Benjamin Franklin - Knowledge

4265: 1568:(with content both original and borrowed) under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, on which much of his popular reputation is based. He frequently wrote under pseudonyms. The first issue published was for the upcoming year, 1733. He had developed a distinct, signature style that was plain, pragmatic and had a sly, soft but self-deprecating tone with declarative sentences. Although it was no secret that he was the author, his Richard Saunders character repeatedly denied it. "Poor Richard's Proverbs," adages from this almanac, such as "A penny saved is twopence dear" (often misquoted as "A penny saved is a penny earned") and "Fish and visitors stink in three days," remain common quotations in the modern world. Wisdom in folk society meant the ability to provide an apt adage for any occasion, and his readers became well prepared. He sold about ten thousand copies per year—it became an institution. In 1741, Franklin began publishing 4841: 4938:... In the beginning of the contest with G. Britain, when we were sensible of danger we had daily prayer in this room for the Divine Protection. Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered. All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have observed frequent instances of a Superintending providence in our favor. ... And have we now forgotten that powerful friend? or do we imagine that we no longer need His assistance. I have lived, Sir, a long time and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth—that God governs in the affairs of men....I therefore beg leave to move—that henceforth prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before we proceed to business, and that one or more of the Clergy of this City be requested to officiate in that service. 3771: 1553: 5048:." He defended his rejection of religious dogma with these words: "I think opinions should be judged by their influences and effects; and if a man holds none that tend to make him less virtuous or more vicious, it may be concluded that he holds none that are dangerous, which I hope is the case with me." After the disillusioning experience of seeing the decay in his own moral standards, and those of two friends in London whom he had converted to deism, Franklin decided that deism was true but it was not as useful in promoting personal morality as were the controls imposed by organized religion. Ralph Frasca contends that in his later life he can be considered a non-denominational Christian, although he did not believe Christ was divine. 55: 26229: 21008: 5557: 4066: 5913: 4829: 4052: 3375: 21883: 5181: 4866: 3057: 5140: 3433:. Unable to prevent its passage, he made another political miscalculation and recommended a friend to the post of stamp distributor for Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanians were outraged, believing that he had supported the measure all along, and threatened to destroy his home in Philadelphia. Franklin soon learned of the extent of colonial resistance to the Stamp Act, and he testified during the House of Commons proceedings that led to its repeal. With this, Franklin suddenly emerged as the leading spokesman for American interests in England. He wrote popular essays on behalf of the colonies. 5956: 3869: 5096:, some Doubts as to his divinity; tho' it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and I think it needless to busy myself with it now, when I expect soon an Opportunity of knowing the Truth with less Trouble. I see no harm, however, in its being believed, if that belief has the good consequence, as it probably has, of making his doctrines more respected and better observed; especially as I do not perceive that the Supreme takes it amiss, by distinguishing the unbelievers in his government of the world with any particular marks of his displeasure. 4206:... when the pain and difficulty of breathing entirely left him, and his family were flattering themselves with the hopes of his recovery, when an imposthume, which had formed itself in his lungs, suddenly burst, and discharged a quantity of matter, which he continued to throw up while he had power; but, as that failed, the organs of respiration became gradually oppressed; a calm, lethargic state succeeded; and on the 17th instant (April 1790), about eleven o'clock at night, he quietly expired, closing a long and useful life of eighty-four years and three months. 21523: 3030: 5740: 4385: 5944: 3284: 26181: 4160: 5932: 3005: 935: 593: 15069: 956: 4969:

privileged class. "Puritanism ... and the epidemic evangelism of the mid-eighteenth century, had created challenges to the traditional notions of social stratification" by preaching that the Bible taught all men are equal, that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior, not his class, and that all men can be saved. Franklin, steeped in Puritanism and an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical movement, rejected the salvation dogma but embraced the radical notion of egalitarian democracy.

3354:. He had been a postmaster for decades and was a natural choice for the position. He had just returned from England and was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system. The report of the committee, providing for the appointment of a postmaster general for the 13 American colonies, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was appointed postmaster general, the first appointed under the Continental Congress. His apprentice, 26193: 4772: 21831: 20642: 3358:, felt that his ideas were mostly responsible for shaping the postal system and that the appointment should have gone to him, but he graciously conceded it to Franklin, 36 years his senior. Franklin, however, appointed Goddard as Surveyor of the Posts, issued him a signed pass, and directed him to investigate and inspect the various post offices and mail routes as he saw fit. The newly established postal system became the United States Post Office, a system that continues to operate today. 26157: 1380: 14820: 14803: 14783: 14766: 14749: 14732: 14715: 2993: 26383: 4471:

made sharp as a Needle and gilt to prevent Rusting, and from the Foot of those Rods a Wire down the outside of the Building into the Ground; ... Would not these pointed Rods probably draw the Electrical Fire silently out of a Cloud before it came nigh enough to strike, and thereby secure us from that most sudden and terrible Mischief!" Following a series of experiments on Franklin's own house, lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the

3387: 1359: 26241: 4517:' "Discourse on Christian Union" (1760) as the leading works of 18th-century Anglo-American demography; Drake credits Franklin's "wide readership and prophetic insight." Franklin was also a pioneer in the study of slave demography, as shown in his 1755 essay. In his capacity as a farmer, he wrote at least one critique about the negative consequences of price controls, trade restrictions, and subsidy of the poor. This is succinctly preserved in his letter to the 2946: 1130: 20324: 16156: 5470:: "In 1736 I lost one of my sons, a fine boy of four years old, by the small-pox, taken in the common way. I long regretted bitterly, and still regret that I had not given it to him by inoculation. This I mention for the sake of parents who omit that operation, on the supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a child died under it; my example showing that the regret may be the same either way, and that, therefore, the safer should be chosen." 5426:" a 1766 letter advocating self-sufficiency and less dependence on England, lists various examples of the bounty of American agricultural products, and does not mention meat. Detailing new American customs, he wrote that, "hey resolved last spring to eat no more lamb; and not a joint of lamb has since been seen on any of their tables ... the sweet little creatures are all alive to this day, with the prettiest fleeces on their backs imaginable." 26281: 26253: 26349: 26169: 26366: 26332: 5291:

for the sale of slaves and for the capture of runaway slaves and Franklin allowed the sale of slaves in his general store. He later became an outspoken critic of slavery. In 1758, he advocated the opening of a school for the education of black slaves in Philadelphia. He took two slaves to England with him, Peter and King. King escaped with a woman to live in the outskirts of London, and by 1758 he was working for a household in

