History of slavery

2123: 7492: 3891: 4253: 2784:. There were three types: those who were enslaved through conquest, instead of unpaid debts, or those whose parents gave them as property to tribal chiefs. Chieftains would barter their slaves to Arab, Berber, Ottoman or European buyers for rum, spices, cloth or other goods. Selling captives or prisoners was a common practice among Africans, Turks, Berbers and Arabs during that era. However, as the Atlantic trade of slaves increased its demand, local systems which primarily serviced indentured servitude expanded. European trading of slaves, as a result, was the most pivotal change in the social, economic, cultural, spiritual, religious, political dynamics of the concept of trading in slaves. It ultimately undermined local economies and political stability as villages' vital labour forces were shipped overseas as 4060: 7909: 8453: 3675: 7923: 3452: 8465: 7259: 54: 2151: 9713:(1944), rejected this moral explanation and argued that abolition was now more profitable, for a century of sugarcane raising had exhausted the soil of the islands, and the plantations had become unprofitable. It was more profitable to sell the slaves to the government than to keep up operations. The 1807 prohibition of the international trade, Williams argued, prevented French expansion on other islands. Meanwhile, British investors turned to Asia, where labor was so plentiful that slavery was unnecessary. Williams went on to argue that slavery played a major role in making Britain prosperous. The high profits from the slave trade, he said, helped finance the 6598: 3096: 9213: 9588:, historians described slavery as the slaves remembered it. Far from slaves' being strictly victims or content, historians showed slaves as both resilient and autonomous in many of their activities. Despite their exercise of autonomy and their efforts to make a life within slavery, current historians recognize the precariousness of the slave's situation. Slave children quickly learned that they were subject to the direction of both their parents and their owners. They saw their parents disciplined just as they came to realize that they also could be physically or verbally abused by their owners. Historians writing during this era include 4568: 2433: 9739:

Africa. Admitting the horrible suffering of slaves, he notes that many Africans benefited directly because the first stage of the trade was always firmly in the hands of Africans. European slave ships waited at ports to purchase cargoes of people who were captured in the hinterland by African dealers and tribal leaders. Richardson finds that the "terms of trade" (how much the ship owners paid for the slave cargo) moved heavily in favor of the Africans after about 1750. That is, indigenous elites inside West and Central Africa made large and growing profits from slavery, thus increasing their wealth and power.

7594: 5667:", and captured some 100,000 youths. Later, following his twelfth expedition into India in 1018–19, Mahmud is reported to have returned with such a large number of slaves that their value was reduced to only two to ten dirhams each. This unusually low price made, according to Al-Utbi, "merchants from distant cities to purchase them, so that the countries of Central Asia, Iraq and Khurasan were swelled with them, and the fair and the dark, the rich and the poor, mingled in one common slavery". Elliot and Dowson refer to "five hundred thousand slaves, beautiful men and women.". Later, during the 6098: 3950:

mountains, English planters were able to clear land for sugarcane. Indentured servants were initially sent to Barbados to work in the sugar fields. These indentured servants were treated so poorly that future indentured servants stopped going to Barbados, and there were not enough people to work the fields. This is when the British started bringing in enslaved Africans. For the English planters in Barbados, reliance on enslaved labor was necessary for them to be able to profit from production of cane-origin sugar for the growing market for sugar in Europe and other markets.

9447: 6425: 5625:(During the invasion of Muhammad al-Qasim), invariably numerous women and children were enslaved. The sources insist that now, in dutiful conformity to religious law, 'the one-fifth of the slaves and spoils' were set apart for the caliph's treasury and despatched to Iraq and Syria. The remainder was scattered among the army of Islam. At Rūr, a random 60,000 captives reduced to slavery. At Brahamanabad 30,000 slaves were allegedly taken. At Multan 6,000. Slave raids continued to be made throughout the late Umayyad period in Sindh, but also much further into Hind, as far as 2103: 4855: 10469:

consisting of blood relations, pawns, and slaves. The earliest evidence of slavery is, therefore, likely to be found in the field of agriculture." and "The retention of captives taken in battle was a recognized practice among every people before the beginning of written history. The ancient records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Persians, Indians and Chinese are all full of references to slaves and types of labor for which they were usually employed. With the Greeks and the Romans, the institution of slavery reached new heights.

6714: 3660: 2792: 6961: 4389: 7115: 7989:) were being used as forced labor by the U.S., France, the UK and the Soviet Union. German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries. By December 1945, it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents. In Norway the last available casualty record, from 29 August 1945, shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines, while 392 had been injured. 9549:" who identified totally with the owner. Elkins' thesis was challenged by historians. Gradually historians recognized that in addition to the effects of the owner-slave relationship, slaves did not live in a "totally closed environment but rather in one that permitted the emergence of enormous variety and allowed slaves to pursue important relationships with people other than their master, including those to be found in their families, churches and communities." 9014: 15051:, 5 April 2001. Quote: "Here we get to a further dimension of the difference between the two trades. Slavery in the West...the concept of race developed and was popularized...The Koran very explicitly attacks ...This is important for the assimilation aspect too, because once you were freed, there was no discrimination in law against you...I don't think that there's any disputing that slavery was a more benevolent institution in Islam than it was in the West." 7761: 2761: 8366: 5011: 2211: 7373:, and during the second half of the 17th century they had a controlling interest in the trade to the Spanish colonies. Today's Suriname and Guyana became prominent markets in the 18th century. Between 1612 and 1872, the Dutch operated from some 10 fortresses along the Gold Coast (now Ghana), from which slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. Dutch involvement on the Slave Coast increased with the establishment of a trading post in 8374: 7477:, and 28,000 in Dutch Brazil. In addition, tens of thousands of slaves, mostly from India and some from Africa, were carried to the Dutch East Indies. The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863. Although the decision was made in 1848, it took many years for the law to be implemented. Furthermore, slaves in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition. 9693:

the journey wound up in the Caribbean, where the Empire had highly profitable sugar colonies, and the living conditions were bad (the plantation owners lived in Britain). Parliament ended the international transportation of slaves in 1807 and used the Royal Navy to enforce that ban. In 1833 it bought out the plantation owners and banned slavery. Historians before the 1940s argued that moralistic reformers such as

2693: 3042: 4913:, the slave became legally and actually free. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their human property as far as possible out of reach of the Union Army. By June 1865, the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves. The owners were never compensated. About 186,000 free blacks and newly freed people 4993: 2471: 9755:. Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income. Historian 7300:. This bill was based on the arguments given by the best Spanish theologists and jurists who were unanimous in the condemnation of such slavery as unjust; they declared it illegitimate and outlawed it from America—not just the slavery of Spaniards over Natives—but also the type of slavery practiced among the Natives themselves Thus, Spain became the first country to officially abolish slavery. 3870:(Great Drought) in the cotton-growing northeast led to major turmoil, starvation, poverty and internal migration. As wealthy plantation holders rushed to sell their slaves south, popular resistance and resentment grew, inspiring numerous emancipation societies. They succeeded in banning slavery altogether in the province of Ceará by 1884. Slavery was legally ended nationwide on 13 May by the 3011:

they would not believe me ... A deeply-rooted idea that the whites purchase negroes for the purpose of devouring them, or of selling them to others that they may be devoured hereafter, naturally makes the slaves contemplate a journey towards the coast with great terror, insomuch that the slatees are forced to keep them constantly in irons, and watch them very closely, to prevent their escape.

2879: 8284:, in 1835. About 15% of the Polynesian Moriori natives who had migrated to the islands at about 1500 CE were killed, with many women being tortured to death. The remaining population was enslaved for the purpose of growing food, especially potatoes. The Moriori were treated in an inhumane and degrading manner for many years. Their culture was banned and they were forbidden to marry. 5256: 3830:, a French painter who was active in Brazil in the first decades of the 19th century, started out with painting portraits of members of the Brazilian Imperial family, but soon became concerned with the slavery of both blacks and indigenous inhabitants. His paintings on the subject (two appear on this page) helped bring attention to the subject in both Europe and Brazil itself. 9048:. On 3 March 1848, he had been appointed under-secretary of the navy, and caused a decree to be issued by the provisional government which acknowledged the principle of the enfranchisement of the slaves through the French possessions. He also wrote the decree of 27 April 1848 in which the French government announced that slavery was abolished in all of its colonies. 7780:, especially after 1640, when sugar cane was introduced to the region. At first, most were white Britons, or Irish, enslaved as indentured labour – for a fixed period – in the West Indies. These people may have been criminals, political rebels, the poor with no prospects or others who were simply tricked or kidnapped. Slavery was a legal institution in all of the 13 18926:, Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov. 1997), pp. 1317–19 states: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labor settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures." 7448:. The revival of the slave trade at Jaquim was only temporary, however, as his superiors at the Dutch West India Company noticed that Hertog's slaves were more expensive than at the Gold Coast. From 1735, Elmina became the preferred spot to trade slaves. As of 1778, it was estimated that the Dutch were shipping approximately 6,000 Africans for enslavement in the 8971:. Slavery was reimposed in Guadeloupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic. Napoleon's vast colonial dreams for Egypt, India, the Caribbean Louisiana and even Australia were all doomed for lack of a fleet capable of matching Britain's Royal Navy. Realizing the fiasco Napoleon liquidated the Haiti project, brought home the survivors and 6172:(IX, 28–29), helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans. Following several helot revolts around the year 600 BC, the Spartans restructured their city-state along authoritarian lines, for the leaders decided that only by turning their society into an armed camp could they hope to maintain control over the numerically dominant helot population. In some 1929:, and cloth, and this demand for imported goods drove local wars and other means to the enslavement of Africans in ever greater numbers. In India and throughout the New World, people were forced into slavery to create the local workforce. The transatlantic slave trade was eventually curtailed after European and American governments passed legislation 3961:(1702–1714), the various European powers negotiating the terms of the treaty also discussed colonial issues as well. Of special importance in the negotiations at Utrecht was the successful negotiation between the British and French delegations for Britain to obtain a thirty-year monopoly on the right to sell slaves in Spanish America, called the 8394:

Portuguese and Dutch empires, and a few others – built worldwide empires based primarily on plantation agriculture using slaves imported from Africa. However, the powers took care to minimize the presence of slavery in their homelands. In 1807 Britain and soon after, the United States also, both criminalized the international slave trade. The

14460:[Total of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes thru the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983) 8220:, to supply whalers and traders with food, flax and timber in return for western goods. The intertribal Musket Wars lasted from 1807 to 1843; northern tribes who had acquired muskets captured large numbers of slaves. About 20,000 Māori died in the wars. An unknown number of slaves were captured. Northern tribes used slaves (called 5286:), the administrative and political center of the Empire, about a fifth of the population consisted of slaves in 1609. Even after several measures to ban slavery in the late 19th century, the practice continued largely unaffected into the early 20th century. As late as 1908, female slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. 8834:, passed on 1 August 1833, outlawed slavery itself throughout the British Empire, with the exception of India. On 1 August 1834 slaves became indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system for six years. Full emancipation was granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838. Britain abolished slavery in both 9759:, in an article written before Williams's book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there was occurred after emancipation, not before. 4086:, on 1 August 1834, an unarmed group of mainly elderly Negroes being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish 2122: 10435:

men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.

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Fitzhugh compares wives , children , wards , apprentices , prisoners , soldiers , sailors , the poor under the English poor laws , imported Chinese laborers in the British colonies , as well as the remaining serfs of eastern Europe and central Asia with slaves. Thus broadly understood, the status of

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For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big

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of their owners. In portraying the more benign version of slavery, they also argue in their 1974 book that the material conditions under which the slaves lived and worked compared favorably to those of free workers in the agriculture and industry of the time. (This was also an argument of Southerners

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Drescher (2009) provides a model for the history of the abolition of slavery, emphasizing its origins in Western Europe. Around the year 1500, slavery had virtually died out in Western Europe, but was a normal phenomenon practically everywhere else. The imperial powers – the British, French, Spanish,

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and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa. The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates—some lived out their days chained to the oars as galley slaves, while others would spend long years in the scented seclusion of the harem or within the walls of the sultan's palace. Only two of

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population of that country. The Dutch part in the Atlantic slave trade is estimated at 5–7 percent, as they shipped about 550,000–600,000 African slaves across the Atlantic, about 75,000 of whom died on board before reaching their destinations. From 1596 to 1829, the Dutch traders sold 250,000 slaves

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nations did not use the papal bull as a justification for their involvement in the slave trade. The position of the church was to condemn the slavery of Christians, but slavery was regarded as an old established and necessary institution which supplied Europe with the necessary workforce. In the 16th

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and that many Cornish slave owners did set their slaves free. Slaves were routinely bought and sold. Running away was also common and slavery was never a major economic factor in the British Isles during the Middle Ages. Ireland and Denmark provided markets for captured Anglo-Saxon and Celtic slaves.

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and it is within this context of Islamic expansion that elite slavery was later commonly found. It became the predominant system in North India in the thirteenth century and retained considerable importance in the fourteenth century. Slavery was still vigorous in fifteenth-century Bengal, while after

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visiting the empire. Slavery's role in the economy and the power of slave owners slowly diminished while laws gradually improved the rights of slaves. Under the influence of Christianity, views of slavery shifted leading to slaves gaining more rights and independence, and although slavery became rare

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or floating tombs. What shocked Africans the most was how death was handled in the ships. Smallwood says the traditions for an African death were delicate and community-based. On ships, bodies would be thrown into the sea. Because the sea represented bad omens, bodies in the sea represented a form of

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became a leading port in this trade. Arab traders of slaves differed from European ones in that they would often conduct raiding expeditions themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of enslaved females over male.

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Ordinarily there had to be a perceived labour shortage, for otherwise it is unlikely that most people would bother to acquire or to keep slaves. Free land, and more generally, open resources, were often a prerequisite for slavery; in most cases where there were no open resources, non-slaves could be

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for slavery to flourish, social differentiation or stratification was essential. Also essential was an economic surplus, for slaves were often consumption goods who themselves had to be maintained rather than productive assets who generated income for their owner. Surplus was also essential in slave

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are exaggerated, for profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. Richardson further challenges claims (by African scholars) that the slave trade caused widespread depopulation and economic distress in Africa—indeed that it caused the "underdevelopment" of

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in 1739 clarified the unclear legal position of possible slaves in France, and was followed by laws that established registers for slaves in mainland France, who were limited to a three-year stay, for visits or learning a trade. Unregistered "slaves" in France were regarded as free. However, slavery

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The significance of the abolition of the British slave trade lay in the number of people hitherto sold and carried by British slave vessels. Britain shipped 2,532,300 Africans across the Atlantic, equalling 41% of the total transport of 6,132,900 individuals. This made the British empire the biggest

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in the 1830s, using mainly slave girls. By 1835 about 70 to 80 ships per year called into the port. One French captain described the impossibility of getting rid of the girls who swarmed over his ship, outnumbering his crew of 70 by 3 to 1. All payments to the girls were stolen by the chief. By 1833

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by a Tunisian squadron, which carried off 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indignation. Britain had by this time banned the slave trade and was seeking to induce other countries to do likewise. States that were more vulnerable to the corsairs complained that Britain cared more for ending the trade

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in 1916, stated in a 1921 memoir that the local Balochi tribes would regularly carry out raids against travellers and small towns. During these raids, women and children would often be abducted to become slaves, and would be sold for prices varying based on quality, age and looks. He stated that the

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The shift from indentured servants to enslaved African was prompted by a dwindling class of former servants who had worked through the terms of their indentures and thus became competitors to their former masters. These newly freed servants were rarely able to support themselves comfortably, and the

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were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was consuming 16 pounds (7 kg) of sugar a year by the 19th century. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades.

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26th June. – ...We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path: a group of men stood about a hundred yards off on one side, and another of the women on the other side, looking on; they said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price

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noted that slavery had been endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life throughout the 15th to the 18th century. "Slavery came in different guises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working

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While abolitionists agreed on the evils of slavery, there were differing opinions on what should happen after African Americans were freed. By the time of Emancipation, African-Americans were now native to the United States and did not want to leave. Most believed that their labor had made the land

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Slavery in Japan was, for most of its history, indigenous, since the export and import of slaves was restricted by Japan being a group of islands. In late-16th-century Japan, slavery was officially banned; but forms of contract and indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced

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was 2:1, whereas in Islamic lands the ratio was 1:2. Another difference between the two was, he argues, that slavery in the west had a racial component, whereas the Qur'an explicitly condemned racism. This, in Segal's view, eased assimilation of freed slaves into society. Men would often take their

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The enslaved population in the United States stood at four million. Ninety-five percent of blacks lived in the South, constituting one third of the population there as opposed to 1% of the population of the North. The central issue in politics in the 1850s involved the extension of slavery into the

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away from France; many London merchants celebrated her economic coup. Most of the trade of slaves involved sales to Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, and to Mexico, as well as sales to European colonies in the Caribbean and in North America. Historian Vinita Ricks says the agreement allotted Queen

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argues that Britain's abolition of the slave trade in 1807 resulted not from the diminishing value of slavery for Britain but instead from the moral outrage of the British voting public. Critics have also argued that slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture so

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One of the most controversial aspects of the British Empire is its role in first promoting and then ending slavery. In the 18th-century British merchant ships were the largest element in the "Middle Passage" which transported millions of slaves to the Western Hemisphere. Most of those who survived

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According to the Global Slavery Index, slavery continues into the 21st century. It claims that as of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million), China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million) and North Korea (2.64 million). The countries with highest prevalence of slavery were

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The Barbary states had difficulty securing uniform compliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, as this had been traditionally of central importance to the North African economy. Slavers continued to take captives by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers subsequently renewed its

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From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. 160 English ships were captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680. Many of the captured sailors were made into slaves and held for ransom. The corsairs were no strangers to the South West of England where raids were known in a

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owners of Rhode Island were able to continue in trade, and the USA's slaving fleet in 1806 was estimated to be nearly 75% as large as that of Britain, with dominance of the transportation of slaves into Cuba. By 1804, abolitionists succeeded in passing legislation that ended legal slavery in every

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were known to have fortified camps. Houses in Chibok were also burned down in the incident. According to police, approximately 276 children were taken in the attack, of whom 53 had escaped as of 2 May. Other reports said that 329 girls were kidnapped, 53 had escaped and 276 were still missing. The

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Somewhat more convincing are statistical surveys of large numbers of societies that show that slavery is rare among hunter-gatherers, is sometimes present in incipient agricultural societies, and then becomes common among societies with more advanced agriculture. Up to this point slavery seems to

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of Americans in 2015 asked, "Was slavery the main reason for the Civil War, or not?" 53% said yes and 41% said not. There were sharp cleavages along lines of region and party. In the South, 49% answered not. Nationwide 55 percent said students should be taught slavery was the reason for the Civil

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Their account of the era rested, as one member of the Dunning school put it, on the assumption of "negro incapacity." Finding it impossible to believe that blacks could ever be independent actors on the stage of history, with their own aspirations and motivations, Dunning et al. portrayed African

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who had revolted. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops; he then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans. He therefore re-established slavery in Haiti and Guadeloupe, where it had been abolished after rebellions. Slaves and black

7439:. The head of the post, Hendrik Hertog, had a reputation for being a successful slave trader. In an attempt to extend his trading area, Hertog negotiated with local tribes and mingled in local political struggles. He sided with the wrong party, however, leading to a conflict with Director-General 4908:

issued by Lincoln on 1 January 1863. In a single stroke, it changed the legal status, as recognized by the U.S. government, of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free." It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate

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They were all very inquisitive, but they viewed me at first with looks of horror, and repeatedly asked if my countrymen were cannibals. They were very desirous to know what became of the slaves after they had crossed the salt water. I told them that they were employed in cultivation the land; but

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The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken-heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves... Twenty one were unchained, as now safe; however all ran away at once; but eight with many others still in chains, died in three days after the

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ended slavery in the United States in 1865. The system ended in Cuba and Brazil in the 1880s because it was no longer profitable for the owners. Slavery continued to exist in Africa, where Arab slave traders raided black areas for new captives to be sold in the system. European colonial rule and

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in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica, Barbados, Nevis, and Antigua, which provided a steady flow of sugar sales; forced labor of slaves produced the sugar. By the 1700s, there were more slaves in Barbados than in all the English colonies on the mainland combined. Since Barbados did not have many

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Slavery was a widespread institution in the ancient world (1200 BCE – 900 CE). Slaves could be found in simpler societies, but more important and better known was the existence of slavery in most advanced states. Indeed, it is hard to find any ancient civilizations in which some slavery did not

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Slavery has existed, in one form or another, throughout the whole of human history. So, too, have movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. However, abolitionism should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves, or to restrict one practice, such as the slave

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The Offra trading post soon became the most important Dutch office on the Slave Coast. According to a 1670 report, annually 2,500 to 3,000 slaves were transported from Offra to the Americas. These numbers were only feasible in times of peace, however, and dwindled in time of conflict. From 1688

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purchased Western slaves from the Radhanite Jews. Tang Chinese soldiers and pirates enslaved Koreans, Turks, Persians, Indonesians, and people from Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, and northern India. The greatest source of slaves came from southern tribes, including Thais and aboriginals from the

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are some of the better-known positions a slave could hold, but slaves were actually often at the forefront of Ottoman politics. The majority of officials in the Ottoman government were bought slaves, raised as slaves of the Sultan, and integral to the success of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th

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and economic modernization. Numerous compromise proposals were put forward, but they all collapsed. A majority of Northern voters were committed to stopping the expansion of slavery, which they believed would ultimately end slavery. Southern voters were overwhelmingly angry that they were being

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Joseph Miller states that African buyers would prefer males, but in reality, women and children would be more easily captured as men fled. Those captured would be sold for various reasons such as food, debts, or servitude. Once captured, the journey to the coast killed many and weakened others.

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slave-trade contributor in the world due to the magnitude of the empire, which made the abolition act all the more damaging to the global trade of slaves. Britain used its diplomatic influence to press other nations into treaties to ban their slave trade and to give the Royal Navy the right to

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It is to the Neolithic period of Ghana's history that one must look for the earliest evidence of slavery. Technological advancement and dependence on agriculture created a need for labor. The available evidence indicates that around the 1st century AD farming was done by individual households

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finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations

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The continuing profitability of slave-based plantations and the threats of race war slowed the development of abolition movements during the first half of the 19th century. These movements were strongest in Britain, and after 1840 in the United States. The Northern states of the United States

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wrote: "We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it

9500:. Drawing evidence exclusively from plantation records, letters, southern newspapers, and other sources reflecting the slaveholder's point of view, Phillips depicted slavemasters who provided for the welfare of their slaves and contended that true affection existed between master and slave. 2734:

27th June 1866 – To-day we came upon a man dead from starvation, as he was very thin. One of our men wandered and found many slaves with slave-sticks on, abandoned by their masters from want of food; they were too weak to be able to speak or say where they had come from; some were quite

4540:. The model created by South Carolina was driven by the emergence of a majority enslaved population that required repressive and often brutal force to control. Justification for such an enslaved society developed into a conceptual framework of white supremacy in the American colonies. 4925:. The Bureau provided food, housing, clothing, medical care, church services, some schooling, legal support, and arranged for labor contracts. Fierce debates about the rights of the Freedmen, and of the defeated Confederates, often accompanied by killings of black leaders, marked the 6018:, after IS militants have captured an area "hey usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them." In mid-October 2014, the UN estimated that 5,000 to 7,000 Yazidi women and children were abducted by IS and sold into slavery. In the digital magazine 7807:

in Bristol in 1685 when he made the mayor of the city, then sitting fully robed beside him on the bench, go into the dock and be fined £1000 for being a "kidnapping knave"; some Bristol traders at the time were known to kidnap their own countrymen and ship them away as slaves.

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on the Tunisian coast were brutally treated without his knowledge. As Sardinians they were technically under British protection, and the government sent Exmouth back to secure reparation. On 17 August, in combination with a Dutch squadron under Admiral Van de Capellen, Exmouth

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in 1761, but slavery continued in Portuguese overseas colonies. At the same time, was stimulated the trade of black slaves ("the pieces", in the terms of that time) to Brazil and two companies were founded, with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal - the

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The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a severe negative impact on the black population, with a large amount of sickness and death. After liberation, many of the Freedmen remained on the same plantation. Others fled or crowded into refugee camps operated by the

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freedmen fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting for it was the slaves and their allies who were fighting for the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality, while the French troops under General

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In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas—in the case of Portugal, especially

4847:, based on the promise of maintaining slavery. War broke out in April 1861, as both sides sought wave after wave of enthusiasm among young men volunteering to form new regiments and new armies. In the North, the main goal was to preserve the union as an expression of 2842:

for their economy. A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the European settlements of Africa's west coast, particularly the

7389:

was also called Grand Ardra, being the larger cousin of Little Ardra, also known as Offra. From 1660 onward, Dutch presence in Allada and especially Offra became more permanent. A report from this year asserts Dutch trading posts, apart from Allada and Offra, in

2728:

19th June 1866 – We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead, the people of the country explained that she had been unable to keep up with the other slaves in a gang, and her master had determined that she should not become anyone's property if she

2608:. Ships leaving European ports for West Africa would carry printed cotton textiles, some originally from India, copper utensils and bangles, pewter plates and pots, iron bars more valued than gold, hats, trinkets, gunpowder and firearms and alcohol. Tropical 16599: 9461:

The history of slavery originally was the history of the government's laws and policies toward slavery, and the political debates about it. Black history was promoted very largely at black colleges. The situation changed dramatically with the coming of the

9720:

Since the 1970s numerous historians have challenged Williams from various angles and Gad Heuman has concluded, "More recent research has rejected this conclusion; it is now clear that the colonies of the British Caribbean profited considerably during the

8417:, between 1777 and 1804. Britain ended slavery in its empire in the 1830s. However, the plantation economies of the southern United States, based on cotton, and those in Brazil and Cuba, based on sugar, expanded and grew even more profitable. The bloody 8953:

came to power in 1799 and soon had grandiose plans for the French sugar colonies; to achieve them he reintroduced slavery. Napoleon's major adventure into the Caribbean—sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint Domingue (Haiti) from ex-slaves under

8326:

experience in the 1860s. The 1805 raid was by American sealers and was one of a series that changed the attitude of the islanders to outside visitors, with reports in the 1820s and 1830s that all visitors received a hostile reception. In December 1862,

5724:

in Western India had two main objectives. The conquerors demanded and more often forcibly wrested both land owned by Hindus and Hindu women. Enslavement of women invariably led to their conversion to Islam. In battles waged by Muslims against Hindus in

9106:

stating; "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off".

8995:, declaring all men to be free and equal. However, the French bought males as soldiers and females as concubines. Napoleon personally opposed the abolition and restored colonial slavery in 1802, a year after the capitulation of his troops in Egypt. 1552: 2974:

and asked if he was going to be eaten. Yet, the worst for slaves has only begun, and the journey on the water proved to be more harrowing. For every 100 Africans captured, only 64 would reach the coast, and only about 50 would reach the New World.

7160:

century, African slaves had replaced almost all other ethnicities and religious enslaved groups in Europe. Within the Portuguese territory of Brazil, and even beyond its original borders, the enslavement of Native Americans was carried out by the

4074:

in England announced in 1833 that slaves in British colonies would be completely freed by 1838. In the meantime, the government told slaves they had to remain on their plantations and would have the status of "apprentices" for the next six years.

22075: 9525:

Beginning in the 1950s, historiography moved away from the tone of the Phillips era. Historians still emphasized the slave as an object. Whereas Phillips presented the slave as the object of benign attention by the owners, historians such as

1978:

are especially vulnerable, and modern transportation has made human trafficking easier. In 2019, there were an estimated 40 million people worldwide subject to some form of slavery – 25% were children. Sixty-one percent are used for

4264:

During the period from the late 19th century and early 20th century, demand for the labor-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and slavery in Latin America and elsewhere. Indigenous peoples were enslaved as part of the

2978:

Others believe that slavers had a vested interest in capturing rather than killing, and in keeping their captives alive; and that this coupled with the disproportionate removal of males and the introduction of new crops from the Americas

20785: 5573:. Malays, Khmers, Indians, and black Africans were also purchased as slaves in the Tang dynasty. Slavery was prevalent until the late 19th century and early 20th century China. All forms of slavery have been illegal in China since 1910. 8850: 7292:. The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501; by 1517, the natives had been "virtually annihilated" mostly to diseases. The problem of the justness of Native American's slavery was a key issue for the Spanish Crown. It was 18960: 9637:, which examined how slaves built community and political understanding while enslaved, so they quickly began to form new associations and institutions when emancipated, including black churches separate from white control. In 2010, 9572:

In the 1970s and 1980s, historians made use of sources such as black music and statistical census data to create a more detailed and nuanced picture of slave life. Relying also on 19th-century autobiographies of ex-slaves (known as

8140:

were those of the outcast or slave class. They are believed to have been war captives or their descendants. Marriage between higher castes and the kauwa was strictly forbidden. The kauwa worked for the chiefs and were often used as

5697:

where it persisted until the seventeenth century. It remained present to a minor extent in the Mughal provinces throughout the seventeenth century and had a notable revival under the Afghans in North India again in the eighteenth

3876:("Golden Law") of 1888. It was an institution in decadence at these times, as since the 1880s the country had begun to use European immigrant labor instead. Brazil was the last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery. 7197:, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, as of any other merchandise, taxed one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal. By the year 1552 African slaves made up 10 percent of the population of 12588: 10790:

found who would fulfill the same social functions at lower cost. Last, some centralized governmental institutions willing to enforce slave laws had to exist, or else the property aspects of slavery were likely to be chimerical.

2619:

peaked in the late 18th century when the largest number of people were captured and enslaved on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by African states, such as the

3254:, slavery is also a current phenomenon. A Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population. Niger installed an anti-slavery provision in 2003. In a landmark ruling in 2008, the 14469:

Raymond Mauvy estimates a total of 14 million black slaves were traded in Islam thru the 20th Century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p. 57, source: "Les Siecles obsurs de l'Afrique Noire" (Paris: Fayard,

9480:, the era's most celebrated and influential expert on slavery, combined a sophisticated portrait of the white planters' life and behavior with crude passing generalizations about the life and behavior of their black slaves. 3427:

can be paid, they may be tortured, forced to work, sometimes worked to death, and eventually they may be executed or left to starve if the payment has not been made after a period of time. Women are often raped and used as

5671:

period (1206–1555), references to the abundant availability of low-priced Indian slaves abound. Levi attributes this primarily to the vast human resources of India, compared to its neighbors to the north and west (India's

3841:

reformers, campaigned during much of the 19th century for Britain to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that the

2685:. It is estimated that over the centuries, twelve to twenty million slaves were shipped from Africa by European traders, of whom some 15 percent died during the terrible voyage, many during the arduous journey through the 7724:

Fisher estimates that in the sixteenth century the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost around 20,000 individuals a year and that from 1474 to 1694, as many as a million Commonwealth citizens were carried off into Crimean

3475:

declined substantially they outsourced part of the slave trade to the Dutch (1685–1687), the Portuguese, the French (1698–1713) and the English (1713–1750), also providing organized depots in the Caribbean islands to the

6352:, and the Near East, especially for slaves of European descent, a market for these slaves rapidly emerged. So lucrative was this market that it spawned an economic boom in central and western Europe, today known as the 9089:

in 1821–23, on the premise that former American slaves would have greater freedom and equality there. Various state colonization societies also had African colonies which were later merged with Liberia, including the

7146:

the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery which legitimized slave trade under Catholic beliefs of that time. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his

17982: 6333:). The Viking slave-trade slowly ended in the 11th century, as the Vikings settled in the European territories they had once raided. They converted serfs to Christianity and themselves merged with the local populace. 7510:, raided European coasts and shipping from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and took thousands of captives, whom they sold or enslaved. Many were held for ransom, and European communities raised funds such as Malta's 7443:

and to his exile to the island of Appa in 1732. The Dutch trading post on this island was extended as the new centre of the slave trade. In 1733, Hertog returned to Jaquim, this time extending the trading post into

2680:

and moreover fierce African resistance. The slaves were brought to coastal outposts where they were traded for goods. The people captured on these expeditions were shipped by European traders to the colonies of the

2405:

Writing in 1998 about the extent of trade coming through and from Africa, the Congolese journalist Elikia M'bokolo wrote "The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the

12055: 9969: 6839:

and his Kazan allies attacked the city and captured thousands of slaves. In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin and taking thousands of captives as slaves. In

9228:, who founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. Their efforts continued the work of the first international attempt to address the issue made by the 5538:

laws, the Han dynasty set in place rules that the property of and families of criminals doing three years of hard labor or sentenced to castration were to have their families seized and kept as property by the

9247:(TSC) was founded by the League in 1924, which conducted a global investigation and filed a report, and a convention was drawn up in view of hastening the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The 6642:, from 1100 to 1500, the European slave-trade continued, though with a shift from being centered among the Western Mediterranean Islamic nations to the Eastern Christian and Muslim states. The city-states of 3854:

contributed to ending slavery as many slaves enlisted in exchange for freedom. In Colonial Brazil, slavery was more a social than a racial condition. Some of the greatest figures of the time, like the writer

13736: 8268:

who developed a largely pacifist culture. It was originally speculated that they settled the Chathams direct from Polynesia, but it is now widely believed they were disaffected Māori who emigrated from the

7414:

chose the side of the Aja king, causing the Offra office to be destroyed by opposing forces in 1692. By 1650 the Dutch had the pre-eminent slave trade in Europe and South East Asia. Later, trade shifted to

6135:. The origins are not known, but it appears that slavery became an important part of the economy and society only after the establishment of cities. Slavery was common practice and an integral component of 3065:

purgatory and the ship a form of hell. Any Africans who made the journey would have survived extreme disease and malnutrition, as well as trauma from being on the open ocean and the death of their friends.

14870:"Slaves sold to the Turk; How the vile traffic is still carried on in the East. Sights our correspondent saw for twenty dollars—in the house of a grand old Turk of a dealer. (news was reported on March 4)" 4380:, enslaved Africans were arriving in English colonies in larger numbers, and the institution continued to be protected by the British government. Colonists now began purchasing slaves in larger numbers. 19918:

Kolchin p. 135. David and Temin p. 741. The latter authors wrote, "The vantage point correspondingly shifted from that of the master to that of his slave. The reversal culminated in Kenneth M. Stampp's

3709:. 4 million slaves were obtained by Brazil, 1.5 million more than any other country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade enslaved Africans to work the sugar plantations, once the native 9373:

As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. However, illegal forced labour involves millions of people in the 21st century, 43% for sexual exploitation and 32% for economic exploitation.

5180:(Islamic law), children of slaves or prisoners of war could become slaves, but only if they are non-Muslim, leading to the Islamic world to import many slaves from other regions, predominantly Europe. 2013:

Evidence of slavery predates written records; the practice has existed in many cultures and can be traced back 11,000 years ago due to the conditions created by the invention of agriculture during the

2540:

and still have a population density of less than 1 person/km. During the 1870s, European initiatives against the trade of slaves caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of

10505:

Between the Renaissance and the French Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Muslim men and women from the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean were forcibly transported to Western Europe.

1547: 15590:, 1900, reprint (Delhi, 1979), pp. 154, 163. This thirteenth-century source is a Persian translation of an (apparently lost) eighth-century Arabic manuscript detailing the Islamic conquests of Sind. 4724:

and quickly organized a territorial government that excluded abolitionists. Through the machinery of the territory and violence, the pro-slavery faction attempted to force the unpopular pro-slavery

2102: 18717: 2874:"The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery." 9336: 4621:

suggesting that people "ought not" enslave adults, but there was no enforcement of this suggestion. Vermont entered the United States in 1791 with the same constitutional provisions. Through the

11588:

The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi

11555:

The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi

11525:

The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi

6924:. The Norse also took German, Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 9th through 11th centuries. The 10th-century Persian traveller 16451: 6693:

captured over 35,000 Ukrainians; a 1676 raid took almost 40,000. About 60,000 Ukrainians were captured in 1688; some were ransomed, but most were sold into slavery. Some 150,000–200,000 of the

7311:, where sugarcane production was highly profitable based on slave labor, African slavery persisted until 1873 in Puerto Rico "with provisions for periods of apprenticeship", and 1886 in Cuba. 4200:

in 1793, one of the earliest anti-slavery acts in the world. The institution was formally banned throughout most of the British Empire, including the Canadas in 1834, after the passage of the

3729:

on 12 February 1761, slavery continued in her overseas colonies. Slavery was practiced among all classes. slaves were owned by upper and middle classes, by the poor, and even by other slaves.

7851:

seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade.

2959:

was widespread and poor sanitary conditions at ports did not help. Since supplies were poor, slaves were not equipped with the best clothing, meaning they were even more exposed to diseases.

18972: 9496:

His portrayal of blacks as passive, inferior people, whose African origins made them uncivilized, seemed to provide historical evidence for the theories of racial inferiority that supported

9174:

of the same year) included in its first sentence the concept of the "principles of humanity and universal morality" as justification for ending a trade that was "odious in its continuance".

