Battle of the Somme

1964:, Erich von Falkenhayn continued the policy of unyielding defence in 1916. Falkenhayn implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers, shortage of manpower and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable, as the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist. High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat were preferable to higher losses, voluntary withdrawals and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle. When a more flexible policy was substituted later, decisions about withdrawal were still reserved to army commanders. On the Somme front, Falkenhayn's construction plan of January 1915 had been completed. Barbed wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5–10 yards (4.6–9.1 m) wide to two, 30 yards (27 m) wide and about 15 yards (14 m) apart. Double and triple thickness wire was used and laid 3–5 feet (0.91–1.52 m) high. The front line had been increased from one trench line to a position of three lines 150–200 yards (140–180 m) apart, the first trench ( 1801:

disproportionate casualties. The battle changed the nature of the offensive on the Somme, as French divisions were diverted to Verdun, and the main effort by the French diminished to a supporting attack for the British. German overestimation of the cost of Verdun to the French contributed to the concentration of German infantry and guns on the north bank of the Somme. By May, Joffre and Haig had changed their expectations of an offensive on the Somme, from a decisive battle to a hope that it would relieve Verdun and keep German divisions in France, which would assist the Russian armies conducting the Brusilov Offensive. The German offensive at Verdun was suspended in July, and troops, guns, and ammunition were transferred to Picardy, leading to a similar transfer of the French Tenth Army to the Somme front. Later in the year, the Franco-British were able to attack on the Somme and at Verdun sequentially and the French recovered much of the ground lost on the east bank of the Meuse in October and December.

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of pressure on the French at Verdun and the infliction of losses on the Germans. After a five-day artillery bombardment, the British Fourth Army was to capture 27,000 yards (25,000 m) of the German first line, from Montauban to Serre and the Third Army was to mount a diversion at Gommecourt. In a second phase, the Fourth Army was to take the German second position, from Pozières to the Ancre and then the second position south of the Albert–Bapaume Road, ready for an attack on the German third position south of the road towards Flers, when the Reserve Army which included three cavalry divisions, would exploit the success to advance east and then north towards Arras. The French Sixth Army, with one corps on the north bank from Maricourt to the Somme and two corps on the south bank southwards to Foucaucourt, would make a subsidiary attack to guard the right flank of the main attack being made by the British.

2145:. The attack was made by five divisions of the French Sixth Army on the east side of the Somme, eleven British divisions of the Fourth Army north of the Somme to Serre and two divisions of the Third Army opposite Gommecourt, against the German Second Army of General Fritz von Below. The German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road mostly collapsed and the French had "complete success" on both banks of the Somme, as did the British from the army boundary at Maricourt to the Albert–Bapaume road. On the south bank the German defence was made incapable of resisting another attack and a substantial retreat began; on the north bank the abandonment of Fricourt was ordered. The defenders on the commanding ground north of the road inflicted a huge defeat on the British infantry, who took an unprecedented number of casualties. Several truces were negotiated to recover wounded from 618: 548: 526: 426: 415: 404: 393: 324: 2412: 2490: 2575:(1 October – 11 November). Organisational difficulties and deteriorating weather frustrated Joffre's intention to proceed by vigorous co-ordinated attacks by the Anglo-French armies, which became disjointed and declined in effectiveness during late September, at the same time as a revival occurred in the German defence. The British experimented with new techniques in gas warfare, machine-gun bombardment and tank–infantry co-operation, as the Germans struggled to withstand the preponderance of men and material fielded by the Anglo-French, despite reorganisation and substantial reinforcements of troops, artillery and aircraft from Verdun. September became the worst month for casualties for the Germans. 2075:(barrage sectors); each officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries ready to engage fleeting targets. A telephone system was built, with lines buried 6 feet (1.8 m) deep for 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied. The front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The defences were crowded towards the front trench with a regiment having two battalions near the front-trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the 2042: 2521:, south of Morval and because of rain. The combined attack was also intended to deprive the German defenders further west, near Thiepval of reinforcements, before an attack by the Reserve Army, due on 26 September. Combles, Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt were captured and a small number of tanks joined in the battle later in the afternoon. Many casualties were inflicted on the Germans but the French made slower progress. The Fourth Army advance on 25 September was its deepest since 14 July and left the Germans in severe difficulties, particularly in a Salients, re-entrants and pockets salient near Combles. The Reserve Army attack began on 26 September in the 3822: 3924:, Holger Herwig, William Philpott et al. wrote that there was no strategic alternative for the British in 1916 and that an understandable horror at British losses is insular, given the millions of casualties borne by the French and Russian armies since 1914. This school of thought sets the battle in a context of a general Allied offensive in 1916 and notes that German and French writing on the battle puts it in a continental perspective. Little German and French writing on this topic has been translated, leaving much of their historical perspective and detail of German and French military operations inaccessible to the English-speaking world. 251: 3664: 2375: 2192: 1911: 2540: 2432:, British troops were required to advance to positions which would give observation over the German third position, ready for a general attack in mid-September. British attacks from Leuze Wood northwards to Ginchy had begun on 3 September, when the 7th Division captured the village and was then forced out by a German counter-attack. The capture of Ginchy and the success of the French Sixth Army on 12 September, in its biggest attack of the battle of the Somme, enabled both armies to make much bigger attacks, sequenced with the Tenth and Reserve armies, which captured much more ground and inflicted 635: 585: 562: 494: 483: 472: 461: 450: 439: 206: 1816: 296: 339: 2310: 2639: 57: 281: 221: 2180: 382: 371: 360: 3059:

showed that such lines or metalled roads could not be built quickly enough to sustain an advance, and that pausing while communications caught up allowed the defenders to recover. On the Somme the daily carry during attacks on a 12 mi (19 km) front was 20,000 long tons (20,000 t) and a few wood roads and rail lines were inadequate for the number of lorries and roads. A comprehensive system of transport was needed, which required a much greater diversion of personnel and equipment than had been expected.

2130: 602: 539: 517: 2839: 191: 174: 266: 236: 1650: 2321:, while the centre advanced to capture the higher-lying areas of High Wood and Pozières. After the Battle of Albert the offensive had evolved to the capture of fortified villages, woods, and other terrain that offered observation for artillery fire, jumping-off points for more attacks, and other tactical advantages. The mutually costly fighting at Delville Wood eventually secured the British right flank and marked the Western Front debut of the South African 2014: 310: 2239:. Field artillery fired a creeping barrage and the attacking waves pushed up close behind it in no man's land, leaving them only a short distance to cross when the barrage lifted from the German front trench. Most of the objective was captured and the German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road put under great strain but the attack was not followed up due to British communication failures, casualties and disorganisation. 2693:(13–18 November 1916), British attacks on the Somme front were stopped by the weather and military operations by both sides were mostly restricted to survival in the rain, snow, fog, mud fields, waterlogged trenches and shell-holes. As preparations for the offensive at Arras continued, the British attempted to keep German attention on the Somme front. British operations on the Ancre from 1994:) about 1,000 yards (910 m) behind the front line was also built. Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line, renamed the second position, which was as well-built and wired as the first position. The second position was beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the position. 1770:

offensive had been shattered.) If such Franco-British defeats were not enough, Germany would attack the remnants of both armies and end the western alliance for good. The unexpected length of the Verdun offensive, and the need to replace many drained units at Verdun, depleted the German strategic reserve placed behind the 6th Army, which held the Western Front from

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delay during more bad weather on the right flank of the Fourth Army and on the French Sixth Army front, until 5 November. Next day, the Fourth Army ceased offensive operations, except for small attacks intended to improve positions and divert German attention from attacks being made by the Reserve/Fifth Army. Larger operations resumed in January 1917.

1841:, commanding the German Second Army, for a spoiling attack on the Somme. On 4 June, Russian armies attacked on a 200 mi (320 km) front, from the Romanian frontier to Pinsk and eventually advanced 93 mi (150 km), reaching the foothills of the Carpathian mountains, against German and Austro-Hungarian troops of 3906:

though the battle had forced the Germans to end their offensive at Verdun, attrition was damaging the British armies more than the German armies. Though Churchill was unable to suggest an alternative, a critical view of the British on the Somme has been influential in English-language writing ever since. In 2016, historian

2804:(Hindenburg Line) begin. Ludendorff rejected the proposal the next day, but British attacks on the First Army – particularly the action of Miraumont (also known as the Battle of Boom Ravine, 17–18 February) – caused Rupprecht on the night of 22 February to order a preliminary withdrawal of c. 4 mi (6.4 km) to the 2756:(Hindenburg Line) at the end of September. Withdrawing to the new line was not an easy decision and the German high command struggled over it during the winter of 1916–1917. Some members wanted to take a shorter step back to a line between Arras and Sailly, while the 1st and 2nd army commanders wanted to stay on the Somme. 2459:

supporting attack on the south bank of the Somme. The strategic objective of a breakthrough was not achieved but the tactical gains were considerable, the front line being advanced by 2,500–3,500 yards (2,300–3,200 m) and many casualties were inflicted on the German defenders. The battle was the debut of the

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The Battle of the Somme has been called the beginning of modern all-arms warfare, during which Kitchener's Army learned to fight the mass-industrial war in which the continental armies had been engaged for two years. This view sees the British contribution to the battle as part of a coalition war and

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who said, "There will be a national two-minute silence on Friday morning. I will be attending a service at the Thiepval Memorial near the battlefield and it's right that the whole country pauses to remember the sacrifices of all those who fought and lost their lives in that conflict." On 1 July 2016,

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Churchill, concluding that there had been fewer German losses than Anglo-French casualties but that the ability of the German army to inflict disproportionate losses had been eroded by attrition. In 2003 British historian Gary Sheffield wrote that the calculation by Edmonds of Anglo-French casualties

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In 1931, Hermann Wendt published a comparison of German and British–French casualties which showed an average of 30 per cent more Allied casualties than German losses on the Somme. In the first 1916 volume of the British Official History (1932), J. E. Edmonds wrote that comparisons of casualties were

2877:. Philpott argues that the German army was exhausted by the end of 1916, with loss of morale and the cumulative effects of attrition and frequent defeats causing it to collapse in 1918, a process which began on the Somme, echoing Churchill's argument that the German soldiery was never the same again. 2880:

The destruction of German units in battle was made worse by lack of rest. British and French aircraft and long-range guns reached well behind the front line, where trench-digging and other work meant that troops returned to the line exhausted. Despite the strategic predicament of the German army, it

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The Battle of Flers–Courcelette was the third and final general offensive mounted by the British Army, which attacked an intermediate line and the German third line to take Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt, which was combined with a French attack on Frégicourt and Rancourt to encircle Combles and a

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when a general attack combined with the French further south, degenerated into a series of separate attacks due to communication failures, supply failures and poor weather. German bombardments and counter-attacks began on 23 July and continued until 7 August. The fighting ended with the Reserve Army

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Research in German archives revealed in 2016 that the date and location of the British offensive had been betrayed to German interrogators by two politically disgruntled soldiers several weeks in advance. The German military accordingly undertook significant defensive preparatory work on the British

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heights and make Verdun untenable. The French would have to conduct a counter-offensive on ground dominated by the German army and ringed with masses of heavy artillery, leading to huge losses and bringing the French army close to collapse. The British would mount a hasty relief offensive and suffer

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at the start of the war. The British volunteers were often the fittest, most enthusiastic and best-educated citizens but were inexperienced and it has been claimed that their loss was of lesser military significance than the losses of the remaining peacetime-trained officers and men of the Imperial

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The Battle of the Ancre was the last big British operation of the year. The Fifth (formerly Reserve) Army attacked into the Ancre valley to exploit German exhaustion after the Battle of the Ancre Heights and gain ground ready for a resumption of the offensive in 1917. Political calculation, concern

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reduced the scope of operations by cancelling the Third Army plans and reducing the Reserve Army and Fourth Army attacks to limited operations, in co-operation with the French Sixth Army. Another pause followed before operations resumed on 23 October on the northern flank of the Fourth Army, with a

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French losses at Verdun reduced the contribution available for the offensive on the Somme and increased the urgency for the commencement of operations on the Somme. The principal role in the offensive devolved to the British and on 16 June, Haig defined the objectives of the offensive as the relief

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December 1916) began a week after Joffre and Haig agreed to mount an offensive on the Somme. The German offensive at Verdun was intended to threaten the capture of the city and induce the French to fight an attrition battle, in which German advantages of terrain and firepower would cause the French

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The Battle of the Somme was one of the costliest battles of World War I. The original Allied estimate of casualties on the Somme, made at the Chantilly Conference on 15 November 1916, was that the Germans suffered 630,000 casualties, exceeding the 485,000 suffered by the British and French. As one

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was a logical strategy for Britain against Germany, which was also at war with France and Russia. A school of thought holds that the Battle of the Somme placed unprecedented strain on the German army and that after the battle it was unable to replace casualties like-for-like, which reduced it to a

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afterwards. Thiepval Ridge was well fortified and the German defenders fought with great determination, while the British co-ordination of infantry and artillery declined after the first day, due to confused fighting in the maze of trenches, dug-outs and shell-craters. The final British objectives

1738:, intended to end the war by splitting the Anglo-French Entente in 1916, before its material superiority became unbeatable. Falkenhayn planned to defeat the large number of reserves which the Entente could move into the path of a breakthrough, by threatening a sensitive point close to the existing 2106:

The Battle of Albert was the first two weeks of Anglo-French offensive operations in the Battle of the Somme. The Allied preparatory artillery bombardment began on 24 June and the Anglo-French infantry attacked on 1 July, on the south bank from Foucaucourt to the Somme and from the Somme north to

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divisions and three of the divisions in OHL reserve behind the 6th Army. The maintenance of the strength of the 6th Army, at the expense of the 2nd Army on the Somme, indicated that Falkenhayn intended the counter-offensive against the British to be made north of the Somme front, once the British

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which was insufficient where large masses of men and guns were concentrated. When the Fourth Army advance resumed in August, the wisdom of not building light railways which would be left behind was argued by some, in favour of building standard gauge lines. Experience of crossing the beaten zone

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Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition; the garrisons were exhausted and censors of correspondence reported tiredness and low morale in front-line soldiers. The situation left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a

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was a subsidiary attack to support the Fourth Army on the Somme 80 km (50 mi) to the south, to exploit any weakening of the German defences opposite. Preparations for the attack were rushed, the troops involved lacked experience in trench warfare and the power of the German defence was

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Haig and General Rawlinson have been criticised ever since 1916 for the human cost of the battle and for failing to achieve their territorial objectives. On 1 August 1916, Churchill, then out of office, criticised the British Army's conduct of the offensive to the British Cabinet, claiming that

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Enemy superiority is so great that we are not in a position either to fix their forces in position or to prevent them from launching an offensive elsewhere. We just do not have the troops.... We cannot prevail in a second battle of the Somme with our men; they cannot achieve that any more. (20

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and the second position, all within 2,000 yards (1,800 m) of no man's land and most troops within 1,000 yards (910 m) of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts. The concentration of troops at the front line on a forward slope guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an

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The Battle of the Ancre Heights was fought after Haig made plans for the Third Army to take the area east of Gommecourt, the Reserve Army to attack north from Thiepval Ridge and east from Beaumont Hamel–Hébuterne and for the Fourth Army to reach the Péronne–Bapaume road around Le Transloy and

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The Battle of Guillemont was an attack on the village which was captured by the Fourth Army on the first day. Guillemont was on the right flank of the British sector, near the boundary with the French Sixth Army. German defences ringed the British salient at Delville Wood to the north and had

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in early 1915 and then the BEF in December, which eventually comprised five armies with sixty divisions. The swift increase in the size of the army reduced the average level of experience within it and created an acute equipment shortage. Many officers resorted to directive command to avoid

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British survivors of the battle had gained experience and the BEF learned how to conduct the mass industrial warfare which the continental armies had been fighting since 1914. The European powers had begun the war with trained armies of regulars and reservists, which were wasting assets.