14619: 26400: 26315: 3046: 21841: 15046: 5808: 26298: 3272: 3193:, to be taught in the new colleges. In June 1753, Johnson, Franklin, and Smith met in Stratford. They decided the new-model college would focus on the professions, with classes taught in English instead of Latin, have subject matter experts as professors instead of one tutor leading a class for four years, and there would be no religious test for admission. Johnson went on to found King's College (now 1466: 1095:, a group of "like minded aspiring artisans and tradesmen who hoped to improve themselves while they improved their community." The Junto was a discussion group for issues of the day; it subsequently gave rise to many organizations in Philadelphia. The Junto was modeled after English coffeehouses that Franklin knew well and which had become the center of the spread of Enlightenment ideas in Britain. 4455:. He did not perform this experiment in the way that is often pictured in popular literature, flying the kite and waiting to be struck by lightning, as it would have been dangerous. Instead he used the kite to collect some electric charge from a storm cloud, showing that lightning was electrical. On October 19, 1752, in a letter to England with directions for repeating the experiment, he wrote: 1198:

Franklin saw himself as uniquely qualified to instruct Americans in morality. He tried to influence American moral life through the construction of a printing network based on a chain of partnerships from the Carolinas to New England. He thereby invented the first newspaper chain. It was more than a business venture, for like many publishers he believed that the press had a public-service duty.

3846: 1081: 3714:'s meetings during 1758 as a non-member during his time in England. However, some authors and historians would argue he was in fact a British spy. As there are no records left (having been burned in 1774), many of these members are just assumed or linked by letters sent to each other. One early proponent that Franklin was a member of the Hellfire Club and a double agent is the historian 26217: 4803:. Then during three or four Days Consideration I put down under the different Heads short Hints of the different Motives that at different Times occur to me for or against the Measure. When I have thus got them all together in one View, I endeavour to estimate their respective Weights; and where I find two, one on each side, that seem equal, I strike them both out: If I find a Reason 4960:... Sunday being my studying day, I never was without some religious principles. I never doubted, for instance, the existence of the Deity; that He made the world, and governed it by His providence; that the most acceptable service of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that all crime will be punished, and virtue rewarded, either here or hereafter. 26205: 5776:, to collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects. Franklin, who was 79 years old at the time, wrote thanking him for a great idea and telling him that he had decided to leave a bequest of 1,000 pounds each to his native Boston and his adopted Philadelphia. 4136:. The office was practically that of the governor. He held that office for slightly over three years, longer than any other, and served the constitutional limit of three full terms. Shortly after his initial election, he was re-elected to a full term on October 29, 1785, and again in the fall of 1786 and on October 31, 1787. In that capacity, he served as host to the 3125:, Franklin raised a militia called the Association for General Defense because the legislators of the city had decided to take no action to defend Philadelphia "either by erecting fortifications or building Ships of War." He raised money to create earthwork defenses and buy artillery. The largest of these was the "Association Battery" or "Grand Battery" of 50 guns. 4911:, which Franklin often cited as a key influence on his life. "If I have been," Franklin wrote to Cotton Mather's son seventy years later, "a useful citizen, the public owes the advantage of it to that book." His first pen name, Silence Dogood, paid homage both to the book and to a widely known sermon by Mather. The book preached the importance of forming 4855: 5073:

itself without help from the government, claiming, "When a Religion is good, I conceive that it will support itself; and, when it cannot support itself, and God does not take care to support, so that its Professors are oblig'd to call for the help of the Civil Power, it is a sign, I apprehend, of its being a bad one."

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By 1990, more than $ 2,000,000 (~$ 4.12 million in 2023) had accumulated in Franklin's Philadelphia trust, which had loaned the money to local residents. From 1940 to 1990, the money was used mostly for mortgage loans. When the trust came due, Philadelphia decided to spend it on scholarships for

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Although his parents had intended for him a career in the church, Franklin as a young man adopted the Enlightenment religious belief in deism, that God's truths can be found entirely through nature and reason, declaring, "I soon became a thorough Deist." He rejected Christian dogma in a 1725 pamphlet

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or population studies. In the 1730s and 1740s, he began taking notes on population growth, finding that the American population had the fastest growth rate on Earth. Emphasizing that population growth depended on food supplies, he emphasized the abundance of food and available farmland in America. He

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When rain has wet the kite twine so that it can conduct the electric fire freely, you will find it streams out plentifully from the key at the approach of your knuckle, and with this key a phial, or Leyden jar, may be charged: and from electric fire thus obtained spirits may be kindled, and all other

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In pursuit of more pragmatic uses for electricity, remarking in spring 1749 that he felt "chagrin'd a little" that his experiments had heretofore resulted in "Nothing in this Way of Use to Mankind," Franlkin planned a practical demonstration. He proposed a dinner party where a turkey was to be killed

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O Pharisaical Britain! to pride thyself in setting free a single Slave that happens to land on thy coasts, while thy Merchants in all thy ports are encouraged by thy laws to continue a commerce whereby so many hundreds of thousands are dragged into a slavery that can scarce be said to end with their

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Franklin did not try to work on them all at once. Instead, he worked on only one each week "leaving all others to their ordinary chance." While he did not adhere completely to the enumerated virtues, and by his own admission he fell short of them many times, he believed the attempt made him a better

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One of his notable characteristics was his respect, tolerance and promotion of all churches. Referring to his experience in Philadelphia, he wrote in his autobiography, "new Places of worship were continually wanted, and generally erected by voluntary Contribution, my Mite for such purpose, whatever

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as the champion of American independence. He returned from France with an unexplained shortage of 100,000 pounds in Congressional funds. In response to a question from a member of Congress about this, Franklin, quoting the Bible, quipped, "Muzzle not the ox that treadeth out his master's grain." The

