The Guardsmen: Harold Macmillan, Three Friends, and The World They Made

2822: 2616: 2211: 2057: 1786: 1750: 942: 7026: 6959:. Cambridge Military Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4924: 4922: 4489: 8489: 8256: 6906:

The Great War: July 1, 1916: The First Day of the Battle of the Somme

6901: 5647:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. 5440:"The Somme from the German side of the wire (From The Northern Echo)" 3066: 2517: 2239: 2231: 2024: 1699: 237: 6484:. Vol. II (N & M Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 3870:

after the silence. The silence was announced during a speech by the

8749: 7106:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7096:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7003:

The Battles of the Somme: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

5550:

The Unquiet Western Front: Britain's Role in Literature and History

5347:

Philpott, William (2006). "The Anglo-French Victory on the Somme".

5272: 4919: 3802: 2916: 2854:

Progress of the Battle of the Somme between 1 July and 18 November.

2821:(R. I Position). On 24 February the Germans withdrew, protected by 2368: 6691: 5206: 2309: 664: 7049:

The British Army in the Great War: The Battles of the Somme, 1916

6626:

Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War

5841:(Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. 4800: 4798: 4585: 2885: 2589: 2529: 1992: 1718: 1706:

threat from Belgian waters. Haig was not formally subordinate to

1600: 312: 6463:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 5142:"Battle of the Somme to be commemorated with two-minute silence" 4768: 4766: 4764: 2831:

between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit and the British reached the

975: 5645:

Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operation in the Great War

3809:

am on the Sunday nearest to 1 July. The Somme is remembered in

2458: 2215: 1848:

absorbed the extra forces that had been requested on 2 June by

1703: 1523:

in France. The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the

222: 7115: 4795: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4259: 3526:

casualties on the Western Front from July to December against

1674:

from 6th to 8th December 1915. Simultaneous offensives on the

8917: 4761: 2837:(R. II Position) on 13 March. The withdrawal took place from 2206:

Soldiers digging a communication trench through Delville Wood

1790: 1759: 1754: 1635: 1560: 5685:(Phoenix 2007 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4453: 4429: 2539: 6929: 6801: 5917:

Forgotten Victory, The First World War: Myths and Realities

5724: 5494: 4994: 4958: 4687: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4513: 4405: 4163: 3855: 3511:"fresh data" from the French and German official accounts. 2479: 1620: 6355:

Blood in the Trenches: A Memoir of the Battle of the Somme

5820:

The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918

5166:

Slater, Chris; Britton, Paul; Coyle, Simon (1 July 2016).

4934: 4648: 4393: 4381: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4175: 4151: 2554:

British Mark I male tank near Thiepval, 25 September 1916.

5981:(Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. 5482: 5121: 4982: 4815: 4813: 4103: 4057: 4055: 3950:

List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in the Somme

2508:

The Battle of Morval was an attack by the Fourth Army on

2347: 1991:

and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the

6415:

Foch in Command: The Making of a First World War General

5470: 5196:

Saturday 2 July 2016, bottom of page 1, with photograph.

4970: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4660: 4621: 4597: 4501: 4465: 4297: 4235: 4127: 2344:, similar to the casualties of many brigades on 1 July. 6780:

The French on the Somme – From Serre to the River Somme

5518: 5458: 4854: 4852: 4837: 4728: 4573: 4441: 4417: 4369: 4187: 4115: 3847: 2453: 2179: 5625:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 5006: 4810: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4716: 4636: 4561: 4525: 4223: 4052: 2788:

and that half measures were futile, retreating to the

2638: 2374: 7039:

Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections

6673:

The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918

5506: 5109: 4825: 4778: 4211: 4091: 3837:

Thiepval Memorial to the British Missing of the Somme

2450:

casualties on the German defenders during the month.

2060:

appearance of the trenches is due to the presence of

27:

WWI battle pitting France and Britain against Germany

6377:

The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War

5419:"Historiographical Essay on the Battle of the Somme" 5097: 4946: 4849: 4704: 4549: 4537: 4477: 4357: 4345: 4199: 4139: 4067: 3476:

total British casualties in France in the period of

2617:

Battle of the Ancre Heights, 1 October – 11 November

2489: 2304: 9329:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

6132:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

6062:Steele, O. W. (2003). Facey-Crowther, D. R. (ed.). 5683:

Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916

4740: 4247: 3945:

List of Canadian battles during the First World War

3797:commemorate the battle on 1 July each year, at the 2653:Mametz, Western Front, a winter scene, painting by 2362:, the only British success in the Allied fiasco of 6014: 5935: 5165: 5054:. The Daily Telegraph. 2 July 2014. Archived from 4591: 3531:was correct but the one for German casualties was 2718:Manoeuvre/Operation Alberich) and eventually took 2253: 4079: 1785:, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Arras to 9260: 5237:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 2411: 1670:Allied war strategy for 1916 was decided at the 198: 8092:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 6134:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber. 2310:Battle of Delville Wood, 14 July – 15 September 2047: 7000: 6798:Report of the Battles of the Somme (Cmnd 1138) 6554:(3rd ed.). London: Book Club Associates. 6240:. The South African Military History Society. 4279:"The Somme 1916 – From Both Sides of the Wire" 3758:casualties and the French official figures of 2590:Battle of Le Transloy, 1 October – 11 November 2269:"gravely" underestimated, the attackers being 2106: 2101: 2013: 1864:. During the offensive the Russians inflicted 1583:suffered a serious defeat opposite the French 288: 258: 9324:Battles of World War I involving South Africa 7131: 6068:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 5801:Transportation on the Western Front 1914–1918 5666:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 5604:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 5052:"Was bloody Somme a success for the British?" 3829:and others commemorate the battle on 1 July. 3799:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme 2524:, which had been the final objectives of the 2218:, north-west along the crest of the ridge to 2096: 991: 680: 243: 92:(4 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) 9319:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand 7005:. London and Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 6549: 6527: 6017:The First World War: The War to End All Wars 5959:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 5919:(Review ed.). London: Hodder Headline. 5133: 3817:and commemorated by veterans' groups and by 3507:and Anglo-French casualties were just under 2832: 2826: 2816: 2810: 2796: 2789: 2762: 2755: 2733: 2727: 2713: 2689: 2629: 2459:Battle of Flers–Courcelette, 15–22 September 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2038: 2000: 1999:. An intermediate line of strongpoints (the 1982: 1976: 1859: 1853: 1643: 1612: 9334:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion 8582: 6862:The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders 6643: 6015:Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). 5893: 5026:"Verdun: France's sacred symbol of healing" 4804: 4654: 3955:Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme 2696:Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917 2403:(commander of the British Fourth Army) and 228: 9299:Battles of World War I involving Australia 9274:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 7138: 7124: 6878: 6777: 6758: 6619: 6412: 6379:(repr. ed.). Henry Holt and Company. 5620: 5601: 5500: 5302: 4898: 3907: 3904:. This event was called "Ghost Soldiers". 3793:with the British Embassy in Paris and the 2198:attack on Bazentin le Petit, 14 July 1916. 998: 984: 687: 673: 66: 7044:Battle of the Somme, maps and photo essay 6973: 6718: 6667: 6595: 6566: 5956: 5933: 5914: 5584: 5476: 5400: 4988: 4976: 4928: 4874: 4772: 4669: 4630: 4459: 4435: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4265: 4193: 4157: 4002: 2540:Battle of Thiepval Ridge, 26–28 September 1981:) occupied by sentry groups, the second ( 1971:Despite considerable debate among German 1934:marching to the front line, 28 June 1916. 1655: 346: 303: 9309:Battles of World War I involving Germany 8381:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 6761:The Somme 1916 Touring the French Sector 6689: 6195: 6157: 6089: 5874: 5836: 5798: 5567: 5524: 5464: 5382: 5346: 5127: 5000: 4964: 4894: 4882: 4843: 4734: 4698: 4681: 4615: 4531: 4519: 4447: 4423: 4375: 4351: 4169: 4109: 4061: 4046: 4026: 4006: 3831: 3673: 3535:, quoting the official German figure of 3464:by the British; German forces inflicted 2848: 2773:von Fuchs on 20 January 1917 said that, 2684: 2648: 2549: 2499: 2421: 2384: 2319: 2201: 2189: 2160:north of the road. The Fourth Army took 2139: 2051: 2023: 1920: 1916: 1825: 1659: 331: 213: 9314:Battles of World War I involving France 9304:Battles of World War I involving Canada 8758:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 7054:New Zealand and the Battle of the Somme 6837: 6371: 6352: 6033: 5995: 5976: 5699: 5661: 5639: 5416: 5076: 5012: 4940: 4819: 4722: 4642: 4567: 4555: 4229: 4217: 4181: 4097: 4018: 3998: 2168:were killed. The French Sixth Army had 273: 72:Complete map of the Battle of the Somme 14: 9261: 7064:The Somme – Northern Ireland Remembers 6951: 6884:Somme 1 July 1916: Tragedy and Triumph 6782:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 6763:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 6725:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 6505: 6323: 6061: 5979:The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 5817: 5760: 5512: 5230: 5115: 5103: 4878: 4789: 4042: 4022: 3715:Harris wrote that British losses were 2348:Battle of Pozières, 23 July – 7 August 2152:beginning with the opening day of the 8711:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 8047:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 7119: 7027:Battle of the Somme Personnel Records 6900: 6856: 6477: 6458: 6393: 6234:"The South Africans at Delville Wood" 6129: 6108: 5855: 5741: 5718: 5680: 5488: 5383:Deverell, Christopher (Spring 2005). 5270: 4952: 4870: 4858: 4755: 4710: 4603: 4579: 4543: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4363: 4303: 4253: 4241: 4205: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4038: 3086:British, French and German casualties 2569:and was intended to benefit from the 1926:Men of the 10th (Service) Battalion, 1905:in Russia and in November there were 1815: 979: 668: 9115:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 6800:(N & M Press ed.). London: 6304: 6238:Military History Journal (S Afr MHJ) 6117:] (in German). Berlin: Mittler. 5779: 5763:Douglas Haig and the First World War 5546: 5080:Newfoundland and Labrador: a history 4916:. 1914–18, Hachette UK, 2014. P. 154 4831: 4085: 4073: 2454:Third phase: September–November 1916 2180:Battle of Bazentin Ridge, 14–17 July 9279:Military history of Hauts-de-France 9044:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 7838:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 6094:(repr. ed.). London: Cassell. 6000:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. 5139: 3860:King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery 3773:Churchill's World Crisis As History 2639:Battle of the Ancre, 13–18 November 2375:Battle of Guillemont, 3–6 September 2020:Mines on the first day of the Somme 1901:divisions on the Western Front and 1796: 694: 30:For the battle fought in 1918, see 24: 7777:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 6298: 6092:Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier 5765:(repr. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 3842:On 1 July 2016, at 7:28 a.m. 3795:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2742: 25: 9350: 7069:Official website of Delville Wood 7020: 6699:(PhD). University of Birmingham. 5839:The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account 5746:(pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 5269:On the German historiography see 5207:"'we're here because we're here'" 4498:, pp. 447–456 & 460–466. 2877:Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria 2490:Battle of Morval, 25–28 September 2305:Second phase: July–September 1916 1572:, a force of wartime volunteers. 1005: 8140:Second Battle of the Piave River 7762:Russian invasion of East Prussia 7001:van Hartsveldt, Fred R. (1996). 6823:(1st ed.). London: Cassel. 5572:(repr. ed.). London: Dent. 4592:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003 3813:due to the participation of the 3778: 2906:BEF railway tonnage, France 1916 2044:section of the Somme offensive. 1963:and was promoted to command the 644: 627: 611: 594: 571: 557: 548: 535: 526: 503: 492: 481: 470: 459: 448: 435: 424: 413: 402: 391: 380: 369: 348: 333: 319: 305: 290: 275: 260: 245: 230: 215: 200: 183: 9211:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 8411:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 7145: 6864:. London: Guinness Publishing. 6629:. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. 5822:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 5432: 5339: 5295: 5263: 5231:Reeves, Nicholas (March 1997). 5224: 5199: 5185: 5159: 5083:. University of Toronto Press. 5070: 5044: 5018: 4904: 4271: 3967: 3821:/Protestant groups such as the 2254:Battle of Fromelles, 19–20 July 2248:hurricane artillery bombardment 2148:The Battle of the Somme lasted 2144:British objectives, 1 July 1916 1682:by the Italian army and on the 9034:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 8893:Deportations from East Prussia 8690:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 7092:The Battle of the Somme (film) 6552:History of the First World War 5894:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). 5345:On British historiography see 3540: 3240: 2902: 2172:, and the 2nd German Army had 2029:Map of the Valley of the Somme 659:31,396 men captured by British 13: 1: 9294:Tunnel warfare in World War I 8945:Ukrainian Canadian internment 6978:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 6550:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1973) . 