7733:

It seems that the position and everyday conditions of a slave depended largely on his/her owner. Some slaves indeed could spend the rest of their days doing exhausting labor: as the Crimean

5956:

were family property. People would become slaves when they incurred a debt. Slaves could also be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Torajan slaves were sold and shipped out to

9266:(ACE). The ACE conducted a major international investigation on slavery and slave trade, inspecting all the colonial empires and the territories under their control between 1934 and 1939. 5447:, as slaves. Ancient historians who visited India offer the closest insights into the nature of Indian society and slavery in other ancient civilizations. For example, the Greek historian 12836: 8496: 7823:

circulate through every vein." The decision proved to be a milestone in the British abolitionist movement, though slavery was not abolished in the British Empire until the passage of the

3992:

monopoly. Ricks concludes that the Queen's "connection to slave trade revenue meant that she was no longer a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on slave ships."

2150: 7713:(modern Feodosia) became one of the best-known and significant trading ports and slave markets. In 1769 the last major Tatar raid saw the capture of 20,000 Russian and Ruthenian slaves. 12577: 3333:, Nigeria. They broke into the school, pretending to be guards, telling the girls to get out and come with them. A large number of students were taken away in trucks, possibly into the 16331: 9476:

During the first half of the twentieth century, a major component of this approach was often simply racism, manifest in the belief that blacks were, at best, imitative of whites. Thus

8942:

and the Convention ratified this action by officially abolishing slavery in all French territories outside mainland France, freeing all the slaves both for moral and security reasons.

16663:

Whatever currency was in use , it was not coin—as in other pre-coin economies, there was a system of conventional valuations in which female slaves, for example, were important units.

16270: 16231: 13727:

Mark Edelman, "A Central American Genocide: Rubber, Slavery, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Guatusos-Malekus," Comparative Studies in Society and History (1998), 40: 356–390.

12696: 14697:

Youval Rotman, "Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World", transl. by Jane Marie Todd, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London, Harvard University Press 2009. Book presentation in a)

7656:

in 1818 discussed possible retaliation. In 1820 a British fleet under Admiral Sir Harry Neal bombarded Algiers. Corsair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until France

5590:, starting in the 8th century, also resulted in hundreds of thousands of Indians being enslaved by the invading armies, one of the earliest being the armies of the Umayyad commander 20007: 10374:

In Sumer, as in most ancient societies, the institution of slavery existed as an integral part of the social and economic structure. Sumer was not, however, a slavery based economy.

13802: 10245:

Smith, Eric Alden; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (February 2010).

8967:. The goal of re-establishing slavery explicitly contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution. The French soldiers were unable to cope with tropical diseases, and most died of 11319: 9078:. The 1688 Petition was the first American public document of its kind to protest slavery, and in addition was one of the first public documents to define universal human rights. 4740:

administration reneging on a promise to submit the constitution to a referendum—which would surely fail. Anti-slavery legislators took office under the banner of the newly formed

4190:. In Lower Canada, for example, after court decisions in the late 1790s, the "slave could not be compelled to serve longer than he would, and ... might leave his master at will." 3060:

Surviving the voyage was the main struggle. Close quarters meant everyone was infected by any diseases that spread, including the crew. Death was so common that ships were called

11553: 7737:(minister) Sefer Gazi Aga mentions in one of his letters, the slaves were often "a plough and a scythe" of their owners. Most terrible, perhaps, was the fate of those who became 16118: 14181: 4914: 4780: 2851:

grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the trade of slaves with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in

9262:(CES) to review the result and enforcement of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which resulted in a new international investigation under the first permanent slavery committee, the 8405:

Although there were numerous slave revolts in the Caribbean, the only successful uprising came in the French colony of Haiti in the 1790s, where the slaves rose up, killed the

22067: 20435: 8208:

As far as it is possible to tell, slavery seems to have increased in the early-19th century with increased numbers of prisoners being taken by Māori military leaders (such as

2938:"We think this trade must go on. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself." 17986: 8815:

on 25 March 1807, coming into effect the following year. The act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship. The intention was to outlaw entirely the

3718: 19923:(1956), which rejected both the characterization of blacks as a biologically and culturally inferior, childlike people, and the depiction of the white planters as paternal 5210:

Slavery played a notable role in the economy of the Byzantine Empire. Many slaves were sourced from wars within the Mediterranean and Europe while others were sourced from

14587: 8023:

began to release political prisoners and close down the camps. By the end of the 1950s, virtually all "corrective labor camps" were reorganized, mostly into the system of

7709:

maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland-Lithuania over the period 1500–1700.

6738:

and conquests in the 13th century also resulted in taking numerous captives into slavery. The Mongols enslaved skilled individuals, women and children and marched them to

16295: 12255: 11946:

Baepler, B. "White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition." White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition by Baepler. University of Chicago Press, n.d. Web. 7 January 2013. p. 5

3196:

in Togo and Benin, young virgin girls are given as slaves to traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine.

12050: 8068:, literally, "children without family care"). After the reformation of the camps into the Gulag, the term "corrective labor colony" essentially encompassed labor camps. 7870:

After 1833, the freed African slaves declined employment in the cane fields. This led to the importation of indentured labour again – mainly from India, and also China.

2387:

estimated that there were 2,000,000 slaves in the early 1930s, out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million. It was finally abolished by order of emperor

10084: 5759:, many peasants were compelled to sell their women and children into slavery to meet the land revenue demand. Slavery was officially abolished in British India by the 1673: 8280:

Two Taranaki tribes, Ngati Tama and Ngati Mutunga, displaced by the Musket Wars, carried out a carefully planned invasion of the Chatham Islands, 800 km east of

7959:) to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. By 1944, 20% of all workers were foreigners, either civilians or 7639:. On his first visit, Lord Exmouth negotiated satisfactory treaties and sailed for home. While he was negotiating, a number of Sardinian fishermen who had settled at 21228: 16980: 2402:

at the turn of the 20th century, approximately 2 million to 2.5 million people living there were enslaved. Slavery in northern Nigeria was finally outlawed in 1936.

1802:

populations, particularly as hereditary slavery, but the conditions of agriculture with increasing social and economic complexity offer greater opportunity for mass

18158: 18110: 18083: 12498: 7431:, which according to sources was established around 1670. Political unrest caused the Dutch to abandon their trading post at Ouidah in 1725, and they then moved to 5392:

that there were gangs trading white slaves during his term in Constantinople. He also reports that Armenian girls were sold as slaves during the Armenian Genocide.

22043: 8693: 8489: 7445: 7436: 6028:

for enslaving Yazidi women whom they consider to be from a heretical sect. IS claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement is part of the old

5977: 5752:, W.H. Moreland observed, "it became a fashion to raid a village or group of villages without any obvious justification, and carry off the inhabitants as slaves." 2811:

believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law. When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally slaves to sell, he wrote letters to the King

18696: 16433: 7694:

to enslave people whom they could capture; for each captive, the khan received a fixed share (savğa) of 10% or 20%. These campaigns by Crimean forces were either

3639:, who had been taken alive when his ship was captured in 1802; his memoir provides a detailed look at life as a slave, and asserts that a large number were held. 21263: 7424: 5233:

After the fall of the Byzantine empire thousands of Byzantine citizens were enslaved, with 30,000–50,000 citizens being enslaved by the Ottoman Empire after the

15541:

Andre Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, Seventh to Eleventh Centuries (Leiden, 1990)

12611: 9285:

was formally abolished by law in almost the entire world, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and some parts of Africa. Chattel slavery was still legal

7702:("despoiling" – raids undertaken by groups of noblemen, sometimes illegally because they contravened treaties concluded by the khans with neighbouring rulers). 3423:

African migrants trying to get to Europe through Libya and selling them on slave markets. Slaves are often ransomed to their families and in the meantime until

2741:

crossing. They described their only pain in the heart, and placed the hand correctly on the spot, though many think the organ stands high up in the breast-bone.

10003: 9143: 8804: 1858:

from the 7th to the 20th century. Islamic law approved of enslavement of non-Muslims, and slaves were trafficked from non-Muslim lands: from the North via the

1537: 1068: 20876:

Wyman‐McCarthy, Matthew. "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview." History Compass 16.10 (2018): e12480.

19133: 12524: 9392:

Human beings are born free, and no one has the right to enslave, humiliate, oppress or exploit them, and there can be no subjugation but to God the Most-High.

4704:, where the question of whether it would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state had been left to the inhabitants. The radical abolitionist 22155: 9605: 9485: 6777:

sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves. Between 1414 and 1423, some 10,000 eastern European slaves were sold in

6344:, raids and wars to the east generated a steady supply of slaves from the Slavic captives of these regions. Because of high demand for slaves in the wealthy 6303:

raided across Europe, but took the most slaves in raids on the British Isles and in Eastern Europe. While the Vikings kept some slaves as servants, known as

18007:

Garcia Anoveros, J.M. Carlos V y la abolicion de la exclavitud de los indios, Causas, evolucion y circunstancias. Revista de Indias, 2000, vol. LX, núm. 218

11278: 21055: 19386: 18521: 10072: 9363: 9329: 8748: 4637:

in the slave trade, and also banned the export of slaves from America to other countries. However, little effort was made to enforce this legislation. The

4298: 1422: 794: 531: 19697:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 323-324

15096: 1831:(c. 1750 BC), which refers to it as an established institution. Slavery was widespread in the ancient world in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. 20108: 18748: 10067: 9071: 8919: 8482: 7903: 7023:

into galley-slaves. Several well-known historical figures served time as galley slaves after being captured by the enemy—the Ottoman corsair and admiral

1158: 799: 17189: 14686: 11452: 9521:

Americans either as "children", ignorant dupes manipulated by unscrupulous whites, or as savages, their primal passions unleashed by the end of slavery.

6689:

From the 1440s into the 18th century, Europeans from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and England were sold into slavery by North Africans. In 1575, the

4052:

a free republic. Thus Haiti became the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States, as a result of the only successful

3850:

First, foreign trade of slaves was banned in 1850. Then, in 1871, the sons of the slaves were freed. In 1885, slaves aged over 60 years were freed. The

22611: 18773: 13430: 10603: 8526: 6147:

owned at least one slave. Most ancient writers considered slavery not only natural but necessary, but some isolated debate began to appear, notably in

5549:, Vietnam was a great source of slave girls who were used as sex slaves in China. The slave girls of Viet were even eroticized in Tang dynasty poetry. 4514: 3015:

During the period from the late 19th century and early 20th century, demand for the labour-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and

19706:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326

7843:. Thereafter Britain took a prominent role in combating the trade, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire (except for India) with the 5794:

average price for a young woman was 300 rupees, and the average price for a small child 25 rupees. The slaves, it was noted, were often half starved.

5382:, many indigenous Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christian women and children were carried off as slaves by the Ottoman Turks and their Kurdish allies. 16459: 16415: 12361: 12069: 7296:

who gave a definite answer to this complicated and delicate matter. To that end, on 25 November 1542, the Emperor abolished slavery by decree in his

4658: 4431: 3612: 19498:

Girard, Philippe R. (2005). "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue".

4952:

took control of all the southern states, and blacks lost nearly all the political power they had achieved during Reconstruction. By 1900, they also

4098:

for all was legally granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838, making Trinidad the first British colony with slaves to completely abolish slavery.

3389:

claimed responsibility for the kidnappings emerged. Shekau claimed that "Allah instructed me to sell them...I will carry out his instructions" and "

21223: 17163: 15282: 13869: 12960: 10293:

Summary characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCSS). Social stratification Hereditary slavery 24% .

7491: 6015: 4206:

in the British parliament. These measures resulted in a number of Black people (free and slaves) from the United States moving to Canada after the

3824:. At these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities. 3536:

and debtors. People unable to pay back debts could be sentenced to work as slaves to the people owed until the debts were worked off, as a form of

491: 19104: 18679:, Virginia, two white men, Charles Quin and David White, were hanged for the murder of another white man's black slave; and on 21 April 1775, the 17384: 16540: 22565: 19273: 10629: 10395:

e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".

4741: 4598:

decision in Scotland in 1778. Between 1764 and 1774, seventeen slaves appeared in Massachusetts courts to sue their owners for freedom. In 1766,

3397:." He said the girls should not have been in school and instead should have been married since girls as young as nine are suitable for marriage. 12840: 12785: 21253: 17464: 15565:

Andre Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th centuries (Leiden, 1997)

14586:

Lenski, Noel (6 March 2021). "Slavery in the Byzantine Empire". In Perry, Craig; Eltis, David; Richardson, David; Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.).

11874: 9418:

estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally, including 5.5 million children, of which 55% are women and girls.

9061: 5748:

chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity. About the

3975:

like Virginia to make laws that promoted the importation of slaves. Anne had secretly negotiated with France to get its approval regarding the

2504:

The increased presence of European rivals along the East coast led Arab traders to concentrate on the overland slave caravan routes across the

846: 16895: 4159:) whereas the other third were of African descent. They were house servants and farm workers. The number of slaves of color increased during 2298:

in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the

19770: 19597: 18552: 16501: 15003: 14137: 9785: 9407: 9163: 7729:

Early modern sources are full of descriptions of sufferings of Christian slaves captured by the Crimean Tatars in the course of their raids:

5169:

practices of the Ancient Near East, and these practices were radically different at times, depending on social-political factors such as the

4953: 4807: 18642: 17678:

Niklas Thode Jensen, and Simonsen, Gunvor. "Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016."

16385: 16281: 15039: 13929: 4016:

to slaves and responsibilities to the master, who was obliged to feed, clothe and provide for the general well-being of his human property.

18207: 13119: 10970:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875 Statutes at Large, 9th Congress, 2nd Session" 10119: 9992: 9229: 8561: 8457: 4252: 3890: 2247:) in the 17th century. In 1807 Britain (which already held a small coastal territory, intended for the resettlement of formerly slaves, in 1542: 1392: 17: 20163:

Engerman, Stanley L. (1972). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis".

17653: 12274: 11073: 9370:. Article 4 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. 6494:

remained a slave market until well into the late 18th century. One thousand slaves were required to man the galleys (ships) of the Order.

5893:

and did most of the heavy work. Between the 17th and the early 20th centuries one-quarter to one-third of the population of some areas of

21027: 13808: 11255: 5587: 3885: 873: 19821: 18416: 14775: 13093: 11323: 6046:

and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".

4304: 3623:, were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders, raiding as far as California. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being 3374:, with sightings reported of the students crossing borders with the militants, and sightings of the students by villagers living in the 2532:

in 1870. The trade of slaves represented the major source of revenue for the state of Bornu as late as 1898. The eastern regions of the

2432: 21233: 17842: 16066: 12862: 11757: 10542: 9385: 9324:

worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the Ad hoc

8439: 8164: 7972: 7669: 5260: 4586:

began to follow England when, in 1772, England became the first country in the world to outlaw the slave trade within its borders (see

1619: 371: 19791: 17952: 17424:"Slave hunting and slave redemption as a business enterprise: The northern Black Sea region in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries" 16798: 16129: 14281: 5173:. Two rough estimates by scholars of the number of slaves held over twelve centuries in Muslim lands are 11.5 million and 14 million. 22579: 21337: 21120: 19609: 12406: 9466:

of the 1950s. Attention shifted to the enslaved humans, the free blacks, and the struggles of the black community against adversity.

8414: 7273: 5925: 4788: 4524:

established a model in which a rigid social hierarchy placed slaves under the absolute authority of their master. With the rise of a

4247: 2410:, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the 821: 19380: 19226: 16824: 16146: 13387:

The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe

8240:, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the 3942:, began the widespread use of enslaved Africans by the end of the 17th century, as their economies converted from sugar production. 22560: 22334: 21048: 19352: 18017: 16252: 13042: 12982: 12226: 10697: 9722: 9263: 9237: 8864: 8738: 8651: 8152:. (They were not the only sacrifices; law-breakers of all castes or defeated political opponents were also acceptable as victims.) 7860: 6292:. As a commonly traded commodity, like cattle, slaves could become a form of internal or trans-border currency. Slavery during the 5503:. The Qin government confiscated the property and enslaved the families of those who received castration as a punishment for rape. 4733: 4105:

to do the same. France, too, abolished slavery. By then Saint-Domingue had already won its independence and formed the independent

3748:

and its major tributaries, repeated slaving raids and punitive attacks left their mark. One French traveler in the 1740s described

3228:

it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as

1592: 1412: 585: 17316: 12546: 6514:

converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier, in 1679.

2962:

On top of the fear of disease, people were afraid of why they were being captured. The popular assumption was that Europeans were

2239:

in the export traffic, with its trafficking of slaves from Africa to the Americas. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their

20842: 16349: 15909:

Library of Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"

14539: 14092: 9618: 8443: 8290:

Some Māori took Moriori partners. The state of enslavement of Moriori lasted until the 1860s although it had been discouraged by

7374: 5993: 4686: 4351: 4178:

ended through case law; having died out in the early 19th century through judicial actions litigated on behalf of slaves seeking

4048:

switched sides, in October 1802. On 1 January 1804, Dessalines, the new leader under the dictatorial 1801 constitution, declared

2788:

and civil wars became commonplace. Crimes which were previously punishable by some other means became punishable by enslavement.

2235:

on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders". During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the

1750: 15966:"Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States" 4651: 22497: 22318: 22238: 17903: 10969: 10039: 9748: 9114:

Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way to the Northern United States and Canada via the "

6329:. In the West, their target populations were primarily English, Irish, and Scottish, while in the East they were mainly Slavs ( 6289: 5720:

later tried to stop). Wars, famines, pestilences drove many villagers to sell their children as slaves. The Muslim conquest of

5512: 5271: 4987: 4155: 4059: 1847: 856: 274: 17891: 17492:"The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves: An Aspect of Muscovite-Crimean Relations in the 16th and 17th Centuries" 17237: 15256: 14163: 4350:

Historians are undecided if the legal practice of slavery began in the colony because at least some of them had the status of

1952:

remains an international problem. An estimated 25–40 million people were enslaved as of 2013, the majority of these in

22270: 22099: 19688:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216

19069: 17749: 17048: 16164: 14811: 14769: 14147: 13700: 13655: 13628: 13583: 13530: 13502: 11863:

Equiano, Olaudah. The Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa: The African. Publisher Isaac Knapp. Boston. 1837. Chapter 2.

11485: 11004: 10953: 10649: 10427: 10009: 9367: 9270: 8541: 7514:

to buy back their citizens. The raids gradually ended with the naval decline of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and 17th

7288:, due to a shortage of labor caused by the spread of diseases, and so the Spanish colonists gradually became involved in the 5223: 4884:

By 1862 most northern leaders realized that the mainstay of Southern secession, slavery, had to be attacked head-on. All the

4647: 4521: 4142: 2592:

engaged in by Portuguese, American, Dutch, Danish-Norwegians, French, British and others. Ships having landed with slaves in

1922: 1434: 1111: 883: 20960:

American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the plantation Regime

17383:

Inalcik, Halil (1979). "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire". In Ascher, Abraham; Halasi-Kun, Tibor; Király, Béla K (eds.).

16206: 11854:

Miller, Joseph. "West Central Africa." The Way of Death. University of Wisconsin. 1988. pp. 380–87, 389–91, 398–405, 440–41.

6797:

routinely made raids on Russian principalities for slaves and to plunder towns. Russian chronicles record about 40 raids by

6176:

city-states, about 30% of the population consisted of slaves, but paid and slave labor seem to have been equally important.

22115: 20882:

Zeuske, Michael. "Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective."

16705:

McCormick, Michael (1 November 2002). "New Light on the 'Dark Ages': How the Slave Trade Fuelled the Carolingian Economy".

12311: 11392:

Moore-Harell, Alice (1998). "Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877–80".

11147: 9987: 9240:, and when the League of Nations was founded in 1920, a need was felt to revise and continue the struggle against slavery. 8960: 8776:

ruled that it was unlawful for a slave to be forcibly taken abroad. The case has since been misrepresented as finding that

7511: 7245: 4227: 2995:, with their male protectors being a "bycatch" who would have been killed if there had not been an export market for them. 2696:

Arab slave traders and their captives along the Ruvuma river (in today's Tanzania and Mozambique), 19th-century drawing by

1626: 1587: 1230: 17693: 16186: 14113: 11684: 5981: 21923: 21041: 18199:

Vink Markus, "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century,"

18162: 18114: 18087: 16350:"Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas," 12767: 12697:"Muslims Are Taking Countless Africans As Slaves, Starving Them To Death, Selling Them And Taking The Women To Rape Them" 9403: 9167: 8796: 8627: 8619: 8611: 8603: 7612: 4556: 2991:

and neighbouring areas half a century later. There has also been speculation that within Africa, females were most often

2830:. As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. Like the 2045: 1668: 1305: 965: 816: 612: 521: 21475: 17389:. Studies on society in change, no.3. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Press, Distributed by Columbia University Press. 15382: 13401: 11652: 7151:

bull of 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of the slave trade and European

6258:

in Anglesey, an iron gang chain dated to 100 BCE-50 CE was found, over 3 metres long with neck-rings for five captives.

3674: 3176:

within the offended family. In this instance, the woman does not gain the title or status of "wife". In parts of Ghana,

22454: 22326: 21557: 21090: 20795: 20698: 20472: 19948: 19903: 19876: 19727: 19643: 19323: 19172: 19005: 18663: 18608: 18347: 18286: 18056: 17878: 17850: 17703: 16808: 16758: 16689: 16649: 15930: 15697: 15653: 15497: 15463: 15426: 15392: 15333: 15154: 15120: 15013: 14923: 14424: 13853: 13365: 13303: 13236: 11931: 11813: 11205: 11056: 10925: 10526: 10188: 10079: 9074:

to their local Quaker Meeting. It was ignored for 150 years but in 1844 it was rediscovered and was popularized by the

8773: 8431: 7908: 7828: 7653: 5602:

rose to power following his master's death. For almost a century, his descendants ruled North-Central India in form of

4885: 4745: 4095: 4021: 3821: 1688: 1382: 1136: 20479:

Humanitarian Intervention and Changing Labor Relations: The Long-Term Consequences of the Abolition of the Slave Trade

20285: 16367: 8452: 6280:

The chaos of invasion and frequent warfare also resulted in victorious parties taking slaves throughout Europe in the

3750:

hundreds of miles of river banks with no sign of human life and once-thriving villages that were devastated and empty.

1988: 22555: 22515: 20913: 20716: 20680: 19557: 17000: 16992: 15266: 14687:

https://www.lse.ac.uk/Economic-History/Assets/Documents/Research/GEHN/GEHNConferences/conf10/Conf10-ClarenceSmith.pdf

14667: 14640: 14605: 14057: 13894: 13197: 12332: 11617: 11563: 10749: 10461: 10360: 10329: 10225: 10062: 10034: 9976: 9415: 9411: 9402:

Currently, the Anti-trafficking Coordination Team Initiative (ACT Team Initiative), a coordinated effort between the

9119: 9075: 9057: 8880: 7072:

as a free republic in 1804 ruled by blacks, the first of its kind. At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as

5914: 4810:, which was dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery. Republicans gained a majority in every northern state by 4424: 4160: 4106: 3307: 1510: 1387: 811: 580: 447: 19141: 17546: 15577:

Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Utbi, Tarikh al-Yamini (Delhi, 1847), tr. by James Reynolds, The Kitab-i-Yamini (London, 1858),

8046:

were officially called "Corrective labor camps." The term "labor colony"; more exactly, "Corrective labor colony", (

3568:, or extended family, would decide which family member to send to do the work. It is unclear if this labor draft or 2568:

annually and similar figures has been estimated for enslaved people brought from Asia to the Philippines during the

22652: 22603: 22374: 19679:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. 100-121

17939:

Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX

17264: 17193: 13910: 11826: 11783: 10386: 9912: 8812: 8546: 8335:

industry; this was about a third of the island's population and included much of the island's leadership, the last

7922: 7308: 7007:

lived and worked in such harsh conditions that many did not survive their terms of sentence, even if they survived

6941: 6729: 6288:, himself captured and sold as a slave, protested against an attack that enslaved newly baptized Christians in his 6049:

IS announced the revival of slavery as an institution. In 2015 the official slave prices set by IS were following:

5997: 5933: 5388: 4843:" would overwhelm the North and win support from Europe voted to secede from the U.S. (the Union). They formed the 4820: 4760: 4325: 4294: 3995:

By 1778, the French were importing approximately 13,000 Africans for enslavement yearly to the French West Indies.

3923: 3523: 3155: 1641: 851: 836: 782: 467: 457: 452: 281: 137: 19425: 18337: 17605: 8931: 8294:

in northern New Zealand from the late 1820s. In 1870 Ngati Mutunga, one of the invading tribes, argued before the

8287:

Some 300 Moriori men, women and children were massacred and the remaining 1,200 to 1,300 survivors were enslaved.

4332:) with the first recorded slaves from Africa to Virginia. The approximately 20 Africans were from the present-day 3451: 1357: 22545: 22107: 20811: 18437:"Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate" 12619: 11282: 10129: 9259: 9233: 8860:

was abolished in 1928. A study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.

8672: 8566: 6155: 5790: 5341:

were taken from their homes and families, brought up as Muslims, and enlisted into the most famous branch of the

5197: 1636: 1407: 213: 18534: 13546: 11217: 22587: 21294: 21238: 20671: 20647:

Hershenzon, Daniel. "Towards a connected history of bondage in the Mediterranean: Recent trends in the field."

20642: 19991: 19584: 17394: 17367: 17299: 17124: 17074: 15072: 12132: 10831: 10810: 9902: 8635: 7687: 7258: 5818: 5733:, a large number of captives were taken. Muslim soldiers were permitted to retain and enslave POWs as plunder. 5352: 4828: 4618: 4463: 4449: 4434:

bans the enslavement or forced servitude of any white or negro for more than ten years or beyond the age of 24.

3927: 3552:

were prisoners of war or slaves. Slavery was not usually hereditary; children of slaves were born free. In the

3151: 2970:

accounts his experience about the sorrow slaves encountered at the ports. He talks about his first moment on a

2081: 1106: 1094: 674: 486: 132: 20105: 18258: 15674:

Henry M. Elliot and John Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, 8 vols (London, 1867–77), II,

13671: 8856:

Domestic slavery practised by the educated African coastal elites (as well as interior traditional rulers) in

7985:

as part of the reparations to be extracted. By 1947, it is estimated that 400,000 Germans (both civilians and

7045:

in 1792, to become fully effective by 1803. Slavery as an institution was not banned until 1848. At this time

4661:

in the Northern states. While the United Kingdom did not ban slavery throughout most of the empire, including

22435: 22262: 22167: 22051: 21918: 21753: 21330: 21110: 21004: 20635:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800

18703: 16088: 14549: 14228: 12157: 11099: 10803:

Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity: A Traditio-historical and Exegetical Examination

9877: 9578: 9317: 9294: 9082: 8643: 8002: 7645: 7293: 7262: 6419: 6403: 5546: 5535: 5267: 5246: 4844: 4784: 4626: 4548: 3958: 3489: 3326: 3123: 3099: 2827: 1933:

their nations' involvement in it. Practical efforts to enforce the abolition of slavery included the British

1678: 1461: 322: 20585:

Nederlands Elmina: een socio-economische analyse van de Tweede Westindische Compagnie in West-Afrika in 1715

17116:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800

10607: 10355:. Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society. Vol. 1. New York: A&C Black. p. 7. 9085:, the primary vehicle for returning black Americans to greater freedom in Africa, established the colony of 8464: 8205:, slaves – unless released, ransomed or eaten. With some exceptions, the child of a slave remained a slave. 7080:

gave up on Haiti in 1803, but reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1804, at the request of

22595: 22550: 22216: 21907: 21814: 21711: 21258: 21243: 21072: 16275: 16191: 15892:"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War" 13438: 10049: 9381: 9244: 9067: 8726: 8277:

left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s.

7109: 6549:("Not Angles, but Angels"), after a response to his query regarding the identity of a group of fair-haired 6523: 5744:

is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern

5313: 4957: 4859: 4290: 4231: 4219: 3968: 3946: 3683: 3663: 3285: 3258:

declared that the Republic of Niger failed to protect Hadijatou Mani Koraou from slavery, and awarded Mani

3054: 2266:, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the 1683: 1527: 1397: 1058: 826: 806: 366: 334: 21487: 19204: 15940:"Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 15874: 14124: 12674: 12073: 9102:. These societies assisted in the movement of thousands of African Americans to Liberia, with ACS founder 8867:, founded in 1839 and having gone several name changes since, still exists as Anti-Slavery International. 7814:

in 1772 was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under

7657: 7225:- whose main activity was precisely the trafficking of slaves, mostly black Africans, to Brazilian lands. 7155:, although for a short period as in 1462 Pius II declared slavery to be "a great crime". Unlike Portugal, 6210:

came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Slaves were used for labor, and also for amusement (e.g.

5034:

slavery was common practice, dating back to the very earliest recorded civilisations in the world such as

4509:

tobacco industry was increasingly dominated by large planters. This caused domestic unrest culminating in

4328:, but flying a Dutch flag arrived at Point Comfort, Virginia (several miles downstream from the colony of 2951:("Luanda sickness," after the port in Angola). The assumption for those who died on the journey died from 53: 22642: 22619: 22520: 22366: 21722: 21299: 21080: 19743: 15357: 14869: 12292: 12000: 11263: 10889: 10089: 9907: 9635:

A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration

9585: 9451: 9427: 8743: 8233:

Christianity had become established in the north of New Zealand, and large numbers of slaves were freed.

7789: 7636: 7131:

exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. In 1452,

6945: 6869: 6482:

attacked pirates and Muslim shipping, and their base became a centre for slave trading, selling captured

6437: 6322: 6092: 5479: 3600: 3519: 3147: 1971: 1743: 1693: 1417: 1335: 462: 243: 63: 20736:(Verso; 2011) 498 pp; on slavery and abolition in the Americas from the 16th to the late 19th centuries. 20199: 19110: 18800: 18310: 17167: 16546: 16313: 14419:

Hopkins, Keith (31 January 1981). Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101.

14073: 13749:"Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery" 12799: 8163:

in 1819, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the makaʻāinana (commoners). The

5499:

slaves of the Qin dynasty state and as a result they were made to do forced labor, on projects like the

5226:. Exchanges of prisoners became a regular feature of the relations between the Byzantine Empire and the 3549: 2492:

Prior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the

22131: 21912: 21357: 21136: 21064: 20206:

Stanley L. Engerman (2012). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century".

17773: 17400: 15908: 14827: 14481: 12994: 12207: 11345: 9981: 9581: 9454: 9321: 9212: 8578: 7844: 7824: 7350: 7326: 7119: 7032: 6965: 6597: 6267: 6202:

expanded outward, it enslaved entire populations, thus ensuring an ample supply of laborers to work in

5185: 4977: 4803: 4690: 4670: 4583: 4489: 4485: 4438: 4202: 3694: 3095: 2384: 2197: 1938: 1602: 1454: 1439: 1330: 526: 196: 20149:

David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807," in P.J. Marshall, ed.

18499:"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources" 18022: 17491: 13599: 11180: 9036:

Slavery in the French colonies was finally abolished in 1848, three months after the beginning of the

8422:

diplomatic pressure slowly put an end to the trade, and eventually to the practice of slavery itself.

7209:. In the 15th century, one-third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold. 2689:. The great majority were shipped to the Americas, but some also went to Europe and Southern Africa. 22428: 22091: 22059: 21824: 21289: 19822:"Which countries have the highest rates of modern slavery and most victims? - World | ReliefWeb" 19667:

The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time, Published by s.n., 1816 Volume 32.

19447: 18188: 16729: 16588: 15891: 14865: 12485: 12392: 9860: 9139: 9111:, an enthusiastic supporter of Clay, adopted his position on returning the blacks to their own land. 9037: 7304: 7089: 6128: 6122: 5868: 5660: 5363: 4901: 4729: 4705: 3217: 3210: 2465: 2362:

and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of

2179: 1957: 1875: 1787:. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, 1698: 1597: 1128: 1116: 706: 679: 184: 21602: 18376: 17468: 13828: 13774:

Vaughan, Alden T. (1989). "The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century Virginia".

10672: 8058:), was also in use, most notably the ones for underaged (16 years or younger) convicts and captured 6608:

and Maltese corsairs both raided for slaves and purchased slaves from European merchants, often the

4567: 4222:

settling in Canada. During the mid-19th century, British North America served as a terminus for the

3744:

and native ancestry, penetrated steadily westward in their search for Indians to enslave. Along the

22139: 21784: 21323: 21016: 20381: 19191: 18680: 18529: 18401: 17920: 16899: 15692:

Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden),

15648:

Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden),

14698: 13647:

A Plea for Emigration; or Notes of Canada West: A Broadview Anthology of British Literature Edition

9964: 9855: 9542: 9031: 8955: 8843: 8788:, took place in Scotland five years later and ruled slavery to be contrary to the law of Scotland. 7411: 7346: 7320: 7265: 7042: 6464: 6371: 6025: 5810: 5760: 4960:

working as laborers, sharecroppers or tenant farmers; a small proportion owned their own land. The

4889: 4413: 4409: 3939: 3390: 3233: 3220:

people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14,000 to 200,000. Abduction of

2588:, endured by slaves laid out in rows in the holds of ships, was only one element of the well-known 2533: 2482: 2461: 2187: 1883: 1478: 1347: 900: 689: 174: 75: 21579: 20609:

Verhulst, Adriaan. "The decline of slavery and the economic expansion of the Early Middle Ages."

19717: 19613: 18556: 17744:. Hideaki Suzuki, 鈴木英明. Singapore: NUS Press, National University of Singapore. 2016. p. 32. 16505: 12109: 11592: 11529: 7611:

In order to neutralise this objection and further the anti-slavery campaign, in 1816 Britain sent

7541:

Ireland, despite its northern position, was not immune from attacks by the corsairs. In June 1631

7041:

was the first European country to ban the slave trade. This happened with a decree issued by King

6557:, the law no longer supported chattel slavery and slaves became part of the larger body of serfs. 5324:, the Ottomans created administrators with intricate knowledge of government and fanatic loyalty. 5316:

himself owned by far the largest amount. By raising and specially training slaves as officials in

4354:. Alden T. Vaughn says most agree that both black slaves and indentured servants existed by 1640. 3979:

In 1712, she delivered a speech which included a public announcement of her success in taking the

2556:

European involvement in the East African trade of enslaved people began when Portugal established

2017:. Economic surpluses and high population densities were conditions that made mass slavery viable. 1974:

continues and generates an estimated $ 150 billion in annual profits. Populations in regions with

354: 22647: 22009: 21933: 21855: 21738: 21390: 21147: 20954: 20012: 19636:

The slumbering volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity.

18236: 16393: 16353: 15036: 14347:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

14049:

Tyrannicide: Forging an American Law of Slavery in Revolutionary South Carolina and Massachusetts

13924: 12730: 12711: 11891: 9286: 9248: 9199: 8731: 8716: 8156: 8024: 7683: 6578: 6353: 6203: 6185: 6038: 5275: 5219: 5019: 4697: 4646:(with slaves above a certain age legally transformed to indentured servants). Congress passed an 4634: 4164: 4138: 4041: 3412: 2768:

African states played a key role in the trade of slaves, and slavery was a common practice among

2426:

caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean"

1663: 1402: 1352: 1280: 1053: 831: 775: 758: 189: 20940:

The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America

19315: 19309: 18689:

reported that a white man William Pitman had been hanged for the murder of his own black slave.

18204: 17066:

Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500

16641: 14915:

Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean

14657: 13123: 10310:

The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE

10206:

The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE

5917:(ILO), during the early 21st century an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labor in 5026:

Slavery has existed all throughout Asia, and forms of slavery still exist today. In the ancient

4455:

1662: A Virginia statute declares that children born would have the same status as their mother.

2474:

Arab slave-trading caravan transporting African slaves across the Sahara, 19th-century engraving

22393: 22310: 21799: 21627: 21510: 21493: 21414: 21304: 21279: 21172: 20807:"Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950-2016" 20482: 19023: 18805: 18676: 18406: 17657: 16271:"Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine" 15065: 14630: 12866: 11077: 10056: 9709: 9700: 9677: 9344: 9135: 9003: 8876: 8701: 8593: 7916: 7554: 7470: 7085: 6988: 6717: 6678:. The sale of European slaves by Europeans slowly ended as the Slavic and Baltic ethnic groups 6569:

was the centre of the thriving European slave trade in young boys who were sold to the Islamic

6456: 6452: 6357: 5964:. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slavery was 5603: 5356: 5234: 4874: 4832: 4749: 4725: 4713: 4643: 4532:

based on rice cultivation, a society of slaves was created that later became the model for the

4474: 3801: 3667: 3259: 3172:, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a 2883: 2882:

200th anniversary of the British act of parliament abolishing slave trading, commemorated on a

2641: 2263: 1736: 1705: 1210: 951: 863: 711: 435: 401: 396: 20992:

The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture

20837:

Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World

19938: 18691: 18183:

Rik Van Welie, "Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison,"

17065: 16679: 15144: 13978:

The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture

13690: 13618: 13573: 13293: 13226: 11735: 11475: 11252: 10994: 9545:. He stated the institution destroyed the will of the slave, creating an "emasculated, docile 9134:. Many more people who opposed slavery and worked for abolition were northern whites, such as 8241: 7593: 7183:, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves, the 6601:

Ottoman advances resulted in many captive Christians being carried deep into Muslim territory.

