Seven Years' War - Knowledge

6242:(1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France completely absent. Though the war had ended in a draw, the performance of the Imperial Russian Army against Prussia had improved Russia's reputation as a factor in European politics, as many had not expected the Russians to hold their own against the Prussians in campaigns fought on Prussian soil. The American historian David Stone observed that Russian soldiers proved capable of going head-on against the Prussians, inflicting and taking one bloody volley after another "without flinching", and though the quality of Russian generalship was quite variable, the Russians were never decisively defeated once in the war. The Russians defeated the Prussians several times in the war, but the Russians lacked the necessary logistical capability to follow up their victories with lasting gains, and in this sense, the salvation of the House of Hohenzollern was due more to Russian weakness with respect to logistics than to Prussian strength on the battlefield. Still, the fact that the Russians proved capable of defeating in battle the army of a "first-rate" European power on its own soil despite the often indifferent quality of their generals improved Russia's standing in Europe. A lasting legacy of the war was that it awakened the Russians to their logistic weaknesses, and led to major reforms of the Imperial Russian Army's quartermaster department. The supply system that allowed the Russians to advance into the Balkans during the war with the Ottomans in 1787–1792, Marshal Alexander Suvorov to campaign effectively in Italy and Switzerland in 1798–1799, and for the Russians to fight across Germany and France in 1813–1814 to take Paris was created directly in response to the logistic problems experienced by the Russians in the Seven Years' War. 5974: 5358:'s regiments to the west, which could be mobilised within 3 hours. Instead of waiting for a coordinated attack with Bougainville, Montcalm attacked immediately. When his 3,500 troops advanced, their lines became scattered in a disorderly formation. Many French soldiers fired before they were within range of striking the British. Wolfe organised his troops in two lines stretching 1 mile across the Plains of Abraham. They were ordered to load their Brown Bess muskets with two bullets to obtain maximum power and hold their fire until the French soldiers came within 40 paces of the British ranks. Once the British had Montcalm's army in firing range, their volley was powerful and nearly all bullets hit their targets, devastating the French ranks. The French fled the Plains of Abraham in a state of utter confusion while they were pursued by members of the Scottish Fraser regiment and other British forces. Despite being cut down by musket fire from the Canadians and their indigenous allies, the British vastly outnumbered these opponents and won the 4411:(equivalent). He had melted and coined most of the church silver, had ransacked the palaces of his kingdom and coined that silver, and reduced his purchasing power by mixing it with copper. His banks' capital was exhausted, and he had pawned nearly everything of value from his own estate. While Frederick still had a significant amount of money left from the prior British subsidies, he hoped to use it to restore his kingdom's prosperity in peacetime; in any case, Prussia's population was so depleted that he could not sustain another long campaign. Similarly, Maria Theresa had reached the limit of her resources. She had pawned her jewels in 1758; in 1760, she approved a public subscription for support and urged her public to bring their silver to the mint. French subsidies were no longer provided. Although she had many young men still to draft, she could not conscript them and did not dare to resort to impressment, as Frederick had done. She had even dismissed some men because it was too expensive to feed them. 6203:. Negotiations had started there on 31 December 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor. Saxony emerged from the war weakened and bankrupt; despite losing no territory, Saxony had essentially been a battleground between Prussia and Austria throughout the conflict, with many of its towns and cities (including the capital of Dresden) damaged by bombardment and looting. 6267:

rebelled against British rule. The Indians had long established congenial and friendly relations with the French fur traders, and the Anglo-American fur traders who had replaced the French had engaged in business practices that enraged the Indians, who complained about being cheated when they sold their furs. Moreover, the Indians feared that with the coming of British rule might lead to white settlers displacing them off their land, whereas it was known that the French had only come as fur traders. Pontiac's War was a major conflict in which the British temporarily lost control of the Great Lakes-Northwest regions to the Indians. By the middle of 1763, the only forts the British held in the region were Fort Detroit (modern Detroit, Michigan), Fort Niagara (modern Youngstown, New York) and Fort Pitt (modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) with the rest all being lost to the Indians. It was only with the British victory at the

6046:, the Dutch Republic managed to preserve its neutrality during the Seven Years' War. It owed this to the memory of what it had been and what it could possibly become again, namely a land and naval power of the first rank. For the Prussian king, the Republic was an important ally with view of securing his scattered possessions along the Dutch eastern border, and for George II, the Dutch seaports provided the most secure link with Hanover. For their part, the British were concerned that their supremacy at sea would be jeopardised if the Republic were to lend its cooperation to a French plan for joint maritime action by the French, Spanish, Danish and Dutch fleets. In addition, the government in London had not yet given up hope to restore the disrupted relationship with the Dutch by including them in a military and political bloc formed by Britain, Hanover, Prussia and the Dutch Republic. When the 3518:, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister, Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade New France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt was head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized the vulnerability of the French Empire. 940: 367: 3788: 3915: 4403:, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, and the county of Glatz in southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support, and Maria Theresa had largely given up her hopes of re-conquering Silesia; her Chancellor, husband and eldest son were all urging her to make peace, while Daun was hesitant to attack Frederick. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the 4089: 1179: 916: 904: 892: 880: 868: 340: 4035: 2313:

strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to overseas colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions (as had happened in,

1102: 419: 4277:. A major problem for the Russians throughout the war had always been their weak logistics, which prevented their generals from following up their victories, and now with the fall of Kolberg, the Russians could at long last supply their armies in Central Europe via the sea. The fact that the Russians could now supply their armies over the sea, which was considerably faster and safer (Prussian cavalry could not intercept Russian ships in the Baltic) than over the land threatened to swing the balance of power decisively against Prussia, as Frederick could not spare any troops to protect his capital. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent. 5705: 2301: 4457: 6235:, the Prussians fought poorly despite being led by Frederick in person. During the war with France in 1792–95, the Prussian Army did not fare well against revolutionary France, and in 1806, the Prussians suffered a complete defeat by the French at the Battle of Jena. It was only after 1806 when Prussian government brought in reforms to recover from the disaster of Jena that Prussia's rise to greatness later in the 19th century was realized. However, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War, various nations all sent officers to Prussia to learn the secrets of Prussia's military power. Prussia become one of the most imitated powers in Europe. 1133: 690: 671: 659: 647: 635: 264: 2139:, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover's interests against France. At the same time, Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing just such an alliance with Austria. Not only that, France had no intention to ally with Russia, who, years earlier, had meddled in France's affairs during Austria's succession war. France also saw the dismemberment of Prussia as threatening to the stability of Central Europe. 1143: 623: 603: 591: 573: 553: 541: 529: 517: 505: 493: 474: 449: 237: 2150:'s insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On 30 September 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithuanian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Bestuzhev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king, Frederick, who, fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, was also desirous of a rapprochement with Britain. On 16 January 1756, the 5334: 3630:, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The Austrians had succeeded in partially occupying Silesia and, more importantly, denying Frederick winter quarters in Bohemia. Frederick had proven to be overly confident to the point of arrogance and his errors were very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war. 1209: 1066: 1054: 1042: 1030: 395: 1169: 856: 844: 832: 812: 800: 788: 776: 326: 3983: 3563:. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then use the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia, where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade 6231:

his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Though depicted as a key moment in Prussia's rise to greatness, the war weakened Prussia. Prussia's lands and population were devastated though Frederick's extensive agrarian reforms and encouragement of immigration soon solved both these problems. Unfortunately for Prussia, its army had taken heavy losses (particularly the officer corps) and in the war's aftermath, Frederick could not afford to rebuild the Prussian Army to what it was before the war. In the

4023: 1153: 722: 710: 278: 734: 481: 456: 251: 5168: 4103: 928: 353: 52: 2027:, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, came to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the 3733: 3750:

forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was also now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunistic nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

1783: 1090: 1078: 407: 1112: 583: 4281: 2329: 4385: 3911:, where the province, almost denuded of troops, put up little opposition. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although it was far less strategically valuable to Prussia than Brandenburg or Silesia. In any case, Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war. 3829:

general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. However, Frederick missed an opportunity to completely destroy the Austrian army at Leuthen; although depleted, it escaped back into Bohemia. He hoped the two smashing victories would bring Maria Theresa to the peace table, but she was determined not to negotiate until she had re-taken Silesia. Maria Theresa also improved the Austrians' command after Leuthen by replacing her incompetent brother-in-law,

5362:. General Wolfe was mortally wounded in the chest early in the battle so the command fell to James Murray, who would become the lieutenant governor of Quebec after the war. The Marquis de Montcalm was also severely wounded later in the battle and died the following day. The French abandoned the city and French Canadians led by the Chevalier de Levis staged a counteroffensive on the Plains of Abraham in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the 2079: 302: 6246: 3571: 1920: 6299:(Lord Sandwich), the British attempted to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark–Norway, the Ottoman Empire and Russia, now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join with it, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the 5477: 3769: 3665: 758: 746: 290: 3626:

Prussian cavalry. Frederick actually fled the field of battle, leaving Field Marshall Keith in command. Browne, however, also left the field, in a vain attempt to meet up with an isolated Saxon army holed up in the fortress at Pirna. As the Prussians technically remained in control of the field of battle, Frederick, in a masterful coverup, claimed Lobositz as a Prussian victory. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the

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Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes of central New York. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan and to the shore of the St. Lawrence. The Algonquin tribes were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York and the north-west, Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents.

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the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Frederick's army, though depleted, was left unmolested at its headquarters in Brunzelwitz, as both the Austrians and the Russians were hesitant to attack it. Nonetheless, at the end of 1761, Prussia suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under

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held most of Saxony but not its capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated, and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that an offensive against Dresden seemed impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new prime minister,

9422: 4489:, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbour, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on 3971:. Both sides suffered heavy casualties—the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000—but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. The American historian Daniel Marston described Zorndorf as a "draw" as both sides were too exhausted and had taken such losses that neither wished to fight another battle with the other. In the undecided 4200:

Russian Army was badly strained by the demands of Russian armies operating so far from home. As it was, the requirement that the Austrian quartermaster's department supply both the Austrian and Russian armies proved beyond its capacity, and in practice, the Russians received little in the way of supplies from the Austrians. At Liegnitz (now

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fighting a major battle, even when they were not defeated, was less about their casualties and more about their supply lines; after expending much of their munitions in a battle, Russian generals did not wish to risk another battle knowing resupply would be a long time coming. This long-standing weakness was evident in the

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Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great's personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia's betrayal after Elizabeth's death) and to British financial support were soon forgotten, while the memory of

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and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the

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announced in the States General on 12 January 1759 that they had decided to equip 25 warships, at their own expense if need be, and Princess Anna also died that same evening, the British government realised that it should not let things get out of hand by inflicting too much damage on Dutch trade. It

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By 1763, the war in central Europe was essentially a stalemate between Prussia and Austria. Prussia had retaken nearly all of Silesia from the Austrians after Frederick's narrow victory over Daun at the Battle of Burkersdorf. After his brother Henry's 1762 victory at the Battle of Freiberg, Frederick

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of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, supplemented by some Prussian troops, had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and

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For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This

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was passionately devoted to his family's continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was

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The British settlers along the coast were upset that French troops would now be close to the western borders of their colonies. They felt the French would encourage their tribal allies among the North American natives to attack them. Also, the British settlers wanted access to the fertile land of the

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Seeing French and Indian defeat, in 1760, the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy resigned from the war and negotiated the Treaty of Kahnawake with the British. Among its conditions was their unrestricted travel between Canada and New York, as the nations had extensive trade between Montreal and

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from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect

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in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops

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Logistics was a recurring problem for the Russians throughout the war. The Russians lacked a quartermaster's department capable of keeping armies operating in Central Europe properly supplied over the primitive mud roads of eastern Europe. The tendency of Russian armies to break off operations after

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on 1 October 1756, Frederick stumbled into one of the embarrassments of his career. Severely underestimating a reformed Austrian army under General Maximilian Ulysses Browne, he found himself outmanoeuvred and outgunned, and at one point in the confusion even ordered his troops to fire on retreating

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It would require a greater philosopher and historian than I am to explain the causes of the famous Seven Years' War in which Europe was engaged; and, indeed, its origin has always appeared to me to be so complicated, and the books written about it so amazingly hard to understand, that I have seldom

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permanent peace, and, when France went to war with Great Britain during the American Revolution, the British found no support among the European powers. France's defeat caused the French to embark upon major military reforms, with particular attention being paid to the artillery. The origins of the

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action in history. When the Prussian king, Frederick, was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom

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was signed, in which both nations pledged 24,000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were ostensibly defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable.

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broke out as a group of Indian tribes in the Great Lakes region and the Northwest (the modern American Midwest) said to have been led by the Ottawa chief Pontiac (whose role as the leader of the confederation seems to have been exaggerated by the British), unhappy with the eclipse of French power,

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Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Frederick did not consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself about to come under siege, the survival of both Prussia and its king was severely threatened. Then on 5

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On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian Army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian Army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and

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Meanwhile, after the battle of Kunersdorf, the Russian army was mostly inactive due mostly to their tenuous supply lines. Russian logistics were so poor that in October 1759, an agreement was signed under which the Austrians undertook to supply the Russians as the quartermaster's department of the

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of 1735–1739, where Russian battle victories led to only modest war gains due to problems supplying their armies. The Russian quartermasters department had not improved, so the same problems reoccurred in Prussia. Still, the Imperial Russian Army was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick

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The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their

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The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that, but France was enraged and terrified by the sudden betrayal of its only

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reached Paris. After Russia's about-face, Sweden's withdrawal and Prussia's two victories against Austria, Louis XV became convinced that Austria would be unable to re-conquer Silesia (the condition for which France would receive the Austrian Netherlands) without financial and material subsidies,

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and others—were allied with the French. Although the Algonquin tribes living north of the Great Lakes and along the St. Lawrence River were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley tribes, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation which included the Seneca, Mohawk,

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collected a force of 30,000 men to come to the relief of Prague. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolín in Bohemia. Daun arrived too late to participate in the

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Bute's settlement with France was mild compared with what Pitt's would have been. He had hoped for a lasting peace with France, and he was afraid that if he took too much, the whole of Europe would unite in envious hostility against Great Britain. Choiseul, however, had no intention of making a

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briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October but could not hold it for long. Still, the loss of Berlin to the Russians and Austrians was a great blow to Frederick's prestige as many pointed out that the Prussians had no hope of occupying temporarily or otherwise St. Petersburg or Vienna. In

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from 1749 to 1772, wanted the Republic to align its foreign policy with the state of its finances. Specifically, this meant that Holland should do everything possible to ensure that the Republic did not become involved in the Franco-British dispute, despite animosity towards France and being a

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force under Soubise lost about 10,000 killed. Frederick always called Leuthen his greatest victory, an assessment shared by many at the time as the Austrian Army was considered to be a highly professional force. With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier

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Therefore, the Ottoman Empire avoided the major wars that would follow, including the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman Empire, or more accurately its leaders, recognised its internal problems. The previous wars had cost the empire greatly, both in terms of resources and finance, they were facing

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of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of marshal in the Austrian Army.

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The stalemate had really been reached by 1759–1760, and Prussia and Austria were nearly out of money. The materials of both sides had been largely consumed. Frederick was no longer receiving subsidies from Britain; the Golden Cavalry of St. George had produced nearly 13 million dollars

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forced the British forces to withdraw to the Île d'Orleans. While Wolfe and Murray planned a second offensive, British rangers raided French settlements along the St. Lawrence, destroying food supplies, ammunition and other goods in an attempt to vanquish the French through starvation.

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Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt, where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of

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were equipped and supplied by the state to conduct warfare on behalf of the sovereign's interests. Occupied enemy territories were regularly taxed and extorted for funds, but large-scale atrocities against civilian populations were rare compared with conflicts in the previous century.

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battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting

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set up camp on the Île d'Orléans across the St. Lawrence River from Quebec, enabling them to commence the 3-month siege that ensued. The French under the Marquis de Montcalm anticipated a British assault to the east of Quebec so he ordered his soldiers to fortify the region of

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In 1763, Americans joyously celebrated the British victory in the Seven Years' War, revelling in their identity as Britons and jealously guarding their much-celebrated rights which they believed they possessed by virtue of membership in what they saw as the world's greatest

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as potential fields for expansion, but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony,

3765:. The convention removed Hanover from the war, leaving the western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany. 4204:, Poland), the Russians arrived too late to participate in the battle. They made two attempts to storm the fortress of Kolberg, but neither succeeded. The tenacious resistance of Kolberg allowed Frederick to focus on the Austrians instead of having to split his forces. 5286:

which could be taken easily given the British force's significant numerical advantage. The British offensive which was supposed to advance in tight columns and overwhelm the French defenders fell into confusion and scattered, leaving large spaces in their ranks. When

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to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral. Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to the British campaigns in North America.

2132:, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria. 9442: 6227:. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still insufficient to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians were almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration. 5919:

for years, up to the outbreak of war, to bring the empire into the war on the side of Prussia, Great Britain, and their other allies but he was unsuccessful. However, the Sultan was persuaded by his court not to join the war, primarily by his Grand Vizier,

4303:) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army, of 120,000 men, and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Silesia after 4081:, Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at 6034:

did not want to go to war for Britain's interests. Together with French assurances that King Louis XV did not want to multiply his enemies and that it was the Prussians who broke the peace, this made it possible for Steyn to declare the Republic neutral.

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that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the continent, particularly in defence of its German possessions, and Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize

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was another neutral nation during the Seven Years War, although it could be argued that, due to close calls, it was a belligerent nation. It was very nearly dragged into the war on the side of France due to the actions of the Russian Empire. Tsar

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Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of

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of 1756, in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favour of Prussia, leaving Austria to side with France. In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively overseas, taking full advantage of its

5985:

had played a central role in the wars against Louis XIV's France in the late 1600s and early 1700s, and doing this had proved to be very expensive. This motivated the Dutch to try to stay out of major 18th-century European conflicts like the

4230:

Prussia began the 1761 campaign with just 100,000 available troops, many of them new recruits, and its situation seemed desperate. However, the Austrian and Russian forces were also heavily depleted and could not launch a major offensive.