6333:. New York: George H. Doran. 5606:(2nd ed.). London: CUP. 5570:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches 5534: 5211:we're here because we're here 5077:Cadigan, Sean Thomas (2009). 3896:We're here because we're here 3738: 3727: 3716: 3705: 3698: 3697:from 1 July to mid-November ( 3663: 3648: 3635: 3620: 3515: 3485: 3480:French Somme casualties were 3083: 3073: 2706:10 January – 22 February 1917 2444: 2412:Battle of Ginchy, 9 September 2119: 1872: 1865: 657:41,605 men captured by French 650: 633: 617: 9100:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 8399:Estonian War of Independence 8067:Southern Palestine offensive 6357:. Pen & Sword Military. 6160:20th Century British History 3985: 3056: 2434:In the Battle of Ginchy the 2129: 2048:German defences on the Somme 1678:by the Russian army, on the 1507:fought by the armies of the 1503:, was a major battle of the 7: 9054:USA against Austria-Hungary 8453:Turkish War of Independence 8405:Latvian War of Independence 8130:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 7721:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 7059:Peronne Great War Historial 6841:Foch, The Winner of The War 6690:Mitchell, S. B. T. (2013). 6270:Library and Archives Canada 6188: 6150: 5277:Journal of Military History 3938: 3662: 3647: 3634: 3619: 3611: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3577: 3569: 3561: 3514:The addition by Edmonds of 3409: 3406: 3401: 3384: 3381: 3368: 3365: 3354: 3351: 3337: 3323: 3309: 3298: 3295: 3281: 3267: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3013: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2981: 2973: 2965: 2957: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2925: 2844: 2623:Battle of the Ancre Heights 2584:Battle of the Ancre Heights 2582:were not reached until the 2526:Battle of Flers–Courcelette 2482:of the Heavy Branch of the 2465:Battle of Flers–Courcelette 2107:Battle of Albert, 1–13 July 2102:First phase: 1–17 July 1916 2014:Anglo-French plan of attack 1941:British Expeditionary Force 1861:Armeegruppe Archduke Joseph 1694:replaced Field Marshal Sir 1665:The Western Front 1915–1916 1605:history of the British Army 1549:British Expeditionary Force 1468:Western Front tactics, 1917 624:(95,675 killed or missing) 10: 9355: 9137:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 8685:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 8145:Second Battle of the Marne 8032:Second battle of the Aisne 7901:Second Battle of Champagne 7742:German invasion of Belgium 6650:The First Day on the Somme 5998:The German Army at Cambrai 5349:Diplomacy & Statecraft 4931:, pp. 1, 427, 1, 004. 3782: 3387: 3357: 3301: 3077: 2746: 2693: 2642: 2620: 2593: 2543: 2493: 2462: 2415: 2378: 2351: 2313: 2257: 2183: 2133: 2110: 2097:Battles of the Somme, 1916 2068:After the Autumn Battles ( 2017: 2008: 1819: 1800: 709:Battles of the Somme, 1916 640:(50,729 killed or missing) 32:Second Battle of the Somme 29: 18:Battle of the Somme (1916) 9243: 9202: 9123: 9062: 9024: 8968: 8957: 8918:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 8861: 8833: 8781: 8703: 8677: 8629: 8522: 8515: 8447:Irish War of Independence 8343: 8225: 8190:Armistice of Villa Giusti 8175:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 8100: 8002: 7929: 7830: 7787:First Battle of the Marne 7734: 7696: 7631: 7622: 7565: 7439: 7428: 7394: 7366: 7328: 7280: 7233: 7226: 7153: 6605:. London: Penguin Books. 6537:. Boston, Little, Brown. 6309:. London: HarperCollins. 5900:. Yale University Press. 5879:. London: Little, Brown. 5799:Henniker, A. M. (2009) . 5585:Churchill, W. S. (1938). 5568:Boraston, J. H. (1920) . 5402:10.1080/14702430500097317 5361:10.1080/09592290600943262 5317:10.1191/0968344503wh281oa 5271:Foley, Robert T. (2011). 5249:10.1080/01439689700260601 3866:silence, a bugler played 3731: 500,000, according 3491:to which should be added 3392: 2690:Ancre, January–March 1917 2324:Positions on 14 July 1916 2280:Australian Imperial Force 2039:Betrayal of British plans 1855:Armeegruppe von Linsingen 1628:First Battle of the Marne 1531:in all of human history. 1015: 706: 604: 515: 362: 172: 76: 65: 53: 48: 34:. For the 1916 film, see 9070:Constantinople Agreement 8363:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 8226:Co-belligerent conflicts 8195:Second Romanian campaign 8165:Third Transjordan attack 7876:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 7782:Battle of Grand Couronné 7032:13 November 2016 at the 6928:(1st ed.). London: 6534:Foch: The Man of Orleans 6513:. London: Random House. 5700:Edmonds, J. E. (1993) . 5602:Chickering, R. (2004) . 5539: 5417:Coleman, Joseph (2014). 3960: 3791:The Royal British Legion 3543:Western Front casualties 2900:, though at great cost. 2665:being detonated beneath 2546:Battle of Thiepval Ridge 2534:Battle of Thiepval Ridge 2186:Battle of Bazentin Ridge 1876: 407,000 prisoners 1840:The Brusilov offensive ( 9133:Modus vivendi of Acroma 9085:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 8393:Greater Poland Uprising 8293:National Protection War 8170:Meuse–Argonne offensive 8120:German spring offensive 8115:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 7891:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 7866:Second Battle of Artois 7747:Battle of the Frontiers 6576:. New York: Macmillan. 6353:Dugmore, A. R. (2014). 6330:The Battle of the Somme 6206:Australian War Memorial 6198:"Disaster at Fromelles" 5961:. London: Aurum Press. 5915:Sheffield, G. (2002) . 5761:Harris, J. P. (2009) . 5621:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 5172:Manchester Evening News 4805:Prior & Wilson 2005 4655:Prior & Wilson 2005 3908:Histories of the battle 3878:a ceremony was held in 3726:and German losses were 3499:German casualties were 3484:German casualties were 3445:against the French and 2316:Battle of Delville Wood 2292:5th Australian Division 2113:Battle of Albert (1916) 1928:East Yorkshire Regiment 1869: 1,500,000 losses 1835:at Battle of the Somme. 1589:Foucaucourt-en-Santerre 1356:German spring offensive 37:The Battle of the Somme 9158:Paris Peace Conference 9146:Ukraine–Central Powers 8940:Massacres of Albanians 8908:Late Ottoman genocides 8715:Bulgarian occupations 8423:Third Anglo-Afghan War 8387:Hungarian–Romanian War 8205:Naval Victory Bulletin 8200:Armistice with Germany 8150:Hundred Days Offensive 8077:Battle of La Malmaison 8027:Second battle of Arras 7994:Battle of Transylvania 7848:Second Battle of Ypres 7716:Sarajevo assassination 7605:South African Republic 6976:Pals on the Somme 1916 6974:Wilkinson, R. (2006). 6778:O'Mara, David (2018). 6759:O'Mara, David (2018). 6478:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 6459:James, E. A. (1990) . 6398:. London: Frank Cass. 6130:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 6090:Terraine, J. (2005) . 6040:. London: Spellmount. 5957:Sheffield, G. (2011). 5934:Sheffield, G. (2003). 5837:McCarthy, C. (1995) . 5742:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 5664:The Brusilov Offensive 3839: 3815:36th (Ulster) Division 3720: 420,000, French 3679: 3429: 3426:Friedrich Steinbrecher 3417:German officer wrote, 3080:World War I casualties 2856: 2833: 2827: 2817: 2811: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2763: 2756: 2734: 2728: 2714: 2667:Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt 2657: 2630: 2555: 2505: 2431: 2390: 2325: 2234:which was adjacent to 2207: 2199: 2145: 2136:First day on the Somme 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2065: 2031: 2001: 1983: 1977: 1936: 1860: 1854: 1837: 1807:The Battle of Verdun ( 1667: 1656:Strategic developments 1644: 1613: 1591:south of the Somme to 1577:first day on the Somme 1496: 1488: 442:Joseph Alfred Micheler 363:Commanders and leaders 161:Bulge driven into the 9168:Treaty of St. Germain 9141:Russia–Central Powers 9095:Sykes–Picot Agreement 8923:Pontic Greek genocide 8898:Destruction of Kalisz 8874:Eastern Mediterranean 8435:Polish–Lithuanian War 8217:Armistice of Belgrade 8180:Armistice of Salonica 8110:Operation Faustschlag 8057:Third Battle of Oituz 7979:Baranovichi offensive 7947:Lake Naroch offensive 7921:Battle of Robat Karim 7896:Vistula–Bug offensive 7871:Battles of the Isonzo 7802:First Battle of Ypres 7084:30 April 2020 at the 7079:CWGC: 1916: The Somme 6196:McMullin, R. (2006). 6109:Wendt, H. L. (1931). 6034:Simpson, A. (2005) . 5977:Sheldon, J. (2006) . 5875:Philpott, W. (2009). 5444:Thenorthernecho.co.uk 4877:, pp. 194, 197; 4268:, pp. 21, 64–65. 4005:, pp. 194, 197; 3835: 3742: 204,000 French 3722:casualties were over 3709: 280,000 German 3677: 3419: 2898:Third Battle of Ypres 2852: 2775: 2685:Subsequent operations 2675:Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre 2652: 2596:Battle of Le Transloy 2553: 2503: 2425: 2388: 2323: 2294:; German losses were 2290:were incurred by the 2205: 2196:British 21st Division 2193: 2143: 2123: 60,000 British 2055: 2027: 1924: 1917:Tactical developments 1842:4 June – 20 September 1829: 1663: 1513:French Third Republic 1499:), also known as the 1497:Schlacht an der Somme 605:Casualties and losses 9339:November 1916 events 9163:Treaty of Versailles 8879:Mount Lebanon famine 8794:in the United States 8762:Russian occupations 8476:Turkish–Armenian War 8417:Polish–Ukrainian War 8357:Ukrainian–Soviet War 8304:Central Asian Revolt 8087:Armistice of Focșani 7817:Battle of Sarikamish 7767:Battle of Tannenberg 7163:Military engagements 6838:Recouly, R. (1920). 5996:Sheldon, J. (2009). 5662:Dowling, T. (2008). 5491:, pp. 324, 327. 4775:, pp. 194, 197. 3713:400,000" casualties. 