113:, although Hegel discussed the idea in ambiguous terms, making it unclear whether he thought such a thing was a certainty or a mere possibility. The goal of Hegel's philosophy on history was to show that history is a process of realization of reason, for which he does not name a definite endpoint. Hegel believes that it is on the one hand the task of history to show that there is essentially reason in the development over time, while on the other hand history itself also has the task of developing reason over time. The realization of history is thus something that one can observe, but also something that is an active task.
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everywhere, there are no longer any ideological competitors for these systems. This would mean that any fundamental contradiction in human life can be worked out within the context of modern liberalism and would not need an alternative political-economic structure to be resolved. Now that the end of history is reached, Fukuyama believes that international relations would be primarily concerned with economic matters and no longer with politics or strategy, thus reducing the chances of a large scale international violent conflict.
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satisfaction of sophisticated consumer demands." This does not mean that
Fukuyama believes that a modern liberal democracy is the perfect political system, but rather that he does not think another political structure can provide citizens with the levels of wealth and personal liberties that a liberal democracy can.
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approach, he then estimates the transition probabilities between political regimes from time-series data describing the evolution of political regimes from 1800 to 2018. The author then computes the steady state for this Markov process which represents a mathematical abstraction of the End of history
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is a political and philosophical concept that supposes that a particular political, economic, or social system may develop that would constitute the end-point of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government. A variety of authors have argued that a particular system is the
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Fukuyama concludes that the end of history will be a sad time, because the potential of ideological struggles that people were prepared to risk their lives for has now been replaced with the prospect of "economic calculation, the endless solving of technical problems, environmental concerns and the
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In his theory, Fukuyama distinguishes between the material or real world and the world of ideas or consciousness. He believes that in the realm of ideas liberalism has proven to be triumphant, meaning that even though a successful liberal democracy and market economy have not yet been established
178:, the idea that "the peculiar ways in which the past was historicized (was conceptualized in modernist, linear and essentially metanarrative forms) has now come to an end of its productive life; the all-encompassing 'experiment of modernity' ... is passing away into our postmodern condition".
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as expressed in various religions. These ideas may forecast a complete destruction of the Earth or of life on Earth, as well as the end of the human race. In contrast, the concept of an end of history posits a scenario in which human existence persists indefinitely into the future, devoid of any
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in 1992, Fukuyama builds on the knowledge of Hegel, Marx and Kojève. The essay centers around the idea that now that its two most important competitors, fascism and communism, have been defeated, there should no longer be any serious competition for liberal democracy and the market economy.
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and predicts that approximately 46% of countries will be full democracies. Moreover, the model indicates that the fraction of autocracies in the world is expected to increase over the next half-century before declining. Using
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A name that is commonly linked to the concept of the end of history in contemporary discourse is
Francis Fukuyama. Fukuyama brought the term back to the forefront with his essay
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that was published months before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In this essay, which he later expanded upon in his book
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Fukuyama himself began to revise his ideas and abandon some of the neoconservative components of his thesis since the
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Does the global terrorism threat, rising inequality and stagnant economic growth signal the end of times?
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The idea of an "end of history" does not imply that nothing more will ever happen. Rather, what the
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in 1861 "to refer to the end of the historical dynamic with the perfection of civil society".
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The formal development of an idea of an "end of history" is most closely associated with
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sense of an end of history tends to signify is, in the words of contemporary historian
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Interview with Ex-Neocon
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significant alterations to the prevailing social, political, or economic structures.
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escalated during the 21st century, the vacation was referred to as being over.
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Multicultural
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William
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507:"Ukraine crisis signals our 25-year break from history is over"
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The concept of an end of history differs from the ideas of an
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adopted it in 1952 and it has been taken up more recently by
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was first used by French philosopher and mathematician
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408:(2004), p. 89, quoting Keith Jenkins (2001), p. 57.
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380:History and System: Hegel's Philosophy of History
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197:Demolition of the Berlin Wall in November 1989.
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430:Fukuyama, F. (1989) "The End of History?".
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505:Michael D. Mosettig (20 March 2024).
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204:The End of History?
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136:. You can help by
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64:in the 1992 book,
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235:. As the
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