Clash of Civilizations

1491: 866: 1336: 884:, and between India and Pakistan were cited as evidence of inter-civilizational conflict. He also argues that the widespread Western belief in the universality of the West's values and political systems is naïve and that continued insistence on democratization and such "universal" norms will only further antagonize other civilizations. Huntington sees the West as reluctant to accept this because it built the international system, wrote its laws, and gave it substance in the form of the 3826: 258: 1170:, it has been noted that many of its people would support Westernization, as in the following quote by EU Minister Egemen Bağış: "This is what Europe needs to do: they need to say that when Turkey fulfills all requirements, Turkey will become a member of the EU on date X. Then, we will regain the Turkish public opinion support in one day." If this were to happen, it would, according to Huntington, be the first to redefine its civilizational identity. 1313:. They have a set of mutual cultural, social, economic and political views and norms which radically differ from those in the West and the Far East. In the Intermediate Region, therefore, one cannot speak of a civilizational clash or external conflict, but rather an internal conflict, not for cultural domination, but for political succession. This has been successfully demonstrated by documenting the rise of Christianity from the 3836: 3019: 1056:

non-Western civilizations in international society will make the West begin to develop a better understanding of the cultural fundamentals underlying other civilizations. Therefore, Western civilization will cease to be regarded as "universal" but different civilizations will learn to coexist and join to shape the future world.

1161:

According to Huntington, a torn country must meet three requirements to redefine its civilizational identity. Its political and economic elite must support the move. Second, the public must be willing to accept the redefinition. Third, the elites of the civilization that the torn country is trying to

1055:

Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization. They can develop economic/military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions. Huntington believes that the increasing power of

939:

Huntington sees Islamic civilization as a potential ally to China, both having more revisionist goals and sharing common conflicts with other civilizations, especially the West. Specifically, he identifies common Chinese and Islamic interests in the areas of weapons proliferation, human rights, and

1836:

le problème russo-américain, et là nous revenons à l'Algérie, va être dépassé lui-même avant très peu, cela ne sera pas un choc d'empires nous assistons au choc de civilisations et nous voyons dans le monde entier les civilisations colonisées surgir peu à peu et se dresser contre les civilisations

1240:

issued a response to Huntington's thesis in his 2001 article, "The Clash of Ignorance". Said argues that Huntington's categorization of the world's fixed "civilizations" omits the dynamic interdependency and interaction of culture. A longtime critic of the Huntingtonian paradigm, and an outspoken

1020:

The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at a peak of power. At the same time, a return-to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations. A West at the peak of its power confronts non-Western countries that

1008:

Differences among civilizations are too basic in that civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition, and, most importantly, religion. These fundamental differences are the product of centuries and the foundations of different civilizations, meaning they

904:

Sinic civilization, as opposed to the individualism and pluralism valued in the West. Regional powers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam will acquiesce to Chinese demands and become more supportive of China rather than attempting to oppose it. Huntington therefore believes that the rise of China

29: 1102:

civilization. Huntington argues that Russia is primarily a non-Western state although he seems to agree that it shares a considerable amount of cultural ancestry with the modern West. According to Huntington, the West is distinguished from Orthodox Christian countries by its experience of the

1082:

These conflicts may result from a number of causes, such as: relative influence or power (military or economic), discrimination against people from a different civilization, intervention to protect kinsmen in a different civilization, or different values and culture, particularly when one

1218:

argues that distinct cultural boundaries do not exist in the present day. He argues there is no "Islamic civilization" nor a "Western civilization", and that the evidence for a civilization clash is not convincing, especially when considering relationships such as that between the

1268:

called the clash of civilizations a misleading thesis. He wrote that Islamic fundamentalism is more of a threat to a global civilization, rather than a confrontation with the West. He also argued that talking about civilizations using analogies from evolutionary biology is wrong.

991:

and demographic explosion in Islam, coupled with the values of Western universalism—that is, the view that all civilizations should adopt Western values—that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists. All these historical and modern factors combined, Huntington wrote briefly in his

2401:"Kulturelles Selbstverständnis und Koexistenz: Voraussetzungen für einen fundamentalen Dialog" (Cultural Identity and Co-existence: Preconditions for a Fundamental Dialogue). Public lecture delivered at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, 19 October 1972, published in: 1769: 1742: 223:

had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different

1715: 1293:, is neither Western nor Eastern (at least, with respect to the Far East) but is considered distinct. Concerning this region, Huntington departs from Kitsikis contending that a civilizational fault line exists between the two dominant yet differing religions ( 1016:

Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites

307:

of the Soviet Union are included, or are instead their own separate civilizations, will be an important future consideration for those regions, according to Huntington. The traditional Western viewpoint identified Western Civilization with the

1205:, and particularly in the last century or so. To read in this a historical commitment of the West—over the millennia—to democracy, and then to contrast it with non-Western traditions (treating each as monolithic) would be a great mistake." 1044:

Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation in order to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. However, Huntington argues that the costs of this action are high and only a few states can pursue

1165:

The book claims that to date no torn country has successfully redefined its civilizational identity, this mostly due to the elites of the 'host' civilization refusing to accept the torn country, though if Turkey gained membership in the

895:

In Huntington's view, East Asian Sinic civilization is culturally asserting itself and its values relative to the West due to its rapid economic growth. Specifically, he believes that China's goals are to reassert itself as the regional

1197:(1999) argues that "diversity is a feature of most cultures in the world. Western civilization is no exception. The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the 2884: 1138:, whose political leadership has systematically tried to Westernize the country since the 1920s, is his chief example. Turkey's history, culture, and traditions are derived from Islamic civilization, but Turkey's elite, beginning with 958:

Huntington also argues that civilizational conflicts are "particularly prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims", identifying the "bloody borders" between Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations. This conflict dates back as far as the

1233:

objects to the 'extreme cultural determinism... crude to the point of parody' of Huntington's idea that Catholic and Protestant Europe is headed for democracy, but that Orthodox Christian and Islamic Europe must accept dictatorship.