3906:

that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. In January 1758, the Russians invaded

1893:

The British also harassed French shipping beginning in August 1755, seizing hundreds of ships and capturing thousands of merchant seamen while the two nations were nominally at peace. Incensed, France prepared to attack Hanover, whose

2046:

In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On 2 June 1756, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and

1852:

Britain and France failed to negotiate a solution after receiving news about this in Europe. The two countries eventually sent regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on

6212:

Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

6152:. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own West Indian islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi. 5405:. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the 4515:

in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of

6206:

Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the

5928:"Our state looks like a majestic and mighty lion from afar. However, a closer look at this lion reveals that it has aged—its teeth have fallen out—its claws have fallen. So, let's leave this old lion to rest for a while." 5964:

king, in 1757. However, by 1760, he had managed to eliminate all other potential claimants to the throne as well as Ismail III and had established himself as the head of his own dynasty, the aforementioned Zand dynasty.

3589:

in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of

2128:, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and 6283:

of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The Act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the

5712:

In India, the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe renewed the long running conflict between the French and the British trading companies for influence on the subcontinent. The French allied themselves with the

9383:

D. Peter MacLeod, "'Free and Open Roads': The Treaty of Kahnawake and the Control of Movement over the New York-Canadian Border during the Military Regime, 1760–1761," read at the Ottawa Legal History Group, (1992,

5881:. The battles in West Africa were ultimately a series of British expeditions against wealthy French colonies. The British and French had been competing for influence in the Gambia region following the acquisition of 6171:

and eventual control of the subcontinent. France's navy was crippled by the war. Only after an ambitious rebuilding program in combination with Spain was France again able to challenge Britain's command of the sea.

7643:) describe a homosexual officer's experiences in Germany and France during the Seven Years' War. In particular, the short story "Lord John and the Succubus" occurs just before the Battle of Rossbach, and the novel 3716:

with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment, the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade

6261:

The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. In 1763,

5530:

Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain had to return to Portugal the settlement of Colonia do Sacramento, while the vast and rich territory of the so-called "Continent of S. Peter" (the present-day Brazilian state of

2158:

ally, Prussia. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. Now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on 1 May 1756, the

2095:

very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to Central Europe for Prussia's interest.

3452: 12256: 9082:

Reflexiones Histórico-Militares que manifiestan los Motivos Porque se Mantiene Portugal Reino Independiente de España y Generalmente Desgraciadas Nuestras Empresas y que Lo Serán Mientras No se Tomen Otras

5911:, the Ottoman Empire enjoyed a generation of peace due to Austria and Russia contending with the rise of Prussia in Eastern Europe. During the war, King Frederick II of Prussia, better known to history as 5902:

was notably neutral during the Seven Years' War. Following their military stalemate with the Russian Empire and their subsequent victory over the Holy Roman Empire (and Austria to an extent), during the

11126:

De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog

4497:; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast. 3849:, on the advice of his British ministers after the battle of Rossbach, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, 2325:). This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, and although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes. 2142:

Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could to avoid Austrian entanglement in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade

1686:

ended the war between Saxony, Austria, and Prussia in 1763. France's supremacy in Europe was halted, while Prussia confirmed its status as a great power, challenging Austria for dominance within the

6140:, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Menorca to the British. Spain lost control of 4500:

Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly

2055:, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick's power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving 2676: 2666: 5065: 9405: 5937:, and Persia had been reunited under Karim Khan Zand. That said, the Ottoman Empire would launch an abortive invasion of Hungary with 100,000 troops in 1763, contributing to the end of the war. 5566:

were also made ready for an eventual English attack. The war contributed also to a decision to improve communications between Buenos Aires and Lima resulting in the establishment of a series of

4117:

during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under

5849: 5613: 4917: 4561: 3329: 2280:

was the decisive factor in many wars, as armies had grown too large to support themselves on prolonged campaigns by foraging and plunder alone. Military supplies were stored in centralised

4326:

on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing its own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French,

3152: 2671: 2412: 2564: 4366:

which Louis was no longer willing to provide. He therefore made peace with Frederick and evacuated Prussia's Rhineland territories, ending France's involvement in the war in Germany.

3445: 2366:

of enemy ports, and rapid movement of troops by sea. They harassed enemy shipping and attacked enemy colonies, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort.

9040:, Vol II, Lisbon, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, with the collaboration of the British Academy and the P.R.O., 1979, p. 415. Also according to the historian Fernando Dores Costa, 5812: 4684:, both major Spanish colonial cities. British attempts at expansion into the hinterlands of Cuba and the Philippines met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were 4453:

was taken, but military staff dithered and lost so much time that Rochefort became unassailable. The expedition abandoned the Isle d'Aix, returning to Great Britain on 1 October.

3824:

on 5 December 1757. Rossbach was the only battle between the French and the Prussians during the entire war. At Rossbach, the Prussians lost about 548 men killed while the Franco-

2681: 5973: 2887: 2726: 6022:

to make troops available for the defence of Great Britain as soon as hostilities with France were to occur, and as the daughter of George II, it would be almost impossible for

4508:. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks and shipping. 3999:

were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take

3438: 2998: 2842: 2837: 2817: 2656: 10222: 5058: 2731: 1753:" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of worldwide conflict between France and Great Britain during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the 2549: 4726: 4661:, the Spanish Empire's most important overseas holding, was now lost. Spain had entered the war after the Third Family Compact (15 August 1761) with France. The British 1902:. Britain concluded a treaty whereby Prussia agreed to protect Hanover. In response France concluded an alliance with its long-time enemy Austria, an event known as the 5291:

sent 1,000 soldiers to reinforce Montcalm's struggling troops, the British were pinned down in the brush by intense French musket fire and they were forced to retreat.

12251: 5606: 4910: 4554: 3816:

of Austria against Frederick. However, in November and December 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Soubise's forces at the

1702:

In the historiography of some countries, the war is named after combatants in its respective theatres. In the present-day United States, the conflict is known as the

5458:), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759. 3322: 2872: 2686: 2529: 1243: 2264:

positioned so as to command the surrounding regions and roads, with lengthy sieges a common feature of armed conflict. Decisive field battles were relatively rare.

6223:, It amassed a considerable power, and even brought Britain in on future conflicts. This power dynamic was important to the future and the latter conflicts of the 3633:

Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and £670,000 (equivalent to £125.9 million in 2023) to its new ally. A

2943: 2938: 2852: 4638:, and coastal Africa. Over the course of the war, Great Britain gained enormous areas of land and influence at the expense of the French and the Spanish Empires. 2629: 11613: 11337: 11305: 5051: 3692:

on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then

3145: 2919: 2882: 2746: 2452: 2405: 1346: 3621:

The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the

11386: 9862: 9070: 2051:

against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now

12305: 5805: 5599: 4903: 4547: 3857:. Ferdinand's forces kept Prussia's western flank secure for the rest of the war. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at 3533: 2892: 2751: 1293: 5873:

with ease in May 1758 and brought home large amounts of captured goods. This success convinced Pitt to launch two further expeditions to take the island of

4357:

Meanwhile, the long British naval blockade of French ports had sapped the morale of the French populace. Morale declined further when news of defeat in the

3003: 2741: 3315: 2701: 3853:(until immediately before a commander in the Prussian Army), regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the 12354: 6303:

turned into a global war between 1778 and 1783, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

5271: 4704: 3236: 3008: 2691: 2497: 7460:

been much wiser at the end of a chapter than at the beginning, and so shall not trouble my reader with any personal disquisitions concerning the matter.

5952:

during the period of the Seven Years' War. Like the Ottoman Empire, they were also neutral during the war. They had more pressing matters to attend to.

3959:

By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-

12728: 11466: 9402: 3138: 2798: 2477: 2398: 1268: 7122: 5186:

This Map also shows both the Iroquois and Wabanaki Confederacies, who were both influential in the war on the British and French sides respectively.

11256:

Cuyt, F., Jacobs, T., Van Gelder, K., & Vermeir, R. (2017). De Staatse Barrière in de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw: een rustig en vredig bezit?.

9803:

Cuyt, F., Jacobs, T., Van Gelder, K., & Vermeir, R. (2017). De Staatse Barrière in de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw: een rustig en vredig bezit?.

4350:

strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in

2559: 1058: 9709:

Rousseau and Revolution : a history of civilization in France, England, and Germany from 1756, and in the Remainder of Europe from 1715 to 1789

9621: 12320: 11650: 6086:, and was prepared to attack Denmark–Norway in order to do this. However, luckily for Denmark-Norway, the Russian emperor was deposed by his wife, 5798: 3013: 2847: 2534: 2472: 2369:

The Russians and the Austrians were determined to reduce the power of Prussia, the new threat on their doorstep, and Austria was anxious to regain

1298: 9428: 6275:, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the Indians but led to considerable outrage in the 1821:, Pennsylvania. Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named 12439: 9049: 9008: 4719: 3753:

This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland, which include Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick troops, was defeated at the

3536:, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at 12517: 12184: 11876: 11342: 10218:

Vardagsslit och sjuårskrig / upplevt och beskrivet av den nyländske dragonen Carl Johan Aminoff ; utgiven med kommentarer av Patrick Bruun.

5305: 2377:. Along with France, Russia and Austria agreed in 1756 to mutual defence and an attack by Austria and Russia on Prussia, subsidized by France. 3948:

in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the

2349:

of Prussia, then the rising power in central Europe, and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns. This was accomplished in the

1632:

ended in 1748, but failed to resolve ongoing tensions between the European powers. Continuing colonial disputes between Britain and France in

12293: 5043: 3967:(now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on 25 August 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count 2288:

that were highly vulnerable to enemy raids. Armies were generally unable to sustain combat operations during winter and normally established

1236: 10647:

When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762–1764: the story of the 18th-century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War

3552:

was court-martialed and executed). Britain formally declared war on France on 17 May, nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the

1794:

The boundary between British and French possessions in North America was largely undefined in the 1750s. France had long claimed the entire

12534: 5956:, was busy playing politics and was in the process of legitimising his claim to the Persian throne by placing a puppet king on the throne, 9708: 4895: 4532:

held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

4149: 2039:. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the " 12246: 12241: 11501: 6168: 6023: 2154:

was signed, whereby Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another; the parties hoped to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe.

2032: 1849:

on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender. These were the first engagements of what would become the worldwide Seven Years' War.

1405: 1339: 509: 11355: 9105: 6192:

that played a prominent role in the wars of the French Revolution and beyond can to be traced to military reforms that started in 1763.

4235: 3591: 1636:

resulted in the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754. Following the realignment of traditional alliances in the so-called 1756

738: 12162: 11562: 11470: 11379: 9018: 7677: 6099: 4712: 3595: 2341:

enemies, particularly France. By subsidising the armies of continental allies, Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to

7559:(1789), a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich, is based on his experiences in the Seven Years' War. 2135:

In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son,

4114: 3798:

Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a combined French and

3169: 3099: 497: 6215:

Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Besides the rise of Prussia,

4246:

in March. He was forced to lift the siege and retreat after French forces regrouped and captured several thousand of his men at the

1070: 306: 11788: 10226: 5402: 4470: 3705:

was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.

2386: 1488: 1229: 944: 792: 11479: 9386: 4407:, in which Glatz was returned to Prussia in exchange for the Prussian evacuation of Saxony. This ended the war in central Europe. 2112:, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire as French allies in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests. 12723: 12683: 12678: 12628: 12623: 11643: 11628: 3229: 762: 750: 651: 3812:

was a collection of armies from the smaller German states that had banded together to heed the appeal of the Holy Roman Emperor

3787: 3397: 12708: 12703: 12653: 12648: 12394: 12325: 11618: 11552: 5885:

in 1664 by the English from the Dutch. The loss of these valuable colonies to the British further weakened the French economy.

5410: 4818: 4474: 4266: 4011: 2988: 2978: 2963: 2318: 1332: 11922: 11372: 11283: 11162: 11114: 11095: 11065: 11044: 11015: 10979: 10950: 10915: 10861: 10837: 10816: 10781: 10762: 10655: 10634: 10613: 10543: 10507: 10478: 10454: 10431: 10344: 10308: 10286: 10261: 10094: 9991: 9913: 9671: 9163: 8432: 8309: 8282: 8243: 8208: 8179: 8120: 8093: 8066: 8020: 6195:

The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on 15 February 1763, at a hunting lodge between

5391: 4977: 4670: 3469: 2015:

The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France's traditional enemies,

1678:

In Europe, the large-scale conflict that drew in most of the European powers was centred on the desire of Austria to recover

9686:

James L.A. Webb Jr, "The mid-eighteenth century gum Arabic trade and the British conquest of Saint-Louis du Senegal, 1758."

3914: 12673: 12618: 12273: 12263: 11557: 9747: 5012: 4442: 3830: 1937: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1400: 896: 11174:"El periplo ibérico del general Dumouriez: Una aproximación a las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-portuguesas (1765–1767)" 6238:

Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The

5775:, fell to the British in 1761 (it was returned after the war); together with the fall of the lesser French settlements of 4734: 12698: 12643: 12298: 11220: 6292: 6103: 4346:) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practising a 4327: 4213: 3805: 3363: 3266: 1656: 1652: 1283: 282: 11313: 9300: 6001:, in 1782, blamed the earlier generations for placing too heavy a burden on their descendants by waging wars on credit. 3994:

The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the

1395: 1390: 860: 12512: 12344: 12231: 11710: 11246: 10570: 7887: 6312: 6296: 5512: 4520:, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from 3642: 3222: 2048: 1370: 726: 533: 9869:, mentioning the mother country's image of New France as an "Arctic wasteland with wild animals and savage Indians". 9487: 9036: 4335: 4118: 3368: 3277: 3037: 2109: 12454: 12073: 12019: 12014: 11962: 11957: 11947: 11912: 11907: 11897: 11887: 11865: 11860: 11837: 11832: 11807: 11783: 11778: 11763: 11623: 11433: 11134: 10880: 10799: 10719: 10671: 10123:

Gipson, Lawrence Henry (1950). "The American Revolution as an Aftermath of the Great War for the Empire, 1754–1763".

9814: 9481: 8129: 7768: 7657: 6019: 5904: 5409:. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel 5250:. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against 4461: 4300: 4217: 3746: 3339: 1959: 1622: 1425: 9859: 5354:, 1 mile west of Quebec City. He had positioned his army between Montcalm's forces an hour's march to the east and 4338:

British-Portuguese forces overran a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of

12056: 11992: 11817: 11730: 8145: 6145: 6038:

Despite British threats, the detention of many Dutch merchant ships by the British, and various incidents, as when

5717:

to resist British expansion, but derived little benefit from this. The war began in Southern India but spread into

3582: 3119: 2322: 2083: 2009: 1538: 1493: 1410: 694: 399: 10188: 9095: 8913: 8603: 4168:, their continued success preventing France from sending troops to aid the Austrians against Prussia in the east. 3975:

on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the

3430: 1886:, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, British colonial and French troops met in the inconclusive 12713: 12668: 12613: 12449: 12209: 12194: 12135: 11494: 11236: 7166: 5359: 4972: 4947: 4845: 4034: 1708:(1754–1763). In English-speaking Canada—the balance of Britain's former North American colonies—it is called the 1308: 371: 20: 12349: 6167:

to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for

3585:

in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia and Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal

11917: 11881: 11443: 11416: 9477:

Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: native Tradition, Jesuit enterprise and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1660–1880

8810: 8477: 7847: 7616:

are set during the North American campaigns of the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1755. The second half of

6254: 6232: 6208: 5991: 5390:

in North America. As the Seven Years War was not yet over in Europe, the British put all of New France under a

5275: 4882: 4791: 4603: 3560: 3541: 3198: 3059: 2374: 2345:. In the Seven Years' War, the British chose as their principal partner the most brilliant general of the day, 1993: 1941: 1629: 1523: 5073: 1798:

basin. This was disputed by Britain. In the early 1750s the French began constructing a chain of forts in the

12332: 12083: 11812: 11638: 11633: 11588: 11364: 9515:(electronic version), Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil, chapter 5: As guerras no Sul 1763–77. 7734: 7584: 7078: 7056: 5760: 5524: 5355: 5288: 4987: 4865: 4666: 4613: 4598: 4593: 4446: 4396: 3813: 2136: 1518: 872: 836: 545: 521: 12598: 8395: 8029: 6433: 6018:

long-time ally of Britain. This was not going to be easy, because London was exerting great pressure on the

4088: 4082: 3722: 2924: 12409: 12379: 12374: 12315: 12204: 12199: 12167: 12108: 12029: 11987: 11870: 6112:, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of 5987: 5370:, however, Lévis was unable to retake the city, largely because of British naval superiority following the 5318: 5220: 4982: 4925: 4835: 4685: 4430: 4239: 2897: 2589: 1750: 1508: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 294: 5704: 4957: 4014:, was appointed. Choiseul planned to end the war in 1759 by making strong attacks on Britain and Hanover. 1858: 12693: 12638: 12544: 12527: 12399: 12268: 12236: 12172: 12061: 11952: 11937: 11773: 11426: 11421: 11269: 10405:

Disease, War, and the Imperial State: The Welfare of the British Armed Forces During the Seven Years' War

10368: 9630: 7449: 6990: 6851: 6220: 5692: 5425: 5215: 4786: 4781: 4608: 4478: 4304: 3976: 3940: 3928: 3850: 3709: 2958: 2907: 2619: 2539: 2342: 1842: 1641: 1420: 998: 11105:

Wilson, Peter H. (2008). "Prussia as a Fiscal-Military State, 1640–1806". In Storrs, Christopher (ed.).

9037:

Descriptive List of the State Papers Portugal, 1661–1780, in the Public Record Office, London: 1724–1765

4630:

The colonial conflict mainly between France and Britain took place in India, North America, Europe, the

3956:, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine. 2300: 12718: 12444: 11982: 11972: 11942: 11932: 11547: 11487: 11029:

Armies of the Seven Years' War: Commanders, Equipment, Uniforms and Strategies of the 'First World War'

10847: 10499: 7497:(California, 1993). p. 85), all the atrocities described in Chapter 3 are true to life. When 7034: 6719: 6300: 5870: 5657: 5652: 5444: 5338: 5263: 5239: 5235: 5002: 4997: 4825: 4776: 4646: 4153: 3846: 3762: 3758: 3726: 3599: 3074: 2862: 2159: 2091: 1806:

Ohio River Valley for the new settlers that were flooding into the British colonies seeking farm land.

