878:
29:
504:
1075:, Europeans are more represented in the population. Consequently, there are many Latin Americans who identify as Westerners, so the anti-Western discourse is therefore not as prominent as in other regions. That is not to say, however, that there is no anti-Western discourse. Indeed, it can be found in countries with nationalist and populist leaders or movements, including left-wing political parties in
117:
view
Western countries as targets for terrorism due to perceived insults against Islam and military interventions in Muslim countries. Many Latin American countries harbor criticism due to historical American and European interventions. In Russia, anti-Western sentiment has been endorsed by many.
917:. While the former deemed Russia to be a lagging Western country, the latter rejected these claims outright and considered Western Europe to be 'rotten' (whence the Russian-language cliche phrase 'rotten West'). An important anti-Western figure during the reign of
261:
blamed the
Western world for imperialism. On 1 August 1960, he "gave a speech that indicated in no ambiguous terms that the United Nations, its Secretary-General, the United States, and the Western powers were all corrupt entities." During the
491:, anti-Chinese propaganda, and pressure on China's internal affairs, among other issues. In a study conducted by Toronto University in April 2020, 4 out of every 5 Chinese under 30 years old said they do not trust Americans.
1114:-backed military dictatorships. Most Latin American countries tend to be more regional, focusing on internal cooperation. Accompanying this is a notable distrust of globalization. Latin American organizations like
985:, head of the Church, endorsed his election in 2012, stating Putin's terms were like "a miracle of God." The Russian Orthodox Church is known to host groups that promote nationalist and anti-Western tendencies.
2389:
881:
Russian
President Vladimir Putin with religious leaders of Russia, 2001. Putin has promoted religious traditionalism and the rejection of some Western liberal principles, like toleration of homosexuality.
2628:
1102:
Anti-Western sentiments are related to the history of
American and European political interventions in Latin America. Many people in the region lay sharp criticism on the United States for supporting
325:
313:
320:
to protest an international pressure denouncing "Western intervention" and US economic and security assistance sanctions. Protestors also waved banners supporting the controversial
2247:
440:
has been increasing since the early 1990s, particularly among
Chinese young adults. Notable incidents which have resulted in a significant anti-Western backlash have included the
605:
Anti-western sentiments was just that extreme in the early phases of the
Republic of Korea. It was confined to a very small number of people who faced arrest and jail under the
2613:
Aleksandr
Verkhovsky, "The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in nationalist, xenophobic and anti-western tendencies in Russia today: Not nationalism, but fundamentalism."
460:
view the United States in a positive light, there remains suspicion over the West's motives toward China stemming largely from historical experiences, specifically the "
1606:
2367:
2381:
3825:
1119:
617:
remained the preserve of extremists ready to risk arrest. In practice, this meant that anti-Americanism remained intimately intertwined. It was associated with
3815:
1928:
590:
Historically, anti-Western sentiment in Korea has been linked to the opposition to the
Christian missionary activities in the region, most notably by the
3690:
751:). For jihadists, this makes Christian Europe a just target for armed jihad, e.g., acts of war or terrorist attacks. Jihadists refer to such lands as
692:, notably filial piety, and social cohesion. The concept of Asian values is widely criticized as a means for instituting authoritarianism, notably by
977:, the restoration of Russia's historical greatness, and systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies. Putin has collaborated closely with the
1827:
2415:
441:
2248:
https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/96383/1/5.Anti-Americanism-in-South-Korea-and-the-Future-of-the-U.S.-Presence-Jeffrey-S.-Robertson.pdf
3830:
2483:"The Irony of Western Ideas in a Multicultural World: Russians' Intellectual Engagement with the "End of History" and "Clash of Civilizations""
1523:
1895:
214:
argues that after the Cold War, international conflict over economic ideology would be replaced with conflict over cultural differences. His "
3855:
121:
The phenomenon is often exacerbated by contemporary events. In recent decades, anti-Western feelings have been fueled by factors such as the
3200:
757:(lands of war). Jihadists themselves motivate their attacks in two prominent ways: to resist Western/Christian military intervention in
1442:
992:
has restricted foreign funding of some liberal NGOs. Pro-Russian activists in the former Soviet Union frequently equate the West with
3770:
965:
has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social, cultural and political matters, both at home and abroad. Putin has attacked
3044:
363:, the first president of Ghana, had a staunch anti-Western stance and blamed the United States for many of Africa's difficulties.
