490:
soon obtain some knowledge of it. This is a good country for artificers or farmers, but gentlemen, of mere science in les belles lettres, cannot so easily subsist here, there being little demand for their assistance among an industrious people, who, as yet, have not much leisure for studies of that kind. I am much obliged by the kind present you have made us of your edition of Vattel. It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a rising state make it necessary frequently to consult the law of nations. Accordingly, that copy which I kept, (after depositing one in our own public library here, and sending the other to the college of
Massachusetts Bay, as you directed)
27:
531:
Mr. Dumas, who had made international law his specialty, recalled himself very acceptably to Dr. Franklin in the autumn of 1775, by sending him copies of Vattel, edited and annotated by himself; a most timely gift, which was pounced upon by studious members of
Congress, groping their way without the
489:
I received your several favours, of May 18, June 30, and July 8, by Messrs. Vaillant and
Pochard; whom, if I could serve upon your recommendation, it would give me great pleasure. Their total want of English is at present an obstruction to their getting any employment among us; but I hope they will
511:
The international jurist most widely cited in the first 50 years after the
Revolution was Emmerich de Vattel. 1 J. Kent, Commentaries on American Law 18 (1826). In 1775, Benjamin Franklin acknowledged receipt of three copies of a new edition, in French, of Vattel's Law of Nations and remarked that
395:
Oct. 5, 1789: Five months after George
Washington takes the oath of office at Federal Hall on Wall Street, the new president checks out two books from the New York Society Library. The library was located in the same building as the president's office, in what was then the nation's capital. In a
282:
was translated into
English in 1760, based on the French original of 1758. A Dublin translation does not include notes from the original nor posthumous notes added to the 1773 French edition. Several other English editions were based on the edition of 1760. However, an English edition from 1793
269:
Vattel proposed only some limited restrictions on trade, requiring that states trade with both belligerents to keep their neutral status, but rejected any obligation for neutral states to cease trade. Additionally, neutral nations were encouraged to accept that certain types of goods might be
208:
According to James
Madison, Vattel was "justly charged with failing too much in the merit of a careful discrimination; and sometimes with delivering maxims, which he either could not reconcile, or does not take pains to explain." Regarding the chapter on neutrality (Book III, Chapter VII of
191:
It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need, and the right to compel it. Vattel, Law of
Nations, book III, cc. 1 and 2. To do more than state the
204:
in defense of the principle "free ships make free goods" (in other words, if the ships were neutral, than the goods on board were deemed neutral). In the longest work
Madison ever wrote, he relied heavily upon Vattel to support his argument that the Rule of 1756 had no legal basis.
369:
the man who could not tell a lie failed to return a couple of volumes that were due on Nov. 2, 1789. That comes to more than 220 years late, or about $ 300,000 in fines. Borrowed from the New York
Society Library, the books were Emmerich de Vattel's
476:
396:
ledger, next to the names of the books – The Law of Nations by Emmerich de Vattel and Vol. 12 of the Commons Debates, containing transcripts from Britain's House of Commons – the librarian writes, 'President'.
512:
the book "has been continually in the hands of the members of our Congress now sitting . . . ." 2 F. Wharton, United States Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence 64 (1889), cited in Weinfeld, supra, at 458.
252:
With the Rule of 1756 the British had sought to prevent trade by neutral vessels between colonies and mother countries. Practically speaking, this would have stopped American vessels from trading between the
484:
731:
The Law of Nations, Or the Principles of Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and the Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns with Three Early Essays on the Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury
225:
economies granting their own ships legal privileges when trading with their colonies, and sometimes restricting trade entirely, created a whole host of issues in the 18th century. Neutral trade or
524:
261:. Vattel neither fully embraced the British approach distinguishing trade with the enemy (neutral) and trade for the enemy (deemed contraband), nor did he fully subscribe to French the "
151:
262:
502:
142:
three copies of the book in 1775. Franklin received them May 18, June 30, and July 8 by two couriers: Alexandre Pochard (Dumas' friend and later companion to
627:
283:
includes Vattel's later thoughts, as did the London 1797 edition. The 1797 edition has a detailed table of contents and margin titles for subsections.
192:
proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force.
226:
699:
442:[The Printer M. Mesplet, his workers and I felt the blows of revenge from the King's Suppots] (in French). Letter to Benjamin Franklin.
729:
782:
386:
166:
It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a rising State make it necessary to frequently consult the Law of Nations.
777:
304:
Le Droit des gens : Principes de la loi naturelle, appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains
170:
Franklin also said that this book by Vattel, "has been continually in the hands of the members of our Congress now sitting".