804: 460: 6271:

that prevented a complete collapse of British power in the Great Lakes region. King George III's

5270:(Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British. When the British led by generals 4464:'s leadership, Britain's position as the leading colonial power was confirmed by the Seven Years' War. 2075:

to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.

12733: 12283: 12177: 11977: 10249: 7618: 6946: 6763: 6239: 6117: 5508: 5471: 5417: 5110: 5095: 4992: 4801: 4504:

was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the

4456: 4180: 4106: 3936: 3419: 3402: 3295: 3130: 2877: 2857: 2333: 2151: 1879: 1862: 1838: 1691: 1543: 1313: 1082: 1046: 10109:

A structure of alliances with European powers, in which Britain had formed grand coalitions against

9831: 6005:"Every new war is a step closer to taking away from the descendants the means of defence they need." 5559: 5535:) would be retaken from the Spanish army during the undeclared Hispano-Portuguese war of 1763–1777. 5234:

British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the

4588: 2609: 12663: 12658: 12608: 12603: 12424: 12130: 11705: 11509: 11438: 10330: 7599:

is about this military conflict, with the player fighting alongside the French against the British.

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The Seven Years' War, like most European wars of the eighteenth century, was fought as a so-called

2072: 2016: 2005: 1846: 1809:

The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks", where the

1802:

to assert their claim and shield the Native American population from increasing British influence.

1590: 816: 242: 204: 167: 11349: 9064: 8972: 8968: 12688: 12633: 12337: 12066: 11685: 9192: 7637: 7604: 6829: 6367: 5790: 5296: 5294:

All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an

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led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but

1740:

involved Prussia and Austria (1756–1763). On the Indian subcontinent, the conflict is called the

1668: 1380: 960: 920: 908: 675: 464: 43: 10443:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

10274:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

9617: 6565: 5378:, which allowed the British to be resupplied but not the French. The French forces retreated to 5321:

fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 31 July, the

3865:

and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a

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The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755

7526: 7510: 7347: 7210: 7100: 6873: 6250: 6216: 6113: 6109: 6083: 5998: 5977:

Dutch merchants complain to Princess Anne about the detention of merchant ships by the British.

5642: 5520: 5421: 5387: 5367: 5314: 5224: 4860: 4830: 4688: 4404: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4316: 4243: 4183:, Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under 4130: 4092: 3515: 3193: 3114: 3104: 2634: 2614: 2594: 2125: 1683: 1672: 1498: 1385: 932: 190: 11927: 9497: 9462: 9310: 9086: 8923: 8613: 8299: 8169: 8155: 7897: 3874:

around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

3861:. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by 3567:

from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

1094: 12469: 12429: 12189: 12118: 11567: 11410: 10967: 10907: 10388: 10198: 9969: 9661: 9552: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9115: 9002: 8994: 8820: 8597: 8487: 8405: 8272: 8139: 8039: 7857: 7548: 7544: 6968: 6285: 6137: 6133: 5677: 5539: 5481: 5449: 5406: 5375: 5310: 5211: 5135: 5080: 5032: 5027: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4932: 4771: 4761: 4741: 4700: 4358: 4188: 3358: 2948: 2902: 2696: 2492: 2447: 2390: 2350: 2305: 2040: 1903: 1887: 1883: 1787: 1777: 1766: 1754: 1704: 1637: 1618: 1445: 1288: 848: 255: 9187: 5551: 4247: 2599: 1221: 12002: 11675: 11572: 11542: 7391: 7188: 6675: 6587: 6411: 6272: 5866: 5672: 5363: 5255: 5120: 4855: 4525: 4517: 4074: 4039: 3866: 3862: 3754: 3602:

commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of

3498: 3373: 3282: 3094: 3042: 2788: 2514: 2229: 2172: 2143: 2116: 1606: 1415: 1034: 714: 428: 358: 311: 82: 11107:

The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe: Essays in honour of P.G.M. Dickson

10829:

Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present

5555: 5191: 4010:

In France, 1758 had been disappointing and in the wake of this, a new chief minister, the

3559:

Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had

3214: 1375: 8: 12577: 12507: 12364: 11827: 11598: 11024: 10584: 10323: 9592: 9424:

La Década Fundamental en la Controversia de Límites entre Venezuela y Colombia, 1881–1891

7609: 7580: 7576: 7555: 7413: 6609: 6268: 6116:, and to Great Britain the rest of New France. Britain returned to France the islands of 6075: 6055: 6027: 5912: 5882: 5764: 5687: 5682: 5333: 5105: 5017: 4796: 4766: 4756: 4494: 4400: 4362: 4296: 4292: 4142: 3995: 3987: 3903: 3791: 3634: 2993: 2768: 2661: 2519: 2482: 2346: 2178: 2068: 1997: 1870: 1440: 956: 639: 163: 9567: 5921: 5844: 5386:

by overwhelming British forces, they surrendered on 8 September, essentially ending the

4145:

and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

3378: 3287: 3047: 2968: 2773: 12567: 12549: 12502: 12484: 12464: 12103: 11855: 11753: 11725: 11608: 11593: 11007: 11003: 10891:

Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry & the Conduct of the Seven Years' War

10698: 10589: 10518:

Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France

10489: 10373: 10148: 9382: 7730: 7595: 7591: 7568: 7144: 7012: 6895: 6543: 6455: 6345: 6070: 6059: 5908: 5839: 5623: 5583: 5493: 5371: 5322: 5267: 5228: 4840: 4806: 4657:

in 1759, with the fall of Quebec. The buffer that French North America had provided to

4512: 4426: 4308: 3982: 3964: 3858: 3817: 3737: 3685: 3622: 3574: 3527: 3018: 2983: 2805: 2778: 2756: 2651: 2442: 2277: 2071:, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman 2024: 1742: 1736: 1594: 1513: 1303: 1273: 269: 75: 68: 11227:. Textes inédits introduits, établis et annotés par Jeroom Vercruysse et Bruno Colson 6389: 6288:

remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution and did not rebel.

5266:. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the 4334:. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and in the 3669: 2467: 2012:

in 1748 in order to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances.

12474: 12414: 12221: 12147: 12125: 12024: 11902: 11715: 11695: 11690: 11680: 11515: 11279: 11242: 11198: 11158: 11130: 11110: 11091: 11061: 11040: 11011: 10999:

England, Prussia, and the Seven Years War: Studies in Alliance Policies and Diplomacy

10975: 10946: 10911: 10876: 10857: 10833: 10812: 10795: 10777: 10758: 10715: 10702: 10667: 10651: 10630: 10609: 10566: 10549: 10539: 10503: 10474: 10450: 10427: 10416: 10411: 10340: 10304: 10282: 10257: 10230: 10140: 10090: 9987: 9909: 9667: 9159: 8428: 8305: 8278: 8239: 8214: 8204: 8175: 8116: 8089: 8062: 8016: 7714: 7325: 7283: 6741: 6521: 6499: 6276: 6189: 6180: 6149: 6121: 6047: 6014: 5934: 5737: 5662: 5647: 5637: 5532: 5383: 5351: 5343: 5326: 5243: 5145: 4877: 4505: 4420: 4259: 4165: 3949: 3919: 3838: 3821: 3773: 3586: 3493: 3483: 3089: 3069: 2827: 2721: 2711: 2624: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2524: 2060: 2020: 1834: 1814: 1795: 1731: 1687: 1645: 1602: 1598: 1356: 1010: 663: 627: 344: 331: 61: 39: 19:

This article is about the mid-18th-century war. For other wars of the same name, see

11322: 11300: 5325:

with 4,000 soldiers but the French positioned high up on the cliffs overlooking the

4196:, but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order. 12459: 12404: 12310: 12051: 11822: 11792: 11758: 11603: 11211: 11188: 10690: 10296: 10238: 10132: 10110: 8350:"His Majesty's Declaration of War Against the French King. [17 May, 1756.]" 7726: 7630: 7622:(2014) is also set within the timescale of the Seven Years' War, from 1756 to 1760. 7490: 6807: 6653: 6263: 6160: 6156: 5995: 5768: 5571: 5567: 5519:, now Uruguay and south Brazil. The Spanish conquered the Portuguese settlement of 5195: 4850: 4438: 4311:(29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of 4263: 4193: 4138: 4062: 3972: 3688:, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody 3460: 3183: 2953: 2736: 2716: 2554: 2509: 2487: 2241: 2129: 1503: 1022: 820: 698: 611: 561: 183: 11343:

Clash of Empires and The Battle of the Plains of Abraham – The Canadian War Museum

11076:

Shipping and Military Power in the Seven Year War, 1756–1763: The Sails of Victory

10681:

Higgonet, Patrice Louis-René (March 1968). "The Origins of the Seven Years' War".

7452:

is set against the Seven Years' War. This is a quote about the war from the novel:

5501: 4192:

November 1760, Frederick was once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the

4022: 3781: 12479: 12226: 12078: 12046: 11720: 11700: 11317: 11273: 11055: 10997: 10940: 10901: 10851: 10827: 10806: 10646: 10624: 10524: 10493: 10468: 10334: 10272: 9866: 9456: 9443:

Report on Orinoco-Casiquiare-Negro Waterway. Venezuela-Colombia-Brazil, July 1943

9409: 9390: 9153: 9099: 8349: 8233: 8110: 8083: 8056: 8010: 7530: 7467: 7369: 7232: 6697: 6164: 6141: 5953: 5752: 5733: 5667: 5350:

On 13 September 1759, General James Wolfe led 5,000 troops up a goat path to the

4674: 4618: 4126: 4122: 4070: 4027: 3871: 3702: 3693: 3488: 3392: 3188: 3084: 2706: 2462: 1874: 1866: 1810: 1664: 1574: 1548: 1106: 679: 607: 200: 131: 9755: 9623:

Las Casuchas del Rey: un patrimonio temprano de la integración chileno-argentina

3878: 3307: 2146:

for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the

12562: 12389: 12152: 12142: 11519: 10464: 10363: 7667: 7626: 7613: 6051:

resigned itself to the fact that the Republic persisted in its neutral stance.

6039: 5982: 5899: 5862: 5756: 5547: 5546:, was updated and reinforced from 1764 onwards. Other vulnerable localities of 5516: 5203: 4653:, in 1758. More importantly, the British defeated the French in its defence of 4529: 4347: 4323: 4299:, at once ended the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania (see: the 4184: 4054: 3968: 3677: 3659: 3646: 3627: 2931: 2867: 2812: 2793: 2646: 2225: 2186: 2147: 1895: 1786:

Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750, before the

1726: 1651:

Spain entered the war on the French side in 1762, unsuccessfully attempting to

1614: 1610: 1278: 986: 974: 411: 385: 11394: 7505:; the book's themes of disillusionment and suffering underscore this position. 5780: 4102: 3684:

On 18 April 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the

2059:

to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish

12592: 12522: 12359: 11997: 11310: 11202: 10897: 10423: 10353: 10234: 10144: 8218: 7842:

That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present

6631: 5714: 5467: 5439: 5167: 4521: 4450: 4434: 4050: 3253: 3025: 2783: 2285: 2261: 2237: 2221: 2120: 2100: 1822: 1660: 1633: 1528: 1430: 1111: 884: 582: 51: 10553: 10242: 10216: 5563: 5231:

called Ile du Roi by the French, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

5194:

were allied with the British. Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the

3953: 3732: 12278: 11802: 11768: 11523: 11348: 11193: 11057:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

10278: 9901: 9703: 9557:, nr. 95, Academia de Historia Militar Terrestre do Brasil, 2013, pp. 3–18. 8201:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire

7672: 7662: 7472: 6125: 6087: 6010: 5961: 5949: 5878: 5741: 5722: 4501: 4134: 3908: 3820:

on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the

3718: 3553: 2281: 2272: 2253: 2245: 2056: 2036: 1826: 1553: 595: 423: 162:

France cedes its North American possessions east of the Mississippi River,

12039: 9510: 4312: 4280: 4004: 12384: 12113: 12034: 11967: 11797: 10626:

The Age of the Ship of the Line: the British and French navies, 1650–1851

9699: 9031: 6082:, whose lands were being overseen by the current king of Denmark-Norway, 5916: 5772: 5497: 5301: 5238:

after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the

4635: 4631: 4482: 4477:. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by 4384: 3854: 3800: 2363: 2268: 1782: 1578: 557: 135: 5428:

generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see

4322:

Two new countries entered the war in 1762. Britain declared war against

4270: 3713: 2328: 2292:

in the cold season, resuming their campaigns with the return of spring.

12419: 12369: 12288: 12157: 10742: 10664:

Empires at War: The Seven Years' War and the Struggle for North America

10377: 10254:

The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War

10152: 9629:. XII Congreso Geológico Chileno (in Spanish). Santiago. Archived from 9092: 9085:(in Spanish), Borzas, 28 November 1772; cited by Jorge Cejudo López in 9069:, Vol. 2, Publicações de Comissão de História Militar, Minerva, 1936, 7502: 6280: 6129: 5957: 5587: 5434: 5429: 5416:

The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the

4681: 4662: 4654: 4524:

to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. At the

4274: 2289: 2194: 2189:. Eighteenth-century European armies were built around units of massed 1944: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1818: 1799: 1730:), as the Sweden–Prussia conflict between 1757 and 1762 was limited to 1435: 485: 193:

and its North American territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain

8112:

Development of British Naval Thinking: Essays in Memory of Bryan Ranft

7575:

Numerous towns and other places now in United States were named after

6245: 5708:

Plan of Pondicherry, the French capital in India, taken by the British

5413:. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America. 5394:

while awaiting the results. This regime would last from 1760 to 1763.

4673:

in 1762 as well as the Spanish Empire's main port in the West Indies,

4399:(Lord Bute), and the Russian emperor had been overthrown by his wife, 4176: 3160: 2078: 2052: 12007: 11087: 10366:. "The Duke of Newcastle and the Financing of the Seven Years' War". 6249:

Map showing British territorial gains in North America following the

6031: 5898:

Despite being one of the major European powers during this time, the

5748: 5591: 4658: 4161: 3881:, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous 3842: 3570: 3549: 2249: 2197: 577: 10136: 8453: 4226:

Operations of Russian army on Polish–Lithuanian territory, 1756–1763

4057:

with 40,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General

3544:

in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the

1919: 1324: 12572: 12434: 11333:

1759: From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham Virtual Exhibition.

10747:

The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company

10694: 9870: 7769:"British History in depth: Was the American Revolution Inevitable?" 7480: 5726: 5543: 5476: 5379: 4490: 4486: 4339: 4096: 4078: 3768: 3664: 3603: 2359: 2190: 1586: 780: 175: 127: 10598:

By Force of Arms: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War, Vol II

6030:, to refuse the requested help. However, the wealthy merchants of 5874: 5820: 5278:

attacked, they believed that the French led by Lieutenant General

4569: 4069:

forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the

3594:. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the 2000:, known as Frederick the Great, seized the prosperous province of 1671:

in the Philippines to Britain, but they were returned in the 1763

11231:(Paris, Editions Honoré Champion, 2008) (L'Âge des Lumières, 44). 9875: 9787: 9785: 9044:

Franco-Spaniards were lost mostly from hunger and desertion. See

7485: 6200: 6196: 6042:

fired celebratory gunshots in support of the Prussians after the

5865:, Pitt dispatched an expedition to take the French settlement at 5776: 5199: 4650: 4642: 4201: 4157: 4043: 4000: 3960: 3923: 3899: 3895: 3777: 3673: 3638: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3564: 3540:, and the French opened the campaign against the British with an 2370: 2260:. Strategic warfare in this period centred around control of key 2217: 2205: 2201: 2182: 2098:

French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the

2001: 1899: 1679: 179: 11327: 9054:(Portuguese), vol. II, Círculo de Leitores, Lisboa, 2004, p. 341 3721:

and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested

1972: 11511: 10214: 10166: 10164: 10162: 7579:

to commemorate the victorious conclusion of the war, including

5718: 5485: 5283: 4148:

The year 1760 brought yet more Prussian disasters. The general

3882: 3537: 2213: 1854: 1582: 212: 208: 171: 123: 10176: 9782: 9237:, vol. 5, pp. 103–104, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 6920:

Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (North America)

6175: 5888: 4141:

caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under

4061:. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at 2420: 1825:. British colonial militia from Virginia accompanied by Chief 11332: 10470:

England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy

9722: 8058:

The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America

7254: 6917: 6316: 5730: 5507:

Between September 1762 and April 1763, Spanish forces led by

3945: 3598:. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal 2332:

British raid on French settlement of Miramichi (later called

2257: 2209: 1830: 1251: 196: 139: 11035:

Speelman, P.J. (2012). Danley, M.H.; Speelman, P.J. (eds.).

10523: 10159: 10032: 10030: 10017: 10015: 9364: 9352: 9340: 9328: 9316: 9111: 8990: 6279:, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The 6054:

Unofficially, the Dutch East India Company would attempt to

5401:

In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked

4254:, forces under Ferdinand defeated a 92,000-man French army. 4222: 2035:, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother 10594:

Instrument of War: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War

9288: 9264: 9252: 9091:, Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975, legajo (file) n. 8711: 8631: 8352:. T. Baskett and the Assigns of R. Baskett. 1 January 1756. 7927: 7713:

25,000 dead excluding parts of the HRE that were under the

5945: 3877:

Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count

3244: 2355: 10972:

Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

10536:

Relief Is Greatly Wanted: The Battle of Fort William Henry

10223:

Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland

9931:

Eric Robson, "The Seven Years' War", in J O Lindsay, ed.,

9816:

The Decisive Battles of India: From 1746 to 1849 Inclusive

9666:(3rd ed.). Delhi: New Age International. p. 34. 9133: 8619: 8012:

In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670–1730

5933:

rebellions from nationalistic uprisings, notably from the

5398:

Albany as well as populations living throughout the area.