2684:
599:
595:
2382:"Military Interventions, Jihadi Networks, and Terrorist Entrepreneurs: How the Islamic State Terror Wave Rose So High in Europe"
3132:
1650:
613:
largely exploited the
National Security Act to garner support for his extreme right-wing power base. Its use also ensured that
488:
1581:
3710:
2193:
118:
Russian leaders have traditionally rejected
Western liberalism which they see as a threat to Russian hegemony in the region.
2589:
811:
1632:
405:
used anti-Western rhetoric in his speeches, and he implemented policies that seized farmland from white European farmers.
2648:
841:
804:
606:
383:
2363:
1833:. Committee of 100 with assistance from Zogby International and Horizon Research Consultancy Group. 2008. Archived from
1379:
1044:
197:
544:
Although opinion polls suggest positive views towards Western countries today, anti-Western sentiments were common in
3875:
2557:
2292:
1507:
573:
3906:
3705:
3066:
445:
1473:
3901:
3805:
3740:
2785:
1123:
425:
321:
1775:
288:
In 2001, anti-Western sentiment skyrocketed in the Congo following the assassination of the Congolese president
2996:
2468:
2443:
1983:
2573:
1690:
Peter Hays Gries (July 2001). "Tears of Rage: Chinese Nationalist Reactions to the Belgrade Embassy Bombing".
1004:
was welcomed by nationalist and religious political figures in Russia as a bulwark against Western influence.
569:
3149:
515:
3760:
3745:
3640:
2519:
Sergei Prozorov, "Russian conservatism in the Putin presidency: The dispersion of a hegemonic discourse."
2482:
1556:
549:
3166:
2677:
2419:
1834:
895:
637:
3037:
2760:
1325:
1001:
982:
673:
2260:
1881:
Zhao, Suisheng: "A State-led Nationalism: The Patriotic Education Campaign in Post- Tiananmen China",
3911:
3685:
3645:
3086:
2435:
1975:
1241:
1156:
936:', resulting in the appearance of the famous propagandist cliché 'corrupting influence of the West'.
2433:
The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought
2177:
The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought
2097:
1973:
The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought
1749:
3785:
3513:
3275:
3235:
3225:
3173:
1308:
1271:
1221:
922:
231:
1828:"Hope and Fear: Full report of C-100's Survey on American and Chinese Attitudes Toward Each Other"
3563:
3471:
2770:
2765:
1954:
1288:
1246:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1171:
1161:
978:
944:
918:
484:
468:
2175:
282:
3735:
3725:
3314:
3245:
3230:
2711:
2670:
2460:
1314:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1231:
1181:
1134:
1016:
890:
772:
688:
social institutions and principles. The Asian values are primarily influenced by the ideals of
461:
431:
309:
223:
215:
205:
36:
2547:
1537:
1500:
From Lumumba to Gbagbo : Africa in the eddy of the Euro-American quest for exceptionalism
3845:
3820:
3750:
3433:
3161:
2934:
2892:
2862:
1698:(46). Canberra, Australia: Contemporary China Center, Australian National University: 25–43.
1298:
1261:
1236:
1211:
1201:
480:
201:
1802:
1450:
943:, a number of politicians in the Russian Federation have supported an explicit promotion of
3840:
3595:
3508:
3486:
3409:
3405:
3334:
3250:
3195:
3190:
3013:
2857:
2746:
1226:
1216:
1191:
1129:
989:
956:
885:
618:
219:
211:
32:
2098:"Treaties, Extraterritorial Rights, and American Protestant Missions in Late Joseon Korea"
2048:
1607:"Tens of thousands rally in Ethiopia to support govt campaign against rebels, denounce US"
1417:
285:
or Zaireanization, which aimed to remove all Western cultural influence from the country.
93:
region. In Ethiopia, resentment over internal politics and conflict resolution during the
8:
3865:
3730:
3600:
3390:
3319:
3076:
3049:
3032:
3020:
2842:
2798:
2633:
1350:
1293:
1283:
974:
681:
578:
There is a history of criticism of the so-called West within the intellectual history of
561:
453:
925:, a former liberal who eventually renounced and thoroughly criticized his former views.
487:
Young Chinese have grievances such as the Western alienation of Chinese tech companies,
176:. Anti-Western sentiment occurs in many countries, including the West– especially
3585:
3501:
3491:
3324:
3287:
3217:
3156:
3139:
3093:
3003:
2917:
2731:
2345:
2230:
2156:
2078:
2029:
1731:
1715:
1517:
1399:
1340:
948:
734:
685:
2532:
Marlene Laruelle, "The Izborsky Club, or the New Conservative Avant-Garde in Russia."