5312:

century into the 19th. Many officials themselves owned a large number of slaves, although the

4685:

arguments to refuse federal jurisdiction over fugitives. Some juries exercised their right of

1846:

captured and enslaved each other during centuries of warfare in the Mediterranean and Europe.

22342: 22278: 21891: 21865: 21763: 21527: 21462: 21384: 19893: 18767: 18276: 17115: 16976: 16848:"A medical service for slaves in Malta during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem" 16776:"Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier" 15487: 15416: 15323: 15305: 14913: 14840: 14801: 14759: 14562: 14504: 13645: 13492: 13355: 13097: 12344: 10114: 9850: 9752: 9735: 9714: 9565: 9463: 9095: 9007: 8927: 8831: 8785: 8224:) to grow large areas of potatoes for trade with visiting ships. Chiefs started an extensive 7793: 7691: 7502:

continued to trade in European slaves into the Modern time-period. Muslim pirates, primarily

6861: 6675: 6633: 6459:

resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves and using or selling them in the

6314: 6271: 5521: 5520:'s first acts was to set free from slavery agricultural workers who were enslaved during the 5383: 5205: 4799: 4662: 4594: 4437:

1654: Virginia sanctions "the right of Negros to own slaves of their own race" after African

4377: 4362: 4150: 4132: 4029: 3972: 3935: 3931: 3300: 3201: 2999: 2934:) allegedly became dissatisfied of the British intervention in stopping the trade of slaves: 2565: 2259:, and worked to extend the prohibition to other territory, as did the United States in 1808. 1961: 1934: 1871: 1572: 1427: 1340: 1325: 1007: 995: 741: 726: 511: 286: 208: 179: 19866: 19668: 18827: 15790:(in Persian). Vol. III. Translated by Beni Prasad; Beveridge, H. Calcutta. p. 442. 14629:

Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Epstein, Ann Wharton; Wharton, Annabel Jane (1 January 1985).

13843: 11761: 10550: 9328:

of the United Nations was inaugurated, which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the

8851:

Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions

6097: 5184:

of a slave was encouraged as a way of expiating sins. Many early converts to Islam, such as

4759:

and one crossed into a free territory. It also asserted that African Americans could not be

1909:

and violence. They mostly purchased imprisoned Africans (and exported commodities including

22540: 22530: 22192: 22083: 21976: 21778: 21248: 21105: 20662: 19799: 18937: 17960: 14285: 12211: 10483:"Migrants in Chains: On the Enslavement of Muslims in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe" 10124: 10109: 9835: 9820: 9717:. Britain enjoyed prosperity because of the capital gained from the unpaid work of slaves. 9325: 9115: 9091: 8938:

declared general emancipation to reconcile them with France. In Paris, on 4 February 1794,

8816: 8808: 8573: 8447: 8298:

in New Zealand that their gross mistreatment of the Moriori was standard Māori practice or

8176: 7874: 7848: 7840: 7777: 7755: 7616: 7587: 7289: 7143: 7065: 6621: 6582: 6424: 6033: 5989: 5929: 5876: 5741: 5517: 5405: 5400: 4983: 4922: 4848: 4678: 4510: 4481: 4470: 4459: 4405:

to lifetime slavery, marking the earliest legal sanctioning of slavery in English colonies.

4223: 4033: 4017: 3827: 3761: 3726: 3687: 3537: 3529: 3394: 3359: 3036: 2895: 2751: 2645: 2616: 2346:(1396–1893). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the 2256: 2191: 2014: 2008: 1902: 1776: 1710: 1614: 1577: 1505: 1449: 1318: 1275: 1089: 1019: 694: 474: 376: 260: 167: 21024:, summaries, lesson plans, documents and illustrations for schools; focus on United States 20382:"Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European slave trading in the Indian Ocean" 17215: 14308:

Free soil, free labor, free men: The ideology of the Republican party before the Civil War

14240: 13748: 13717:

Red Rubber, Bleeding Trees: Violence, Slavery, and Empire in Northwest Amazonia, 1850–1933

11978: 10575: 9541:

compared the effects of United States slavery to that resulting from the brutality of the

8922:

of August 1789 and alarmed as the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the

7495:

Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p. 12, February 1859, XVI)

7123:, c. 1525–1530. The insignia on his hat alludes to possible Spanish or Portuguese origins. 7053:

but slave trading had been abolished in Iceland in 1117 and had never been reestablished.

5290:

was a central part of the Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution.

4547:

took place during the 17th and 18th centuries: Gloucester County, Virginia Revolt (1663);

4153:

between 1671 and 1831. Two-thirds of these were of indigenous ancestry (typically called

3722: 2826:

into transatlantic slavery, who otherwise may have been killed in a ceremony known as the

8: 22535: 22147: 21938: 21845: 21727: 21686: 21681: 21574: 21205: 21152: 21115: 20515: 20374:, Edited by David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, Seymour Drescher and David Richardson, 2017 18920: 16335: 16235: 16150: 13911:"Records of the County Court of Northampton, Virginia, Orders Deeds and Wills, 1651–1654" 13804:

Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition

13068: 12583: 11923:

White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves

11910:. 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008. 10044: 9882: 9840: 9694: 9557: 9546: 9302: 9274: 8886: 8792: 8764: 8106: 7878: 7832: 7811: 7717: 7677: 7673: 7486: 7410:

king of Allada and the peoples on the coastal regions, impeded the supply of slaves. The

7194: 7189:, which opened in 1444. In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern 7185: 7179:

of the 14th century which decimated much of the European workforce. The maritime town of

7101: 7028: 6949: 6813: 6798: 6625: 6533: 6479: 6375: 6326: 6105: 6043: 5880: 5452: 5278:

was banned in the early 19th century, although slaves from other groups were allowed. In

5250: 4854: 4755:

of 1857 asserted that one could take one's property anywhere, even if one's property was

4622: 4614: 4529: 4329: 4207: 4196: 4146: 3999: 3919: 3860: 3843: 3797: 3347: 3074: 2839: 2755: 2721: 2665: 2457: 2423: 2414:(from the ninth to the nineteenth)." He continues: "Four million slaves exported via the 2380: 2183: 1879: 1867: 1863: 1198: 1178: 1063: 1048: 917: 888: 878: 768: 716: 684: 481: 339: 307: 302: 255: 112: 20958: 19356: 19021:

Vayda, Andrew P. (Spring 1961). "Maori Prisoners and Slaves in the Nineteenth Century".

18466: 18224: 18027: 17521: 16921: 16005: 14852: 14706: 13159:

The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question

13046: 12998: 12935: 12237: 11586: 11523: 11020: 10860: 10705: 9684:, in the United States, the profession of sociology has neglected the study of slavery. 9045: 8935: 6612:, one of the few groups who could easily move between the Christian and Islamic worlds. 6386:

sent periodic raiding expeditions to loot the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back

4956:– they had become second class citizens. The great majority lived in the rural South in 4045: 3592: 3467:, bankers and trading companies had to pay the Spanish king for the license, called the 3184:, shrine slavery persists, despite being illegal in Ghana since 1998. In this system of 22489: 21768: 21539: 21438: 21189: 21157: 21095: 20871: 20833: 20604:

The victory of reason: How Christianity led to freedom, capitalism, and Western success

20551: 20266: 20231: 20223: 20188: 20180: 20044: 20027:

Patterson, Orlando (2019). "The Denial of Slavery in Contemporary American Sociology".

19515: 19040: 18857: 18840:

MacKenzie, S.P. (September 1994). "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II".

18740: 18364: 17767: 17439: 17386:

The mutual effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian worlds: The East European pattern

17324: 16984: 16872: 16847: 16634: 16485: 16049: 16031: 15626: 15601: 15449: 15276: 14984: 14958: 14877: 14611: 14028: 14020: 13816: 13783: 13336: 13202: 11409: 11206:

Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)

10352:

Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East

10279: 10246: 9509: 9497: 9477: 9446: 9187: 9183: 9171: 9131: 9099: 8972: 8939: 8923: 8824: 8685: 8680: 8551: 8435: 8418: 8399: 8237: 7882: 7836: 7698:("sojourns" – officially declared military operations led by the khans themselves), or 7566: 7077: 7061: 6865: 6778: 6762: 6702: 6629: 6365: 6337: 6318: 6275: 6148: 5607: 5591: 5201: 5170: 4949: 4926: 4792: 4776: 4588: 4525: 4420: 4402: 4398: 4277:. In Central America, rubber tappers participated in the enslavement of the indigenous 4102: 3813: 3809: 3507: 3111: 3086: 3082: 3078: 2984: 2769: 2612:

were eliminated in the cold Atlantic waters, and at each unloading, a profit was made.

2489:

in the 19th century, with as many as 50,000 slaves passing through the city each year.

1859: 1811: 1444: 1290: 1265: 1255: 1220: 1215: 1183: 1148: 1141: 1082: 1075: 932: 751: 746: 736: 506: 359: 317: 312: 265: 233: 223: 22015: 21420: 16434:"Isis slave markets sell girls for 'as little as a pack of cigarettes', UN envoy says" 15813: 15083:

A Sharma (September 2005), Journal American Acad Religion, vol 73, issue 3, pp. 843–70

14207: 10543:"Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals more Than 29 Million people Living In Slavery" 9734:

was not central to abolition. Richardson (1998) finds Williams's claims regarding the

9347:

finally prohibited the owning of slaves in Saudi Arabia, followed by the abolition of

5427:

Scholars differ as to whether or not slaves and the institution of slavery existed in

5018:

that records the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five

4492:) is founded mainly by planters from the overpopulated British sugar island colony of 2943:

Disease engulfed many, and insufficient food damaged those who made it to the coasts.

381: 327: 22401: 21987: 21871: 21584: 21100: 20977:

Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia vol. 2

20909: 20902: 20791: 20739: 20712: 20704: 20694: 20676: 20666: 20638: 20597: 20468: 20416: 20401: 20235: 20192: 20048: 19944: 19899: 19872: 19723: 19639: 19580: 19553: 19519: 19319: 19168: 19065: 19001: 18861: 18744: 18659: 18522:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" 18343: 18282: 18052: 17874: 17846: 17755: 17745: 17699: 17431: 17390: 17363: 17295: 17120: 17070: 17044: 17037:

Stevenson, Walter (2002). "Eunuchs and early Christianity". In Tougher, Shaun (ed.).

17019: 16996: 16988: 16877: 16804: 16754: 16685: 16645: 16082: 15926: 15693: 15649: 15631: 15493: 15459: 15422: 15388: 15329: 15298: 15262: 15150: 15116: 15068: 15009: 14939: 14919: 14807: 14765: 14663: 14636: 14615: 14601: 14420: 14143: 14053: 14032: 13963: 13890: 13849: 13696: 13651: 13624: 13579: 13526: 13498: 13361: 13319:

Sheridan, Richard B. (1972). "Africa and the Caribbean in the Atlantic slave trade".

13299: 13232: 11927: 11921: 11809: 11710: 11559: 11481: 11052: 11000: 10949: 10921: 10827: 10806: 10777: 10745: 10719: 10623: 10522: 10457: 10423: 10356: 10325: 10284: 10266: 10221: 10184: 9897: 9870: 9865: 9681: 9534: 9450:

Wes Brady, ex-slave, Marshall, Texas, 1937. This photograph was taken as part of the

9252: 9225: 9191: 8556: 8295: 8114: 8020: 8019:

to run the camps. In 1954, a year after Stalin's death, the new Soviet government of

7781: 7632: 7558: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7128: 7105: 6933: 6857: 6829: 6794: 6766: 6751: 6713: 6574: 6506:, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; the institution was replaced by the second 6293: 6281: 6231: 5872: 5595: 5371: 5367: 5227: 5211: 4815: 4365:, perhaps as little as 5% of the total. The vast majority of slaves were sent to the 4316: 4126: 3985: 3963: 3793: 3773: 3741: 3714: 3659: 3648: 3628: 3503: 3494: 3468: 3281: 2963: 2808: 2804: 2791: 2709: 2697: 2677: 2661: 2653: 2493: 2453: 2240: 2175: 2093: 1949: 1906: 1835: 1827: 1532: 1250: 1245: 1188: 1173: 1153: 975: 970: 905: 868: 701: 667: 496: 349: 238: 117: 20136:

J.R. Ward, "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition," in P.J. Marshall, ed.

18898: 16332:"Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil," 15983: 15835: 13964:"America's First Anti-Slavery Statute Was Passed in 1652. Here's Why It Was Ignored" 12800:"West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets / Boing Boing" 12319: 11501: 11125: 10741:

The Debate Over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in Antebellum America

6882:

raiders often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered. The

6407: 2536:

have never recovered demographically from the impact of 19th-century raids from the

22200: 21955: 21646: 21481: 21218: 21167: 21011: 20820: 20396: 20258: 20215: 20172: 20036: 19605: 19507: 19391: 19032: 18849: 18732: 18685: 18448: 17241: 16867: 16859: 16710: 15621: 15613: 15325:

The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History

14593: 14074:"Founders Online: Adams' Minutes of the Argument: Essex Superior Court, Salem, N …" 14012: 13328: 13265: 13261: 12644: 12182: 11401: 10494: 10415: 10317: 10274: 10258: 10213: 10094: 10015: 9743: 9726: 9642: 9638: 9589: 9574: 9512:

history, which dominated in the early 20th century. Writing in 2005, the historian

9352: 9348: 9290: 9203: 9195: 8853:(later London Anti-slavery Society ), was founded in 1823, and existed until 1838. 8322:, who suffered a series of slave raids from 1805 or earlier, culminating in a near 8291: 8245: 8198: 8047: 7978: 7960: 7947:(Labor Camps) for different categories of inmates. The largest number of them held 7628: 7499: 7420: 7237: 7213: 7148: 6960: 6883: 6790: 6758: 6735: 6683: 6475: 6460: 6361: 6255: 6132: 6020: 5941: 5940:

states conducted slave raids from the 1600s into the 1800s in coastal areas of the

5856: 5834: 5822: 5803: 5648: 5428: 5422: 5300: 5115: 5075: 4933: 4701: 4037: 3954: 3856: 3698: 3624: 3580: 3533: 3416: 3406: 3296: 3251: 3185: 3090: 3024: 2992: 2800: 2637: 2589: 2557: 2513: 2439: 2399: 2395: 2315: 1987:. Thirty-eight percent live in forced marriages. Other types of modern slavery are 1965: 1722: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1260: 1225: 1193: 1163: 1036: 1024: 1002: 980: 927: 763: 731: 33: 20825: 20806: 19572: 19410: 17016:

Mélanges Félix Rousseau, Études sur l'histoire du pays mosan au moyen age, 673-686

13494:

Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-contact to the Present [4 volumes]

9504:

The racist attitude concerning slaves carried over into the historiography of the

9160:

Declaration of the Powers, on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, of 8 February 1815

6952:. The thrall system was finally abolished in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia. 6585:, as one example in the 10th century, presented a gift of four eunuchs to Emperor 5633:. The Abbasid governors raided Punjab, where many prisoners and slaves were taken. 5463:

The Indians do not even use aliens as slaves, much less a countryman of their own.

4763:. Outraged critics across the North denounced these episodes as the latest of the 4677:. Refugees from slavery fled the South across the Ohio River to the North via the 22571: 22525: 22350: 22302: 22286: 22254: 22123: 21966: 21902: 21834: 21717: 21676: 21633: 21533: 21432: 21346: 21284: 21085: 21021: 20923: 20781: 20360:, Edited by Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, David Richardson, 2021 20112: 19547: 19059: 18995: 18494: 18432: 18211: 17086: 17038: 16748: 16625: 16232:"Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms," 15965: 15939: 15453: 15228: 15203: 15178: 15110: 15047: 15043: 14449: 14255: 14231:

By Randall M. Miller, John David Smith. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 471.

14047: 13933: 12888: 12818: 12748: 12459: 12433: 11886: 11259: 11046: 10917: 10911: 10907: 10739: 10454:

A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century

10419: 10350: 10321: 10217: 10104: 9810: 9597: 9553: 9356: 9298: 9282: 9207: 9127: 9108: 8897:)., but the institution was never officially authorized there. The legal case of 8800: 8706: 8598: 8588: 8583: 8331:

slave raiders took between 1,400 and 2,000 islanders back to Peru to work in the

8261: 8142: 8089:

In the first half of the 19th century, small-scale slave raids took place across

8065: 7986: 7881:. He was not, however, as some have claimed, the first white person to have been 7706: 7624: 7620: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7523: 7474: 7180: 7132: 7057: 7020: 6992: 6809: 6605: 6586: 6554: 6511: 6399: 5781: 5745: 5709: 5668: 5500: 5143: 5047: 4941: 4905: 4866: 4824: 4811: 4756: 4709: 4552: 4544: 4388: 4370: 4211: 4168: 4064: 4053: 3915: 3805: 3789: 3776:

along military lines to fight the slavers. In the mid-to-late 19th century, many

3706: 3632: 3499: 3481: 3464: 3386: 3240: 3020: 3003: 2967: 2823: 2669: 2649: 2231: 2215: 2089: 2077: 2029: 1992: 1942: 1926: 1803: 1799: 1631: 1522: 1517: 1270: 1240: 1235: 958: 922: 721: 639: 344: 90: 19473: 19205:"Moriori – The impact of new arrivals – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 19087:

Moriori and Maori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994),

17890:

Thomas Foster Earle, K.J.P. Lowe "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe" p. 157

17003: 14436:"Cyrus Charter of Human Rights". www.persepolis.nu. MANI. Retrieved 21 July 2015 14114:

Thursday Open Thread: Little Known Slave Court Cases NOVEMBER 9, 2017 BY MIRANDA

12095: 12022: 11642:

Graeber, David. 2012. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House.

11154: 10946:

Opposing the Slavers. The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade

10764:

slaves is very widespread indeed, and every society seems to be a slave society.

9970:

International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition

8193:) a separate entity equivalent to a nation. In the traditional Māori society of 8184: 7784:

and Canada (acquired by Britain in 1763). The profits of the slave trade and of

7590:

than stopping the enslavement of Europeans and Americans by the Barbary States.

7538:. During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to Algiers. 7518:, as well as the European conquest of North Africa throughout the 19th century. 7427:

was sent in 1703 as "opperkommies" (head merchant) to the Dutch trading post at

7114: 3579:

Other slave-owning societies and tribes of the New World were, for example, the

1925:. The merchants were sources of desired goods including guns, gunpowder, copper 21981: 21961: 21948: 21886: 21850: 21773: 21691: 21608: 21545: 21408: 21402: 20290: 20040: 19395: 16629: 15617: 14538:

The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal p. 1323

14016: 11688: 9926: 9825: 9630: 9613: 9527: 9505: 9489: 9309: 9123: 8907: 8839: 8781: 8721: 8536: 8531: 8521: 8265: 8229: 8129: 7819: 7800: 7550: 7507: 7338: 7241: 7073: 7050: 7038: 6917: 6836: 6817: 6690: 6667: 6655: 6550: 6542: 6487: 6483: 6199: 6136: 5730: 5694: 5599: 5375: 5287: 5279: 4965: 4737: 4579: 4087: 3911: 3851: 3757: 3679: 3636: 3620: 3608: 3573: 3485: 3472: 3375: 3363: 3355: 3338: 3247:

and sold into slavery as agricultural labor, domestic servants and sex slaves.

3173: 3135: 3127: 2891: 2860: 2831: 2686: 2577: 2545: 2525: 2388: 2367: 2327: 2283: 2133: 2049: 1996: 1984: 1975: 1715: 1609: 501: 142: 100: 18876: 18736: 17759: 16863: 14597: 13845:

Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia

12734: 12715: 11405: 9680:

studied the history of slavery and recent views on it. According to historian

5712:

obtained thousands of slaves and eunuch servants from the villages of Eastern

2596:

ports would take on sugar, indigo, raw cotton, and later coffee, and make for

22636: 21992: 21971: 21943: 21881: 21840: 21829: 21789: 21748: 21743: 21706: 21652: 21456: 21426: 21033: 20969:

Eighty-eight years: the long death of slavery in the United States, 1777–1865

20313: 18787: 18452: 18411: 17788: 17695:

The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 1 By Junius P. Rodriguez

17547:"Arctic Studies Center | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History" 17435: 15860: 13405: 13385: 11659: 11048:

Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria 1897–1936

10270: 9887: 9805: 9790: 9781: 9756: 9731: 9704: 9469: 9340: 9041: 8378: 8315: 8060: 7948: 7864: 7745:(songs). ... Both female and male slaves were often used for sexual purposes. 7465: 7378: 7156: 7016: 7004: 6980: 6835:

Moscow was repeatedly a target. In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan

6694: 6679: 6468: 6227: 6207: 6173: 6151:. The Stoics produced the first condemnation of slavery recorded in history. 6088: 6003: 5786: 5749: 5673: 5615: 5333:, a sort of "blood tax" or "child collection", young Christian boys from the 5317: 5043: 4878: 4870: 4682: 4603: 4571: 4278: 4243: 4079: 3604: 3588: 3544:, because raids on surrounding areas provided the victims required for human 3477: 3289: 3016: 2903: 2629: 2569: 2549: 2419: 2331: 2319: 2279: 2267: 2205: 2201: 2053: 2025: 2021: 1941:, the abolition of slavery in the Americas, and the widespread imposition of 1791:, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of 1780: 1772: 1653: 1582: 1029: 1012: 787: 617: 607: 391: 41: 20583: 20249:

Pares, Richard (1937). "The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire".

19274:

Inventory of the Archives of the Registrar and Guardian of Slaves, 1717–1848

18420:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–384. 17023: 16714: 14373:

The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War

13228:

Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775

12256:"Children as young as seven mining cobalt used in smartphones, says Amnesty" 11370: 10913:

Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The perspective of the world

9472:

described the state of historiography in the early 20th century as follows:

7175:

were some well-known markets, their importance and demand growing after the

4767:(the politically organized slave owners) taking more control of the nation. 22470: 22462: 21804: 21758: 21732: 21671: 21551: 21125: 20935: 20897: 20747: 20151:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century

20138:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century

20100:

Seymour Drescher, "Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery."

18586:

Rhodes, Nick (2003). William Cowper: Selected Poems. p. 84. Routledge, 2003

17739: 17564:

Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1978). "Nordic Slavery in an International Context".

16299: 16033:

Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-one Years on the North-east Frontier, 1887-1908

15635: 14164:"The Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society, Volume 40, 1964-1966" 12525:"What role for US in efforts to rescue Nigeria's kidnapped girls? (+video)" 12411: 12366: 12348: 11455:. .norgeshistorie.no (published by the University of Oslo). 17 October 2002 11439: 10654: 10288: 9958: 9845: 9800: 9777: 9658: 9313: 9278: 9217: 8968: 8898: 8857: 8711: 8516: 8360: 8347:, the last 15 survivors were returned to the island, but brought with them 8281: 8270: 8213: 8102: 8084: 8043: 8008: 7982: 7943: 7938: 7935: 7856: 7627:, including a pledge to treat Christian captives in any future conflict as 7599: 7542: 7527: 7457: 7370: 7330: 7249: 7176: 7161: 7139: 6913: 6909: 6805: 6770: 6743: 6529: 6436:

slave. Entitled, "Vornehmer Kaufmann mit seinem cirkassischen Sklaven" by

6218:). In the late Republic, the widespread use of recently enslaved groups on 6076: 6011: 5985: 5965: 5886: 5764: 5621:

Andre Wink summarizes the slavery in 8th and 9th century India as follows,

5553: 5396: 5222:

many prisoners of war were ransomed into slavery while others took part in

5015: 4961: 4191: 4183: 4013: 3834: 3753: 3745: 3737: 3654: 3616: 3596: 3541: 3319: 3270: 3255: 3229: 3221: 2952: 2848: 2585: 2521: 2411: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2299: 2295: 2271: 2252: 2157: 2109: 2085: 2057: 1980: 1930: 1890: 1823: 1658: 1495: 1471: 1377: 1370: 1101: 629: 602: 565: 543: 430: 147: 127: 105: 95: 85: 80: 70: 21012:

Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com

19511: 18621: 17843:

A Long and Uncertain Journey: The 27,000 Mile Voyage of Vasco Da Gama

16881: 16253:"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq," 14761:

The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity

13252:

Waddel, David A.G. (1960). "Queen Anne's Government and the Slave Trade".

12913: 12395:

The Times, (may need a subscription to view online), Retrieved 10 May 2014

11621: 9649:

was more prevalent in some areas than others (e.g. southern than northern

8998:

Napoleon decreed the abolition of the slave trade upon his returning from

8474: 8105:

trades, with examples from both the westerly and easterly extremes of the

6964:

One of the four chained slaves depicted at the bottom of the 17th-century

5295: 4496:, who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island. 3872: 3733: 1850:

encompassed mainly Western and Central Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa,

910: 22184: 21928: 21876: 21696: 21639: 21444: 21396: 20489:

The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem

18675:

Records indicate at least two earlier incidents. On 23 November 1739, in

15108: 14093:"Jenny Slew: The first enslaved person to win her freedom via jury trial" 13575:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

13460: 11230: 10875:"Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves," by W.V. Harris: 10519:

The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade, 1440-1870

10099: 9669: 9662: 9626: 9377: 8984: 8656: 8373: 8257: 8217: 8094: 7815: 7785: 7769: 7631:

rather than slaves. He imposed peace between Algiers and the kingdoms of

7605: 7440: 7152: 7060:

was abolished on 4 February 1794, including in its colonies. The lengthy

7024: 6639: 6433: 6341: 6285: 6246:

Various tribes of Europe are recorded by Roman sources as owning slaves.

6195: 5945: 5844: 5814: 5528: 5486: 5443: 5431:. These English words have no direct, universally accepted equivalent in 5379: 5308: 5181: 5119: 5095: 4997: 4937: 4840: 4806:

split and collapsed on the slavery issue, to be replaced in the North by

4764: 4674: 4666: 4533: 4266: 4215: 4187: 4182:. The courts, to varying degrees, rendered slavery unenforceable in both 4179: 4175: 3867: 3710: 3558: 3553: 3420: 3351: 3315: 3131: 2923: 2852: 2705: 2633: 2541: 2335: 2311: 2307: 2294:

which had third of its population being enslaved in the 17th century. In

2287: 2275: 2141: 1918: 1819: 1807: 1784: 1500: 1488: 841: 644: 634: 592: 406: 20691:

As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East

20063:

The anti-slavery movement in England: a study in English humanitarianism

19981:

Robert E. Wright, Fubarnomics (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 2010), 83–116.

19294:

Paul E. Lovejoy: 'The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis.'

18879:[German soldiers used for mine-clearing] (in Norwegian). VG Nett 17502:. Tokyo: Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University: 171–182 17443: 17423: 17268: 10390: 9337:

United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

9013: 7760: 6812:. For a long time, until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained 6467:

the victors freed approximately 12,000 Christian galley slaves from the

5343: 5329: 3366:

7.50). Many of the students were taken to the neighbouring countries of

2966:. Stories and rumours spread that whites captured Africans to eat them. 2812: 2286:(1275–1591), about a third of the population was enslaved. The earliest 1960:, people were taken into slavery. Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of 22409: 22358: 22294: 22021: 21896: 21809: 21793: 21701: 21450: 20787:

The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America

20555: 20270: 20227: 20184: 18147:

P.C. Emmer, Chris Emery, "The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500–1850" (2006) p. 3

17609: 17583: 16489: 16069:. Atimes.com. 29 March 2005. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005 14024: 13980:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Chapter 3. 13787: 13340: 12837:"Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef" 12610:

Hassan, Turaki A; Sule, Ibrahim Kabiru; Mutum, Ronald (29 April 2014).

12547:"Boko Haram kidnapped the 230 school girls as wives for its insurgents" 11806:

Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate's Defense of Liberal Democracy.

11413: 11320:"Traditional Gender Roles and Slavery | Colonialism, Slavery, and Race" 10499: 10482: 9584:, a set of interviews conducted with former slaves in the 1930s by the 9513: 9103: 8664: 8395: 8382: 8340: 8209: 7912: 7407: 7395: 7391: 7285: 7190: 7136: 7081: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6774: 6609: 6383: 6349: 6219: 5890: 5756: 5506:

Slaves were deprived of their rights and connections to their families.

5492: 5087: 5083: 5031: 4910: 4836: 4638: 4630: 4599: 4537: 4442: 4114: 4110: 4009: 3895: 3838: 3820:. Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also raided 3777: 3440: 3382: 3342: 3311: 3225: 3115: 3046: 2988: 2971: 2899: 2785: 2760: 2625: 2621: 2374: 2291: 2236: 2113: 1839: 1648: 945: 649: 516: 20614: 19927:

coping with a vexing social problem that was not of their own making."

19448:"Response The 1833 Abolition of Slavery Act didn't end the vile trade" 19423: 19044: 18405: 16452:"Saudi Arabian Buyers Are Shopping For Sex Slaves – At ISIS Auctions!" 14139:

Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England

12362:"88 Nigerian schoolgirls abducted by Islamic extremists still missing" 11604:

the strangest disease i have sen in this country is brokenheartedness.

10787:

systems where the owners expected economic gain from slave ownership.

10738:

Ericson, David F. (2000). "Dew, Fitzhugh, and Proslavery Liberalism".

9044:. It was in large part the result of the tireless 18-year campaign of 8160: 7956: 7839:

voted to make the slave trade illegal anywhere in the Empire with the

6824:" they enslaved many Slavic peasants. Muscovy recorded about 30 major 5763:. However, in modern India, Pakistan and Nepal, there are millions of 5386:, U.S. Ambassador in Constantinople from 1913 to 1916, reports in his 5010: 4606:

won the first trial in the present-day United States to free a slave (

4513:. Eventually, chattel slavery became the norm in regions dominated by 3705:

production. 35.3% of all slaves from the Atlantic Slave trade went to

3471:, but an unknown amount of the trade was illegal. After 1670 when the 2210: 21194: 20877: 20076:

British capitalism and Caribbean slavery: The legacy of Eric Williams

19924: 18051:(2004) Edited by Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr, Pamela Maria Smorkaloff, 17727:

You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery

15523:, pp. 241–43. Reprint: Dover Publications, Mineola, New York. (2002). 13520: 12578:"Nigeria: kidnapped schoolgirls 'sold as wives to Islamist fighters'" 12499:"United States Sending Manned Flights Over Nigeria to Look for Girls" 12393:

Nigerian schoolgirls still missing after military 'fabricated' rescue

12058:

from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

11956: 9934: 9010:

on 8 January 1817. However, trafficking continued despite sanctions.

8903: 8406: 8225: 8090: 8035: 7915:

are lined up by German soldiers to do forced labour, September 1939,

7515: 7277: 7008: 7000: 6920:. Many Irish slaves travelled in expeditions for the colonization of 6893: 6786: 6769:

merchants and cartels, who were involved in the slave trade with the

6739: 6663: 6651: 6503: 6345: 6310: 6251: 6235: 6215: 6211: 6169: 6072: 5978:

Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory § Slave trade

5953: 5664: 5562: 5348: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5127: 5059: 5027: 4945: 4392:

Well-dressed plantation owner and family visiting the slave quarters.

4366: 4358: 4321: 4071: 4004: 3907: 3702: 3576:

adopted this system, particularly for their silver mines in Bolivia.

3562:

instead of taxes which they paid by working for the government. Each

3548:, as well as slaves for the construction of temples. Most victims of 3545: 3429: 3244: 2956: 2781: 2682: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2244: 2069: 2065: 2037: 893: 558: 420: 20262: 20219: 20176: 18251: 16440:. Agence France-Presse. 9 June 2015 – via www.theguardian.com. 14715: 13332: 12968: 12227:"HadijatouMani Koroua v Niger: Slavery Unveiled by the ECOWAS Court" 11908:

Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora

9002:

in an attempt to appease Britain. His decision was confirmed by the

8365: 7212:

Importation of black slaves was prohibited in mainland Portugal and

7084:

of the Caribbean colonies. Slavery was permanently abolished in the

6553:, slave children whom he had observed in the marketplace. After the 6139:, as it was in other societies of the time. It is estimated that in 3569: 575: 22176: 21860: 21818: 21315: 21162: 20726: 20318: 20089:

The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 3: The 19th Century

19036: 18853: 18498: 18436: 17631: 16948:

The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labor in Medieval England

16256: 13490: 12990: 12731:"Profiting off the misery of others: Libya's migrant 'slave trade'" 12712:"Libya Slave Trade: Rights group says migrants sold off in markets" 12275:"Sexual slavery rife in Democratic Republic of the Congo, says MSF" 10262: 9944: 9650: 9018: 8988: 8950: 8894: 8348: 8323: 8311: 8274: 8194: 7582: 7297: 6996: 6905: 6879: 6671: 6650:

controlled the Eastern Mediterranean from the 12th century and the

6537: 6330: 5894: 5717: 5652: 5432: 5338: 5283: 5139: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5071: 5067: 5063: 4897: 4893: 4721: 4712:." The true turning point in public opinion is better fixed at the 4493: 4257: 4083: 3817: 3765: 3584: 3371: 2915: 2856: 2609: 2581: 2497: 2478: 2370: 2303: 2248: 2219: 1898: 1894: 1788: 1768: 1483: 1041: 985: 937: 597: 442: 297: 203: 20904:

Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery

20866:

Wright, Gavin. "Slavery and Anglo‐American capitalism revisited."

18801:"German Firms That Used Slave or Forced Labor During the Nazi Era" 16775: 14334:

Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War

14269:

The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860

12345:

U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

11558:. Cambridge University Press. 15 September 2011. pp. 56, 62. 11103: 11100:"18th and Early 19th centuries. The Encyclopedia of World History" 9539:

Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life

9224:

During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the

8983:

In 1794 slavery was abolished in the French Empire. After seizing

7228:

Slavery was finally abolished in all Portuguese colonies in 1869.

6983:

powers frequently sentenced convicted criminals to row in the war-

6801:

on the Russian territories in the first half of the 16th century.

6510:. Slavery remained a minor institution in Russia until 1723, when 6402:

took 3,000 female and child captives. In a subsequent attack upon

6154:

During the 8th and the 7th centuries BC, in the course of the two

6057:

Women and children 10 to 20 years sold for 150,000 dinars ($ 127).

4892:. However, by 1865 all had begun the abolition of slavery, except 4657:

Despite the actions of abolitionists, free blacks were subject to

3122:

were captured and forced into slavery. This eventually led to the

2676:. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of 2161: 22246: 20847:

The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870

19864: 16248: 16187:"Iraq Slave Markets Sell Women for $ 10 to Attract Isis Recruits" 15322:

Hirschman, Elizabeth Caldwell; Yates, Donald N. (29 April 2014).

14632:

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

13295:

The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870

12407:"200 girls are missing in Nigeria – so why doesn't anybody care?" 11850: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11474:

Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).

10993:

Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).

10029: 9997: 9984:, founded as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1839 9654: 9646: 9086: 8791:

Following the work of campaigners in the United Kingdom, such as

8777: 8319: 8299: 8147: 8098: 8012: 7852: 7546: 7503: 7366: 7253: 7046: 6969: 6921: 6747: 6698: 6570: 6507: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6305: 6300: 6029: 6007: 5918: 5913:, also enslaving British subjects and Brahmins. According to the 5737: 5721: 5656: 5644: 5570: 5566: 5334: 5321: 5166: 5155: 5135: 5131: 5079: 5051: 4260:. Colored lithograph printed circa 1840–1850, digitally restored. 3899: 3769: 3433: 3334: 3327:

group of militants attacked the Government Girls Secondary School

3277: 3161: 3107: 3050: 2987:

to particular regions of western Africa around 1760–1810, and in

2980: 2931: 2919: 2867: 2819: 2815:

of Portugal in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice.

2777: 2673: 2415: 2359: 2108:

C. 1480 BC, fugitive-slave treaty between Idrimi of Alakakh (now

2033: 1843: 1792: 1466: 548: 228: 45: 22132:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States

19181: 18225:"Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants" 15549: 15547: 14684:

Religions and the abolition of slavery - a comparative approach.

14589:

The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2: AD 500–AD 1420

13692:

Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World

12768:"Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'" 12015: 8402:, freeing the captives and taking the crew for trial in courts. 7531: 7464:, where Indonesians have made a significant contribution to the 7383:

Nauwkeurige beschrijving van de Guinese Goud- Tand- en Slavekust

6900:). The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many 6820:

and the Middle East. In a process called the "harvesting of the

6808:

declared independence from the Golden Horde and established the

5435:

or other Indian languages, but some scholars translate the word

4145:

of Canada. It is estimated that there were 4,200 slaves in the

2732:

he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer.

2692: 22208: 21179: 16825:"Famous Battles in History The Turks and Christians at Lepanto" 16584: 15521:

China: A History of the Laws, Manners and Customs of the People

14003:

Tang, Joyce (1997). "Enslaved African Rebellions in Virginia".