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in May 1764. His call for a change from proprietary to royal government was a rare political miscalculation, however: Pennsylvanians worried that such a move would endanger their political and religious freedoms. Because of these fears and because of political attacks on his character, Franklin lost

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against the disease that subsequently killed him. Deborah wrote to him in November 1769, saying she was ill due to "dissatisfied distress" from his prolonged absence, but he did not return until his business was done. Deborah Read Franklin died of a stroke on December 14, 1774, while Franklin was on

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In January 1738, "Franklin appeared as a witness" in a manslaughter trial against two men who killed "a simple-minded apprentice" named Daniel Rees in a fake Masonic initiation gone wrong. One of the men "threw, or accidentally spilled, the burning spirits, and Daniel Rees died of his burns two days

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Franklin had mixed success in his plan to establish an inter-colonial network of newspapers that would produce a profit for him and disseminate virtue. Over the years he sponsored two dozen printers in Pennsylvania, South Carolina, New York, Connecticut, and even the Caribbean. By 1753, eight of the

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According to Ralph Frasca, Franklin promoted the printing press as a device to instruct colonial Americans in moral virtue. Frasca argues he saw this as a service to God, because he understood moral virtue in terms of actions, thus, doing good provides a service to God. Despite his own moral lapses,

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Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution, and the Means of Making it a Benefit to the World. To which is added, a Letter from M. Turgot, late Comptroller-General of the Finances of France: with an Appendix, containing a Translation of the Will of M. Fortuné Ricard, lately published

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Franklin was able to play chess more frequently against stronger opposition during his many years as a civil servant and diplomat in England, where the game was far better established than in America. He was able to improve his playing standard by facing more experienced players during this period.

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Franklin's views and practices concerning slavery evolved over the course of his life. In his early years, Franklin owned seven slaves, including two men who worked in his household and his shop, but in his later years became an adherent of abolition. A revenue stream for his newspaper was paid ads

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Franklin retained a lifelong commitment to the non-religious Puritan virtues and political values he had grown up with, and through his civic work and publishing, he succeeded in passing these values into the American culture permanently. He had a "passion for virtue." These Puritan values included

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were actually from the northeast, contrary to what he had expected. In correspondence with his brother, he learned that the same storm had not reached Boston until after the eclipse, despite the fact that Boston is to the northeast of Philadelphia. He deduced that storms do not always travel in the

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whaler captain, who told him that merchant ships routinely avoided a strong eastbound mid-ocean current. The mail packet captains sailed dead into it, thus fighting an adverse current of 3 miles per hour (5 km/h). Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough

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of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a 40-foot-tall (12 m) iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud. On June 15, 1752, Franklin may possibly have conducted his well-known kite experiment in Philadelphia, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud.

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The Body of B. Franklin Printer; Like the Cover of an old Book, Its Contents torn out, And stript of its Lettering and Gilding, Lies here, Food for Worms. But the Work shall not be wholly lost: For it will, as he believ'd, appear once more, In a new & more perfect Edition, Corrected and Amended

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while a boarder in the Read home. At that time, Deborah's mother was wary of allowing her young daughter to marry Franklin, who was on his way to London at Governor Keith's request, and also because of his financial instability. Her own husband had recently died, and she declined Franklin's request

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However, by 1736 Benjamin Franklin was known as a supporter of the procedure. Therefore, when four-year-old "Franky" died of smallpox, opponents of the procedure circulated rumors that the child had been inoculated, and that this was the cause of his subsequent death. When Franklin became aware of

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Franklin's electrical experiments led to his invention of the lightning rod. He said that conductors with a sharp rather than a smooth point could discharge silently and at a far greater distance. He surmised that this could help protect buildings from lightning by attaching "upright Rods of Iron,

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He has been honored on U.S. postage stamps many times. The image of Franklin, the first postmaster general of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. postage more than any other notable American save that of George Washington. He appeared on the first U.S. postage stamp issued in 1847. From

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in December 1786 is the second known writing on chess in America. This essay in praise of chess and prescribing a code of behavior for the game has been widely reprinted and translated. He and a friend used chess as a means of learning the Italian language, which both were studying; the winner of

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In those wretched countries where a man cannot call his tongue his own, he can scarce call anything his own. Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech ... Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as

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believed him a wet Quaker." Adams himself decided that Franklin best fit among the "Atheists, Deists, and Libertines." Whatever else Franklin was, concludes Morgan, "he was a true champion of generic religion." In a letter to Richard Price, Franklin states that he believes religion should support

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and therefore taxes should be levied on them. Franklin became the American spokesman in highly publicized testimony in Parliament in 1766. He stated that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire. He said local governments had raised, outfitted and paid 25,000 soldiers to

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gave Franklin a forum for agitation about a variety of local reforms and initiatives through printed essays and observations. Over time, his commentary, and his adroit cultivation of a positive image as an industrious and intellectual young man, earned him a great deal of social respect. But even

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A proposition was made by me that since our books were often referr'd to in our disquisitions upon the inquiries, it might be convenient for us to have them altogether where we met, that upon occasion they might be consulted; and by thus clubbing our books to a common library, we should, while we

5893:. In 1998, workmen restoring the building dug up the remains of six children and four adults hidden below the home. A total of 15 bodies have been recovered. The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House (the organization responsible for the restoration) note that the bones were likely placed there by 4556:

Franklin published his Gulf Stream chart in 1770 in England, where it was ignored. Subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U.S. in 1786. The British original edition of the chart had been so thoroughly ignored that everyone assumed it was lost forever until Phil Richardson, a

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When about 16 years of age, I happen'd to meet with a book written by one Tryon, recommending a vegetable diet. I determined to go into it ... I presently found that I could save half what paid me. This was an additional fund for buying books: but I had another advantage in it ... I made the

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and headquartered in New York City. They initiated guerrilla forays into New Jersey, southern Connecticut, and New York counties north of the city. When British troops evacuated from New York, William Franklin left with them and sailed to England. He settled in London, never to return to North

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The classical authors read in the Enlightenment period taught an abstract ideal of republican government based on hierarchical social orders of king, aristocracy and commoners. It was widely believed that English liberties relied on their balance of power, but also hierarchal deference to the