249:, world politics moved into a new phase, in which non-Western civilizations are no longer the exploited recipients of Western civilization but have become additional important actors joining the West to shape and move world history. 1241:

proponent of Arab issues, Said (2004) also argues that the clash of civilizations thesis is an example of "the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims" (p. 293).

891:

Huntington identifies a major shift of economic, military, and political power from the West to the other civilizations of the world, most significantly to what he identifies as the two "challenger civilizations", Sinic and Islam.

1012:

The world is becoming a smaller place. As a result, interactions across the world are increasing, which intensify "civilization consciousness" and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within

240:

In addition, the clash of civilizations, for Huntington, represents a development of history. In the past, world history was mainly about the struggles between monarchs, nations and ideologies, such as that seen within

236:

article, "The Clash of Civilizations?", Huntington writes, "This is not to advocate the desirability of conflicts between civilizations. It is to set forth descriptive hypothesis as to what the future may be like."

1406:, to overcome cultural and social barriers between mainly the Western and predominantly Muslim worlds, and to reduce the tensions and polarization between societies which differ in religious and cultural values. 1157:

Mexico and Russia are also considered to be torn by Huntington. He also gives the example of Australia as a country torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia.

905:

poses one of the most significant problems and the most powerful long-term threat to the West, as Chinese cultural assertion clashes with the American desire for the lack of a regional hegemony in East Asia.

1930:

Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations (1996), p. 246: " 'La premiere guerre civilisationnelle' the distinguished Moroccan scholar Mahdi Elmandjra called the Gulf War as it was being fought."

1095:

have modernized in many respects while maintaining traditional or authoritarian societies which distinguish them from the West. Some of these countries have clashed with the West and some have not.

943:

Russia, Japan, and India are what Huntington terms 'swing civilizations' and may favor either side. Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border (such as

1247:

has criticized the concept of the clash of civilizations as just being a new justification for the United States "for any atrocities that they wanted to carry out", which was required after the

1027:

Economic regionalism is increasing. Successful economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness. Economic regionalism may succeed only when it is rooted in a common civilization.

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The book has been criticized by various academic writers, who have empirically, historically, logically, or ideologically challenged its claims. Political scientist Paul Musgrave writes that

876:

Huntington argues that the trends of global conflict after the end of the Cold War are increasingly appearing at these civilizational divisions. Wars such as those following the break up of

1301:), hence a dynamic of external conflict. However, Kitsikis establishes an integrated civilization comprising these two peoples along with those belonging to the less dominant religions of 1040:'s phrase, the conflict between "the West and the Rest". He offers three forms of general and fundamental actions that non-Western civilization can take in response to Western countries. 1223:. In addition, he cites the fact that many Islamic extremists spent a significant amount of time living or studying in the Western world. According to Berman, conflict arises because of 3215: 2405:. (Publications of the Working Group for Science and Politics at the University of Innsbruck, Vol. IV.) Innsbruck: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wissenschaft und Politik, 1973, pp. 75-78. 947:) but—according to Huntington—cooperates with Iran to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to help continue the flow of oil. Huntington argues that a " 2129:

Henderson, E. A., & Tucker, R. (2001). Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 45, pp. 317 338.

1974:

Murden S. Cultures in world affairs. In: Baylis J, Smith S, Owens P, editors. The Globalization of World Politics. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 416-426.

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introduced the concept at the global level. At his initiative, the United Nations proclaimed the year 2001 as the "United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations".

1079:

are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core states become involved.

1073:

are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations.

784:

There are also others which are considered "cleft countries" because they contain very large groups of people identifying with separate civilizations. Examples include

192:

Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that

2120:

Mungiu-Pippidi, A., & Mindruta, D. (2002). Was Huntington Right? Testing Cultural Legacies and the Civilization Border. International Politics, 39(2), pp. 193 213.

1951:

entre l'ancienne Chrétienté et l'Islam prit un nouvel aspect, par invasion (sans échange) de l'échelle de valeurs occidentales dans la mentalité collective musulmane."

848:

was also included as "cleft" between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa; this division became a formal split in July 2011 following an overwhelming vote for independence by

1367:, a response to Huntington's Clash of Civilizations, has become the center of some international attention. The concept was originally coined by Austrian philosopher 3040: 1888:

Elst, K. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of Sita Ram Goel, in Sharma, A. (2001). Hinduism and secularism: After Ayodhya. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

970:

Huntington also believes that some of the factors contributing to this conflict are that both Christianity (upon which Western civilization is based) and Islam are:

948: 576:

are identified as separate from other civilizations, but Huntington believes that they do not constitute a major civilization in the sense of international affairs.

777:

could be considered a unique state with its own civilization, Huntington writes, but one which is extremely similar to the West. Huntington also believes that the

2574: 1375:, Köchler had earlier proposed that the cultural organization of the United Nations should take up the issue of a "dialogue between different civilizations" ( 2871: 932:

article was that "Islam has bloody borders". Huntington believes this to be a real consequence of several factors, including the previously mentioned Muslim

3515: 1869:""Some recollections from my acquaintance with Sita Ram Goel", ch.6 of K. Elst, ed.: India's Only Communalist, In Commemoration of Sita Ram Goel" 2111:

Fox, J. (2005). Paradigm Lost: Huntington's Unfulfilled Clash of Civilizations Prediction into the 21st Century. International Politics, 42, pp. 428–457.