2261:"Human Rights and Asian Values | Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs"
1860:
3715:
3617:
3605:
3590:
3570:
3481:
3428:
3400:
3382:
3185:
3061:
3054:
2867:
2815:
2793:
2721:
2553:
2502:
2464:
2439:
2337:
2298:
2288:
2222:
2189:
2148:
2109:
2082:
2070:
2033:
2021:
1979:
1903:
1735:
1723:
1707:
1668:
1503:
952:
788:
766:
677:
565:
535:
3860:
2349:
877:
3476:
3466:
3292:
3240:
3144:
3008:
2897:
2847:
2825:
2820:
2751:
2494:
2329:
2181:
2140:
2060:
2013:
1699:
1391:
1303:
1166:
1151:
738:
622:
614:
271:
193:
142:
86:
74:
20:
3850:
3790:
3675:
3523:
3518:
3496:
3416:
3370:
3127:
3081:
2979:
2956:
2939:
2912:
2697:
2572:
Andrew Higgins, "In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower,"
2432:
1972:
1355:
1335:
1139:
1095:. In recent years, Latin American nations have increasingly turned away from the
899:
855:
845:
792:
784:
726:
390:
258:
146:
82:
63:
153:
3880:
3800:
3755:
3695:
3660:
3452:
3365:
3270:
3178:
2969:
2803:
2726:
1330:
1126:
are strong groups that represent this aspect of Latin American foreign policy.
962:
851:
457:
289:
247:
235:
161:
2001:
1929:"It's a generational thing: China's youth leading nation away from US culture"
308:
as a result of resentment over pressure in internal politics and request over
3895:
3835:
3720:
3635:
3580:
3440:
3360:
3255:
3105:
3098:
2991:
2944:
2837:
2693:
2506:
2498:
2341:
2226:
2152:
2113:
2074:
2025:
1907:
1711:
1443:"anti-Western | Definition of anti-Western in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
1320:
1096:
1040:
1012:
993:
970:
819:
780:
449:
402:
360:
329:
189:
114:
67:
47:(in dark blue) and other civilizations would be the main source of conflicts.
44:
2662:
2364:"Muslimska församlingar och föreningar i Malmö och Lund – en ögonblicksbild"
2302:
1727:
1474:"Anti-western violence gripping the Arab world has little to do with a film"
234:
simultaneous to a growth in Islamic fanaticism is leading to a rejection of
3870:
3670:
3575:
3421:
3395:
3304:
2986:
2974:
2922:
2882:
2877:
2741:
2736:
2317:
2065:
1651:"Diaspora Mugabe Supporters and the Limits of a Neocolonial Pan-Africanism"
1028:
1008:
929:
910:
758:
689:
665:
633:
610:
594:. More recently, it has been related to the occasional difficulties in the
414:
267:
263:
227:
181:
2333:
2284:
Asian values and human rights : a Confucian communitarian perspective
2017:
2002:"Protestantism in Late Confucian Korea: Its Growth and Historical Meaning"
1138:
controversially classifies Latin America as a different civilization from
28:
3810:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3530:
3355:
3260:
3071:
2907:
2872:
2852:
2832:
2810:
2775:
2282:
933:
914:
872:
835:
753:
747:
709:
705:
693:
545:
472:
317:
270:, which contributed to his overthrow and execution by the Western-backed
150:
98:
90:
78:
2629:"Anne Applebaum: Russia's anti-Western ideology has global consequences"
2234:
2210:
1875:
1403:
503:
292:, with many Congolese citizens blaming the Western world for his death.
3341:
3329:
3299:
3265:
3205:
2887:
2160:
2128:
1719:
997:
386:
305:
94:
2185:
3775:
3612:
3347:
3309:
2902:
2716:
2211:"Anti-Americanism in South Korea and the Future of the U.S. Presence"
1395:
1092:
1088:
1060:
1052:
1034:
1011:
prohibits evangelism by religious minorities. It was used to ban the
966:
815:
801:
798:
776:
669:
645:
641:
380:
376:
345:
333:
185:
62:, refers to broad opposition, bias, or hostility towards the people,
2144:
1703:
3765:
3461:
3282:
3110:
3025:
2964:
2927:
2250:
Anti-Americanism in South Korea and the Future of the U.S. Presence
1115:
1103:
1076:
940:
807:
730:
720:
539:
301:
230:
engagement with countries that share their values. He argues that
173:
122:
110:
106:
102:
40:
2649:"Russia Authorities Move To Ban Jehovah's Witnesses As Extremists"
1043:, especially in countries where the population consists mostly of
814:
are said to be both anti-Western. They have been known to promote
352:
also hosted a similar demonstration to denounce the intervention.