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was unavoidable. After the loss of a considerable amount of ground around the Ancre valley to the British Fifth Army in February 1917, the German armies on the Somme were ordered on 14 February, to withdraw to reserve lines closer to Bapaume. A further retirement to the Hindenburg Line

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at Combles, Guillemont, Falfemont Farm, Delville Wood and High Wood, which were mutually supporting. The battle for Guillemont was considered by some observers to be the supreme effort of the German army during the battle. Numerous meetings were held by Joffre, Haig, Foch, General Sir

3764:) that the "blood test" is a crude measure compared to manpower reserves, industrial capacity, farm productivity and financial resources and that intangible factors were more influential on the course of the war, which the Allies won despite "losing" the purely quantitative test. 1957:

delegating to novice subordinates, although divisional commanders were given great latitude in training and planning for the attack of 1 July, since the heterogeneous nature of the 1916 army made it impossible for corps and army commanders to know the capacity of each division.

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Gommecourt, 2 mi (3.2 km) beyond Serre. The French Sixth Army and the right wing of the British Fourth Army inflicted a considerable defeat on the German Second Army, but from the Albert–Bapaume road to Gommecourt the British attack was a disaster where most of the

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criticised attrition warfare frequently and condemned the battle in his post-war memoirs. In the 1930s a new orthodoxy of "mud, blood and futility" emerged and gained more emphasis in the 1960s when the 50th anniversaries of the Great War battles were commemorated.

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casualties were incurred. Against Joffre's wishes, Haig abandoned the offensive north of the road, to reinforce the success in the south, where the Anglo-French forces pressed forward towards the German second line, preparatory to a general attack on 14 July.

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on 21 February 1916, French commanders diverted many of the divisions intended for the Somme and the "supporting" attack by the British became the principal effort. The British troops on the Somme comprised a mixture of the remains of the pre-war army, the

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and Stuff Redoubts, during which bad weather caused great hardship and delay. The Marine Brigade from Flanders and fresh German divisions brought from quiet fronts counter-attacked frequently and the British objectives were not secured until 11 November.

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in 1916 by the French, Russian, British and Italian armies, with the Somme offensive as the Franco-British contribution. Initial plans called for the French army to undertake the main part of the Somme offensive, supported on the northern flank by the

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was to be built from Arras to St. Quentin, La Fère and Condé, with another new line between Verdun and Pont-à-Mousson. These lines were intended to limit any Allied breakthrough and to allow the German army to withdraw if attacked; work began on the

1867:. Three divisions were ordered from France to the Eastern Front on 9 June and the spoiling attack on the Somme was abandoned. Only four more divisions were sent to the Somme front before the Anglo-French offensive began, bringing the total to 1944:, which had begun forming in August 1914. Rapid expansion created many vacancies for senior commands and specialist functions, which led to many appointments of retired officers and inexperienced newcomers. In 1914, Douglas Haig had been a 2727:

on 11 March, forestalling a British attack, which was not noticed by the British until dark on 12 March; the main German withdrawal from the Noyon salient to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) commenced on schedule on 16 March.

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Philpott writes of Churchill's "snapshot of July 1916". It is not entirely clear what he means by this. He may be referring to the paper which Churchill distributed in August 1916, rather than the fuller numbers later presented in

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to be withdrawn to reinforce the Somme front. The Battle of Fromelles had inflicted some losses on the German defenders but gained no ground and deflected few German troops bound for the Somme. The attack was the debut of the

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Von Falkenhayn was sacked and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the end of August 1916. At a conference at Cambrai on 5 September, a decision was taken to build a new defensive line well behind the Somme front. The

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captured the German-held village. Ginchy was 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north-east of Guillemont, at the junction of six roads on a rise overlooking Combles, 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south-east. After the end of the

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The high Allied casualties of July 1916 are not representative of the way attrition turned in the Allies' favour in September, although this was not sustained as the weather deteriorated. Philpott quoted Robin Prior (in

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divisions. Falkenhayn, and then Hindenburg and Ludendorff, were forced to send divisions to Russia throughout the summer to prevent a collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army and then to conduct a counter-offensive against

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divisions. By 31 May, the ambitious Franco-British plan for a decisive victory had been reduced to a limited offensive to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and inflict attrition on the German armies in the west.

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to co-ordinate joint attacks by the four armies, all of which broke down. A pause in Anglo-French attacks at the end of August, coincided with the largest counter-attack by the German army in the Battle of the Somme.

5849:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 5693:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1705:

In January 1916, Joffre had agreed to the BEF making its main effort in Flanders but in February 1916 it was decided to mount a combined offensive where the French and British armies met, astride the Somme River in

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Beaulencourt–Thilloy–Loupart Wood, north of the Albert–Bapaume road. The Reserve Army attacked to complete the capture of Regina Trench/Stuff Trench, north of Courcelette to the west end of Bazentin Ridge around

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to German figures, supposedly to make them comparable to British criteria, was criticised as "spurious" by M. J. Williams in 1964. McRandle and Quirk in 2006 cast doubt on the Edmonds calculations but counted

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p.m. Each took on temporarily the identity of a British soldier who died on the first day of the Somme and handed out information cards about that soldier. They did not talk, except for occasionally singing

5712:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: 5040: 2881:

survived the battle, withstood the pressure of the Brusilov Offensive and conquered almost all of Romania. In 1917, the German army in the west survived the large British and French offensives of the

5792:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 2383:

observation over the French Sixth Army area to the south towards the Somme river. The German defence in the area was based on the second line and numerous fortified villages and farms north from

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At the end of the battle, British and French forces had penetrated 6 mi (10 km) into German-occupied territory along the majority of the front, their largest territorial gain since the

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German casualties. Until the 1930s the dominant view of the battle in English-language writing was that the battle was a hard-fought victory against a brave, experienced and well-led opponent.

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at Verdun and that around one eighth of their casualties were suffered on "quiet" sectors. According to the tables, between July and October 1916, German forces on the Western Front suffered

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At the start of 1916, most of the British Army was an inexperienced and patchily trained mass of volunteers. The Somme was a great test for Kitchener's Army, created by Kitchener's call for

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for Allied morale and Joffre's pressure for a continuation of attacks in France, to prevent German troop transfers to Russia and Italy also influenced Haig. The battle began with another

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failed, although a brigade of the 31st Division, which had attacked in the disaster of 1 July, took its objectives before being withdrawn later. South of Serre, Beaumont Hamel and

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resumption of the battle. The German defence of the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks, which on 28 January 1917 caused Rupprecht to urge that the retirement to the

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with a retirement of about 25 mi (40 km), giving up more French territory than that gained by the Allies from September 1914 until the beginning of the operation.

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to allow time for a methodical bombardment, when it became clear that the German defence had recovered from earlier defeats. Haig consulted with the army commanders and on

9317: 1755:, Falkenhayn sent only four divisions, keeping eight in the western strategic reserve. No divisions were taken from the Sixth Army, despite it holding a shorter line with 1714:

against the French army. The costly defence of Verdun forced the army to divert divisions intended for the Somme offensive, eventually reducing the French contribution to

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valley resumed in January 1917 and forced the Germans into local withdrawals to reserve lines in February before the strategic retreat by about 25 mi (40 km) in

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and the Cavalry Division, had lost most of the British pre-war regulars in the battles of 1914 and 1915. The bulk of the army was made up of volunteers of the

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north of Courcelette, then took Desire Support Trench on 18 November. Until January 1917 a lull set in, as both sides concentrated on enduring the weather.

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Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2013) . "Chapter 7: The Scientific Method: planning the Somme, 1916 and Chapter 8: Fighting on the Somme, July–November 1916".

2069:(Support line) begun in February 1916 and was almost complete on the Somme front when the battle began. German artillery was organised in a series of 9297: 8881: 3050:

Until 1916, transport arrangements for the BEF were based on an assumption that the war of movement would soon resume and make it pointless to build

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part of a process, which took the strategic initiative from the German Army and caused it irreparable damage, leading to its collapse in late 1918.

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In Britain on 1 July 2016, 1,400 actors dressed in replica Great War British Army uniforms, walked about in streets and public open areas, from 7:00

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On the French historiography see Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century, William Philpott (2009) and

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were captured. South of the Ancre, St. Pierre Division was captured, the outskirts of Grandcourt reached and the Canadian 4th Division captured

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casualties and offer no figures for French casualties or the losses they inflicted on the Germans. Sheldon wrote that the British lost "over

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as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig favoured a British offensive in Flanders, close to BEF supply routes, to drive the Germans from the

3790:. For their efforts on the first day of the battle, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment was given the name "The Royal Newfoundland Regiment" by 8806: 7697: 7151: 3943: 911: 381: 370: 359: 196: 6712: 7374: 3794:

on 28 November 1917. The first day of the Battle of the Somme is commemorated in Newfoundland, remembering the "Best of the Best" at 11

5428: 1516:. More than three million men fought in the battle, of whom more than one million were either wounded or killed, making it one of the 7704: 2715:

the Germans fell back another 3 mi (4.8 km) on a 15 mi (24 km) front. The Germans then withdrew from much of the

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The British and French had advanced about 6 mi (9.7 km) on the Somme, on a front of 16 mi (26 km) at a cost of

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for woundings, which would have been counted as casualties using British criteria; Anglo-French casualties on the Somme were over

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British aerial photograph of German trenches north of Thiepval, 10 May 1916, with the German forward lines to the lower left. The

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argued in a series of three television programmes that the Battle of the Somme should be regarded as a German defensive victory.

2791: 6147:

Robinson, H. (2010). "Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles".

9282: 9156: 9146: 9014: 3848: 2347:

The Battle of Pozières began with the capture of the village by the 1st Australian Division (Australian Imperial Force) of the

8928: 8862: 8699: 8578: 8251: 7270: 7126: 6953: 6902: 6776: 6757: 6457: 6411: 6351: 6303: 6013: 5994: 5955: 5873: 5797: 5778: 5759: 5740: 5679: 5660: 5619: 5077: 1751:

against the 6th Army and be destroyed. (Despite the certainty by mid-June of an Anglo-French attack on the Somme against the

9103: 8523: 7308: 2389: 668: 375: 8874: 8198: 7826: 7331: 2322: 2008: 1945: 921: 857: 9088: 6222: 1742:

and provoking the French into counter-attacking German positions. Falkenhayn chose to attack towards Verdun to take the

9073: 8363: 7765: 7523: 3783: 2865: 476: 6720:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 6186: 1064: 8948: 8642: 8458: 7730: 7201: 6999: 6972: 6880: 6858: 6817: 6798: 6669: 6647: 6623: 6599: 6507: 6478: 6431: 6392: 6373: 6128: 6088: 6062: 6034: 5975: 5936: 5913: 5894: 5854: 5835: 5816: 5721: 5698: 5641: 5600: 5547: 1017: 2868:

wrote, "What remained of the old first-class peace-trained German infantry had been expended on the battlefield". A

8128: 7166: 7018: 2697:, forced the Germans back 5 mi (8.0 km) on a 4 mi (6.4 km) front, ahead of the schedule of the 1433: 737: 7080: 3492:

In the second 1916 volume of the British Official History (1938), Wilfrid Miles wrote that German casualties were

9199: 9004: 8984: 8771: 8707: 8530: 8399: 7303: 7223: 7161: 7052: 2514: 2453: 2411: 2268: 1135: 847: 803: 661: 7864: 7063:

Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battle, 24 June – 26 November 1916, Below F., pp. 77–143 (1917)

6270: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8979: 8673: 7318: 7293: 7191: 6406:. Cambridge Military Histories (pbk. repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–191. 5710:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

2184: 1920: 1782:

and reduced the German counter-offensive strategy north of the Somme to one of passive and unyielding defence.

1684: 24: 2489: 9327: 8974: 8969: 8933: 8867: 8759: 8605: 8188: 8040: 7578: 7506: 7437: 7206: 7176: 7171: 6423:

Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)

5691:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

2589:

The Battle of Le Transloy began in good weather and Le Sars was captured on 7 October. Pauses were made from

2348: 2041: 1517: 1157: 4900: 1081: 9257: 8923: 8550: 8490: 8387: 8292: 8055: 7841: 7545: 7384: 7283: 6941: 1619:

in 1914. The operational objectives of the Anglo-French armies were unfulfilled, as they failed to capture

1533: 1256: 1086: 916: 3778:

In the United Kingdom and Newfoundland, the Battle of the Somme became the central memory of World War I.