4414: 3725:

on 30 August 1757. In the words of the American historian

1845:. The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at 113:(6 years, 8 months, 4 weeks and 1 day) 11155:

Der Siebenjährige Krieg. Ein Weltkrieg im 18. Jahrhundert

10418:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

10042: 10027: 10012: 9770: 8838: 8786: 8672: 8660: 8330: 7875: 5915:, had made diplomatic overtures with the Ottoman Sultan, 4307:, while his brother Henry won a victory in Saxony in the 4164:. The Hanoverians were victorious over the French at the 2023:, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. 11323:

Memorial University of Newfoundland's page about the war

10926:

The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France

10087:

Northern Armageddon: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham

8850: 8798: 8774: 8762: 8740: 8738: 8689: 8687: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8465: 8361: 8359: 4645:

in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured

4273:. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the 3902:, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the 1987: France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies 11359:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 715–723. 10942:

Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763

10563:

The Seven Years' War: Global Views (History of Warfare)

10000: 9121: 8886: 8318: 7903: 7863: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 6319:

Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (Europe)

6108:

The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the

5736:, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the 5492:

In South America, the Portuguese conquered most of the

1873:

ended in disastrous defeat. In further action, Admiral

1712:(1756–1763). In French-speaking Canada, it is known as 100:

17 May 1756 – 15 February 1763

10066: 10054: 9427:(in Spanish), Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1988, 9276: 9240: 9205: 9203: 8934: 8932: 8498: 8496: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8383: 8252: 8015:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 356. 7915: 7810: 7257:

Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (India)

6144:

to Great Britain, but it received from the French the

5219:

their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also

1790:(1754 to 1763), which was part of the Seven Years' War 1640:, Prussia allied with Britain, while the long running 12306:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

10933:

Battle for Empire: the very first World War 1756–1763

9882: 9860:

Canada to Confederation p. 8: Barriers to Immigration

8903: 8901: 8826: 8750: 8735: 8723: 8699: 8684: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8441: 8371: 8356: 7534:

covers the European campaigns of the Seven Years' War

6295:. In the years after the war, under the direction of 5740:

in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured

5515:) undertook a campaign against the Portuguese in the 5171:

French and British positions at the start of the War

10397:

The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years' War

9927: 9925: 9908:(new introduction ed.). London: Penguin Books. 7787: 6120:, which had been ceded to Britain in 1714 under the 6040:

Dutch soldiers stationed in the Austrian Netherlands

5527:

and forced the Portuguese to surrender and retreat.

4354:

full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

3708:

Later that summer, the Russians under Field Marshal

3548:, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which 11306:

Events and the participants in the Seven Years' War

10495:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

9961: 9616: 9200: 8929: 8874: 8493: 8411: 5783:this effectively eliminated French power in India. 4689:

until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end

1981: Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies 10415: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9235:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 9233:Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles, " Seven Years' War" in 9215: 8898: 8050: 8048: 7939: 7822: 7749: 6148:and all of the former French holdings west of the 4441:. The expedition set out on 8 September 1757, Sir 4171:Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of 3939:with Frederick in which they committed to pay him 1817:rivers meet to form the Ohio River in present-day 10792:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 9922: 9179: 9177: 9175: 8862: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8562: 7547:, and its subsequent adaptations, are set in the 6253:in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the 4049:Prussia suffered several defeats in 1759. At the 3894:In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of 3337: 12590: 12321:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 11651:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 10961:A History of the Royal Navy: The Seven Years War 8427:(in German). Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler. 7522:are based on the events of the Seven Years' War. 7489:are based on the Seven Years' War; according to 5861:In 1758, at the urging of an American merchant, 5767:in 1760 and overran the French territory of the 3614:. Meanwhile, Frederick and Keith would make for 2181:was characterised by the widespread adoption of 1996:, which lasted from 1740 to 1748, Prussian King 1841:on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander 12440:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 12355:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 10737:Russia and the Outbreak of the Seven Years' War 10207: 9938: 9873:dismissed New France as "a few acres of snow", 9541: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8045: 7956: 7954: 3641:from French invasion, under the command of the 3606:. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse 233: 11328:Kronoskaf.com: Seven Years' War Knowledge Base 11213:Les dernières années de la Louisiane française 9172: 8963:Dumouriez, Charles François Du Périer (1797). 8643: 8559: 4121:was scattered by a larger British fleet under 4073:. Frederick himself lost half his army in the 12294:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 11495: 11380: 11171: 10520:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014. 8978: 7590:The fourth scenario of the second act in the 7569:Minna von Barnhelm or the Soldiers' Happiness 7562:The Seven Years' War is the central theme of 5806: 5607: 5059: 4911: 4720: 4555: 4437:to overrun the town and burn shipping in the 3446: 3323: 3230: 3146: 2406: 1976:All the participants of the Seven Years' War 1833:warriors were sent to drive them out. Led by 1617:. Related conflicts include the 1754 to 1763 1340: 1237: 11234: 11123: 10990:The Seven Years War: A Transatlantic History 10709: 9791: 9776: 9688:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 9088:Catálogo del archivo del conde de Campomanes 8580: 8235:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas 7951: 6128:. Faced with the choice of regaining either 6056:undermine or even prevent British domination 5511:, Governor of Buenos Aires (and later first 4665:took the French Caribbean sugar colonies of 4511:The troops were reembarked and moved to the 2358:. The British pursued a dual strategy—naval 16:Global war among European powers (1756–1763) 12247:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 12242:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 10301:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 9648:Plassey, 1757: Clive of India's Finest Hour 6179:August 2009 historical re-enactment of the 5889:Neutral nations during the Seven Years' War 5747:In the south, although the French captured 5300:. Starting in June 1759, the British under 4493:was called off, and the fleet sailed on to 2166: 2067:, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress 1589:. One of the opposing alliances was led by 11563:Military history of the Russian Federation 11502: 11488: 11387: 11373: 10689:. Journal of Modern History, 40.1: 57–90. 10440: 10215:Carl Johan Aminoff; Patrick Bruun (1994), 10182: 10170: 9906:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 8944: 7678:List of wars and battles involving Prussia 7645:Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade 7501:was written, Voltaire had been opposed to 5813: 5799: 5614: 5600: 5066: 5052: 4918: 4904: 4727: 4713: 4562: 4548: 3833:, with Daun, who was now a field marshal. 3453: 3439: 3330: 3316: 3237: 3223: 3153: 3139: 2413: 2399: 2110:Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti 2108:included the Polish crown for his kinsman 1861:, which was immediately followed by their 1347: 1333: 1244: 1230: 12729:Colonization history of the United States 11813:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 11268: 11192: 10995: 10666:. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. 10194: 9195: 8203:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 64–66. 8151: 8135: 8008: 7493:("Voltaire's Double-Barreled Musket", in 5496:valley, and repelled a Spanish attack on 3935:In April 1758, the British concluded the 3581:Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count 1960:Learn how and when to remove this message 260: 11084:The Seven Years' War in Europe 1756–1763 11034: 10680: 10606:The French Navy and the Seven Years' War 10270: 10248: 10227:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland 9812: 9370: 9358: 9346: 9334: 9322: 9306: 9294: 9270: 9258: 9246: 9127: 8919: 8892: 8717: 8637: 8625: 8609: 8324: 8304:. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 115ff. 8238:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 156–157. 8054: 7933: 7921: 7909: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7853: 7816: 6244: 6174: 5972: 5703: 5475: 5332: 5166: 4455: 4383: 4279: 4221: 4101: 4087: 4033: 4021: 3981: 3913: 3786: 3767: 3757:and forced to surrender entirely at the 3731: 3663: 3645:. The British attempted to persuade the 3637:was organised by the British to protect 3569: 2327: 2299: 2077: 1971: 1837:, they ambushed a small French force at 1781: 1720:). Swedish historiography uses the name 376: 349: 322: 11774:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 11644:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 11209: 10988:Schumann, Matt, and Karl W. Schweizer. 10896: 10870: 10846: 10739:(University of California Press, 1968). 10488: 10463: 10084: 10072: 10060: 10048: 10036: 10021: 9965: 9900: 9585: 9568:"Ingeniería Militar durante la Colonia" 9518: 9480:, University of Nebraska Press, 1994, 9440:United States Army Corps of Engineers- 9209: 9139: 9014: 8816: 8693: 8654: 8574: 8553: 8514: 8483: 8274:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 8061:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 80. 7996: 7476:(1975) is based on the Thackeray novel. 6100:Financial costs of the Seven Years' War 6078:had desired on reclaiming his title of 5192:Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy 4649:, the centre of the French colonies in 3944:Westphalia and re-captured the port of 2031:after 1748 was deemed essential by the 1898:was also the King of Great Britain and 680: 12591: 12395:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12326:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 12185:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 12163:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 11877:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 11553:Military history of the Russian Empire 11152: 11104: 10966: 10938: 10825: 10771: 10712:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 10661: 10560: 10529:. Vol. V. London: J. Davis. 1812. 10394: 10295: 10122: 9829: 9560: 9530:, Editorial Biblos, 2003, see chapter 9503: 9493: 9221: 8907: 8844: 8832: 8792: 8756: 8744: 8729: 8705: 8678: 8666: 8541: 8526: 8502: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8377: 8365: 8336: 8297: 8171:Britain As A Military Power, 1688–1815 8085:Aspects of European History, 1494–1789 7828: 7804: 7700: 7698: 7436: 6938:French, Spanish and native casualties 6009:It was precisely for this reason that 5621: 5210:In 1756 and 1757, the French captured 4425:Great Britain planned a "descent" (an 3635:combined force of allied German states 3296:Banda Oriental & Rio Grande do Sul 1314:Banda Oriental & Rio Grande do Sul 12545:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 11923:Russian colonization of North America 11483: 11368: 11238:De Nederlandse Burgeroorlog 1748–1815 11210:Terrage, Marc de Villiers du (1904). 11081: 11053: 10928:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2014). 10804: 10774:Frederick the Great on the Art of War 10755:Seven Years War in Dictionary of Wars 10730:Armies of the American Wars 1753-1815 10533: 10410: 10329: 10320:The Global Seven Years War, 1754–1763 10089:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 10006: 9888: 9282: 9183: 9151: 8938: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8804: 8780: 8768: 8593: 8389: 8270: 8258: 8198: 8174:. London: UCL Press. pp. 45–78. 8167: 8161: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7945: 7647:centres around the Battle of Krefeld. 6337:Franco-Austrian coalition casualties 5794: 5595: 5047: 4899: 4708: 4543: 4152:was defeated by the Austrians in the 3561:formed an alliance with Great Britain 3471:British Amphibious Descents (1757-61) 3434: 3311: 3218: 3134: 2394: 2387:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 2185:in combination with more traditional 1354: 1328: 1225: 11558:Military history of the Soviet Union 11225:Mon Journal de la guerre de Sept Ans 11187:. Universidad de Alicante: 403–430. 11109:. Surrey: Ashgate. pp. 95–125. 10752: 10643: 10622: 10603: 10407:(University of Chicago Press, 2014). 10358:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 9981: 9512:Brasil, conflitos externos 1500–1945 8998: 8950: 8422: 8401: 8231: 8108: 8035: 7755: 7688: 7479:The events in the early chapters of 6334:Anglo-Prussian coalition casualties 6132:or its Caribbean Island colonies of 5907:(1735–1739), and the signing of the 5755:failed, while the British commander 4481:. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at 4133:on 20 November, the British admiral 1942:adding citations to reliable sources 1913: 12299:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 11241:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Prometheus. 10103: 9659: 9155:The emergence of the Eastern powers 9112:The Royal Military Chronicle (1812) 8991:The Royal Military Chronicle (1812) 8115:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 77. 8081: 7695: 6932:French, Spanish and native numbers 6293:"Old System" of alliances in Europe 6291:The war also brought to an end the 6155:In India, the British retained the 6104:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg 6026:, regent in the Dutch Republic for 5744:, the French settlement in Bengal. 5382:in the summer of 1760, and after a 4535: 4214:Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) 4115:planned to invade the British Isles 1771: 13: 12345:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 11711:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 11145: 11037:The Seven Years' War: Global Views 9723:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica" 8088:. London: Routledge. p. 285. 7844:. London: William Heinemann, 2006. 6331:Franco-Austrian coalition numbers 6306: 5077:Seven Years' War in North America: 5075: 4929:Seven Years' War in North America: 4927: 4738:Seven Years' War in North America: 4736: 3696:. In response, Austrian commander 2504:Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony 2043:" or the "reversal of alliances". 14: 12745: 12210:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 11294: 11129:(in Dutch). De Bataafsche Leeuw. 10581:Competition for Empire, 1740–1763 10303:. New York: Ticknor & Field. 9051:Nova História Militar de Portugal 9046:Milícia e sociedade. Recrutamento 7608:(2012), primarily set during the 6328:Anglo-Prussian coalition numbers 6065: 5968: 5893: 5542:, a Spanish defensive complex in 4746:, St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater 4295:died. Her Prussophile successor, 4291:January 1762 the Russian Empress 1865:. In July, British Major General 1734:in northern central Germany. The 12264:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 12057:Russian conquest of Central Asia 11993:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 11789:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 11731:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 11221:de Ligne, Charles-Joseph, Prince 10629:. University of Nebraska Press. 10608:. University of Nebraska Press. 10485:(Its focus is on naval history.) 10116: 10078: 9975: 9933:The New Cambridge Modern History 9894: 9849: 9823: 9806: 9797: 9740: 9715: 9693: 9680: 9653: 9640: 9610: 9468: 9449: 9434: 9415: 9396: 9376: 7719: 5461: 4694: 4449:the fleet. On 23 September, the 4160:in Hesse and the Swedes part of 4053:, or Paltzig, the Russian Count 3532:The British prime minister, the 1918: 1757:of the 14th and 15th centuries. 1597:. The other alliance was led by 1207: 1197: 1187: 1177: 1167: 1151: 1141: 1131: 1110: 1100: 1088: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1040: 1028: 1016: 1004: 992: 980: 968: 950: 938: 926: 914: 902: 890: 878: 866: 854: 842: 830: 810: 798: 786: 774: 756: 744: 732: 720: 708: 688: 669: 657: 645: 633: 621: 601: 589: 581: 571: 551: 539: 527: 515: 503: 491: 479: 472: 454: 447: 417: 405: 393: 378: 365: 351: 338: 324: 300: 288: 276: 262: 249: 235: 150:Anglo-Prussian coalition victory 50: 12550:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 12195:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 12136:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 10875:. Essential Histories. Osprey. 10856:. Essential Histories. Osprey. 10445:(4th ed.). Jefferson, NC: 9813:Malleson, George Bruce (1883). 9227: 9145: 9075: 9057: 9024: 8984: 8956: 8342: 8291: 8264: 8225: 8188: 8102: 8075: 8002: 7990: 7978: 7966: 7612:, the early missions following 6313:Battles of the Seven Years' War 5948:ended up under the rule of the 5877:and the French trading post on 5771:. The French capital in India, 5360:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 4336:Battle of Valencia de Alcántara 4269:, while the Austrians captured 4119:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran 3847:George II of Great Britain 3808:approaching from the west. The 2319:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 2256:and played the leading role in 1929:needs additional citations for 1697: 1577:involving most of the European 12724:Battles involving the Iroquois 12684:1760s in the Thirteen Colonies 12679:1760s in the Habsburg monarchy 12629:1750s in the Thirteen Colonies 12624:1750s in the Habsburg monarchy 12232:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 11882:War of the Austrian Succession 11338:The Seven Years' War in Canada 10710:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). 10473:. (2 vols.). Pickle Partners. 10322:(Pearson Press, 2011) 660 pp; 9754:. 3 March 2016. Archived from 9158:. Cambridge University Press. 7834: 7761: 7707: 7658:France in the Seven Years' War 6233:War of the Bavarian Succession 6209:War of the Austrian Succession 6090:, before war could break out. 5992:War of the Austrian Succession 5786: 5538:As consequence of the war the 5513:Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata 5424:, the death of Wolfe, and the 5282:were defended only by a small 4445:commanding the troops and Sir 4007:, Poland) from the Prussians. 3898:and laid siege to Olmütz (now 2375:War of the Austrian Succession 2082:Europe in the years after the 1994:War of the Austrian Succession 1630:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 12709:1763 in the Thirteen Colonies 12704:1763 in the Habsburg monarchy 12654:1754 in the Thirteen Colonies 12649:1754 in the Habsburg monarchy 12455:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 12333:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12084:Russian invasion of Manchuria 12074:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 12020:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 12015:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 11958:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 11948:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 11913:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 11908:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 11898:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 11888:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 11866:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 11861:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 11838:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 11833:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 11808:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 11784:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 11779:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 11764:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 11639:List of wars involving Russia 11634:Sino-Russian border conflicts 11361:Includes several battle maps. 10683:The Journal of Modern History 10538:. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books. 9830:Eccles, William John (2006). 9620:; Aguirre-Urreta, B. (2009). 9412:, Library and Archives Canada 7735:War of the Spanish Succession 5721:, where British forces under 5509:don Pedro Antonio de Cevallos 5356:Louis Antoine de Bougainville 4677:, and its main Asian port of 4415:British amphibious "descents" 4330:of Portugal and succeeded in 4218:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 4179:, Poland) in Silesia. In the 3592:Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick 3577:. Austria: blue; Prussia: red 3341:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 2295: 1760: 1648:signed a treaty with France. 12410:Eritrean War of Independence 12380:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 12375:East German uprising of 1953 12316:Eastern Front (World War II) 12205:Red Army invasion of Georgia 12200:Red Army invasion of Armenia 12168:Estonian War of Independence 12109:Russian occupation of Tabriz 12030:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 11988:War of the Seventh Coalition 11871:War of the Polish Succession 11818:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 11157:(in German). München: Beck. 10805:Mahan, Alexander J. (2011). 10526:The Royal Military Chronicle 10395:Carter, Alice Clare (1971). 10360:(2016). scholarly biography. 10208:General and cited references 9527:Las Orígenes de la Argentina 9461:, part third, London, 1819, 9393:. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 9066:O Conde de Lippe em Portugal 8277:. Macmillan. pp. 71ff. 8232:Vego, Milan N. (2003). 8055:Borneman, Walter R. (2007). 7840:Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. 7743: 5988:War of the Polish Succession 5924:, who was quoted as saying. 4528:a rear-guard of 1,400 under 4267:stormed Kolberg in Pomerania 4207: 4017: 3952:and the brief occupation of 3841:, and blockaded its capital 1909: 1659:in what became known as the 7: 12674:1760s in the British Empire 12619:1750s in the British Empire 12450:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 12400:Sino-Soviet border conflict 12269:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12237:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 12173:Latvian War of Independence 12062:Russian conquest of Bukhara 11953:War of the Fourth Coalition 11938:War of the Second Coalition 11235:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2017). 11181:Revista de Historia Moderna 11172:García Arenas, Mar (2004). 11124:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2002). 10996:Schweizer, Karl W. (1989). 10939:Redman, Herbert J. (2014). 10662:Fowler, William H. (2005). 10650:. 1st Books Library, 2003. 10369:Journal of Economic History 10336:European Warfare, 1660–1815 10125:Political Science Quarterly 8981:, pp. 41, 73–74 (pdf file). 8298:Nester, William R. (2000). 7651: 7636:(itself an offshoot of the 7450:William Makepeace Thackeray 6221:George III of Great Britain 6093: 5960:, the grandson of the last 5426:siege of Fort William Henry 5184: New France and Allies 5176: British North America 4238:surprised French troops at 3851:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick 1843:Joseph Coulon de Jumonville 1089: 1077: 406: 10: 12750: 12699:1763 in the British Empire 12644:1754 in the British Empire 12445:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 11983:War of the Sixth Coalition 11973:War of the Fifth Coalition 11943:War of the Third Coalition 11548:Military history of Russia 11510:Armed conflicts involving 11261: 11082:Szabo, Franz A.J. (2007). 10832:. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. 10732:(Osprey Publishing, 1975). 10623:Dull, Jonathan R. (2009). 10604:Dull, Jonathan R. (2007). 10583:(1940) focus on diplomacy 10500:Cambridge University Press 10085:MacLeod, D. Peter (2008). 