4732:. One experiment he performed consisted of placing square pieces of cloth of various color out in the snow on a sunny day. He waited some time and then measured that the black pieces sank furthest into the snow of all the colors, indicating that they got the hottest and melted the most snow. 5051:

In a major scholarly study of his religion, Thomas Kidd argues that Franklin believed that true religiosity was a matter of personal morality and civic virtue. Kidd says Franklin maintained his lifelong resistance to orthodox Christianity while arriving finally at a "doctrineless, moralized

4763:, London. "I fetched out a cruet of oil and dropt a little of it on the water ... though not more than a teaspoon full, produced an instant calm over a space of several yards square." He later used the trick to "calm the waters" by carrying "a little oil in the hollow joint of cane." 5484: 5313:

At the time of the American founding, there were about half a million slaves in the United States, mostly in the five southernmost states, where they made up 40% of the population. Many of the leading American founders – most notably Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and

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Franklin's commitment to teach these values was itself something he gained from his Puritan upbringing, with its stress on "inculcating virtue and character in themselves and their communities." These Puritan values and the desire to pass them on, were one of his quintessentially American

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settlers and referred to "Blacks and Tawneys" as weakening the social structure of the colonies. Although he apparently reconsidered shortly thereafter, and the phrases were omitted from all later printings of the pamphlet, his views may have played a role in his political defeat in 1764.

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on April 17, 1790. He was aged 84 at the time of his death. His last words were reportedly, "a dying man can do nothing easy," to his daughter after she suggested that he change position in bed and lie on his side so he could breathe more easily. Franklin's death is described in the book

3339:, Quebec City, and New York. For the greater part of his appointment, he lived in England (from 1757 to 1762, and again from 1764 to 1774)—about three-quarters of his term. Eventually, his sympathies for the rebel cause in the American Revolution led to his dismissal on January 31, 1774. 1028:

readers were aware of the ruse, and James was unhappy with Benjamin when he discovered the popular correspondent was his younger brother. Franklin was an advocate of free speech from an early age. When his brother was jailed for three weeks in 1722 for publishing material unflattering to

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after being tempted by fried cod on a boat sailing from Boston, justifying the eating of animals by observing that the fish's stomach contained other fish. Nonetheless, he recognized the faulty ethics in this argument and would continue to be a vegetarian on and off. He was "excited" by

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of the University of Pennsylvania, the law of the effect of heat on the conduction of bodies otherwise non-conductors, for example, glass, could be attributed to Franklin. Franklin wrote, "... A certain quantity of heat will make some bodies good conductors, that will not otherwise

4506:, who credited Franklin for discovering a rule of population growth. Franklin's predictions on how British mercantilism was unsustainable alarmed British leaders who did not want to be surpassed by the colonies, so they became more willing to impose restrictions on the colonial economy. 5897:, who lived in the house for two years and who had built a small anatomy school at the back of the house. They note that while Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing, he probably did not participate in any dissections because he was much more of a physicist than a medical man. 1544:

America. In the preliminary peace talks in 1782 with Britain, "... Benjamin Franklin insisted that loyalists who had borne arms against the United States would be excluded from this plea (that they be given a general pardon). He was undoubtedly thinking of William Franklin."

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was impartial in political debates, while creating the opportunity for public debate, which encouraged others to challenge authority. Timothy avoided blandness and crude bias and, after 1765, increasingly took a patriotic stand in the growing crisis with Great Britain. Franklin's

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Franklin travelled to London, and after he failed to communicate as expected with Deborah and her family, they interpreted his long silence as a breaking of his promises. At the urging of her mother, Deborah married a potter named John Rogers on August 5, 1725. John soon fled to

5506:, in which the glasses rotate on a shaft, with the player's fingers held steady, instead of the other way around. He worked with the London glassblower Charles James to create it, and instruments based on his mechanical version soon found their way to other parts of Europe. 11541:

Despite being raised a Puritan of the Congregationalist stripe by his parents, who "brought me through my Childhood piously in the Dissenting Way", Franklin recalled, he abandoned that denomination, briefly embraced deism, and finally became a non-denominational Protestant

3197:) in New York City in 1754, while Franklin hired Smith as provost of the College of Philadelphia, which opened in 1755. At its first commencement, on May 17, 1757, seven men graduated; six with a Bachelor of Arts and one with a Master of Arts. It was later merged with the 4326:

via electric shock and roasted on an electrical spit. After having prepared several turkeys this way, he noted that "the birds kill'd in this manner eat uncommonly tender." Franklin recounted that in the process of one of these experiments, he was shocked by a pair of

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game between Franklin and the Duchess of Bourbon, "who made a move that inadvertently exposed her king. Ignoring the rules of the game, he promptly captured it. 'Ah,' said the duchess, 'we do not take Kings so.' Replied Franklin in a famous quip: 'We do in America.'"

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in mid-June 1773, causing a political firestorm in Massachusetts and raising significant questions in England. The British began to regard him as the fomenter of serious trouble. Hopes for a peaceful solution ended as he was systematically ridiculed and humiliated by

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At this time, many members of the Pennsylvania Assembly were feuding with William Penn's heirs, who controlled the colony as proprietors. After his return to the colony, Franklin led the "anti-proprietary party" in the struggle against the Penn family and was elected

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his devotion to egalitarianism, education, industry, thrift, honesty, temperance, charity and community spirit. Thomas Kidd states, "As an adult, Franklin touted ethical responsibility, industriousness, and benevolence, even as he jettisoned Christian orthodoxy."

1255:. And a number of the fictitious characters, Ridentius, Eugenius, Cato, and Cretico, represent traditional 18th-century classicism. Even this Franklin could use for contemporary satire, since Cretico, the "sowre Philosopher," is evidently a portrait of his rival, 1246:

form, already modified to suit homelier conditions. The thrifty Patience, in her busy little shop, complaining of the useless visitors who waste her valuable time, is related to the women who address Mr. Spectator. The Busy-Body himself is a true Censor Morum, as

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man, contributing greatly to his success and happiness, which is why in his autobiography, he devoted more pages to this plan than to any other single point and wrote, "I hope, therefore, that some of my descendants may follow the example and reap the benefit."