3461:

inexact, because of different methods of calculation by the belligerents but that British casualties were

9161: 8598: 8583: 8441: 8393: 8158: 7709: 7583: 7496: 7491: 7260: 7248: 7243: 6258: 2853:

German Army. British casualties on the first day were the worst in the history of the British Army, with

2611: 2572: 1953: 1834: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1593: 1456: 1428: 1408: 1241: 996: 869: 864: 364: 44: 7770: 7032: 5733:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

4853: 3821: 2271:

on the Western Front and, according to McMullin, "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history". Of

2231:

on the ridge beyond. The attack was made by four divisions on a front of 6,000 yd (5.5 km) at

1623:

and Bapaume, where the German armies maintained their positions over the winter. British attacks in the

1098: 9141: 9098: 8375: 8133: 8118: 8020: 7889: 7457: 7369: 7326: 7067: 6638: 1976:) for the bulk of the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were 1883: 1403: 1393: 1371: 1305: 1221: 1211: 1184: 1012: 20: 7090: 6024: 3851:

fired a gun every four seconds for one hundred seconds and a whistle was blown to end it. Just like a

9083: 8851: 8435: 8423: 8178: 8163: 7884: 7775: 7469: 7447: 7196: 7186: 7119: 2050: 1977: 1616: 1597: 1451: 1423: 1378: 1361: 1317: 1231: 1152: 1108: 1103: 891: 8030: 6100:

Verdun 1916 Die Angriffe Falkenhayns im Maasgebiet mit Richtung auf Verdun als strategisches Problem

3663: 2374: 2191: 1592:

road. The 57,470 casualties suffered by the British, including 19,240 killed, were the worst in the

1508:. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the upper reaches of the river 754: 9277: 9058: 8545: 8535: 8464: 8417: 8405: 8345: 8153: 8148: 8070: 7479: 7452: 7156: 3907: 3843:

to mark the start of the battle which began 100 years earlier. A special ceremony was broadcast on

3779: 2737: 2698: 2663: 2539: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2280: 2174: 2063:) of 1915, a third defensive position another 3,000 yards (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) back from the 1949: 1910: 1752: 1569: 1418: 1356: 1332: 1236: 1162: 879: 874: 837: 744: 314: 286: 7047: 5847:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme

5222:"Cinema, spectatorship and propaganda: 'Battle of the Somme' (1916) and its contemporary audience" 2378:

British gunners watching German prisoners passing after the taking of Guillemont, 3 September 1916

9272: 9129: 9121: 9063: 8823: 8518: 8281: 8108: 8103: 8035: 7894: 7879: 7874: 7854: 7735: 7612: 6194: 3871:

in north Manchester in England, which was the site of a large army training camp during the war.

3430:

data, showing that on the Western Front between February and June 1916, the Germans had suffered

2886: 2304: 2142: 2101: 1916: 1577: 1383: 1344: 1322: 1172: 1113: 1039: 776: 732: 727: 702: 241: 8075: 5612:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

2517:(15–22 September). The attack was postponed to combine with attacks by the French Sixth Army on 1596:. Most of the British casualties were suffered on the front between the Albert–Bapaume road and 8896: 8620: 8555: 8411: 8138: 8065: 8015: 8000: 7982: 7955: 7869: 7836: 7501: 7462: 7442: 7253: 7146: 6946:

Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918

3803: 3068: 2794:

began on 16 March 1917, despite the new line being unfinished and poorly sited in some places.

2655: 2124: 1608:) was made. The battle became notable for the importance of air power and the first use of the 1565: 1398: 1366: 1327: 1295: 1226: 1194: 1167: 1140: 1049: 936: 830: 808: 786: 707: 430: 73: 6470:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

6450:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

6104:

Verdun 1916 The attacks by Falkenhayn in the Meuse area towards Verdun as a strategic question

1815: 1641:) in March 1917. Debate continues over the necessity, significance, and effect of the battle. 1177: 906: 825: 8886: 8540: 8429: 8205: 8168: 8098: 8045: 7967: 7935: 7909: 7859: 7790: 7692: 7645: 7429: 7298: 7181: 6729: 6426:. Washington: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. 3981: 3755:

Army casualties. Philpott described German losses as "disputed", with estimates ranging from

2584: 2498: 2424: 2236: 1702:

but the British played a lesser role on the Western Front and complied with French strategy.

1660: 1524: 1513: 1501: 1413: 1388: 1246: 1128: 1032: 842: 617: 547: 525: 425: 414: 403: 392: 329: 256: 6682:

An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front, 1916–1918

2342: 781: 9236: 9151: 7831: 7805: 7755: 7112: 2548: 2464: 2429: 2369: 2263: 1735: 1731: 1541: 1300: 793: 769: 712: 443: 7780: 5374:"X. Haig versus Rawlinson-Manoeuvre versus Attrition: The British Army on the Somme, 1916" 5292:

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (July 2003). "Flames over the Somme: A Retort to William Philpott".

3682:

at Verdun. Prior and Wilson used Churchill's research and wrote that the British suffered

8: 9218: 8357: 8221: 8173: 8050: 8010: 8005: 7633: 7627: 7528: 7062: 5181: 3847:

and all BBC radio stations participated in the silence. At the start of the silence, the

3832: 2690: 2633: 2559: 2329:

contingent), which held the wood from 15 to 20 July. When relieved, the brigade had lost

2248: 1941: 1933: 1821: 1719: 1573: 1558: 1310: 1266: 1076: 1054: 886: 764: 759: 722: 454: 77: 9171: 1523:

The French and British had committed themselves to an offensive on the Somme during the

9178: 9093: 8452: 8316: 8298: 8263: 8227: 8060: 8025: 7977: 7962: 7849: 7800: 7639: 7598: 7278: 7094: 7084: 6708: 6633: 6521: 6517: 6052: 5361: 5317: 3852: 3743:

In a commentary on the debate about Somme casualties, Philpott used Miles's figures of

3038: 3037:

had objected to the way the battle was being fought in August 1916, and Prime Minister

2638: 2552: 2356:

taking the plateau north and east of the village, overlooking the fortified village of

2309: 1810: 1664: 1628: 1527:

in December 1915. The Allies agreed upon a strategy of combined offensives against the

1283: 1123: 1044: 852: 820: 94: 56: 6914:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920

6828: 4902:

A Brief History of the First World War: Eyewitness Accounts of the War to End All Wars

2493:

British troops moving up to the attack during the Battle of Morval, 25 September 1916.

1022: 9211: 9205: 9166: 9068: 8901: 8484: 8339: 8322: 8123: 7945: 7925: 7760: 7745: 7675: 7663: 7364: 7341: 7288: 6995: 6978: 6968: 6949: 6922: 6912: 6898: 6876: 6868: 6854: 6834: 6813: 6794: 6772: 6753: 6721: 6689: 6665: 6643: 6619: 6613: 6595: 6566: 6544: 6527: 6503: 6474: 6468: 6453: 6427: 6421: 6407: 6388: 6369: 6347: 6323: 6299: 6262: 6230: 6198: 6164: 6124: 6107: 6084: 6058: 6030: 6009: 5990: 5971: 5951: 5932: 5909: 5890: 5869: 5850: 5831: 5812: 5793: 5774: 5755: 5736: 5717: 5694: 5675: 5656: 5637: 5629: 5615: 5596: 5579: 5562: 5543: 5537: 5395: 5365: 5353: 5321: 5309: 5273: 5241: 5073: 4001: 3917: 3840: 3773: 3722:

to the "best" German sources. Sheffield wrote that the losses were "appalling", with

3034: 2882: 2869: 2651: 2472: 2326: 2318: 2216: 2212: 2179: 1937: 1696: 1554: 1349: 1290: 1093: 948: 717: 1620: 8269: 8239: 8233: 8143: 7972: 7940: 7930: 7669: 7593: 7588: 7516: 7336: 7236: 6609: 6156: 5385: 5345: 5301: 5233: 5014: 4021: 3921: 3799: 3422: 2643: 2563: 2484: 2406: 2146: 1961: 1791: 1711: 1603: 1581: 1545: 1251: 1027: 815: 798: 487: 465: 6317: 5866:

Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century

2393: 2199:

The Fourth Army attacked the German second defensive position from the Somme past

419: 9078: 8918: 8257: 7810: 7785: 7484: 7392: 7231: 7074: 7022: 6657: 6560: 3807: 2758: 2384: 2129: 1886:, which declared war against the Central Powers on 27 August. In July there were 1838: 1638: 1493: 1481: 1473: 1446: 1118: 943: 498: 48: 7100:

Battle of the Somme (WW1 Documentary) | History Documentary | Reel Truth History

8911: 8891: 8562: 8275: 8113: 7904: 7795: 7651: 7555: 7538: 6846: 6556: 6361: 6206: 5221: 3889: 3860: 3815: 3420:

However, Churchill wrote that Allied casualties had exceeded German losses. In

3051: 2838: 2460: 1676: 1612:

in September but these were a product of new technology and proved unreliable.

1585: 1584:

on the north bank and by the Fourth Army from Maricourt to the vicinity of the

1528: 1497: 1189: 1059: 926: 601: 538: 516: 408: 179: 7099: 6054:

Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment: Diary and Letters

5390: 5373: 5349: 5305: 5237: 5157:"Thousands gather in Manchester to mark Battle of the Somme centenary – recap" 3438:

July and the end of the year (Appendix J); he wrote that the Germans suffered

3426:(first published in the early 1920s, reprinted in 1938), he quoted the German 2211:

on the Albert–Bapaume road. The objectives of the attack were the villages of

1600:

to the north, which was the area where the principal German defensive effort (

9251: 9022: 8310: 8304: 7740: 7657: 7568: 7057: 6725: 6693: 6585: 6548: 6385:

Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915–1948

6327: 6266: 6238: 6234: 6202: 6168: 6111: 5566: 5357: 5313: 5277: 5245: 3913: 3863: 3856: 2667: 2659: 2224: 2082:

artillery bombardment, directed by ground observers on clearly marked lines.

1710:

before the British offensive in Flanders. A week later the Germans began the

1699: 1509: 1505: 1071: 634: 584: 561: 493: 482: 471: 460: 449: 438: 397: 344: 151: 120: 107: 98: 6982: 6531: 5925: 5399: 4267: 3054:, since it would be left behind. The British relied on motor transport from 8472: 7899: 6926: 6838: 6833:. Translated by Jones, Mary Cadwalader. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 6590: 6570: 5583: 3811: 2555: 386: 6160: 6026:

The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

5884: 5262:"Learning War's Lessons: The German Army and the Battle of the Somme 1916" 3671:

Doughty wrote that French losses on the Somme were "surprisingly high" at

3410:

Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a more ghastly word.

2547:

The Battle of Thiepval Ridge was the first large offensive mounted by the

1747:

similar losses. Falkenhayn expected the relief offensive to fall south of

1679:

to move troops between fronts during lulls. In December 1915, General Sir

8683: 8588: 8286: 7714: 7135: 6495: 6313: 3868: 3667:

Dead German soldiers in a captured German trench near Ginchy, August 1916

2502: 2317:

The Battle of Delville Wood was an operation to secure the British right

1771: 1675:

by the Franco-British armies were to be carried out to deny time for the

271: 90: 7042: 6255:"The Somme in Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918" 4877: 2208: 1649: 6296:

The Guardsmen: Harold Macmillan, Three Friends, and The World They Made

2811: 2605: 2200: 2046: 1775: 1739: 931: 7015: 6948:. Cambridge Military Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4913: 4911: 4478: 8478: 8245: 6895:

The Great War: July 1, 1916: The First Day of the Battle of the Somme

6890: 5636:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. 5429:"The Somme from the German side of the wire (From The Northern Echo)" 3055: 2506: 2228: 2220: 2013: 1688: 226: 6473:. Vol. II (N & M Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 3859:

after the silence. The silence was announced during a speech by the

8738: 7095:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7085:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

6992:

The Battles of the Somme: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

5539:

The Unquiet Western Front: Britain's Role in Literature and History

5336:

Philpott, William (2006). "The Anglo-French Victory on the Somme".

5261: 4908: 3791: 2905: 2843:

Progress of the Battle of the Somme between 1 July and 18 November.

2810:(R. I Position). On 24 February the Germans withdrew, protected by 2357: 6680: 5195: 2298: 653: 7038:

The British Army in the Great War: The Battles of the Somme, 1916

6615:

Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War

5830:(Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. 4789: 4787: 4574: 2874: 2578: 2518: 1981: 1707: 1695:

threat from Belgian waters. Haig was not formally subordinate to

1589: 301: 6452:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 5131:"Battle of the Somme to be commemorated with two-minute silence" 4757: 4755: 4753: 2820:

between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit and the British reached the

964: 5634:

Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operation in the Great War

3798:

am on the Sunday nearest to 1 July. The Somme is remembered in

2447: 2204: 1837:

absorbed the extra forces that had been requested on 2 June by

1692: 1512:

in France. The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the

211: 7104: 4784: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4248: 3515:

casualties on the Western Front from July to December against

1663:

from 6th to 8th December 1915. Simultaneous offensives on the

8906: 4750: 2826:(R. II Position) on 13 March. The withdrawal took place from 2195:

Soldiers digging a communication trench through Delville Wood

1779: 1748: 1743: 1624: 1549: 5674:(Phoenix 2007 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4442: 4418: 2528: 6918: 6790: 5906:

Forgotten Victory, The First World War: Myths and Realities

5713: 5483: 4983: 4947: 4676: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4615: 4613: 4598: 4502: 4394: 4152: 3844: 3500:"fresh data" from the French and German official accounts. 2468: 1609: 6344:

Blood in the Trenches: A Memoir of the Battle of the Somme

5809:

The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918

5155:

Slater, Chris; Britton, Paul; Coyle, Simon (1 July 2016).

4923: 4637: 4382: 4370: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4164: 4140: 2543:

British Mark I male tank near Thiepval, 25 September 1916.

5970:(Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. 5471: 5110: 4971: 4804: 4802: 4092: 4046: 4044: 3939:

List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in the Somme

2497:

The Battle of Morval was an attack by the Fourth Army on

2336: 1980:

and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the

6404:

Foch in Command: The Making of a First World War General

5459: 5185:

Saturday 2 July 2016, bottom of page 1, with photograph.

4959: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4649: 4610: 4586: 4490: 4454: 4286: 4224: 4116: 2333:, similar to the casualties of many brigades on 1 July. 6769:

The French on the Somme – From Serre to the River Somme

5507: 5447: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4717: 4562: 4430: 4406: 4358: 4176: 4104: 3836: 2442: 2168: 5614:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 4995: 4799: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4705: 4625: 4550: 4514: 4212: 4041: 2777:

and that half measures were futile, retreating to the

2627: 2363: 7028:

Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections

6662:

The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918

5495: 5098: 4814: 4767: 4200: 4080: 3826:

Thiepval Memorial to the British Missing of the Somme

2439:

casualties on the German defenders during the month.