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Hungtington SP, The Clash of Civilizations? In: Lechner FJ, Boli J, editors. The globalization reader. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. 37–44

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Huntington suggests that in the future the central axis of world politics tends to be the conflict between Western and non-Western civilizations, in

2093: 967:, the attacks of the Ottoman Turks on Eastern Europe and Vienna, and the European imperial division of the Islamic nations in the 1800s and 1900s. 177:

in his book "La première guerre civilisationnelle" published in 1992. Even earlier, the phrase appears in a 1926 book regarding the Middle East by

2493: 3520: 793: 591: 3872: 3072: 2367: 1544: 2924: 2500:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 1962: 5783: 3724: 3551: 3505: 900:, and that other countries in the region will 'bandwagon' with China due to the history of hierarchical command structures implicit in the 853: 1024:

Cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones.

3754: 1690:

Contemporary Politics and Social Movements in an Isolated World: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities

908:

Huntington argues that the Islamic civilization has experienced a massive population explosion which is fueling instability both on the

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In Huntington's view, intercivilizational conflict manifests itself in two forms: fault line conflicts and core state conflicts.

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article and in much more detail in his 1996 book, would lead to a bloody clash between the Islamic and Western civilizations.

977:

Universal, "all-or-nothing" religions, in the sense that it is believed by both sides that only their faith is the correct one

940:

democracy that conflict with those of the West, and feels that these are areas in which the two civilizations will cooperate.

118:

argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures. It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the

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Huntington's geopolitical model, especially the structures for North Africa and Eurasia, is largely derived from the "

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The "Clash of Civilizations": Perception and Reality in the Context of Globalization and International Power Politics

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and population growth and Islamic proximity to many civilizations including Sinic, Orthodox, Western, and African.

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religions, that is, that their values and beliefs represent the goals of existence and purpose in human existence.

5778: 5753: 4491: 4342: 3510: 3264: 2029: 1841: 1391: 1260: 1037: 909: 789: 185:(p. 196). This expression derives from "clash of cultures", already used during the colonial period and the 2388:, Athens, Hestia, 1978. Supplemented 2nd edition: Hestia, 1990. 3rd edition: Hestia, 1998, 357 pp.. In Turkish, 2140: 5692: 5545: 4431: 3699: 3653: 3591: 3458: 2911: 2818: 5798: 5732: 5605: 4827: 3858: 3734: 3377: 3058: 1519: 1429: 213: 119: 1134:

Huntington refers to countries that are seeking to affiliate with another civilization as "torn countries".

204:

had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically,

5833: 5630: 5625: 5319: 4357: 3990: 3709: 3601: 2591: 2192:"H-Diplo/ISSF Teaching Roundtable 11-6 on The Clash of Civilizations in the IR Classroom | H-Diplo | H-Net" 1364: 960: 836:(cleft between Hindu and Buddhist), and the Philippines (cleft between Islam, in the case of south western 5823: 5788: 5645: 5640: 5425: 3769: 3648: 3413: 3179: 5803: 4310: 3970: 3714: 3546: 3488: 3128: 1576: 508: 4627: 4674: 4617: 4202: 3581: 3530: 3423: 3096: 2732: 1586: 1549: 1387: 455: 107: 3004: 2973: 2885:

Rethinking Civilizational Identity from the Bottom Up: A Case Study of Russia and a Research Agenda.

2160: 5793: 5515: 3801: 3525: 865: 1186:, but few specialists in international relations rely on it or even cite it approvingly. Bluntly, 1139: 232:, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. At the end of his 1993 5495: 5415: 4832: 4421: 4332: 3729: 3112: 2313: 1335: 1294: 921: 463: 375: 5229: 2982: 1399: 1142:

who took power as first President in 1923, imposed Western institutions and dress, embraced the

1021:

increasingly have the desire, the will and the resources to shape the world in non-Western ways.

5813: 4822: 4802: 4652: 3950: 3829: 3764: 3231: 3172: 2928: 2865: 2155: 1402:. The initiative is intended to galvanize collective action across diverse societies to combat 1108: 913: 778: 688: 4689: 2004: 1227:

beliefs various groups share (or do not share), regardless of cultural or religious identity.

4976: 4931: 4742: 4337: 3839: 3759: 3596: 2902: 2284: 2094:

Bağış: Fransa'nın tutumunda değişimin başladığını görüyoruz | AB ve Türkiye | EurActiv.com.tr

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Perhaps the ultimate example of non-Western modernization is Russia, the core state of the

870: 309: 115: 39: 4956: 2897: 2801:

The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory

8: 5675: 5555: 5525: 5445: 4971: 4911: 4232: 4152: 3811: 1820: 1581: 1524: 1424: 1278: 1120: 640: 201: 57: 4719: 2813:

Tusicisny, Andrej, "Civilizational Conflicts: More Frequent, Longer, and Bloodier?", in

2414: 1659: 5687: 5682: 5665: 5660: 5129: 4637: 4574: 3806: 3782: 3739: 3357: 3352: 3278: 2992: 2961: 2916: 2824: 2722: 2361: 2267: 2233: 2173: 1983: 1947:, t. I, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2009, p. 629: "Après la venue de Bonaparte au Caire, le 1638: 1564: 1509: 1343: 1230: 987:

More recent factors contributing to a Western–Islamic clash, Huntington wrote, are the

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located in southern Africa, Middle Africa (excluding Chad), East Africa (excluding

619: 538: 528: 268:

Huntington divided the world into the "major civilizations" in his thesis as such:

205: 133: 5259: 2776:

Potter, Robert (2011), 'Recalcitrant Interdependence', Thesis, Flinders University

1714:

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Garsten, Christina; Randeria, Shalini (October 1, 2014).