3032:casualties, against 2476:New Zealand Division 2441:Battle of Guillemont 2381:Battle of Guillemont 2334:1st Infantry Brigade 2284:7,080 BEF casualties 2246:after a five-minute 2174:10,000–12,000 losses 1747:Erich von Falkenhayn 1743:German General Staff 1672:Chantilly Conference 1579:(1 July) the German 1553:Imperial German Army 1536:Chantilly Conference 1489:Bataille de la Somme 1463:French Army mutinies 1458:1914 Christmas truce 1228:Hohenzollern Redoubt 869:Butte de Warlencourt 488:Rupprecht of Bavaria 455:Erich von Falkenhayn 132:50.01556°N 2.69750°E 112:Départements, France 9269:Battle of the Somme 9230:They shall not pass 9153:Treaty of Bucharest 9110:Treaty of Bucharest 9049:USA against Germany 9026:Declarations of war 8730:German occupations 8643:British casualties 8502:Soviet–Georgian War 8429:Egyptian Revolution 8369:Armeno-Georgian War 8233:Somaliland campaign 8185:Armistice of Mudros 8062:Battle of Caporetto 8052:Battle of Mărășești 8022:Zimmermann telegram 8017:February Revolution 7962:Battle of the Somme 7886:Bug-Narew Offensive 7861:Battle of Gallipoli 7853:Sinking of the RMS 7645:Scramble for Africa 7639:Franco-Prussian War 7295:Sinai and Palestine 6821:The First World War 6720:Nicholson, G. W. L. 6653:. London: Penguin. 6529:Liddell Hart, B. H. 6511:The First World War 6172:10.1093/tcbh/hwp047 5942:. London: Cassell. 5856:Miles, W. (1992) . 5818:Herwig, H. (1996). 5784:. London: Cassell. 5719:Falls, C. (1992) . 5193:The Daily Telegraph 5003:, pp. 600–602. 4967:, pp. 601–602. 4943:, pp. 496–497. 4885:, pp. 602–603. 4807:, pp. 300–301. 4701:, pp. 602–603. 4684:, pp. 436–437. 4618:, pp. 150–151. 4606:, pp. 570–572. 4522:, pp. 148–162. 4510:, pp. 476–477. 4474:, pp. 458–459. 4462:, pp. 130–131. 4438:, pp. 112–124. 4306:, pp. 100–103. 4244:, pp. 100–101. 4184:, pp. xv, 163. 4172:, pp. 412–413. 4136:, pp. 206–207. 4124:, pp. 248–249. 4049:, pp. 602–603. 4009:, pp. 602–603. 3844:British Summer Time 3768:400,000 to 680,000. 3704:day) in inflicting 3547: 3537:500,000 casualties. 3455:537,919 casualties, 3349:Total Commonwealth 3245: 3090: 2909: 2702:Battle of the Ancre 2645:Battle of the Ancre 2520:held by the German 2275:Guard Reserve Corps 2266:Battle of Fromelles 2260:Battle of Fromelles 1833:British Indian Army 1481:Battle of the Somme 1452:Associated articles 1169:Hartmannswillerkopf 1029:Invasion of Belgium 912:Associated articles 466:Paul von Hindenburg 128: / 49:Battle of the Somme 9190:Treaty of Lausanne 9105:Paris Economy Pact 9039:UK against Germany 8969:Entry into the war 8935:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 8654:Ottoman casualties 8464:Franco-Turkish War 8344:Post-War conflicts 8328:Russian Revolution 8310:Invasion of Darfur 8275:Kelantan rebellion 8263:Kurdish rebellions 8239:Mexican Revolution 8072:October Revolution 8037:Kerensky offensive 8012:Capture of Baghdad 7989:Monastir offensive 7974:Brusilov offensive 7812:Battle of Kolubara 7651:Russo-Japanese War 7100:William Philpott: 6886:. Oxford: Osprey. 6819:Prior, R. (1999). 6573:The Old Front Line 6394:Green, A. (2003). 6019:. Oxford: Osprey. 5681:Duffy, C. (2006). 5589:. London: Odhams. 4582:, pp. 95–107. 4414:, pp. 98–100. 4112:, pp. 81, 86. 4029:, p. 602–603. 3927:, Gary Sheffield, 3864:Remembrance Sunday 3852:two minute silence 3840: 3695:420,000 casualties 3691:377,231 casualties 3680: 3545:July–December 1916 3541: 3519: 30 per cent 3466:794,238 casualties 3460:by the French and 3451:278,000 casualties 3443:270,000 casualties 3296:23,000 3282:24,029 3241: 3088:July–November 1916 3084: 3050:David Lloyd George 3028:British and about 2903: 2871:whom were killed. 2866:57,470 casualties, 2857: 2803:Operation Alberich 2749:Operation Alberich 2658: 2564:Lieutenant General 2556: 2506: 2432: 2391: 2354:Battle of Pozières 2338:Southern Rhodesian 2326: 2208: 2200: 2146: 2083:Sperrfeuerstreifen 2066: 2032: 1957:lieutenant-general 1937: 1838: 1822:Brusilov offensive 1816:Brusilov offensive 1668: 1640:Operation Alberich 108:and south-eastern 9256: 9255: 9239: 9238: 9223:The Golden Virgin 9217:Mutilated victory 9198: 9197: 9178:Treaty of Trianon 9173:Treaty of Neuilly 9080:Damascus Protocol 8953: 8952: 8913:Armenian genocide 8870:Allied blockades 8842:Belgian refugees 8625: 8624: 8535:Strategic bombing 8511: 8510: 8496:Franco-Syrian War 8470:Greco-Turkish War 8458:Anglo-Turkish War 8441:Polish–Soviet War 8375:German Revolution 8351:Russian Civil War 8334:Finnish Civil War 8160:Battle of Megiddo 8135:Battle of Goychay 8082:Battle of Cambrai 8042:Battle of Mărăști 7957:Battle of Jutland 7937:Erzurum offensive 7792:Siege of Przemyśl 7772:Siege of Tsingtao 7757:Battle of Galicia 7687:Second Balkan War 7675:Italo-Turkish War 7632:Pre-War conflicts 7618: 7617: 7508:Portuguese Empire 7424: 7423: 7386:German New Guinea 7368:Asian and Pacific 7102:Somme, Battles of 6966:978-0-52188-101-2 6915:978-0-393-08880-9 6789:978-1-52-672240-9 6770:978-1-47-389770-0 6746:on 26 August 2011 6470:978-0-948130-18-2 6424:978-1-107-63385-8 6364:978-1-78346-311-4 6316:978-0-00-653163-0 6305:Ball, S. (2004). 6026:978-1-84176-738-3 6007:978-1-84415-944-4 5968:978-1-84513-691-8 5886:978-1-4087-0108-9 5810:978-1-84574-765-7 5791:978-0-304-36735-1 5780:Hart, P. (2006). 5772:978-0-521-89802-7 5753:978-0-521-04436-3 5692:978-0-7538-2202-9 5673:978-0-253-35130-2 5632:978-0-7864-7470-7 5547:Bond, B. (2002). 5503:, pp. 70–71. 5130:, pp. 86–87. 5090:978-0-8020-4465-5 5058:on 28 August 2014 4834:, pp. 1–104. 4402:, pp. 94–96. 4390:, pp. 94–95. 4342:, pp. 79–85. 4330:, pp. 41–69. 4318:, pp. 76–78. 4160:, pp. 18–19. 4076:, pp. 27–37. 3929:Christopher Duffy 3898:" to the tune of 3785:Thiepval Memorial 3672: 3671: 3546: 3458:288,011 inflicted 3414: 3413: 3310:7,408 3239: 3238: 3089: 3046:Winston Churchill 3018: 3017: 2908: 2894:Nivelle Offensive 2812:Siegfriedstellung 2798:Siegfriedstellung 2791:Siegfriedstellung 2764:Siegfriedstellung 2757:Siegfriedstellung 2710:Alberich Bewegung 2484:Machine Gun Corps 2336:(incorporating a 2296:1,600–2,000, with 2228:Bazentin le Grand 2224:Bazentin le Petit 2162:57,470 casualties 1949:Territorial Force 1809:21 February – 16 1741:The Chief of the 1645:Siegfriedstellung 1566:Territorial Force 1529:deadliest battles 1476: 1475: 1302:Nivelle offensive 1076:Trouée de Charmes 973: 972: 960:Thiepval Memorial 815:Flers–Courcelette 663: 662: 168: 167: 137:50.01556; 2.69750 16:(Redirected from 9346: 9183:Treaty of Sèvres 9075:Treaty of London 8966: 8965: 8744:Northeast France 8675: 8674: 8647:Parliamentarians 8580: 8579: 8542:Chemical weapons 8520: 8519: 8281:Senussi campaign 8251:Muscat rebellion 8245:Maritz rebellion 8213: 8155:Vardar offensive 7984:Battle of Romani 7952:Battle of Asiago 7942:Battle of Verdun 7906:Kosovo offensive 7681:First Balkan War 7629: 7628: 7528:Russian Republic 7437: 7436: 7231: 7230: 7173:Economic history 7140: 7133: 7126: 7117: 7116: 7090:Nicholas Hiley: 7016: 6997: 6970: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6919: 6908:. W. W. Norton. 6897: 6875: 6853: 6834: 6815: 6793: 6774: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6739:. Archived from 6730: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6698: 6686: 6675:. Magpie Books. 6664: 6640: 6616: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6563: 6546: 6524: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6474: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6428: 6409: 6390: 6368: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6320: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6280:. Archived from 6261: 6259: 6257: 6252:on 20 April 2009 6248:. Archived from 6229: 6227: 6225: 6216:. Archived from 6202:Wartime Magazine 6183: 6145: 6126: 6105: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6030: 6011: 5992: 5972: 5953: 5941: 5930: 5911: 5890: 5871: 5852: 5833: 5814: 5795: 5776: 5757: 5738: 5715: 5696: 5677: 5658: 5636: 5617: 5598: 5587:The World Crisis 5581: 5564: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5414: 5404: 5380: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5203: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5140:Wilcock, David. 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4917: 4908: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4793: 4787: 4776: 4770: 4759: 4753: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4050: 4045:, pp. 271; 4036: 4030: 4025:, pp. 271; 4016: 4010: 3996: 3979: 3976:The World Crisis 3971: 3933:Roger Chickering 3892: 3888: 3811:Northern Ireland 3808: 3769: 3765: 3762:Army losses and 3761: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3,600 per 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3668: 3667: 1,666,289 3665: 3653: 3650: 3640: 3637: 3625: 3622: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468:on the Entente. 