146:) and a man named Vaillant. Franklin kept one copy for himself, depositing the second in "our own public library here" (the
597:
358:
337:
Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains
326:
Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains
709:
667:
637:
607:
581:
419:
174:
104:
The Law of Nations: Or, Principles of the Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns
772:
213:), Madison says Vattel could have been "more exact in his definitions and more lucid in the order of his ideas".
147:
184:
701:
Maritime Neutrality to 1780: A History of the Main Principles Governing Neutrality and Belligerency to 1780
440:"L'Imprimeur M. Mesplet, ses ouvriers et moi avons ressenti les coups de la vengeance des SuppĂ´ts du Roi"
812:
807:
787:
179:
439:
802:
374:, dealing with international relations, and a collection of debates from Britain's House of Commons
238:
159:
817:
324:
270:
justifiably seized by belligerents, and these seizures should not be construed as acts of war.
409:
526:
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875
797:
26:
8:
738:
363:
335:
230:
201:
457:
792:
426:
Alexandre Pochard, a friend of Dumas' and perhaps an abbe, was with Mesplet in Montreal
135:
705:
663:
633:
603:
577:
549:
415:
234:
139:
124:
112:
108:
58:
40:
154:" (Franklin used the original name from 1636, not acknowledging the 1639 rename to
657:
623:
571:
354:
299:
155:
127:
had a number of overdue library books at the time of his death. One of them was
725:
453:
143:
766:
197:
196:
In the United States, Vattel was one of the treatise writers that influenced
553:
242:
222:
754:
506:
408:
Chiokoyhikoy; Donald; Grinde, Donald A.; Robert; Griffin, Robert (1997).
254:
246:
78:
123:
Centuries after his death it was found that United States President
342:
331:
387:"George Washington's 221-year overdue library book: A timeline"
258:
407:
150:
which Franklin founded in 1731) and sending the third to the "
659:
Concepts and Contexts of Vattel's Political and Legal Thought
503:"U.S. Steel Corp. v. Multistate Tax Comm'n,434 U.S. 452, 462"
477:"Benjamin Franklin to To: Charles William Frederic Dumas"
546:
Conscription in the United States: Historical Background
173:
It provides at least a partial legal basis for modern
737:. Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson – via
464:
Le droit des gens Library Company of Philadelphia.
462:. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. xxx.
339:. Tome 2 / par M. de Vattel, Londres : 1758
328:. Tome 1 / par M. de Vattel, Londres : 1758
764:
241:. Vattel formulated a differing approach to the
724:
548:. Rutland, Vermont: C. E. Tuttle. p. vi.
452:
233:in which neutral rights were supported by the
411:Apocalypse de Chiokoyhikoy, Chef des Iroquois
162:). In December 1775, Franklin thanked Dumas:
359:"Finally, a library for our first president"
662:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
655:
25:
456:(1916). Charles Ghequiere Fenwick (ed.).
414:. Presses Université Laval. p. 196.
685:Broke of the Shannon and the War of 1812
682:
573:The American Presidents: Critical Essays
570:Urofsky, Melvin I. (November 23, 2004).
437:
16:1758 legal treatise on international law
697:
622:
602:. Hackett. June 15, 2006. p. 278.
569:
765:
651:
649:
565:
563:
353:
229:became a matter of controversy in the
543:
704:. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 76.
656:Stapelbroek, Koen (June 24, 2021).
646:
560:
273:
13:
687:. Seaforth Publishing. p. 54.
599:Selected Writings of James Madison
14:
829:
783:Conscription in the United States
748:
483:. 9 December 1775. Archived from
175:conscription in the United States
718:
691:
676:
616:
590:
537:
517:
148:Library Company of Philadelphia
629:The Roots of International Law
495:
469:
446:
431:
401:
379:
347:
318:
293:
1:
544:Leach, Jack Franklin (1952).
216:
185:Selective Service Act of 1917
778:International law literature
698:Kulsrud, Carl Jacob (2000).
438:Pocharde, Alexandre (1776).
312:
265:" principle. Rather, in the
152:college of Massachusetts Bay
118:
7:
10:
834:
576:. Routledge. p. 112.
245:that had emerged from the
180:Selective Draft Law Cases
86:Published in English
84:
74:
64:
54:
46:
36:
24:
286:
239:Kingdom of Great Britain
107:is a legal treatise on
773:1758 non-fiction books
683:Voelcker, Tim (2013).
632:. Brill. p. 276.
505:. 1978. Archived from
303:
263:free ships, free goods
194:
183:(1918), upholding the
168:
115:, published in 1758.
487:on 5 September 2013.
189:
164:
759:, kingdom-hawaii.org
532:light of precedents.
187:, the court stated:
739:Library of Congress
509:on 6 January 2007.