13571: 9939: 9795: 9625:

Important work on slavery has continued; for instance, in 2003

9457:, which has often been used as a primary source by historians. 8992: 8890: 8409:

and whites, and established the independent Republic of Haiti.

8180: 8109:. By the 1860s this had grown to a larger scale operation with 7952: 7886: 7804: 7738: 7640: 7432: 7428: 7416: 7386: 7206: 7198: 7172: 7012: 6984: 6901: 6888: 6875: 6853: 6841: 6821: 6782: 6643: 6566: 6391: 6247: 6191: 6164: 6159: 6140: 5982:

Yazidi genocide § Sexual slavery and reproductive violence

5949: 5937: 5906: 5902: 5852: 5848: 5713: 5643:

In the early 11th century Tarikh al-Yamini, the Arab historian

5626: 5558: 5496: 5448: 5177: 5002: 4814:, and warning that slavery was a backward system that undercut 4781:

Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

4717: 4333: 4274: 3792:

communities which played an important role in the histories of

3456: 3424: 3330: 3119: 3041: 2944: 2927: 2907: 2844: 2835: 2601: 2517: 2505: 2486: 2407: 2351: 2323: 2223: 2041: 1855: 1822:, which dates back as far as 3500 BC). Slavery features in the 1168: 990: 570: 553: 415: 250: 218: 22068:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

20734:

The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation, and Human Rights

20675:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1722. 20436:

Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World

19314:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 17294:. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 26–28. 15176: 14841:

Ottomans against Italians and Portuguese about (white slavery)

14360:

Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War

14332:

Ira Berlin, Joseph Patrick Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds.

13886:

History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880, Vol. 1

13600:"Black Enslavement in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 11902: 11900: 11841: 7863:(now Anti-Slavery International), was formed in Britain as by 6071:

However some slaves have been sold for as little as a pack of

5408:; in fact, most Ottoman sultans were sons of such concubines. 4992: 4629:, slavery was prohibited in the territories north west of the 4357:

Only a small fraction of the enslaved Africans brought to the

3350:

and into marriage with members of Boko Haram, with a reputed "

2878: 2470: 20314:"Switzerland's shame: The children used as cheap farm labour" 20087:

Gad Heuman "The British West Indies" in Andrew Porter, ed.,

16972: 16626:"Part I: The Romans to the Norman Conquest, 500 BC – AD 1066" 16314:"ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women," 15544: 14592:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–481. 14321:

The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents

11429:, Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean: An Overview, pp. 295–299 11021:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History" 9815: 9665:

while others used wage, indentured, or family labor instead.

9251:, which was founded upon the investigation of the TSC of the 8835: 8332: 8133: 8118: 8072: 8039: 8016: 7998: 7710: 7648:. Both Algiers and Tunis made fresh concessions as a result. 7535: 7358: 7354: 7168: 7069: 6973: 6825: 6659: 6647: 6491: 6429: 6223: 6144: 5910: 5898: 5840: 5726: 5677: 5630: 5611: 5304: 5123: 5103: 5035: 4049: 4025: 3564: 3206: 3181: 3169: 3165: 2911: 2773: 2657: 2537: 2529: 2509: 2137: 2129: 2073: 1914: 1851: 1815: 425: 411: 386: 20994:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. 20546:

Cuffel, Victoria. "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery,"

20008:"Slavery reparations, memorials discussed at UVA conference" 18718:"Forced Laborers in the Third Reich: An Overview (Part One)" 17362:. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 1–8. 15972:. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University. 15455:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: The medieval world

14727: 12460:"Authorities – 276 Kidnapped Girls Still Missing in Nigeria" 10673:"10 countries with the highest prevalence of modern slavery" 9397:

Article 11, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 1990

9339:

was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including

9301:, and slaves were supplied to the Arabian Peninsula via the 8015:

system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the

7741:-slaves, whose sufferings were poeticized in many Ukrainian 6940:

taken in their raids along the Volga River and sold them to

5688:

Slavery and empire-formation tied in particularly well with

4499:

1676: Rhode Island bans the enslavement of Native Americans.

4032:

was abolished on 4 February 1794. When it became clear that

3938:, which were the first important societies of slaves in the 3631:

tribes, about a quarter of the population was enslaved. One

3295:

Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery in

1838:, although it continued to be practised in some areas. Both 17238:"Life in 13th Century Novgorod – Women and Class Structure" 16480:

Victoria Cuffel, "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery,"

15923:

Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990

15553:

Muhammad Qasim Firishta, Tarikh-i-Firishta (Lucknow, 1864).

15226: 14853:

Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History

14410:^ "Ancient Slavery". Ditext.com. Retrieved 18 October 2015. 13688: 12488:

The Times, (may need a subscription), Retrieved 10 May 2014

11897: 10456:. Legon, Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers. p. 15. 10247:"Wealth Transmission and Inequality Among Hunter-Gatherers" 8999: 8344: 8328: 8110: 7652:

slave-raiding, though on a smaller scale. Europeans at the

7399: 7362: 7281: 6750:. Many of these slaves were shipped to the slave market in 5961: 5957: 5681: 5437: 5055: 5039: 4270: 3492:(1701-1714), the British government obtained the monopoly ( 3367: 3177: 2745: 2481:

was once East Africa's main slave-trading port, during the

2363: 2061: 1953: 1910: 292: 122: 20656:

Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa

20510:

Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Atlantic Slave Trade

19895:

Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction

19577:

Historiquement correct. Pour en finir avec le passé unique

19426:"House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda" 19311:

Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa

19109:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from 16296:"ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children," 15602:"Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture" 15201: 14985:"Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. 1918. Chapter Twenty-Four" 13738:

400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia

11453:"Nordmennene har aldri vært alene i verden (in Norwegian)" 11281:. .nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from 10085:

List of court cases in the United States involving slavery

9687: 9025: 8071:

A total of around 14 million prisoners passed through the

6054:

Children aged 1 to 9 were sold for 200,000 dinars ($ 169).

5618:

slaves brought to India by Arab and Portuguese merchants.

5255: 5215:

and was seen as evil by many citizens it was still legal.

2255:) made the slave trade within its empire illegal with the 2084:

of the Americas. Ancient slavery consists of a mixture of

21229:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

19061:

The Meeting Place: Maori and Pakeha Encounters, 1642-1840

18550: 18262: 16981:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

16800:

Slavery from Roman times to the Early Transatlantic Trade

16677: 16504:. Ancienthistory.about.com. 7 August 2010. Archived from 16317: 16207:"ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It" 15489:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics

14136:

Adams, Catherine; Pleck, Elizabeth H. (1 February 2010).

13491:

Russell M. Lawson; Benjamin A. Lawson (11 October 2019).

13146:

Maroon societies: Rebel slave communities in the Americas

11148:"Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery" 11071: 10667: 10665: 10570: 10568: 9533:

In the portrayal of the slave as a victim, the historian

8189: 8028: 7927: 7573:, led to increased European consensus on the need to end 4839:, convinced that the economic power of what they called " 4441:, former indentured servant, sued to have fellow African 2724:

Region in 1866, Livingstone described a trail of slaves:

2334:

a third of the population consisted of slaves as well as

22044:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

20628:

The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

16681:

The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. vol 1. A–K

16416:"Trump's China Deal Boosts U.S. LNG Without Rule Change" 16368:"Islamic State Cites the Koran to Reinstate Sex Slavery" 15115:. Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. p. 273. 12434:"Nigerian Police Begin Documentation of Kidnapped Girls" 11306:

Slave trade and slavery on the Swahili Coast (1500-1700)

10233:

increase with increasing social and economic complexity.

9492:

described Phillips' mindset, methodology and influence:

6987:

of the state (initially only in time of war). After the

6532:

became common within the British Isles before 1066. The

6162:

reduced an entire population to a pseudo-slavery called

4445:

declared not an indentured servant but "slave for life."

4256:

Funeral at slave plantation during Dutch colonial rule,

2955:. As food was limited, water may have been just as bad. 2894:

made the international trade of slaves illegal with the

21264:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

19424:

The Committee Office, House of Commons (6 March 2006).

19092:. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp. 123–35. 18185:

NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids

18084:"Plaats: Allada (Ardra, Ardres, Arder, Allada, Harder)" 17941:(in Portuguese). A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 219–224. 17043:. Classical Press of Wales and Duckworth. p. 148. 16896:"Brief History of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem" 16803:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 37. 16386:"Islamic State Price List for Captured Christian Women" 15031:

Interview with Ronald Segal on the subject of his book

14739: 13926:

Timeline of Slavery in America-African American History

12645:"Boko Haram admits abducting Nigeria girls from Chibok" 12051:"Darfur civilians 'seized as slaves by Sudan military'" 8780:

was unlawful in England (although not elsewhere in the

7955:

civilians forcibly abducted in occupied countries (see

6781:. Genoese merchants organized the slave trade from the 6722:

The ransoming of Christian slaves held in Turkish hands

6592: 6536:

show both that slavery existed in 9th and 10th Century

4968:, was the center of community activity and leadership. 4917:, thereby validating their claims to full citizenship. 4909:

government, by running away or through advances of the

4802:, which settlers from the Northern states opposed. The 4024:

and one-quarter of the slaves in Saint Domingue (later

3114:

in North Africa in the 19th century, up to 1.5 million

2214:

13th-century Africa – Map of the main trade routes and

1905:. Few traders ventured far inland, attempting to avoid 20775:

Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America

19975: 18695:, p. 101, Oscar Reiss, McFarland & Company, 1997; 17166:. Roconsulboston.com. 21 February 2006. Archived from 13913:. The Journal of Negro History. June 1916. p. 10. 11620:. Africa Business Information Services. Archived from 10662: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10565: 10004:

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

9441: 9362:

In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the

9144:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

8805:

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

7276:

were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the

6014:

women as slaves. According to Haleh Esfandiari of the

5676:

population being approximately 12 to 20 times that of

5165:

Slavery in the Middle East first developed out of the

3506:. Meanwhile, slave trading became a core business for 2807:. Because it had been established within his kingdom, 2560:

in the early 16th century. From then until the 1830s,

20367:, Edited by David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman, 2011 17902:

David Northrup, "Africa's Discovery of Europe" p. 8 (

16528:

Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times

14628: 12070:"Darfur Abductions: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labour" 10948:(Kindle ed.). London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. 10414:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, 10410:

Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History",

10244: 7867:, which worked to outlaw slavery in other countries. 6190:

Romans inherited the institution of slavery from the

5855:, many peasants voluntarily sold themselves into the 4932:

Slavery was never reestablished, but after President

4831:

and his party took control with legislators into the

3002:

encountered a group of slaves when traveling through

2863:'s shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast". 20496:

The problem of slavery as history: a global approach

19840:

Black history and the historical profession, 1915–80

19342:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–79. 18156: 18111:"Plaats: Ouidah (Fida, Whydah, Juda, Hueda, Whidah)" 18108: 18081: 14864: 14788:

Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold.

13481:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–79. 13043:"Rebellions in Bahia, 1798–1838. Culture of slavery" 12668: 12666: 11926:(1st American ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 11618:"Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis" 11473: 11038: 10992: 10744:. New York: New York University Press. p. 109. 10183:(2nd ed.). New York : Oxford University Press. 10178: 10073:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

9530:

emphasized the mistreatment and abuse of the slave.

9364:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

9330:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

8749:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

5885:

In Southeast Asia, there was a large slave class in

5524:, although domestic servants retained their status. 4299:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

4067:

showing plantation slaves during a Ceremonial dance.

3160:

The trading of children has been reported in modern

2342:

was about one third enslaved. It was perhaps 40% in

1423:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

20346:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011–2021 20205: 19838:August Meier, August, and Elliott M. Rudwick, eds. 19102: 18519: 15944:

Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War

15786:Khan, Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz; Khan, Abdul Hai. 15561: 15559: 15532:. Commemoration of the Abolition of Slavery Project 14803:

Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo

13991:

Slave Insurrections in the United States, 1800–1865

13841: 13523:

Canada's Forgotten Slaves: Two Centuries of Bondage

13224: 12889:"human sacrifice – Britannica Concise Encyclopedia" 11875:

Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa, 1795–7

11420: 11045:Lovejoy, Paul E.; Hogendorn, Jan S. (1 July 1993). 10890:"Ancient Egyptian Footwear at the Bata Shoe Museum" 10590: 10068:

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

8920:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

8902:was of vital importance to the economy of France's 7904:

Forced labour under German rule during World War II

7827:. In 1807, following many years of lobbying by the 7705:For a long time, until the early 18th century, the 7333:in the Americas, Africa, Ceylon and Indonesia. The 6844:, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves. 6206:, quarries and households. The people subjected to 5606:. Several slaves were also brought to India by the 4383: 4101:After Great Britain abolished slavery, it began to 1834:It became less common throughout Europe during the 22612:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 21219:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 21030:, summaries and documents; focus on United States 20953: 20901: 20754:African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean 20744:Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire 20353:, Edited by Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge, 2011 20305: 20125:Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition 19379: 17795:. Vol. XIV. New York: Robert Appleton Company 17164:"Roma Celebrate 150 years of Freedom 2005 Romania" 16704: 16633: 16048: 15492:. University of California Press. pp. 45–46. 15448: 15297: 15109:Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege (2001). 12576: 12049: 11979:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan" 10576:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan" 10181:African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean 8527:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf 7530:(Murat Reis), operating from the Moroccan port of 7015:or torture at the hands of enemies or of pirates. 6999:, the French Crown filled its galleys with French 6238:was the most famous and most threatening to Rome. 6060:Women 20 to 30 years old for 100,000 dinar ($ 85). 4376:By the 1680s, with the consolidation of England's 3243:that began in 2003, many people were kidnapped by 2350:states consisted of slaves. The population of the 2002: 19715: 18938:"Kapu System and Caste System of Ancient Hawai'i" 17869:de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique R. (1972). 17514: 16773: 16636:A World by Itself: A History of the British Isles 15879:. London, H.F. & G. Witherby. pp. 42–44. 15255:Henley, Andrew Forbes, David (26 December 2012). 15142: 15001: 13484: 13357:Through the Lens of the Transatlantic Slave Trade 13353: 12663: 11736:"Benin seeks forgiveness for role in slave trade" 10405: 10403: 9725:." In his major attack on the Williams's thesis, 9255:, was a turning point in banning global slavery. 8343:. After intervention by the French ambassador in 8136:. People were born into specific social classes. 7553:, stormed ashore at the little harbor village of 7003:, Protestants condemned for resisting the state. 6356:. This boom period for slaves stretched from the 6066:Women 40 to 50 years old for 50,000 dinar ($ 42). 6063:Women 30 to 40 years old are 75,000 dinar ($ 63). 3613:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 3027:saw mass killings and slavery to extract rubber. 22634: 21249:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 21224:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 20922: 20727:Atlantic trade, Latin America and British Empire 20711:. London and New York: Oxford University Press. 19990:"A Nation Still Divided: The Confederate Flag," 18935: 18159:"Plaats: Jaquim (Jaquin, Jakri, Godomey, Jakin)" 18070:The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815 17608:. Manakin.addr.com. 14 June 2011. Archived from 16119:"The Port of Jolo and the Sulu Zone Slave Trade" 15556: 15002:Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (27 June 2014). 14858: 14649: 14282:"Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War" 13565: 12522: 11541:To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility. 11371:"Civil War in the Sudan: Resources or Religion?" 11044: 10601: 9308:When the League of Nations was succeeded by the 8926:threatened to ally itself with the British, the 7419:. On the instigation of Governor-General of the 6016:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4689:and refused to convict those indicted under the 3273:are common in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 1538:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 22566:List of last surviving American enslaved people 20946:Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. 20805:Jensen, Niklas Thode; Simonsen, Gunvor (2016). 20550:Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul–Sep 1966), pp. 323–42 20444:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery 19261:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery 18987: 18899:"Система исправительно-трудовых лагерей в СССР" 18656:A Concise History of the British Virgin Islands 18493: 18489: 18487: 18431: 18129: 16922:"Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery" 16484:Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul–Sep 1966), pp. 323–42 14523: 13525:. Independent Publishing Group. p. Intro. 12765: 12609: 10939: 10937: 9142:. Slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the 7682:The Crimeans frequently mounted raids into the 6670:, and other ethnic groups of the Black Sea and 6002:According to media reports from late 2014, the 3879: 3532:the most common forms of slavery were those of 3439:Many child migrants also suffer from abuse and 3378:, which is considered a refuge for Boko Haram. 2716:To overdraw its evil is a simple impossibility. 22156:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 21063: 20804: 20569:The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity 20527:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion 19545: 19340:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838 18772:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 18577:Patrick Medd,"Romilly", Collins, 1968, p. 149. 17926:. Repositório Aberto da UNiversidade do Porto. 17812: 17810: 16753:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88. 16357:, 18 November 2014 (accessed 22 November 2014) 15380: 15321: 15033:Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora 14911: 14905: 14655: 14241:Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom," 13794: 13776:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 13682: 13643: 13616: 13479:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838 12570: 12568: 12333:As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered 12098:. 17 December 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 11653:"African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade" 10400: 10303: 10301: 9564:, portrayed slaves as having internalized the 9062:End of slavery in the United States of America 8027:. Officially, the Gulag was terminated by the 7877:was executed for the murder of a slave in the 6847: 6502:Poland banned slavery in the 15th century; in 6075:. Sex slaves were sold to Saudi Arabia, other 5293:A member of the Ottoman slave class, called a 5266:Slavery was a legal and important part of the 3906:Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the 3595:of Brazil, the fishing societies, such as the 2516:reported seeing slave caravans departing from 21331: 21049: 20934: 20896: 20487:McGrath, Elizabeth and Massing, Jean Michel, 20074:Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., 19936: 19722:. Oxford University Press. pp. 494–502. 18725:International Labor and Working-Class History 18217: 17563: 17421: 17216:"William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols" 16898:. Hmml.org. 23 September 2010. Archived from 15814:"Slavery is not dead, just less recognizable" 15801:Travels of Fray Sebāstien Manrique, 1629–1643 15573: 15571: 15233:. University of Washington Press. p. 146 11185:On Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress 10861:Historical survey > Slave-owning societies 10447: 10445: 10443: 9786:Swiss children coercion reparation initiative 8490: 8413:abolished slavery, partly in response to the 7766:The Black Man's Lament, or, how to make sugar 6364:but declined in the later Middle Ages as the 4812:absorbing a faction of anti-slavery Democrats 3812:. In Brazil, the Maroon villages were called 3780:were enslaved to work on rubber plantations. 3310:, more than 109,000 children were working on 2373:was enslaved. Roughly half the population of 1744: 21017:International Slavery Museum. Great Britain. 20928:Roll Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made 20520:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 19865:James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (2006). 19390:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 19057: 18961:"The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii" 18706:Department of Historic Preservation archives 18553:"Was slavery the engine of economic growth?" 18484: 18308: 18049:The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. 17865: 17863: 17861: 17859: 17682:Sep-Dec 2016, Vol. 41 Issue 4/5, pp. 475–94. 17265:"The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia" 17192:. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from 17138:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 16727: 16422:. 12 May 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com. 15737:ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III, pp. 391, 397–98 15600:Shah, Anish M.; et al. (15 July 2011). 15281:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14965:. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, Page & Co 14900:Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire 14386:A short history of Reconstruction, 1863–1877 14274: 13664: 13521:Marcel Trudel; Micheline d' Allaire (2013). 13379: 13377: 12786:"African migrants sold as 'slaves' in Libya" 12486:Nigerian school says 329 girl pupils missing 11591:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p. 11528:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p. 11391: 10934: 10120:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 9993:Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking 8945: 8377:Proclamation of the abolition of slavery by 5971: 5843:, slavery was officially abolished with the 5716:(a widespread practice which Mughal emperor 3205:in 1999 reported that slavery is endemic in 2422:, perhaps as many as nine million along the 2020:Slavery occurred in civilizations including 1543:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 21006:Digital History – Slavery Facts & Myths 20661: 20581: 20311: 19103:Solomon, Māui; Denise Davis (9 June 2006). 18622:"The West African Squadron and slave trade" 18150: 18135: 18102: 18075: 17807: 17632:"French galley slaves of the ancien régime" 17465:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea – All Empires" 17057: 16946:Allen J. Frantzen and Douglas Moffat, eds. 16746: 16673: 16671: 15384:Korea and East Asia: the story of a Phoenix 15359:Memoirs of the Research Department, Issue 2 15180:Journal of East Asian archaeology, Volume 3 14733: 13453: 13291: 13019:Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna, 12565: 12516: 12387: 12385: 12001:"The Abolition season on BBC World Service" 10698:"Historical survey: Slave-owning societies" 10643: 10641: 10639: 10628:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10606:. Theaustralian.news.com.au. Archived from 10298: 10179:Klein, Herbert S.; III, Ben Vinson (2007). 9118:". The more famous of the African American 8504: 8305: 6250:records slaves as an export commodity from 5825:from several countries as forced laborers. 4617:allowed the enslavement of children in its 3886:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean 3783: 3603:from what is now Alaska to California, the 3513: 3393:, and I shall capture people and make them 2704:While talking about the trade of slaves in 2394:When British rule was first imposed on the 21338: 21324: 21234:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 21056: 21042: 20854:Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire 20790:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 448. 19972:Kolchin pp. 137–43. Horton and Horton p. 9 19891: 19338:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!" In: 18993: 18396: 18394: 18392: 18390: 18388: 18386: 17339: 17110: 17108: 17106: 17069:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–04. 15588:The Chachnamah, an Ancient History of Sind 15568: 15387:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49. 15304:. University of California Press. p. 15250: 15248: 14956: 14892: 14751: 14699:Nikolaos Linardos (University of Athens), 14479: 14179: 14135: 13637: 13623:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. p. 259. 13610: 13572:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2005). 13516: 13514: 13032:"The West: Encounters and Transformations" 12819:"Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub" 12749:"African migrants 'sold in slave markets'" 12398: 12354: 11442:; see that page's history for attribution. 10842: 10840: 10440: 9386:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 9072:protest against the institution of slavery 8497: 8483: 8440:Abolition of slavery in the British Empire 8165:1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii 7973:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 7670:Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 7452:each year. Slavery also characterised the 4888:rejected President Lincoln's proposal for 4562: 3725:prohibited the importation of slaves into 2132:soles depicting two captive foreigners, a 1751: 1737: 22580:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book 21254:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 20985:The slave's cause: A history of abolition 20974: 20824: 20709:Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World 20620: 20465:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition 20456:Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. 20428:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture 20400: 20283: 20026: 19610:Friends Committee on National Legislation 18874: 18839: 17856: 17780: 17691: 17346:The Full Collection of the Russian Annals 17036: 16975:, if they were Christian", see p. 117 of 16871: 16623: 15889: 15725:ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III pp. 356, 449. 15625: 15418:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture 15027: 15025: 14757: 14473: 14444: 14442: 14182:"The Problem of Slavery in Early Vermont" 14090: 13477:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!" In: 13425: 13423: 13374: 12728: 12709: 12130: 11993: 11615: 11346:"Central African Republic: Early history" 11231:"The impact of the slave trade on Africa" 11220:, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa 11208:, Project MUSE – Journal of World History 11051:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10824:Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions 10498: 10349:Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). "Sumer". 10337:exist. Slave use was sometimes extensive. 10278: 8415:United States Declaration of Independence 8354: 7799:A little-known incident in the career of 7223:General Company of Pernambuco and Paraíba 7167:Among many other European slave markets, 6478:slaves captured in war. The Order of the 6261: 5789:, recalling operations against tribes in 5451:, who chronicled India about the time of 5362:During the various 18th and 19th century 5006:(slaves) in the pre-colonial Philippines. 4915:fought for the Union in the Army and Navy 4819:treated as second-class citizens. In the 4789:Abolition of slavery in the United States 4708:was active in the mayhem and killing in " 4503: 4343:s crew from a Portuguese cargo ship, the 4248:Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies 2947:was common, and was often referred to as 2902:was deployed to prevent slavers from the 2552:, one that quickly reinstituted slavery. 22561:Treatment of slaves in the United States 22335:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 21649:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) 20780: 20162: 19771:"U.S. works to fight modern-day slavery" 19138:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 18609:Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore 18467:"Historical survey > Slave societies" 18309:de Bruxelles, Simon (28 February 2007). 17936: 17835: 17522:"Historical survey > Slave societies" 17376: 17262: 17013: 16796: 16668: 15803:vol. II, p. 272. (Ashgate, 2010 reprint) 14711:, Vol. 115, Issue 5, 2010, pp. 1513–1514 13882: 13870:"Rhode Island bans slavery: 18 May 1652" 13800: 13578:. Oxford University Press. p. 722. 13318: 13096:. Concise.britannica.com. Archived from 12382: 12215:, March 2005 (accessed 28 November 2014) 11308:. archieves.ouvertes.fr. pp. 37–76. 10636: 10480: 10409: 9445: 9433:North Korea (10.5%) and Eritrea (9.3%). 9264:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 9238:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 9230:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 9211: 9012: 8865:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 8809:Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade 8739:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 8652:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 8562:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 8463: 8451: 8372: 8369:Abolition of Slavery by country and year 8364: 8179:, New Zealand comprised many individual 7921: 7907: 7861:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 7788:plantations amounted to under 5% of the 7759: 7592: 7490: 7369:. Initially the Dutch shipped slaves to 7325:Although slavery was illegal inside the 7257: 7113: 6959: 6712: 6596: 6528:Capture in war, voluntary servitude and 6423: 6241: 6096: 5576: 5527:Men punished with castration during the 5364:persecution campaigns against Christians 5254: 5009: 4991: 4853: 4681:. Midwestern state governments asserted 4566: 4387: 4251: 4058: 3889: 3673: 3658: 3450: 3094: 3040: 2877: 2790: 2759: 2746:African participation in the slave trade 2691: 2469: 2209: 1962:systematic child slavery and trafficking 1548:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1413:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1393:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 20703: 20613:No. 133 (Nov., 1991), pp. 195–203 20463:Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. 20458:Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 19546:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (26 April 2006). 19387:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 19307: 19089:The Origins of the First New Zealanders 18715: 18555:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from 18383: 18274: 17489: 17382: 17103: 16165:"Toraja History and Cultural Relations" 16149:. Stamslandia.webng.com. Archived from 16101: 15485: 15421:. Oxford University Press. p. 51. 15295: 15245: 15177:Society for East Asian Studies (2001). 15091: 15089: 14806:. Oxford University Press. p. 84. 14745: 14721: 13773: 13511: 13383: 12766:Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). 12737:on 30 October 2021 – via YouTube. 12718:on 30 October 2021 – via YouTube. 12639: 12637: 12404: 11981:. U.S. Department of State. 22 May 2002 11076:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from 10943: 10906: 10853: 10837: 10737: 9688:Economics of slavery in the West Indies 9619:The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 9421: 9026:Victor Schœlcher and the 1848 abolition 8978: 8444:Emancipation of the British West Indies 8351:, which further devastated the island. 8216:) to satisfy the need for labor in the 7776:Britain played a prominent role in the 7522:number of coastal communities. In 1627 7345:) referred to the trading posts of the 6955: 6773:. In 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan 5994:Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency 5767:, who work as slaves to pay off debts. 5513:Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) 4858:Company I of the 36th Colored Regiment 4665:till 1833, free blacks found refuge in 4635:banned American vessels from being used 4171:today are descended from these slaves. 2564:200 enslaved people were exported from 14: 22635: 22498:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro 22319:Queen: The Story of an American Family 22239:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 20884:International Review of Social History 20861:British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834 20665:(1991). "Prisoners, Exchanges of". In 20575: 20491:(London: The Warburg Institute, 2012.) 20344:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 20005: 19871:. Oxford University Press. p. 8. 19497: 18877:"Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere" 18430:Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by 18400: 18335: 17914: 17912: 17831:Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader 17786: 17357: 17317:"Rebooting Reality – Chapter 2, Labor" 17289: 17018:(in French). La Renaissance du Livre. 16845: 16204: 16116: 15957: 15920: 15254: 15146:The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han 15054: 15022: 14793: 14656:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (6 March 2006). 14585: 14439: 14045: 13689:Peter S. Onuf; Eliga H. Gould (2005). 13420: 13251: 12672: 12574: 12309: 12131:Andersson, Hilary (11 February 2005). 12047: 11919: 11760:. Histoire-afrique.org. Archived from 11711:"Dahomey (historical kingdom, Africa)" 11685:"Museum Theme: The Kingdom of Dahomey" 11303: 11178: 10516: 10412:Slavery and Slaving in African History 10348: 10040:History of slavery in the Muslim world 9150:theirs as well as that of the whites. 7892: 7749: 6654:from the 13th century. They sold both 6565:In the early Middle Ages, the city of 5581: 5399:, the male:female gender ratio in the 5355:that became a decisive faction in the 4988:History of slavery in the Muslim world 3988:28%) of all profits collected for the 2156:Slaves in chains during the period of 2140:(right), between 332 BC and 395 c.e. ( 1897:, starting mainly with merchants from 22271:Roots: The Saga of an American Family 22100:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 21536:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) 21319: 21037: 20742:and Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, eds. 20637:(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003) 20379: 20248: 19768: 19638:p. 264. Duke University Press, 1997. 19084: 19020: 19000:. Honolulu: Bess Press. p. 101. 18958: 18891: 18187:, 2008, Vol. 82 Issue 1/2, pp. 47–96 17918: 16046: 16029: 15414: 15067:. John Wiley and Sons, 2010, 444 pp. 14799: 14496: 14249: 12816: 12452: 12272: 12253: 12224: 12218: 12208:"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain," 11609: 11426: 11074:"Digital History Slavery Fact Sheets" 10647: 10604:"West is master of slave trade guilt" 10578:. US Department of State. 22 May 2002 10451: 10010:United States National Slavery Museum 9368:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 9271:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 9153: 8973:sold off the huge Louisiana territory 8807:(Abolition Society) in May 1787, the 8542:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 8478: 8469:Protector of Slaves Office (Trinidad) 8339:and possibly the last who could read 8236:Slavery was outlawed in 1840 via the 6697:were enslaved over five centuries in 6394:, Portugal in 1189, for example, the 6290:"Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus" 5851:period, in times of poor harvest and 5663:(1001), "in the midst of the land of 5259:Ottoman Turks with captives from the 4770: 4700:in 1854, armed conflict broke out in 4648:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 4522:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 4448:1661: Virginia officially recognizes 3463:To participate in the slave trade in 3400: 3213:range from 14,000 to 200,000 people. 3209:. Estimates of abductions during the 2512:to North Africa. The German explorer 2447: 1435:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1112:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 22116:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 21611:(1783 England – 1821 United States) 21345: 20277: 19377: 19371: 19285:(1772) 20 State Tr 1; (1772) Lofft 1 19162: 19131: 19058:O'Malley, Vincent (1 October 2013). 18936:mythichawaii.com (23 October 2006). 15963: 15896:Joint study of the Sino-Japanese war 15872: 15836:"Life as a modern slave in Pakistan" 15785: 15599: 15227:Anthony Jerome Barbieri-Low (2007). 15208:. Saint Catherine Press. p. 144 15086: 14778:from the original on 12 October 2020 14125:Legal Papers of John Adams, volume 2 14002: 13883:Williams, George Washington (1882). 13672:"Full text of "The slave in Canada"" 13402:"Slavery and the Haitian Revolution" 13094:"Bandeira – Encyclopædia Britannica" 12865:. Library.umaine.edu. Archived from 12634: 12591:from the original on 11 January 2022 12426: 11179:Goitom, Hanibal (14 February 2012). 10848:The New Penguin History of the World 10826:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1997, 10650:"One in 200 people is a slave. Why?" 10387:"Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi" 10307: 10203: 9277:, explicitly banned slavery. After 9177: 9006:on 20 November 1815 and by order of 7526:under command of the Dutch renegade 7512:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi 7268:, liberating 20,000 Christian slaves 7246:Spanish colonization of the Americas 6593:Barbary pirates and Maltese corsairs 6406:, Portugal in 1191, his governor of 6336:In central Europe, specifically the 6111: 5889:who built the enduring monuments in 5647:recorded that in 1001 the armies of 3455:A young boy with an enslaved woman, 3325:On the night of 14–15 April 2014, a 3030: 2983:, maize) would have limited general 1627:Slave marriages in the United States 1231:Human trafficking in the Middle East 20948:Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery 19598:"Background on Conflict in Liberia" 18259:British Slaves on the Barbary Coast 17909: 17314: 16458:. 28 September 2016. Archived from 16126:The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 15711:The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat 15355: 15258:Vietnam Past and Present: The North 15202:History of Science Society (1952). 15077: 14399:Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 14229:Dictionary of Afro-American slavery 13437:. Webster.edu. 1825. Archived from 13354:Vinita Moch Ricks (1 August 2013). 13298:. Simon and Schuster. p. 236. 12675:"Boko Haram: The essence of terror" 12293:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 12096:"'Thousands made slaves' in Darfur" 11126:"Central African Republic: History" 9703:arrived when West Indian historian 9442:Historiography in the United States 9414:, addresses human trafficking. The 9376:In May 2004, the 22 members of the 8963:fought to restore the order of the 8889:(especially in trade ports such as 8827:sailing under their national flag. 8797:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 7480: 6928:described how Swedish Vikings, the 6832:territories between 1558 and 1596. 6746:, whence they were sold throughout 6615: 6413: 6104:, a nineteenth-century painting by 5261:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War 5191: 4728:through the state. This infuriated 4557:New York Slave Insurrection of 1741 4137:Slavery in Canada was practised by 3019:. The personal monarchy of Belgian 2795:The inspection and sale of a slave. 2772:even before the involvement of the 2418:, another four million through the 966:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 22455:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom 22327:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons 21605:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) 21558:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino 20890: 20878:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12480 20839:(Princeton University Press, 1995) 20770:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 20672:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 20651:15.8 (2017). on Christian captives 20533: 20481:(Brill Academic Publishers, 2011) 20446:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 20078:(Cambridge University Press, 2004) 19654:Robin D.G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, 19549:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 19263:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 18921:"Victims of Stalinism: A Comment." 17729:(Cambridge University Press; 2010) 17656:. Sanandrea.edu.mt. Archived from 16728:Frost, Peter (14 September 2013). 16678:Junius P Rodriguez, Ph.D. (1997). 15606:American Journal of Human Genetics 14659:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 14635:. University of California Press. 13185:The abolition of slavery in Brazil 13161:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 13023:(Cambridge University Press, 2010) 12997:. 30 November 1998. Archived from 12839:. 28 February 2017. Archived from 12110:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger" 12023:"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law" 11477:The Politics of Heritage in Africa 11181:"Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia" 10996:The Politics of Heritage in Africa 10080:Influx of disease in the Caribbean 9236:. The 1890 Act was revised by the 9051: 8918:In 1793, influenced by the French 8432:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom 8251: 7818:in England. In 1785, English poet 7663: 5901:were slaves. By the 19th century, 5411: 5366:as well as during the culminating 4650:as of 1 January 1808; but not the 3224:women and children was common. In 2230:Writing in 1984, French historian 1620:last survivors of American slavery 25: 22664: 22556:Songs of the Underground Railroad 22516:Abolitionism in the United States 22024:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) 21655:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) 20998: 20975:Rodriguez, Junius P, ed. (2007). 20286:"Slavery's Shadow on Switzerland" 19898:. Knopf Doubleday. p. xxii. 19868:Slavery and the Making of America 18994:Wong, Helen; Rayson, Ann (1987). 18965:Journal of the Polynesian Society 18875:Tjersland, Jonas (8 April 2006). 18645:UNESCO. Retrieved 15 October 2011 18599:(London: BBC Books, 2005), p. 61. 18281:. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. 17937:Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel (2013). 17741:Abolitions as a global experience 17240:. 26 October 2009. Archived from 17151:Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam 16797:Phillips, William D. Jr. (1985). 16280:. 13 October 2014. Archived from 16205:Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014). 16106:. University of California Press. 15964:Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. 15861:Widespread slavery found in Nepal 15816:. Csmonitor.com. 1 September 2004 14180:Whitefield, Harvey Amani (2014). 13390:. London: R. Baldwin. p. 21. 12466:. Nigeria: All Africa. 2 May 2014 12370:. Associated Press. 19 April 2014 12048:Pflanz, Mike (16 December 2008). 11687:. Museeouidah.org. Archived from 10521:(New ed.). London: Phoenix. 10063:Origins of the American Civil War 9977:Abolitionism in the United States 9723:Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 9560:in the 1970s, through their work 9436: 9416:International Labour Organization 9216:Liberated Russian slave workers, 9058:Abolitionism in the United States 8881:Role of Nantes in the slave trade 8819:within the whole British Empire. 8770:R. v. Knowles, ex parte Somersett 8579:African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.) 8167:officially made slavery illegal. 7559:captured almost all the villagers 7406:onward, the struggle between the 7219:Company of Grão-Pará and Maranhão 6497: 6338:Frankish/German/Holy Roman Empire 6309:, they sold most captives in the 6116: 5990:Sexual slavery § Middle East 5915:International Labour Organization 5905:had developed a slave trade with 5862: 5770: 5684:at the end of the 16th century). 5351:, a special soldier class of the 5240: 5224:Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges 4314:In late August 1619, the frigate 4163:, especially with the arrival of 4109:, though France still controlled 3719:Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo 3256:ECOWAS Community Court of Justice 3236:was criminalized in August 2007. 2838:kingdoms depended heavily on the 2420:Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean 1923:Europe's colonies in the Americas 581:Field slaves in the United States 448:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 22604:Slave Songs of the United States 22108:The Underground Railroad Records 22018:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) 20596:(Oxford University Press, 2017) 20402:10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230206 20242: 20156: 20143: 20130: 20117: 20094: 20081: 20068: 20055: 20020: 19999: 19984: 19966: 19957: 19930: 19912: 19885: 19858: 19845: 19832: 19814: 19784: 19762: 19736: 19709: 19700: 19691: 19682: 19673: 19661: 19656:To Make Our World Anew: Volume I 19648: 19628: 19590: 19566: 19539: 19526: 19491: 19466: 19440: 19417: 19345: 19332: 19301: 19288: 19279: 19266: 19253: 19241: 19219: 19197: 19156: 19125: 19096: 19078: 19051: 19014: 18952: 18929: 18913: 18868: 18833: 18821: 18793: 18781: 18709: 18669: 18648: 18636: 18614: 18602: 18589: 18580: 18571: 18544: 18513: 18459: 18424: 18329: 18302: 18268: 18193: 18177: 18141: 18062: 18042: 18010: 18001: 17975: 17945: 17930: 17896: 17884: 17823: 17732: 17719: 17685: 17672: 17646: 17624: 17598: 17576: 17557: 17539: 17483: 17467:. Allempires.com. Archived from 17457: 17415: 17351: 17308: 17283: 17256: 17230: 17208: 17182: 17156: 17143: 17130: 17079: 17030: 17007: 16953: 16940: 16914: 16888: 16839: 16817: 16790: 16767: 16740: 16721: 16698: 16617: 16592: 16578: 16566: 16553: 16533: 16520: 16502:"Sparta – A Military City-State" 16494: 16474: 16444: 16426: 16408: 16378: 16360: 16342: 16324: 16306: 16288: 16263: 16242: 16224: 16198: 16179: 16157: 16139: 16110: 16095: 16059: 16040: 16023: 15998: 15976: 15914: 15902: 15883: 15866: 15854: 15828: 15806: 15794: 15779: 15766: 15753: 15748:A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) 15740: 15728: 15716: 15703: 15686: 15677: 15668: 15659: 15642: 15593: 15586:Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, tr., 15580: 15535: 15526: 15513: 15479: 15458:. Greenwood Press. p. 316. 15442: 15408: 15374: 15349: 15315: 15289: 15230:Artisans in early imperial China 15220: 15195: 15170: 15136: 15102: 14995: 14977: 14950: 14932: 14902:Cambridge University Press, 2010 14846: 14834: 14820: 14691: 14676: 14622: 14579: 14567: 14555: 14543: 14532: 14510: 14480:Hochschild, Ada (4 March 2001). 14463: 14454: 14430: 14413: 14404: 14391: 14378: 14365: 14352: 14339: 14326: 14313: 14300: 14261: 14234: 14222: 14200: 14173: 14156: 14129: 14118: 14107: 14084: 14066: 14039: 13996: 13983: 13970: 13956: 13943: 13917: 13903: 13876: 13862: 13835: 13767: 13741: 13730: 13721: 13709: 13592: 13539: 13471: 13394: 13347: 13312: 13285: 13272: 13245: 13231:. Canoe Press. pp. 415–26. 13218: 13190: 13177: 13164: 13151: 13138: 13112: 13086: 13061: 13045:. Isc.temple.edu. Archived from 13035: 13026: 13013: 12975: 12953: 12928: 12906: 12881: 12855: 12829: 12817:Adams, Paul (28 February 2017). 12810: 12792: 12778: 12774:– via www.theguardian.com. 12759: 12741: 12722: 12703: 12689: 12603: 12539: 12312:"Congo's Pygmies live as slaves" 12281:– via www.theguardian.com. 12262:– via www.theguardian.com. 12254:Kelly, Annie (19 January 2016). 11128:. Infoplease.com. 13 August 1960 10549:. 4 October 2013. Archived from 9988:Anti-Slavery Society (1823–1838) 9913:Slavery in 21st-century jihadism 9747:amounted to less than 5% of the 9066:In 1688, four German Quakers in 8547:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 8159:system was abolished during the 8011:took over the already extensive 7966: 6942:slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 6730:Slave trade in the Mongol Empire 6517: 6382:between Muslims and Christians. 5998:Slavery in 21st-century Islamism 5473: 5416: 4384:Slavery in American colonial law 4326:Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick 4295:Slave trade in the United States 4284: 4237: 3524:Slavery in Pre-Columbian America 3391:lavery is allowed in my religion 3156:Slavery in 21st-century jihadism 2431: 2149: 2121: 2101: 458:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 453:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 282:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 52: 21984:(19th century Indian Territory) 21958:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) 20812:Scandinavian Journal of History 20756:(Oxford University Press, 1988) 20548:Journal of the History of Ideas 20503:Slavery: History and Historians 20351:The Ancient Mediterranean World 20337: 20312:Kavita Puri (29 October 2014). 19769:McKee, Caroline (7 July 2015). 19716:David P. Forsythe, ed. (2009). 19634:Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). 19355:. Commonlii.org. Archived from 18551:Digital History, Steven Mintz. 17680:Scandinavian Journal of History 17422:KOŁODZIEJCZYK, DARIUSZ (2006). 17063:Olivia Remie Constable (1996). 17040:Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond 16482:Journal of the History of Ideas 16067:"ILO cracks the whip at Yangon" 15296:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967). 14052:. University of Georgia Press. 13650:. Broadview Press. p. 11. 13431:"A Brief History of Dessalines" 12575:Heaton, Laura (30 April 2014). 12523:Howard LaFranchi (5 May 2014). 12491: 12478: 12405:Perkins, Anne (23 April 2014). 12338: 12326: 12310:Thomas, Katie (12 March 2007). 12303: 12285: 12266: 12247: 12201: 12175: 12150: 12124: 12102: 12088: 12062: 12041: 11971: 11949: 11940: 11913: 11880: 11866: 11857: 11819: 11808:Encounter Books: London. 2011. 11798: 11776: 11750: 11728: 11703: 11677: 11645: 11636: 11579: 11546: 11516: 11502:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 11494: 11467: 11445: 11432: 11385: 11363: 11338: 11312: 11297: 11271: 11245: 11233:. Mondediplo.com. 22 March 1998 11223: 11211: 11199: 11172: 11140: 11118: 11092: 11072:Digital History, Steven Mintz. 11065: 11013: 10986: 10962: 10900: 10882: 10869: 10816: 10795: 10769: 10730: 10712: 10690: 10535: 10510: 10308:Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery". 10204:Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery". 10152: 10143: 10130:List of films featuring slavery 9366:, which was developed from the 9260:Committee of Experts on Slavery 9258:In 1932, the League formed the 9234:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 9232:, which had concluded with the 8594:Eastern Naval Division (Brazil) 8567:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 7992: 7977:As agreed by the Allies at the 7941:operated several categories of 7930:by Nazis for forced labor, 1941 7615:to secure new concessions from 6317:or Islamic markets such as the 5968:in 1863 in all Dutch colonies. 5821:used millions of civilians and 5198:Slavery in the Byzantine Empire 5188:, were poor and former slaves. 4716:fraud. Pro-slavery elements in 4336:. They had been removed by the 4309: 4167:after 1783. A small portion of 3998:To regularise slavery, in 1685 3635:was composed by an Englishman, 3498:) of selling African slaves in 3381:On 5 May 2014 a video in which 3141: 3068: 2310:and other peoples of the lower 2241:colony at the Cape of Good Hope 2096:, and children born to slaves. 2080:of Sub-Saharan Africa, and the 2003:Prehistoric and ancient slavery 1921:kingdoms, transporting them to 1798:Slavery has been found in some 1795:in different times and places. 1408:Committee of Experts on Slavery 959:East, Southeast, and South Asia 22588:Slave-Trading in the Old South 21642:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) 21295:International humanitarian law 21239:Special Court for Sierra Leone 20987:(Yale University Press, 2016). 20693:(Yale University Press, 2007) 20562:Slavery in Classical Antiquity 20498:(Yale University Press, 2012.) 20284:Tony Wild (10 November 2014). 20006:Serven, Ruth (21 March 2018). 19612:. 30 July 2003. Archived from 19296:The Journal of African History 19250:. Michael King. Penguin. 2003. 19165:Moriori: A People Rediscovered 18959:Levin, Stephenie Seto (1968). 18828:United States Holocaust Museum 18788:Yale Law School Avalon Project 18315:Study of sails on pirate ships 18311:"Pirates who got away with it" 17957:www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk 17953:"Chapter 1: Health In Slavery" 17119:. Robert Davis (2004). p. 45. 16587:Geography. Book IV Chapter 5 16117:Warren, James Francis (2007). 15095:J.W. McCrindle (Translator), 14574:The Cambridge History of Islam 14046:Blanck, Emily (6 March 2014). 13604:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 13404:. Chnm.gmu.edu. Archived from 13266:10.1080/00086495.1960.11829793 13122:. V-brazil.com. Archived from 12391:Maclean, Ruth (17 April 2014) 11480:. Cambridge University Press. 11102:. Bartelby.com. Archived from 10999:. Cambridge University Press. 10474: 10379: 10342: 10238: 10197: 10172: 10000:– Religious Society of Friends 9903:Slavery in contemporary Africa 9384:, which incorporated the 1990 9017:"Avenue Schœlcher 1804-1893", 8398:was increasingly effective in 8170: 8052:исправительно-трудовая колония 7454:Dutch possessions in Indonesia 7314: 6936:, terrorized and enslaved the 6390:and slaves. In a raid against 6296:had several distinct sources. 5819:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 5531:were also used as slave labor. 4469:1664: Slavery is legalized in 4226:, a network of routes used by 3740:, adventurers mostly of mixed 3693:Slavery was a mainstay of the 3152:Slavery in contemporary Africa 2318:, and the Kasanje kingdom and 1107:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 22263:The Confessions of Nat Turner 22228: 22221: 22052:The Narrative of Robert Adams 21466: 20870:Review 73.2 (2020): 353–383. 20826:10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880 20065:(Yale University Press, 1926) 19207:. Teara.govt.nz. 4 March 2009 19064:. Auckland University Press. 18842:The Journal of Modern History 18704:University of Mary Washington 18441:The Journal of Jewish Studies 17873:. Columbia University Press, 17692:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 16624:Campbelly, Jamesetta (2011). 16530:(Yale UP, 2000) pp. 66, 75–77 16051:British Relations With Bhutan 15911:Access date: 9 February 2007. 14963:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 14284:. Itd.nps.gov. Archived from 14091:Meserette (29 January 2016). 12612:"Abducted girls moved abroad" 12273:Kelly, Annie (23 July 2014). 12133:"Born to be a slave in Niger" 11920:Milton, Giles (8 June 2005). 