2049:

appearance of the trenches is due to the presence of

16:

WWI battle pitting France and Britain against Germany

6366:

The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War

5408:"Historiographical Essay on the Battle of the Somme" 5086: 4935: 4838: 4693: 4538: 4526: 4466: 4346: 4334: 4188: 4128: 4056: 3465:

total British casualties in France in the period of

2606:

Battle of the Ancre Heights, 1 October – 11 November

2478: 2293: 9318:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

6121:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

6051:Steele, O. W. (2003). Facey-Crowther, D. R. (ed.). 5672:

Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916

4729: 4236: 3934:

List of Canadian battles during the First World War

3786:commemorate the battle on 1 July each year, at the 2642:Mametz, Western Front, a winter scene, painting by 2351:, the only British success in the Allied fiasco of 6003: 5924: 5154: 5043:. The Daily Telegraph. 2 July 2014. Archived from 4580: 3520:was correct but the one for German casualties was 2707:Manoeuvre/Operation Alberich) and eventually took 2242: 4068: 1774:, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Arras to 9249: 5226:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 2400: 1659:Allied war strategy for 1916 was decided at the 187: 8081:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 6123:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber. 2299:Battle of Delville Wood, 14 July – 15 September 2036: 6989: 6787:Report of the Battles of the Somme (Cmnd 1138) 6543:(3rd ed.). London: Book Club Associates. 6229:. The South African Military History Society. 4268:"The Somme 1916 – From Both Sides of the Wire" 3747:casualties and the French official figures of 2579:Battle of Le Transloy, 1 October – 11 November 2258:"gravely" underestimated, the attackers being 2095: 2090: 2002: 1853:. During the offensive the Russians inflicted 1572:suffered a serious defeat opposite the French 277: 247: 9313:Battles of World War I involving South Africa 7120: 6057:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 5790:Transportation on the Western Front 1914–1918 5655:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 5593:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 5041:"Was bloody Somme a success for the British?" 3818:and others commemorate the battle on 1 July. 3788:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme 2513:, which had been the final objectives of the 2207:, north-west along the crest of the ridge to 2085: 980: 669: 232: 81:(4 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) 9308:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand 6994:. London and Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 6538: 6516: 6006:The First World War: The War to End All Wars 5948:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 5908:(Review ed.). London: Hodder Headline. 5122: 3806:and commemorated by veterans' groups and by 3496:and Anglo-French casualties were just under 2821: 2815: 2805: 2799: 2785: 2778: 2751: 2744: 2722: 2716: 2702: 2678: 2618: 2448:Battle of Flers–Courcelette, 15–22 September 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2027: 1989: 1988:. An intermediate line of strongpoints (the 1971: 1965: 1848: 1842: 1632: 1601: 9323:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion 8571: 6851:The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders 6632: 6004:Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). 5882: 5015:"Verdun: France's sacred symbol of healing" 4793: 4643: 3944:Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme 2685:Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917 2392:(commander of the British Fourth Army) and 217: 9288:Battles of World War I involving Australia 9263:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 7127: 7113: 6867: 6766: 6747: 6608: 6401: 6368:(repr. ed.). Henry Holt and Company. 5609: 5590: 5489: 5291: 4887: 3896: 3893:. This event was called "Ghost Soldiers". 3782:with the British Embassy in Paris and the 2187:attack on Bazentin le Petit, 14 July 1916. 987: 973: 676: 662: 55: 7033:Battle of the Somme, maps and photo essay 6962: 6707: 6656: 6584: 6555: 5945: 5922: 5903: 5573: 5465: 5389: 4977: 4965: 4917: 4863: 4761: 4658: 4619: 4448: 4424: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4254: 4182: 4146: 3991: 2529:Battle of Thiepval Ridge, 26–28 September 1970:) occupied by sentry groups, the second ( 1960:Despite considerable debate among German 1923:marching to the front line, 28 June 1916. 1644: 335: 292: 9298:Battles of World War I involving Germany 8370:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 6750:The Somme 1916 Touring the French Sector 6678: 6184: 6146: 6078: 5863: 5825: 5787: 5556: 5513: 5453: 5371: 5335: 5116: 4989: 4953: 4883: 4871: 4832: 4723: 4687: 4670: 4604: 4520: 4508: 4436: 4412: 4364: 4340: 4158: 4098: 4050: 4035: 4015: 3995: 3820: 3662: 3524:, quoting the official German figure of 3453:by the British; German forces inflicted 2837: 2762:von Fuchs on 20 January 1917 said that, 2673: 2637: 2538: 2488: 2410: 2373: 2308: 2190: 2178: 2149:north of the road. The Fourth Army took 2128: 2040: 2012: 1909: 1905: 1814: 1648: 320: 202: 9303:Battles of World War I involving France 9293:Battles of World War I involving Canada 8747:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 7043:New Zealand and the Battle of the Somme 6826: 6360: 6341: 6022: 5984: 5965: 5688: 5650: 5628: 5405: 5065: 5001: 4929: 4808: 4711: 4631: 4556: 4544: 4218: 4206: 4170: 4086: 4007: 3987: 2157:were killed. The French Sixth Army had 262: 61:Complete map of the Battle of the Somme 9250: 7053:The Somme – Northern Ireland Remembers 6940: 6873:Somme 1 July 1916: Tragedy and Triumph 6771:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 6752:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 6714:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 6494: 6312: 6050: 5968:The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 5806: 5749: 5501: 5219: 5104: 5092: 4867: 4778: 4031: 4011: 3704:Harris wrote that British losses were 2337:Battle of Pozières, 23 July – 7 August 2141:beginning with the opening day of the 8700:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 8036:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 7108: 7016:Battle of the Somme Personnel Records 6889: 6845: 6466: 6447: 6382: 6223:"The South Africans at Delville Wood" 6118: 6097: 5844: 5730: 5707: 5669: 5477: 5372:Deverell, Christopher (Spring 2005). 5259: 4941: 4859: 4847: 4744: 4699: 4592: 4568: 4532: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4352: 4292: 4242: 4230: 4194: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4027: 3075:British, French and German casualties 2558:and was intended to benefit from the 1915:Men of the 10th (Service) Battalion, 1894:in Russia and in November there were 1804: 968: 657: 9104:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 6789:(N & M Press ed.). London: 6293: 6227:Military History Journal (S Afr MHJ) 6106:] (in German). Berlin: Mittler. 5768: 5752:Douglas Haig and the First World War 5535: 5069:Newfoundland and Labrador: a history 4905:. 1914–18, Hachette UK, 2014. P. 154 4820: 4074: 4062: 2443:Third phase: September–November 1916 2169:Battle of Bazentin Ridge, 14–17 July 9268:Military history of Hauts-de-France 9033:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 7827:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 6083:(repr. ed.). London: Cassell. 5989:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. 5128: 3849:King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery 3762:Churchill's World Crisis As History 2628:Battle of the Ancre, 13–18 November 2364:Battle of Guillemont, 3–6 September 2009:Mines on the first day of the Somme 1890:divisions on the Western Front and 1785: 683: 19:For the battle fought in 1918, see 13: 7766:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 6287: 6081:Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier 5754:(repr. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 3831:On 1 July 2016, at 7:28 a.m. 3784:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2731: 14: 9339: 7058:Official website of Delville Wood 7009: 6688:(PhD). University of Birmingham. 5828:The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account 5735:(pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 5258:On the German historiography see 5196:"'we're here because we're here'" 4487:, pp. 447–456 & 460–466. 2866:Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria 2479:Battle of Morval, 25–28 September 2294:Second phase: July–September 1916 1561:, a force of wartime volunteers. 994: 8129:Second Battle of the Piave River 7751:Russian invasion of East Prussia 6990:van Hartsveldt, Fred R. (1996). 6812:(1st ed.). London: Cassel. 5561:(repr. ed.). London: Dent. 4581:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003 3802:due to the participation of the 3767: 2895:BEF railway tonnage, France 1916 2033:section of the Somme offensive. 1952:and was promoted to command the 633: 616: 600: 583: 560: 546: 537: 524: 515: 492: 481: 470: 459: 448: 437: 424: 413: 402: 391: 380: 369: 358: 337: 322: 308: 294: 279: 264: 249: 234: 219: 204: 189: 172: 9200:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 8400:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 7134: 6853:. London: Guinness Publishing. 6618:. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. 5811:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 5421: 5328: 5284: 5252: 5220:Reeves, Nicholas (March 1997). 5213: 5188: 5174: 5148: 5072:. University of Toronto Press. 5059: 5033: 5007: 4893: 4260: 3956: 3810:/Protestant groups such as the 2243:Battle of Fromelles, 19–20 July 2237:hurricane artillery bombardment 2137:The Battle of the Somme lasted 2133:British objectives, 1 July 1916 1671:by the Italian army and on the 9023:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 8882:Deportations from East Prussia 8679:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 7081:The Battle of the Somme (film) 6541:History of the First World War 5883:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). 5334:On British historiography see 3529: 3229: 2891: 2161:, and the 2nd German Army had 2018:Map of the Valley of the Somme 648:31,396 men captured by British 1: 9283:Tunnel warfare in World War I 8934:Ukrainian Canadian internment 6967:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 6539:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1973) . 6322:. New York: George H. Doran. 5595:(2nd ed.). London: CUP. 5559:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches 5523: 5200:we're here because we're here 5066:Cadigan, Sean Thomas (2009). 3885:We're here because we're here 3727: 3716: 3705: 3694: 3687: 3686:from 1 July to mid-November ( 3652: 3637: 3624: 3609: 3504: 3474: 3469:French Somme casualties were 3072: 3062: 2695:10 January – 22 February 1917 2433: 2401:Battle of Ginchy, 9 September 2108: 1861: 1854: 646:41,605 men captured by French 639: 622: 606: 9089:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 8388:Estonian War of Independence 8056:Southern Palestine offensive 6346:. Pen & Sword Military. 6149:20th Century British History 3974: 3045: 2423:In the Battle of Ginchy the 2118: 2037:German defences on the Somme 1667:by the Russian army, on the 1496:fought by the armies of the 1492:, was a major battle of the 7: 9043:USA against Austria-Hungary 8442:Turkish War of Independence 8394:Latvian War of Independence 8119:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 7710:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 7048:Peronne Great War Historial 6830:Foch, The Winner of The War 6679:Mitchell, S. B. T. (2013). 6259:Library and Archives Canada 6177: 6139: 5266:Journal of Military History 3927: 3651: 3636: 3623: 3608: 3600: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3503:The addition by Edmonds of 3398: 3395: 3390: 3373: 3370: 3357: 3354: 3343: 3340: 3326: 3312: 3298: 3287: 3284: 3270: 3256: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2970: 2962: 2954: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2914: 2833: 2612:Battle of the Ancre Heights 2573:Battle of the Ancre Heights 2571:were not reached until the 2515:Battle of Flers–Courcelette 2471:of the Heavy Branch of the 2454:Battle of Flers–Courcelette 2096:Battle of Albert, 1–13 July 2091:First phase: 1–17 July 1916 2003:Anglo-French plan of attack 1930:British Expeditionary Force 1850:Armeegruppe Archduke Joseph 1683:replaced Field Marshal Sir 1654:The Western Front 1915–1916 1594:history of the British Army 1538:British Expeditionary Force 1457:Western Front tactics, 1917 613:(95,675 killed or missing) 10: 9344: 9126:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 8674:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 8134:Second Battle of the Marne 8021:Second battle of the Aisne 7890:Second Battle of Champagne 7731:German invasion of Belgium 6639:The First Day on the Somme 5987:The German Army at Cambrai 5338:Diplomacy & Statecraft 4920:, pp. 1, 427, 1, 004. 3771: 3376: 3346: 3290: 3066: 2735: 2682: 2631: 2609: 2582: 2532: 2482: 2451: 2404: 2367: 2340: 2302: 2246: 2172: 2122: 2099: 2086:Battles of the Somme, 1916 2057:After the Autumn Battles ( 2006: 1997: 1808: 1789: 698:Battles of the Somme, 1916 629:(50,729 killed or missing) 21:Second Battle of the Somme 18: 9232: 9191: 9112: 9051: 9013: 8957: 8946: 8907:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 8850: 8822: 8770: 8692: 8666: 8618: 8511: 8504: 8436:Irish War of Independence 8332: 8214: 8179:Armistice of Villa Giusti 8164:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 8089: 7991: 7918: 7819: 7776:First Battle of the Marne 7723: 7685: 7620: 7611: 7554: 7428: 7417: 7383: 7355: 7317: 7269: 7222: 7215: 7142: 6594:. London: Penguin Books. 