226:
regionalism will increasingly shift non-Western countries towards
3680:
3535:
3447:
1633:"Kwame Nkrumah and the United States — A Tumultuous Relationship"
1072:
1048:
742:
661:
591:
372:
349:
324:
project. On 22 October 2022, tens of thousands protestors took a
157:
3700:
2545:
1345:
1084:
1064:
906:
823:
337:
277:
When Mobutu became leader of the Congo, he renamed the country
177:
165:
126:
3665:
3655:
3650:
3122:
3117:
1068:
762:
657:
653:
649:
579:
476:
437:
341:
278:
169:
16:
Hatred or opposition towards the Western world or its people
3795:
2049:"Korean theologians' deep-seated anti-missionary sentiment"
1896:"As attitudes to the West sour, China's students turn home"
1107:
1080:
1056:
909:
dates back to the 19th-century intellectual debate between
180:
countries. Broad anti-Western sentiment also exists in the
130:
2129:"South Korean Anti-Americanism: A Comparative Perspective"
141:
In many modern cases, anti-Western sentiment is fueled by
1111:
2461:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923
479:
now has an unprecedentedly low opinion of the West and "
81:
by Western powers. For example, in Africa, figures like
3780:
1750:"Protests against 'Tibet independence' erupt in cities"
73:
This sentiment is found worldwide. It often stems from
456:. While available public opinion polls show that the
2448:
Columbia Studies in International and Global History
1988:
Columbia Studies in International and Global History
471:'s "Patriotic Education Campaign". Although Chinese
442:
1999 NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
389:
translates to "Western education is forbidden" or "
252:
97:led to anti-Western sentiment. In the Middle East,
332:, whereas the other cities in Ethiopia, including
1637:Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training
3893:
2416:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1794:
1689:
932:, 'the West' eventually became synonymous with '
676:" values. In other words, countries such as the
300:Anti-Western sentiment was broadly expressed in
1776:"Looking past Western media bias against China"
2287:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
2692:
2678:
2590:"The Russian Orthodox Church won't be silent"
2546:Julia Gerlach and Jochen Töpfer, ed. (2014).
1820:
2549:The Role of Religion in Eastern Europe Today
2053:HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies
1852:
1683:
1669:"Anti-western sentiment flourishes in China"
858:, a tradition of anti-Westernism developed.
761:and to discourage perceived insults against
467:These suspicions have been increased by the
2404:Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide
1768:
1582:"Ethiopians protest against US over Tigray"
959:, express the most anti-Western sentiment.
775:writes that in their critique of the West,
475:are largely apathetic to politics, China's
2685:
2671:
1858:
1661:
1522:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1497:
1471:
1377:
2626:
2480:
2215:Journal of International and Area Studies
2208:
2064:
973:and promoted new think tanks that stress
2587:
2420:Al Qaeda v ISIS: Ideology & Strategy
1472:Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (14 September 2012).
876:
600:to a more pronounced extent, North Korea
570:Foreign relations of Japan § Europe
27:
2620:
2280:
1861:"Chinese vent anti-Western fury online"
1800:
1059:. On the other hand, in countries like
668:" or what is generally referred to as "
136:
129:, and sanctions against countries like
89:blamed the West for imperialism in the
3894:
105:contribute to anti-Western attitudes.
2666:
2370:from the original on 22 January 2021.
2173:
2095:
2046:
1742:
1378:Huntington, Samuel P. (1 June 1993).
444:, the 2008 demonstrations during the
2126:
1999:
1883:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
1557:"Why Ethiopia Should Trust the West"
1555:Adem, Seifudein (10 November 2021).
1554:
1538:"Congo Anti-Western Sentiment Grows"
1373:
1371:
680:should aspire to have Western-style
498:
485:Chinese economic reforms of the 70s.
452:bias, especially in relation to the
266:, Lumumba received support from the
2481:Tsygankov, Andrei P. (March 2003).
2392:from the original on 22 March 2019.
2315:
1885:, Vol. 31, No. 3. 1998. pp. 287–302
312:of the conflict. On 30 May 2021, a
281:and created the national policy of
43:, cultural differences between the
13:
2588:Darmaros, Marina (23 April 2012).