10822:Roland De Vaux, John McHugh, 10165: 9878:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 9676:In 2018, a conference at the 9318:Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge 9083:American Colonization Society 8003:POW labor in the Soviet Union 7847:. Between 1808 and 1860, the 7562:them ever saw Ireland again. 7329:it flourished throughout the 6878:era beginning circa 793, the 6701:until abolition in 1864 (see 6441: 6420:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 6410:took 3,000 Christian slaves. 5547:Chinese domination of Vietnam 5389:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 5303:, could achieve high status. 5268:economy of the Ottoman Empire 5247:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 4845:Confederate States of America 4785:Confederate States of America 4736:, and was exacerbated by the 4627:Congress of the Confederation 4549:New York Slave Revolt of 1712 3959:War of the Spanish Succession 3910:controlled by France and the 3756:, and particularly among the 3490:War of the Spanish Succession 3346:students have been forced to 2398:and the surrounding areas in 1874:; and from the South via the 22596:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon 22551:Slavery in the United States 21908:Greensbury Washington Offley 21259:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 21244:International Criminal Court 20849:(Simon & Schuster, 1997) 20594:Slavery After Rome, 500-1100 20477:Linden, Marcel van der, ed. 19719:Encyclopedia of human rights 19428:. Publications.parliament.uk 19411:UK public library membership 18533:. p. 27. Archived from 18520:Brian Glyn Williams (2013). 18278:Piracy: the complete history 16276:International Business Times 16192:International Business Times 16047:Gupta, Shantiswarup (1974). 15149:. Harvard University Press. 14724:, pp. 382–383, 388–390. 14258:– PBS Series – Part 4 (2007) 14188:. Vermont Historical Society 13940:. Retrieved 6 December 2006. 13842:Junius P. Rodriguez (2007). 13553:. Canadian Museum of History 13551:Virtual Museum of New France 13225:Richard B. Sheridan (1974). 11957:"My Career Redeeming Slaves" 10877:The Journal of Roman Studies 10452:Perbi, Akosua Adoma (2004). 10420:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003 10322:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006 10218:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006 10050:Slavery in the United States 9697:were primarily responsible. 9382:Arab Charter on Human Rights 9245:Temporary Slavery Commission 8913: 8727:Temporary Slavery Commission 8458:1840 Anti-Slavery Conference 7764:Illustration from the book: 7435:, at which place they built 7353:, which lie in contemporary 7110:Economic history of Portugal 7076:and was a colony of France. 6577:where they were enslaved as 6524:Slavery in the British Isles 5928:was practiced by the tribal 5693:that date it shifted to the 5659:(capital of Gandhara) after 4877:and others were slavers and 4572:James Hopkinson's plantation 4291:Slavery in the United States 3880:British and French Caribbean 3796:and other countries such as 3556:, workers were subject to a 3286:Democratic Republic of Congo 2930:. The King of Bonny (now in 2803:prior to the arrival of the 1398:Temporary Slavery Commission 1059:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 18:Abolition of the Slave Trade 7: 22620:The Hemingses of Monticello 22521:African-American literature 21300:International speech crimes 21081:Customary international law 20541:Slavery and Society at Rome 20251:The Economic History Review 20165:The Business History Review 19940:American Slavery: 1619–1877 19853:American Slavery: 1619–1877 19132:Howe, Kerry (9 June 2006). 18739:(inactive 24 August 2024). 18342:. Oxford University Press. 17606:"Huguenots and the Galleys" 17091:Online Etymology Dictionary 16846:Cassar, P (20 April 2015). 16102:McKenna, Thomas H. (1998). 16030:White, John Claude (1909). 15761:India at the Death of Akbar 15486:Schafer, Edward H. (1963). 15415:Davis, David Brion (1966). 14142:. Oxford University Press. 13951:Origins of American Slavery 12729:TRT World (26 April 2017). 12710:TRT World (12 April 2017). 12484:Maclean, Ruth (3 May 2014) 10648:Hodal, Kate (31 May 2016). 10090:Pedro Blanco (slave trader) 9908:Slavery in the 21st century 9762: 9661:, plantation owners) chose 9428:Slavery in the 21st century 9404:U.S. Departments of Justice 8870: 8784:). A similar case, that of 8744:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 8574:West Africa Squadron (U.K.) 8271:South Island of New Zealand 7658:conquered the state in 1830 7654:Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 7569:(1814–15), which ended the 7095: 6946:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 6870:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 6848:The Vikings and Scandinavia 6761:was mainly in the hands of 6474:Similarly, Christians sold 6438:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje 6323:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 6093:Human trafficking in Europe 5545:During the millennium long 5480:History of slavery in China 5357:Ottoman invasions of Europe 4369:sugar colonies, Brazil, or 4174:The practice of slavery in 4117:and a few smaller islands. 4094:freedom was achieved. Full 3788:Slaves that escaped formed 3601:west coast of North America 3540:. Warfare was important to 3520:Slavery in the Aztec Empire 3508:privately owned enterprises 3502:, which was granted to the 3446: 3148:Slavery in the 21st century 2866:In the 1840s, King Gezo of 2799:Slavery already existed in 2082:pre-Columbian civilizations 1972:Slavery in the 21st century 1418:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 463:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 22669: 22436:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 21542:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) 21358:Slave Narrative Collection 21121:Convention Against Torture 21065:International criminal law 20971:(U of Georgia Press, 2015) 20963:. D. Appleton and company. 20588:. Gent: Universiteit Gent. 20451:Slavery and Historiography 20421:Slavery and Human Progress 20041:10.1007/s11186-019-09369-x 19943:. Macmillan. p. 136. 19552:. C. Hurst & Company. 19534:Napoleon: A Political Life 19478:Anti-Slavery International 18692:Blacks in Colonial America 18643:Anti-Slavery International 18229:Wesleyan Juvenile Offering 18157:Atlas of Mutual Heritage. 18109:Atlas of Mutual Heritage. 18082:Atlas of Mutual Heritage. 17789:"Slavery and Christianity" 17267:. Sras.org. Archived from 17136:Junius A. Rodriguez, ed., 16971:"They are not Angles, but 16959:The complete sentence was 16600:"Iron Age iron gang chain" 16561:The Encyclopedia Americana 15735:Cambridge History of India 15723:Cambridge History of India 15618:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030 15519:Gray, John Henry. (1878). 15143:Mark Edward Lewis (2007). 14957:Morgenthau, Henry (1918). 14709:American Historical Review 14550:Encyclopedia of the Qur'an 14017:10.1177/002193479702700502 13715:Michael Edward Stanfield, 13695:. JHU Press. p. 298. 13497:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 16–. 13321:American Historical Review 12995:Canadian Museum of History 12936:"Slavery in the New World" 12673:Lister, Tim (6 May 2014). 9982:Anti-Slavery International 9582:Slave Narrative Collection 9569:during the 19th century.) 9455:Slave Narrative Collection 9425: 9322:Anti-Slavery International 9312:(UN) after the end of the 9181: 9055: 9029: 8874: 8429: 8425: 8358: 8082: 8078: 8031:order 20 25 January 1960. 7996: 7970: 7901: 7897: 7845:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 7825:1833 Slavery Abolition Act 7753: 7667: 7598:Bombardment of Algiers by 7484: 7318: 7235: 7120:Portrait of an African Man 7099: 7033:Jean Parisot de la Valette 6966:Monument of the Four Moors 6851: 6757:Slave commerce during the 6727: 6708: 6619: 6521: 6417: 6268:Slavery in medieval Europe 6265: 6183: 6120: 6086: 5975: 5934:culturally diverse islands 5866: 5832: 5801: 5779: 5477: 5441:, mentioned in texts like 5420: 5244: 5195: 5186:Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi 4981: 4978:History of slavery in Asia 4975: 4774: 4691:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 4671:American Revolutionary War 4574:, South Carolina ca. 1862. 4305:Slavery among the Cherokee 4302: 4288: 4241: 4228:enslaved African-Americans 4203:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 4130: 4124: 3883: 3695:Brazilian colonial economy 3652: 3646: 3517: 3404: 3262:10,000,000 (approximately 3145: 3072: 3034: 2749: 2451: 2383:persisted until 1942. The 2198:Slave Coast of West Africa 2195: 2173: 2006: 1943:European political control 1939:African Slave Trade Patrol 1603:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1440:Anti-Slavery International 1205:North Africa and West Asia 22508: 22481: 22446: 22429:To a Southern Slaveholder 22420: 22385: 22217:The Bondwoman's Narrative 22166: 22092:My Bondage and My Freedom 22076:The Life of Josiah Henson 22060:American Slavery as It Is 22035: 22002: 21662: 21618: 21593: 21567: 21520: 21503: 21488:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang 21377: 21366: 21353: 21290:Joint criminal enterprise 21272: 21203: 21134: 21071: 20525:Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. 20453:(New York: Garland, 1989) 19562:– via Google Books. 19308:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). 18737:10.1017/S0147547900003677 18210:24 September 2009 at the 17985:. Cia.gov. Archived from 17921:"Pombal e o esclavagismo" 17841:Goodman, Joan E. (2001). 17654:"The Great Siege of 1565" 17263:Sras.Org (15 July 2003). 17190:"The Destruction of Kiev" 16864:10.1017/s0025727300013314 16684:. ABC-CLIO. p. 674. 16087:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15876:The raiders of the Sarhad 15328:. McFarland. p. 51. 15018:– via Google Books. 14918:. JHU Press. p. 72. 14764:. Routledge. p. 86. 14672:– via Google Books. 14645:– via Google Books. 14598:10.1017/9781139024723.019 14210:. New York Public Library 14152:– via Google Books. 14062:– via Google Books. 13620:The Canadian Encyclopedia 13172:Late Victorian Holocausts 12965:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu 12914:"Bolivia – Ethnic Groups" 11406:10.1080/00263209808701225 10547:Global Slavery Index 2013 9931:Types of slave soldiers: 9861:Trans-Saharan slave trade 9273:, adopted in 1948 by the 8991:issued a proclamation in 8946:Napoleon restores slavery 8512: 8471:, Richard Bridgens, 1838. 8124: 8117:to collect labor for the 8051: 8025:corrective labor colonies 7534:, occupied the island of 7090:French Revolution of 1848 6581:. The Italian ambassador 6560: 6432:merchant (right) and his 6129:slavery in Ancient Greece 6123:Slavery in ancient Greece 6082: 5972:Islamic State slave trade 5869:Slavery in Southeast Asia 5062:, as well as amongst the 4902:Emancipation Proclamation 4696:After the passage of the 4141:and continued during the 4120: 4063:18th-century painting of 4038:slavery in Saint-Domingue 4036:intended to re-establish 3642: 3530:Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica 3218:Second Sudanese Civil War 3211:Second Sudanese Civil War 2466:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2180:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2169: 2142:Ptolemaic or Roman period 1958:Second Sudanese Civil War 1903:transatlantic slave trade 1876:Trans-Saharan slave trade 1699:Emancipation Proclamation 1371:Opposition and resistance 1129:Sex trafficking in Europe 1117:Blackbirding in Polynesia 680:Trans-Saharan slave trade 22375:The Underground Railroad 22140:The Peculiar Institution 21785:Sarah Jane Woodson Early 21210:(in order of foundation) 21022:The Abolitionist Seminar 20761:The Atlantic Slave Trade 20582:Delepeleire, Y. (2004). 20061:Frank Joseph Klingberg, 19921:The Peculiar Institution 19378:Hall, Catherine (2008). 19298:, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1982). 19134:"Ideas of Māori origins" 18971:: 402–30. Archived from 18830:retrieved 8 January 2011 18790:retrieved 8 January 2011 18716:Herbert, Ulrich (2000). 18530:The Jamestown Foundation 18201:Journal of World History 18018:"Ways of ending slavery" 17818:The Atlantic Slave Trade 17430:. 25 (86) (1): 149–159. 17358:Fisher, Alan W. (1987). 17290:Fisher, Alan W. (1987). 17014:Rousseau, Félix (1958). 16640:. Random House. p. 16104:Muslim Rulers and Rebels 15774:The History Of Aurangzeb 15099:Trubner & Co. London 14758:M.J Akbar (3 May 2002). 14005:Journal of Black Studies 13384:Kitchin, Thomas (1778). 13360:. BookBaby. p. 77. 13198:"Involuntary Immigrants" 12440:. All Africa. 2 May 2014 12297:U.S. Department of State 11906:Smallwood, Stephanie E. 10865:Encyclopædia Britannica. 10481:Salzmann, Ariel (2013). 10136: 9965:Compensated emancipation 9953:Ideals and organizations 9856:Indian Ocean slave trade 9610:This Species of Property 9586:Federal Writers' Project 9543:Nazi concentration camps 9452:Federal Writers' Project 9032:End of slavery in France 8932:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax 8906:possessions, especially 8844:Indian Slavery Act, 1843 8400:intercepting slave ships 8306:Rapa Nui / Easter Island 7577:raiding. The sacking of 7549:and armed troops of the 7506:with the support of the 7412:Dutch West India Company 7347:Dutch West India Company 7321:History of Dutch slavery 7305:Spanish colonies of Cuba 7231: 7043:Christian VII of Denmark 6814:an extensive slave-trade 6545:reputedly made the pun, 5828: 5811:Second Sino-Japanese War 5797: 5761:Indian Slavery Act, 1843 4890:compensated emancipation 4823:, the Republicans swept 4808:the new Republican Party 3784:Resistance and abolition 3514:Among indigenous peoples 3299:in West Africa; see the 3292:in a system of slavery. 2720:While travelling in the 2534:Central African Republic 2483:Indian Ocean slave trade 2462:Indian Ocean slave trade 2338:. The population of the 2188:Indian Ocean slave trade 2088:, punishment for crime, 1884:Indian Ocean slave trade 1866:; from the East via the 1479:Compensated emancipation 690:Indian Ocean slave trade 22653:History of human rights 22546:Films featuring slavery 22010:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua 21934:William Henry Singleton 21739:Ellen and William Craft 21148:Crimes against humanity 20567:Westermann, William L. 20208:Business History Review 20013:Richmond Times-Dispatch 19579:, Paris, Perrin, 2003 ( 19500:French Colonial History 18417:Encyclopædia Britannica 18407:"Barbary Pirates" 18336:Davies, Norman (1996). 18275:Konstam, Angus (2008). 18023:Encyclopædia Britannica 17919:Ramos, Luís O. (1971). 17698:. Bloomsbury Academic. 17586:. Uh.edu. 1 August 2004 16969:, si forent Christiani. 16774:James William Brodman. 16372:www.atheistrepublic.com 16354:The Wall Street Journal 16055:. Panchsheel Prakashan. 15873:Dyer, Reginald (1921). 15713:(Bombay, 1963), p. 205. 15683:Dale, Indian Merchants, 15381:Kenneth B. Lee (1997). 15037:"Islam's black slaves," 14912:Eric Dursteler (2006). 14800:Davis, Paul K. (2003). 14701:Mediterranean Chronicle 14319:Michael Vorenberg, ed. 13989:Joseph Cephas Carroll, 13848:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. 13801:Donoghue, John (2010). 13644:Mary Ann Shadd (2016). 13617:James H. Marsh (1999). 12351:Report on Côte d'Ivoire 12316:The News & Observer 12234:Human Rights Law Review 12112:. ABC News. 3 June 2005 11304:Vernet, Thomas (2009). 10974:The Library of Congress 10944:Grindal, Peter (2016). 10782:Encyclopædia Britannica 10724:Encyclopædia Britannica 10702:Encyclopædia Britannica 9751:during any year of the 9249:1926 Slavery Convention 9200:Slavery in Saudi Arabia 8732:1926 Slavery Convention 8717:Treaty of Jeddah (1927) 8702:Battle of Little Bereby 8506:Slave trade suppression 8310:The isolated island of 7981:, Germans were used as 7684:Danubian principalities 7019:often turned 'infidel' 6354:Carolingian Renaissance 6186:Slavery in ancient Rome 6179: 6039:The Wall Street Journal 6026:religious justification 5926:pre-Spanish Philippines 5775: 4971: 4720:had arrived first from 4563:Early United States law 4165:United Empire Loyalists 4147:French colony of Canada 4042:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 4020:owned one-third of the 3986:King Philip V, of Spain 3973:North American colonies 3713:deteriorated. Although 3599:, that lived along the 3572:counts as slavery. The 3413:Second Libyan Civil War 3318:in "the worst forms of 3110:during the time of the 2160:at Smyrna (present-day 1956:. During the 1983–2005 1403:1926 Slavery Convention 1159:Germany in World War II 776:North and South America 298:Contract of manumission 22394:Amos Fortune, Free Man 21628:Juan Francisco Manzano 21603:Marie-Joseph Angélique 21511:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 21494:Johann Georg Wolffgang 21476:Guðríður Símonardóttir 21415:James Leander Cathcart 21305:Universal jurisdiction 21280:Command responsibility 21173:Incitement to genocide 21111:United Nations Charter 20834:Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 20621:Africa and Middle East 20467:(2 vol. 2007) 795 pp; 19937:Peter Kolchin (2003). 19396:10.1093/ref:odnb/96359 19381:"Anti-Slavery Society" 19163:King, Michael (2000). 18997:Hawaii's Royal History 18806:Jewish Virtual Library 18453:10.18647/2730/JJS-2007 18402:Hannay, David McDowall 17772:: CS1 maint: others ( 17490:MATSUKI, Eizo (2006). 17315:Rawlins, Gregory J.E. 17218:. Depts.washington.edu 16730:"From Slavs to Slaves" 15921:Rummel, R. J. (1999). 15776:, vol. III, pp. 331–32 14703:1 (2011) pp. 281, 282 14682:Clarence-Smith. W. G. 14208:"REGULATING THE TRADE" 13932:13 August 2006 at the 13889:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 12961:"UH - Digital History" 12236:: 1–20. Archived from 11827:"African Slave Owners" 11394:Middle Eastern Studies 10805:, Mohr Siebeck, 2003, 10602:5 Minutes 10 Minutes. 10057:North Carolina v. Mann 9832:Types of slave trade: 9710:Capitalism and Slavery 9701:Historical revisionism 9678:University of Virginia 9523: 9502: 9482: 9458: 9400: 9345:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 9221: 9136:William Lloyd Garrison 9122:include former slaves 9022: 8877:Abolitionism in France 8681:Bombardment of Johanna 8589:Brazil Squadron (U.S.) 8584:Africa Squadron (U.S.) 8472: 8461: 8386: 8370: 8355:Abolitionist movements 8175:Before the arrival of 7931: 7919: 7917:German-occupied Poland 7773: 7747: 7727: 7608: 7555:Baltimore, County Cork 7496: 7269: 7266:captured Tunis in 1535 7124: 6977: 6725: 6718:Giovanni Maria Morandi 6602: 6457:Ottoman wars in Europe 6453:Byzantine-Ottoman wars 6448: 6358:early Muslim conquests 6262:Post-classical history 6230:on a large scale; the 6108: 5706: 5641: 5557:southern provinces of 5534:Deriving from earlier 5471: 5263: 5235:Fall of Constantinople 5023: 5007: 4954:lost the right to vote 4875:Nathan Bedford Forrest 4862: 4833:United States Congress 4726:Lecompton Constitution 4714:Lecompton Constitution 4575: 4504:Development of slavery 4393: 4281:for domestic service. 4261: 4214:; and again after the 4103:pressure other nations 4068: 3903: 3690: 3671: 3668:Johann Moritz Rugendas 3460: 3124:Bombardment of Algiers 3103: 3057: 3013: 2940: 2887: 2884:British two pound coin 2876: 2796: 2765: 2743: 2737: 2718: 2701: 2642:Imamate of Futa Jallon 2580:, the crossing of the 2548:'s victory created an 2475: 2227: 1872:Andalusian slave trade 884:British Virgin Islands 436:Circassian slave trade 402:Safavid imperial harem 397:Ottoman Imperial Harem 22343:Walk Through Darkness 22279:Underground to Canada 21892:Jermain Wesley Loguen 21837:(1848/1854 VA – 1957) 21764:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 21580:Konstantin Mihailović 21528:Lovisa von Burghausen 21028:American Abolitionism 20606:(Random House, 2006). 20508:Phillips, William D. 20449:Finkelman, Paul, ed. 20380:Allen, R. B. (2017). 20111:29 March 2017 at the 19512:10.1353/fch.2005.0007 19454:. UK. 25 January 2007 17983:"CIA Factbook: Haiti" 17881:, pp. 158–60, 362–70. 17793:Catholic Encyclopedia 17787:Allard, Paul (1912). 17551:naturalhistory.si.edu 16715:10.1093/past/177.1.17 16153:on 22 September 2008. 15986:. Travel.mongabay.com 15984:"Cambodia Angkor Wat" 15356:(Japan), Tōyō Bunko. 15261:. Cognoscenti Books. 15060:B. Stein, D. Arnold. 14563:Encyclopedia of Islam 14505:Encyclopedia of Islam 14267:Leonard L. Richards, 14256:"Africans in America" 14078:founders.archives.gov 13461:"Haiti, 1789 to 1806" 13282:(2001), pp. 341, 361. 12225:Duffy, Helen (2008). 11784:"The Story of Africa" 11758:"Le Mali précolonial" 11187:. Library of Congress 10910:(26 September 1984). 10517:Thomas, Hugh (2006). 10115:Slavery at common law 9927:List of famous slaves 9894:Present-day slavery: 9851:Coastwise slave trade 9753:Industrial Revolution 9736:Industrial Revolution 9715:Industrial Revolution 9566:Protestant work ethic 9518: 9494: 9474: 9464:Civil Rights Movement 9449: 9390: 9343:. In November 1962, 9215: 9096:Mississippi-in-Africa 9076:abolitionist movement 9016: 8956:Toussaint L'Ouverture 8885:There were slaves in 8832:Slavery Abolition Act 8825:interdict slave ships 8774:Court of King's Bench 8467: 8455: 8376: 8368: 8318:was inhabited by the 8246:Wars of the mid-1860s 8034:During the period of 7925: 7911: 7829:abolitionist movement 7794:Industrial Revolution 7763: 7731: 7722: 7716:Author and historian 7668:Further information: 7596: 7494: 7425:Jacob van den Broucke 7261: 7117: 6963: 6862:Black Sea slave trade 6716: 6676:Black Sea slave trade 6634:Black Sea slave trade 6600: 6547:Non Angli, sed Angeli 6427: 6315:Black sea slave trade 6272:Black Sea slave trade 6242:Other European tribes 6100: 5859:in order to survive. 5686: 5623: 5577:Postclassical history 5522:Warring States period 5461: 5384:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 5274:until the slavery of 5258: 5206:Black Sea slave trade 5013: 4995: 4982:Further information: 4857: 4775:Further information: 4663:British North America 4570: 4391: 4378:Royal African Company 4363:British North America 4279:Guatuso-Maleku people 4255: 4242:Further information: 4151:British North America 4143:European colonization 4133:Slavery in New France 4062: 3945:England had multiple 3893: 3752:In some areas of the 3723:1st Marquis of Pombal 3677: 3662: 3488:. As a result of the 3454: 3308:U.S. State Department 3301:chocolate and slavery 3288:belong from birth to 3234:Slavery in Mauritania 3202:Middle East Quarterly 3138:to free many slaves. 3098: 3044: 3008: 2936: 2881: 2872: 2794: 2764:Gezo, King of Dahomey 2763: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2695: 2566:Portuguese Mozambique 2473: 2440:slave market in Yemen 2213: 2196:Further information: 1935:Preventative Squadron 1123:Europe and North Asia 1083:Australia and Oceania 783:Pre-Columbian America 355:Slave raid of Suðuroy 287:Slavery in al-Andalus 209:Black Sea slave trade 138:21st-century jihadism 22541:Caribbean literature 22531:Atlantic slave trade 22084:Twelve Years a Slave 21977:Booker T. Washington 21779:Jordan Winston Early 21206:International courts 21106:Nuremberg principles 20886:57#1 (2012): 87–111. 20663:Oikonomides, Nicolas 20658:(Cambridge UP, 1983) 20516:Rodriguez, Junius P. 20433:Davis, David Brion. 20426:Davis, David Brion. 19359:on 30 September 2011 19353:"Indian Legislation" 19229:. New Zealand A to Z 19085:Clark, Ross (1994). 17566:Medieval Scandinavia 17348:, vol. 13, SPb, 1904 16902:on 29 September 2011 16827:. Trivia-library.com 16750:The Theft of History 16747:Goody, Jack (2012). 16390:newenglishreview.com 16135:on 16 December 2014. 15970:Working Paper Series 15310:slave girls of viet. 15183:. Brill. p. 299 15005:Remembering Genocide 14866:Wolf Von Schierbrand 14552:, Slaves and Slavery 14516:Du Pasquier, Roger, 14358:Margaret Humphreys, 13811:on 4 September 2015. 13292:Hugh Thomas (1997). 13001:on 23 September 2008 12843:on 10 September 2017 12322:on 28 February 2009. 11959:. MEQ. December 1999 11892:King Leopold's Ghost 11438:Copied content from 11262:". Naeem Mohaiemen. 11258:5 April 2014 at the 10708:on 23 February 2007. 10677:Global Slavery Index 10251:Current Anthropology 10125:William Lynch speech 10110:Slavery and religion 10035:History of Liverpool 9836:Atlantic slave trade 9821:Indentured servitude 9552:Economic historians 9422:Contemporary slavery 9326:Committee on Slavery 9116:Underground Railroad 9092:Republic of Maryland 8979:Napoleon and slavery 8928:Revolutionary French 8817:Atlantic slave trade 8448:Slave Trade Act 1807 8260:who migrated to the 8093:to supply labor and 7875:Arthur William Hodge 7849:West Africa Squadron 7841:Slave Trade Act 1807 7778:Atlantic slave trade 7756:Atlantic slave trade 7545:, with pirates from 7423:Willem de la Palma, 7290:Atlantic slave trade 7144:Afonso V of Portugal 7066:free people of color 6956:Early Modern history 6886:called their slaves 6622:Venetian slave trade 6583:Liutprand of Cremona 6378:saw almost constant 6348:of Northern Africa, 5930:Austronesian peoples 5877:Slavery in Indonesia 5847:of 1894. During the 5742:Alauddin Bahman Shah 5598:, a Turkic slave of 5468:The Indika of Arrian 5401:Atlantic slave trade 5212:trading with Vikings 5014:A contract from the 4984:Slavery in antiquity 4849:American nationalism 4835:. The states of the 4679:Underground Railroad 4673:and again after the 4652:internal slave trade 4633:. In 1794, Congress 4619:constitution of 1777 4595:Knight v. Wedderburn 4584:Massachusetts courts 4224:Underground Railroad 4018:Free people of color 3898:, British colony of 3863:had black ancestry. 3828:Jean-Baptiste Debret 3772:had organized their 3727:Continental Portugal 3688:Jean Baptiste Debret 3538:indentured servitude 3037:Atlantic slave trade 2770:Sub Saharan Africans 2752:Atlantic slave trade 2646:Imamate of Futa Toro 2617:Atlantic slave trade 2385:Anti-Slavery Society 2354:caliphate formed by 2257:Slave Trade Act 1807 2192:Atlantic slave trade 2078:pre-colonial empires 2015:Neolithic Revolution 2009:Slavery in antiquity 1870:; from the West via 1578:Indentured servitude 1506:Underground Railroad 1306:United Arab Emirates 695:Zanzibar slave trade 662:By country or region 475:Atlantic slave trade 377:Ma malakat aymanukum 261:Venetian slave trade 22536:Captivity narrative 22367:The Book of Negroes 22148:The Slave Community 22012:(1845–1847, Brazil) 21939:James Lindsay Smith 21846:John Andrew Jackson 21781:(1814 – after 1894) 21735:(1845 KY – 1938 OH) 21728:William Wells Brown 21687:Jared Maurice Arter 21682:William J. Anderson 21575:Johann Schiltberger 21153:Crime of aggression 21116:Genocide Convention 20576:Europe: Middle Ages 20560:Finley, Moses, ed. 20442:Drescher, Seymour. 19892:Eric Foner (2013). 19792:"Human Trafficking" 18924:Europe-Asia Studies 18919:Robert Conquest in 18540:on 21 October 2013. 17871:History of Portugal 17496:Mediterranean World 17327:on 23 December 2008 17271:on 24 February 2008 17170:on 15 December 2018 16977:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 16549:on 28 October 2009. 16374:. 4 September 2015. 16336:The Daily Telegraph 16284:on 14 October 2014. 16211:The Huffington Post 14944:www.everything2.com 14529:Gordon 1987, p. 40. 13923:McElrath, Jessica, 13441:on 1 September 2013 13254:Caribbean Quarterly 13100:on 28 November 2006 13049:on 21 November 2011 12987:www.civilization.ca 12916:. Countrystudies.us 12584:The Daily Telegraph 10045:Slave-owning slaves 9883:Swedish slave trade 9841:Barbary slave trade 9742:Economic historian 9695:William Wilberforce 9606:Leslie Howard Owens 9558:Stanley L. Engerman 9486:James Oliver Horton 9303:Red Sea slave trade 9275:UN General Assembly 9162:(Which also formed 8975:to the US in 1803. 8887:Metropolitan France 8793:William Wilberforce 8113:slave raids in the 8107:Polynesian triangle 8042:labor camps in the 7893:Late Modern history 7879:British West Indies 7833:William Wilberforce 7831:, led primarily by 7792:at the time of the 7750:British slave trade 7718:Brian Glyn Williams 7678:Ottoman slave trade 7674:Crimean slave trade 7487:Barbary slave trade 7280:on islands such as 7195:Henry the Navigator 7186:Mercado de Escravos 7102:Slavery in Portugal 7029:Knights Hospitaller 6950:Samanid slave trade 6662:slaves, as well as 6626:Genoese slave trade 6534:Bodmin manumissions 6327:Bukhara slave trade 6106:Charles W. Bartlett 6079:states and Turkey. 6044:apocalyptic beliefs 5936:. The neighbouring 5881:Slavery in Malaysia 5791:Iranian Baluchistan 5755:During the rule of 5703:Al Hind, André Wink 5638:Al Hind, André Wink 5614:are descendants of 5610:; for example, the 5608:Indian Ocean trades 5582:Indian subcontinent 5453:Alexander the Great 5327:Ottomans practiced 5251:Crimean slave trade 5220:Arab–Byzantine wars 5000:possibly depicting 4800:western territories 4734:popular sovereignty 4698:Kansas–Nebraska Act 4623:Northwest Ordinance 4615:Republic of Vermont 4536:economy across the 4530:Carolina Lowcountry 4330:Jamestown, Virginia 4218:, with a number of 4208:American Revolution 4197:Act Against Slavery 4022:plantation property 3894:Slaves cutting the 3844:British West Indies 3682:family captured by 3269:Sexual slavery and 3188:, sometimes called 3075:Barbary slave trade 2756:Sara Forbes Bonetta 2722:African Great Lakes 2672:and the kingdom of 2666:Ashanti Confederacy 2458:Red Sea slave trade 2391:on 26 August 1942. 2381:Slavery in Ethiopia 2184:Red Sea slave trade 1880:Red Sea slave trade 1868:Bukhara slave trade 1864:Crimean slave trade 1812:first civilizations 1664:Slave Route Project 795:Americas indigenous 685:Red Sea slave trade 675:Contemporary Africa 538:Topics and practice 308:Crimean slave trade 303:Bukhara slave trade 256:Genoese slave trade 133:Contemporary Africa 113:Forced prostitution 22643:History of slavery 22490:Unchained Memories 21995:(b. c. 1780 Congo) 21769:Frederick Douglass 21540:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw 21439:Maria ter Meetelen 21158:Crime of apartheid 21096:Geneva Conventions 20990:Wilson, Thomas D. 20955:Phillips, Ulrich B 20863:(Oxford U.P. 1988) 20766:Klein, Herbert S. 20752:Klein, Herbert S. 20732:Blackburn, Robin. 20689:Toledano, Ehud R. 20667:Kazhdan, Alexander 20633:Davis, Robert C., 20630:(Frank Cass, 2004) 20611:Past & Present 20494:Miller, Joseph C. 20417:Davis, David Brion 20153:(1998) pp. 440–64. 20140:(1998) pp. 415–39. 20123:Seymour Drescher, 20102:History and Theory 20029:Theory and Society 19796:polarisproject.org 19744:"Slavery in Islam" 19259:Seymour Drescher, 18940:. Mythichawaii.com 18654:Vernon Pickering, 17660:on 18 January 2012 17612:on 2 February 2009 17584:"The Last Galleys" 17360:The Crimean Tatars 17292:The Crimean Tatars 17244:on 26 October 2009 16985:Palgrave Macmillan 16707:Past & Present 16526:Thomas R. Martin, 16508:on 7 November 2005 16396:on 12 October 2017 16339:, 13 October 2014. 16167:. Everyculture.com 15937:Available online: 15890:Ju Zhifen (2002). 15842:. 25 November 2004 15772:Sarkar, Jadunath. 15450:Joyce E. Salisbury 15300:The Vermilion Bird 15062:A History of India 15042:2007-03-01 at the 14898:Madeline C. Zilfi 14878:The New York Times 14828:"Supply of Slaves" 14502:Brunschvig. 'Abd; 14397:C. Vann Woodward, 13976:Wilson, Thomas D. 13953:(1997), pp. 64–65. 13435:Missionary Journal 13408:on 5 November 2011 13203:The New York Times 13126:on 16 October 2018 12076:on 15 January 2019 11764:on 1 December 2011 11665:on 17 January 2016 11285:on 6 December 2007 11218:The end of slavery 11106:on 2 February 2008 11080:on 9 February 2014 10500:10.3390/rel4030391 9774:Types of slavery: 9645:that explains why 9633:-winning account, 9602:Roll, Jordan, Roll 9510:Reconstruction era 9498:racial segregation 9478:Ulrich B. Phillips 9459: 9295:the Trucial States 9222: 9188:Slavery in Bahrain 9184:Slavery in Morocco 9172:Congress of Vienna 9154:Congress of Vienna 9132:Frederick Douglass 9100:Kentucky in Africa 9023: 8989:Napoleon Bonaparte 8924:Haitian Revolution 8803:, who founded the 8552:Blockade of Africa 8473: 8462: 8456:A painting of the 8436:Somerset v Stewart 8419:American Civil War 8387: 8371: 8238:Treaty of Waitangi 7932: 7920: 7837:British Parliament 7774: 7609: 7567:Congress of Vienna 7497: 7270: 7125: 7078:Napoleon Bonaparte 7064:by its slaves and 7062:Haitian Revolution 6997:Camisard rebellion 6978: 6866:Khazar slave trade 6726: 6703:Slavery in Romania 6630:Balkan slave trade 6603: 6449: 6366:Islamic Golden Age 6319:Khazar slave trade 6276:Balkan slave trade 6149:Socratic dialogues 6143:, the majority of 6131:go as far back as 6109: 5946:Philippine islands 5932:who inhabited the 5809:labor. During the 5661:Battle of Peshawar 5592:Muhammad bin Qasim 5264: 5202:Balkan slave trade 5171:Muslim slave trade 5024: 5008: 4950:Southern Democrats 4927:Reconstruction Era 4863: 4793:Reconstruction era 4777:American Civil War 4771:American Civil War 4730:Northern Democrats 4687:jury nullification 4659:racial segregation 4625:of 1787 under the 4592:) followed by the 4589:Somerset v Stewart 4576: 4526:plantation economy 4394: 4352:indentured servant 4262: 4069: 4056:in world history. 4028:). Slavery in the 3957:, which ended the 3904: 3691: 3686:slave hunters. By 3672: 3583:of Patagonia, the 3461: 3401:Libyan slave trade 3266:) in reparations. 3199:An article in the 3112:Regency of Algiers 3104: 3087:Slavery in Tunisia 3083:Slavery in Algeria 3079:Slavery in Morocco 3058: 3053:to Europe and the 3049:used to transport 2993:captured as brides 2985:population decline 2888: 2797: 2766: 2702: 2476: 2448:Sub-Saharan Africa 2228: 1860:Balkan slave trade 1765:history of slavery 1445:Blockade of Africa 752:Somali slave trade 668:Sub-Saharan Africa 360:Turkish Abductions 318:Khivan slave trade 313:Khazar slave trade 266:Balkan slave trade 224:Prague slave trade 22630: 22629: 22402:I, Juan de Pareja 22386:Young adult books 22193:Uncle Tom's Cabin 22036:Non-fiction books 22031: 22030: 21988:Harriet E. Wilson 21872:Elizabeth Keckley 21718:Henry "Box" Brown 21636:(1860–1965, Cuba) 21630:(1797–1854, Cuba) 21585:George of Hungary 21560:(1792 – fl. 1828) 21313: 21312: 21139:international law 21101:Nuremberg Charter 21091:Hague Conventions 20784:, Andres (2016). 20773:Morgan, Kenneth. 20768:Slavery in Brazil 20740:Fradera, Josep M. 20501:Parish, Peter J. 19616:on 8 January 2011 19409:(Subscription or 19227:"Chatham Islands" 19071:978-1-86940-757-5 18809:. 27 January 2000 18503:Oxford University 18339:Europe: a History 18068:Johannes Postma, 17963:on 3 January 2009 17751:978-981-4722-72-8 17403:on 1 January 2016 17149:Paul E. Lovejoy, 17050:978-0-7156-3129-4 16928:. 31 January 1910 16573:The Ancient Celts 16330:Richard Spencer, 16321:, 13 October 2014 16312:Salma Abdelaziz, 16303:, 13 October 2014 16239:, 14 October 2014 16230:Richard Spencer, 16195:, 4 October 2014. 15709:Satish C. Misra, 15665:Wink, Al-Hind, II 15205:Osiris, Volume 10 14868:(28 March 1886). 14813:978-0-19-521930-2 14771:978-1-134-45259-0 14371:Paul A. Cimbala, 14246:30 December 2007. 14149:978-0-19-974178-6 13702:978-1-4214-1842-1 13657:978-1-55481-321-6 13630:978-0-7710-2099-5 13585:978-0-19-517055-9 13532:978-1-55065-327-4 13504:978-1-4408-5097-4 13148:(JHU Press, 1996) 13021:Slavery in Brazil 11691:on 1 October 2018 11487:978-1-107-09485-7 11006:978-1-107-09485-7 10955:978-0-85773-938-4 10850:, pp. 176–77, 223 10784:. 12 April 2024. 10429:978-1-139-03499-9 9898:Human trafficking 9871:Asiento de Negros 9866:Slavery in Africa 9682:Orlando Patterson 9562:Time on the Cross 9537:in his 1959 work 9535:Stanley M. Elkins 9408:Homeland Security 9269:Article 4 of the 9253:League of Nations 9226:League of Nations 9192:Slavery in Kuwait 9178:Twentieth century 8772:) of the English 8759: 8758: 8557:Kanunname of 1889 8385:, 1 November 1794 8296:Native Land Court 8177:European settlers 8115:South Sea Islands 8021:Nikita Khrushchev 7883:lawfully executed 7782:American colonies 7646:bombarded Algiers 7581:on the island of 7473:, 142,000 in the 7450:Dutch West Indies 7335:Dutch Slave Coast 7263:Emperor Charles V 7127:The 15th-century 7106:Portuguese Empire 6858:Volga trade route 6791:Khanates of Kazan 6789:. For years, the 6465:battle of Lepanto 6294:Early Middle Ages 6282:early Middle Ages 6232:Third Servile War 6006:(IS) was selling 5873:Slavery in Brunei 5596:Qutb-ud-din Aybak 5588:Islamic invasions 5491:Men sentenced to 5489:(221–206 BC) 5404:female slaves as 5228:Abbasid Caliphate 4964:, especially the 4942:white-supremacist 4923:Freedmen's Bureau 4816:liberal democracy 4511:Bacon's Rebellion 4345:São João Bautista 4127:Slavery in Canada 4107:Republic of Haiti 4012:accorded certain 3984:Anne "22.5% (and 3971:also allowed her 3964:Asiento de Negros 3955:Treaty of Utrecht 3866:Brazil's 1877–78 3859:and the engineer 3774:Jesuit Reductions 3664:Slavery in Brazil 3649:Slavery in Brazil 3629:Pacific Northwest 3591:of Dominica, the 3510:in the Americas. 3504:South Sea Company 3495:asiento de negros 3469:Asiento de Negros 3306:According to the 3297:cacao plantations 3282:Republic of Congo 3031:Africans on ships 2998:British explorer 2834:to the east, the 2809:Afonso I of Kongo 2710:David Livingstone 2708:in his journals, 2698:David Livingstone 2662:Fante Confederacy 2654:Kingdom of Khasso 2494:Arabian peninsula 2454:Slavery in Africa 2282:(1712–1861), and 2176:Slavery in Africa 2128:Ancient Egyptian 2094:child abandonment 1966:cacao plantations 1950:human trafficking 1937:and the American 1907:tropical diseases 1889:Beginning in the 1836:Early Middle Ages 1828:Code of Hammurabi 1814:emerged (such as 1808:institutionalized 1761: 1760: 1711:Freedmen's Bureau 1533:Third Servile War 1528:International law 1095:Human trafficking 857:Human trafficking 532:Thirteen colonies 350:Sack of Baltimore 118:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 22660: 22233: 22230: 22226: 22223: 22201:The Heroic Slave 21956:Pierre Toussaint 21951:(1793 VA – 1860) 21915:(1827 VA – 1900) 21647:Pierre Toussaint 21482:Antoine Qaurtier 21471: 21468: 21375: 21374: 21347:Slave narratives 21340: 21333: 21326: 21317: 21316: 21273:Related concepts 21211: 21168:Genocidal intent 21058: 21051: 21044: 21035: 21034: 20983:Sinha, Manisha. 20980: 20964: 20943: 20931: 20924:Genovese, Eugene 20919: 20907: 20868:Economic History 20830: 20828: 20819:(4–5): 475–494. 20801: 20759:Klein, Herbert. 20722: 20686: 20626:Campbell, Gwyn. 20589: 20539:Bradley, Keith. 20413: 20411: 20409: 20404: 20386: 20331: 20330: 20328: 20326: 20309: 20303: 20302: 20300: 20298: 20281: 20275: 20274: 20246: 20240: 20239: 20203: 20197: 20196: 20160: 20154: 20147: 20141: 20134: 20128: 20121: 20115: 20104:(1987): 180–96. 20098: 20092: 20085: 20079: 20072: 20066: 20059: 20053: 20052: 20024: 20018: 20017: 20003: 19997: 19988: 19982: 19979: 19973: 19970: 19964: 19961: 19955: 19954: 19934: 19928: 19916: 19910: 19909: 19889: 19883: 19882: 19862: 19856: 19849: 19843: 19836: 19830: 19829: 19818: 19812: 19811: 19809: 19807: 19798:. Archived from 19788: 19782: 19781: 19779: 19777: 19766: 19760: 19759: 19757: 19755: 19740: 19734: 19733: 19713: 19707: 19704: 19698: 19695: 19689: 19686: 19680: 19677: 19671: 19665: 19659: 19652: 19646: 19632: 19626: 19625: 19623: 19621: 19606:Washington, D.C. 19594: 19588: 19570: 19564: 19563: 19543: 19537: 19532:Steven Englund, 19530: 19524: 19523: 19495: 19489: 19488: 19486: 19484: 19470: 19464: 19463: 19461: 19459: 19444: 19438: 19437: 19435: 19433: 19421: 19415: 19414: 19406: 19404: 19402: 19383: 19375: 19369: 19368: 19366: 19364: 19349: 19343: 19336: 19330: 19329: 19305: 19299: 19292: 19286: 19283: 19277: 19270: 19264: 19257: 19251: 19245: 19239: 19238: 19236: 19234: 19223: 19217: 19216: 19214: 19212: 19201: 19195: 19194:. Penguin. 2003. 19185: 19179: 19178: 19160: 19154: 19153: 19151: 19149: 19144:on 16 April 2009 19140:. 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Archived from 18014: 18008: 18005: 17999: 17998: 17996: 17994: 17979: 17973: 17972: 17970: 17968: 17959:. Archived from 17949: 17943: 17942: 17934: 17928: 17927: 17925: 17916: 17907: 17900: 17894: 17888: 17882: 17867: 17854: 17845:. Mikaya Press, 17839: 17833: 17827: 17821: 17816:Klein, Herbert. 17814: 17805: 17804: 17802: 17800: 17784: 17778: 17777: 17771: 17763: 17736: 17730: 17723: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17712: 17689: 17683: 17676: 17670: 17669: 17667: 17665: 17650: 17644: 17643: 17641: 17639: 17628: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17617: 17602: 17596: 17595: 17593: 17591: 17580: 17574: 17573: 17561: 17555: 17554: 17543: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17532: 17518: 17512: 17511: 17509: 17507: 17487: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17476: 17471:on 23 March 2016 17461: 17455: 17454: 17452: 17450: 17419: 17413: 17412: 17410: 17408: 17399:. Archived from 17380: 17374: 17373: 17355: 17349: 17343: 17337: 17336: 17334: 17332: 17323:. Archived from 17312: 17306: 17305: 17287: 17281: 17280: 17278: 17276: 17260: 17254: 17253: 17251: 17249: 17234: 17228: 17227: 17225: 17223: 17212: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17201: 17196:on 27 April 2011 17186: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17175: 17160: 17154: 17147: 17141: 17134: 17128: 17112: 17101: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17083: 17077: 17061: 17055: 17054: 17034: 17028: 17027: 17011: 17005: 16957: 16951: 16944: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16933: 16918: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16907: 16892: 16886: 16885: 16875: 16843: 16837: 16836: 16834: 16832: 16821: 16815: 16814: 16794: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16771: 16765: 16764: 16744: 16738: 16737: 16725: 16719: 16718: 16702: 16696: 16695: 16675: 16666: 16665: 16660: 16658: 16639: 16621: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16610: 16596: 16590: 16582: 16576: 16575:, Barry Cunliffe 16570: 16564: 16557: 16551: 16550: 16545:. 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Archived from 16123: 16114: 16108: 16107: 16099: 16093: 16092: 16086: 16078: 16076: 16074: 16063: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16044: 16038: 16037: 16027: 16021: 16020: 16018: 16016: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15991: 15980: 15974: 15973: 15961: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15950: 15936: 15918: 15912: 15906: 15900: 15899: 15887: 15881: 15880: 15870: 15864: 15858: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15847: 15832: 15826: 15825: 15823: 15821: 15810: 15804: 15798: 15792: 15791: 15783: 15777: 15770: 15764: 15757: 15751: 15746:Sewell, Robert. 