6526:. Boston, Little, Brown. 6298:. London: HarperCollins. 5889:. Yale University Press. 5868:. London: Little, Brown. 5788:Henniker, A. M. (2009) . 5574:Churchill, W. S. (1938). 5557:Boraston, J. H. (1920) . 5391:10.1080/14702430500097317 5350:10.1080/09592290600943262 5306:10.1191/0968344503wh281oa 5260:Foley, Robert T. (2011). 5238:10.1080/01439689700260601 3855:silence, a bugler played 3720: 500,000, according 3480:to which should be added 3381: 2679:Ancre, January–March 1917 2313:Positions on 14 July 1916 2269:Australian Imperial Force 2028:Betrayal of British plans 1844:Armeegruppe von Linsingen 1617:First Battle of the Marne 1520:in all of human history. 1004: 695: 593: 504: 351: 161: 65: 54: 42: 37: 23:. For the 1916 film, see 9059:Constantinople Agreement 8352:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 8215:Co-belligerent conflicts 8184:Second Romanian campaign 8154:Third Transjordan attack 7865:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 7771:Battle of Grand Couronné 7021:13 November 2016 at the 6917:(1st ed.). London: 6523:Foch: The Man of Orleans 6502:. London: Random House. 5689:Edmonds, J. E. (1993) . 5591:Chickering, R. (2004) . 5528: 5406:Coleman, Joseph (2014). 3949: 3780:The Royal British Legion 3532:Western Front casualties 2889:, though at great cost. 2654:being detonated beneath 2535:Battle of Thiepval Ridge 2523:Battle of Thiepval Ridge 2175:Battle of Bazentin Ridge 1865: 407,000 prisoners 1829:The Brusilov offensive ( 9122:Modus vivendi of Acroma 9074:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 8382:Greater Poland Uprising 8282:National Protection War 8159:Meuse–Argonne offensive 8109:German spring offensive 8104:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 7880:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 7855:Second Battle of Artois 7736:Battle of the Frontiers 6565:. New York: Macmillan. 6342:Dugmore, A. R. (2014). 6319:The Battle of the Somme 6195:Australian War Memorial 6187:"Disaster at Fromelles" 5950:. London: Aurum Press. 5904:Sheffield, G. (2002) . 5750:Harris, J. P. (2009) . 5610:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 5161:Manchester Evening News 4794:Prior & Wilson 2005 4644:Prior & Wilson 2005 3897:Histories of the battle 3867:a ceremony was held in 3715:and German losses were 3488:German casualties were 3473:German casualties were 3434:against the French and 2305:Battle of Delville Wood 2281:5th Australian Division 2102:Battle of Albert (1916) 1917:East Yorkshire Regiment 1858: 1,500,000 losses 1824:at Battle of the Somme. 1578:Foucaucourt-en-Santerre 1345:German spring offensive 26:The Battle of the Somme 9147:Paris Peace Conference 9135:Ukraine–Central Powers 8929:Massacres of Albanians 8897:Late Ottoman genocides 8704:Bulgarian occupations 8412:Third Anglo-Afghan War 8376:Hungarian–Romanian War 8194:Naval Victory Bulletin 8189:Armistice with Germany 8139:Hundred Days Offensive 8066:Battle of La Malmaison 8016:Second battle of Arras 7983:Battle of Transylvania 7837:Second Battle of Ypres 7705:Sarajevo assassination 7594:South African Republic 6965:Pals on the Somme 1916 6963:Wilkinson, R. (2006). 6767:O'Mara, David (2018). 6748:O'Mara, David (2018). 6467:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 6448:James, E. A. (1990) . 6387:. London: Frank Cass. 6119:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 6079:Terraine, J. (2005) . 6029:. London: Spellmount. 5946:Sheffield, G. (2011). 5923:Sheffield, G. (2003). 5826:McCarthy, C. (1995) . 5731:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 5653:The Brusilov Offensive 3828: 3804:36th (Ulster) Division 3709: 420,000, French 3668: 3418: 3415:Friedrich Steinbrecher 3406:German officer wrote, 3069:World War I casualties 2845: 2822: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2752: 2745: 2723: 2717: 2703: 2656:Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt 2646: 2619: 2544: 2494: 2420: 2379: 2314: 2223:which was adjacent to 2196: 2188: 2134: 2125:First day on the Somme 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2054: 2020: 1990: 1972: 1966: 1925: 1849: 1843: 1826: 1796:The Battle of Verdun ( 1656: 1645:Strategic developments 1633: 1602: 1580:south of the Somme to 1566:first day on the Somme 1485: 1477: 431:Joseph Alfred Micheler 352:Commanders and leaders 150:Bulge driven into the 9157:Treaty of St. Germain 9130:Russia–Central Powers 9084:Sykes–Picot Agreement 8912:Pontic Greek genocide 8887:Destruction of Kalisz 8863:Eastern Mediterranean 8424:Polish–Lithuanian War 8206:Armistice of Belgrade 8169:Armistice of Salonica 8099:Operation Faustschlag 8046:Third Battle of Oituz 7968:Baranovichi offensive 7936:Lake Naroch offensive 7910:Battle of Robat Karim 7885:Vistula–Bug offensive 7860:Battles of the Isonzo 7791:First Battle of Ypres 7073:30 April 2020 at the 7068:CWGC: 1916: The Somme 6185:McMullin, R. (2006). 6098:Wendt, H. L. (1931). 6023:Simpson, A. (2005) . 5966:Sheldon, J. (2006) . 5864:Philpott, W. (2009). 5433:Thenorthernecho.co.uk 4866:, pp. 194, 197; 4257:, pp. 21, 64–65. 3994:, pp. 194, 197; 3824: 3731: 204,000 French 3711:casualties were over 3698: 280,000 German 3666: 3408: 2887:Third Battle of Ypres 2841: 2764: 2674:Subsequent operations 2664:Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre 2641: 2585:Battle of Le Transloy 2542: 2492: 2414: 2377: 2312: 2283:; German losses were 2279:were incurred by the 2194: 2185:British 21st Division 2182: 2132: 2112: 60,000 British 2044: 2016: 1913: 1906:Tactical developments 1831:4 June – 20 September 1818: 1652: 1502:French Third Republic 1488:), also known as the 1486:Schlacht an der Somme 594:Casualties and losses 9328:November 1916 events 9152:Treaty of Versailles 8868:Mount Lebanon famine 8783:in the United States 8751:Russian occupations 8465:Turkish–Armenian War 8406:Polish–Ukrainian War 8346:Ukrainian–Soviet War 8293:Central Asian Revolt 8076:Armistice of Focșani 7806:Battle of Sarikamish 7756:Battle of Tannenberg 7152:Military engagements 6827:Recouly, R. (1920). 5985:Sheldon, J. (2009). 5651:Dowling, T. (2008). 5480:, pp. 324, 327. 4764:, pp. 194, 197. 3702:400,000" casualties. 3021:casualties, against 2465:New Zealand Division 2430:Battle of Guillemont 2370:Battle of Guillemont 2323:1st Infantry Brigade 2273:7,080 BEF casualties 2235:after a five-minute 2163:10,000–12,000 losses 1736:Erich von Falkenhayn 1732:German General Staff 1661:Chantilly Conference 1568:(1 July) the German 1542:Imperial German Army 1525:Chantilly Conference 1478:Bataille de la Somme 1452:French Army mutinies 1447:1914 Christmas truce 1217:Hohenzollern Redoubt 858:Butte de Warlencourt 477:Rupprecht of Bavaria 444:Erich von Falkenhayn 121:50.01556°N 2.69750°E 101:Départements, France 9258:Battle of the Somme 9219:They shall not pass 9142:Treaty of Bucharest 9099:Treaty of Bucharest 9038:USA against Germany 9015:Declarations of war 8719:German occupations 8632:British casualties 8491:Soviet–Georgian War 8418:Egyptian Revolution 8358:Armeno-Georgian War 8222:Somaliland campaign 8174:Armistice of Mudros 8051:Battle of Caporetto 8041:Battle of Mărășești 8011:Zimmermann telegram 8006:February Revolution 7951:Battle of the Somme 7875:Bug-Narew Offensive 7850:Battle of Gallipoli 7842:Sinking of the RMS 7634:Scramble for Africa 7628:Franco-Prussian War 7284:Sinai and Palestine 6810:The First World War 6709:Nicholson, G. W. L. 6642:. London: Penguin. 6518:Liddell Hart, B. H. 6500:The First World War 6161:10.1093/tcbh/hwp047 5931:. London: Cassell. 5845:Miles, W. (1992) . 5807:Herwig, H. (1996). 5773:. London: Cassell. 5708:Falls, C. (1992) . 5182:The Daily Telegraph 4992:, pp. 600–602. 4956:, pp. 601–602. 4932:, pp. 496–497. 4874:, pp. 602–603. 4796:, pp. 300–301. 4690:, pp. 602–603. 4673:, pp. 436–437. 4607:, pp. 150–151. 4595:, pp. 570–572. 4511:, pp. 148–162. 4499:, pp. 476–477. 4463:, pp. 458–459. 4451:, pp. 130–131. 4427:, pp. 112–124. 4295:, pp. 100–103. 4233:, pp. 100–101. 4173:, pp. xv, 163. 4161:, pp. 412–413. 4125:, pp. 206–207. 4113:, pp. 248–249. 4038:, pp. 602–603. 3998:, pp. 602–603. 3833:British Summer Time 3757:400,000 to 680,000. 3693:day) in inflicting 3536: 3526:500,000 casualties. 3444:537,919 casualties, 3338:Total Commonwealth 3234: 3079: 2898: 2691:Battle of the Ancre 2634:Battle of the Ancre 2509:held by the German 2264:Guard Reserve Corps 2255:Battle of Fromelles 2249:Battle of Fromelles 1822:British Indian Army 1470:Battle of the Somme 1441:Associated articles 1158:Hartmannswillerkopf 1018:Invasion of Belgium 901:Associated articles 455:Paul von Hindenburg 117: / 38:Battle of the Somme 9179:Treaty of Lausanne 9094:Paris Economy Pact 9028:UK against Germany 8958:Entry into the war 8924:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 8643:Ottoman casualties 8453:Franco-Turkish War 8333:Post-War conflicts 8317:Russian Revolution 8299:Invasion of Darfur 8264:Kelantan rebellion 8252:Kurdish rebellions 8228:Mexican Revolution 8061:October Revolution 8026:Kerensky offensive 8001:Capture of Baghdad 7978:Monastir offensive 7963:Brusilov offensive 7801:Battle of Kolubara 7640:Russo-Japanese War 7089:William Philpott: 6875:. Oxford: Osprey. 6808:Prior, R. (1999). 6562:The Old Front Line 6383:Green, A. (2003). 6008:. Oxford: Osprey. 5670:Duffy, C. (2006). 5578:. London: Odhams. 4571:, pp. 95–107. 4403:, pp. 98–100. 4101:, pp. 81, 86. 4018:, p. 602–603. 3916:, Gary Sheffield, 3853:Remembrance Sunday 3841:two minute silence 3829: 3684:420,000 casualties 3680:377,231 casualties 3669: 3534:July–December 1916 3530: 3508: 30 per cent 3455:794,238 casualties 3449:by the French and 3440:278,000 casualties 3432:270,000 casualties 3285:23,000 3271:24,029 3230: 3077:July–November 1916 3073: 3039:David Lloyd George 3017:British and about 2892: 2860:whom were killed. 2855:57,470 casualties, 2846: 2792:Operation Alberich 2738:Operation Alberich 2647: 2553:Lieutenant General 2545: 2495: 2421: 2380: 2343:Battle of Pozières 2327:Southern Rhodesian 2315: 2197: 2189: 2135: 2072:Sperrfeuerstreifen 2055: 2021: 1946:lieutenant-general 1926: 1827: 1811:Brusilov offensive 1805:Brusilov offensive 1657: 1629:Operation Alberich 97:and south-eastern 9245: 9244: 9228: 9227: 9212:The Golden Virgin 9206:Mutilated victory 9187: 9186: 9167:Treaty of Trianon 9162:Treaty of Neuilly 9069:Damascus Protocol 8942: 8941: 8902:Armenian genocide 8859:Allied blockades 8831:Belgian refugees 8614: 8613: 8524:Strategic bombing 8500: 8499: 8485:Franco-Syrian War 8459:Greco-Turkish War 8447:Anglo-Turkish War 8430:Polish–Soviet War 8364:German Revolution 8340:Russian Civil War 8323:Finnish Civil War 8149:Battle of Megiddo 8124:Battle of Goychay 8071:Battle of Cambrai 8031:Battle of Mărăști 7946:Battle of Jutland 7926:Erzurum offensive 7781:Siege of Przemyśl 7761:Siege of Tsingtao 7746:Battle of Galicia 7676:Second Balkan War 7664:Italo-Turkish War 7621:Pre-War conflicts 7607: 7606: 7497:Portuguese Empire 7413: 7412: 7375:German New Guinea 7357:Asian and Pacific 7091:Somme, Battles of 6955:978-0-52188-101-2 6904:978-0-393-08880-9 6778:978-1-52-672240-9 6759:978-1-47-389770-0 6735:on 26 August 2011 6459:978-0-948130-18-2 6413:978-1-107-63385-8 6353:978-1-78346-311-4 6305:978-0-00-653163-0 6294:Ball, S. (2004). 6015:978-1-84176-738-3 5996:978-1-84415-944-4 5957:978-1-84513-691-8 5875:978-1-4087-0108-9 5799:978-1-84574-765-7 5780:978-0-304-36735-1 5769:Hart, P. (2006). 5761:978-0-521-89802-7 5742:978-0-521-04436-3 5681:978-0-7538-2202-9 5662:978-0-253-35130-2 5621:978-0-7864-7470-7 5536:Bond, B. (2002). 5492:, pp. 70–71. 5119:, pp. 86–87. 5079:978-0-8020-4465-5 5047:on 28 August 2014 4823:, pp. 1–104. 4391:, pp. 94–96. 4379:, pp. 94–95. 4331:, pp. 79–85. 4319:, pp. 41–69. 4307:, pp. 76–78. 4149:, pp. 18–19. 4065:, pp. 27–37. 3918:Christopher Duffy 3887:" to the tune of 3774:Thiepval Memorial 3661: 3660: 3535: 3447:288,011 inflicted 3403: 3402: 3299:7,408 3228: 3227: 3078: 3035:Winston Churchill 3007: 3006: 2897: 2883:Nivelle Offensive 2801:Siegfriedstellung 2787:Siegfriedstellung 2780:Siegfriedstellung 2753:Siegfriedstellung 2746:Siegfriedstellung 2699:Alberich Bewegung 2473:Machine Gun Corps 2325:(incorporating a 2285:1,600–2,000, with 2217:Bazentin le Grand 2213:Bazentin le Petit 2151:57,470 casualties 1938:Territorial Force 1798:21 February – 16 1730:The Chief of the 1634:Siegfriedstellung 1555:Territorial Force 1518:deadliest battles 1465: 1464: 1291:Nivelle offensive 1065:Trouée de Charmes 962: 961: 949:Thiepval Memorial 804:Flers–Courcelette 652: 651: 157: 156: 126:50.01556; 2.69750 9335: 9172:Treaty of Sèvres 9064:Treaty of London 8955: 8954: 8733:Northeast France 8664: 8663: 8636:Parliamentarians 8569: 8568: 8531:Chemical weapons 8509: 8508: 8270:Senussi campaign 8240:Muscat rebellion 8234:Maritz rebellion 8202: 8144:Vardar offensive 7973:Battle of Romani 7941:Battle of Asiago 7931:Battle of Verdun 7895:Kosovo offensive 7670:First Balkan War 7618: 7617: 7517:Russian Republic 7426: 7425: 7220: 7219: 7162:Economic history 7129: 7122: 7115: 7106: 7105: 7079:Nicholas Hiley: 7005: 6986: 6959: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6908: 6897:. W. W. Norton. 6886: 6864: 6842: 6823: 6804: 6782: 6763: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6728:. Archived from 6719: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6687: 6675: 6664:. Magpie Books. 6653: 6629: 6605: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6552: 6535: 6513: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6463: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6417: 6398: 6379: 6357: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6309: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6269:. Archived from 6250: 6248: 6246: 6241:on 20 April 2009 6237:. Archived from 6218: 6216: 6214: 6205:. Archived from 6191:Wartime Magazine 6172: 6134: 6115: 6094: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6019: 6000: 5981: 5961: 5942: 5930: 5919: 5900: 5879: 5860: 5841: 5822: 5803: 5784: 5765: 5746: 5727: 5704: 5685: 5666: 5647: 5625: 5606: 5587: 5576:The World Crisis 5570: 5553: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5403: 5393: 5369: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5129:Wilcock, David. 