1083:

civilization attempts to impose its values on people of a different civilization.

916:

movements are becoming increasingly popular. Manifestations of what he terms the "

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Said, E. W. (2004). From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map. New York: Pantheon, 2004.

2100: 1991: 1915: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1446: 988: 917: 363: 343: 313: 242: 174: 160: 124: 2728: 2718: 2696: 2169: 1816:"WashingtonPost.com: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order" 1368: 1086: 186: 5702: 5610: 5600: 5329: 5204: 5189: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5099: 5074: 5029: 5009: 4871: 4842: 4817: 4772: 4752: 4714: 4669: 4549: 4539: 4396: 4227: 4040: 3367: 3304: 3294: 3153: 2779: 1534: 1456: 1329: 1167: 1143: 1124: 1069: 885: 288: 284: 257: 209: 2877:

The clash of civilizations according to Samuel Huntington – Orthodox criticism

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has not proven to be a useful or accurate guide to understanding the world."

797: 731: 493: 481: 447: 435: 359: 339: 327: 323: 317: 276: 272: 178: 164: 1182:"enjoys great cachet among the sort of policymaker who enjoys name-dropping 5615: 5299: 5289: 5279: 5144: 5139: 5079: 5054: 5024: 5019: 4926: 4921: 4767: 4647: 4381: 4317: 4187: 4177: 4172: 4091: 4081: 4025: 3915: 3674: 3362: 2759: 2679: 2448: 1317: 1286: 1252: 1244: 1049: 980: 759: 636: 419: 225: 193: 169: 156: 152: 2229: 2141:"Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence" 1963:"Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal..." 781:, former British colonies in the Caribbean, constitutes a distinct entity. 5314: 5309: 5244: 5239: 5089: 4961: 4916: 4906: 4699: 4694: 4632: 4569: 4352: 4327: 4252: 4212: 4182: 4157: 4137: 4116: 4096: 4076: 4066: 4035: 3900: 3621: 3372: 3309: 2893: 2796: 2005:"Summary of "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order"" 1559: 1514: 1434: 1415: 1298: 1290: 1237: 1215: 1194: 1119:

rather than contiguous expansion and colonialism; and by the infusion of

1116: 1104: 964: 933: 849: 751: 672: 668: 611: 603: 471: 292: 2403:

Philosophie und Politik. Dokumentation eines interdisziplinären Seminars

1642: 1610: 410:

Countries with a non-Orthodox majority are usually excluded e.g. Muslim

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The 'Clash of Civilizations' 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal

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Berman, Paul (2003). Terror and Liberalism. W W Norton & Company.

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rule from the Islamic caliphates and the Christianized Roman Empire.

1321: 1004:

Huntington offers six explanations for why civilizations will clash:

901: 833: 727: 700: 623: 569: 516: 431: 296: 2464: 2073:(The Free Press ed.). London: Simon $ Schuster. p. 207f. 1868: 955:, Pakistan, and other states to augment its international position. 5670: 5249: 4986: 4579: 4544: 4518: 4498: 4451: 4262: 4217: 4101: 4005: 3995: 3960: 3930: 3749: 3689: 3566: 3398: 3314: 3289: 3221: 1248: 944: 925: 881: 837: 829: 817: 766: 739: 719: 708: 704: 680: 652: 627: 607: 573: 561: 553: 545: 485: 439: 427: 379: 335: 246: 220: 111: 2784:

The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations

928:. Perhaps the most controversial statement Huntington made in the 5707: 5620: 4508: 4476: 4466: 4237: 4197: 4030: 3955: 3940: 3920: 3453: 1419: 1310: 1306: 1183: 897: 813: 785: 755: 723: 696: 676: 644: 599: 565: 524: 489: 451: 443: 423: 415: 395: 358:

may be considered a part of Western civilization. Many people in

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and published in 1978. The Intermediate Region, which spans the

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The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?

2562:

The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?

2517:, '[L'Anti-Choc des Civilisations: Méditations Méditerranéennes 2465:"Dialogue Among Civilizations | United Nations University" 1372: 1135: 825: 774: 692: 660: 648: 549: 520: 391: 383: 367: 347: 331: 280: 2382:

A Comparative History of Greece and Turkey in the 20th century

1418:, a Russian geopolitical concept based on the civilization of 951:" is emerging in which China will cooperate more closely with 860: 252: 4486: 3975: 3910: 3121:

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

2723:

After September 11, 2001: Clash of Civilizations or Dialogue?

2617:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 79–80. 845: 809: 801: 770: 762:. Considered as a possible eighth civilization by Huntington. 747: 735: 664: 587: 583: 579: 534: 512: 501: 497: 3796:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

2069:(2002) . "Chapter 9: The Global Politics of Civilizations". 1052:", non-Western countries can join and accept Western values. 4481: 3905: 3284: 3274: 2392:, İstanbul, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, II-8, 1980. 1347: 1147: 952: 821: 805: 557: 351: 261:

The clash of civilizations according to Huntington (1996)

22:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

2803:, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2003 2650:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

2071:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

1193:

In an article explicitly referring to Huntington, scholar

765:

Instead of belonging to one of the "major" civilizations,

370:

regard themselves as full members of Western civilization.

263:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

183:

Young Islam on Trek: A Study in the Clash of Civilizations

145:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

4050: 3945: 3137:

Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity

1717:

Anthropology Now and Next: Essays in Honor of Ulf Hannerz

2030:""western christianity" "western world" - Google Search" 1371:

in an essay on cultural identity (1972). In a letter to

537:, considered a hybrid of Chinese civilization and older 2747:

Senza radici: Europa, Relativismo, Cristianesimo, Islam

2579:

Civilization and Its Enemies: The Next Stage of History

2386:Συγκριτική Ἱστορία Ἑλλάδος καί Τουρκίας στόν 20ό αἰῶνα 1713: 1060: 142:. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book 2841:

Venn, Couze "Clash of Civilisations", in Prem Poddar

2766:, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books, 1999 2684:

Bad Moon Rising: a chronicle of the Middle East today

1127:

rather than through the continuous trajectory of the

602:, located in Muslim-Majority countries which icludes 2703:, Vienna, International Progress Organization, 1999 2417:, addressed to the Division of Philosophy of UNESCO. 1486: 2866:

Huntington's Clash of Civilization: Twenty Years On

2564:, Washington, D.C., Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2005 2498:

Global communication without universal civilization

1087:

Modernization, Westernization, and "torn countries"

470:is also included, despite its dominant faith being 110:

will be the primary source of conflict in the post–

16:

Theory of cultural conflict by Samuel P. Huntington

974:Missionary religions, seeking conversion of others 824:(all cleft between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa), 1771:A Quarter Century of the "Clash of Civilizations" 5745: 2600:Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress 2333: 2216:Sen A (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value". 1350:(in office 1997–2005), introduced the theory of 2138: 1398:and co-sponsored by the Turkish Prime Minister 999: 832:(cleft between Hindu and Sub-Saharan African), 2831:, New York & London, The Free Press, 1991 2764:Fighting for the Future: Will America Triumph? 2642:", vol. 72, no. 3, Summer 1993, pp. 22–49 2390:Yırmı Asırda Karşılaştırmalı Türk-Yunan Tarihi 2139:Russett, B. M.; Oneal, J. R.; Cox, M. (2000). 2061: 2059: 1409: 3866: 3180: 3066: 800:(cleft between Latin America, and the West), 454:is included, despite its dominant faith, the 167:in an article in the September 1990 issue of 4372: 2309:Noam Chomsky on The "Clash of Civilizations" 1377:dialogue entre les différentes civilisations 422:, as well as majority Muslim regions in the 4308: 3755:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 2725:University of the Philippines, Manila, 2002 2056: 1793: 1791: 1031: 861:Huntington's thesis of civilizational clash 844:; and the Westernized Christian Majority). 531:, especially in relation to Southeast Asia. 253:Major civilizations according to Huntington 3873: 3859: 3187: 3173: 3073: 3059: 2817:, vol. 41, no. 4, 2004, pp. 485–498 ( 2366:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2065: 2022: 1960: 1608: 1545:Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world 1390:(AOC) initiative was proposed at the 59th 590:, and culturally adhered to by the global 219:Huntington believed that while the age of 27: 2868:E-International Relations, Bristol, 2013. 2305: 2159: 1913: 1741:Krieger, Douglas W. (November 22, 2014). 1281:" geopolitical model first formulated by 173:titled "The Roots of Muslim Rage" and by 3880: 3552:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 3080: 1788: 1334: 864: 256: 114:world. The American political scientist 5456:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3260:Operation Enduring Freedom participants 2667:The Clash of Civilizations?: The Debate 2652:, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 1740: 1394:in 2005 by the Spanish Prime Minister, 711:and parts of south-western Philippines. 208:argued that the world had reached the ' 5746: 2909: 2883:Hale, H., & Laruelle, M. (2020). " 2880:, 2008. (postgraduate thesis in Greek) 2612: 2492: 2316:from the original on November 17, 2021 2002: 1767: 1392:General Assembly of the United Nations 1272: 151:The phrase itself was earlier used by 3854: 3789:Targeted Killing in International Law 3670:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse 3168: 3105:Political Order in Changing Societies 3054: 2547:; Paperback: Ballantine Books, 1996, 2215: 1984:THE WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS: POST-1990 1686: 1354:as a response to Huntington's theory. 132:", in response to his former student 122:, which was then developed in a 1993 3835: 2701:Civilizations: Conflict or Dialogue? 1654: 1652: 1604: 1602: 1358: 430:and central Russian regions such as 5784:Books about international relations 5566:The End of History and the Last Man 5476:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 2980: 1061:Core state and fault line conflicts 961:initial thrust of Islam into Europe 792:-dominated western section and its 139:The End of History and the Last Man 13: 2849: 2669:, New York, Foreign Affairs, 1996 1687:Emily, Stacey (October 29, 2021). 14: 5850: 3720:Enhanced interrogation techniques 3516:Georgia Sustainment and Stability 3404:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 3194: 3012: 2910:Meaney, Thomas (March 11, 2022). 2581:, New York, The Free Press, 2004 2003:Walter, Natalie (June 15, 2016). 1917:Première guerre civilisationnelle 1649: 1599: 773:are labeled as "Lone" countries. 582:civilization, located chiefly in 5536:The Open Society and Its Enemies 3834: 3825: 3824: 3695:Combatant Status Review Tribunal 3644:President's Surveillance Program 3639:Military Commissions Act of 2009 3634:Military Commissions Act of 2006 3587:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3562:Moro conflict in the Philippines 3557:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 3017: 2937: 1866: 1768:Haynes, Jeffrey (May 11, 2021). 1489: 963:, its eventual expulsion in the 303:. Whether Latin America and the 245:. However, after the end of the 4343:Family as a model for the state 3511:Georgia Train and Equip Program 2486: 2457: 2442: 2420: 2408: 2395: 2374: 2336:21 lessons for the 21st century 2327: 2299: 2290: 2277: 2261: 2244: 2209: 2184: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2087: 2047: 1996: 1977: 1968: 1961:mehbaliyev (October 30, 2010). 1954: 1933: 1924: 1907: 1891: 1882: 1860: 1363:In recent years, the theory of 1261:21 Lessons for the 21st Century 1255:was no longer a viable threat. 527:. This group also includes the 5809:International relations theory 5769:Books about cultural geography 5693:Separation of church and state 5591:Collectivism and individualism 5546:The Origins of Totalitarianism 3700:Criticism of the war on terror 3654:Terrorist Surveillance Program 3459:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 3212:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 2602:, New York, Basic Books, 2001 2415:Letter dated 26 September 1972 1828: 1808: 1797:Official copy (free preview): 1761: 1734: 1707: 1680: 1609:Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). 1440: 1379:). In 2001, Iranian president 1221:United States and Saudi Arabia 1162:join must accept the country. 1: 5839:Works by Samuel P. Huntington 5733:Category:Political philosophy 5606:Critique of political economy 3735:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 3378:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq 3031:"The Clash of Civilizations?" 1878:– via www.academia.edu. 1611:"The Clash of Civilizations?" 1592: 1520:Criticism of multiculturalism 1430:Islamo-Christian Civilization 228:, as the highest category of 120:American Enterprise Institute 5631:Institutional discrimination 5626:History of political thought 4358:Negative and positive rights 3710:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri 3602:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 2519:, Editions de l'Aube, 2006, 2338:(First ed.). New York. 1396:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 1365:Dialogue Among Civilizations 1352:Dialogue Among Civilizations 1173: 1048:According to the theory of " 1000:Why civilizations will clash 398:, great parts of the former 99:" is a thesis that people's 7: 5641:Justification for the state 5426:Two Treatises of Government 3778:State Sponsors of Terrorism 3649:Protect America Act of 2007 2686:, London, Saqi Books, 2003 2636:The Clash of Civilizations? 2306:TrystanCJ (March 2, 2007), 2170:10.1177/0022343300037005003 1799:The Clash of Civilizations? 1482: 1410:Other civilizational models 912:and in its interior, where 130:The Clash of Civilizations? 