15744: 15738: 15732: 15726: 15720: 15714: 15707: 15701: 15690: 15684: 15681: 15675: 15672: 15666: 15663: 15657: 15646: 15640: 15639: 15629: 15597: 15591: 15584: 15578: 15575: 15566: 15563: 15554: 15551: 15542: 15539: 15533: 15530: 15524: 15517: 15511: 15510: 15508: 15506: 15483: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15472: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15412: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15401: 15378: 15372: 15371: 15369: 15367: 15353: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15342: 15319: 15313: 15312: 15303: 15293: 15287: 15286: 15280: 15272: 15252: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15238: 15224: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15213: 15199: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15188: 15174: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15163: 15140: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15129: 15106: 15100: 15093: 15084: 15081: 15075: 15058: 15052: 15029: 15020: 15019: 14999: 14993: 14992: 14981: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14970: 14954: 14948: 14947: 14936: 14930: 14929: 14909: 14903: 14896: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14874: 14862: 14856: 14850: 14844: 14838: 14832: 14831: 14824: 14818: 14817: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14783: 14755: 14749: 14743: 14737: 14734:Oikonomides 1991 14731: 14725: 14719: 14713: 14695: 14689: 14680: 14674: 14673: 14653: 14647: 14646: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14583: 14577: 14571: 14565: 14561:Bilal b. Rabah, 14559: 14553: 14547: 14541: 14536: 14530: 14527: 14521: 14514: 14508: 14500: 14494: 14493: 14491: 14489: 14484:. New York Times 14477: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14458: 14452: 14446: 14437: 14434: 14428: 14417: 14411: 14408: 14402: 14395: 14389: 14382: 14376: 14369: 14363: 14356: 14350: 14343: 14337: 14330: 14324: 14317: 14311: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14293: 14278: 14272: 14265: 14259: 14253: 14247: 14238: 14232: 14226: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14215: 14204: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14193: 14177: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14160: 14154: 14153: 14133: 14127: 14122: 14116: 14111: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14100: 14088: 14082: 14081: 14070: 14064: 14063: 14043: 14037: 14036: 14000: 13994: 13987: 13981: 13974: 13968: 13967: 13960: 13954: 13947: 13941: 13921: 13915: 13914: 13907: 13901: 13900: 13880: 13874: 13873: 13866: 13860: 13859: 13839: 13833: 13832: 13826: 13822: 13820: 13812: 13807:. Archived from 13798: 13792: 13791: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13755:. 20 August 2019 13745: 13739: 13734: 13728: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13706: 13686: 13680: 13679: 13668: 13662: 13661: 13641: 13635: 13634: 13614: 13608: 13607: 13596: 13590: 13589: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13518: 13509: 13508: 13488: 13482: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13457: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13446: 13427: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13398: 13392: 13391: 13381: 13372: 13371: 13351: 13345: 13344: 13316: 13310: 13309: 13289: 13283: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13249: 13243: 13242: 13222: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13206:. 27 August 1995 13194: 13188: 13181: 13175: 13168: 13162: 13157:Leslie Bethell, 13155: 13149: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13116: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13105: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13054: 13039: 13033: 13030: 13024: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13006: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12971:on 15 July 2007. 12967:. Archived from 12957: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12921: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12859: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12848: 12833: 12827: 12826: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12806:. 11 April 2017. 12796: 12790: 12789: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12755:. 11 April 2017. 12745: 12739: 12738: 12733:. Archived from 12726: 12720: 12719: 12714:. Archived from 12707: 12701: 12700: 12699:. 13 April 2017. 12693: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12670: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12641: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12618:. Archived from 12607: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12580: 12572: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12543: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12495: 12489: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12402: 12396: 12389: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12358: 12352: 12342: 12336: 12335:, New York Times 12330: 12324: 12323: 12318:. Archived from 12307: 12301: 12300: 12289: 12283: 12282: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12231: 12222: 12216: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12106: 12100: 12099: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12072:. Archived from 12066: 12060: 12059: 12053: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12019: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12008: 11997: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11953: 11947: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11917: 11911: 11904: 11895: 11884: 11878: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11855: 11852: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11823: 11817: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11664: 11658:. Archived from 11657: 11649: 11643: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11599: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11536: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11471: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11449: 11443: 11436: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11342: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11326:on 27 April 2021 11322:. Archived from 11316: 11310: 11309: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11275: 11269: 11268:. July 27, 2004. 11249: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11159: 11153:. Archived from 11152: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11096: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11017: 11011: 11010: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10966: 10960: 10959: 10941: 10932: 10931: 10918:Harper & Row 10908:Braudel, Fernand 10904: 10898: 10897: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10857: 10851: 10844: 10835: 10820: 10814: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10760: 10758: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10726:. 12 April 2024. 10716: 10710: 10709: 10704:. Archived from 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10669: 10660: 10659: 10645: 10634: 10633: 10627: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10599: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10572: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10449: 10438: 10437: 10407: 10398: 10397: 10393:on 14 May 2011. 10389:. Archived from 10383: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10369: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10305: 10296: 10295: 10282: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10176: 10159: 10158:15.4 out of 40.9 10156: 10150: 10149:24.9 out of 40.9 10147: 10016:Poems on Slavery 9744:Stanley Engerman 9727:Seymour Drescher 9707:, a Marxist, in 9639:Robert E. Wright 9590:John Blassingame 9575:slave narratives 9398: 9388:, which states: 9353:slavery in Dubai 9349:slavery in Yemen 9204:Slavery in Yemen 9196:Slavery in Qatar 9046:Victor Schœlcher 8936:Étienne Polverel 8599:Slave Trade Acts 8507: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8476: 8475: 8292:CMS missionaries 8199:prisoners of war 8143:human sacrifices 8053: 7979:Yalta conference 7961:prisoners of war 7926:Registration of 7812:Somersett's case 7772:. (London, 1826) 7688:Poland-Lithuania 7629:prisoners of war 7500:Barbary Corsairs 7481:Barbary corsairs 7421:Dutch Gold Coast 7303:However, in the 7238:Slavery in Spain 7214:Portuguese India 7149:Romanus Pontifex 7021:prisoners-of-war 6884:Nordic countries 6759:Late Middle Ages 6736:Mongol invasions 6684:Late Middle Ages 6616:Genoa and Venice 6480:Knights of Malta 6446: 6443: 6362:High Middle Ages 6256:Llyn Cerrig Bach 6133:Mycenaean Greece 6102:Captives in Rome 6042:, IS appeals to 5942:Gulf of Thailand 5835:Slavery in Korea 5823:prisoners of war 5804:Slavery in Japan 5704: 5649:Mahmud of Ghazna 5639: 5469: 5423:Slavery in India 5192:Byzantine Empire 5076:Mycenaean Greece 4934:Ulysses S. Grant 4821:election of 1860 4761:federal citizens 4742:Republican Party 4732:, who supported 4702:Kansas Territory 4608:Slew vs. Whipple 4545:slave rebellions 4401:courts sentence 4342: 4273:, Colombia, and 4046:Alexandre Pétion 4002:had enacted the 3857:Machado de Assis 3697:, especially in 3625:prisoners of war 3534:prisoners of war 3415:Libyans started 3407:Slavery in Libya 3348:convert to Islam 3265: 3186:ritual servitude 3102:in Algiers, 1706 3100:Christian slaves 3091:Slavery in Libya 3045:Illustration of 3025:Congo Free State 2801:Kingdom of Kongo 2658:Kingdom of Kaabu 2638:Kingdom of Benin 2590:triangular trade 2573: 2563: 2514:Gustav Nachtigal 2435: 2412:Muslim countries 2400:northern Nigeria 2396:Sokoto Caliphate 2153: 2125: 2112:) and Pillia of 2105: 2090:prisoners of war 1983:, mostly in the 1968:in West Africa. 1948:In modern times 1901:, initiated the 1810:by the time the 1753: 1746: 1739: 1723:Emancipation Day 1556: 1523:Slave Trade Acts 214:Byzantine Empire 56: 29: 28: 21: 22668: 22667: 22663: 22662: 22661: 22659: 22658: 22657: 22633: 22632: 22631: 22626: 22572:Book of Negroes 22526:Anti-Tom novels 22504: 22477: 22442: 22416: 22381: 22351:The Known World 22231: 22224: 22162: 22124:Up from Slavery 22027: 22016:Miguel de Buría 21998: 21967:Wallace Turnage 21903:Solomon Northup 21835:Fountain Hughes 21677:Jordan Anderson 21664: 21658: 21634:Esteban Montejo 21620: 21614: 21595: 21589: 21563: 21534:Olaudah Equiano 21516: 21499: 21469: 21433:Elizabeth Marsh 21421:Ólafur Egilsson 21409:Felice Caronni 21370: 21368: 21362: 21349: 21344: 21314: 21309: 21285:Superior orders 21268: 21212: 21209: 21208: 21199: 21141: 21138: 21130: 21086:Peremptory norm 21067: 21062: 21001: 20967:Rael, Patrick. 20916: 20893: 20852:Walvin, James. 20798: 20729: 20719: 20705:Toynbee, Arnold 20683: 20654:Lovejoy, Paul. 20649:History Compass 20623: 20602:Stark, Rodney. 20578: 20536: 20534:Greece and Rome 20407: 20405: 20384: 20372:AD 1804–AD 2016 20365:AD 1420–AD 1804 20340: 20335: 20334: 20324: 20322: 20310: 20306: 20296: 20294: 20282: 20278: 20263:10.2307/2590147 20247: 20243: 20220:10.2307/3113341 20204: 20200: 20177:10.2307/3113341 20161: 20157: 20148: 20144: 20135: 20131: 20122: 20118: 20113:Wayback Machine 20099: 20095: 20086: 20082: 20073: 20069: 20060: 20056: 20025: 20021: 20004: 20000: 19989: 19985: 19980: 19976: 19971: 19967: 19962: 19958: 19951: 19935: 19931: 19917: 19913: 19906: 19890: 19886: 19879: 19863: 19859: 19851:Peter Kolchin, 19850: 19846: 19837: 19833: 19828:. 31 July 2018. 19820: 19819: 19815: 19805: 19803: 19802:on 21 July 2015 19790: 19789: 19785: 19775: 19773: 19767: 19763: 19753: 19751: 19742: 19741: 19737: 19730: 19714: 19710: 19705: 19701: 19696: 19692: 19687: 19683: 19678: 19674: 19666: 19662: 19653: 19649: 19633: 19629: 19619: 19617: 19596: 19595: 19591: 19571: 19567: 19560: 19544: 19540: 19531: 19527: 19496: 19492: 19482: 19480: 19472: 19471: 19467: 19457: 19455: 19446: 19445: 19441: 19431: 19429: 19422: 19418: 19408: 19400: 19398: 19376: 19372: 19362: 19360: 19351: 19350: 19346: 19337: 19333: 19326: 19306: 19302: 19293: 19289: 19284: 19280: 19271: 19267: 19258: 19254: 19246: 19242: 19232: 19230: 19225: 19224: 19220: 19210: 19208: 19203: 19202: 19198: 19186: 19182: 19175: 19161: 19157: 19147: 19145: 19130: 19126: 19116: 19114: 19101: 19097: 19083: 19079: 19072: 19056: 19052: 19019: 19015: 19008: 18992: 18988: 18978: 18976: 18957: 18953: 18943: 18941: 18934: 18930: 18918: 18914: 18904: 18902: 18897: 18896: 18892: 18882: 18880: 18873: 18869: 18838: 18834: 18826: 18822: 18812: 18810: 18799: 18798: 18794: 18786: 18782: 18765: 18764: 18757: 18755: 18751: 18720: 18714: 18710: 18700:, 21 April 1775 18683:newspaper, the 18674: 18670: 18653: 18649: 18641: 18637: 18627: 18625: 18620: 18619: 18615: 18607: 18603: 18597:Rough Crossings 18594: 18590: 18585: 18581: 18576: 18572: 18562: 18560: 18549: 18545: 18537: 18524: 18518: 18514: 18495:Mikhail Kizilov 18492: 18485: 18475: 18473: 18465: 18464: 18460: 18433:Mikhail Kizilov 18429: 18425: 18399: 18384: 18372: 18371: 18362: 18361: 18354: 18352: 18350: 18334: 18330: 18320: 18318: 18307: 18303: 18293: 18291: 18289: 18273: 18269: 18256: 18252: 18242: 18240: 18239:. February 1859 18223: 18222: 18218: 18212:Wayback Machine 18198: 18194: 18182: 18178: 18168: 18166: 18155: 18151: 18146: 18142: 18134: 18130: 18120: 18118: 18107: 18103: 18093: 18091: 18080: 18076: 18067: 18063: 18047: 18043: 18033: 18031: 18030:on 9 March 2013 18016: 18015: 18011: 18006: 18002: 17992: 17990: 17989:on 12 June 2009 17981: 17980: 17976: 17966: 17964: 17951: 17950: 17946: 17935: 17931: 17923: 17917: 17910: 17901: 17897: 17889: 17885: 17868: 17857: 17840: 17836: 17828: 17824: 17815: 17808: 17798: 17796: 17785: 17781: 17765: 17764: 17752: 17738: 17737: 17733: 17725:Jeremy Popkin, 17724: 17720: 17710: 17708: 17706: 17690: 17686: 17677: 17673: 17663: 17661: 17652: 17651: 17647: 17637: 17635: 17630: 17629: 17625: 17615: 17613: 17604: 17603: 17599: 17589: 17587: 17582: 17581: 17577: 17562: 17558: 17545: 17544: 17540: 17530: 17528: 17520: 17519: 17515: 17505: 17503: 17488: 17484: 17474: 17472: 17463: 17462: 17458: 17448: 17446: 17428:Oriente Moderno 17420: 17416: 17406: 17404: 17397: 17381: 17377: 17370: 17356: 17352: 17344: 17340: 17330: 17328: 17313: 17309: 17302: 17288: 17284: 17274: 17272: 17261: 17257: 17247: 17245: 17236: 17235: 17231: 17221: 17219: 17214: 17213: 17209: 17199: 17197: 17188: 17187: 17183: 17173: 17171: 17162: 17161: 17157: 17148: 17144: 17135: 17131: 17113: 17104: 17095: 17093: 17085: 17084: 17080: 17062: 17058: 17051: 17035: 17031: 17012: 17008: 16958: 16954: 16945: 16941: 16931: 16929: 16920: 16919: 16915: 16905: 16903: 16894: 16893: 16889: 16844: 16840: 16830: 16828: 16823: 16822: 16818: 16811: 16795: 16791: 16781: 16779: 16778:. Libro.uca.edu 16772: 16768: 16761: 16745: 16741: 16726: 16722: 16703: 16699: 16692: 16676: 16669: 16656: 16654: 16652: 16630:Clark, Jonathan 16622: 16618: 16608: 16606: 16598: 16597: 16593: 16583: 16579: 16571: 16567: 16558: 16554: 16539: 16538: 16534: 16525: 16521: 16511: 16509: 16500: 16499: 16495: 16479: 16475: 16465: 16463: 16450: 16449: 16445: 16432: 16431: 16427: 16414: 16413: 16409: 16399: 16397: 16384: 16383: 16379: 16366: 16365: 16361: 16347: 16343: 16329: 16325: 16311: 16307: 16293: 16289: 16269: 16268: 16264: 16247: 16243: 16229: 16225: 16215: 16213: 16203: 16199: 16185:Fiona Keating, 16184: 16180: 16170: 16168: 16163: 16162: 16158: 16145: 16144: 16140: 16132: 16121: 16115: 16111: 16100: 16096: 16080: 16079: 16072: 16070: 16065: 16064: 16060: 16045: 16041: 16028: 16024: 16014: 16012: 16004: 16003: 15999: 15989: 15987: 15982: 15981: 15977: 15962: 15958: 15948: 15946: 15938: 15933: 15919: 15915: 15907: 15903: 15888: 15884: 15871: 15867: 15859: 15855: 15845: 15843: 15834: 15833: 15829: 15819: 15817: 15812: 15811: 15807: 15799: 15795: 15788:Maasir-ul-Umara 15784: 15780: 15771: 15767: 15763:, (1920) p. 92. 15759:Moreland W.H., 15758: 15754: 15745: 15741: 15733: 15729: 15721: 15717: 15708: 15704: 15691: 15687: 15682: 15678: 15673: 15669: 15664: 15660: 15656:, pages 172-173 15647: 15643: 15598: 15594: 15585: 15581: 15576: 15569: 15564: 15557: 15552: 15545: 15540: 15536: 15531: 15527: 15518: 15514: 15504: 15502: 15500: 15484: 15480: 15470: 15468: 15466: 15447: 15443: 15433: 15431: 15429: 15413: 15409: 15399: 15397: 15395: 15379: 15375: 15365: 15363: 15354: 15350: 15340: 15338: 15336: 15320: 15316: 15294: 15290: 15274: 15273: 15269: 15253: 15246: 15236: 15234: 15225: 15221: 15211: 15209: 15200: 15196: 15186: 15184: 15175: 15171: 15161: 15159: 15157: 15141: 15137: 15127: 15125: 15123: 15107: 15103: 15094: 15087: 15082: 15078: 15059: 15055: 15044:Wayback Machine 15035:. Suzy Hansen, 15030: 15023: 15016: 15000: 14996: 14983: 14982: 14978: 14968: 14966: 14955: 14951: 14938: 14937: 14933: 14926: 14910: 14906: 14897: 14893: 14883: 14881: 14872: 14863: 14859: 14851: 14847: 14839: 14835: 14826: 14825: 14821: 14814: 14798: 14794: 14781: 14779: 14772: 14756: 14752: 14744: 14740: 14736:, p. 1722. 14732: 14728: 14720: 14716: 14696: 14692: 14681: 14677: 14670: 14654: 14650: 14643: 14627: 14623: 14608: 14584: 14580: 14572: 14568: 14560: 14556: 14548: 14544: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14524: 14518:Unveiling Islam 14515: 14511: 14501: 14497: 14487: 14485: 14478: 14474: 14468: 14464: 14459: 14455: 14447: 14440: 14435: 14431: 14418: 14414: 14409: 14405: 14396: 14392: 14383: 14379: 14370: 14366: 14357: 14353: 14344: 14340: 14331: 14327: 14318: 14314: 14305: 14301: 14291: 14289: 14288:on 14 July 2007 14280: 14279: 14275: 14266: 14262: 14254: 14250: 14244:New York Times. 14239: 14235: 14227: 14223: 14213: 14211: 14206: 14205: 14201: 14191: 14189: 14186:Vermont History 14178: 14174: 14166: 14162: 14161: 14157: 14150: 14134: 14130: 14123: 14119: 14112: 14108: 14098: 14096: 14089: 14085: 14072: 14071: 14067: 14060: 14044: 14040: 14001: 13997: 13988: 13984: 13975: 13971: 13962: 13961: 13957: 13948: 13944: 13934:Wayback Machine 13922: 13918: 13909: 13908: 13904: 13897: 13881: 13877: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13856: 13840: 13836: 13824: 13823: 13814: 13813: 13799: 13795: 13772: 13768: 13758: 13756: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13735: 13731: 13726: 13722: 13714: 13710: 13703: 13687: 13683: 13670: 13669: 13665: 13658: 13642: 13638: 13631: 13615: 13611: 13598: 13597: 13593: 13586: 13570: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13545: 13544: 13540: 13533: 13519: 13512: 13505: 13489: 13485: 13476: 13472: 13465:www.fsmitha.com 13459: 13458: 13454: 13444: 13442: 13429: 13428: 13421: 13411: 13409: 13400: 13399: 13395: 13382: 13375: 13368: 13352: 13348: 13333:10.2307/1856592 13317: 13313: 13306: 13290: 13286: 13277: 13273: 13250: 13246: 13239: 13223: 13219: 13209: 13207: 13196: 13195: 13191: 13183:Robert Toplin, 13182: 13178: 13169: 13165: 13156: 13152: 13144:Richard Price, 13143: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13118: 13117: 13113: 13103: 13101: 13092: 13091: 13087: 13077: 13075: 13067: 13066: 13062: 13052: 13050: 13041: 13040: 13036: 13031: 13027: 13018: 13014: 13004: 13002: 12981: 12980: 12976: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12944: 12942: 12934: 12933: 12929: 12919: 12917: 12912: 12911: 12907: 12897: 12895: 12887: 12886: 12882: 12872: 12870: 12861: 12860: 12856: 12846: 12844: 12835: 12834: 12830: 12815: 12811: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12784: 12783: 12779: 12764: 12760: 12747: 12746: 12742: 12727: 12723: 12708: 12704: 12695: 12694: 12690: 12680: 12678: 12671: 12664: 12654: 12652: 12643: 12642: 12635: 12625: 12623: 12608: 12604: 12594: 12592: 12573: 12566: 12556: 12554: 12553:. 29 April 2014 12545: 12544: 12540: 12530: 12528: 12521: 12517: 12507: 12505: 12497: 12496: 12492: 12483: 12479: 12469: 12467: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12443: 12441: 12432: 12431: 12427: 12417: 12415: 12403: 12399: 12390: 12383: 12373: 12371: 12360: 12359: 12355: 12343: 12339: 12331: 12327: 12308: 12304: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12271: 12267: 12252: 12248: 12243:on 4 June 2015. 12240: 12229: 12223: 12219: 12206: 12202: 12192: 12190: 12183:"Niger Profile" 12181: 12180: 12176: 12166: 12164: 12158:"Slavery Today" 12156: 12155: 12151: 12141: 12139: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12108: 12107: 12103: 12094: 12093: 12089: 12079: 12077: 12068: 12067: 12063: 12046: 12042: 12032: 12030: 12029:. 9 August 2007 12021: 12020: 12016: 12006: 12004: 11999: 11998: 11994: 11984: 11982: 11977: 11976: 11972: 11962: 11960: 11955: 11954: 11950: 11945: 11941: 11934: 11918: 11914: 11905: 11898: 11887:Adam Hochschild 11885: 11881: 11871: 11867: 11862: 11858: 11853: 11842: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11767: 11765: 11756: 11755: 11751: 11741: 11739: 11738:. Finalcall.com 11734: 11733: 11729: 11719: 11717: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11668: 11666: 11662: 11655: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11641: 11637: 11627: 11625: 11616:Tunde Obadina. 11614: 11610: 11597: 11595: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11552: 11551: 11547: 11534: 11532: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11504:. Metmuseum.org 11500: 11499: 11495: 11488: 11472: 11468: 11458: 11456: 11451: 11450: 11446: 11437: 11433: 11425: 11421: 11390: 11386: 11376: 11374: 11369: 11368: 11364: 11354: 11352: 11344: 11343: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11279:"Swahili Coast" 11277: 11276: 11272: 11260:Wayback Machine 11253:Slaves in Saudi 11250: 11246: 11236: 11234: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11190: 11188: 11177: 11173: 11163: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11124: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11107: 11098: 11097: 11093: 11083: 11081: 11070: 11066: 11059: 11043: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11019: 11018: 11014: 11007: 10991: 10987: 10978: 10976: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10956: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10920:. p. 435. 10916:. Vol. 3. 10905: 10901: 10888: 10887: 10883: 10874: 10870: 10858: 10854: 10845: 10838: 10821: 10817: 10800: 10796: 10788: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10735: 10731: 10718: 10717: 10713: 10696: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10671: 10670: 10663: 10646: 10637: 10621: 10620: 10613: 10611: 10610:on 13 June 2007 10600: 10591: 10581: 10579: 10574: 10573: 10566: 10556: 10554: 10553:on 7 April 2016 10541: 10540: 10536: 10529: 10515: 10511: 10479: 10475: 10464: 10450: 10441: 10430: 10408: 10401: 10385: 10384: 10380: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10347: 10343: 10332: 10306: 10299: 10243: 10239: 10228: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10177: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10153: 10148: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10105:Slave Trade Act 9811:Forced marriage 9765: 9749:British economy 9690: 9653:) and why some 9598:Eugene Genovese 9594:Slave Community 9554:Robert W. Fogel 9444: 9439: 9430: 9424: 9399: 9396: 9357:slavery in Oman 9287:in Saudi Arabia 9283:chattel slavery 9210: 9208:Slavery in Oman 9180: 9156: 9128:Sojourner Truth 9109:Abraham Lincoln 9064: 9056:Main articles: 9054: 9034: 9028: 9004:Treaty of Paris 8981: 8961:Charles Leclerc 8948: 8916: 8883: 8875:Main articles: 8873: 8842:India with the 8801:Thomas Clarkson 8760: 8755: 8707:Hamerton Treaty 8673:Capture of the 8644:Capture of the 8638:Veloz Passagera 8636:Capture of the 8628:Capture of the 8620:Capture of the 8612:Capture of the 8604:Capture of the 8508: 8505: 8503: 8450: 8430:Main articles: 8428: 8363: 8357: 8308: 8262:Chatham Islands 8254: 8252:Chatham Islands 8173: 8127: 8087: 8081: 8066:street children 8005: 7995: 7975: 7969: 7906: 7900: 7895: 7790:British economy 7758: 7752: 7707:Crimean Khanate 7680: 7666: 7664:Crimean Khanate 7571:Napoleonic Wars 7524:Barbary Pirates 7489: 7483: 7475:Dutch Caribbean 7323: 7317: 7256: 7234: 7181:Lagos, Portugal 7133:Pope Nicholas V 7112: 7098: 7058:French Republic 7056:Slavery in the 6993:Edict of Nantes 6958: 6918:Britonnic Celts 6872: 6852:Main articles: 6850: 6810:Crimean Khanate 6732: 6711: 6636: 6620:Main articles: 6618: 6606:Barbary pirates 6595: 6587:Constantine VII 6563: 6555:Norman Conquest 6526: 6520: 6512:Peter the Great 6500: 6463:too. After the 6444: 6422: 6416: 6400:Yaqub al-Mansur 6278: 6266:Main articles: 6264: 6244: 6188: 6182: 6168:. According to 6125: 6119: 6114: 6112:Ancient history 6095: 6085: 6069: 6036:. According to 6000: 5974: 5883: 5867:Main articles: 5865: 5837: 5831: 5806: 5800: 5784: 5782:Slavery in Iran 5778: 5773: 5765:bonded laborers 5710:Delhi sultanate 5705: 5702: 5669:Delhi Sultanate 5640: 5637: 5584: 5579: 5501:Terracotta Army 5482: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5455:, wrote in his 5425: 5419: 5414: 5412:Ancient history 5272:Ottoman society 5253: 5245:Main articles: 5243: 5208: 5196:Main articles: 5194: 4996:A plate in the 4990: 4980: 4974: 4906:executive order 4867:Jefferson Davis 4825:Abraham Lincoln 4795: 4773: 4710:Bleeding Kansas 4565: 4553:Stono Rebellion 4506: 4439:Anthony Johnson 4386: 4371:Spanish America 4340: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4289:Main articles: 4287: 4250: 4240: 4212:Black Loyalists 4210:, known as the 4169:Black Canadians 4135: 4129: 4123: 4090:was passed and 4065:Dirk Valkenburg 4054:slave rebellion 3916:Lesser Antilles 3888: 3882: 3786: 3762:southern Brazil 3717:Prime Minister 3707:Colonial Brazil 3657: 3651: 3645: 3633:slave narrative 3550:human sacrifice 3526: 3518:Main articles: 3516: 3500:Spanish America 3465:Spanish America 3449: 3409: 3403: 3387:Abubakar Shekau 3314:farms alone in 3263: 3241:Darfur conflict 3158: 3144: 3126:in 1816 by the 3093: 3073:Main articles: 3071: 3039: 3033: 3021:King Leopold II 2968:Olaudah Equiano 2896:Slave Trade Act 2758: 2748: 2733: 2730: 2670:Aro Confederacy 2650:Kingdom of Koya 2561: 2558:Estado da Índia 2555: 2468: 2452:Main articles: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2232:Fernand Braudel 2208: 2194: 2174:Main articles: 2172: 2165: 2154: 2145: 2126: 2117: 2106: 2030:Akkadian Empire 2011: 2005: 1993:sex trafficking 1848:Islamic slavery 1804:chattel slavery 1800:hunter-gatherer 1757: 1728: 1727: 1632:Slave narrative 1588:Fugitive slaves 1568: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1518:Slave rebellion 1373: 1363: 1362: 1321: 1311: 1310: 1133:United Kingdom 1069:Yankee princess 663: 655: 654: 382:Avret Pazarları 328:Avret Pazarları 197:Medieval Europe 163: 153: 152: 91:Forced marriage 66: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22666: 22656: 22655: 22650: 22648:Social history 22645: 22628: 22627: 22625: 22624: 22616: 22608: 22600: 22592: 22584: 22576: 22568: 22563: 22558: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22528: 22523: 22518: 22512: 22510: 22506: 22505: 22503: 22502: 22494: 22485: 22483: 22479: 22478: 22476: 22475: 22467: 22459: 22450: 22448: 22444: 22443: 22441: 22440: 22432: 22424: 22422: 22418: 22417: 22415: 22414: 22406: 22398: 22389: 22387: 22383: 22382: 22380: 22379: 22371: 22363: 22355: 22347: 22339: 22331: 22323: 22315: 22311:Middle Passage 22307: 22299: 22291: 22283: 22275: 22267: 22259: 22251: 22243: 22235: 22213: 22205: 22197: 22189: 22181: 22172: 22170: 22168:Fiction/novels 22164: 22163: 22161: 22160: 22152: 22144: 22136: 22128: 22120: 22112: 22104: 22096: 22088: 22080: 22072: 22064: 22056: 22048: 22039: 22037: 22033: 22032: 22029: 22028: 22026: 22025: 22019: 22013: 22006: 22004: 22000: 21999: 21997: 21996: 21990: 21985: 21982:Wallace Willis 21979: 21974: 21969: 21964: 21962:Harriet Tubman 21959: 21952: 21949:Austin Steward 21946: 21941: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21919:William Parker 21916: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21894: 21889: 21887:J. Vance Lewis 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21851:Harriet Jacobs 21848: 21843: 21838: 21832: 21827: 21825:William Grimes 21822: 21817:(19th century 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21787: 21782: 21776: 21774:Kate Drumgoold 21771: 21766: 21761: 21756: 21751: 21746: 21741: 21736: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21692:Solomon Bayley 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21668: 21666: 21663:North America: 21660: 21659: 21657: 21656: 21650: 21643: 21637: 21631: 21624: 21622: 21619:North America: 21616: 21615: 21613: 21612: 21609:John R. Jewitt 21606: 21599: 21597: 21594:North America: 21591: 21590: 21588: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21571: 21569: 21568:Ottoman Empire 21565: 21564: 21562: 21561: 21555: 21549: 21546:Jean Marteilhe 21543: 21537: 21531: 21524: 21522: 21518: 21517: 21515: 21514: 21507: 21505: 21501: 21500: 21498: 21497: 21491: 21485: 21479: 21473: 21460: 21454: 21448: 21442: 21436: 21430: 21429:(late 19th c.) 21424: 21418: 21412: 21406: 21403:Isaac Brassard 21400: 21394: 21388: 21381: 21379: 21372: 21371:of enslavement 21364: 21363: 21361: 21360: 21354: 21351: 21350: 21343: 21342: 21335: 21328: 21320: 21311: 21310: 21308: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21276: 21274: 21270: 21269: 21267: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21215: 21213: 21204: 21201: 21200: 21198: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21176: 21175: 21170: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21144: 21142: 21137:Crimes against 21135: 21132: 21131: 21129: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21077: 21075: 21069: 21068: 21061: 21060: 21053: 21046: 21038: 21032: 21031: 21025: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21000: 20999:External links 20997: 20996: 20995: 20988: 20981: 20972: 20965: 20951: 20944: 20932: 20920: 20914: 20892: 20889: 20888: 20887: 20880: 20874: 20864: 20857: 20856:(2nd ed. 2001) 20850: 20840: 20831: 20802: 20797:978-0544602670 20796: 20778: 20771: 20764: 20757: 20750: 20737: 20728: 20725: 20724: 20723: 20717: 20701: 20699:978-0300126181 20687: 20681: 20659: 20652: 20645: 20631: 20622: 20619: 20618: 20617: 20607: 20600: 20590: 20577: 20574: 20573: 20572: 20565: 20558: 20544: 20535: 20532: 20531: 20530: 20523: 20513: 20506: 20499: 20492: 20485: 20475: 20473:978-0313331428 20461: 20454: 20447: 20440: 20431: 20424: 20414: 20395:(2): 294–313. 20377: 20376: 20375: 20368: 20361: 20358:AD 500–AD 1420 20354: 20339: 20336: 20333: 20332: 20304: 20291:New York Times 20276: 20257:(2): 119–144. 20241: 20198: 20171:(4): 430–443. 20155: 20142: 20129: 20116: 20093: 20080: 20067: 20054: 20035:(6): 903–914. 20019: 19998: 19983: 19974: 19965: 19963:Kolchin p. 136 19956: 19950:978-0809016303 19949: 19929: 19911: 19905:978-0307834584 19904: 19884: 19878:978-0195304510 19877: 19857: 19855:(1993) p. 134. 19844: 19831: 19813: 19783: 19761: 19735: 19729:978-0195334029 19728: 19708: 19699: 19690: 19681: 19672: 19660: 19647: 19644:978-0822319924 19627: 19589: 19565: 19558: 19538: 19536:(2004) p. 259. 19525: 19490: 19465: 19439: 19416: 19370: 19344: 19331: 19325:978-0521780124 19324: 19300: 19287: 19278: 19265: 19252: 19240: 19218: 19196: 19180: 19174:978-0140103915 19173: 19155: 19124: 19095: 19077: 19070: 19050: 19037:10.2307/480764 19013: 19007:978-0935848489 19006: 18986: 18951: 18928: 18912: 18890: 18867: 18854:10.1086/244883 18848:(3): 487–520. 18832: 18820: 18792: 18780: 18708: 18681:Fredericksburg 18668: 18664:978-0934139052 18647: 18635: 18613: 18601: 18595:Simon Schama, 18588: 18579: 18570: 18559:on 13 May 2012 18543: 18512: 18483: 18471:Britannica.com 18458: 18447:(2): 189–210. 18423: 18412:Chisholm, Hugh 18382: 18349:978-0198201717 18348: 18328: 18301: 18288:978-1846032400 18287: 18267: 18250: 18216: 18192: 18189:tables 2 and 3 18176: 18149: 18140: 18128: 18101: 18074: 18061: 18057:978-0822331971 18041: 18009: 18000: 17974: 17944: 17929: 17908: 17895: 17883: 17879:978-0231031592 17855: 17851:978-0965049375 17834: 17829:Bales, Kevin. 17822: 17806: 17779: 17750: 17731: 17718: 17705:978-0874368857 17704: 17684: 17671: 17645: 17623: 17597: 17575: 17556: 17538: 17526:Britannica.com 17513: 17482: 17456: 17414: 17395: 17375: 17368: 17350: 17338: 17307: 17300: 17282: 17255: 17229: 17207: 17181: 17155: 17153:. (2004) p. 27 17142: 17129: 17102: 17078: 17056: 17049: 17029: 17006: 16952: 16939: 16926:Britannica.com 16913: 16887: 16838: 16816: 16810:978-0719018251 16809: 16789: 16766: 16760:978-1107394704 16759: 16739: 16720: 16709:(177): 17–54. 16697: 16691:978-0874368857 16690: 16667: 16651:978-0712664967 16650: 16616: 16591: 16577: 16565: 16552: 16542:Ancient Greece 16532: 16519: 16493: 16473: 16462:on 21 May 2019 16443: 16425: 16407: 16377: 16359: 16341: 16323: 16305: 16287: 16262: 16241: 16223: 16197: 16178: 16156: 16138: 16109: 16094: 16058: 16039: 16022: 16010:Britannica.com 15997: 15975: 15956: 15932:978-3825840105 15931: 15925:. Lit Verlag. 15913: 15901: 15882: 15865: 15853: 15827: 15805: 15793: 15778: 15765: 15752: 15739: 15727: 15715: 15702: 15698:978-9004095090 15685: 15676: 15667: 15658: 15654:978-9004095090 15641: 15592: 15579: 15567: 15555: 15543: 15534: 15525: 15512: 15499:978-0520054622 15498: 15478: 15465:978-0313325434 15464: 15441: 15428:978-0195056396 15427: 15407: 15394:978-0275958237 15393: 15373: 15348: 15335:978-0786476848 15334: 15314: 15288: 15267: 15244: 15219: 15194: 15169: 15156:978-0674024779 15155: 15135: 15122:978-3874907118 15121: 15101: 15085: 15076: 15053: 15021: 15015:978-1317754220 15014: 14994: 14976: 14949: 14931: 14925:978-0801883248 14924: 14904: 14891: 14857: 14845: 14833: 14819: 14812: 14792: 14770: 14750: 14748:, p. 388. 14738: 14726: 14714: 14690: 14675: 14668: 14648: 14641: 14621: 14606: 14578: 14566: 14554: 14542: 14531: 14522: 14509: 14495: 14472: 14462: 14453: 14438: 14429: 14425:978-0521281812 14412: 14403: 14390: 14377: 14364: 14351: 14338: 14325: 14312: 14299: 14273: 14260: 14248: 14233: 14221: 14199: 14172: 14155: 14148: 14128: 14117: 14106: 14095:. Kentake Page 14083: 14065: 14058: 14038: 14011:(5): 598–614. 13995: 13982: 13969: 13966:. 18 May 2017. 13955: 13942: 13916: 13902: 13895: 13875: 13872:. 18 May 1652. 13861: 13855:978-1851095445 13854: 13834: 13793: 13766: 13740: 13729: 13720: 13708: 13701: 13681: 13663: 13656: 13636: 13629: 13609: 13591: 13584: 13564: 13538: 13531: 13510: 13503: 13483: 13470: 13452: 13419: 13393: 13373: 13367:978-1483513645 13366: 13346: 13311: 13305:978-0684835655 13304: 13284: 13278:Edward Gregg. 13271: 13244: 13238:978-9768125132 13237: 13217: 13189: 13176: 13163: 13150: 13137: 13120:"Bandeirantes" 13111: 13085: 13073:Britannica.com 13060: 13034: 13025: 13012: 12974: 12952: 12940:Britannica.com 12927: 12905: 12893:Britannica.com 12880: 12869:on 1 June 2020 12863:"Maya Society" 12854: 12828: 12809: 12804:boingboing.net 12791: 12788:. 3 July 2020. 12777: 12758: 12740: 12721: 12702: 12688: 12662: 12633: 12602: 12564: 12538: 12515: 12490: 12477: 12451: 12425: 12397: 12381: 12353: 12337: 12325: 12302: 12284: 12265: 12246: 12217: 12200: 12174: 12149: 12123: 12101: 12087: 12061: 12040: 12014: 11992: 11970: 11948: 11939: 11933:978-0374289355 11932: 11912: 11896: 11879: 11865: 11856: 11840: 11818: 11814:978-1594035760 11797: 11775: 11749: 11727: 11715:Britannica.com 11702: 11676: 11644: 11635: 11608: 11578: 11564: 11545: 11515: 11493: 11486: 11466: 11444: 11431: 11419: 11384: 11373:. American.edu 11362: 11350:Britannica.com 11337: 11311: 11296: 11270: 11265:The Daily Star 11244: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11171: 11160:on 15 May 2011 11139: 11117: 11091: 11064: 11058:978-0521447027 11057: 11037: 11025:Britannica.com 11012: 11005: 10985: 10961: 10954: 10933: 10927:978-0060153175 10926: 10899: 10896:. 2 June 2018. 10881: 10868: 10852: 10846:J.M. Roberts, 10836: 10815: 10794: 10768: 10750: 10729: 10711: 10689: 10661: 10635: 10589: 10564: 10534: 10528:978-0753820568 10527: 10509: 10493:(3): 391–411. 10473: 10462: 10439: 10428: 10399: 10378: 10361: 10341: 10330: 10297: 10263:10.1086/648530 10237: 10226: 10196: 10190:978-0195189421 10189: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10151: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10021: 10020: 10012: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9979: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9955: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9826:Sexual slavery 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9689: 9686: 9657:(individuals, 9631:Pulitzer Prize 9629:published the 9614:Herbert Gutman 9528:Kenneth Stampp 9506:Dunning School 9490:Lois E. Horton 9443: 9440: 9438: 9437:Historiography 9435: 9426:Main article: 9423: 9420: 9394: 9310:United Nations 9179: 9176: 9155: 9152: 9124:Harriet Tubman 9053: 9050: 9030:Main article: 9027: 9024: 8980: 8977: 8947: 8944: 8930:commissioners 8915: 8912: 8908:Saint-Domingue 8872: 8869: 8811:was passed by 8782:British Empire 8765:Somersett Case 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8724: 8722:Moresby Treaty 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8691: 8683: 8678: 8670: 8662: 8654: 8649: 8641: 8633: 8625: 8617: 8609: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8537:Firman of 1857 8534: 8532:Firman of 1854 8529: 8524: 8522:Firman of 1830 8519: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8502: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8479: 8427: 8424: 8359:Main article: 8356: 8353: 8307: 8304: 8253: 8250: 8230:Bay of Islands 8172: 8169: 8130:Ancient Hawaii 8126: 8123: 8080: 8077: 7994: 7991: 7968: 7965: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7820:William Cowper 7801:Judge Jeffreys 7754:Main article: 7751: 7748: 7665: 7662: 7602:in August 1816 7588:African slaves 7551:Ottoman Empire 7508:Ottoman Empire 7485:Main article: 7482: 7479: 7446:Fort Zeelandia 7437:Fort Zeelandia 7381:writes in his 7319:Main article: 7316: 7313: 7242:Spanish Empire 7233: 7230: 7097: 7094: 7074:Saint-Domingue 7051:Denmark-Norway 7049:was a part of 7039:Denmark-Norway 6957: 6954: 6849: 6846: 6818:Ottoman Empire 6728:Main article: 6724:, 17th century 6710: 6707: 6617: 6614: 6594: 6591: 6562: 6559: 6543:Pope Gregory I 6522:Main article: 6519: 6516: 6499: 6498:Eastern Europe 6496: 6484:North Africans 6418:Main article: 6415: 6414:Ottoman Empire 6412: 6372:Medieval Spain 6346:Muslim empires 6263: 6260: 6243: 6240: 6200:Roman Republic 6181: 6178: 6156:Messenian Wars 6137:ancient Greece 6118: 6117:Ancient Greece 6115: 6113: 6110: 6084: 6081: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6051: 5973: 5970: 5864: 5863:Southeast Asia 5861: 5833:Main article: 5830: 5827: 5802:Main article: 5799: 5796: 5780:Main article: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771:Modern history 5769: 5731:Deccan plateau 5700: 5635: 5600:Muhammad Ghori 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5532: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5475: 5472: 5465: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5318:palace schools 5288:Sexual slavery 5280:Constantinople 5242: 5241:Ottoman Empire 5239: 5193: 5190: 4976:Main article: 4973: 4970: 4966:Baptist Church 4962:black churches 4865:Rebel leaders 4772: 4769: 4644:northern state 4580:British Empire 4564: 4561: 4543:Several local 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4490:North Carolina 4486:South Carolina 4478: 4467: 4456: 4453: 4446: 4435: 4428: 4417: 4406: 4385: 4382: 4324:ship owned by 4311: 4308: 4286: 4283: 4239: 4236: 4220:Black Refugees 4125:Main article: 4122: 4119: 4088:apprenticeship 4030:First Republic 3947:sugar colonies 3912:British Empire 3884:Main article: 3881: 3878: 3861:André Rebouças 3852:Paraguayan War 3785: 3782: 3647:Main article: 3644: 3641: 3637:John R. Jewitt 3615:, such as the 3611:. Many of the 3587:of Texas, the 3515: 3512: 3486:French America 3473:Spanish Empire 3448: 3445: 3402: 3399: 3376:Sambisa Forest 3339:Sambisa Forest 3192:(in Ghana) or 3168:. In parts of 3143: 3140: 3136:Dey of Algiers 3134:, forcing the 3070: 3067: 3032: 3029: 2892:United Kingdom 2861:Bight of Benin 2832:Bambara Empire 2828:Annual Customs 2747: 2744: 2687:Middle Passage 2578:Middle Passage 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2389:Haile Selassie 2377:was enslaved. 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2116:(now Cilicia). 2107: 2100: 2050:ancient Greece 2046:ancient Israel 2007:Main article: 2004: 2001: 1997:sexual slavery 1985:private sector 1976:armed conflict 1806:. Slavery was 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1610:List of slaves 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1154:Dutch Republic 1151: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 978: 973: 968: 962: 961: 955: 954: 949: 942: 941: 940: 935: 925: 920: 915: 914: 913: 903: 898: 897: 896: 891: 886: 881: 871: 866: 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 804: 803: 802: 792: 791: 790: 779: 778: 772: 771: 766: 761: 756: 755: 754: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 698: 697: 687: 682: 677: 671: 670: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 625: 621: 620: 615: 613:Child soldiers 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 589: 588: 578: 573: 568: 563: 562: 561: 556: 551: 540: 539: 535: 534: 529: 524: 522:Spanish Empire 519: 514: 509: 504: 502:Middle Passage 499: 494: 489: 484: 478: 477: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 439: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 364: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 332: 331: 330: 323:Ottoman Empire 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 284: 278: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 258: 253: 248: 247: 246: 241: 236: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 199: 193: 192: 187: 182: 177: 171: 170: 164: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 143:Sexual slavery 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 109: 108: 103: 101:Child marriage 98: 88: 83: 78: 76:Child soldiers 73: 67: 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22665: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22640: 22638: 22622: 22621: 22617: 22614: 22613: 22609: 22606: 22605: 22601: 22598: 22597: 22593: 22590: 22589: 22585: 22582: 22581: 22577: 22574: 22573: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22513: 22511: 22507: 22500: 22499: 22495: 22492: 22491: 22487: 22486: 22484: 22482:Documentaries 22480: 22473: 22472: 22468: 22465: 22464: 22460: 22457: 22456: 22452: 22451: 22449: 22445: 22438: 22437: 22433: 22430: 22426: 22425: 22423: 22419: 22412: 22411: 22407: 22404: 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22001: 21994: 21993:Zamba Zembola 21991: 21989: 21986: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21972:Bethany Veney 21970: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21957: 21953: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21944:Venture Smith 21942: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21924:James Roberts 21922: 21920: 21917: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21882:Lunsford Lane 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21867: 21866:Paul Jennings 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21841:Omar ibn Said 21839: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21830:Josiah Henson 21828: 21826: 21823: 21820: 21816: 21815:William Green 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21795: 21791: 21790:Peter Fossett 21788: 21786: 21783: 21780: 21777: 21775: 21772: 21770: 21767: 21765: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21750: 21749:Lucinda Davis 21747: 21745: 21744:Hannah Crafts 21742: 21740: 21737: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21713: 21712:James Bradley 21710: 21708: 21707:Leonard Black 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21669: 21667: 21665:United States 21661: 21654: 21653:Marcos Xiorro 21651: 21648: 21644: 21641: 21638: 21635: 21632: 21629: 21626: 21625: 21623: 21617: 21610: 21607: 21604: 21601: 21600: 21598: 21592: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21572: 21570: 21566: 21559: 21556: 21553: 21550: 21547: 21544: 21541: 21538: 21535: 21532: 21529: 21526: 21525: 21523: 21519: 21512: 21509: 21508: 21506: 21502: 21495: 21492: 21489: 21486: 21483: 21480: 21477: 21474: 21464: 21461: 21458: 21457:Thomas Pellow 21455: 21452: 21449: 21446: 21443: 21440: 21437: 21434: 21431: 21428: 21427:Petro Kilekwa 21425: 21422: 21419: 21416: 21413: 21410: 21407: 21404: 21401: 21398: 21395: 21392: 21389: 21386: 21383: 21382: 21380: 21376: 21373: 21365: 21359: 21356: 21355: 21352: 21348: 21341: 21336: 21334: 21329: 21327: 21322: 21321: 21318: 21306: 21303: 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Robert 20895: 20894: 20891:United States 20885: 20881: 20879: 20875: 20873: 20869: 20865: 20862: 20858: 20855: 20851: 20848: 20844: 20841: 20838: 20835: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20818: 20814: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20799: 20793: 20789: 20788: 20783: 20779: 20776: 20772: 20769: 20765: 20762: 20758: 20755: 20751: 20749: 20745: 20741: 20738: 20735: 20731: 20730: 20720: 20718:0-19-215253-X 20714: 20710: 20706: 20702: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20688: 20684: 20682:0-19-504652-8 20678: 20674: 20673: 20668: 20664: 20660: 20657: 20653: 20650: 20646: 20644: 20640: 20636: 20632: 20629: 20625: 20624: 20616: 20612: 20608: 20605: 20601: 20599: 20598:online review 20595: 20591: 20587: 20586: 20580: 20579: 20571:(1955) 182 pp 20570: 20566: 20563: 20559: 20557: 20553: 20549: 20545: 20542: 20538: 20537: 20529:(2 vol. 2007) 20528: 20524: 20522:(2 vol. 1997) 20521: 20517: 20514: 20511: 20507: 20504: 20500: 20497: 20493: 20490: 20486: 20484: 20483:online review 20480: 20476: 20474: 20470: 20466: 20462: 20459: 20455: 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19694: 19685: 19676: 19670: 19664: 19658:(2005) p. 255 19657: 19651: 19645: 19641: 19637: 19631: 19615: 19611: 19607: 19603: 19599: 19593: 19586: 19582: 19578: 19574: 19573:Jean Sévillia 19569: 19561: 19559:9781850657088 19555: 19551: 19550: 19542: 19535: 19529: 19521: 19517: 19513: 19509: 19505: 19501: 19494: 19479: 19475: 19474:"Our history" 19469: 19453: 19449: 19443: 19427: 19420: 19412: 19397: 19393: 19389: 19388: 19382: 19374: 19358: 19354: 19348: 19341: 19335: 19327: 19321: 19317: 19313: 19312: 19304: 19297: 19291: 19282: 19275: 19269: 19262: 19256: 19249: 19244: 19228: 19222: 19206: 19200: 19193: 19189: 19184: 19176: 19170: 19166: 19159: 19143: 19139: 19135: 19128: 19113:on 8 May 2006 19112: 19108: 19107: 19099: 19091: 19088: 19081: 19073: 19067: 19063: 19062: 19054: 19046: 19042: 19038: 19034: 19031:(2): 144–55. 