9403:Virtual Vault: "Canadiana" 6935:British-native casualties 6310: 6301:American Revolutionary War 6097: 5905:Austro-Russian-Turkish War 5581: 5465: 5445:The Death of General Wolfe 5339:The Death of General Wolfe 4698: 4418: 4373: 4301:Treaty of Saint Petersburg 4211: 3763:French Invasion of Hanover 3759:Convention of Klosterzeven 3723:Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf 3657: 3525: 2493:Prussian Bohemia Incursion 2384: 2224:were used principally for 2170: 2160:First Treaty of Versailles 2092:George II of Great Britain 1775: 1764: 207:in exchange for return of 18: 12558: 12493: 12284:Soviet invasion of Poland 12094: 11978:French invasion of Russia 11846: 11744: 11663: 11589:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 11581: 11538: 11531: 11463: 11404: 11311:Seven Years' War timeline 11301:The French Army 1600–1900 11216:(in French). E. Guilmoto. 10873:The French and Indian War 10826:Marley, David F. (2008). 10794:. (Jonathan Cape, 2004). 10534:Dodge, Edward J. (1998). 10324:online review in H-FRANCE 9836:The Canadian Encyclopedia 9509:Bento, Cláudio Moreira – 9389:13 September 2019 at the 9152:Scott, Hamish M. (2001). 9063:Sales, Ernesto Augusto – 8009:Pritchard, James (2004). 7275:Mughal-French casualties 7272:British-sepoy casualties 6240:First Partition of Poland 6118:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5940: 5835: 5633: 5570:in the high Andes called 5472:First Cevallos expedition 5418:Expulsion of the Acadians 5264:Petitcodiac River Valleys 5091: 5082:The French and Indian War 4943: 4934:The French and Indian War 4752: 4743:The French and Indian War 4584: 4107:Battle of Liegnitz (1760) 3937:Anglo-Prussian Convention 3479: 3349: 3261: 3179: 2435: 2380: 2373:, lost to Prussia in the 2323:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2152:Convention of Westminster 2084:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2010:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1877:fired on the French ship 1863:expulsion of the Acadians 1859:Battle of Fort Beauséjour 1751:Second Hundred Years' War 1692:European balance of power 1366: 1264: 1121: 437: 224: 186:in India to Great Britain 92: 49: 37: 32: 12425:South African Border War 12350:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 12252:Chechen uprising of 1932 11933:Russo-Persian War (1796) 11350:"Seven Years' War" 11316:21 December 2013 at the 11275:The Luck of Barry Lyndon 10871:Marston, Daniel (2002). 10808:Maria Theresa of Austria 10753:Kohn, George C. (2000). 10516:Crouch, Christian Ayne. 10225:(in Swedish), Helsinki: 9984:Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche 9982:Bled, Jean-Paul (2001). 9547:Bento, Cláudio Moreira- 8423:Bled, Jean-Paul (2006). 8271:James, Lawrence (1997). 8082:Lee, Stephen J. (1984). 7683: 7625:Several installments of 7551:of the Seven Years' War. 7540:The Last of the Mohicans 7445:The Luck of Barry Lyndon 6538:Prussian-allied victory 6124:, to assist with French 6080:Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 5759:decisively defeated the 5577: 5455:The Last of the Mohicans 5403:St. John's, Newfoundland 5366:. During the subsequent 5289:François Gaston de Lévis 5280:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm 5244:capture of Fort Duquesne 4427:amphibious demonstration 3929:The Gentleman's Magazine 3676:(the site is now in the 3596:Duke of Brunswick-Bevern 3171:Invasion Campaign (1759) 2308:battalion at Kolín, 1757 2177:European warfare in the 2167:Methods and technologies 2073:Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz 2029:Anglo-Austrian alignment 2006:Maria Theresa of Austria 1714:La guerre de la Conquête 56:Clockwise from top left: 12067:Khivan campaign of 1873 11918:Russo-Polish War (1792) 11356:Encyclopædia Britannica 11153:Füssel, Marian (2010). 10447:McFarland & Company 10441:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 10271:Anderson, Fred (2007). 8199:Simms, Brendan (2008). 8109:Till, Geoffrey (2006). 7596:Age of Empires III 7516:Prussia's Defiant Stand 7183:British-allied victory 7117:British-allied victory 6985:British-allied victory 6929:British-native numbers 6890:British-allied victory 6846:British-allied victory 6758:British-allied victory 6692:Russo-Austrian victory 6670:British-allied victory 6255:Treaty of Fontainebleau 5525:Rio Grande de São Pedro 4513:Bay of St. Lunaire 4369: 4315:and compounded this by 4305:recapturing Schweidnitz 4285:Siege of Kolberg (1761) 4252:Battle of Villinghausen 4234:In February 1761, Duke 4059:Carl Heinrich von Wedel 3926:– a map of the area in 3889: 3653: 3521: 2234:tactical communications 2065:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 1857:on 16 June 1755 in the 1642:French–Habsburg rivalry 44:Austro-Prussian rivalry 12714:18th-century conflicts 12669:1760s in Great Britain 12614:1750s in Great Britain 12540:Western Libya campaign 12215:East Karelian uprising 11736:Wagner Group rebellion 11671:Uprising of Bolotnikov 11253:(Sample of book used.) 11194:10.14198/RHM2004.22.14 10749:. HarperCollins, 1993. 10372:31#2 (1971): 344–377. 9593:"Lugares estratégicos" 9446:, Vol. I, 1943, p. 15. 8965:An Account of Portugal 8168:Black, Jeremy (1999). 7619:Assassin's Creed Rogue 7549:North American theatre 7527:grand strategy wargame 7462: 7269:Mughal-French numbers 7266:British-sepoy numbers 7029:French-allied victory 7007:French-allied victory 6963:French-allied victory 6258: 6190:famed French artillery 6184: 6183:fought on 31 July 1760 6013:, Grand Pensionary of 5999:Laurens van de Spiegel 5978: 5709: 5560:Juan Fernández Islands 5489: 5347: 5242:and in the successful 5225:Fortress of Louisbourg 5187: 4819:Conquest of New France 4465: 4462:William Pitt the Elder 4405:Treaty of Hubertusburg 4391: 4389:Treaty of Hubertusburg 4380:Treaty of Paris (1763) 4376:Treaty of Hubertusburg 4287: 4236:Ferdinand of Brunswick 4227: 4175:, captured Glatz (now 4156:. The French captured 4131:Battle of Quiberon Bay 4110: 4099: 4093:Battle of Quiberon Bay 4046: 4031: 3991: 3932: 3795: 3784: 3741: 3694:laid siege to the city 3681: 3578: 3516:William Pitt the Elder 3403:Colonia del Sacramento 2337: 2336:, New Brunswick), 1758 2309: 2087: 2004:from Austria. Empress 1989: 1829:and a small number of 1791: 1684:Treaty of Hubertusburg 1581:, fought primarily in 438:Commanders and leaders 307:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 12535:Intervention in Syria 12470:Tajikistani Civil War 12178:Lithuanian–Soviet War 12119:Battle of Robat Karim 11568:Post-Soviet conflicts 11411:Diplomatic Revolution 11270:Thackeray, William M. 11060:. New York: Praeger. 11054:Stone, David (2006). 10908:New York Review Books 10561:Danley, Mark (2012). 10389:Yale University Press 10385:The Duke of Newcastle 10339:. London: UCL Press. 9986:(in French). Fayard. 9865:26 March 2009 at the 9549:Rafael Pinto Bandeira 9408:21 March 2016 at the 8462:, Footnote on p. 441. 7545:James Fenimore Cooper 7495:Blessings in Disguise 7457: 7421:4,550 (French-sepoy) 7399:2,600 (French-sepoy) 7377:7,300 (French-sepoy) 6248: 6178: 6163:and the defection of 6098:Further information: 5976: 5707: 5540:Valdivian Fort System 5521:Colonia do Sacramento 5479: 5450:James Fenimore Cooper 5407:Battle of Signal Hill 5376:Battle of Restigouche 5336: 5221:successfully defended 5170: 5085:, Ohio Valley Theater 4701:French and Indian War 4459: 4419:Further information: 4387: 4374:Further information: 4359:Battle of Signal Hill 4283: 4242:and then advanced to 4225: 4109:in what is now Poland 4105: 4091: 4037: 4025: 3985: 3917: 3790: 3771: 3735: 3667: 3573: 3369:Valencia de Alcántara 3278:Valencia de Alcántara 3038:Valencia de Alcántara 2385:Further information: 2351:Diplomatic Revolution 2331: 2303: 2271:in which disciplined 2171:Further information: 2126:Frederick Augustus II 2081: 2041:Diplomatic Revolution 1975: 1904:Diplomatic Revolution 1888:Battle of Lake George 1788:French and Indian War 1785: 1778:French and Indian War 1767:Diplomatic Revolution 1765:Further information: 1705:French and Indian War 1638:Diplomatic Revolution 1619:French and Indian War 1122:Casualties and losses 849:Louis de Bougainville 12518:Annexation of Crimea 12222:Central Asian Revolt 12131:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12003:Russo-Circassian War 11686:Pugachev's Rebellion 11629:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 11573:Russian Armed Forces 11543:Early modern warfare 10992:. (Routledge, 2012). 10889:Middleton, Richard. 10853:The Seven Years' War 10772:Luvaas, Jay (1999). 10714:. London: Longwood. 10113:ambitions in Europe. 9663:History Modern India 9098:14 July 2014 at the 8979:García Arenas (2004) 8425:Friedrich der Grosse 7605:Assassin's Creed III 7514:and, more recently, 6273:Proclamation of 1763 6058:in India during the 5867:Saint-Louis, Senegal 5829:West Africa Campaign 5364:Battle of Sainte-Foy 5256:Prince Edward Island 5236:taking of Louisbourg 5190:During the war, the 5013:Gulf of St. Lawrence 4578:West Indies Campaign 4526:Battle of Saint Cast 4328:launched an invasion 4187:and Austrians under 4075:Battle of Kunersdorf 4040:Battle of Kunersdorf 3977:Battle of Fehrbellin 3867:coalition government 3794:and staff at Leuthen 3755:Battle of Hastenbeck 2873:Breslau (1760 siege) 2833:Breslau (1759 siege) 2173:Early modern warfare 2144:Austrian Netherlands 2090:The Hanoverian King 1938:improve this article 1690:, thus altering the 429:Wabanaki Confederacy 312:Iroquois Confederacy 83:Battle of Kunersdorf 12578:Sphere of influence 12508:Russo-Ukrainian War 12365:First Indochina War 12338:Soviet–Japanese War 12274:Xinjiang War (1937) 12143:Kazakhstan Campaign 11928:Kościuszko Uprising 11828:Second Northern War 11706:Coup attempt (1991) 11599:Soviet-Finnish wars 11025:Smith, Digby George 10924:Nester, William R. 10903:Frederick the Great 10776:. Boston: Da Capo. 10490:Creveld, Martin van 10185:, pp. 121–122. 9690:25#1 (1997): 37–58. 9455:Southern, Robert – 9373:, pp. 392–393. 9361:, pp. 355–360. 9349:, pp. 240–249. 9337:, pp. 330–339. 9325:, pp. 258–266. 9297:, pp. 208–209. 9273:, pp. 185–201. 9261:, pp. 150–157. 9142:, pp. 242–243. 8859:, pp. 195–202. 8847:, pp. 501–506. 8807:, pp. 162–169. 8795:, pp. 494–499. 8783:, pp. 179–182. 8771:, pp. 148–155. 8720:, pp. 215–216. 8681:, pp. 476–481. 8669:, pp. 469–472. 8640:, pp. 176–177. 8339:, pp. 265–267. 7936:, pp. 119–120. 7610:American Revolution 7577:Frederick the Great 7556:The Partisan in War 7437:Cultural references 7355:900 (French-sepoy) 7259: 6922: 6321: 6269:Battle of Bushy Run 6028:William V of Orange 5913:Frederick the Great 5765:Battle of Wandiwash 5480:The bombardment of 5240:Battle of Cartagena 5106:Braddock Expedition 4973:2nd Northeast Coast 4948:1st Northeast Coast 4866:Pointe-aux-Trembles 4641:Great Britain lost 4154:Battle of Landeshut 4143:Marshal de Conflans 4065:, Austrian general 3996:Battle of Hochkirch 3988:Battle of Hochkirch 3904:Battle of Domstadtl 3831:Charles of Lorraine 3792:Frederick the Great 3747:Russian-Ottoman War 3409:Spanish East Indies 3283:Vila Velha de Ródão 3043:Vila Velha de Ródão 2682:Dresden (surrender) 2438:Bohemia and Moravia 2347:Frederick the Great 2284:and distributed by 2208:were equipped with 2179:early modern period 2121:Polish west Prussia 1718:War of the Conquest 1621:, and 1762 to 1763 1095:Augustin Ehrensvärd 1071:Nicolás de Carvajal 12694:1763 in New France 12639:1754 in New France 12568:Russian Revolution 12503:Russo-Georgian War 12485:Second Chechen War 12465:Georgian Civil War 12104:Russo-Japanese War 11856:Great Northern War 11754:Russo-Crimean Wars 11726:Second Chechen War 11624:Russo-Turkish wars 11619:Russo-Swedish wars 11609:Russo-Persian Wars 11594:Russo-Crimean Wars 11008:Edwin Mellen Press 11004:Lewiston, New York 10963:(IB Tauris, 2015). 10590:Duffy, Christopher 10465:Corbett, Julian S. 10412:Clark, Christopher 10315:Popular biography. 9832:"Seven Years' War" 9660:Sen, S.N. (2006). 9646:Peter Harrington, 9524:Lesser, Ricardo – 8967:. London: C. Law. 8628:, pp. 211–12. 8474:, pp. 84–102. 7602:In the video game 7564:G. E. Lessing 7255: 7013:Fort Ticonderoga I 6991:Fort William Henry 6918: 6317: 6259: 6185: 6060:Third Carnatic War 5979: 5909:Treaty of Belgrade 5710: 5625:Third Carnatic War 5584:Third Carnatic War 5552:Chiloé Archipelago 5490: 5384:two-month campaign 5372:Battle of Neuville 5348: 5268:Battle of Carillon 5229:Cape Breton Island 5216:Fort William Henry 5188: 4937:, Atlantic theater 4787:Fort William Henry 4686:confined to Manila 4682:in the Philippines 4473:; he was aided by 4466: 4392: 4344:the pass to Lisbon 4309:Battle of Freiberg 4288: 4248:Battle of Grünberg 4228: 4181:Battle of Liegnitz 4111: 4100: 4047: 4032: 4003:in Pomerania (now 3992: 3965:Battle of Zorndorf 3933: 3859:Fort William Henry 3818:Battle of Rossbach 3796: 3785: 3742: 3738:Battle of Rossbach 3686:Kingdom of Bohemia 3682: 3643:Duke of Cumberland 3623:Battle of Lobositz 3579: 3575:Battle of Lobositz 3528:Third Silesian War 3364:Portugal and Spain 2727:Torgau (3rd siege) 2677:Torgau (2nd siege) 2343:military advantage 2338: 2310: 2278:Military logistics 2088: 1990: 1792: 1755:Hundred Years' War 1743:Third Carnatic War 1737:Third Silesian War 1682:from Prussia. The 1573:(1756–1763) was a 76:Battle of Zorndorf 69:Battle of Carillon 12719:Anglo-French wars 12586: 12585: 12475:First Chechen War 12430:Soviet–Afghan War 12415:Angolan Civil War 12190:Polish–Soviet War 12148:Finnish Civil War 12126:Russian Civil War 12025:November Uprising 11963:Anglo-Russian War 11903:Bar Confederation 11716:First Chechen War 11696:Russian Civil War 11691:Decembrist revolt 11681:Bulavin Rebellion 11676:Razin's Rebellion 11659: 11658: 11614:Russo-Polish Wars 11582:Lists by opponent 11477: 11476: 11285:978-88-09-02093-1 11164:978-3-406-60695-3 11116:978-0-7546-5814-6 11097:978-0-582-29272-7 11067:978-0-275-98502-8 11046:978-90-04-23408-6 11017:978-0-88946-465-0 10981:978-0-393-32847-9 10952:978-0-7864-7669-5 10917:978-1-59017-642-9 10863:978-1-57958-343-9 10839:978-1-59884-101-5 10818:978-1-4465-4555-3 10783:978-0-306-80908-8 10764:978-0-8160-4157-2 10757:. Facts on File. 10735:Kaplan, Herbert. 10728:Katcher, Philip. 10656:978-1-4107-1069-7 10636:978-0-8032-1930-4 10615:978-0-8032-6024-5 10545:978-0-7884-0932-5 10509:978-0-521-21730-9 10480:978-1-908902-43-6 10456:978-0-7864-7470-7 10433:978-0-674-03196-8 10422:. Cambridge, MA: 10403:Charters, Erica. 10346:978-1-85728-172-9 10310:978-0-89919-352-6 10297:Asprey, Robert B. 10288:978-0-307-42539-3 10263:978-1-101-11775-0 10183:Clodfelter (2017) 10173:, pp. 85–87. 10171:Clodfelter (2017) 10096:978-1-55365-412-4 10051:, pp. 85–87. 10039:, pp. 84–85. 10024:, pp. 90–91. 10009:, pp. 70–71. 9993:978-2-213-60997-3 9935:(1957) 7:465–486. 9915:978-0-684-14609-6 9794:, pp. 31–34. 9792:Van Nimwegen 2017 9777:Van Nimwegen 2002 9727:iranicaonline.org 9673:978-81-224-1774-6 9636:on 18 April 2021. 9458:History of Brazil 9285:, pp. 91–92. 9165:978-0-521-79269-1 8556:, pp. 40–41. 8434:978-3-538-07218-3 8392:, pp. 56–58. 8311:978-0-275-96772-7 8284:978-0-312-16985-5 8261:, pp. 17–18. 8245:978-0-7146-5389-1 8210:978-0-14-028984-8 8181:978-1-85728-772-1 8122:978-0-7146-5320-4 8095:978-0-416-37490-2 8068:978-0-06-076184-4 8022:978-0-521-82742-3 7884:, pp. 51–65. 7715:Austrian Monarchy 7689:Explanatory notes 7520:Clash of Monarchs 7434: 7433: 7333:50,000 (Mughals) 7311:40,000 (Mughals) 7291:50,000 (Mughals) 7253: 7252: 7240:11,670 (Spanish) 7167:Plains of Abraham 6916: 6915: 6912:Prussian victory 6868:Prussian victory 6824:Prussian victory 6780:Prussian victory 6736:Austrian victory 6714:Austrian victory 6626:Austrian victory 6516:Prussian victory 6494:Austrian victory 6472:Prussian victory 6406:Austrian victory 6384:Prussian victory 6362:Austrian victory 6277:Thirteen Colonies 6181:Battle of Warburg 6150:Mississippi River 6122:Treaty of Utrecht 6048:States of Holland 6044:Battle of Breslau 5858: 5857: 5738:Battle of Plassey 5701: 5700: 5568:mountain shelters 5533:Rio Grande do Sul 5352:Plains of Abraham 5344:Plains of Abraham 5327:Montmorency Falls 5272:James Abercrombie 5164: 5163: 5146:Forbes Expedition 5041: 5040: 5003:Petitcodiac River 4893: 4892: 4782:Sabbath Day Point 4627: 4626: 4506:Raid on Cherbourg 4421:Raid on Rochefort 4332:capturing Almeida 4260:Zakhar Chernyshev 4166:Battle of Warburg 4139:ships of the line 3950:Battle of Krefeld 3941:an annual subsidy 3920:Battle of Krefeld 3839:Swedish Pomerania 3822:Battle of Leuthen 3774:Battle of Leuthen 3587:Hans von Lehwaldt 3583:Kurt von Schwerin 3546:Battle of Minorca 3542:attack on Minorca 3534:Duke of Newcastle 3512: 3511: 3428: 3427: 3305: 3304: 3212: 3211: 3128: 3127: 3026:Iberian Peninsula 2732:Wittenberg (1760) 2672:Wittenberg (1759) 2620:Lutterberg (1762) 2244:and deployed for 2242:tactical reserves 2198:flintlock muskets 2061:Duchy of Courland 2033:Duke of Newcastle 1970: 1969: 1962: 1835:George Washington 1800:Ohio River Valley 1796:Mississippi River 1688:Holy Roman Empire 1623:Anglo-Spanish War 1564: 1563: 1358:Anglo-French Wars 1322: 1321: 1220: 1219: 1047:Pedro de Cevallos 1011:Zakhar Chernyshev 861:Louis de Contades 805:Prince de Soubise 664:Hans von Lehwaldt 628:George Washington 498:William Cavendish 220: 219: 166:, the islands of 62:Battle of Plassey 40:Anglo-French Wars 12741: 12734:Global conflicts 12599:Seven Years' War 12460:Transnistria War 12405:War of Attrition 12311:Continuation War 12260: 12052:January Uprising 11893:Seven Years' War 11793:Time of Troubles 11759:Russo-Kazan Wars 11604:Russo-Kazan Wars 11536: 11535: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11481: 11480: 11434:Saint Petersburg 11399:(1754/1756–1763) 11397:Seven Years' War 11395:Treaties of the 11389: 11382: 11375: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11352: 11289: 11252: 11230: 11217: 11206: 11196: 11178: 11168: 11140: 11120: 11101: 11071: 11050: 11021: 10985: 10968:Rodger, N. A. M. 10959:Robson, Martin. 10956: 10921: 10886: 10867: 10843: 10822: 10787: 10768: 10725: 10706: 10677: 10658: 10640: 10619: 10579:Dorn, Walter L. 10576: 10557: 10530: 10513: 10484: 10460: 10437: 10421: 10400: 10383:Browning, Reed. 10350: 10314: 10292: 10267: 10245: 10202: 10195:Thackeray (2001) 10192: 10186: 10180: 10174: 10168: 10157: 10156: 10120: 10114: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10025: 10019: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9979: 9973: 9963: 9936: 9929: 9920: 9919: 9898: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9810: 9804: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9748:"Afshar Dynasty" 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9719: 9713: 9697: 9691: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9657: 9651: 9650:(Praeger, 1994). 9644: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9628: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9564: 9558: 9545: 9539: 9522: 9516: 9507: 9501: 9491: 9485: 9472: 9466: 9453: 9447: 9438: 9432: 9419: 9413: 9400: 9394: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9198: 9190: 9181: 9170: 9169: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9109: 9103: 9079: 9073: 9061: 9055: 9028: 9022: 9012: 9006: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8927: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8607: 8601: 8591: 8578: 8572: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8491: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8420: 8409: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8165: 8159: 8152:Schweizer (1989) 8149: 8143: 8136:Schweizer (1989) 8133: 8127: 8126: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8052: 8043: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8006: 8000: 7999:, pp. 26–28 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7975:, pp. 67–80 7970: 7964: 7963:, pp. 38–52 7958: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7851: 7845: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7737: 7727:Franco-Dutch War 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7583:, Maryland, and 7508:The board games 7491:Jean Starobinski 7430:British victory 7408:British victory 7386:British victory 7364:British victory 7342:British victory 7320:British victory 7260: 7249:British victory 7227:British victory 7139:British victory 7073:British victory 7051:British victory 6923: 6648:Russian victory 6582:British victory 6450:Russian victory 6434:Gross-Jägersdorf 6322: 6169:British hegemony 6157:Northern Circars 5996:Grand Pensionary 5922:Koca Ragıb Pasha 5871:captured Senegal 5830: 5825: 5824:Seven Years' War 5815: 5808: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5769:Northern Circars 5628: 5626: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5572:Casuchas del Rey 5323:British attacked 5313:. In July 1759, 5183: 5182: 5175: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5045: 5044: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4883:Thousand Islands 4836:Fort Ticonderoga 4826:La Belle-Famille 4747: 4744: 4739: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4647:Fort Saint Louis 4604:Windward Passage 4579: 4574: 4573:Seven Years' War 4564: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536:Other continents 4264:Pyotr Rumyantsev 4194:Battle of Torgau 4185:General Saltykov 4083:Gross-Jägersdorf 3973:Battle of Tornow 3698:Leopold von Daun 3690:Battle of Prague 3474: 3472: 3465: 3464:Seven Years' War 3455: 3448: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3344: 3342: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3256: 3249: 3248:Seven Years' War 3239: 3232: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3164:Seven Years' War 3155: 3148: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3054:Naval Operations 2925:Gross-Jägersdorf 2641:Electoral Saxony 2430: 2429:European theatre 2425: 2424:Seven Years' War 2415: 2408: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2130:Austrian Bohemia 2106:le Secret du roi 1986: 1980: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1922: 1914: 1772:In North America 1722:Pommerska kriget 1710:Seven Years' War 1571:Seven Years' War 1361: 1359: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1259: 1257: 1256:Seven Years' War 1253:Theatres of the 1246: 1239: 1232: 1223: 1222: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1114: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1023:Pyotr Rumyantsev 1021: 1020: 1019: 1009: 1008: 1007: 997: 996: 995: 985: 984: 983: 973: 972: 971: 955: 954: 953: 943: 942: 941: 931: 930: 929: 919: 918: 917: 909:Leopold von Daun 907: 906: 905: 895: 894: 893: 883: 882: 881: 871: 870: 869: 859: 858: 857: 847: 846: 845: 835: 834: 833: 825: 815: 814: 813: 803: 802: 801: 791: 790: 789: 779: 778: 777: 761: 760: 759: 749: 748: 747: 737: 736: 735: 725: 724: 723: 713: 712: 711: 703: 693: 692: 691: 682: 674: 673: 672: 662: 661: 660: 650: 649: 648: 638: 637: 636: 626: 625: 624: 616: 606: 605: 604: 594: 593: 592: 585: 576: 575: 574: 566: 556: 555: 554: 544: 543: 542: 532: 531: 530: 520: 519: 518: 508: 507: 506: 496: 495: 494: 484: 483: 482: 477: 476: 475: 459: 458: 457: 452: 451: 450: 422: 421: 420: 410: 409: 408: 398: 397: 396: 388: 384: 382: 381: 370: 369: 368: 361: 357: 355: 354: 343: 342: 341: 334: 330: 328: 327: 305: 304: 303: 293: 292: 291: 281: 280: 279: 272: 268: 266: 265: 254: 253: 252: 245: 241: 239: 238: 184:Northern Circars 114: 111: 109: 105: 94: 93: 85:(12 August 1759) 78:(25 August 1758) 54: 33:Seven Years' War 30: 29: 12749: 12748: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12664:1760s in France 12659:1760s in Canada 12609:1750s in France 12604:1750s in Canada 12589: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12554: 12495: 12489: 12480:War of Dagestan 12254: 12227:August Uprising 12096: 12090: 12079:Boxer Rebellion 12047:Amur Annexation 11848: 11842: 11746: 11740: 11721:War of Dagestan 11701:August Uprising 11655: 11577: 11527: 11508: 11478: 11473: 11459: 11458: 11400: 11393: 11347: 11318:Wayback Machine 11297: 11292: 11286: 11264: 11259: 11249: 11228: 11176: 11165: 11148: 11146:Other languages 11143: 11137: 11117: 11098: 11074:Syrett, David. 