3467: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3434:The World Crisis 3427: 3246: 3091: 3085: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 2910: 2904: 2881:war of attrition 2870: 2867: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2820: 2814: 2800: 2793: 2784: 2783:Hermann von Kuhl 2766: 2759: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2669:. The attack on 2633: 2611: 2607: 2604:due to rain and 2603: 2580: 2496:Battle of Morval 2449: 2446: 2418:Battle of Ginchy 2365: 2343: 2300: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2272: 2245: 2175: 2171: 2170:1,590 casualties 2167: 2163: 2154:Battle of Albert 2151: 2124: 2121: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2004: 1998: 1986: 1980: 1953:Kitchener's Army 1912: 1909:in the west and 1908: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1843: 1810: 1803:Battle of Verdun 1797:Battle of Verdun 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1736: 1728: 1723:Battle of Verdun 1647: 1618: 1570:Kitchener's Army 1557:Battle of Verdun 1551:(BEF). When the 1415:St Quentin Canal 1010: 1000: 993: 986: 977: 976: 918:Hébuterne (1915) 881:Schwaben Redoubt 701: 699: 689: 682: 675: 666: 665: 655: 652: 649: 648: 638: 635: 632: 631: 622: 619: 616: 615: 599: 598: 586: 585: 581: 576: 575: 562: 561: 553: 552: 540: 539: 531: 530: 508: 507: 499:Max von Gallwitz 497: 496: 486: 485: 477:Erich Ludendorff 475: 474: 464: 463: 453: 452: 440: 439: 429: 428: 418: 417: 407: 406: 396: 395: 385: 384: 374: 373: 358: 354: 352: 351: 343: 339: 337: 336: 324: 323: 322: 315: 311: 309: 308: 300: 296: 294: 293: 285: 281: 279: 278: 270: 266: 264: 263: 255: 251: 249: 248: 240: 236: 234: 233: 225: 221: 219: 218: 210: 206: 204: 203: 193: 189: 187: 186: 143: 142: 140: 139: 138: 133: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 104:, north-central 89:18 November 1916 78: 77: 70: 46: 45: 21: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9289:Battles in 1916 9259: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9235: 9194: 9126: 9119: 9090:Treaty of Darin 9058: 9020: 8976:Austria-Hungary 8962: 8949: 8930:Rape of Belgium 8857: 8829: 8777: 8771:Western Armenia 8766:Eastern Galicia 8699: 8673: 8637: 8636:Civilian impact 8635: 8621: 8578: 8507: 8339: 8269:Ovambo Uprising 8221: 8207: 8096: 7998: 7925: 7843:Battle of Łomża 7826: 7822:Christmas truce 7797:Race to the Sea 7730: 7692: 7614: 7585:Austria-Hungary 7561: 7496:Empire of Japan 7433: 7431: 7420: 7404:U-boat campaign 7390: 7362: 7324: 7276: 7222: 7203:Popular culture 7149: 7144: 7086:Wayback Machine 7034:Wayback Machine 7023: 7013: 6986: 6967: 6942: 6940: 6922: 6916: 6894: 6872: 6831: 6818: 6812: 6796: 6790: 6771: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6728: 6709: 6707: 6696: 6683: 6661: 6645:Middlebrook, M. 6637: 6613: 6586: 6584: 6521: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6471: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6431: 6425: 6406: 6387: 6365: 6343: 6341: 6317: 6301: 6299:Further reading 6296: 6287: 6285: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6232: 6223: 6221: 6191: 6186: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6102: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6027: 6008: 5989: 5969: 5950: 5927: 5908: 5887: 5868: 5849: 5830: 5811: 5792: 5773: 5754: 5735: 5712: 5693: 5674: 5655: 5633: 5614: 5561: 5553:. London: CUP. 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5501:Chickering 2004 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5389:Defense Studies 5344: 5340: 5300: 5296: 5268: 5264: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5146:The Independent 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4991:, p. 1427. 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4909: 4905: 4901:, pp. 398. 4899:Clodfelter 2017 4897:, p. 438; 4893: 4889: 4881:, p. 271; 4869: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4779: 4771: 4762: 4754: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570:, pp. 4–5. 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4285:. 3 August 2016 4277: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4041:, p. 246; 4037: 4033: 4021:, p. 309; 4017: 4013: 4001:, p. 398; 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3941: 3910: 3890: 3886: 3838: 3806: 3787: 3781: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756:419,654 British 3755: 3748: 3741: 3735:419,000 British 3734: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3666: 3651: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3608: 3544: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3508: 3505:660,000–680,000 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489: 445,322, 3488: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3447:390,000 between 3446: 3442: 3428: 3425: 3403: 3256: 3243: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3059: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 2868: 2865: 2855: 2847: 2838: 2785: 2782: 2770:Generalleutnant 2751: 2745: 2743:Hindenburg Line 2724:22/23 February, 2723: 2720:5,284 prisoners 2719: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2687: 2647: 2641: 2625: 2619: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2578: 2548: 2542: 2498: 2492: 2467: 2461: 2456: 2447: 2426:A young German 2420: 2414: 2401:Henry Rawlinson 2383: 2377: 2371:from the rear. 2363: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2318: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2271:outnumbered 2:1 2270: 2262: 2256: 2243: 2188: 2182: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2149: 2138: 2132: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2089:Stützpunktlinie 2077:Stützpunktlinie 2050: 2041: 2030: 2022: 2016: 2011: 2002:Stützpunktlinie 1996: 1935: 1919: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1850:Fritz von Below 1841: 1836: 1824: 1818: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1734: 1726: 1666: 1658: 1650:Hindenburg Line 1505:First World War 1501:Somme offensive 1477: 1472: 1449: 1253:Vimy Ridge 1916 1130:Race to the Sea 1098:1st St. Quentin 1020: 1011: 1006: 1004: 974: 969: 955:Leipzig Salient 923:Order of Battle 909: 702: 698:Somme Offensive 697: 695: 693: 658: 656: 653: 643: 639: 636: 626: 625: 623: 620: 610: 593: 592: 588: 583: 579: 578: 570: 569: 556: 555: 547: 546: 542: 534: 533: 525: 524: 510:Fritz von Below 502: 501: 491: 490: 480: 479: 469: 468: 458: 457: 447: 444: 434: 433: 423: 422: 412: 411: 401: 400: 390: 389: 387:Henry Rawlinson 379: 378: 368: 349: 347: 334: 332: 330: 320: 318: 306: 304: 291: 289: 276: 274: 261: 259: 246: 244: 231: 229: 216: 214: 201: 199: 195: 194: 184: 182: 181: 157: 136: 134: 130: 127: 122: 119: 117: 115: 114: 113: 91: 71: 60:First World War 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9352: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9284:1916 in France 9281: 9276: 9271: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9214: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9155: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9125:Peace treaties 9124: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9011:United Kingdom 9008: 9003: 9001:Ottoman Empire 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8905: 8903:Sack of Dinant 8900: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8867: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8851:United Kingdom 8848: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8811: 8805:POW locations 8803: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8656: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8640: 8638: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8605:United Kingdom 8602: 8600:Ottoman Empire 8597: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8577: 8576: 8574:Trench warfare 8571: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8526: 8524: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8290: 8287:Volta-Bani War 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8125:Zeebrugge Raid 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7916:Battle of Loos 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7807:Black Sea raid 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7709:Historiography 7700: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7663:Bosnian Crisis 7660: 7657:Tangier Crisis 7654: 7648: 7642: 7635: 7633: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7590:Ottoman Empire 7587: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7567:Central Powers 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7550:British Empire 7545:United Kingdom 7542: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7523:Russian Empire 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7445: 7443: 7441:Entente Powers 7434: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7409:North Atlantic 7400: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7320:Central Arabia 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7282:Middle Eastern 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7239: 7237: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7183:Historiography 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7088: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7022: 7021:External links 7019: 7018: 7017: 7011: 6998: 6984: 6971: 6965: 6949: 6920: 6914: 6898: 6892: 6880:Robertshaw, A. 6876: 6870: 6854: 6835: 6829: 6816: 6810: 6794: 6788: 6775: 6769: 6756: 6716: 6687: 6681: 6665: 6659: 6641: 6635: 6621:McLaughlin, P. 6617: 6611: 6593: 6564: 6547: 6525: 6519: 6503: 6490: 6475: 6469: 6456: 6443: 6429: 6423: 6410: 6404: 6391: 6385: 6369: 6363: 6350: 6321: 6315: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6262: 6230: 6220:on 9 June 2007 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6127: 6106: 6100: 6087: 6074: 6059: 6046: 6031: 6025: 6012: 6006: 5993: 5987: 5974: 5967: 5954: 5948: 5931: 5925: 5912: 5906: 5891: 5885: 5872: 5866: 5853: 5847: 5834: 5828: 5815: 5809: 5796: 5790: 5777: 5771: 5758: 5752: 5739: 5733: 5716: 5710: 5697: 5691: 5678: 5672: 5659: 5653: 5641:Doughty, R. A. 5637: 5631: 5618: 5612: 5599: 5582: 5565: 5559: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527:, p. 625. 5517: 5515:, p. 249. 5505: 5493: 5481: 5479:, p. 188. 5477:Sheffield 2002 5469: 5467:, p. 230. 5457: 5446:. 18 July 2016 5431: 5395:(1): 124–137. 5355:(4): 731–751. 5338: 5311:(3): 335–342. 5305:War in History 5294: 5283:(2): 471–504. 5262: 5223: 5198: 5184: 5158: 5132: 5120: 5118:, p. 192. 5108: 5096: 5089: 5069: 5043: 5017: 5015:, p. 398. 5005: 4993: 4989:Churchill 1938 4981: 4979:, p. 151. 4977:Sheffield 2003 4969: 4957: 4955:, p. 553. 4945: 4933: 4929:Churchill 1938 4918: 4910:Lewis, Jon E. 4903: 4887: 4875:Sheffield 2011 4873:, p. xv; 4863: 4861:, p. 246. 4848: 4846:, p. 161. 4836: 4824: 4822:, p. 309. 4809: 4794: 4792:, p. 271. 4777: 4773:Sheffield 2011 4760: 4739: 4737:, p. 179. 4727: 4725:, p. 398. 4715: 4713:, p. 326. 4703: 4686: 4674: 4672:, p. 156. 4670:Sheffield 2003 4659: 4657:, p. 119. 4647: 4645:, p. 483. 4635: 4633:, p. 186. 4631:Sheffield 2003 4620: 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 119. 