19030: 19026: 19025: 19017: 19009: 19003: 18999: 18998: 18990: 18974: 18970: 18966: 18962: 18955: 18939: 18932: 18925: 18922: 18916: 18900: 18894: 18878: 18871: 18863: 18859: 18855: 18851: 18847: 18843: 18836: 18829: 18824: 18808: 18807: 18802: 18796: 18789: 18784: 18775: 18769: 18754:on 9 May 2013 18750: 18746: 18742: 18738: 18734: 18730: 18726: 18719: 18712: 18705: 18701: 18699: 18694: 18693: 18688: 18687: 18682: 18678: 18672: 18665: 18661: 18657: 18651: 18644: 18639: 18623: 18617: 18610: 18605: 18598: 18592: 18583: 18574: 18558: 18554: 18547: 18536: 18532: 18531: 18523: 18516: 18508: 18504: 18500: 18496: 18490: 18488: 18472: 18468: 18462: 18454: 18450: 18446: 18442: 18438: 18434: 18427: 18419: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18397: 18395: 18393: 18391: 18389: 18387: 18378: 18366: 18351: 18345: 18341: 18340: 18332: 18316: 18312: 18305: 18290: 18284: 18280: 18279: 18271: 18265:, 1 July 2003 18264: 18260: 18257:Rees Davies, 18254: 18238: 18234: 18230: 18226: 18220: 18213: 18209: 18206: 18202: 18196: 18190: 18186: 18180: 18165:on 4 May 2013 18164: 18160: 18153: 18144: 18137: 18132: 18117:on 4 May 2013 18116: 18112: 18105: 18090:on 3 May 2013 18089: 18085: 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15522: 15516: 15501: 15495: 15491: 15490: 15482: 15467: 15461: 15457: 15456: 15451: 15445: 15430: 15424: 15420: 15419: 15411: 15396: 15390: 15386: 15385: 15377: 15361: 15360: 15352: 15337: 15331: 15327: 15326: 15318: 15311: 15307: 15302: 15301: 15292: 15284: 15278: 15270: 15268:9781300568070 15264: 15260: 15259: 15251: 15249: 15232: 15231: 15223: 15207: 15206: 15198: 15182: 15181: 15173: 15158: 15152: 15148: 15147: 15139: 15124: 15118: 15114: 15113: 15105: 15098: 15097:Ancient India 15092: 15090: 15080: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15057: 15050: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15038: 15034: 15028: 15026: 15017: 15011: 15008:. Routledge. 15007: 15006: 14998: 14990: 14989:www.gwpda.org 14986: 14980: 14964: 14960: 14953: 14945: 14941: 14935: 14927: 14921: 14917: 14916: 14908: 14901: 14895: 14880: 14879: 14871: 14867: 14861: 14854: 14849: 14842: 14837: 14829: 14823: 14815: 14809: 14805: 14804: 14796: 14789: 14777: 14773: 14767: 14763: 14762: 14754: 14747: 14742: 14735: 14730: 14723: 14718: 14712: 14710: 14704: 14702: 14694: 14688: 14685: 14679: 14671: 14669:9781850657088 14665: 14661: 14660: 14652: 14644: 14642:9780520051294 14638: 14634: 14633: 14625: 14617: 14613: 14609: 14607:9780521840675 14603: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14590: 14582: 14576:(1977), p. 36 14575: 14570: 14564: 14558: 14551: 14546: 14540: 14535: 14526: 14519: 14513: 14507: 14506: 14499: 14483: 14482:"Human Cargo" 14476: 14466: 14457: 14451: 14445: 14443: 14433: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14407: 14400: 14394: 14387: 14381: 14374: 14368: 14361: 14355: 14348: 14342: 14335: 14329: 14322: 14316: 14309: 14303: 14287: 14283: 14277: 14270: 14264: 14257: 14252: 14245: 14242: 14237: 14230: 14225: 14209: 14203: 14187: 14183: 14176: 14165: 14159: 14151: 14145: 14141: 14140: 14132: 14126: 14121: 14115: 14110: 14094: 14087: 14079: 14075: 14069: 14061: 14059:9780820338644 14055: 14051: 14050: 14042: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14006: 13999: 13992: 13986: 13979: 13973: 13965: 13959: 13952: 13946: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13920: 13912: 13906: 13898: 13896:9780722297803 13892: 13888: 13887: 13879: 13871: 13865: 13857: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13838: 13830: 13818: 13810: 13806: 13805: 13797: 13789: 13785: 13782:(3): 311–54. 13781: 13777: 13770: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13737: 13733: 13724: 13718: 13712: 13704: 13698: 13694: 13693: 13685: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13659: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13640: 13632: 13626: 13622: 13621: 13613: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13568: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13534: 13528: 13524: 13517: 13515: 13506: 13500: 13496: 13495: 13487: 13480: 13474: 13466: 13462: 13456: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13426: 13424: 13407: 13403: 13397: 13389: 13388: 13380: 13378: 13369: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13350: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13315: 13307: 13301: 13297: 13296: 13288: 13281: 13275: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13248: 13240: 13234: 13230: 13229: 13221: 13205: 13204: 13199: 13193: 13186: 13180: 13173: 13167: 13160: 13154: 13147: 13141: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13099: 13095: 13089: 13074: 13070: 13064: 13048: 13044: 13038: 13029: 13022: 13016: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12978: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12915: 12909: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12868: 12864: 12858: 12842: 12838: 12832: 12824: 12820: 12813: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12787: 12781: 12773: 12769: 12762: 12754: 12750: 12744: 12736: 12732: 12725: 12717: 12713: 12706: 12698: 12692: 12676: 12669: 12667: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12638: 12622:on 6 May 2014 12621: 12617: 12613: 12606: 12590: 12586: 12585: 12579: 12571: 12569: 12552: 12548: 12542: 12526: 12519: 12504: 12500: 12494: 12487: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12439: 12438:Premium Times 12435: 12429: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12401: 12394: 12388: 12386: 12369: 12368: 12363: 12357: 12350: 12346: 12341: 12334: 12329: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12306: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12280: 12276: 12269: 12261: 12257: 12250: 12239: 12235: 12228: 12221: 12214: 12213: 12209: 12204: 12188: 12184: 12178: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12138: 12134: 12127: 12111: 12105: 12097: 12091: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12057: 12052: 12044: 12028: 12024: 12018: 12002: 11996: 11980: 11974: 11958: 11952: 11943: 11935: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11916: 11909: 11903: 11901: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11869: 11860: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11828: 11822: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11785: 11779: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11737: 11731: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11661: 11654: 11648: 11639: 11624:on 2 May 2012 11623: 11619: 11612: 11605: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11582: 11567: 11565:9781108032612 11561: 11557: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11519: 11503: 11497: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11478: 11470: 11454: 11448: 11441: 11435: 11428: 11423: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11400:(2): 113–28. 11399: 11395: 11388: 11372: 11366: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11307: 11300: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11248: 11232: 11226: 11219: 11214: 11207: 11202: 11186: 11182: 11175: 11156: 11149: 11143: 11127: 11121: 11105: 11101: 11095: 11079: 11075: 11068: 11060: 11054: 11050: 11049: 11041: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11008: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10989: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10957: 10951: 10947: 10940: 10938: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10903: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10849: 10843: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10753: 10751:9780814722121 10747: 10743: 10742: 10733: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10678: 10674: 10668: 10666: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10631: 10625: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10577: 10571: 10569: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10513: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10465: 10463:9789988550325 10459: 10455: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10436: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10375: 10364: 10362:9780826416285 10358: 10354: 10353: 10345: 10338: 10333: 10331:9781139059251 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10229: 10227:9781139059251 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10192: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10171: 10155: 10146: 10142: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10095:Sambo's Grave 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10019:by Longfellow 10018: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9889: 9888:White slavery 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9806:Forced labour 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9791:Child slavery 9789: 9787: 9783: 9782:Verdingkinder 9779: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9767: 9760: 9758: 9757:Richard Pares 9754: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9732:profit motive 9728: 9724: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9705:Eric Williams 9702: 9698: 9696: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9671: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9529: 9522: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9479: 9473: 9471: 9470:Peter Kolchin 9467: 9465: 9456: 9453: 9448: 9434: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9393: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9341:child slavery 9338: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9120:abolitionists 9117: 9112: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9084: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9052:United States 9049: 9047: 9043: 9042:July Monarchy 9039: 9033: 9020: 9015: 9011: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8965:ancien régime 8962: 8957: 8952: 8943: 8941: 8940:Abbé Grégoire 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8878: 8868: 8866: 8861: 8859: 8854: 8852: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8789: 8787: 8786:Joseph Knight 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8762:In 1772, the 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8695:Edward Barley 8692: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8500: 8495: 8493: 8488: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8384: 8380: 8379:Victor Hugues 8375: 8367: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8316:Easter Island 8313: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8256:One group of 8249: 8247: 8243: 8242:King movement 8239: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8134:caste society 8131: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8076: 8075:labor camps. 8074: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8061:besprizorniki 8057: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7967:Allied powers 7964: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7951:gentiles and 7950: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7937: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7865:Joseph Sturge 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7803:refers to an 7802: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7719: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7603: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7471:Dutch Guianas 7467: 7466:Cape Coloured 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7379:Willem Bosman 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7086:French empire 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7034: 7031:Grand Master 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7005:Galley-slaves 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6981:Mediterranean 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6680:Christianized 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6518:British Isles 6515: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6470: 6469:Ottoman fleet 6466: 6462: 6461:Islamic world 6458: 6454: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6228:slave revolts 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6208:Roman slavery 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6174:Ancient Greek 6171: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6089:White slavery 6080: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6034:spoils of war 6031: 6027: 6024:, IS claimed 6023: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6004:Islamic State 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5787:Reginald Dyer 5783: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5750:Mughal empire 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604:Slave Dynasty 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5474:Ancient China 5464: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5429:ancient India 5424: 5417:Ancient India 5409: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5395:According to 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5378:genocides of 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5282:(present-day 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044:Ancient Egypt 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5020:Chinese coins 5017: 5012: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4886:border states 4882: 4880: 4879:slave-traders 4876: 4872: 4871:Robert E. Lee 4868: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4746:Supreme Court 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4683:States Rights 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4604:Benjamin Kent 4601: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4410:Massachusetts 4407: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285:United States 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4244:Repartimiento 4238:Latin America 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4139:First Nations 4134: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:Port-of-Spain 4076: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3837:, a group of 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3627:. Among some 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017:forced labour 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:mal de Luanda 2946: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:United States 2901: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818:The kings of 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2725: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2570:Iberian Union 2567: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2550:Islamic state 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2441: 2438:13th century 2434: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2424:trans-Saharan 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278:(1235–1645), 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Western Sudan 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2206:Barbary coast 2203: 2202:Swahili coast 2199: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136:(left) and a 2135: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054:ancient India 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:ancient China 2023: 2022:ancient Egypt 2018: 2016: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781:ancient times 1778: 1774: 1773:nationalities 1770: 1766: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654:Slave catcher 1652: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583:Forced labour 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428:Abolitionists 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030:comfort women 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013:Chukri System 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 960: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 943: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 912: 909: 908: 907: 904: 902: 901:Latin America 899: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 858: 855: 853: 852:interregional 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 837:prison labour 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 808: 807:United States 805: 801: 798: 797: 796: 793: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 753: 750: 749: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 696: 693: 692: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 669: 666: 665: 659: 658: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 623: 622: 619: 618:White slavery 616: 614: 611: 609: 608:Slave raiding 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 577: 576:Corvée labour 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 541: 537: 536: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 476: 473: 472: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Abbasid harem 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 368: 365: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335:Barbary Coast 333: 329: 326: 325: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 272: 267: 264: 263: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 157: 156: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 65: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42:Forced labour 40: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 22618: 22610: 22602: 22594: 22586: 22578: 22570: 22496: 22488: 22469: 22463:The Octoroon 22461: 22453: 22434: 22408: 22400: 22392: 22373: 22365: 22357: 22349: 22341: 22333: 22325: 22317: 22309: 22301: 22293: 22285: 22277: 22269: 22261: 22253: 22245: 22237: 22215: 22207: 22199: 22191: 22183: 22175: 22154: 22146: 22138: 22130: 22122: 22114: 22106: 22098: 22090: 22082: 22074: 22066: 22058: 22050: 22042: 21856:Thomas James 21805:Moses Grandy 21800:David George 21759:Lucy Delaney 21733:Peter Bruner 21672:Sam Aleckson 21552:Roustam Raza 21463:Joseph Pitts 21385:Robert Adams 21369:by continent 21184: 21126:Rome Statute 21005: 20991: 20984: 20976: 20968: 20959: 20947: 20939: 20927: 20903: 20883: 20867: 20860: 20853: 20846: 20843:Thomas, Hugh 20836: 20816: 20810: 20786: 20774: 20767: 20760: 20753: 20743: 20733: 20708: 20690: 20670: 20655: 20648: 20634: 20627: 20610: 20603: 20593: 20592:Rio, Alice. 20584: 20568: 20561: 20547: 20540: 20526: 20519: 20509: 20502: 20495: 20488: 20478: 20464: 20460:(2 vol 1998) 20457: 20450: 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Retrieved 20392: 20388: 20371: 20364: 20357: 20350: 20343: 20338:Bibliography 20323:. Retrieved 20317: 20307: 20295:. Retrieved 20289: 20279: 20254: 20250: 20244: 20211: 20207: 20201: 20168: 20164: 20158: 20150: 20145: 20137: 20132: 20124: 20119: 20101: 20096: 20091:(1999) 3:470 20088: 20083: 20075: 20070: 20062: 20057: 20032: 20028: 20022: 20011: 20001: 19992: 19986: 19977: 19968: 19959: 19939: 19932: 19920: 19914: 19894: 19887: 19867: 19860: 19852: 19847: 19839: 19834: 19825: 19816: 19804:. Retrieved 19800:the original 19795: 19786: 19774:. Retrieved 19764: 19752:. Retrieved 19747: 19738: 19718: 19711: 19702: 19693: 19684: 19675: 19663: 19655: 19650: 19635: 19630: 19618:. Retrieved 19614:the original 19601: 19592: 19576: 19568: 19548: 19541: 19533: 19528: 19506:(1): 55–77. 19503: 19499: 19493: 19481:. Retrieved 19477: 19468: 19456:. Retrieved 19452:The Guardian 19451: 19442: 19430:. Retrieved 19419: 19399:. Retrieved 19385: 19373: 19361:. 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Retrieved 18338: 18331: 18319:. Retrieved 18314: 18304: 18292:. Retrieved 18277: 18270: 18253: 18241:. Retrieved 18232: 18228: 18219: 18200: 18195: 18184: 18179: 18167:. Retrieved 18163:the original 18152: 18143: 18131: 18119:. Retrieved 18115:the original 18104: 18092:. Retrieved 18088:the original 18077: 18069: 18064: 18059:, pp. 37–38. 18048: 18044: 18032:. Retrieved 18028:the original 18021: 18012: 18003: 17991:. Retrieved 17987:the original 17977: 17965:. Retrieved 17961:the original 17956: 17947: 17938: 17932: 17898: 17886: 17870: 17837: 17830: 17825: 17817: 17797:. Retrieved 17792: 17782: 17740: 17734: 17726: 17721: 17709:. Retrieved 17694: 17687: 17679: 17674: 17662:. Retrieved 17658:the original 17648: 17636:. Retrieved 17634:. Milism.net 17626: 17614:. Retrieved 17610:the original 17600: 17588:. Retrieved 17578: 17569: 17565: 17559: 17550: 17541: 17529:. Retrieved 17525: 17516: 17504:. Retrieved 17499: 17495: 17485: 17473:. Retrieved 17469:the original 17459: 17447:. 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Retrieved 16460:the original 16455: 16446: 16438:The Guardian 16437: 16428: 16419: 16410: 16398:. Retrieved 16394:the original 16389: 16380: 16371: 16362: 16352: 16348:Nour Malas, 16344: 16334: 16326: 16316: 16308: 16300:The Atlantic 16298: 16290: 16282:the original 16274: 16265: 16255: 16244: 16234: 16226: 16216:11 September 16214:. Retrieved 16210: 16200: 16190: 16181: 16169:. Retrieved 16159: 16151:the original 16141: 16130:the original 16125: 16112: 16103: 16097: 16071:. Retrieved 16061: 16050: 16042: 16036:. E. Arnold. 16032: 16025: 16013:. Retrieved 16009: 16000: 15988:. Retrieved 15978: 15969: 15959: 15947:. Retrieved 15943: 15922: 15916: 15904: 15895: 15885: 15875: 15868: 15856: 15844:. Retrieved 15839: 15830: 15818:. Retrieved 15808: 15800: 15796: 15787: 15781: 15773: 15768: 15760: 15755: 15747: 15742: 15734: 15730: 15722: 15718: 15710: 15705: 15688: 15679: 15670: 15661: 15644: 15609: 15605: 15595: 15587: 15582: 15537: 15528: 15520: 15515: 15503:. 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Retrieved 14475: 14465: 14456: 14448:Lewis 1994, 14432: 14415: 14406: 14398: 14393: 14385: 14384:Eric Foner, 14380: 14372: 14367: 14359: 14354: 14346: 14341: 14333: 14328: 14320: 14315: 14307: 14306:Eric Foner, 14302: 14290:. Retrieved 14286:the original 14276: 14268: 14263: 14251: 14243: 14236: 14224: 14212:. Retrieved 14202: 14190:. Retrieved 14185: 14175: 14158: 14138: 14131: 14120: 14109: 14097:. Retrieved 14086: 14077: 14068: 14048: 14041: 14008: 14004: 13998: 13990: 13985: 13977: 13972: 13958: 13950: 13945: 13937: 13925: 13919: 13905: 13885: 13878: 13864: 13844: 13837: 13809:the original 13803: 13796: 13779: 13775: 13769: 13757:. Retrieved 13752: 13743: 13732: 13723: 13716: 13711: 13691: 13684: 13675: 13666: 13646: 13639: 13619: 13612: 13603: 13594: 13574: 13567: 13555:. Retrieved 13550: 13541: 13522: 13493: 13486: 13478: 13473: 13464: 13455: 13443:. Retrieved 13439:the original 13434: 13410:. 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Retrieved 11024: 11015: 10995: 10988: 10977:, retrieved 10973: 10964: 10945: 10912: 10902: 10894:Nile Scribes 10893: 10884: 10876: 10871: 10864: 10855: 10847: 10823: 10818: 10802: 10801:John Byron, 10797: 10785: 10781: 10771: 10762: 10755:. Retrieved 10740: 10732: 10723: 10714: 10706:the original 10701: 10692: 10680:. Retrieved 10676: 10655:The Guardian 10653: 10612:. Retrieved 10608:the original 10580:. Retrieved 10555:. Retrieved 10551:the original 10546: 10537: 10518: 10512: 10504: 10490: 10486: 10476: 10467: 10453: 10433: 10411: 10394: 10391:the original 10381: 10373: 10366:. Retrieved 10351: 10344: 10335: 10313: 10309: 10292: 10257:(1): 19–34. 10254: 10250: 10240: 10231: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10180: 10174: 10154: 10145: 10055: 10014: 10006:(1787–1807?) 9959:Abolitionism 9846:Blackbirding 9801:Debt bondage 9778:Child labour 9741: 9719: 9708: 9699: 9691: 9675: 9667: 9659:corporations 9641:published a 9634: 9624: 9617: 9609: 9601: 9593: 9571: 9561: 9551: 9538: 9532: 9524: 9519: 9503: 9495: 9483: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9431: 9401: 9391: 9380:adopted the 9375: 9372: 9361: 9334: 9314:World War II 9307: 9279:World War II 9268: 9257: 9242: 9223: 9220:, April 1945 9218:Nazi Germany 9164:ACT, No. XV. 9159: 9157: 9148: 9113: 9080: 9070:presented a 9065: 9040:against the 9035: 8997: 8982: 8969:yellow fever 8964: 8949: 8917: 8899:Jean Boucaux 8884: 8862: 8858:Sierra Leone 8855: 8848: 8829: 8821: 8790: 8769: 8763: 8761: 8712:Frere Treaty 8694: 8686: 8674: 8665: 8657: 8645: 8637: 8629: 8622:El Almirante 8621: 8613: 8605: 8517:Abolitionism 8468: 8411: 8404: 8392: 8388: 8361:Abolitionism 8336: 8309: 8289: 8286: 8282:Christchurch 8279: 8255: 8235: 8221: 8214:Te Rauparaha 8207: 8202: 8188: 8183:, with each 8174: 8154: 8146: 8137: 8128: 8088: 8085:Blackbirding 8070: 8059: 8055: 8044:Soviet Union 8033: 8009:Soviet Union 8006: 7993:Soviet Union 7983:forced labor 7976: 7944:Arbeitslager 7942: 7939:Nazi Germany 7936:World War II 7933: 7889:of a slave. 7872: 7869: 7857:Oba of Lagos 7810: 7798: 7775: 7765: 7742: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7715: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7681: 7650: 7613:Lord Exmouth 7610: 7600:Lord Exmouth 7597: 7564: 7540: 7528:Jan Janszoon 7520: 7498: 7462:South Africa 7404: 7385:(1703) that 7382: 7371:Dutch Brazil 7342: 7334: 7331:Dutch Empire 7324: 7302: 7298:Leyes Nuevas 7271: 7250:Black ladino 7227: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7184: 7177:great plague 7166: 7162:Bandeirantes 7140:Dum Diversas 7126: 7118: 7068:established 7055: 7037: 7035:among them. 7017:Naval forces 6995:in 1685 and 6979: 6910:Anglo-Saxons 6897: 6887: 6873: 6837:Mehmed Giray 6834: 6806:Haci I Giray 6803: 6787:Mamluk Egypt 6771:Golden Horde 6756: 6733: 6721: 6688: 6638:In the late 6637: 6604: 6564: 6546: 6530:debt slavery 6527: 6501: 6473: 6450: 6370: 6335: 6304: 6298: 6279: 6245: 6204:Rome's farms 6189: 6163: 6153: 6126: 6101: 6077:Persian Gulf 6070: 6048: 6037: 6032:practice of 6019: 6001: 5986:Sexual jihad 5948:. Slaves in 5923: 5887:Khmer Empire 5884: 5838: 5807: 5785: 5754: 5735: 5707: 5689: 5687: 5642: 5624: 5620: 5585: 5554:Tang dynasty 5551: 5544: 5511: 5485: 5462: 5456: 5442: 5436: 5426: 5397:Ronald Segal 5394: 5387: 5361: 5353:Ottoman army 5342: 5328: 5326: 5294: 5292: 5265: 5232: 5217: 5209: 5175: 5164: 5025: 5016:Tang dynasty 5001: 4931: 4919: 4883: 4864: 4796: 4750: 4695: 4656: 4612: 4607: 4602:' colleague 4593: 4587: 4577: 4555:(1739); and 4542: 4519: 4507: 4432:Rhode Island 4375: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4337: 4315: 4313: 4310:Early events 4269:in Ecuador, 4263: 4230:to escape a 4201: 4195: 4194:passed the 4192:Upper Canada 4184:Lower Canada 4173: 4161:British rule 4154: 4136: 4100: 4096:emancipation 4091: 4077: 4070: 4014:human rights 4003: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3980: 3976: 3962: 3952: 3944: 3905: 3871: 3865: 3849: 3835:Clapham Sect 3832: 3826: 3787: 3754:Amazon Basin 3749: 3746:Amazon River 3738:Bandeirantes 3731: 3692: 3655:Bandeirantes 3578: 3563: 3557: 3542:Maya society 3527: 3493: 3462: 3438: 3432:and sold to 3419:some of the 3410: 3380: 3358:2,000 each ( 3337:area of the 3324: 3320:child labour 3305: 3294: 3275: 3271:forced labor 3268: 3249: 3238: 3230:bonded labor 3215: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3159: 3142:Modern times 3105: 3069:North Africa 3061: 3059: 3014: 3009: 2997: 2977: 2961: 2953:malnutrition 2948: 2941: 2937: 2890:In 1807 the 2889: 2873: 2865: 2824:war captives 2817: 2798: 2767: 2739: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2703: 2614: 2604:, Lisbon or 2586:the Americas 2575: 2572:(1580–1640). 2554: 2503: 2491: 2477: 2404: 2393: 2379: 2358:in northern 2348:Fulani jihad 2326:. Among the 2296:Sierra Leone 2274:(750–1076), 2270:, including 2261: 2253:Sierra Leone 2229: 2110:Tell Atchana 2086:debt-slavery 2058:Roman Empire 2019: 2012: 1989:prison labor 1981:forced labor 1970: 1947: 1919:West African 1891:16th century 1888: 1833: 1826: 1824:Mesopotamian 1797: 1764: 1762: 1659:Slave patrol 1496:Freedom suit 1472:Sierra Leone 1462:Colonization 1378:Abolitionism 1358:Baháʼí Faith 1331:Christianity 1281:Saudi Arabia 1137:Penal Labour 1102:Blackbirding 1008:Debt bondage 996:penal system 822:Contemporary 812:Field slaves 800:U.S. Natives 759:South Africa 630:Galley slave 603:Slave market 593:House slaves 566:Blackbirding 544:Conscription 468:21st century 431:Umm al-walad 275:Muslim world 244:Emancipation 160: 148:Wage slavery 128:Penal labour 106:Wife selling 96:Bride buying 81:Conscription 71:Child Labour 64:Contemporary 26: 22232: 1861 22225: 1853 21929:Moses Roper 21913:John Parker 21899:(1790–1880) 21877:Boston King 21868:(1799–1874) 21697:Polly Berry 21640:Mary Prince 21554:(1783–1845) 21548:(1684-1777) 21530:(1698–1733) 21513:(1684–1736) 21496:(1644–1744) 21490:(1660–1736) 21484:(1632–1702) 21478:(1598–1682) 21470: 1735 21453:(1708–1754) 21445:Mende Nazer 21435:(1735–1785) 21423:(1564–1639) 21417:(1767–1843) 21411:(1747–1815) 21405:(1620–1702) 21397:Francis Bok 21393:(1714-1761) 21391:Marcus Berg 21387:(c. 1790–?) 21367:Individuals 20859:Ward, J.R. 20325:15 November 20297:15 November 19993:Marist Poll 19483:20 December 19401:20 December 18624:. Pdavis.nl 18373:|work= 18355:25 November 18321:25 November 18243:10 November 16657:23 February 16559:"Slavery," 15505:14 February 15434:14 February 15341:14 February 14940:"Janissary" 14707:Alice Rio, 14488:1 September 14345:Jim Downs, 13825:|work= 13676:archive.org 13260:(1): 7–10. 12616:Daily Trust 12551:The Rainbow 12527:. CSMonitor 12193:8 September 11191:18 November 10100:Sante Kimes 9670:Marist Poll 9668:A national 9663:slave labor 9627:Steven Hahn 9484:Historians 9378:Arab League 9008:Louis XVIII 8985:Lower Egypt 8687:Mary Carver 8606:Providentia 8264:became the 8258:Polynesians 8218:Musket Wars 8203:taurekareka 8171:New Zealand 8095:sex workers 7913:Polish Jews 7855:, the 11th 7816:English law 7786:West Indian 7770:Amelia Opie 7606:Thomas Luny 7441:Jan Pranger 7351:Slave Coast 7327:Netherlands 7315:Netherlands 7309:Puerto Rico 7153:colonialism 7142:, granting 7135:issued the 7088:during the 7025:Turgut Reis 6912:, and both 6828:raids into 6799:Kazan Khans 6695:Roma people 6640:Middle Ages 6445: 1888 6342:Charlemagne 6286:St. Patrick 6220:plantations 6196:Phoenicians 6127:Records of 5952:society in 5924:Slavery in 5857:nobi system 5845:Gabo Reform 5815:Pacific War 5539:government. 5529:Han dynasty 5518:Emperor Gao 5487:Qin dynasty 5444:Manu Smriti 5380:World War I 5349:Janissaries 5309:janissaries 5307:guards and 5218:During the 5182:Manumission 5120:Philistines 5096:Phoenicians 4998:Boxer Codex 4938:White House 4929:, 1863–77. 4841:King Cotton 4765:Slave Power 4675:War of 1812 4667:the Canadas 4578:Within the 4534:King Cotton 4515:plantations 4452:by statute. 4421:Connecticut 4267:rubber boom 4232:slave state 4216:War of 1812 4188:Nova Scotia 4180:manumission 4176:the Canadas 3918:islands of 3868:Grande Seca 3839:evangelical 3822:plantations 3802:Puerto Rico 3778:Amerindians 3711:Tupi people 3554:Inca Empire 3421:Sub-Saharan 3411:During the 3352:bride price 3322:" in 2002. 3316:Ivory Coast 3239:During the 3216:During the 2924:West Africa 2859:ships. The 2840:slave trade 2822:sold their 2786:slave raids 2706:East Africa 2634:Kong Empire 2487:Omani Arabs 1945:in Africa. 1893:, European 1820:Mesopotamia 1785:present day 1767:spans many 1674:court cases 1551: [ 1501:Slave Power 1489:Manumission 1336:Catholicism 1211:Afghanistan 952:Puerto Rico 864:The Bahamas 842:Slave codes 645:Shanghaiing 635:Impressment 527:Slave Coast 407:Qajar harem 367:Concubinage 340:slave trade 22637:Categories 22410:Copper Sun 22359:Unburnable 22295:Dessa Rose 22022:Osifekunde 21954:Venerable 21897:James Mars 21810:Lear Green 21794:Monticello 21754:Noah Davis 21723:John Brown 21702:Henry Bibb 21645:Venerable 21451:Hark Olufs 21190:Starvation 20908:. Norton. 20643:0333719662 20370:Volume 4: 20363:Volume 3: 20356:Volume 2: 20349:Volume 1: 19620:14 October 19585:2262017727 19458:4 December 19432:4 December 19413:required.) 19363:4 December 19233:4 December 19211:4 December 19167:. Viking. 18944:4 December 18905:14 October 18778:(offprint) 18628:4 December 18563:4 December 18509:(1): 1–31. 18476:14 October 18203:June 2003 17993:4 December 17967:14 October 17799:4 February 17760:1040594362 17711:4 December 17664:4 December 17638:4 December 17616:4 December 17590:4 December 17531:4 December 17475:4 December 17396:0930888006 17369:0817966633 17331:14 October 17301:0817966633 17275:4 December 17248:4 December 17222:4 December 17200:4 December 17174:4 December 17125:1403945519 17075:0521565030 16932:4 December 16906:4 December 16831:4 December 16782:4 December 16512:4 December 16456:Indiatimes 16278:-Australia 16171:4 December 16073:4 December 16015:4 December 15990:4 December 15863:, BBC News 15846:4 December 15820:4 December 15750:pp. 57–58. 15237:11 January 15212:11 January 15187:11 January 15162:11 January 15128:11 January 15073:1405195096 14884:19 January 14292:4 December 14192:14 October 13445:4 December 13412:4 December 13280:Queen Anne 13210:4 December 13130:4 December 13104:4 December 13078:4 December 13069:"Bandeira" 13053:4 December 13005:14 October 12945:4 December 12920:4 December 12898:4 December 12873:4 December 12508:21 October 12033:4 December 12007:4 December 11833:4 December 11790:4 December 11768:4 December 11742:4 December 11720:4 December 11695:4 December 11669:14 October 11508:4 December 11427:Allen 2017 11377:4 December 11355:4 December 11289:4 December 11237:4 December 11164:4 December 11132:4 December 11110:4 December 11084:4 December 11030:4 December 10979:26 January 10832:080284278X 10811:3161480791 10757:21 October 10614:4 December 10557:17 October 10316:: 76–100. 10212:: 76–100. 10166:References 9577:) and the 9514:Eric Foner 9182:See also: 9140:John Brown 9104:Henry Clay 9068:Germantown 9038:revolution 8813:Parliament 8666:La Amistad 8630:Marinerito 8614:Presidente 8396:Royal Navy 8383:Guadeloupe 8341:Rongorongo 8210:Hongi Hika 8121:industry. 8083:See also: 7997:See also: 7971:See also: 7902:See also: 7396:Grand-Popo 7392:Benin City 7343:Slavenkust 7286:Hispaniola 7236:See also: 7191:Mauritania 7157:Protestant 7137:papal bull 7129:Portuguese 7100:See also: 6989:revocation 6930:Varangians 6926:Ibn Rustah 6775:Tokhtamysh 6610:Radhanites 6508:enserfment 6434:Circassian 6384:Al-Andalus 6216:sex slaves 6212:gladiators 6184:See also: 6121:See also: 6087:See also: 6073:cigarettes 5976:See also: 5891:Angkor Wat 5757:Shah Jahan 5736:The first 5651:conquered 5493:castration 5478:See also: 5421:See also: 5406:concubines 5276:Caucasians 5116:Byzantines 5088:Israelites 5084:Canaanites 5032:Asia Minor 4911:Union Army 4837:Deep South 4829:Presidency 4804:Whig Party 4751:Dred Scott 4706:John Brown 4669:after the 4639:slave ship 4631:Ohio River 4600:John Adams 4538:Deep South 4475:New Jersey 4462:legalizes 4443:John Casor 4423:legalizes 4412:legalizes 4403:John Punch 4338:White Lion 4317:White Lion 4303:See also: 4149:and later 4131:See also: 4115:Martinique 4111:Guadeloupe 4010:slave code 3969:Queen Anne 3936:Guadeloupe 3932:Martinique 3896:sugar cane 3742:Portuguese 3715:Portuguese 3653:See also: 3443:in Libya. 3441:child rape 3430:sex slaves 3405:See also: 3383:Boko Haram 3343:Boko Haram 3264:US$ 20,000 3226:Mauritania 3146:See also: 3116:Christians 3062:tumbeiros, 3047:slave ship 3035:See also: 3000:Mungo Park 2989:Mozambique 2972:slave ship 2900:Royal Navy 2857:Portuguese 2805:Portuguese 2750:See also: 2729:recovered. 2626:Oyo empire 2622:Bono State 2524:bound for 2485:and under 2375:Madagascar 2264:Senegambia 2237:Arab world 2164:), 200 AD. 2158:Roman rule 2114:Kizzuwatna 2070:Sultanates 2066:Caliphates 1931:abolishing 1840:Christians 1689:J.Q. Adams 1679:Washington 1649:Slave name 1598:convention 1573:Common law 946:Encomienda 742:Seychelles 727:Mauritania 650:Slave ship 517:Panyarring 512:New France 161:Historical 22135:(1936–38) 21621:Caribbean 21447:(b. 1982) 21399:(b. 1979) 21195:War crime 20236:154620412 20193:154620412 20049:214050925 19925:Cavaliers 19754:6 October 19748:BBC.co.uk 19587:), p. 256 19520:144324974 18979:31 August 18901:. Memo.ru 18862:143467546 18745:145344942 18375:ignored ( 18365:cite book 17768:cite book 17572:: 126–48. 17436:0030-5472 17321:roxie.org 16609:11 August 16006:"Slavery" 15471:9 January 15277:cite book 15064:, p. 212 14662:. Hurst. 14616:240619349 14033:140979420 13938:About.com 13827:ignored ( 13817:cite book 13759:11 August 13547:"Slavery" 12983:"Warfare" 12167:29 August 12142:29 August 12116:29 August 11816:. p. 114. 10778:"Slavery" 10775:Compare: 10736:Compare: 10720:"Slavery" 10487:Religions 10271:0011-3204 9935:Janissary 9359:in 1970. 9355:1963 and 9351:in 1962, 9168:Final Act 8987:in 1798, 8914:Abolition 8904:Caribbean 8646:Brillante 8407:mulattoes 8337:ariki-mau 8324:genocidal 8226:sex trade 8091:Polynesia 8036:Stalinism 7873:In 1811, 7516:centuries 7504:Algerians 7377:in 1660. 7294:Charles V 7278:New World 7274:Spaniards 7193:. Prince 7013:slaughter 7009:shipwreck 7001:Huguenots 6894:Old Norse 6830:Muscovite 6816:with the 6795:Astrakhan 6740:Karakorum 6664:Georgians 6652:Black Sea 6504:Lithuania 6311:Byzantine 6252:Britannia 6236:Spartacus 6198:. As the 6170:Herodotus 6012:Christian 5966:abolished 5954:Indonesia 5665:Hindustan 5563:Guangdong 5160:Armenians 5156:Chaldeans 5152:Colchians 5148:Urartians 5144:Parthians 5128:Phrygians 5104:Ammonites 5060:Babylonia 5028:Near East 4940:in 1877, 4936:left the 4827:into the 4367:Caribbean 4359:New World 4322:privateer 4072:Whitehall 4040:(Haiti), 4005:Code Noir 4000:Louis XIV 3940:Caribbean 3924:St. Kitts 3908:Caribbean 3873:Lei Áurea 3818:quilombos 3814:palenques 3734:São Paulo 3703:sugarcane 3593:Tupinambá 3581:Tehuelche 3546:sacrifice 3417:capturing 3303:article. 3245:Janjaweed 3174:sex slave 3120:Europeans 3006:country: 2964:cannibals 2957:Dysentery 2782:Europeans 2683:New World 2610:shipworms 2606:Amsterdam 2598:Liverpool 2594:Caribbean 2508:from the 2290:state of 2245:Cape Town 2038:Babylonia 1895:merchants 1777:religions 1684:Jefferson 1341:Mormonism 1276:Palestine 1090:Australia 1020:Indonesia 911:Lei Áurea 894:Code Noir 874:Caribbean 847:Treatment 586:Treatment 559:Devshirme 421:Odalisque 239:In Russia 180:Babylonia 168:Antiquity 22431:" (1848) 22177:Oroonoko 21861:John Jea 21465:(1663 – 21459:(1705–?) 21441:(1704–?) 21163:Genocide 20957:(1918). 20938:(2014). 20926:(1974). 20900:(1989). 20782:Resendez 20707:(1973). 20319:BBC News 20109:Archived 19602:fcnl.org 19148:12 March 19117:12 March 18497:(2007). 18435:(2007). 18404:(1911). 18317:. London 18294:15 April 18208:Archived 18034:29 April 17444:25818051 17096:26 March 17024:30141458 16979:(2003), 16852:Med Hist 16257:Newsweek 16147:"Stamps" 16083:cite web 15840:BBC News 15636:21741027 15452:(2004). 15040:Archived 14782:6 August 14776:Archived 13930:Archived 12991:Gatineau 12823:BBC News 12753:BBC News 12649:BBC News 12589:Archived 12503:ABC news 12418:23 April 12374:23 April 12187:BBC News 12162:BBC News 12137:BBC News 12056:Archived 12027:BBC News 11985:20 March 11598:25 April 11571:25 April 11535:25 April 11330:27 April 11256:Archived 10624:cite web 10582:20 March 10368:17 March 10289:21151711 9945:Saqaliba 9763:See also 9651:Delaware 9516:states: 9395:— 9291:in Yemen 9281:, legal 9021:(France) 9019:Houilles 8951:Napoleon 8895:Bordeaux 8697:Incident 8675:Emanuela 8668:Incident 8349:smallpox 8329:Peruvian 8312:Rapa Nui 8275:pacifism 8273:. 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King 19188:Moriori 19106:Moriori 18666:, p. 48 18414:(ed.). 18169:6 April 18121:6 April 18094:6 April 17506:8 March 17449:8 March 17407:8 March 17087:"slave" 16882:4875614 16873:1033829 16632:(ed.). 16490:2708589 16249:Reuters 15949:1 March 15627:3135801 14969:24 July 14520:, p. 67 14336:(1998). 14323:(2010), 14310:(1971). 14214:24 June 14099:24 July 14025:2784871 13993:, p. 13 13788:4249092 13678:. 1920. 13341:1856592 13187:(1972). 13174:, 88–90 12847:11 June 12347:, 2005 11963:31 July 11414:4283940 10879:, 1999. 10834:, p. 80 10813:, p. 40 10280:2999363 10030:Fazenda 9998:Quakers 9796:Coolies 9769:General 9647:slavery 9612:), and 9320:of the 9299:in Oman 9170:of the 9166:of the 9087:Liberia 8778:slavery 8426:Britain 8390:trade. 8381:in the 8320:Rapanui 8300:tikanga 8266:Moriori 8244:in the 8228:in the 8201:became 8187:tribe ( 8161:ʻAi Noa 8148:luakini 8145:at the 8103:sealing 8099:whaling 8079:Oceania 8048:Russian 8013:katorga 7957:Łapanka 7934:During 7898:Germany 7853:Akitoye 7692:Muscovy 7625:Algiers 7617:Tripoli 7575:Barbary 7557:. 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