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4891: 4881: 4875: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4765: 4759: 4748: 4742: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4039: 4034:, pp. 271; 4025: 4019: 4014:, pp. 271; 4005: 3999: 3985: 3968: 3965:The World Crisis 3960: 3922:Roger Chickering 3881: 3877: 3800:Northern Ireland 3797: 3758: 3754: 3751:Army losses and 3750: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3,600 per 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3657: 3656: 1,666,289 3654: 3642: 3639: 3629: 3626: 3614: 3611: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457:on the Entente. 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3423:The World Crisis 3416: 3235: 3080: 3074: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 2899: 2893: 2870:war of attrition 2859: 2856: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2809: 2803: 2789: 2782: 2773: 2772:Hermann von Kuhl 2755: 2748: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2658:. The attack on 2622: 2600: 2596: 2593:due to rain and 2592: 2569: 2485:Battle of Morval 2438: 2435: 2407:Battle of Ginchy 2354: 2332: 2289: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2261: 2234: 2164: 2160: 2159:1,590 casualties 2156: 2152: 2143:Battle of Albert 2140: 2113: 2110: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 1993: 1987: 1975: 1969: 1942:Kitchener's Army 1901: 1898:in the west and 1897: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1832: 1799: 1792:Battle of Verdun 1786:Battle of Verdun 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1725: 1717: 1712:Battle of Verdun 1636: 1607: 1559:Kitchener's Army 1546:Battle of Verdun 1540:(BEF). When the 1404:St Quentin Canal 999: 989: 982: 975: 966: 965: 907:Hébuterne (1915) 870:Schwaben Redoubt 690: 688: 678: 671: 664: 655: 654: 644: 641: 638: 637: 627: 624: 621: 620: 611: 608: 605: 604: 588: 587: 575: 574: 570: 565: 564: 551: 550: 542: 541: 529: 528: 520: 519: 497: 496: 488:Max von Gallwitz 486: 485: 475: 474: 466:Erich Ludendorff 464: 463: 453: 452: 442: 441: 429: 428: 418: 417: 407: 406: 396: 395: 385: 384: 374: 373: 363: 362: 347: 343: 341: 340: 332: 328: 326: 325: 313: 312: 311: 304: 300: 298: 297: 289: 285: 283: 282: 274: 270: 268: 267: 259: 255: 253: 252: 244: 240: 238: 237: 229: 225: 223: 222: 214: 210: 208: 207: 199: 195: 193: 192: 182: 178: 176: 175: 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 122: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 93:, north-central 78:18 November 1916 67: 66: 59: 35: 34: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9278:Battles in 1916 9248: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9224: 9183: 9115: 9108: 9079:Treaty of Darin 9047: 9009: 8965:Austria-Hungary 8951: 8938: 8919:Rape of Belgium 8846: 8818: 8766: 8760:Western Armenia 8755:Eastern Galicia 8688: 8662: 8626: 8625:Civilian impact 8624: 8610: 8567: 8496: 8328: 8258:Ovambo Uprising 8210: 8196: 8085: 7987: 7914: 7832:Battle of Łomża 7815: 7811:Christmas truce 7786:Race to the Sea 7719: 7681: 7603: 7574:Austria-Hungary 7550: 7485:Empire of Japan 7422: 7420: 7409: 7393:U-boat campaign 7379: 7351: 7313: 7265: 7211: 7192:Popular culture 7138: 7133: 7075:Wayback Machine 7023:Wayback Machine 7012: 7002: 6975: 6956: 6931: 6929: 6911: 6905: 6883: 6861: 6820: 6807: 6801: 6785: 6779: 6760: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6717: 6698: 6696: 6685: 6672: 6650: 6634:Middlebrook, M. 6626: 6602: 6575: 6573: 6510: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6460: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6420: 6414: 6395: 6376: 6354: 6332: 6330: 6306: 6290: 6288:Further reading 6285: 6276: 6274: 6253: 6244: 6242: 6221: 6212: 6210: 6180: 6175: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6091: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6016: 5997: 5978: 5958: 5939: 5916: 5897: 5876: 5857: 5838: 5819: 5800: 5781: 5762: 5743: 5724: 5701: 5682: 5663: 5644: 5622: 5603: 5550: 5542:. London: CUP. 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5490:Chickering 2004 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5378:Defense Studies 5333: 5329: 5289: 5285: 5257: 5253: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5135:The Independent 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4980:, p. 1427. 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4909: 4898: 4894: 4890:, pp. 398. 4888:Clodfelter 2017 4886:, p. 438; 4882: 4878: 4870:, p. 271; 4858: 4854: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4768: 4760: 4751: 4743: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559:, pp. 4–5. 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4274:. 3 August 2016 4266: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4042: 4030:, p. 246; 4026: 4022: 4010:, p. 309; 4006: 4002: 3990:, p. 398; 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3930: 3899: 3879: 3875: 3827: 3795: 3776: 3770: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745:419,654 British 3744: 3737: 3730: 3724:419,000 British 3723: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3655: 3640: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3597: 3533: 3525: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3497: 3494:660,000–680,000 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3478: 445,322, 3477: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3436:390,000 between 3435: 3431: 3417: 3414: 3392: 3245: 3232: 3103: 3101: 3093: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3048: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 2857: 2854: 2844: 2836: 2827: 2774: 2771: 2759:Generalleutnant 2740: 2734: 2732:Hindenburg Line 2713:22/23 February, 2712: 2709:5,284 prisoners 2708: 2694: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2636: 2630: 2614: 2608: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2567: 2537: 2531: 2487: 2481: 2456: 2450: 2445: 2436: 2415:A young German 2409: 2403: 2390:Henry Rawlinson 2372: 2366: 2360:from the rear. 2352: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2287: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2260:outnumbered 2:1 2259: 2251: 2245: 2232: 2177: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2078:Stützpunktlinie 2066:Stützpunktlinie 2039: 2030: 2019: 2011: 2005: 2000: 1991:Stützpunktlinie 1985: 1924: 1908: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1839:Fritz von Below 1830: 1825: 1813: 1807: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1723: 1715: 1655: 1647: 1639:Hindenburg Line 1494:First World War 1490:Somme offensive 1466: 1461: 1438: 1242:Vimy Ridge 1916 1119:Race to the Sea 1087:1st St. Quentin 1009: 1000: 995: 993: 963: 958: 944:Leipzig Salient 912:Order of Battle 898: 691: 687:Somme Offensive 686: 684: 682: 647: 645: 642: 632: 628: 625: 615: 614: 612: 609: 599: 582: 581: 577: 572: 568: 567: 559: 558: 545: 544: 536: 535: 531: 523: 522: 514: 513: 499:Fritz von Below 491: 490: 480: 479: 469: 468: 458: 457: 447: 446: 436: 433: 423: 422: 412: 411: 401: 400: 390: 389: 379: 378: 376:Henry Rawlinson 368: 367: 357: 338: 336: 323: 321: 319: 309: 307: 295: 293: 280: 278: 265: 263: 250: 248: 235: 233: 220: 218: 205: 203: 190: 188: 184: 183: 173: 171: 170: 146: 125: 123: 119: 116: 111: 108: 106: 104: 103: 102: 80: 60: 49:First World War 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9341: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9273:1916 in France 9270: 9265: 9260: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9203: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9144: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9114:Peace treaties 9113: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 9000:United Kingdom 8997: 8992: 8990:Ottoman Empire 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8952: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8894: 8892:Sack of Dinant 8889: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8856: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8840:United Kingdom 8837: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8800: 8794:POW locations 8792: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8629: 8627: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8594:United Kingdom 8591: 8589:Ottoman Empire 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8566: 8565: 8563:Trench warfare 8560: 8559: 8558: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8515: 8513: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8279: 8276:Volta-Bani War 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8114:Zeebrugge Raid 8111: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7905:Battle of Loos 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7796:Black Sea raid 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7698:Historiography 7689: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7652:Bosnian Crisis 7649: 7646:Tangier Crisis 7643: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7622: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7579:Ottoman Empire 7576: 7571: 7566: 7560: 7558: 7556:Central Powers 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7539:British Empire 7534:United Kingdom 7531: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7512:Russian Empire 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7430:Entente Powers 7423: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7398:North Atlantic 7389: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7309:Central Arabia 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7271:Middle Eastern 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7228: 7226: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7172:Historiography 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7087: 7077: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7011: 7010:External links 7008: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6987: 6973: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6909: 6903: 6887: 6881: 6869:Robertshaw, A. 6865: 6859: 6843: 6824: 6818: 6805: 6799: 6783: 6777: 6764: 6758: 6745: 6705: 6676: 6670: 6654: 6648: 6630: 6624: 6610:McLaughlin, P. 6606: 6600: 6582: 6553: 6536: 6514: 6508: 6492: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6445: 6432: 6418: 6412: 6399: 6393: 6380: 6374: 6358: 6352: 6339: 6310: 6304: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6251: 6219: 6209:on 9 June 2007 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6129: 6116: 6095: 6089: 6076: 6063: 6048: 6035: 6020: 6014: 6001: 5995: 5982: 5976: 5963: 5956: 5943: 5937: 5920: 5914: 5901: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5861: 5855: 5842: 5836: 5823: 5817: 5804: 5798: 5785: 5779: 5766: 5760: 5747: 5741: 5728: 5722: 5705: 5699: 5686: 5680: 5667: 5661: 5648: 5642: 5630:Doughty, R. A. 5626: 5620: 5607: 5601: 5588: 5571: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516:, p. 625. 5506: 5504:, p. 249. 5494: 5482: 5470: 5468:, p. 188. 5466:Sheffield 2002 5458: 5456:, p. 230. 5446: 5435:. 18 July 2016 5420: 5384:(1): 124–137. 5344:(4): 731–751. 5327: 5300:(3): 335–342. 5294:War in History 5283: 5272:(2): 471–504. 5251: 5212: 5187: 5173: 5147: 5121: 5109: 5107:, p. 192. 5097: 5085: 5078: 5058: 5032: 5006: 5004:, p. 398. 4994: 4982: 4978:Churchill 1938 4970: 4968:, p. 151. 4966:Sheffield 2003 4958: 4946: 4944:, p. 553. 4934: 4922: 4918:Churchill 1938 4907: 4899:Lewis, Jon E. 4892: 4876: 4864:Sheffield 2011 4862:, p. xv; 4852: 4850:, p. 246. 4837: 4835:, p. 161. 4825: 4813: 4811:, p. 309. 4798: 4783: 4781:, p. 271. 4766: 4762:Sheffield 2011 4749: 4728: 4726:, p. 179. 4716: 4714:, p. 398. 4704: 4702:, p. 326. 4692: 4675: 4663: 4661:, p. 156. 4659:Sheffield 2003 4648: 4646:, p. 119. 4636: 4634:, p. 483. 4624: 4622:, p. 186. 4620:Sheffield 2003 4609: 4597: 4585: 4583:, p. 119. 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4535:, p. 115. 4525: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4475:, p. 474. 4465: 4453: 4449:Sheffield 2003 4441: 4439:, p. 383. 4429: 4425:Sheffield 2003 4417: 4415:, p. 355. 4405: 4401:Sheffield 2003 4393: 4389:Sheffield 2003 4381: 4377:Sheffield 2003 4369: 4367:, p. 251. 4357: 4355:, p. 133. 4345: 4333: 4329:Sheffield 2003 4321: 4317:Sheffield 2003 4309: 4305:Sheffield 2003 4297: 4285: 4259: 4255:Sheffield 2003 4247: 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 223. 4211: 4199: 4197:, p. 555. 4187: 4183:Sheffield 2003 4175: 4163: 4151: 4147:Sheffield 2003 4139: 4137:, p. 104. 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4089:, p. 291. 4079: 4067: 4055: 4053:, p. 438. 4040: 4020: 4000: 3992:Sheffield 2011 3979: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3898: 3895: 3890:Auld Lang Syne 3861:prime minister 3825: 3816:British Legion 3769: 3766: 3738:600,000 German 3659: 3658: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 719,000 3635: 3631: 3630: 3628: 947,289 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 434,000 3607: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3513:729,000 German 3498:630,000, using 3490:under 600,000. 3412: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3254:United Kingdom 3251: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3067:Main article: 3064: 3061: 3052:infrastructure 3047: 3044: 3019:200,000 French 3005: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2823:R. II Stellung 2769: 2736:Main article: 2733: 2730: 2724:R. II Stellung 2683:Main article: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2632:Main article: 2629: 2626: 2610:Main article: 2607: 2604: 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2533:Main article: 2530: 2527: 2483:Main article: 2480: 2477: 2475:on the Somme. 