11068: 11047: 11018: 10982: 10974:. 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Norton. 10953: 10918: 10893:(1985), 251 pp. 10883: 10864: 10848:Marston, Daniel 10840: 10819: 10790:McLynn, Frank. 10784: 10765: 10722: 10674: 10637: 10616: 10573: 10546: 10510: 10481: 10457: 10434: 10347: 10318:Baugh, Daniel. 10311: 10289: 10264: 10210: 10205: 10193: 10189: 10181: 10177: 10169: 10160: 10137:10.2307/2144276 10121: 10117: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10083: 10079: 10071: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10047: 10043: 10035: 10028: 10020: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9980: 9976: 9964: 9939: 9930: 9923: 9916: 9899: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9867:Wayback Machine 9854: 9850: 9840: 9838: 9828: 9824: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9758:on 3 March 2016 9752:farhangsara.com 9746: 9745: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9721: 9720: 9716: 9698: 9694: 9685: 9681: 9674: 9658: 9654: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9626: 9615: 9611: 9602: 9600: 9597:Memoria chilena 9591: 9590: 9586: 9577: 9575: 9572:Memoria chilena 9566: 9565: 9561: 9546: 9542: 9523: 9519: 9508: 9504: 9492: 9488: 9474:Block, David – 9473: 9469: 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7740: 7731:Nine Years' War 7724: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7654: 7587:, Pennsylvania. 7585:King of Prussia 7531:Rise of Prussia 7468:Stanley Kubrick 7439: 7300:Mughal victory 7205:French victory 7161:French victory 7095:French victory 6802:French victory 6604:French victory 6428:French victory 6315: 6309: 6307:List of battles 6251:Treaty of Paris 6110:Treaty of Paris 6106: 6096: 6068: 5971: 5954:Karim Khan Zand 5943: 5896: 5891: 5859: 5854: 5831: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5789: 5753:siege of Madras 5734:Siraj ud-Daulah 5702: 5697: 5693:2nd Pondicherry 5678:1st Pondicherry 5629: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5590: 5582:Main articles: 5580: 5474: 5464: 5422:siege of Quebec 5411:William Amherst 5392:military regime 5368:siege of Quebec 5342:(1771), on the 5297:Annus Mirabilis 5185: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5160: 5096:Jumonville Glen 5087: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5042: 5037: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4894: 4889: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4703: 4697: 4628: 4623: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4538: 4485:, proceeded to 4471:Charles Spencer 4435:joint operation 4423: 4417: 4382: 4372: 4220: 4210: 4127:Battle of Lagos 4123:Edward Boscawen 4071:Battle of Maxen 4028:Battle of Maxen 4020: 4012:Duc de Choiseul 3892: 3872:French colonies 3703:Battle of Kolín 3670:Battle of Kolín 3662: 3656: 3610:to close in on 3530: 3524: 3513: 3508: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3429: 3424: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3306: 3301: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3213: 3208: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3129: 3124: 3120:Cape Finisterre 2908:4th Schweidnitz 2888:3rd Schweidnitz 2843:2nd Schweidnitz 2818:1st Schweidnitz 2463:Siege of Prague 2431: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2389: 2383: 2298: 2290:winter quarters 2175: 2169: 2008:had signed the 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1966: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1935: 1923: 1912: 1875:Edward Boscawen 1867:Edward Braddock 1839:Jumonville Glen 1780: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1700: 1673:Treaty of Paris 1655:Britain's ally 1575:global conflict 1567: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1323: 1318: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1117: 1107:Siraj ud-Daulah 1101: 1099: 1087: 1083:Adolf Frederick 1075: 1065: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1005: 1003: 999:Stepan Apraksin 993: 991: 981: 979: 969: 967: 951: 949: 939: 937: 927: 925: 915: 913: 903: 901: 891: 889: 879: 877: 867: 865: 855: 853: 843: 841: 831: 829: 821: 811: 809: 799: 797: 787: 785: 775: 773: 767: 757: 755: 745: 743: 733: 731: 721: 719: 709: 707: 699: 689: 687: 670: 668: 658: 656: 646: 644: 634: 632: 622: 620: 612: 608:Edward Braddock 602: 600: 590: 588: 572: 570: 562: 552: 550: 540: 538: 534:Jeffery Amherst 528: 526: 516: 514: 504: 502: 492: 490: 480: 478: 473: 471: 455: 453: 448: 446: 433: 418: 416: 404: 394: 392: 379: 377: 372:Hesse-Darmstadt 366: 364: 352: 350: 339: 337: 325: 323: 316: 301: 299: 289: 287: 277: 275: 263: 261: 250: 248: 236: 234: 156: 142: 132:the Philippines 112: 107: 103: 101: 88: 71:(6–8 July 1758) 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12747: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12689:1763 in France 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12634:1754 in France 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12563:Russian Winter 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12505: 12499: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12390:Vlora incident 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12329: 12328: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12291: 12286: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12160: 12155: 12153:Sochi conflict 12150: 12145: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12076: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12005: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11879: 11874: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11852: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11750: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11576: 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Read Books. 10802: 10788: 10782: 10769: 10763: 10750: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10720: 10707: 10695:10.1086/240165 10678: 10672: 10659: 10644:Fish, Shirley 10641: 10635: 10620: 10614: 10601: 10587: 10585:free to borrow 10577: 10572:978-9004234086 10571: 10558: 10544: 10531: 10521: 10514: 10508: 10486: 10479: 10461: 10455: 10438: 10432: 10408: 10401: 10392: 10381: 10364:Browning, Reed 10361: 10351: 10345: 10327: 10316: 10309: 10293: 10287: 10268: 10262: 10250:Anderson, Fred 10246: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10187: 10175: 10158: 10115: 10102: 10095: 10077: 10073:Marston (2002) 10065: 10061:Marston (2002) 10053: 10049:Marston (2002) 10041: 10037:Marston (2002) 10026: 10022:Marston (2001) 10011: 9999: 9992: 9974: 9966:Marston (2001) 9937: 9921: 9914: 9893: 9891:, p. 432. 9881: 9848: 9822: 9805: 9796: 9781: 9769: 9739: 9714: 9692: 9679: 9672: 9652: 9639: 9609: 9584: 9559: 9540: 9517: 9502: 9486: 9467: 9448: 9433: 9421:Ojer, Pablo – 9414: 9395: 9375: 9363: 9351: 9339: 9327: 9315: 9299: 9287: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9226: 9214: 9210:Corbett (2011) 9199: 9191: 9171: 9164: 9144: 9140:Mitford (2013) 9132: 9130:, p. 498. 9120: 9104: 9074: 9056: 9023: 9015:Terrage (1904) 9007: 8983: 8955: 8943: 8928: 8912: 8897: 8895:, p. 491. 8885: 8873: 8861: 8849: 8837: 8835:, p. 500. 8825: 8817:Marston (2001) 8809: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8761: 8759:, p. 489. 8749: 8747:, p. 467. 8734: 8732:, p. 486. 8722: 8710: 8708:, p. 473. 8698: 8694:Marston (2001) 8683: 8671: 8659: 8655:Marston (2001) 8642: 8630: 8618: 8602: 8579: 8575:Marston (2001) 8558: 8554:Marston (2001) 8546: 8544:, p. 460. 8531: 8529:, p. 454. 8519: 8515:Marston (2001) 8507: 8492: 8484:Marston (2001) 8476: 8464: 8452: 8450:, p. 465. 8440: 8433: 8410: 8394: 8382: 8380:, p. 428. 8370: 8368:, p. 427. 8355: 8341: 8329: 8327:, p. 129. 8317: 8310: 8290: 8283: 8263: 8251: 8244: 8224: 8209: 8187: 8180: 8160: 8144: 8128: 8121: 8101: 8094: 8074: 8067: 8044: 8028: 8021: 8001: 7997:Creveld (1977) 7989: 7977: 7965: 7950: 7938: 7926: 7914: 7912:, p. 114. 7902: 7886: 7874: 7862: 7846: 7833: 7821: 7819:, p. 524. 7809: 7807:, p. 524. 7786: 7760: 7758:, p. 417. 7747: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7718: 7706: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7668:Outline of war 7665: 7660: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7627:Diana Gabaldon 7623: 7614:Haytham Kenway 7600: 7588: 7573: 7560: 7552: 7535: 7523: 7506: 7477: 7464: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6786:Kloster Kampen 6782: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6311:Main article: 6308: 6305: 6126:fishing rights 6095: 6092: 6071:Denmark–Norway 6067: 6066:Denmark–Norway 6064: 6020:States General 5983:Dutch Republic 5970: 5969:Dutch Republic 5967: 5942: 5939: 5900:Ottoman Empire 5895: 5894:Ottoman Empire 5892: 5890: 5887: 5869:. The British 5863:Thomas Cumming 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5818: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5761:Comte de Lally 5757:Sir Eyre Coote 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5596: 5579: 5576: 5548:Colonial Chile 5544:southern Chile 5517:Banda Oriental 5463: 5460: 5260:St. John River 5252:Île Saint-Jean 5248:Fort Frontenac 5178: 5172: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Bloody Springs 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5101:Fort Necessity 5098: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5071: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5023:St. John River 5020: 5015: 5010: 5008:Ile Saint-Jean 5005: 5000: 4998:2nd Louisbourg 4995: 4990: 4985: 4983:1st Louisbourg 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4873:Sainte-Thérèse 4870: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812:Fort Frontenac 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4699:Main article: 4696: 4693: 4675:Havana in Cuba 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4614:2nd Martinique 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4594:1st Martinique 4591: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4537: 4534: 4491:Havre de Grace 4475:George Germain 4416: 4413: 4371: 4368: 4352:Castelo Branco 4348:scorched earth 4244:besiege Cassel 4209: 4206: 4173:General Laudon 4019: 4016: 3969:William Fermor 3891: 3888: 3806:Prince Soubise 3727:Daniel Marston 3678:Czech Republic 3660:Pomeranian War 3655: 3652: 3647:Dutch Republic 3628:siege of Pirna 3523: 3520: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3060:Fort St Philip 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2989:Kolberg (1761) 2986: 2981: 2979:Kolberg (1760) 2976: 2971: 2966: 2964:Kolberg (1758) 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667:Torgau (siege) 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2585:Kloster Kampen 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2382: 2379: 2297: 2294: 2286:baggage trains 2273:regular armies 2262:fortifications 2226:reconnaissance 2187:bladed weapons 2168: 2165: 2148:Dutch Republic 2115:Frederick saw 1983: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1926: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1896:prince-elector 1884:on 8 June 1755 1871:the expedition 1847:Fort Necessity 1776:Main article: 1773: 1770: 1762: 1759: 1727:Pomeranian War 1699: 1696: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1352: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1329: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269:Western Europe 1265: 1262: 1261: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1184: 1174: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1148: 1138: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1097: 1085: 1073: 1061: 1049: 1037: 1025: 1013: 1001: 989: 987:William Fermor 977: 975:Pyotr Saltykov 965: 947: 935: 923: 911: 899: 887: 875: 863: 851: 839: 837:Comte de Lally 827: 807: 795: 793:Louis, Dauphin 783: 770: 768: 766: 765: 753: 741: 739:Duke Ferdinand 729: 727:Count of Lippe 717: 705: 685: 666: 654: 642: 630: 618: 598: 586: 568: 548: 536: 524: 512: 500: 488: 469: 443: 440: 439: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 414: 402: 390: 374: 362: 347: 335: 319: 317: 315: 314: 309: 297: 285: 273: 258: 246: 230: 227: 226: 222: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 194: 187: 158: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 122: 120: 116: 115: 98: 90: 89: 87: 86: 79: 72: 65: 64:(23 June 1757) 57: 47: 46: 35: 34: 28: 27: 21:Seven Year War 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12746: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12529: 12528:2022 invasion 12526: 12524: 12523:War in Donbas 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12492: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12360:Ili Rebellion 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12258: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12093: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11999: 11998:Caucasian War 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11845: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11743: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11662: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11534: 11530: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11505: 11500: 11498: 11493: 11491: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11472: 11468: 11462: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11444:Fontainebleau 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11403: 11398: 11390: 11385: 11383: 11378: 11376: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11358: 11357: 11351: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11287: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11255: 11250: 11244: 11240: 11239: 11233: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11214: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11175: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11138: 11136:90-6707-540-X 11132: 11128: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11038: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10945:. McFarland. 10944: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10931:Pocock, Tom. 10930: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10882:1-84176-456-6 10878: 10874: 10869: 10865: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10824: 10820: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10803: 10801: 10800:0-224-06245-X 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10775: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10721:0-582-29084-8 10717: 10713: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10679: 10675: 10673:1-55365-096-4 10669: 10665: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10642: 10638: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10607: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10498:. Cambridge: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10487: 10482: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10425: 10424:Belknap Press 10420: 10419: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10355: 10354:Blanning, Tim 10352: 10348: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10331:Black, Jeremy 10328: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10275: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10200: 10196: 10191: 10184: 10179: 10172: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10131:(1): 86–104. 10130: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10106: 10098: 10092: 10088: 10081: 10075:, p. 87. 10074: 10069: 10063:, p. 86. 10062: 10057: 10050: 10045: 10038: 10033: 10031: 10023: 10018: 10016: 10008: 10003: 9995: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9934: 9928: 9926: 9917: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9902:Kennedy, Paul 9897: 9890: 9885: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9852: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9819:. W.H. Allen. 9818: 9817: 9809: 9800: 9793: 9788: 9786: 9778: 9773: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9704:Durant, Ariel 9701: 9696: 9689: 9683: 9675: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9656: 9649: 9643: 9632: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9544: 9537: 9533: 9532:"El desastre" 9529: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9495: 9494:Marley (2008) 9490: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9399: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9379: 9372: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9348: 9343: 9336: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9296: 9291: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9249:, p. 14. 9248: 9243: 9236: 9230: 9223: 9222:Rodger (2006) 9218: 9211: 9206: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9185: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9148: 9141: 9136: 9129: 9124: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9083:Disposiciones 9078: 9072: 9068: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9030:According to 9027: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8947: 8941:, p. 75. 8940: 8935: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8916: 8909: 8908:Redman (2014) 8904: 8902: 8894: 8889: 8883:, p. 74. 8882: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8858: 8853: 8846: 8845:Asprey (1986) 8841: 8834: 8833:Asprey (1986) 8829: 8822: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8794: 8793:Asprey (1986) 8789: 8782: 8777: 8770: 8765: 8758: 8757:Asprey (1986) 8753: 8746: 8745:Asprey (1986) 8741: 8739: 8731: 8730:Asprey (1986) 8726: 8719: 8714: 8707: 8706:Asprey (1986) 8702: 8696:, p. 42. 8695: 8690: 8688: 8680: 8679:Asprey (1986) 8675: 8668: 8667:Asprey (1986) 8663: 8657:, p. 41. 8656: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8634: 8627: 8622: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8577:, p. 22. 8576: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8555: 8550: 8543: 8542:Asprey (1986) 8538: 8536: 8528: 8527:Asprey (1986) 8523: 8517:, p. 39. 8516: 8511: 8504: 8503:Luvaas (1999) 8499: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8472:Carter (1971) 8468: 8461: 8460:Asprey (1986) 8456: 8449: 8448:Asprey (1986) 8444: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8386: 8379: 8378:Asprey (1986) 8374: 8367: 8366:Asprey (1986) 8362: 8360: 8351: 8345: 8338: 8337:Rodger (2006) 8333: 8326: 8321: 8313: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8294: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8191: 8183: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8164: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8024: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8005: 7998: 7993: 7987:, p. 209 7986: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7924:, p. 77. 