1801:Bristow, Michael (25 March 2008).
894:classifies Russia and the rest of
156:of the past and present," such as
14:
3923:
3876:Western European and Others Group
2627:Applebaum, Anne (28 March 2014).
2174:Aydin, Cemil (31 December 2007).
1465:
1368:
1039:Anti-Western sentiment exists in
898:as a different civilization from
2459:Finkel, Caroline (19 July 2012)
2318:"Democracy as a Universal Value"
1803:"China criticizes Western media"
1022:
502:
253:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2653:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2641:
2607:
2581:
2566:
2539:
2526:
2521:Journal of Political Ideologies
2513:
2474:
2453:
2425:
2409:
2396:
2374:
2356:
2309:
2274:
2253:
2241:
2202:
2167:
2120:
2089:
2040:
1993:
1965:
1947:
1921:
1888:
1863:. The Christian Science Monitor
1643:
1625:
1498:Frindéthié, Martial K. (2016).
945:Russian Orthodox traditionalism
846:Turkey § Foreign relations
842:European Union–Turkey relations
426:Anti-Western sentiment in China
322:Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
206:numerous sanctions against Iran
2366:. Lund University CMES. 2010.
2281:De Bary, Wm. Theodore (1998).
2209:Robertson, Jeffrey S. (2002).
1599:
1574:
1548:
1530:
1491:
1435:
1410:
955:politicians, such as the late
699:
257:Congolese independence leader
1:
2615:Religion, State & Society
2431:Aydin, Cemil (9 July 2007) -
2180:. Columbia University Press.
2096:Young, Ryu Dae (March 2003).
1971:Aydin, Cemil (9 July 2007) -
1447:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1380:"The Clash of Civilizations?"
1361:
574:Japan–United States relations
2487:International Studies Review
1859:Peter Ford (17 April 2008).
1418:"Definition of ANTI-WESTERN"
779:quote Western thinkers like
628:
607:National Security Law (1948)
596:American-Korean relationship
550:Indian independence movement
401:Former Zimbabwean president
149:that are "deemed guilty for
7:
2594:Russia Beyond The Headlines
2316:Sen, Amartya Kumar (1999).
1299:Anti-South Korean sentiment
1145:
981:in this cultural campaign.
714:
638:Prime Minister of Singapore
396:
295:
10:
3928:
1326:Criticism of globalization
1032:
1026:
1002:Russian gay propaganda law
983:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow
905:Anti-Western sentiment in
870:
839:
833:
718:
703:
559:
533:
436:Anti-Western sentiment in
429:
423:
412:
366:
245:
18:
3646:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
3626:
3544:
3381:
3216:
3087:Standard Average European
2955:
2784:
2704:
2552:. Springer. p. 135.
2436:Columbia University Press
2006:Journal of Korean Studies
2000:Park, Chung-shin (1992).
1976:Columbia University Press
1242:Anti-Portuguese sentiment
1157:Anti-Australian sentiment
866:
861:
829:
664:should develop based on "
241:
3786:Lancaster House Treaties
3276:Christian existentialism
3236:Ancient Roman philosophy
3226:Ancient Greek philosophy
2499:10.1111/1521-9488.501003
2047:Hwang, Jae-Buhm (2020).
1933:South China Morning Post
1309:Anti-Christian sentiment
1294:Anti-Palestine sentiment
1272:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
1222:Anti-Hungarian sentiment
923:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
725:Together with political
623:democratisation movement
585:
555:
546:early 20th century India
494:
419:
371:Located in northeastern
355:
232:Muslim population growth
19:Not to be confused with
3907:Anti-European sentiment
3564:Equality before the law
2771:Romano-Germanic culture
1955:"Anti-Western alliance"
1422:www.merriam-webster.com
1289:Anti-Japanese sentiment
1247:Anti-Romanian sentiment
1207:Anti-Georgian sentiment
1197:Anti-Estonian sentiment
1187:Anti-Croatian sentiment
1177:Anti-Austrian sentiment
1172:Anti-Armenian sentiment
1162:Anti-Canadian sentiment
979:Russian Orthodox Church
919:Alexander III of Russia
741:as a land inhabited by
621:until the onset of the
469:Chinese Communist Party
408:
194:Anti-American sentiment
145:, particularly against
3902:Anti-Western sentiment
3726:Eastern European Group
3315:Continental philosophy
3246:Judeo-Christian ethics
3231:Hellenistic philosophy
2712:Cradle of civilization
2127:Shin, Gi-Wook (1996).