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4546:, p. 115. 4536: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4486:, p. 474. 4476: 4464: 4460:Sheffield 2003 4452: 4450:, p. 383. 4440: 4436:Sheffield 2003 4428: 4426:, p. 355. 4416: 4412:Sheffield 2003 4404: 4400:Sheffield 2003 4392: 4388:Sheffield 2003 4380: 4378:, p. 251. 4368: 4366:, p. 133. 4356: 4344: 4340:Sheffield 2003 4332: 4328:Sheffield 2003 4320: 4316:Sheffield 2003 4308: 4296: 4270: 4266:Sheffield 2003 4258: 4246: 4234: 4232:, p. 223. 4222: 4210: 4208:, p. 555. 4198: 4194:Sheffield 2003 4186: 4174: 4162: 4158:Sheffield 2003 4150: 4148:, p. 104. 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4100:, p. 291. 4090: 4078: 4066: 4064:, p. 438. 4051: 4031: 4011: 4003:Sheffield 2011 3990: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3937: 3909: 3906: 3901:Auld Lang Syne 3872:prime minister 3836: 3827:British Legion 3780: 3777: 3749:600,000 German 3670: 3669: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 719,000 3646: 3642: 3641: 3639: 947,289 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 434,000 3618: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3524:729,000 German 3509:630,000, using 3501:under 600,000. 3423: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3265:United Kingdom 3262: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3078:Main article: 3075: 3072: 3063:infrastructure 3058: 3055: 3030:200,000 French 3016: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2834:R. II Stellung 2780: 2747:Main article: 2744: 2741: 2735:R. II Stellung 2694:Main article: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2643:Main article: 2640: 2637: 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2544:Main article: 2541: 2538: 2494:Main article: 2491: 2488: 2486:on the Somme. 2472:Canadian Corps 2463:Main article: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2448: 130,000 2416:Main article: 2413: 2410: 2379:Main article: 2376: 2373: 2352:Main article: 2349: 2346: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2258:Main article: 2255: 2252: 2184:Main article: 2181: 2178: 2134:Main article: 2131: 2128: 2111:Main article: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2071:Herbstschlacht 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2028: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 1973:staff officers 1959:in command of 1925: 1918: 1915: 1831:Troops of the 1830: 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1801:Main article: 1798: 1795: 1688:Central Powers 1664: 1657: 1654: 1540:Central Powers 1509:British Empire 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1448: 1447: 1445:Lys and Escaut 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1292: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1181: 1176: 1174:Neuve Chapelle 1171: 1166: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1147:Winter actions 1144: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1110:Grand Couronné 1107: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1026: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1003: 1002: 995: 988: 980: 971: 970: 968: 967: 962: 957: 952: 951: 950: 948:Hawthorn Ridge 945: 940: 930: 925: 920: 908: 907: 906: 905: 903:Beaumont-Hamel 895: 894: 893: 888: 883: 873: 872: 871: 866: 861: 851: 849:Thiepval Ridge 846: 845: 844: 839: 834: 824: 823: 822: 812: 807: 802: 801: 800: 790: 785: 784: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 756:Bazentin Ridge 753: 752: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 707: 704: 703: 692: 691: 684: 677: 669: 661: 660: 654: 440,000 641: 637: 200,000 621: 420,000 607: 606: 602: 601: 564: 518: 517: 513: 512: 445: 420:Ferdinand Foch 365: 364: 360: 359: 344: 329: 328: 316: 301: 286: 271: 256: 241: 226: 211: 208:United Kingdom 191:British Empire 180: 179: 178: 175: 174: 170: 169: 166: 165: 159: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 100: 98: 94: 93: 82: 74: 73: 63: 62: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9351: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9016:United States 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8956: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8633: 8628: 8618: 8617:United States 8615: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8567:Convoy system 8565: 8564: 8563: 8562:Naval warfare 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8322:Kaocen revolt 8320: 8317: 8316:Easter Rising 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7881:Great Retreat 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7752:Battle of Cer 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7669:Agadir Crisis 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7557:United States 7555: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7474:French Empire 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7427: 7417: 7416:Mediterranean 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7396:Naval warfare 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7272:Italian Front 7270: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7260:Eastern Front 7258: 7256: 7255:Western Front 7253: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213:Puppet states 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7014: 7012:0-313-29386-4 7008: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6985:1-84415-393-2 6981: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6893:1-84603-038-2 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6871:0-85112-728-2 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6836: 6832: 6830:0-304-35984-X 6826: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6811:1-84342-196-8 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6682:1-84119-863-3 6678: 6674: 6670: 6669:Neillands, R. 6666: 6662: 6660:0-14-139071-9 6656: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6636:0-86920-232-4 6632: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6612:0-14-017867-8 6608: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6597:MacDonald, L. 6594: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6568:Masefield, J. 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6520:0-09-180178-8 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6493: 6491:1-84342-413-4 6487: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6446: 6444:5-87296-917-1 6440: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6405:0-7146-8430-9 6401: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6386:0-8050-8127-5 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6284:on 6 May 2019 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6166:(1): 80–101. 6165: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6143: 6141:0-8371-5029-9 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6101:0-304-35319-1 6097: 6093: 6088: 6077: 6075:0-7735-2428-2 6071: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6049: 6047:1-86227-292-1 6043: 6039: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5988:1-84415-269-3 5984: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5949:0-304-36649-8 5945: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5926:0-7472-6460-0 5922: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5907:0-300-10694-7 5903: 5899: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5867:0-901627-76-3 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5848:1-85409-330-4 5844: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5829:0-34057-348-1 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5734:0-89839-180-6 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5711:0-89839-185-7 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5654:0-67401-880-X 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5613:0-52154-780-6 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5560:0-52180-995-9 5556: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5526: 5525:Philpott 2009 5521: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5465:Terraine 2005 5461: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5195: 5194: 5188: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5128:Robinson 2010 5124: 5117: 5112: 5106:, p. 10. 5105: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5032:. 28 May 2016 5031: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 5001:Philpott 2009 4997: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4965:Philpott 2009 4961: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4895:Philpott 2009 4891: 4884: 4883:Philpott 2009 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4844:Henniker 2009 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4758:, p. xv. 4757: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4736: 4735:Henniker 2009 4731: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4699:Philpott 2009 4695: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4682:Philpott 2009 4678: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4616:Philpott 2009 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4534:, p. 64. 4533: 4532:Boraston 1920 4528: 4521: 4520:McCarthy 1995 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4448:Philpott 2009 4444: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4424:Philpott 2009 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4376:Philpott 2009 4372: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4352:McMullin 2006 4348: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4256:, p. 86. 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4220:, p. 34. 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4196:, p. 27. 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4170:Philpott 2009 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4110:Philpott 2009 4106: 4099: 4094: 4088:, p. 37. 