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The question at the heart of this volume is the reliability, indeed, the fundamental honesty, of Donald McCormick, best known under his nom de plume, Richard Deacon. As the chapters generally attest, 'Deacon' McCormick could be an unreliable, even misleading,

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Well known as a printer and publisher, Franklin was appointed postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737, holding the office until 1753, when he and publisher William Hunter were named deputy postmasters–general of British North America, the first to hold the office.

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and raised him in his household. William was born on February 22, 1730, but his mother's identity is unknown. He was educated in Philadelphia and beginning at about age 30 studied law in London in the early 1760s. William himself fathered an illegitimate son,

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remarked at the time, with ample hyperbole, that "Such was the number of portraits, busts and medallions of him in circulation before he left Paris, that he would have been recognized from them by any adult citizen in any part of the civilized world." –

5092:, my Opinion of whom you particularly desire, I think the System of Morals and his Religion, as he left them to us, the best the world ever saw or is likely to see; but I apprehend it has received various corrupt changes, and I have, with most of the present 4953:. He did not himself subscribe to Whitefield's theology, but he admired Whitefield for exhorting people to worship God through good works. He published all of Whitefield's sermons and journals, thereby earning a lot of money and boosting the Great Awakening. 4724:

In 1761, Franklin wrote a letter to Mary Stevenson describing his experiments on the relationship between color and heat absorption. He found that darker color clothes got hotter when exposed to sunlight than lighter color clothes, an early demonstration of

1051:, seeking a new start in a new city. When he first arrived, he worked in several printing shops there, but he was not satisfied by the immediate prospects in any of these jobs. After a few months, while working in one printing house, Pennsylvania governor 5326:, and that same year Franklin became president of the organization. In 1790, Quakers from New York and Pennsylvania presented their petition for abolition to Congress. Their argument against slavery was backed by the Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society. 12178: 4997:" Whitefield's supporters in Philadelphia, including Franklin, erected "a large, new hall, that ... could provide a pulpit to anyone of any belief." Franklin's rejection of dogma and doctrine and his stress on the God of ethics and morality and 1445:

Deborah's fear of the sea meant that she never accompanied Franklin on any of his extended trips to Europe; another possible reason why they spent much time apart is that he may have blamed her for possibly preventing their son Francis from being

3456:. During his stays there, he developed a close friendship with his landlady, Margaret Stevenson, and her circle of friends and relations, in particular, her daughter Mary, who was more often known as Polly. The house is now a museum known as the 3426:

his seat in the October 1764 Assembly elections. The anti-proprietary party dispatched him to England again to continue the struggle against the Penn family proprietorship. During this trip, events drastically changed the nature of his mission.

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but did not graduate; he continued his education through voracious reading. Although "his parents talked of the church as a career" for Franklin, his schooling ended when he was ten. He worked for his father for a time, and at 12 he became an

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made him the "prophet of tolerance." He composed "A Parable Against Persecution," an apocryphal 51st chapter of Genesis in which God teaches Abraham the duty of tolerance. While he was living in London in 1774, he was present at the birth of

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in his 1771 autobiography, although he still considered himself a Christian. He retained a strong faith in a God as the wellspring of morality and goodness in man, and as a Providential actor in history responsible for American independence.

3900:, who supported the United States. Franklin remained in France until 1785. He conducted the affairs of his country toward the French nation with great success, which included securing a critical military alliance in 1778 and signing the 1783 693:

He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs. Franklin became a hero in America when, as an agent in London for several colonies, he spearheaded the repeal of the unpopular

4214:

in Philadelphia. Upon learning of his death, the Constitutional Assembly in Revolutionary France entered into a state of mourning for a period of three days, and memorial services were conducted in honor of Franklin throughout the country.

3546:. This reformed alphabet discarded six letters he regarded as redundant (c, j, q, w, x, and y), and substituted six new letters for sounds he felt lacked letters of their own. This alphabet never caught on, and he eventually lost interest. 1233:

soon became his characteristic organ, which he freely used for satire, for the play of his wit, even for sheer excess of mischief or of fun. From the first, he had a way of adapting his models to his own uses. The series of essays called

5884:

presided over the dedication ceremony. Many of Franklin's personal possessions are on display at the institute. In London, his house at 36 Craven Street, which is the only surviving former residence of Franklin, was first marked with a

4535:

circulation patterns. While in England in 1768, he heard a complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs. British packet ships carrying mail had taken several weeks longer to reach New York than it took an average merchant ship to reach

4819:, I strike out the five; and thus proceeding I find at length where the Ballance lies; and if after a Day or two of farther Consideration nothing new that is of Importance occurs on either side, I come to a Determination accordingly. 3613:

was affected by the same trade regulations and laws that governed the Thirteen Colonies. He feared that the American colonies could eventually come to the same level of poverty if the regulations and laws continued to apply to them.

1039:, "Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom and no such thing as public liberty without freedom of speech." Franklin left his apprenticeship without his brother's permission, and in so doing became a fugitive. 21797: 3308:, by local stationer Benjamin Leigh, on April 23, 1754, but service was irregular. Franklin opened the first post office to offer regular, monthly mail in Halifax on December 9, 1755. Meantime, Hunter became postal administrator in 3597:. Franklin noted of him that "all the plausible behaviour I have described is meant only, by patting and stroking the horse, to make him more patient, while the reins are drawn tighter, and the spurs set deeper into his sides." In 14450:, 39 vols. to date (1959–2008), definitive edition, through 1783. This massive collection of BF's writings, and letters to him, is available in large academic libraries. It is most useful for detailed research on specific topics. 14363:

Franklin, B.; Majault, M.J.; Le Roy, J.B.; Sallin, C.L.; Bailly, J.-S.; d'Arcet, J.; de Bory, G.; Guillotin, J.-I.; Lavoisier, A. (2002). "Report of The Commissioners charged by the King with the Examination of Animal Magnetism".

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Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, philanthropist, statesman, and scientist. The eighteenth century's most illustrious Pennsylvanian built a house in Franklin Court starting in 1763, and here he lived the last five years of his

3117:

to help scientific men discuss their discoveries and theories. He began the electrical research that, along with other scientific inquiries, would occupy him for the rest of his life, in between bouts of politics and moneymaking.