2066:10.4102/hts.v76i1.5930
1315:Clash of Civilizations
1284:Anti-Israeli sentiment
1277:Anti-Turkish sentiment
1267:Anti-Spanish sentiment
1257:Anti-Serbian sentiment
1252:Anti-Russian sentiment
1232:Anti-Italian sentiment
1182:Anti-British sentiment
1135:Clash of Civilizations
891:Clash of Civilizations
882:
489:anti-East Asian racism
462:century of humiliation
432:Wolf warrior diplomacy
216:Clash of Civilizations
52:Anti-Western sentiment
48:
39:theory that after the
37:Clash of Civilizations
3846:Three Seas Initiative
3821:Pacific Islands Forum
3686:British–Irish Council
3434:Greek Orthodox Church
2893:Industrial Revolution
2863:Scientific Revolution
2536:75#4 (2016): 626–644.
2523:10#2 (2005): 121–143.
2334:10.1353/jod.1999.0055
2018:10.1353/jks.1992.0013
1262:Anti-Slavic sentiment
1237:Anti-Polish sentiment
1212:Anti-German sentiment
1202:Anti-French sentiment
880:
840:Further information:
560:Further information:
202:2003 invasion of Iraq
198:US support for Israel
79:past colonial actions
66:, or policies of the
31:
3841:Special Relationship
3251:Christian philosophy
3196:Western Christianity
2858:Age of Enlightenment
2732:Hellenistic Kingdoms
2617:304 (2002): 333-345.
2471:Accessed 1 July 2017
2450:Accessed 1 July 2017
2422:Accessed 1 July 2017
2322:Journal of Democracy
1990:Accessed 1 July 2017
1671:. ABC. 24 April 2008
1227:Anti-Irish sentiment
1217:Anti-Greek sentiment
1192:Anti-Dutch sentiment
1140:Western civilization
1130:Samuel P. Huntington
957:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
934:the capitalist world
900:Western civilization
886:Samuel P. Huntington
598:in South Korea and,
391:Western civilization
314:pro-government rally
212:Samuel P. Huntington
137:Definition and usage
33:Samuel P. Huntington
3866:West Nordic Council
3731:Eastern Partnership
3320:Analytic philosophy
3021:Classical tradition
2843:Early modern period
2799:Classical antiquity
2794:European Bronze Age
2634:The Washington Post
1902:. 21 January 2021.
1351:Right-wing populism
1017:Jehovah's Witnesses
975:Russian nationalism
947:and a rejection of
682:standards of living
611:Rhee administration
562:Japanese militarism
454:2008 Tibetan unrest
446:Olympic torch relay
3325:Post-structuralism
3288:Christian humanism
2918:Universal suffrage
1840:on 9 November 2008
1782:. 28 February 2008
1657:. 18 October 2016.
1502:. Jefferson, N.C.
1453:on 1 December 2018
1341:Left-wing populism
990:Russian government
949:Western liberalism
883:
735:Salafist jihadists
686:liberal democratic
684:without accepting
648:countries such as
514:. You can help by
375:, the name of the
49:
3889:
3888:
3716:Council of Europe
3618:International law
3571:Constitutionalism
3429:Eastern Orthodoxy
2935:Post–Cold War era
2868:Age of Revolution
2722:Greco-Roman world
2386:CTC at West Point
2195:978-0-231-13778-2
2186:10.7312/aydi13778
1692:The China Journal
1613:. 7 November 2021
953:ultra-nationalist
820:Western countries
789:Arnold J. Toynbee
767:Muhammad Cartoons
678:Four Asian Tigers
566:Japanese New Left
536:Hindu nationalism
532:
531:
328:in Addis Ababa's
77:and criticism of
3919:
3912:Anti-Americanism
3761:EU Customs Union
3293:Secular humanism
3241:Christian ethics
3191:East–West Schism
3174:Physical culture
2898:Great Divergence
2848:Age of Discovery
2687:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2655:. 16 March 2017.