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4062:Philpott 2009 4058: 4056: 4048: 4047:Philpott 2009 4044: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4027:Philpott 2009 4024: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4007:Philpott 2009 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925:John Terraine 3922: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3875:David Cameron 3873: 3869: 3868:The Last Post 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3779:Commemoration 3776: 3774: 3760:154,446 Sixth 3752: 3747: 3676: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3644: 3643: 3629: 3628: 3616: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3534: 3512: 3474:419,654, from 3469: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3219: 3218: 3199: 3198: 3179: 3178: 3159: 3158: 3139: 3138: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3081: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3010: 3009: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2862: 2851: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2828:R. I Stellung 2824: 2819: 2818:R. I Stellung 2813: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2779: 2778:January 1917) 2774: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2729:R. I Stellung 2716: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2682: 2680: 2679:Regina Trench 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2655:Frank Crozier 2651: 2646: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2614: 2606:13–18 October 2597: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2451: 2442: 2437: 2436:16th Division 2429: 2424: 2419: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2387: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2317: 2302: 2293: 2281: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2236:Delville Wood 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2177: 2159: 2158:no man's land 2155: 2142: 2137: 2127: 2114: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2026: 2021: 2006: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939:The original 1933: 1932:31st Division 1929: 1923: 1914: 1913:in the east. 1907:121 divisions 1896: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1846:Eastern Front 1834: 1828: 1823: 1813: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1711:Joseph Joffre 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:Belgian coast 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684:Western Front 1681: 1680:Italian Front 1677: 1676:Eastern Front 1673: 1662: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:German Empire 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420:Meuse-Argonne 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1334:Passchendaele 1332: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196:2nd Champagne 1194: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1164:1st Champagne 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083:Great Retreat 1081: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008:Western Front 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 982: 981: 978: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 934: 933:Mines, 1 July 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 914: 913: 904: 901: 900: 899: 896: 892: 891:Regina Trench 889: 887: 886:Stuff Redoubt 884: 882: 879: 878: 877: 876:Ancre Heights 874: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 850: 847: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 828: 825: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 799: 796: 795: 794: 791: 789: 788:Delville Wood 786: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 754: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 712: 711: 710: 705: 700: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 671: 670: 667: 647: 642: 630: 614: 609: 608: 603: 597: 591: 590:July–November 574: 568: 565: 560: 551: 545: 544:July–November 538: 529: 523: 520: 519: 514: 511: 506: 500: 495: 489: 484: 478: 473: 467: 462: 456: 451: 446: 443: 438: 432: 431:Émile Fayolle 427: 421: 416: 410: 409:Joseph Joffre 405: 399: 394: 388: 383: 377: 372: 367: 366: 361: 357: 345: 342: 327: 317: 314: 302: 299: 287: 284: 272: 269: 257: 254: 242: 239: 227: 224: 212: 209: 197: 196: 192: 177: 176: 171: 164: 163:Noyon salient 160: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 141: 111: 110:Pas-de-Calais 107: 103: 99: 96: 95: 90: 86: 83: 80: 79: 75: 69: 64: 61: 57: 56:Western Front 52: 47: 44: 40: 38: 33: 19: 9228: 9221: 9209: 8816: / 8748: 8583:Conscription 8547:Cryptography 8484:Iraqi Revolt 7961: 7911:Siege of Kut 7854: 7432:participants 7381:German Samoa 7315:South Arabia 7002: 6975: 6956: 6941:. Retrieved 6924: 6905: 6883: 6861: 6840: 6820: 6797: 6779: 6760: 6748:. Retrieved 6741:the original 6724: 6708:. Retrieved 6692: 6672: 6648: 6625: 6600: 6585:. Retrieved 6572: 6551: 6533: 6510: 6495:. Retrieved 6480: 6460: 6450:13 September 6448:. Retrieved 6433: 6414: 6395: 6376: 6354: 6342:. Retrieved 6329: 6306: 6286:. Retrieved 6282:the original 6254:. Retrieved 6250:the original 6237: 6222:. Retrieved 6218:the original 6201: 6163: 6159: 6131: 6114: 6110: 6091: 6079:. Retrieved 6064: 6051:. Retrieved 6036: 6016: 5997: 5978: 5958: 5937: 5916: 5896: 5876: 5857: 5838: 5819: 5800: 5781: 5762: 5743: 5720: 5701: 5682: 5663: 5644: 5622: 5603: 5586: 5569: 5549: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5443: 5434: 5422:. Retrieved 5392: 5388: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5280: 5276: 5265: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5214:. Retrieved 5210: 5201: 5191: 5187: 5175:. Retrieved 5171: 5161: 5149:. Retrieved 5145: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5079: 5072: 5062:21 September 5060:. Retrieved 5056:the original 5046: 5036:21 September 5034:. Retrieved 5029: 5020: 5013:Sheldon 2006 5008: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4941:Edmonds 1993 4936: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4866: 4839: 4827: 4820:Doughty 2005 4730: 4723:Sheldon 2009 4718: 4706: 4677: 4650: 4643:Edmonds 1993 4638: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4568:Sheldon 2009 4563: 4558:, p. 4. 4556:Sheldon 2009 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287:. Retrieved 4282: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4230:Sheldon 2006 4225: 4218:Simpson 2005 4213: 4201: 4189: 4182:Dowling 2008 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4098:Doughty 2005 4093: 4081: 4069: 4034: 4019:Doughty 2005 4014: 3999:Sheldon 2006 3994: 3975: 3969: 3923: 3919:Peter Barton 3915: 3911: 3899: 3895: 3889:a.m. to 7:00 3884: 3841: 3823:Orange Order 3788: 3772: 3764:48,131 Tenth 3753: 3751:casualties. 3745: 3737:casualties, 3684:202,567 men, 3681: 3658: 3632:Anglo-French 3532: 3513: 3470: 3439:Reichsarchiv 3438: 3432: 3430: 3420: 3415: 3397: 3377: 3335:Newfoundland 3321:South Africa 3255:Killed & 3249:Nationality 3060: 3019: 2905: 2890: 2873: 2858: 2839:16–20 March, 2807: 2787: 2776: 2768: 2752: 2699: 2659: 2626: 2602:8–11 October 2599: 2577:by starting 2567:Hubert Gough 2560:Reserve Army 2557: 2507: 2468: 2433: 2428:Sommekämpfer 2427: 2392: 2360:Reserve Army 2357: 2327: 2288:5,533 losses 2265: 2263: 2209: 2147: 2116: 2067: 2042: 2033: 1970: 1938: 1911:76 divisions 1903:52 divisions 1839: 1806: 1740: 1727:13 divisions 1715: 1702:and end the 1692:Douglas Haig 1669: 1625: 1574: 1533: 1515:against the 1500: 1480: 1478: 1451: 1450: 1410:Saint-Mihiel 1378:Belleau Wood 1361: 1349: 1348: 1339:La Malmaison 1295: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1248:Kink Salient 1216: 1215: 1211:Gas: Wieltje 1157: 1156: 1017: 911: 910: 798:Mouquet Farm 744:La Boisselle 739:Contalmaison 708: 696: 600:50 divisions 589: 566: 563:48 divisions 554:50 divisions 543: 541:11 divisions 532:13 divisions 521: 398:Hubert Gough 376:Douglas Haig 298:Newfoundland 268:South Africa 173:Belligerents 151:Inconclusive 54:Part of the 43: 36: 8846:Netherlands 8823:Switzerland 8704:Occupations 8695:Spanish flu 8472:(1919–1922) 8466:(1918–1921) 8460:(1918–1923) 8449:(1919–1921) 8443:(1919–1921) 8437:(1919–1920) 8413:(1918–1920) 8407:(1918–1920) 8401:(1918–1920) 8383:(1918–1920) 8365:(1918–1920) 8359:(1917–1921) 8353:(1917–1921) 8300:(1916-1918) 8298:Arab Revolt 8289:(1915–1917) 8283:(1915–1917) 8271:(1914-1917) 8265:(1914–1917) 8259:(1914–1921) 8253:(1913–1920) 8241:(1910–1920) 8235:(1900–1920) 8208: [ 7726:July Crisis 7647:(1880–1914) 7310:Mesopotamia 7188:Home fronts 7147:World War I 6750:27 December 6373:Gilbert, M. 6344:15 December 6288:9 September 5513:Herwig 1996 5424:26 February 5243:(1): 5–28. 5116:Steele 2003 5104:Steele 2003 4879:Harris 2009 4790:Harris 2009 4289:11 February 4043:Harris 2009 4023:Harris 2009 3880:Heaton Park 3850:observed a 3724:200,000 men 3687:54 per cent 3659:Grand total 3533:discredited 3497:600,000 and 3493:27 per cent 3482:194,451 and 3307:New Zealand 3244:casualties 3040:or perhaps 2823:rear guards 2571:Fourth Army 2514:Gueudecourt 2364:22/23 July, 2164:, of which 2058:crenellated 1978:Kampfgraben 1943:(BEF) of 6 1789:, south of 1783:Hannescamps 1696:John French 1615:Schwerpunkt 1545:Fourth Army 1430:2nd Cambrai 1268:Boar's Head 1258:Mont Sorrel 965:Ancre, 1917 928:Boar's Head 854:Le Transloy 842:Gueudecourt 820:Martinpuich 766:Trônes Wood 253:New Zealand 156:Territorial 135: / 102:Somme River 85:1 July 1916 9263:Categories 9063:Agreements 8863:War crimes 8739:Luxembourg 8632:Casualties 7503:Montenegro 7338:South West 7218:Technology 7208:Propaganda 7198:Opposition 6953:Watson, A. 6710:1 December 6507:Keegan, J. 6325:Buchan, J. 6268:. Ottawa: 5535:References 5489:Duffy 2006 4953:Miles 1992 4871:Miles 1992 4859:Wendt 1931 4756:Miles 1992 4711:Duffy 2006 4604:Miles 1992 4580:Falls 1992 4544:Falls 1992 4508:Miles 1992 4496:Miles 1992 4484:Miles 1992 4472:Miles 1992 4364:Miles 1992 4304:Wynne 1976 4254:Miles 1992 4242:Wynne 1976 4206:Miles 1992 4146:Wynne 1976 4134:Foley 2007 4122:Foley 2007 4039:Wendt 1931 3783:See also: 3528:631,000 by 3293:Australia 3074:Casualties 2700:After the 2610:17 October 2573:attack at 2301:prisoner. 