364:The Washington Post
237:and opposed by the
202:freedom of the seas
21:
20:The Law of Nations
756:The Law of Nations
211:The Law of Nations
200:'s concept of the
136:Charles W.F. Dumas
129:The Law of Nations
19:
813:Benjamin Franklin
808:George Washington
788:International law
459:Le droit des gens
357:(21 April 2010).
235:Kingdom of France
140:Benjamin Franklin
125:George Washington
113:Emerich de Vattel
109:international law
100:
99:
75:Publication place
59:International Law
41:Emerich de Vattel
825:
743:
742:
736:
722:
716:
715:
695:
689:
688:
680:
674:
673:
653:
644:
643:
624:Chetail, Vincent
620:
614:
613:
594:
588:
587:
567:
558:
557:
541:
535:
534:
521:
515:
514:
499:
493:
492:
473:
467:
466:
450:
444:
443:
435:
429:
428:
405:
399:
398:
383:
377:
376:
355:Parker, Kathleen
351:
345:
322:
306:
297:
274:English editions
231:Seven Years' War
221:The practice of
66:Publication date
29:
22:
18:
833:
832:
828:
827:
826:
824:
823:
822:
803:Legal treatises
763:
762:
751:
746:
734:
723:
719:
712:
696:
692:
681:
677:
670:
654:
647:
640:
621:
617:
610:
596:
595:
591:
584:
568:
561:
542:
538:
529:. p. 185.
523:
522:
518:
501:
500:
496:
475:
474:
470:
451:
447:
436:
432:
422:
406:
402:
393:. 21 May 2010.
385:
384:
380:
352:
348:
323:
319:
315:
310:
309:
298:
294:
289:
276:
219:
156:Harvard College
121:
95:
93:
91:
87:
67:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
831:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
761:
760:
750:
749:External links
747:
745:
744:
726:Emer de Vattel
717:
710:
690:
675:
668:
645:
638:
615:
608:
589:
582:
559:
536:
516:
494:
468:
454:Emer de Vattel
445:
430:
420:
400:
378:
372:Law of Nations
346:
316:
314:
311:
308:
307:
291:
290:
288:
285:
280:Law of Nations
275:
272:
267:Law of Nations
227:neutral rights
218:
215:
144:Fleury Mesplet
120:
117:
98:
97:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
830:
819:
818:James Madison
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
758:
757:
753:
752:
740:
733:
732:
727:
721:
713:
711:9781584770275
707:
703:
702:
694:
686:
679:
671:
669:9781108489447
665:
661:
660:
652:
650:
641:
639:9789004261655
635:
631:
630:
625:
619:
611:
609:9781603840019
605:
601:
600:
593:
585:
583:9781135581367
579:
575:
574:
566:
564:
555:
551:
547:
540:
533:
528:
527:
520:
513:
508:
504:
498:
491:
486:
482:
478:
472:
465:
461:
460:
455:
449:
441:
434:
427:
423:
421:9782763774497
417:
413:
412:
404:
397:
392:
388:
382:
375:
373:
366:
365:
360:
356:
350:
344:
340:
338:
333:
329:
327:
321:
317:
305:
301:
296:
292:
284:
281:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
249:in Britain.
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
206:
203:
199:
198:James Madison
193:
188:
186:
182:
181:
176:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:Swiss editor
132:
130:
126:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:
89:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
755:
730:
720:
700:
693:
684:
678:
658:
628:
618:
598:
592:
572:
545:
539:
530:
525:
519:
510:
507:the original
497:
488:
485:the original
481:Virginia.edu
480:
471:
463:
458:
448:
433:
425:
410:
403:
394:
390:
381:
371:
368:
362:
349:
336:
325:
320:
295:
279:
277:
266:
251:
247:prize courts
243:Rule of 1756
223:mercantilist
220:
210:
207:
195:
190:
178:
172:
169:
165:
160:John Harvard
158:in honor of
133:
128:
122:
103:
102:
101:
798:1758 in law
255:West Indies
79:Switzerland
767:Categories
217:Neutrality
96:1797 (4th)
94:1793 (3rd)
92:1787 (2nd)
90:1760 (1st)
31:Cover page
793:Law books
313:Footnotes
278:Vattel's
177:. In the
119:Influence
728:(1844).
626:(2013).
391:The Week
47:Language
554:1727243
343:Gallica
332:Gallica
55:Subject
708:
666:
636:
606:
580:
552:
418:
300:French
259:France
50:French
37:Author
735:(PDF)
287:Notes
138:sent
706:ISBN
664:ISBN
634:ISBN
604:ISBN
578:ISBN
550:OCLC
416:ISBN
341:via
330:via
257:and
70:1758
111:by
769::
648:^
562:^
479:.
424:.
389:.
367:.
361:.
334:;
302::
131:.
741:.
714:.
672:.
642:.
612:.
586:.
556:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