2645:
2639:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2429:
2423:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2044:
2038:
2037:
1997:
1991:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1449:. Archived from
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1396:10.2307/20045621
1375:
1304:Anti-imperialism
1167:Anti-Europeanism
1152:Anti-Americanism
1045:Native Americans
759:Muslim countries
739:Christian Europe
619:Marxism-Leninism
615:anti-Americanism
592:Donghak Movement
527:
524:
506:
499:
272:Mobutu Sese Seko
143:anti-imperialism
87:Mobutu Sese Seko
75:anti-imperialism
56:anti-Atlanticism
54:, also known as
21:Anti-Americanism
3927:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3851:UKUSA Agreement
3791:Lublin Triangle
3676:Baltic Assembly
3628:
3622:
3540:
3377:
3212:
3082:Eurolinguistics
2951:
2940:Information age
2913:Interwar period
2780:
2700:
2691:
2661:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2479:
2475:
2458:
2454:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2314:
2310:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2172:
2168:
2145:10.2307/2645439
2125:
2121:
2094:
2090:
2045:
2041:
1998:
1994:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1935:. 20 March 2021
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:. 19 April 2008
1748:
1747:
1743:
1704:10.2307/3182306
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1384:Foreign Affairs
1376:
1369:
1364:
1356:Active measures
1336:Pan-nationalism
1148:
1037:
1031:
1025:
896:Orthodox Europe
875:
869:
864:
856:Turkish history
848:
838:
832:
793:Arthur Koestler
785:Oswald Spengler
723:
717:
712:
704:Main articles:
702:
631:
588:
576:
558:
542:
528:
522:
519:
512:needs expansion
497:
434:
428:
422:
417:
411:
399:
393:is forbidden."
369:
358:
298:
259:Patrice Lumumba
255:
250:
244:
139:
83:Patrice Lumumba
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3881:Westernization
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Visegrád Group
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Nordic Council
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3696:Bucharest Nine
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Arctic Council
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3271:Existentialism
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:Late antiquity
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2640:
2619:
2606:
2580:
2575:New York Times
2565:
2558:
2538:
2534:Russian Review
2525:
2512:
2473:
2452:
2424:
2408:
2402:John Calvert,
2395:
2388:. March 2019.
2373:
2355:
2308:
2293:
2273:
2252:
2240:
2201:
2194:
2166:
2139:(8): 787–803.
2119:
2108:(1): 174–203.
2088:
2039:
2012:(1): 139–164.
1992:
1978:pp. 1–2
1964:
1946:
1920:
1887:
1874:
1851:
1819:
1793:
1767:
1741:
1682:
1660:
1642:
1624:
1598:
1573:
1561:Foreign Policy
1547:
1529:
1508:
1490:
1464:
1434:
1409:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1331:Neocolonialism
1328:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1027:Main article:
1024:
1021:
963:Vladimir Putin
871:Main article:
868:
865:
863:
860:
852:Ottoman period
834:Main article:
831:
828:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
701:
698:
640:, argued that
630:
627:
587:
584:
557:
554:
530:
529:
509:
507:
496:
493:
481:Western values
458:Chinese people
448:, and alleged
424:Main article:
421:
418:
413:Main article:
410:
407:
398:
395:
368:
365:
357:
354:
316:took place in
297:
294:
290:Laurent Kabila
254:
251:
248:Pan-Africanism
246:Main article:
243:
240:
236:Westernization
218:" argues that
162:United Kingdom
138:
135:
125:, support for
60:Westernophobia
35:argued in his
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3924:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:PROSUR/PROSUL
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Craiova Group
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:ABCANZ Armies
3634:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3441:Protestantism
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Sovereigntism
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Scholasticism
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2945:War on terror
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:Modern period
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
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403:Robert Mugabe
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330:Meskel Square
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3871:Western Bloc
3671:AUSCANNZUKUS
3627:Contemporary
3576:Human rights
3422:Latin Church
3396:Christianity
3346:
3305:Conservatism
3150:contemporary
2987:Architecture
2923:World War II
2883:Emancipation
2878:Abolitionism
2766:Romanization
2761:Roman legacy
2742:Roman Empire
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2609:
2597:. Retrieved
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2133:Asian Survey
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2009:
2005:
1995:
1987:
1967:
1958:
1949:
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1923:
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1865:. Retrieved
1854:
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1835:the original
1822:
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1481:. Retrieved
1478:The Guardian
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1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1390:(3): 22–49.