10: 5855: 5829:Simon & Schuster books 5819:Political science theories 4311:Bellum omnium contra omnes 3715:Killing of Osama bin Laden 3592:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 3547:Operation Active Endeavour 3129:The Clash of Civilizations 2786:, London, Continuum, 2002 2749:, Milano, Mondadori, 2004 2539:, Hardcover: Crown, 1995, 2432:February 16, 2003, at the 2274:, Penguin, 2000, p 388-389 1577:Protracted social conflict 1326:Christianized Roman Empire 446:, Protestant and Catholic 5774:Books about globalization 5764:Books about civilizations 5759:Academic journal articles 5728: 5578: 5347: 4995: 4728: 4608: 4527: 4439: 4430: 4296: 4130: 4059: 3888: 3820: 3662: 3614: 3582:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia 3539: 3531:Drone strikes in Pakistan 3487: 3480: 3424:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami 3391: 3330: 3323: 3247: 3240: 3202: 3147: 3097:The Soldier and the State 3088: 2932:E-International Relations 2829:The Transformation of War 2815:Journal of Peace Research 2735:, Tbilisi (Georgia), 2004 2334:Harari, Yuval N. (2018). 2148:Journal of Peace Research 1914:Elmandjra, Mahdi (1992). 1587:East-West Cultural Debate 1550:Opposition to immigration 1388:Alliance of Civilizations 456:Armenian Apostolic Church 378:civilization, comprising 320:) countries and culture. 81: 73: 63: 53: 45: 35: 26: 5516:The Revolt of the Masses 3802:Unitary executive theory 2912:"The Return of The West" 2287:The Nation, October 2001 2099:January 9, 2016, at the 1941:La psychologie musulmane 1899:The Roots of Muslim Rage 1842:"Page non trouvée | INA" 1032:The West versus the Rest 840:; Sinic, in the case of 326:civilization, including 5496:The Communist Manifesto 4422:Tyranny of the majority 4333:Consent of the governed 3730:Extraordinary rendition 3725:Extrajudicial prisoners 3113:The Crisis of Democracy 1990:March 12, 2007, at the 1152:join the European Union 949:Sino-Islamic connection 922:1979 Iranian revolution 869:Huntington at the 2004 854:January 2011 referendum 464:Eastern Orthodox Church 159:in his analysis of the 5779:Books about ideologies 5754:1996 non-fiction books 4373: 4323:Clash of civilizations 4309: 3765:Operation Eagle Assist 3685:Clash of Civilizations 3232:Symbolism of terrorism 3033:– Original essay from 3024:Clash of civilizations 2941:The Clash of Ignorance 2741:and Joseph Ratzinger ( 2613:Harvey, David (2000). 2285:The Clash of Ignorance 2272:History of the Present 1839: 1355: 1009:will not be gone soon. 873: 689:Bosnia and Herzegovina 265: 97:Clash of Civilizations 4338:Divine right of kings 3760:Operation Noble Eagle 3597:2007 Lebanon conflict 3026:at Wikimedia Commons 2903:The National Interest 2663:Huntington, Samuel P. 2646:Huntington, Samuel P. 2632:Huntington, Samuel P. 2592:Harrison, Lawrence E. 2439:Retrieved on 05-24-07 2230:10.1353/jod.1999.0055 2067:Huntington, Samuel P. 2009:Beyond Intractability 1920:(in French). Toubkal. 1848:on September 24, 2015 1834: 1572:Potential superpowers 1338: 1211:Terror and Liberalism 1203:Industrial Revolution 1180:Clash of Civilization 1140:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1091:Japan, China and the 868: 790:Eastern Rite Catholic 788:("cleft" between its 260: 200:, and the capitalist 5799:Geopolitical rivalry 5486:Democracy in America 4865:political philosophy 4848:political philosophy 4663:political philosophy 4492:political philosophy 4402:Separation of powers 4363:Night-watchman state 4348:Monopoly on violence 3882:Political philosophy 3577:Operation Linda Nchi 3521:OEF – Horn of Africa 3434:Islamic Courts Union 3383:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 3207:September 11 attacks 3082:Samuel P. Huntington 2889:Nationalities Papers 2864:J. Paul Barker, ed. 2596:Samuel P. Huntington 2218:Journal of Democracy 1902:The Atlantic Monthly 1497:Civilizations portal 1400:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1150:, and has sought to 1077:Core state conflicts 1070:Fault line conflicts 871:World Economic Forum 779:Anglophone Caribbean 714:The civilization of 305:former member states 273:Western civilization 243:Western civilization 170:The Atlantic Monthly 116:Samuel P. Huntington 58:Simon & Schuster 40:Samuel P. Huntington 5834:Theories of history 5676:Right-wing politics 5556:A Theory of Justice 5526:The Road to Serfdom 5446:The Social Contract 4153:Christian democracy 2948:on October 30, 2009 2872:Nikolaos A. Denaxas 2825:Van Creveld, Martin 2531:Barber, Benjamin R. 1821:The Washington Post 1747:. Lulu Press, Inc. 1582:Religious pluralism 1525:Cultural relativism 1425:Intermediate Region 1279:Intermediate Region 1273:Intermediate Region 641:Greater Middle East 202:free market economy 23: 5824:Political theories 5789:Cultural geography 5688:Political violence 5683:Political theology 5666:Left-wing politics 5661:Political spectrum 3807:Unlawful combatant 3740:Iranian Revolution 3526:OEF – Trans Sahara 3501:War in Afghanistan 3358:Jalaluddin Haqqani 3353:Sirajuddin Haqqani 3279:Iraqi Armed Forces 2917:The New York Times 2797:Toft, Monica Duffy 2454:Retrieved 05-24-07 2452:Dialoguecentre.org 2380:Dimitri Kitsikis, 2268:Timothy Garton Ash 2196:networks.h-net.org 1720:. Berghahn Books. 1565:Oriental Despotism 1510:Civilizing mission 1356: 1322:Islamic caliphates 1320:, the rise of the 1231:Timothy Garton Ash 989:Islamic Resurgence 965:Iberian reconquest 918:Islamic Resurgence 874: 796:-dominated east), 716:Sub-Saharan Africa 509:Sinic civilization 484:is the mix of the 460:Oriental Orthodoxy 458:, being a part of 356:Dominican Republic 266: 21: 5804:Identity politics 5741: 5740: 5651:Philosophy of law 5596:Conflict theories 5436:The Spirit of Law 5343: 5342: 4392:Original position 3848: 3847: 3745:Islamic terrorism 3610: 3609: 3506:OEF – Philippines 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3429:Hizbul Mujahideen 3270:Northern Alliance 3162: 3161: 3022:Media related to 2743:Pope Benedict XVI 2624:978-0-7486-1269-7 2536:Jihad vs. McWorld 2525:978-2-7526-0208-4 2507:978-2-88155-004-1 2345:978-0-525-51217-2 2080:978-0-7432-3149-7 1949:clash of cultures 1945:Ecrits mémorables 1943:(1931), in Idem, 1939:Louis Massignon, 1781:978-1-000-38383-6 1754:978-1-312-67075-4 1744:The Two Witnesses 1727:978-1-78238-450-2 1700:978-1-7998-7616-8 1359:Opposing concepts 1295:Eastern Orthodoxy 1266:Yuval Noah Harari 1208:In his 2003 book 1093:Four Asian Tigers 630: 475: 438:, Roman Catholic 310:Western Christian 275:, comprising the 230:cultural identity 198:liberal democracy 93: 92: 88:978-0-684-84441-1 74:Publication place 5846: 5656:Political ethics 5646:Machiavellianism 5586:Authoritarianism 5571: 5561: 5551: 5541: 5531: 5521: 5511: 5501: 5491: 5481: 5471: 5461: 5451: 5441: 5431: 5421: 5411: 5401: 5391: 5381: 5371: 5361: 4437: 4436: 4378: 4314: 4304:Balance of power 4278:Social democracy 4273:Social Darwinism 4248:Multiculturalism 4193:Environmentalism 4168:Communitarianism 3875: 3868: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3838: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3783:Targeted killing 3572:Iraqi insurgency 3492:Enduring Freedom 3485: 3484: 3444:Jemaah Islamiyah 3439:Jaish-e-Mohammed 3328: 3327: 3245: 3244: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3021: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2988: 2984:Your New Enemies 2977: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2944:. 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3395: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3368:Khalil Haqqani 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3305:European Union 3302: 3297: 3295:United Kingdom 3292: 3287: 3282: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3219: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3154:Foreign Policy 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3038: 3014: 3013:External links 3011: 3010: 3009: 3001:|website= 2978: 2970:|website= 2938:Said, Edward. 