2461:Canadian Corps 2452:Main article: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2437: 130,000 2405:Main article: 2402: 2399: 2368:Main article: 2365: 2362: 2341:Main article: 2338: 2335: 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2247:Main article: 2244: 2241: 2173:Main article: 2170: 2167: 2123:Main article: 2120: 2117: 2100:Main article: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2060:Herbstschlacht 2038: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2017: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1962:staff officers 1948:in command of 1914: 1907: 1904: 1820:Troops of the 1819: 1809:Main article: 1806: 1803: 1790:Main article: 1787: 1784: 1677:Central Powers 1653: 1646: 1643: 1529:Central Powers 1498:British Empire 1463: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1437: 1436: 1434:Lys and Escaut 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1281: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1170: 1165: 1163:Neuve Chapelle 1160: 1155: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1136:Winter actions 1133: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1099:Grand Couronné 1096: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1015: 1005: 1002: 1001: 992: 991: 984: 977: 969: 960: 959: 957: 956: 951: 946: 941: 940: 939: 937:Hawthorn Ridge 934: 929: 919: 914: 909: 897: 896: 895: 894: 892:Beaumont-Hamel 884: 883: 882: 877: 872: 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 840: 838:Thiepval Ridge 835: 834: 833: 828: 823: 813: 812: 811: 801: 796: 791: 790: 789: 779: 774: 773: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 745:Bazentin Ridge 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 696: 693: 692: 681: 680: 673: 666: 658: 650: 649: 643: 440,000 630: 626: 200,000 610: 420,000 596: 595: 591: 590: 553: 507: 506: 502: 501: 434: 409:Ferdinand Foch 354: 353: 349: 348: 333: 318: 317: 305: 290: 275: 260: 245: 230: 215: 200: 197:United Kingdom 180:British Empire 169: 168: 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155: 154: 148: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 89: 87: 83: 82: 71: 63: 62: 52: 51: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9340: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9005:United States 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8945: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8622: 8617: 8607: 8606:United States 8604: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8556:Convoy system 8554: 8553: 8552: 8551:Naval warfare 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8311:Kaocen revolt 8309: 8306: 8305:Easter Rising 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7870:Great Retreat 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7741:Battle of Cer 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7658:Agadir Crisis 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7546:United States 7544: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7463:French Empire 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7416: 7406: 7405:Mediterranean 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7385:Naval warfare 7382: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7261:Italian Front 7259: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7249:Eastern Front 7247: 7245: 7244:Western Front 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Puppet states 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7003: 7001:0-313-29386-4 6997: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6974:1-84415-393-2 6970: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6882:1-84603-038-2 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6860:0-85112-728-2 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6825: 6821: 6819:0-304-35984-X 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6800:1-84342-196-8 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6746: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6671:1-84119-863-3 6667: 6663: 6659: 6658:Neillands, R. 6655: 6651: 6649:0-14-139071-9 6645: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6625:0-86920-232-4 6621: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6601:0-14-017867-8 6597: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6586:MacDonald, L. 6583: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6557:Masefield, J. 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6509:0-09-180178-8 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6482: 6480:1-84342-413-4 6476: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6435: 6433:5-87296-917-1 6429: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6394:0-7146-8430-9 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6375:0-8050-8127-5 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6273:on 6 May 2019 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6182: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6155:(1): 80–101. 6154: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6132: 6130:0-8371-5029-9 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6090:0-304-35319-1 6086: 6082: 6077: 6066: 6064:0-7735-2428-2 6060: 6056: 6055: 6049: 6038: 6036:1-86227-292-1 6032: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5977:1-84415-269-3 5973: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5938:0-304-36649-8 5934: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5915:0-7472-6460-0 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5896:0-300-10694-7 5892: 5888: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5856:0-901627-76-3 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5837:1-85409-330-4 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5818:0-34057-348-1 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5723:0-89839-180-6 5719: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5700:0-89839-185-7 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5643:0-67401-880-X 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5602:0-52154-780-6 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5549:0-52180-995-9 5545: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5515: 5514:Philpott 2009 5510: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5454:Terraine 2005 5450: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5117:Robinson 2010 5113: 5106: 5101: 5095:, p. 10. 5094: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5021:. 28 May 2016 5020: 5016: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4990:Philpott 2009 4986: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4954:Philpott 2009 4950: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4884:Philpott 2009 4880: 4873: 4872:Philpott 2009 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4834: 4833:Henniker 2009 4829: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4747:, p. xv. 4746: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4724:Henniker 2009 4720: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4688:Philpott 2009 4684: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671:Philpott 2009 4667: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4606: 4605:Philpott 2009 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4523:, p. 64. 4522: 4521:Boraston 1920 4517: 4510: 4509:McCarthy 1995 4505: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4437:Philpott 2009 4433: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4413:Philpott 2009 4409: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4365:Philpott 2009 4361: 4354: 4349: 4342: 4341:McMullin 2006 4337: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4245:, p. 86. 4244: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4209:, p. 34. 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4185:, p. 27. 4184: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4159:Philpott 2009 4155: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4099:Philpott 2009 4095: 4088: 4083: 4077:, p. 37. 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4051:Philpott 2009 4047: 4045: 4037: 4036:Philpott 2009 4033: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4016:Philpott 2009 4013: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3996:Philpott 2009 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914:John Terraine 3911: 3909: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3864:David Cameron 3862: 3858: 3857:The Last Post 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3768:Commemoration 3765: 3763: 3749:154,446 Sixth 3741: 3736: 3665: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3633: 3632: 3618: 3617: 3605: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3523: 3501: 3463:419,654, from 3458: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3411: 3407: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3208: 3207: 3188: 3187: 3168: 3167: 3148: 3147: 3128: 3127: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3070: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3040: 3036: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2851: 2840: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2817:R. I Stellung 2813: 2808: 2807:R. I Stellung 2802: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2768: 2767:January 1917) 2763: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2718:R. I Stellung 2705: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2671: 2669: 2668:Regina Trench 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2644:Frank Crozier 2640: 2635: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2603: 2595:13–18 October 2586: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2440: 2431: 2426: 2425:16th Division 2418: 2413: 2408: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2376: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2306: 2291: 2282: 2270: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2225:Delville Wood 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2166: 2148: 2147:no man's land 2144: 2131: 2126: 2116: 2103: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2015: 2010: 1995: 1992: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928:The original 1922: 1921:31st Division 1918: 1912: 1903: 1902:in the east. 1896:121 divisions 1885: 1851: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1835:Eastern Front 1823: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1700:Joseph Joffre 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Belgian coast 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:Western Front 1670: 1669:Italian Front 1666: 1665:Eastern Front 1662: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:German Empire 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1409:Meuse-Argonne 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Passchendaele 1321: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1185:2nd Champagne 1183: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1153:1st Champagne 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072:Great Retreat 1070: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1003: 998: 997:Western Front 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 971: 970: 967: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 923: 922:Mines, 1 July 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 893: 890: 889: 888: 885: 881: 880:Regina Trench 878: 876: 875:Stuff Redoubt 873: 871: 868: 867: 866: 865:Ancre Heights 863: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 839: 836: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 817: 814: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 788: 785: 784: 783: 780: 778: 777:Delville Wood 775: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 743: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 700: 699: 694: 689: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 660: 659: 656: 636: 631: 619: 603: 598: 597: 592: 586: 580: 579:July–November 563: 557: 554: 549: 540: 534: 533:July–November 527: 518: 512: 509: 508: 503: 500: 495: 489: 484: 478: 473: 467: 462: 456: 451: 445: 440: 435: 432: 427: 421: 420:Émile Fayolle 416: 410: 405: 399: 398:Joseph Joffre 394: 388: 383: 377: 372: 366: 361: 356: 355: 350: 346: 334: 331: 316: 306: 303: 291: 288: 276: 273: 261: 258: 246: 243: 231: 228: 216: 213: 201: 198: 186: 185: 181: 166: 165: 160: 153: 152:Noyon salient 149: 144: 143: 139: 136: 135: 130: 100: 99:Pas-de-Calais 96: 92: 88: 85: 84: 79: 75: 72: 69: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 46: 45:Western Front 41: 36: 33: 29: 27: 22: 9217: 9210: 9198: 8805: / 8737: 8572:Conscription 8536:Cryptography 8473:Iraqi Revolt 7950: 7900:Siege of Kut 7843: 7421:participants 7370:German Samoa 7304:South Arabia 6991: 6964: 6945: 6930:. Retrieved 6913: 6894: 6872: 6850: 6829: 6809: 6786: 6768: 6749: 6737:. Retrieved 6730:the original 6713: 6697:. Retrieved 6681: 6661: 6637: 6614: 6589: 6574:. Retrieved 6561: 6540: 6522: 6499: 6484:. Retrieved 6469: 6449: 6439:13 September 6437:. Retrieved 6422: 6403: 6384: 6365: 6343: 6331:. Retrieved 6318: 6295: 6275:. Retrieved 6271:the original 6243:. Retrieved 6239:the original 6226: 6211:. Retrieved 6207:the original 6190: 6152: 6148: 6120: 6103: 6099: 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6053: 6040:. Retrieved 6025: 6005: 5986: 5967: 5947: 5926: 5905: 5885: 5865: 5846: 5827: 5808: 5789: 5770: 5751: 5732: 5709: 5690: 5671: 5652: 5633: 5611: 5592: 5575: 5558: 5538: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5437:. Retrieved 5432: 5423: 5411:. Retrieved 5381: 5377: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5269: 5265: 5254: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5199: 5190: 5180: 5176: 5164:. Retrieved 5160: 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5134: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5068: 5061: 5051:21 September 5049:. Retrieved 5045:the original 5035: 5025:21 September 5023:. Retrieved 5018: 5009: 5002:Sheldon 2006 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4930:Edmonds 1993 4925: 4901: 4895: 4879: 4855: 4828: 4816: 4809:Doughty 2005 4719: 4712:Sheldon 2009 4707: 4695: 4666: 4639: 4632:Edmonds 1993 4627: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4557:Sheldon 2009 4552: 4547:, p. 4. 