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in Paris and asked his fellow member of the Enlightenment vanguard to bless his grandson, Voltaire said in English, "God and Liberty," and added, "this is the only appropriate benediction for the grandson of Monsieur Franklin."

3742:

Indians and marched on Philadelphia. Franklin helped to organize a local militia to defend the capital against the mob. He met with the Paxton leaders and persuaded them to disperse. Franklin wrote a scathing attack against the

4579:

Though it was Dr. Franklin and Captain Tim Folger, who first turned the Gulf Stream to nautical account, the discovery that there was a Gulf Stream cannot be said to belong to either of them, for its existence was known to

3413:. He remained there for five years, striving to end the proprietors' prerogative to overturn legislation from the elected Assembly and their exemption from paying taxes on their land. His lack of influential allies in 4993:." The evangelical revivalists who were active mid-century, such as Whitefield, were the greatest advocates of religious freedom, "claiming liberty of conscience to be an 'inalienable right of every rational creature. 4571:. It took many years for British sea captains to adopt Franklin's advice on navigating the current; once they did, they were able to trim two weeks from their sailing time. In 1853, the oceanographer and cartographer 11060: 7337: 5758:£1,000 (about $ 4,400 at the time, or about $ 125,000 in 2021 dollars) each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, in trust to gather interest for 200 years. The trust began in 1785 when the French mathematician 5192:

Franklin sought to cultivate his character by a plan of 13 virtues, which he developed at age 20 (in 1726) and continued to practice in some form for the rest of his life. His autobiography lists his 13 virtues as:

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convinced him to go to London, ostensibly to acquire the equipment necessary for establishing another newspaper in Philadelphia. Discovering that Keith's promises of backing a newspaper were empty, he worked as a

12146: 10019:, October 19, 1752. In The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, The American Philosophical Society and Yale University; digital edition by The Packard Humanities Institute, Vol. 4, p. 360a. Retrieved February 6, 2017. 792:

His life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and his status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored for more than two centuries after his death on the

14609: 14599: 14589: 5462:, stating: "I do hereby sincerely declare, that he was not inoculated, but receiv'd the Distemper in the common Way of Infection ... I intended to have my Child inoculated." The child had a bad case of flux 4022:). Franklin became so enthusiastic that he subscribed financially to the next project to build a manned hydrogen balloon. On December 1, 1783, Franklin was seated in the special enclosure for honored guests 3316:. Franklin reorganized the service's accounting system and improved speed of delivery between Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. By 1761, efficiencies led to the first profits for the colonial post office. 14176:(1999). 213 pp. Takes position midway between D H Lawrence's brutal 1930 denunciation of Franklin's religion as nothing more than a bourgeois commercialism tricked out in shallow utilitarian moralisms and 4255:

he wrote, "... as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously."

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by observing that on a very hot day, he stayed cooler in a wet shirt in a breeze than he did in a dry one. To understand this phenomenon more clearly, he conducted experiments. In 1758 on a warm day in

1485:, born on the same day and month: February 22, 1760. The boy's mother was never identified, and he was placed in foster care. In 1762, the elder William Franklin married Elizabeth Downes, daughter of a 21827: 1583:," dated June 25, 1745, in which he gives advice to a young man about channeling sexual urges. Due to its licentious nature, it was not published in collections of his papers during the 19th century. 3804:

the previous month, on April 19, 1775. The New England militia had forced the main British army to remain inside Boston. The Pennsylvania Assembly unanimously chose Franklin as their delegate to the

3590:

in Edinburgh. In 1759, he visited Edinburgh with his son and later reported that he considered his six weeks in Scotland "six weeks of the densest happiness I have met with in any part of my life."

3500:), which had been founded in 1754. After his return to the United States in 1775, he became the Society's Corresponding Member, continuing a close connection. The Royal Society of Arts instituted a 5318: – owned slaves, but many others did not. Benjamin Franklin thought that slavery was "an atrocious debasement of human nature" and "a source of serious evils." In 1787, Franklin and 4715:, the thermometer read a lower temperature, eventually reaching 7 °F (−14 °C). Another thermometer showed that the room temperature was constant at 65 °F (18 °C). In his letter 17825: 789:. Foundational in defining the American ethos, Franklin has been called "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become". 20586: 20576: 3132:, which provided Franklin with half of the shop's profits for 18 years. This lucrative business arrangement provided leisure time for study, and in a few years he had made many new discoveries. 20566: 20556: 17515: 11923:

The memorial of the Pennsylvania Society for promoting the Abolition of Slavery, the relief of free Negroes unlawfully held in bondage, and the Improvement of the Conditions of the African Race

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local high school students. Franklin's Boston trust fund accumulated almost $ 5,000,000 during that same time; at the end of its first 100 years a portion was allocated to help establish a

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in 1783, and the subsequent harsh European winter of 1784, Franklin made observations on the causal nature of these two seemingly separate events. He wrote about them in a lecture series.

17840: 17270: 14607: 14597: 6954:"Vol. 15. Colonial and Revolutionary Literature; Early National Literature, Part I. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21" 5842:. His pervasive influence in the early history of the nation has led to his being jocularly called "the only president of the United States who was never president of the United States." 690:

and was elected its president in 1769. He was appointed deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in 1753, which enabled him to set up the first national communications network.

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electric experiments performed which are usually done by the help of a rubber glass globe or tube; and therefore the sameness of the electrical matter with that of lightening [

854:, England, on December 23, 1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith and farmer, and his wife, Jane White. Benjamin's father and all four of his grandparents were born in England. 4364:

Franklin advised Harvard University in its acquisition of new electrical laboratory apparatus after the complete loss of its original collection, in a fire that destroyed the original

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In his writings, Franklin indicates that he was aware of the dangers and offered alternative ways to demonstrate that lightning was electrical, as shown by his use of the concept of

26920: 17638: 16802: 16212: 5595:, which France's strongest players made their regular meeting place. No records of his games have survived, so it is not possible to ascertain his playing strength in modern terms. 15446: 9426: 1271:, took over and made it a success. She was one of the colonial era's first woman printers. For three decades Franklin maintained a close business relationship with her and her son 26655: 20673: 17740: 26935: 20411: 17510: 15583: 5905:, in which Washington and Franklin were depicted many times over a 14-year period, the longest run of any one series in U.S. postal history. However, he only appears on a few 3699: 26695: 21460: 20008: 18606: 18554: 18457: 16906: 16217: 15735: 12532: 4884:, Franklin emphasized that the new republic could survive only if the people were virtuous. All his life, he explored the role of civic and personal virtue, as expressed in 4129: 3422: 26372: 11068: 5583:

each game between them had the right to assign a task, such as parts of the Italian grammar to be learned by heart, to be performed by the loser before their next meeting.