2212:Guillemont 2166:19,240 men 2018:See also: 1984:Wohngraben 1965:First Army 1899:112 German 1871:including 1751:front line 1735:20 British 1733:, against 1731:Sixth Army 1609:Gommecourt 1585:Sixth Army 1555:began the 1243:Wulverghem 1206:3rd Artois 1184:2nd Artois 1152:1st Artois 805:Guillemont 749:Gommecourt 123:02°41′51″E 120:50°00′56″N 8960:Diplomacy 8667:Olympians 8590:Australia 8557:Logistics 8490:Vlora War 8419:(1918–19) 8395:(1918–19) 8389:(1918–19) 8377:(1918–19) 8324:(1916–17) 8306:(1916–17) 8257:Zaian War 8247:(1914–15) 7967:first day 7855:Lusitania 7683:(1912–13) 7677:(1911–12) 7665:(1908–09) 7659:(1905–06) 7641:(1870–71) 7430:Principal 7290:Gallipoli 7193:Memorials 7178:Geography 7168:Aftermath 6902:Sacco, J. 6858:Regan, G. 6804:. 1994 . 6737:557523890 6705:894593861 6560:819218074 6375:(2006) . 6339:699175025 6278:439730254 6246:0026-4016 6214:1328-2727 6180:1477-4674 6123:503838028 5938:The Somme 5897:The Somme 5782:The Somme 5578:633614212 5377:153318860 5369:1557-301X 5333:159609046 5325:1477-0385 5289:1543-7795 5257:0143-9685 4832:Bond 2002 4086:Hart 2006 4074:Hart 2006 3986:Footnotes 3575:September 3302:< 200 3160:September 3067:railheads 3057:Transport 2987:September 2869:19,240 of 2518:Lesboeufs 2342:2,536 men 2299:150 taken 2244:3:25 a.m. 2240:High Wood 2232:Longueval 2130:First day 2062:traverses 1989:traversed 1945:divisions 1844:) on the 1593:Maricourt 1425:5th Ypres 1405:2nd Somme 1383:2nd Marne 1373:3rd Aisne 1322:The Hills 1317:2nd Aisne 1278:Fromelles 1273:1st Somme 1223:The Bluff 1189:Hébuterne 1179:2nd Ypres 1140:1st Ypres 1120:1st Aisne 1115:1st Marne 1088:Le Cateau 1066:Charleroi 1051:Frontiers 938:Lochnagar 781:High Wood 776:Fromelles 761:Longueval 724:Montauban 719:First day 587:divisions 238:Australia 9248:Category 8835:Refugees 8801:Italians 8790:Germans 8750:Ober Ost 8530:Aviation 7624:Timeline 7595:Bulgaria 7376:Tsingtao 7353:Togoland 7300:Caucasus 7235:European 7227:Theatres 7082:Archived 7030:Archived 6994:64746633 6955:(2008). 6932:. 1922. 6904:(2013). 6882:(2006). 6860:(1993). 6722:(1962). 6671:(2004). 6647:(1971). 6623:(1980). 6599:(1983). 6570:(1917). 6543:16161900 6531:(1932). 6509:(1998). 6497:9 August 6327:(1917). 6224:14 April 6189:Websites 6151:Journals 6081:8 August 5643:(2005). 5450:1 August 5411:55201531 5030:BBC News 3939:See also 3819:unionist 3803:George V 3612:513,289 3599:December 3591:November 3578:115,056 3562:196,081 3478:498,054. 3462:249,908 3424:— 3402:465,000– 3385:146,404 3382:623,907 3352:419,654 3268:350,000+ 3257:missing 3200:November 3097:British 3011:December 3003:November 2931:February 2896:and the 2861:recruits 2845:Analysis 2781:— 2715:Alberich 2631:Schwaben 2579:24 hours 2522:1st Army 2396:Maurepas 2369:Thiepval 2220:Pozières 2150:141 days 1764:2nd Army 1581:2nd Army 1511:and the 1435:Courtrai 1390:Soissons 1329:Messines 1296:Alberich 1105:Maubeuge 1061:Ardennes 1056:Lorraine 1024:Moresnet 859:Eaucourt 837:Lesbœufs 793:Pozières 771:Ovillers 734:Fricourt 516:Strength 326:Rhodesia 97:Location 8986:Germany 8886:Germany 8814:Germany 8734:Belgium 8719:Albania 8678:Disease 8658:Sports 8610:Ireland 8523:Warfare 8516:Aspects 7704:Origins 7697:Prelude 7600:Senussi 7580:Germany 7575:Leaders 7513:Romania 7454:Belgium 7449:Leaders 7348:Kamerun 7330:African 7265:Romania 7243:Balkans 7158:Outline 6943:27 June 6938:1318955 6850:2036520 6587:27 June 6582:1183536 6256:23 July 6053:19 July 5595:4945014 3746:perhaps 3689:of the 3609:British 3602:13,803 3594:46,238 3586:66,852 3583:October 3570:75,249 3410:72,901 3407:164,055 3404:600,000 3366:204,253 3355:95,675 3232:434,500 3229:618,257 3226:202,567 3223:415,690 3180:October 3172:140,000 3169:177,460 3163:101,313 3132:103,000 3129:208,645 3123:158,786 3115:total) 3108:German 3100:French 3042:600,000 3038:500,000 3034:465,181 3026:432,000 3022:419,654 2995:October 2923:January 2886:militia 2732:to the 2530:Combles 2430:in 1916 2405:Fayolle 2238:, with 2009:Prelude 1993:parapet 1961:I Corps 1930:of the 1895:Romania 1887:⁄ 1787:St Eloi 1775:⁄ 1729:in the 1719:Picardy 1708:Marshal 1642:to the 1632:Péronne 1601:Bapaume 1587:, from 1575:On the 1559:on the 1547:of the 1400:Ailette 1368:The Lys 1362:Michael 1344:Cambrai 1238:Hulluch 1233:St Eloi 1125:Antwerp 864:Le Sars 832:Combles 582:⁄ 356:Germany 313:Bermuda 158:changes 58:of the 9006:Russia 8981:France 8809:Canada 8724:Serbia 8595:Canada 8552:Horses 8504:(1921) 8498:(1920) 8492:(1920) 8486:(1920) 8478:(1920) 8431:(1919) 8425:(1919) 8371:(1918) 8336:(1918) 8330:(1917) 8318:(1916) 8312:(1916) 8277:(1915) 7689:(1913) 7671:(1911) 7653:(1905) 7610:Darfur 7535:Serbia 7518:Russia 7481:Greece 7469:France 7459:Brazil 7305:Persia 7248:Serbia 7104:, in: 7094:, in: 7009: 6992: 6982: 6963: 6936: 6912: 6890: 6868: 6848: 6827: 6808: 6786: 6767: 6735: 6703: 6679: 6657: 6633: 6609: 6580: 6558: 6541: 6517: 6488: 6467: 6441: 6421: 6402: 6383: 6361: 6337: 6313: 6276: 6244: 6212: 6204:. AU: 6178: 6138: 6121: 6098: 6072: 6044: 6023: 6004: 5985: 5965: 5946: 5923: 5904: 5883: 5864: 5845: 5826: 5807: 5788: 5769: 5750: 5731: 5708: 5689: 5670: 5651: 5629: 5610: 5593: 5576: 5557: 5409: 5375: 5367: 5331: 5323: 5287: 5255: 5216:22 May 5177:22 May 5151:1 July 5087: 4283:BBC TV 3891: 3887: 3846:, the 3825:. The 3807: 3645:German 3630:Total: 3617:French 3567:August 3551:Month 3398:German 3378:Allied 3369:50,729 3363:French 3338:2,000+ 3324:3,000+ 3299: 3279:Canada 3212:45,000 3209:59,913 3206:20,129 3203:39,784 3192:78,500 3189:95,348 3186:37,626 3183:57,722 3166:76,147 3152:68,000 3149:76,891 3146:18,806 3143:58,085 3140:August 3126:49,859 3113:Allied 3105:total 3094:Month 3014:5,202 3006:5,107 2998:5,324 2990:4,913 2982:4,804 2979:August 2974:4,478 2966:4,265 2958:3,391 2950:3,121 2942:2,877 2934:2,535 2926:2,484 2913:Month 2575:Morval 2510:Morval 2474:, the 2216:Ginchy 1997:25 men 1704:U-boat 1597:Albert 1568:, and 1525:Allies 1493:German 1485:French 1440:Sambre 1395:Amiens 1263:Verdun 1093:Étreux 1039:Dinant 827:Morval 810:Ginchy 729:Mametz 714:Albert 567:1 July 522:1 July 353: 341:France 338: 310: 295: 280: 265: 250: 235: 223:Canada 220: 205: 188: 148:Result 39:(film) 9203:Other 8996:Japan 8991:Italy 8818:camps 8662:Rugby 8212:] 7491:Japan 7486:Italy 7464:China 7358:North 6744:(PDF) 6729:(PDF) 6697:(pdf) 6602:Somme 6113:[ 5540:Books 5373:S2CID 5329:S2CID 3961:Notes 3607:Total 3242:Somme 3235:70.3 3220:Total 3215:75.0 3195:82.3 3175:78.9 3155:88.4 3135:49.4 3111:(% of 2947:April 2939:March 2801:) in 2722:. On 2671:Serre 2480:tanks 2330:flank 1791:Ypres 1760:Arras 1755:Meuse 1636:Ancre 1561:Meuse 1521:Somme 1307:Arras 1290:Ancre 1044:Namur 1034:Liège 943:Y Sap 898:Ancre 283:India 106:Somme 8783:POWs 8102:1918 8004:1917 7930:1916 7831:1915 7735:1914 7540:Siam 7343:East 7007:ISBN 6990:OCLC 6980:ISBN 6961:ISBN 6945:2013 6934:OCLC 6930:HMSO 6910:ISBN 6888:ISBN 6866:ISBN 6846:OCLC 6825:ISBN 6806:ISBN 6802:HMSO 6784:ISBN 6765:ISBN 6752:2012 6733:OCLC 6712:2014 6701:OCLC 6677:ISBN 6655:ISBN 6631:ISBN 6607:ISBN 6589:2013 6578:OCLC 6556:OCLC 6539:OCLC 6515:ISBN 6499:2014 6486:ISBN 6465:ISBN 6452:2013 6439:ISBN 6419:ISBN 6400:ISBN 6381:ISBN 6359:ISBN 6346:2014 6335:OCLC 6311:ISBN 6290:2009 6274:OCLC 6258:2009 6242:ISSN 6226:2007 6210:ISSN 6176:ISSN 6136:ISBN 6119:OCLC 6096:ISBN 6083:2014 6070:ISBN 6055:2014 6042:ISBN 6021:ISBN 6002:ISBN 5983:ISBN 5963:ISBN 5944:ISBN 5921:ISBN 5902:ISBN 5881:ISBN 5862:ISBN 5843:ISBN 5824:ISBN 5805:ISBN 5786:ISBN 5767:ISBN 5748:ISBN 5729:ISBN 5725:HMSO 5706:ISBN 5687:ISBN 5668:ISBN 5649:ISBN 5627:ISBN 5608:ISBN 5591:OCLC 5574:OCLC 5555:ISBN 5452:2016 5426:2015 5415:and 5407:OCLC 5365:ISSN 5321:ISSN 5285:ISSN 5253:ISSN 5218:2022 5179:2022 5153:2016 5085:ISBN 5064:2019 5038:2019 4291:2020 3856:BBC1 3744:and 3559:July 3554:No. 3260:POW 3252:No. 3120:July 3103:Sub- 2971:July 2963:June 2663:mine 2516:and 2478:and 2264:The 2230:and 2214:and 2194:The 1951:and 1858:and 1621:tank 1479:The 1350:1918 1312:Vimy 1284:1917 1217:1916 1201:Loos 1158:1915 1135:Yser 1071:Mons 1018:1914 81:Date 6168:doi 6164:XXI 5397:doi 5357:doi 5313:doi 5245:doi 3036:to 3024:to 2955:May 2562:of 577:10 9265:: 8210:It 6988:. 6272:. 6236:. 6208:. 6200:. 6174:. 6162:. 5727:. 5442:. 5405:. 5391:. 5387:. 5381:, 5371:. 5363:. 5353:17 5351:. 5327:. 5319:. 5309:10 5307:. 5281:75 5279:. 5275:. 5251:. 5241:17 5239:. 5235:. 5209:. 5170:. 5144:. 5028:. 4921:^ 4851:^ 4812:^ 4797:^ 4780:^ 4763:^ 4742:^ 4689:^ 4662:^ 4623:^ 4281:. 4054:^ 3931:, 3848:UK 3739:c. 3728:c. 3717:c. 3706:c. 3699:c. 3664:c. 3649:c. 3636:c. 3621:c. 3516:c. 3486:c. 3388:- 3372:- 3358:- 3344:- 3330:- 3316:- 3288:- 3274:- 2917:LT 2536:. 2512:, 2445:c. 2286:, 2226:, 2176:. 2120:c. 1880:10 1873:c. 1866:c. 1768:17 1745:, 1495:: 1491:; 1487:: 651:c. 634:c. 618:c. 87:– 8634:/ 7139:e 7132:t 7125:v 7015:. 6996:. 6969:. 6947:. 6918:. 6896:. 6874:. 6852:. 6833:. 6814:. 6792:. 6773:. 6754:. 6714:. 6685:. 6663:. 6639:. 6615:. 6591:. 6562:. 6545:. 6523:. 6501:. 6473:. 6454:. 6427:. 6408:. 6389:. 6367:. 6348:. 6319:. 6292:. 6260:. 6228:. 6182:. 6170:: 6144:. 6125:. 6104:. 6085:. 6057:. 6029:. 6010:. 5991:. 5973:} 5971:. 5952:. 5929:. 5910:. 5889:. 5870:. 5851:. 5832:. 5813:. 5794:. 5775:. 5756:. 5737:. 5714:. 5695:. 5676:. 5657:. 5635:. 5616:. 5597:. 5580:. 5563:. 5454:. 5428:. 5413:. 5399:: 5393:V 5379:. 5359:: 5335:. 5315:: 5291:. 5259:. 5247:: 5220:. 5181:. 5155:. 5093:. 5066:. 5040:. 4354:. 4293:. 3978:. 3894:" 3341:- 3327:- 3313:- 3285:- 3271:- 2795:( 2712:( 2064:. 1889:2 1885:1 1882:+ 1777:2 1773:1 1770:+ 1648:( 1599:– 1483:( 999:e 992:t 985:v 688:e 681:t 674:v 584:2 580:1 41:. 20:)

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Battle of the Somme

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