2935: 2922: 2907: 2898:The Real Clash 2891: 2881: 2869: 2862: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2822: 2811: 2794: 2777: 2774: 2757: 2739:Pera, Marcello 2736: 2726: 2716: 2694: 2677: 2660: 2643: 2629: 2623: 2615:Spaces of Hope 2610: 2589: 2572: 2558:Blankley, Tony 2555: 2528: 2512: 2506: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2456: 2441: 2419: 2407: 2394: 2373: 2344: 2326: 2298: 2289: 2276: 2260: 2243: 2208: 2183: 2154:(5): 583–608. 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2086: 2079: 2055: 2046: 2021: 1995: 1986:scanned image 1976: 1967: 1953: 1932: 1923: 1906: 1890: 1881: 1859: 1827: 1807: 1787: 1780: 1760: 1753: 1733: 1726: 1706: 1699: 1693:. IGI Global. 1679: 1648: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1535:Fault line war 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1457:Niall Ferguson 1454: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1411: 1408: 1360: 1357: 1274: 1271: 1175: 1172: 1168:European Union 1144:Latin alphabet 1125:ancient Greece 1115:; by overseas 1088: 1085: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017:civilizations. 1014: 1013:civilizations. 1010: 1001: 998: 985: 984: 978: 975: 924:and the first 920:" include the 914:fundamentalist 886:United Nations 862: 859: 858: 857: 782: 763: 712: 633: 632: 631: 595: 577: 542: 532: 511:of China, the 478: 477: 476: 373: 372: 371: 324:Latin American 291:, most of the 289:Central Europe 254: 251: 210:end of history 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 67: 64: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5851: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:Civilizations 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636:Jurisprudence 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466:Rights of Man 5463: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376:De re publica 5373: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996:20th and 21st 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729:18th and 19th 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4585:Nizam al-Mulk 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4268:Republicanism 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3841: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3680:Bush Doctrine 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628:Torture Memos 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3465: 3464:Islamic State 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300:United States 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224:(2003–2011) ( 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196:War on terror 3190: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3006: 2994: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2856:Tony Blankley 2854: 2853: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2837:0-02-933155-2 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2809:0-691-11354-8 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2792:0-8264-6397-5 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2772:0-8117-0651-6 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Peters, Ralph 2758: 2756: 2755:88-04-54474-0 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2729:Köchler, Hans 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719:Köchler, Hans 2717: 2714: 2710: 2709:3-900704-18-X 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:Köchler, Hans 2695: 2693: 2692:0-86356-303-1 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680:Kepel, Gilles 2678: 2676: 2675:0-87609-164-8 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658:0-684-84441-9 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2608:0-465-03176-5 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2587:0-7432-5749-9 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2570:0-89526-015-8 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553:0-345-38304-4 2550: 2546: 2545:0-8129-2350-2 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2427:Dialogue 2001 2423: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2293: 2286: 2283:Edward Said: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2256:0-393-05775-5 2253: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2050: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1927: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1885: 1870: 1863: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1805:, Summer 1993 1804: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1777: 1774:. Routledge. 1773: 1772: 1764: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1737: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1668: 1661: 1660:"gbse.com.my" 1655: 1653: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555:Occidentalism 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1530:Eastern Party 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505:Balkanization 1503: 1502: 1498: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1353: 1349: 1346:president of 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1225:philosophical 1222: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199:Enlightenment 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Enlightenment 1110: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1054: 1051: 1050:band-wagoning 1047: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1005: 997: 995: 990: 982: 979: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 966: 962: 956: 954: 950: 946: 941: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 903: 899: 893: 889: 887: 883: 879: 872: 867: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798:French Guiana 795: 791: 787: 783: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732:Swahili coast 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 625: 622:countries of 621: 617: 613: 609: 606:countries of 605: 601: 596: 593: 589: 585: 581: 578: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 540: 536: 533: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:Eastern world 479: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448:Baltic states 445: 441: 437: 436:Bashkortostan 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 374: 369: 365: 361: 360:South America 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340:French Guiana 337: 333: 329: 328:South America 325: 322: 321: 319: 315: 311: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:United States 274: 271: 270: 269: 264: 259: 250: 248: 244: 238: 235: 231: 227: 226:civilizations 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 179:Basil Mathews 176: 172: 171: 166: 165:Bernard Lewis 162: 158: 154: 149: 147: 146: 141: 140: 136:'s 1992 book 135: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 89: 86: 84: 80: 77:United States 76: 72: 68: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 41: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 5717: 5616:Elite theory 5564: 5554: 5544: 5534: 5524: 5514: 5504: 5494: 5484: 5474: 5464: 5454: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5414: 5404: 5394: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5354: 4653:Guicciardini 4609:Early modern 4432:Philosophers 4382:Open society 4322: 4318:Body politic 4188:Distributism 4178:Conservatism 4173:Confucianism 4092:Gerontocracy 4082:Dictatorship 4036:Sovereignty‎ 4026:Ruling class 3916:Emancipation 3901:Citizenship‎ 3794: 3787: 3770: 3684: 3675:Axis of evil 3491: 3363:Anas Haqqani 3241:Participants 3157:(co-founder) 3152: 3135: 3127: 3119: 3111: 3103: 3095: 3044: 3034: 3016: 2983: 2950:. 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