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Though Franklin is famously associated with kites from his lightning experiments, he has also been noted by many for using kites to pull humans and ships across waterways.

3629:. News of his electrical discoveries was widespread in France. His reputation meant that he was introduced to many influential scientists and politicians, and also to King 1098:

Reading was a great pastime of the Junto, but books were rare and expensive. The members created a library, initially assembled from their own books, after Franklin wrote:

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Elementa philosophica: containing chiefly, Noetica, or things relating to the mind or understanding: and Ethica, or things relating to the moral behaviour. Philadelphia

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Government & Politics, Government & Politics 18th Century, Invention, Science & Medicine, Professions & Vocations, Publishing & Journalism, Writers

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Franklin spent two months in German lands in 1766, but his connections to the country stretched across a lifetime. He declared a debt of gratitude to German scientist

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lik'd to keep them together, have each of us the advantage of using the books of all the other members, which would be nearly as beneficial as if each owned the whole.

3297: 1508:, as Benjamin Franklin could never accept William's position. Deposed in 1776 by the revolutionary government of New Jersey, William was placed under house arrest at 26940: 20755: 20616: 20606: 18745: 17991: 17198: 17188: 5003: 17830: 26785: 26495: 20811: 17208: 17203: 17193: 17183: 16807: 16257: 15776: 15717: 15625: 5346: 3622: 5052:

Christianity." According to David Morgan, Franklin was a proponent of "generic religion." He prayed to "Powerful Goodness" and referred to God as "the infinite."

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rather than in the gallery. He was the first American to receive this honor. While touring Ireland, he was deeply moved by the level of poverty he witnessed. The

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on September 1, 1730. They took in his recently acknowledged illegitimate young son and raised him in their household. They had two children together. Their son,

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to benefit society. Franklin learned about forming do-good associations from Mather, but his organizational skills made him the most influential force in making

4428:, on October 19, 1752, without mentioning that he himself had performed it. This account was read to the Royal Society on December 21 and printed as such in the 4369: 4307:

respectively, which replaced the then current distinction made between 'vitreous' and 'resinous' electricity, and he was the first to discover the principle of

3993: 3673:, proving that they had encouraged the Crown to crack down on Bostonians. Franklin sent them to America, where they escalated tensions. The letters were finally 3087:

in 1729, and his printer printed money. He was influential in the more restrained and thus successful monetary experiments in the Middle Colonies, which stopped

3762:. "He waged a public relations campaign, secured secret aid, played a role in privateering expeditions, and churned out effective and inflammatory propaganda." 26775: 21440: 20361: 17173: 17168: 17137: 17132: 13016: 8143: 5990: 5591:

in London for chess and socializing, making many important personal contacts. While in Paris, both as a visitor and later as ambassador, he visited the famous

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Frasca, Ralph (2003). "'I am now about to establish a small Printing Office ... at Newhaven': Benjamin Franklin and the First Newspaper in Connecticut".

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in 1734, indicating his rapid rise to prominence in Pennsylvania. The same year, he edited and published the first Masonic book in the Americas, a reprint of

857:

Josiah Franklin had a total of seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to

23463: 17178: 17158: 17142: 12846: 12060: 6228: 4903:, the most liberal Puritan congregation in Boston, where Benjamin Franklin was baptized in 1706. Franklin's father, a poor chandler, owned a copy of a book, 26500: 20682: 20531: 20370: 17735: 17109: 14885: 7262: 7871: 5150:

The design that was produced was not acted upon by Congress, and the Great Seal's design was not finalized until a third committee was appointed in 1782.

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Ralph Frasca, "'The Partnership at Carolina Having succeeded, was Encourag'd to Engage in Others': The Genesis of Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network",

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At a critical impasse during the Constitutional Convention in June 1787, he attempted to introduce the practice of daily common prayer with these words:

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Franklin became involved in Philadelphia politics and rapidly progressed. In October 1748, he was selected as a councilman; in June 1749, he became a

1173:– although it failed after only one year because four other newly founded German papers quickly dominated the newspaper market. Franklin also printed 26960: 26630: 25555: 21433: 17525: 17093: 17088: 17073: 17068: 17058: 17048: 15791: 11123:

Other Deists and natural religionists who considered themselves Christians in some sense of the word included Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.

12960: 7297: 5795:, proposed the foundation of a new college named in Franklin's honor. Franklin donated £200 towards the development of Franklin College (now called 20521: 20486: 20476: 20461: 20451: 20416: 20406: 15604: 3511:(referred today as science in general) drew him into overlapping circles of acquaintance. Franklin was, for example, a corresponding member of the 8581: 8380: 4891:. He felt that organized religion was necessary to keep men good to their fellow men, but rarely attended religious services himself. When he met 4840: 3726:

In 1763, soon after Franklin returned to Pennsylvania from England for the first time, the western frontier was engulfed in a bitter war known as

1536:

for eight months. When finally released in a prisoner exchange in 1778, he moved to New York City, which was occupied by the British at the time.

714:. At some points in his life, he owned slaves and ran "for sale" ads for slaves in his newspaper, but by the late 1750s, he began arguing against 26645: 21995: 20763: 20446: 20436: 17916: 17017: 16997: 16952: 15722: 15451: 13633: 8618:"Benjamin Franklin | Ken Burns | PBS | Watch Benjamin Franklin: A Ken Burns Film | Full Documentary Now Streaming | PBS" 5419:

inquiring as to how tofu was made, with their correspondence believed to be the first documented use of the word "tofu" in the English language.

4922:

Franklin formulated a presentation of his beliefs and published it in 1728. He no longer accepted the key Puritan ideas regarding salvation, the

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as a gathering place to recruit a regiment of soldiers to go into battle against the Native American uprisings that beset the American colonies.