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7829:Füssel (2010) 7825: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7805:Danley (2012) 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7783: 7771:. BBC History 7770: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7701: 7699: 7694: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7629:'s fictional 7628: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7566:'s 1767 play 7565: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:Villinghausen 6828: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6264:Pontiac's War 6256: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6146:Île d'Orléans 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6024:Princess Anne 6021: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5826: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5715:Mughal Empire 5706: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5503: 5502:Guaporé River 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5468:Fantastic War 5462:South America 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5440:Benjamin West 5437: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388:French Empire 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346:, near Quebec 5345: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5319:Fort Carillon 5316: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254:(present-day 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5169: 5157: 5156:Fort Ligonier 5154: 5152: 5151:Fort Duquesne 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131:Great Cacapon 5129: 5127: 5126:Sideling Hill 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5079: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993:2nd Lunenburg 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4978:1st Lunenburg 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Fort Carillon 4805: 4803: 4802:Bernetz Brook 4800: 4798: 4797:2nd Snowshoes 4795: 4793: 4792:German Flatts 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777:1st Snowshoes 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4695:North America 4692: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4575: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4518:St. Cast 4514: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4502:General Bligh 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487:St. Malo 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443:John Mordaunt 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4317:taking Cassel 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051:Battle of Kay 4045: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3782:Carl Röchling 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3254:Fantastic War 3250: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3205: 3204:Bishops Court 3202: 3200: 3199:Carrickfergus 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3080:Bay of Biscay 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2999:Green Redoubt 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2974:Frisches Haff 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2794:Berlin (1760) 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2687:Torgau (1759) 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2635:Cassel (1762) 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605:Villinghausen 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2530:Sandershausen 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258:siege warfare 2255: 2251: 2248:. Smoothbore 2247: 2246:shock attacks 2243: 2240:were used as 2239: 2238:heavy cavalry 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222:light cavalry 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2101:Secret du Roi 2096: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017:Great Britain 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1974: 1964: 1961: 1953: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1927:This section 1925: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:Fort Duquesne 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1746:(1757–1763). 1745: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663:. Spain lost 1662: 1661:Fantastic War 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:North America 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591:Great Britain 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1289:North America 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1205: 1195: 1185: 1175: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1062: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1002: 1000: 990: 988: 978: 976: 966: 964: 963: 958: 948: 946: 936: 934: 924: 922: 912: 910: 900: 898: 897:Prince Joseph 888: 886: 885:Maria Theresa 876: 874: 864: 862: 852: 850: 840: 838: 828: 826: 824: 818: 808: 806: 796: 794: 784: 782: 772: 771: 769: 764: 754: 752: 742: 740: 730: 728: 718: 716: 706: 704: 702: 696: 686: 683: 677: 667: 665: 655: 653: 643: 641: 631: 629: 619: 617: 615: 609: 599: 597: 587: 584: 579: 569: 567: 565: 559: 549: 547: 537: 535: 525: 523: 513: 511: 510:Pelham-Holles 501: 499: 489: 487: 470: 468: 467: 462: 445: 444: 442: 441: 436: 430: 427: 425: 415: 413: 403: 401: 391: 387: 375: 373: 363: 360: 348: 346: 336: 333: 321: 320: 318: 313: 310: 308: 298: 296: 286: 284: 274: 271: 259: 257: 247: 244: 243:Great Britain 232: 231: 229: 228: 223: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 192: 189:France cedes 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 160: 159: 154: 153: 149: 146: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 117: 99: 96: 95: 91: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: 66: 63: 59: 58: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 12279:World War II 11892: 11803:Smolensk War 11769:Livonian War 11454:Hubertusburg 11409: 11396: 11354: 11274: 11237: 11224: 11212: 11184: 11180: 11154: 11125: 11106: 11083: 11075: 11056: 11036: 11028: 10998: 10989: 10971: 10960: 10941: 10932: 10925: 10906:. New York: 10902: 10890: 10872: 10852: 10828: 10807: 10791: 10773: 10754: 10746: 10736: 10729: 10711: 10686: 10682: 10663: 10645: 10625: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10580: 10562: 10535: 10525: 10517: 10494: 10469: 10442: 10417: 10404: 10399:. MacMillan. 10396: 10384: 10367: 10357: 10335: 10319: 10300: 10279:Random House 10277:. Vintage – 10273: 10253: 10217: 10190: 10178: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10105: 10086: 10080: 10068: 10056: 10044: 10007:Stone (2006) 10002: 9983: 9977: 9932: 9905: 9896: 9889:Szabo (2007) 9884: 9874: 9855: 9851: 9839:. Retrieved 9835: 9825: 9815: 9808: 9799: 9772: 9760:. Retrieved 9756:the original 9751: 9742: 9730:. Retrieved 9726: 9717: 9707: 9700:Durant, Will 9695: 9687: 9682: 9662: 9655: 9647: 9642: 9631:the original 9622: 9612: 9601:, retrieved 9599:(in Spanish) 9596: 9587: 9576:, retrieved 9574:(in Spanish) 9571: 9562: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9526: 9520: 9511: 9505: 9489: 9476: 9470: 9457: 9451: 9441: 9436: 9423: 9417: 9398: 9378: 9366: 9354: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9302: 9290: 9283:Dodge (1998) 9278: 9266: 9254: 9242: 9234: 9229: 9217: 9194: 9184:Mahan (2011) 9154: 9147: 9135: 9123: 9107: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9065: 9059: 9050: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9026: 9010: 8986: 8964: 8958: 8946: 8939:Stone (2006) 8915: 8888: 8881:Stone (2006) 8876: 8869:Szabo (2007) 8864: 8857:Szabo (2007) 8852: 8840: 8828: 8812: 8805:Szabo (2007) 8800: 8788: 8781:Szabo (2007) 8776: 8769:Szabo (2007) 8764: 8752: 8725: 8713: 8701: 8674: 8662: 8633: 8621: 8605: 8594:Stone (2006) 8549: 8522: 8510: 8505:, p. 6. 8479: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8424: 8397: 8390:Szabo (2007) 8385: 8373: 8344: 8332: 8320: 8300: 8293: 8273: 8266: 8259:Szabo (2007) 8254: 8234: 8227: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8170: 8163: 8147: 8131: 8111: 8104: 8084: 8077: 8057: 8031: 8011: 8004: 7992: 7985:Clark (2006) 7980: 7973:Black (1994) 7968: 7961:Black (1994) 7948:, p. 2. 7946:Szabo (2007) 7941: 7929: 7922:Anderson2006 7917: 7905: 7889: 7877: 7865: 7849: 7841: 7836: 7831:, p. 7. 7824: 7812: 7780: 7773:. Retrieved 7763: 7751: 7721: 7709: 7673:Rule of 1756 7663:French India 7644: 7638: 7631: 7617: 7603: 7594: 7567: 7554: 7538: 7529: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7473:Barry Lyndon 7471: 7458: 7443: 7348:Chandannagar 7305:Calcutta II 7256: 7101:Fort Niagara 6919: 6874:Wilhelmsthal 6318: 6297:John Montagu 6290: 6260: 6237: 6229: 6224: 6217:Augustus III 6214: 6205: 6194: 6186: 6154: 6107: 6088:Catherine II 6069: 6053: 6037: 6011:Pieter Steyn 6008: 6004: 6003: 5980: 5950:Zand dynasty 5944: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5897: 5883:James Island 5860: 5822: 5746: 5742:Chandernagar 5723:Robert Clive 5711: 5643:Chandannagar 5537: 5529: 5506: 5491: 5482:Morro Castle 5453: 5443: 5433: 5415: 5400: 5396: 5349: 5337: 5315:Fort Niagara 5306:James Murray 5295: 5293: 5233: 5209: 5189: 5116:Penn's Creek 4988:Bloody Creek 4963:Bay of Fundy 4831:Fort Niagara 4669:in 1759 and 4640: 4629: 4589:Cap-Français 4571: 4510: 4499: 4479:Richard Howe 4467: 4447:Edward Hawke 4429:or raid) on 4424: 4409: 4393: 4363:Newfoundland 4356: 4343: 4321: 4289: 4256: 4233: 4229: 4198: 4189:General Lacy 4170: 4147: 4135:Edward Hawke 4112: 4048: 4009: 3993: 3958: 3934: 3927: 3909:East Prussia 3893: 3879:András Hadik 3876: 3835: 3825: 3809: 3804:force under 3799: 3797: 3761:following a 3752: 3743: 3719:East Prussia 3707: 3683: 3632: 3620: 3580: 3558: 3554:Ohio Country 3550:Admiral Byng 3531: 3514: 3462: 3294: 3265: 3246: 3194:Quiberon Bay 3162: 3105:Quiberon Bay 3053: 3052: 3024: 3023: 2930: 2929: 2914:East Prussia 2913: 2912: 2883:Cosel (1760) 2848:Cosel (1758) 2804: 2803: 2762: 2761: 2640: 2639: 2615:Wilhelmsthal 2503: 2502: 2437: 2422: 2368: 2339: 2334:Burnt Church 2314: 2311: 2266: 2254:fire support 2176: 2156: 2141: 2134: 2114: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2057:East Prussia 2045: 2037:Henry Pelham 2014: 1998:Frederick II 1991: 1956: 1947: 1936:Please help 1931:verification 1928: 1892: 1878: 1851: 1827:Tanacharison 1808: 1804: 1793: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1698:Nomenclature 1677: 1667:in Cuba and 1650: 1627: 1601:, backed by 1579:great powers 1570: 1568: 1533: 1309:Spanish Main 1254: 1193:120,000 dead 1183:140,000 dead 1173:200,000 dead 1147:160,000 dead 1137:180,000 dead 961: 933:Augustus III 822: 763:Frederick II 751:William VIII 700: 652:Prince Henry 640:Frederick II 613: 596:Robert Clive 563: 546:Edward Hawke 465: 389:(until 1762) 295:Hesse-Kassel 225:Belligerents 38:Part of the 25: 12385:Vietnam War 12255: [ 12114:World War I 12035:Crimean War 11968:Finnish War 11884:(1740–1748) 11873:(1733–1738) 11798:Ingrian War 11514:(including 11465:Campaigns: 11417:Westminster 11229:(in French) 11127:(1740–1748) 10256:. Penguin. 9879:, chap. 23. 9618:Ramos, V.A. 9603:30 December 9578:30 December 9498:pp. 449–450 9311:pp. 280–283 9032:C. R. Boxer 8999:Dull (2009) 8997:. See also 8953:, p. 2 8402:Dull (2007) 8036:Dull (2007) 7898:pp. 112–115 7756:Kohn (2000) 7392:Masulipatam 7145:Montmorency 6969:Lake George 6947:Monongahela 6852:Schweidnitz 6560:Indecisive 6084:Frederick V 5917:Mustafa III 5787:West Africa 5773:Pondicherry 5725:recaptured 5673:Masulipatam 5498:Mato Grosso 5302:James Wolfe 5276:George Howe 5258:), and the 5212:Fort Oswego 5111:Monongahela 5028:Restigouche 4968:Petitcodiac 4851:St. Francis 4772:Fort Oswego 4762:Lake George 4636:Philippines 4632:West Indies 4483:Cancale Bay 4397:John Stuart 4271:Schweidnitz 4240:Langensalza 4113:The French 3855:River Rhine 3826:Reichsarmee 3810:Reichsarmee 3801:Reichsarmee 3672:in 1757 in 3600:James Keith 2903:Reichenbach 2898:Burkersdorf 2763:Brandenburg 2747:Hilbersdorf 2697:Hoyerswerda 2657:Sonnenstein 2590:Langensalza 2565:2nd Münster 2550:1st Münster 2453:Alt-Bunzlau 2448:Reichenberg 2364:bombardment 2356:naval power 2269:cabinet war 2193:armed with 2063:to Russia. 1815:Monongahela 1644:ended when 1299:West Africa 1294:West Indies 1203:28,000 dead 1035:Charles III 558:James Wolfe 522:John Stuart 155:Territorial 136:West Africa 12593:Categories 12420:Ogaden War 12370:Korean War 12289:Winter War 12158:Heimosodat 11745:Tsardom of 11278:. Giunti. 10743:Keay, John 10243:Q113529938 9762:17 October 9732:17 October 7543:(1826) by 7537:The novel 7503:militarism 7448:(1844) by 7442:The novel 7284:Calcutta I 7079:Martinique 7057:Guadeloupe 7035:Louisbourg 6676:Kunersdorf 6588:Saint Cast 6412:Hastenbeck 6281:Quebec Act 6138:Martinique 6134:Guadeloupe 6130:New France 5958:Ismail III 5879:the Gambia 5588:Bengal War 5564:Valparaíso 5556:Concepción 5466:See also: 5435:Evangeline 5430:Longfellow 5136:Kittanning 5121:The Trough 5033:St. John's 5018:Cape Sable 4861:2nd Quebec 4856:Sainte-Foy 4846:1st Quebec 4671:Martinique 4667:Guadeloupe 4663:Royal Navy 4655:New France 4599:Guadeloupe 4451:Isle d'Aix 4275:Baltic Sea 4212:See also: 3954:Düsseldorf 3658:See also: 3526:See also: 3499:Saint Cast 3374:Vila Velha 3095:Saint Cast 2959:Fehrbellin 2789:Kunersdorf 2595:1st Cassel 2540:Lutterberg 2515:Hastenbeck 2296:Strategies 2206:Cavalrymen 2195:smoothbore 1819:Pittsburgh 1761:Background 1749:The term " 945:Louis VIII 921:von Laudon 676:Manteuffel 486:George III 168:St Vincent 108:1763-02-15 104:1756-05-17 12040:Åland War 12008:Murid War 11847:18th–19th 11203:0212-5862 11088:Routledge 11039:. Brill. 10703:144559966 10565:. Brill. 10467:(2011) . 10235:0039-6842 10145:0032-3195 9536:pp. 63–72 9116:pp. 52–53 8995:pp. 50–51 8977:See also 8951:Fish 2003 8219:319213140 8140:pp. 15–16 7744:Citations 7704:From 1762 7639:Outlander 7632:Lord John 7581:Frederick 7511:Friedrich 7414:Wandiwash 7211:Quebec II 7189:Saint-Foy 6720:Landeshut 6610:Hochkirch 6566:Belle Île 6286:Québécois 6257:in yellow 6165:Hyderabad 6114:Louisiana 6076:Peter III 6032:Amsterdam 5749:Cuddalore 5729:from the 5688:Wandiwash 5683:Chinsurah 5658:Negapatam 5653:Cuddalore 5494:Rio Negro 5196:Algonquin 4958:Chignecto 4767:Fort Bull 4659:New Spain 4495:Cherbourg 4431:Rochefort 4401:Catherine 4313:Göttingen 4297:Peter III 4293:Elizabeth 4250:. At the 4208:1761–1762 4162:Pomerania 4129:. In the 4030:in Saxony 4018:1759–1760 4005:Kołobrzeg 3990:in Saxony 3963:, at the 3863:Newcastle 3843:Stralsund 3740:in Saxony 3712:besieged 3504:Belle Île 3494:Cherbourg 3484:Rochefort 3398:Nicaragua 3110:Belle Île 3090:Cherbourg 3075:Cartagena 3070:Rochefort 2994:Neuensund 2949:Stralsund 2932:Pomerania 2893:Adelsbach 2863:Landeshut 2752:Erbisdorf 2662:Hochkirch 2630:Amöneburg 2520:Rheinberg 2483:Domstadtl 2306:Leibgarde 2304:Prussian 2282:magazines 2252:provided 2250:artillery 2230:screening 2137:Joseph II 2069:Elizabeth 1910:In Europe 1811:Allegheny 1732:Pomerania 1549:1803–1814 1544:1793–1802 1539:1778–1783 1534:1754–1763 1529:1746–1763 1524:1744–1748 1519:1702–1713 1514:1689–1697 1509:1689–1815 1499:1666–1667 1494:1627–1629 1489:1562–1563 1484:1557–1559 1479:1542–1546 1474:1522–1526 1469:1512–1514 1464:1496–1498 1458:1415–1453 1454:1369–1389 1450:1337–1360 1446:1337–1453 1436:1294–1303 1431:1242–1243 1416:1215–1217 1411:1213–1214 1406:1202–1204 1401:1199–1200 1396:1197–1199 1391:1193–1196 1381:1173–1174 1376:1116–1120 1371:1109–1113 1279:Pomerania 957:Elizabeth 873:Francis I 578:John Byng 461:George II 191:Louisiana 12573:Cold War 12435:Gulf War 11791:and the 11664:Internal 11520:Imperial 11314:Archived 11272:(2001). 10970:(2006). 10900:(2013). 10850:(2001). 10596:(2000); 10554:39400729 10492:(1977). 10414:(2006). 10391:, 1975). 10333:(1994). 10299:(1986). 10252:(2006). 10239:Wikidata 9904:(1976). 9871:Voltaire 9863:Archived 9554:O Tuiuti 9406:Archived 9387:Archived 9096:Archived 7733:and the 7652:See also 7481:Voltaire 7470:'s film 7123:Quebec I 7004:Unknown 6896:Freiberg 6837:100,000 6764:Liegnitz 6544:Zorndorf 6456:Rossbach 6346:Lobositz 6094:Outcomes 5751:, their 5727:Calcutta 5638:Calcutta 5550:such as 5500:(in the 5380:Montreal 5374:and the 5311:Beauport 5262:and the 5223:the key 4953:Cape Ray 4878:Montreal 4841:Beauport 4609:Dominica 4439:Charente 4342:(called 4340:Abrantes 4137:with 23 4097:Brittany 4079:Kunowice 4055:Saltykov 3710:Apraksin 3604:Chemnitz 3387:Americas 3267:Portugal 3184:Le Havre 3019:Neukalen 2984:Pasewalk 2878:Liegnitz 2858:Neustadt 2838:Liegnitz 2779:Zorndorf 2757:Freiberg 2702:Sackwitz 2652:Rossbach 2600:Grünberg 2443:Lobositz 2360:blockade 2321:and the 2236:, while 2218:carbines 2202:bayonets 2191:infantry 2183:firearms 1950:May 2016 1657:Portugal 1587:Americas 1585:and the 1284:Portugal 817:Montcalm 781:Louis XV 715:Joseph I 695:Schwerin 283:Portugal 176:Dominica 128:Americas 119:Location 106: – 42:and the 12513:Outline 12496:century 12097:century 11849:century 11532:Related 11516:Tsarist 11471:America 11439:Hamburg 11262:Fiction 11031:(2012). 10935:(1998). 10378:2117049 10153:2144276 10111:Bourbon 9876:Candide 9841:17 June 9712:, p. 62 7782:empire. 7775:21 July 7499:Candide 7486:Candide 7326:Plassey 7278:Result 7263:Battle 7246:11,670 7237:31,000 7152:12,000 7130:15,000 7017:18,000 6941:Result 6926:Battle 6903:40,000 6900:22,000 6881:70,000 6878:40,000 6865:10,000 6859:10,000 6856:25,000 6834:60,000 6821:11,260 6818:17,120 6815:52,000 6812:48,500 6793:45,000 6790:26,000 6771:24,000 6768:14,000 6749:35,000 6746:30,000 6742:Warburg 6730:10,052 6727:35,000 6724:13,000 6708:15,000 6705:32,000 6702:15,000 6689:15,741 6686:18,503 6683:98,000 6680:49,000 6661:60,000 6658:43,000 6639:40,500 6636:28,000 6617:78,000 6614:39,000 6595:10,000 6557:21,529 6554:11,390 6551:44,000 6548:36,000 6529:50,000 6526:32,000 6522:Krefeld 6513:22,000 6507:65,000 6504:36,000 6500:Leuthen 6488:10,150 6485:60,000 6482:28,000 6478:Breslau 6463:40,900 6460:21,000 6441:55,000 6438:25,000 6419:63,000 6416:36,000 6400:13,733 6397:54,000 6394:34,000 6381:13,600 6378:14,300 6375:61,000 6372:64,000 6353:34,000 6350:28,500 6340:Result 6325:Battle 6201:Leipzig 6197:Dresden 6142:Florida 6015:Holland 5962:Safavid 5935:Beyliks 5840:Senegal 5777:Karikal 5763:at the 5663:Condore 5648:Plassey 5200:Abenaki 4651:Senegal 4643:Menorca 4202:Legnica 4177:Kłodzko 4158:Marburg 4125:at the 4044:Prussia 4001:Kolberg 3961:Neumark 3924:Prussia 3900:Olomouc 3896:Moravia 3814:Franz I 3778:Silesia 3674:Bohemia 3639:Hanover 3616:Dresden 3612:Bautzen 3608:Lusatia 3565:Moravia 3489:St Malo 3273:Almeida 3100:Britain 3085:St Malo 3065:Minorca 3033:Almeida 3009:Gollnow 2828:Leuthen 2823:Breslau 2806:Silesia 2774:Küstrin 2722:Strehla 2717:Dresden 2712:Meissen 2692:Korbitz 2625:Nauheim 2580:Warburg 2575:Emsdorf 2570:Corbach 2525:Krefeld 2510:Geldern 2498:Teplitz 2488:Olomouc 2371:Silesia 2214:pistols 2086:in 1748 2053:Kłodzko 2025:Prussia 2021:Austria 2002:Silesia 1992:In the 1900:Menorca 1680:Silesia 1646:Austria 1595:Prussia 1274:Silesia 1213:Unknown 1157:Unknown 823:† 701:† 678: ( 614:† 564:† 345:Austria 270:Prussia 256:Hanover 205:Britain 201:Florida 180:Grenada 157:changes 102: ( 11823:Deluge 11747:Russia 11526:times) 11524:Soviet 11512:Russia 11467:Europe 11282: 11245: 11201: 11161: 11133: 11113: 11094: 11078:(2005) 11064: 11043: 11014: 10978: 10949: 10914: 10879: 10860: 10836: 10815: 10798: 10780: 10761: 10718: 10701: 10670: 10654: 10633: 10612: 10600:(2008) 10569: 10552: 10542: 10506: 10477: 10453: 10430: 10376: 10343: 10307: 10285: 10260: 10241: 10233: 10151: 10143: 10093: 9990: 9912: 9670: 9534:, see 9463:p. 584 9429:p. 292 9162: 9042:30 000 9019:p. 151 8973:p. 254 8969:p. 247 8924:p. 492 8614:p. 176 8431: 8308: 8281: 8242: 8217: 8207: 8178: 8156:p. 106 8119: 8092: 8065: 8019: 7641:series 7634:series 7427:1,000 7418:5,330 7405:1,500 7396:7,246 7383:1,200 7380:1,341 7374:4,050 7370:Madras 7352:2,300 7330:2,884 7317:1,300 7308:1,870 7297:7,000 7243:5,366 7233:Havana 7218:7,000 7215:6,000 7199:1,088 7196:6,900 7193:3,866 7174:4,500 7171:4,828 7149:5,000 7127:9,400 7108:1,786 7105:3,200 7086:8,200 7083:8,000 7070:2,000 7064:2,000 7061:5,000 7048:5,600 7042:5,600 7039:9,500 7023:3,600 7020:3,600 7001:2,372 6998:8,344 6995:2,372 6976:1,500 6973:1,700 6951:1,300 6909:8,000 6906:2,500 6887:4,500 6862:3,033 6843:5,000 6840:1,600 6808:Torgau 6799:2,036 6796:3,228 6777:8,300 6774:3,100 6755:3,000 6752:1,200 6733:3,000 6667:7,086 6664:2,762 6654:Minden 6645:4,700 6642:8,000 6623:7,590 6620:9,097 6598:1,400 6592:1,400 6579:3,000 6573:3,000 6570:9,000 6535:8,200 6532:1,800 6510:6,259 6491:5,857 6469:8,000 6447:5,250 6444:4,520 6425:1,200 6422:1,200 6403:8,100 6368:Prague 6359:2,984 6356:3,300 6161:Bengal 5946:Persia 5941:Persia 5850:Gambia 5719:Bengal 5668:Madras 5562:, and 5488:, 1763 5486:Havana 5420:, the 5284:abatis 5202:, the 5198:, the 5174: 4679:Manila 4634:, the 4619:Havana 4460:Under 4150:Fouqué 4063:Minden 3883:hussar 3538:Toulon 3420:Cavite 3415:Manila 3393:Havana 3379:Marvão 3353:Europe 3288:Marvão 3048:Marvão 3004:Gülzow 2969:Güstow 2954:Tornow 2944:Anklam 2939:Demmin 2853:Neisse 2799:Gostyn 2769:Berlin 2742:Döbeln 2737:Torgau 2555:Minden 2545:Bergen 2478:Holitz 2458:Prague 2381:Europe 2317:, the 2210:sabres 2117:Saxony 2049:Poland 1985: 1979: 1880:Alcide 1855:Acadia 1669:Manila 1665:Havana 1653:invade 1615:Russia 1613:, and 1611:Sweden 1607:Saxony 1599:France 1583:Europe 1109: 1059:Aranda 959: 819: 697: 610: 580: 560: 463: 424:Bengal 412:Sweden 386:Russia 383: 359:Saxony 356: 332:France 329: 267: 240: 213:Manila 209:Havana 199:cedes 182:, and 178:, and 172:Tobago 164:Canada 147:Result 124:Europe 12259:] 11449:Paris 11177:(PDF) 10699:S2CID 10374:JSTOR 10199:p. 72 10149:JSTOR 9970:p. 90 9634:(PDF) 9627:(PDF) 9482:p. 51 9384:2001) 9071:p. 29 9003:p. 88 8821:p. 54 8598:p. 70 8488:p. 37 8406:p. 71 8040:p. 14 7858:p. 17 7684:Notes 6698:Maxen 6390:Kolín 6225:Reich 5875:Gorée 5845:Gorée 5731:Nawab 5578:India 5204:Huron 4757:Frogs 4522:Brest 4324:Spain 4077:(now 3946:Emden 3780:, by 3714:Memel 3359:Cádiz 3189:Lagos 3115:Cádiz 2920:Memel 2868:Glatz 2707:Maxen 2647:Pirna 2610:Ölper 2560:Fulda 2473:Gabel 2468:Kolín 1831:Mingo 1724:(the 1716:(the 1603:Spain 1304:India 400:Spain 197:Spain 140:India 12494:21st 12095:20th 11522:and 11280:ISBN 11243:ISBN 11199:ISSN 11159:ISBN 11131:ISBN 11111:ISBN 11092:ISBN 11062:ISBN 11041:ISBN 11012:ISBN 10976:ISBN 10947:ISBN 10912:ISBN 10877:ISBN 10858:ISBN 10834:ISBN 10813:ISBN 10796:ISBN 10778:ISBN 10759:ISBN 10716:ISBN 10668:ISBN 10652:ISBN 10631:ISBN 10610:ISBN 10567:ISBN 10550:OCLC 10540:ISBN 10504:ISBN 10475:ISBN 10451:ISBN 10428:ISBN 10341:ISBN 10305:ISBN 10283:ISBN 10258:ISBN 10231:ISSN 10141:ISSN 10091:ISBN 9988:ISBN 9910:ISBN 9856:E.g. 9843:2006 9764:2022 9734:2022 9668:ISBN 9605:2015 9580:2015 9160:ISBN 9102:/12. 8429:ISBN 8306:ISBN 8279:ISBN 8240:ISBN 8215:OCLC 8205:ISBN 8195:E.g. 8176:ISBN 8117:ISBN 8090:ISBN 8063:ISBN 8017:ISBN 7777:2018 7725:The 7525:The 7518:and 7424:387 7402:286 7361:200 7358:200 7339:500 7314:194 7294:218 7288:514 7224:700 7202:833 7180:644 7177:664 7155:440 7136:N/A 7133:900 7114:486 7111:100 7092:N/A 7089:500 7067:804 7045:524 7026:377 6982:339 6979:331 6957:906 6954:891 6884:700 6711:934 6601:495 6576:810 6466:541 6199:and 6136:and 6102:and 5990:and 5981:The 5781:Mahé 5779:and 5586:and 5523:and 5470:and 5317:and 5304:and 5274:and 5246:and 5214:and 4530:Dury 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