4545:Sheldon 2009 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276:. Retrieved 4271: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4219:Sheldon 2006 4214: 4207:Simpson 2005 4202: 4190: 4178: 4171:Dowling 2008 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4087:Doughty 2005 4082: 4070: 4058: 4023: 4008:Doughty 2005 4003: 3988:Sheldon 2006 3983: 3964: 3958: 3912: 3908:Peter Barton 3904: 3900: 3888: 3884: 3878:a.m. to 7:00 3873: 3830: 3812:Orange Order 3777: 3761: 3753:48,131 Tenth 3742: 3740:casualties. 3734: 3726:casualties, 3673:202,567 men, 3670: 3647: 3621:Anglo-French 3521: 3502: 3459: 3428:Reichsarchiv 3427: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3404: 3386: 3366: 3324:Newfoundland 3310:South Africa 3244:Killed & 3238:Nationality 3049: 3008: 2894: 2879: 2862: 2847: 2828:16–20 March, 2796: 2776: 2765: 2757: 2741: 2688: 2648: 2615: 2591:8–11 October 2588: 2566:by starting 2556:Hubert Gough 2549:Reserve Army 2546: 2496: 2457: 2422: 2417:Sommekämpfer 2416: 2381: 2349:Reserve Army 2346: 2316: 2277:5,533 losses 2254: 2252: 2198: 2136: 2105: 2056: 2031: 2022: 1959: 1927: 1900:76 divisions 1892:52 divisions 1828: 1795: 1729: 1716:13 divisions 1704: 1691:and end the 1681:Douglas Haig 1658: 1614: 1563: 1522: 1504:against the 1489: 1469: 1467: 1440: 1439: 1399:Saint-Mihiel 1367:Belleau Wood 1350: 1338: 1337: 1328:La Malmaison 1284: 1272: 1271: 1261: 1237:Kink Salient 1205: 1204: 1200:Gas: Wieltje 1146: 1145: 1006: 900: 899: 787:Mouquet Farm 733:La Boisselle 728:Contalmaison 697: 685: 589:50 divisions 578: 555: 552:48 divisions 543:50 divisions 532: 530:11 divisions 521:13 divisions 510: 387:Hubert Gough 365:Douglas Haig 287:Newfoundland 257:South Africa 162:Belligerents 140:Inconclusive 43:Part of the 32: 25: 8835:Netherlands 8812:Switzerland 8693:Occupations 8684:Spanish flu 8461:(1919–1922) 8455:(1918–1921) 8449:(1918–1923) 8438:(1919–1921) 8432:(1919–1921) 8426:(1919–1920) 8402:(1918–1920) 8396:(1918–1920) 8390:(1918–1920) 8372:(1918–1920) 8354:(1918–1920) 8348:(1917–1921) 8342:(1917–1921) 8289:(1916-1918) 8287:Arab Revolt 8278:(1915–1917) 8272:(1915–1917) 8260:(1914-1917) 8254:(1914–1917) 8248:(1914–1921) 8242:(1913–1920) 8230:(1910–1920) 8224:(1900–1920) 8197: [ 7715:July Crisis 7636:(1880–1914) 7299:Mesopotamia 7177:Home fronts 7136:World War I 6739:27 December 6362:Gilbert, M. 6333:15 December 6277:9 September 5502:Herwig 1996 5413:26 February 5232:(1): 5–28. 5105:Steele 2003 5093:Steele 2003 4868:Harris 2009 4779:Harris 2009 4278:11 February 4032:Harris 2009 4012:Harris 2009 3869:Heaton Park 3839:observed a 3713:200,000 men 3676:54 per cent 3648:Grand total 3522:discredited 3486:600,000 and 3482:27 per cent 3471:194,451 and 3296:New Zealand 3233:casualties 3029:or perhaps 2812:rear guards 2560:Fourth Army 2503:Gueudecourt 2353:22/23 July, 2153:, of which 2047:crenellated 1967:Kampfgraben 1932:(BEF) of 6 1778:, south of 1772:Hannescamps 1685:John French 1604:Schwerpunkt 1534:Fourth Army 1419:2nd Cambrai 1257:Boar's Head 1247:Mont Sorrel 954:Ancre, 1917 917:Boar's Head 843:Le Transloy 831:Gueudecourt 809:Martinpuich 755:Trônes Wood 242:New Zealand 145:Territorial 124: / 91:Somme River 74:1 July 1916 9252:Categories 9052:Agreements 8852:War crimes 8728:Luxembourg 8621:Casualties 7492:Montenegro 7327:South West 7207:Technology 7197:Propaganda 7187:Opposition 6942:Watson, A. 6699:1 December 6496:Keegan, J. 6314:Buchan, J. 6257:. Ottawa: 5524:References 5478:Duffy 2006 4942:Miles 1992 4860:Miles 1992 4848:Wendt 1931 4745:Miles 1992 4700:Duffy 2006 4593:Miles 1992 4569:Falls 1992 4533:Falls 1992 4497:Miles 1992 4485:Miles 1992 4473:Miles 1992 4461:Miles 1992 4353:Miles 1992 4293:Wynne 1976 4243:Miles 1992 4231:Wynne 1976 4195:Miles 1992 4135:Wynne 1976 4123:Foley 2007 4111:Foley 2007 4028:Wendt 1931 3772:See also: 3517:631,000 by 3282:Australia 3063:Casualties 2689:After the 2599:17 October 2562:attack at 2290:prisoner. 2201:Guillemont 2155:19,240 men 2007:See also: 1973:Wohngraben 1954:First Army 1888:112 German 1860:including 1740:front line 1724:20 British 1722:, against 1720:Sixth Army 1598:Gommecourt 1574:Sixth Army 1544:began the 1232:Wulverghem 1195:3rd Artois 1173:2nd Artois 1141:1st Artois 794:Guillemont 738:Gommecourt 112:02°41′51″E 109:50°00′56″N 8949:Diplomacy 8656:Olympians 8579:Australia 8546:Logistics 8479:Vlora War 8408:(1918–19) 8384:(1918–19) 8378:(1918–19) 8366:(1918–19) 8313:(1916–17) 8295:(1916–17) 8246:Zaian War 8236:(1914–15) 7956:first day 7844:Lusitania 7672:(1912–13) 7666:(1911–12) 7654:(1908–09) 7648:(1905–06) 7630:(1870–71) 7419:Principal 7279:Gallipoli 7182:Memorials 7167:Geography 7157:Aftermath 6891:Sacco, J. 6847:Regan, G. 6793:. 1994 . 6726:557523890 6694:894593861 6549:819218074 6364:(2006) . 6328:699175025 6267:439730254 6235:0026-4016 6203:1328-2727 6169:1477-4674 6112:503838028 5927:The Somme 5886:The Somme 5771:The Somme 5567:633614212 5366:153318860 5358:1557-301X 5322:159609046 5314:1477-0385 5278:1543-7795 5246:0143-9685 4821:Bond 2002 4075:Hart 2006 4063:Hart 2006 3975:Footnotes 3564:September 3291:< 200 3149:September 3056:railheads 3046:Transport 2976:September 2858:19,240 of 2507:Lesboeufs 2331:2,536 men 2288:150 taken 2233:3:25 a.m. 2229:High Wood 2221:Longueval 2119:First day 2051:traverses 1978:traversed 1934:divisions 1833:) on the 1582:Maricourt 1414:5th Ypres 1394:2nd Somme 1372:2nd Marne 1362:3rd Aisne 1311:The Hills 1306:2nd Aisne 1267:Fromelles 1262:1st Somme 1212:The Bluff 1178:Hébuterne 1168:2nd Ypres 1129:1st Ypres 1109:1st Aisne 1104:1st Marne 1077:Le Cateau 1055:Charleroi 1040:Frontiers 927:Lochnagar 770:High Wood 765:Fromelles 750:Longueval 713:Montauban 708:First day 576:divisions 227:Australia 9237:Category 8824:Refugees 8790:Italians 8779:Germans 8739:Ober Ost 8519:Aviation 7613:Timeline 7584:Bulgaria 7365:Tsingtao 7342:Togoland 7289:Caucasus 7224:European 7216:Theatres 7071:Archived 7019:Archived 6983:64746633 6944:(2008). 6921:. 1922. 6893:(2013). 6871:(2006). 6849:(1993). 6711:(1962). 6660:(2004). 6636:(1971). 6612:(1980). 6588:(1983). 6559:(1917). 6532:16161900 6520:(1932). 6498:(1998). 6486:9 August 6316:(1917). 6213:14 April 6178:Websites 6140:Journals 6070:8 August 5632:(2005). 5439:1 August 5400:55201531 5019:BBC News 3928:See also 3808:unionist 3792:George V 3601:513,289 3588:December 3580:November 3567:115,056 3551:196,081 3467:498,054. 3451:249,908 3413:— 3391:465,000– 3374:146,404 3371:623,907 3341:419,654 3257:350,000+ 3246:missing 3189:November 3086:British 3000:December 2992:November 2920:February 2885:and the 2850:recruits 2834:Analysis 2770:— 2704:Alberich 2620:Schwaben 2568:24 hours 2511:1st Army 2385:Maurepas 2358:Thiepval 2209:Pozières 2139:141 days 1753:2nd Army 1570:2nd Army 1500:and the 1424:Courtrai 1379:Soissons 1318:Messines 1285:Alberich 1094:Maubeuge 1050:Ardennes 1045:Lorraine 1013:Moresnet 848:Eaucourt 826:Lesbœufs 782:Pozières 760:Ovillers 723:Fricourt 505:Strength 315:Rhodesia 86:Location 8975:Germany 8875:Germany 8803:Germany 8723:Belgium 8708:Albania 8667:Disease 8647:Sports 8599:Ireland 8512:Warfare 8505:Aspects 7693:Origins 7686:Prelude 7589:Senussi 7569:Germany 7564:Leaders 7502:Romania 7443:Belgium 7438:Leaders 7337:Kamerun 7319:African 7254:Romania 7232:Balkans 7147:Outline 6932:27 June 6927:1318955 6839:2036520 6576:27 June 6571:1183536 6245:23 July 6042:19 July 5584:4945014 3735:perhaps 3678:of the 3598:British 3591:13,803 3583:46,238 3575:66,852 3572:October 3559:75,249 3399:72,901 3396:164,055 3393:600,000 3355:204,253 3344:95,675 3221:434,500 3218:618,257 3215:202,567 3212:415,690 3169:October 3161:140,000 3158:177,460 3152:101,313 3121:103,000 3118:208,645 3112:158,786 3104:total) 3097:German 3089:French 3031:600,000 3027:500,000 3023:465,181 3015:432,000 3011:419,654 2984:October 2912:January 2875:militia 2721:to the 2519:Combles 2419:in 1916 2394:Fayolle 2227:, with 1998:Prelude 1982:parapet 1950:I Corps 1919:of the 1884:Romania 1876:⁄ 1776:St Eloi 1764:⁄ 1718:in the 1708:Picardy 1697:Marshal 1631:to the 1621:Péronne 1590:Bapaume 1576:, from 1564:On the 1548:on the 1536:of the 1389:Ailette 1357:The Lys 1351:Michael 1333:Cambrai 1227:Hulluch 1222:St Eloi 1114:Antwerp 853:Le Sars 821:Combles 571:⁄ 345:Germany 302:Bermuda 147:changes 47:of the 8995:Russia 8970:France 8798:Canada 8713:Serbia 8584:Canada 8541:Horses 8493:(1921) 8487:(1920) 8481:(1920) 8475:(1920) 8467:(1920) 8420:(1919) 8414:(1919) 8360:(1918) 8325:(1918) 8319:(1917) 8307:(1916) 8301:(1916) 8266:(1915) 7678:(1913) 7660:(1911) 7642:(1905) 7599:Darfur 7524:Serbia 7507:Russia 7470:Greece 7458:France 7448:Brazil 7294:Persia 7237:Serbia 7093:, in: 7083:, in: 6998: 6981: 6971: 6952: 6925: 6901: 6879: 6857: 6837: 6816: 6797: 6775: 6756: 6724: 6692: 6668: 6646: 6622: 6598: 6569: 6547: 6530: 6506: 6477: 6456: 6430: 6410: 6391: 6372: 6350: 6326: 6302: 6265: 6233: 6201: 6193:. AU: 6167: 6127: 6110: 6087: 6061: 6033: 6012: 5993: 5974: 5954: 5935: 5912: 5893: 5872: 5853: 5834: 5815: 5796: 5777: 5758: 5739: 5720: 5697: 5678: 5659: 5640: 5618: 5599: 5582: 5565: 5546: 5398: 5364: 5356: 5320: 5312: 5276: 5244: 5205:22 May 5166:22 May 5140:1 July 5076: 4272:BBC TV 3880: 3876: 3835:, the 3814:. The 3796: 3634:German 3619:Total: 3606:French 3556:August 3540:Month 3387:German 3367:Allied 3358:50,729 3352:French 3327:2,000+ 3313:3,000+ 3288: 3268:Canada 3201:45,000 3198:59,913 3195:20,129 3192:39,784 3181:78,500 3178:95,348 3175:37,626 3172:57,722 3155:76,147 3141:68,000 3138:76,891 3135:18,806 3132:58,085 3129:August 3115:49,859 3102:Allied 3094:total 3083:Month 3003:5,202 2995:5,107 2987:5,324 2979:4,913 2971:4,804 2968:August 2963:4,478 2955:4,265 2947:3,391 2939:3,121 2931:2,877 2923:2,535 2915:2,484 2902:Month 2564:Morval 2499:Morval 2463:, the 2205:Ginchy 1986:25 men 1693:U-boat 1586:Albert 1557:, and 1514:Allies 1482:German 1474:French 1429:Sambre 1384:Amiens 1252:Verdun 1082:Étreux 1028:Dinant 816:Morval 799:Ginchy 718:Mametz 703:Albert 556:1 July 511:1 July 342: 330:France 327: 299: 284: 269: 254: 239: 224: 212:Canada 209: 194: 177: 137:Result 28:(film) 9192:Other 8985:Japan 8980:Italy 8807:camps 8651:Rugby 8201:] 7480:Japan 7475:Italy 7453:China 7347:North 6733:(PDF) 6718:(PDF) 6686:(pdf) 6591:Somme 6102:[ 5529:Books 5362:S2CID 5318:S2CID 3950:Notes 3596:Total 3231:Somme 3224:70.3 3209:Total 3204:75.0 3184:82.3 3164:78.9 3144:88.4 3124:49.4 3100:(% of 2936:April 2928:March 2790:) in 2711:. On 2660:Serre 2469:tanks 2319:flank 1780:Ypres 1749:Arras 1744:Meuse 1625:Ancre 1550:Meuse 1510:Somme 1296:Arras 1279:Ancre 1033:Namur 1023:Liège 932:Y Sap 887:Ancre 272:India 95:Somme 8772:POWs 8091:1918 7993:1917 7919:1916 7820:1915 7724:1914 7529:Siam 7332:East 6996:ISBN 6979:OCLC 6969:ISBN 6950:ISBN 6934:2013 6923:OCLC 6919:HMSO 6899:ISBN 6877:ISBN 6855:ISBN 6835:OCLC 6814:ISBN 6795:ISBN 6791:HMSO 6773:ISBN 6754:ISBN 6741:2012 6722:OCLC 6701:2014 6690:OCLC 6666:ISBN 6644:ISBN 6620:ISBN 6596:ISBN 6578:2013 6567:OCLC 6545:OCLC 6528:OCLC 6504:ISBN 6488:2014 6475:ISBN 6454:ISBN 6441:2013 6428:ISBN 6408:ISBN 6389:ISBN 6370:ISBN 6348:ISBN 6335:2014 6324:OCLC 6300:ISBN 6279:2009 6263:OCLC 6247:2009 6231:ISSN 6215:2007 6199:ISSN 6165:ISSN 6125:ISBN 6108:OCLC 6085:ISBN 6072:2014 6059:ISBN 6044:2014 6031:ISBN 6010:ISBN 5991:ISBN 5972:ISBN 5952:ISBN 5933:ISBN 5910:ISBN 5891:ISBN 5870:ISBN 5851:ISBN 5832:ISBN 5813:ISBN 5794:ISBN 5775:ISBN 5756:ISBN 5737:ISBN 5718:ISBN 5714:HMSO 5695:ISBN 5676:ISBN 5657:ISBN 5638:ISBN 5616:ISBN 5597:ISBN 5580:OCLC 5563:OCLC 5544:ISBN 5441:2016 5415:2015 5404:and 5396:OCLC 5354:ISSN 5310:ISSN 5274:ISSN 5242:ISSN 5207:2022 5168:2022 5142:2016 5074:ISBN 5053:2019 5027:2019 4280:2020 3845:BBC1 3733:and 3548:July 3543:No. 3249:POW 3241:No. 3109:July 3092:Sub- 2960:July 2952:June 2652:mine 2505:and 2467:and 2253:The 2219:and 2203:and 2183:The 1940:and 1847:and 1610:tank 1468:The 1339:1918 1301:Vimy 1273:1917 1206:1916 1190:Loos 1147:1915 1124:Yser 1060:Mons 1007:1914 70:Date 6157:doi 6153:XXI 5386:doi 5346:doi 5302:doi 5234:doi 3025:to 3013:to 2944:May 2551:of 566:10 9254:: 8199:It 6977:. 6261:. 6225:. 6197:. 6189:. 6163:. 6151:. 5716:. 5431:. 5394:. 5380:. 5376:. 5370:, 5360:. 5352:. 5342:17 5340:. 5316:. 5308:. 5298:10 5296:. 5270:75 5268:. 5264:. 5240:. 5230:17 5228:. 5224:. 5198:. 5159:. 5133:. 5017:. 4910:^ 4840:^ 4801:^ 4786:^ 4769:^ 4752:^ 4731:^ 4678:^ 4651:^ 4612:^ 4270:. 4043:^ 3920:, 3837:UK 3728:c. 3717:c. 3706:c. 3695:c. 3688:c. 3653:c. 3638:c. 3625:c. 3610:c. 3505:c. 3475:c. 3377:- 3361:- 3347:- 3333:- 3319:- 3305:- 3277:- 3263:- 2906:LT 2525:. 2501:, 2434:c. 2275:, 2215:, 2165:. 2109:c. 1869:10 1862:c. 1855:c. 1757:17 1734:, 1484:: 1480:; 1476:: 640:c. 623:c. 607:c. 76:– 8623:/ 7128:e 7121:t 7114:v 7004:. 6985:. 6958:. 6936:. 6907:. 6885:. 6863:. 6841:. 6822:. 6803:. 6781:. 6762:. 6743:. 6703:. 6674:. 6652:. 6628:. 6604:. 6580:. 6551:. 6534:. 6512:. 6490:. 6462:. 6443:. 6416:. 6397:. 6378:. 6356:. 6337:. 6308:. 6281:. 6249:. 6217:. 6171:. 6159:: 6133:. 6114:. 6093:. 6074:. 6046:. 6018:. 5999:. 5980:. 5962:} 5960:. 5941:. 5918:. 5899:. 5878:. 5859:. 5840:. 5821:. 5802:. 5783:. 5764:. 5745:. 5726:. 5703:. 5684:. 5665:. 5646:. 5624:. 5605:. 5586:. 5569:. 5552:. 5443:. 5417:. 5402:. 5388:: 5382:V 5368:. 5348:: 5324:. 5304:: 5280:. 5248:. 5236:: 5209:. 5170:. 5144:. 5082:. 5055:. 5029:. 4343:. 4282:. 3967:. 3883:" 3330:- 3316:- 3302:- 3274:- 3260:- 2784:( 2701:( 2053:. 1878:2 1874:1 1871:+ 1766:2 1762:1 1759:+ 1637:( 1588:– 1472:( 988:e 981:t 974:v 677:e 670:t 663:v 573:2 569:1 30:.

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Battle of the Somme

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