1387:
1383:
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1133:
1128:
1101:
1038:
1029:Panhispanism
1009:Yarovaya Law
1006:
987:
961:
938:
930:Soviet Union
927:
911:Westernizers
904:
889:
884:
849:
822:, including
797:
773:John Calvert
771:
765:such as the
752:
746:
724:
690:Confucianism
666:Asian values
634:Lee Kuan Yew
632:
604:
589:
577:
543:
523:October 2019
520:
516:adding to it
511:
483:" since the
466:
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415:Pan-Asianism
400:
370:
359:
299:
287:
283:Authenticité
276:
268:Soviet Union
264:Congo Crisis
256:
228:geopolitical
210:
182:Muslim world
140:
120:
109:groups like
72:
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55:
51:
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25:
3811:Open Balkan
3629:integration
3559:Rule of law
3554:Natural law
3531:Agnosticism
3509:Hellenistic
3487:Anglo-Saxon
3417:Catholicism
3356:Atlanticism
3261:Rationalism
3067:Immigration
3050:Esotericism
2908:World War I
2873:Romanticism
2853:Reformation
2833:Renaissance
2811:Middle Ages
2776:Christendom
2705:Foundations
2599:28 February
2328:(3): 3–17.
1780:China Daily
1754:China Daily
1457:30 November
1427:30 November
1000:. The 2013
915:Slavophiles
873:Eurasianism
850:During the
836:Pan-Turkism
754:Dar al-Harb
748:Dar al-Kufr
710:Pan-Iranism
706:Pan-Arabism
700:Middle East
694:Amartya Sen
548:due to the
473:millennials
318:Addis Ababa
304:during the
196:stems from
99:Pan-Arabism
3896:Categories
3831:Rio Treaty
3342:Relativism
3300:Liberalism
3266:Empiricism
3218:Philosophy
3206:Secularism
3157:Philosophy
3094:Literature
2888:Capitalism
2469:1848547854
2444:0231510683
1984:0231510683
1959:amp.dw.com
1939:2 November
1913:2 November
1655:OkayAfrica
1617:22 October
1586:amp.dw.com
1362:References
1047:, such as
1033:See also:
998:gay agenda
939:After the
928:Under the
799:Extremists
642:East Asian
534:See also:
430:See also:
387:Boko Haram
310:resolution
306:Tigray War
95:Tigray War
3776:Five Eyes
3771:EU–UK TCA
3613:Democracy
3502:Old Norse
3391:Abrahamic
3348:Peritrope
3330:Tolerance
3310:Socialism
3140:Mythology
3128:Classical
3077:Languages
3055:Astrology
2903:Modernism
2717:Old World
2507:1521-9488
2342:1086-3214
2266:22 August
2227:1226-8550
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2114:0023-3900
2083:225708600
2075:2072-8050
2034:144355682
2026:2158-1665
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1736:145482835
1712:1324-9347
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1518:cite book
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1093:Venezuela
1089:Nicaragua
1061:Argentina
1053:Guatemala
1035:Pink tide
967:globalism
816:terrorism
812:ISIL/ISIS
802:terrorist
777:Islamists
731:jihadists
670:Confucian
646:Confucian
629:Singapore
381:terrorist
377:extremist
346:Dire Dawa
334:Bahir Dar
224:political
190:Americans
186:Europeans
147:countries
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3766:Eurozone
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3482:Germanic
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3383:Religion
3371:European
3283:Humanism
3186:Religion
3145:Painting
3111:Internet
3062:Folklore
3033:Clothing
3004:Calendar
2980:Cyrillic
2965:Alphabet
2928:Cold War
2446:part of
2390:Archived
2368:Archived
2350:54556373
2303:38061531
2235:43107066
1986:part of
1807:BBC News
1728:41170782
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715:Islamism
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296:Ethiopia
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184:against
178:European
174:Portugal
151:colonial
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3448:Judaism
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3406:Western
3401:Culture
3335:Paradox
3201:Decline
3162:Science
3038:History
3026:Studies
3009:Cuisine
2997:Periods
2957:Culture
2786:History
2752:Eastern
2747:Western
2698:culture
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3167:Values
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3711:CEFTA
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3656:ANZUS
3651:ANZUK
3596:Press
3514:Roman
3179:Sport
3123:Chant
3118:Music
3106:Media
3099:Canon
3045:Dance
2975:Latin
2970:Greek
2816:early
2438:p.2
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2231:JSTOR
2157:JSTOR
2079:S2CID
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1838:(PDF)
1831:(PDF)
1732:S2CID
1716:JSTOR
1400:JSTOR
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1055:, or
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586:Korea
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3706:CBSS
3691:BSEC
3581:Life
3133:Folk
3014:Diet
2826:late
2821:high
2737:Rome
2696:and
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2503:ISSN
2465:ISBN
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2110:ISSN
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1980:ISBN
1941:2021
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1762:2009
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1708:ISSN
1677:2009
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