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In his later years, as Congress was forced to deal with the issue of slavery, Franklin wrote several essays that stressed the importance of the

4299:" (as electricity was called then), but the same "fluid" under different pressures. (The same proposal was made independently that same year by 26805: 26665: 26430: 25595: 23709: 20659: 20431: 19388: 19126: 18401: 17007: 17002: 15796: 15781: 10640: 7522: 6012: 4350: 3300:

were standard at the time, for political reasons.) He was responsible for the British colonies from Pennsylvania north and east, as far as the

3128:

In 1747, Franklin (already a very wealthy man) retired from printing and went into other businesses. He formed a partnership with his foreman,

19499: 12935: 11697: 7298:"The Colonial American Working Wife and Her Dear and Loving Husband Absent upon Some Employment: Deborah and Benjamin Franklin's Married Life" 6264: 3966:

that mesmerism only seemed to work when the subjects expected it, which discredited mesmerism and became the first major demonstration of the

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for Philadelphia; and in 1751, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly. On August 10, 1753, he was appointed deputy postmaster-general of

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Franklin became a vegetarian when he was a teenager apprenticing at a print shop, after coming upon a book by the early vegetarian advocate

26875: 18208: 17260: 16523: 15831: 15771: 11653: 10544: 8267: 5985: 4392: 873:, and had ten children with her. Benjamin, their eighth child, was Josiah Franklin's fifteenth child overall, and his tenth and final son. 12427: 9218: 3908: 3646:

fight France—as many as Britain itself sent—and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone.

3390:

Franklin in London in 1767, wearing a blue suit with elaborate gold braid and buttons, a far cry from the simple dress he affected at the

916:, he was arrested on February 10, 1676, and jailed on February 19 for his inability to pay bail. He spent over a year and a half in jail. 26965: 26815: 26685: 26605: 26595: 26470: 22336: 21007: 17921: 17720: 15786: 15554: 15167: 14910: 14286: 8998: 7222: 4330:, resulting in numbness in his arms that persisted for one evening, noting "I am Ashamed to have been Guilty of so Notorious a Blunder." 999:

Franklin's father wanted him to attend school with the clergy but only had enough money to send him to school for two years. He attended

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edited by J.A. Leo Lemay and P.M. Zall, (Norton Critical Editions, 1986); 390 pp. text, contemporary documents and 20th century analysis

11204: 8905: 8057: 7848: 7441: 7397: 6104: 5295:. After returning from England in 1762, Franklin became notably more abolitionist in nature, attacking American slavery. In the wake of 26950: 26945: 26825: 26610: 26585: 26490: 26475: 26455: 24499: 24140: 20354: 17456: 16982: 16945: 16782: 16431: 16374: 15838: 15649: 12737: 10808: 9849: 8790: 6077: 5725: 4291:

Franklin started exploring the phenomenon of electricity in the 1740s, after he met the itinerant lecturer Archibald Spencer, who used

3347: 1524:, an entity which he refused to recognize, regarding it as an "illegal assembly." He was incarcerated in Connecticut for two years, in 1327: 802: 14558:

Miller, Brandon. Benjamin Franklin, American Genius: His Life and Ideas with 21 Activities (For Kids series) 2009 Chicago Review Press

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On October 21, 1743, according to the popular myth, a storm moving from the southwest denied Franklin the opportunity of witnessing a

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player. He was playing chess by around 1733, making him the first chess player known by name in the American colonies. His essay on "

5390:

greater progress from that greater clearness of head and quicker apprehension which usually attend temperance in eating and drinking.

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calculated that America's population was doubling every 20 years and would surpass that of England in a century. In 1751, he drafted

4144: 4137: 4101: 3813: 3782: 3688: 3210: 1580: 1532:, and, after being caught surreptitiously engaging Americans into supporting the Loyalist cause, was held in solitary confinement at 1517: 1166:

after he achieved fame as a scientist and statesman, he habitually signed his letters with the unpretentious 'B. Franklin, Printer.'

1021:," a middle-aged widow. Mrs. Dogood's letters were published and became a subject of conversation around town. Neither James nor the 642: 21882: 14891: 13694:'Tracing the Pattern among the Tangled Threads': The Composition and Publication History of 'The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin' 13333: 7045:

Smith, Jeffery A. (1993). "Impartiality and Revolutionary Ideology: Editorial Policies of the 'South-Carolina Gazette,' 1732–1735".

3185:, called a "new-model" plan or style of American college. Franklin solicited, printed in 1752, and promoted an American textbook of 26955: 26870: 26835: 26615: 26540: 26450: 26445: 24684: 21146: 20141: 18731: 17700: 15863: 15654: 9571: 7756: 4174:

Franklin suffered from obesity throughout his middle age and elder years, which resulted in multiple health problems, particularly

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In 1757, he was sent to England by the Pennsylvania Assembly as a colonial agent to protest against the political influence of the

1494: 1423: 617: 44: 11466: 9384: 8643:"The Avalon Project : Treaty of Amity and Commerce between His Majesty the King of Prussia, and the United States of America" 5104:. Franklin's proposal (which was not adopted) featured the motto: "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God" and a scene from the 4752:

conduct ..." and again, "... And water, though naturally a good conductor, will not conduct well when frozen into ice."

26885: 26840: 26650: 25292: 24594: 21706: 21016: 19161: 17911: 16497: 15382: 12649: 6819: 3919:. In July 1784, Franklin met with Mirabeau and contributed anonymous materials that the Frenchman used in his first signed work: 3685: 3198: 2531: 15078: 14492: 14455: 13039: 11673:

Words of the Founding Fathers: Selected Quotations of Franklin, Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison and Hamilton, with Sources

4498:

Four years later, it was anonymously printed in Boston and was quickly reproduced in Britain, where it influenced the economist

4448:

in Russia, were indeed electrocuted in performing lightning experiments during the months immediately following his experiment.

1587:

rulings from the mid-to-late 20th century cited the document as a reason for overturning obscenity laws and against censorship.

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and unable to attend most meetings of the committee, he made several "small but important" changes to the draft sent to him by

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While in New York City, he became leader of the Board of Associated Loyalists, a quasi-military organization chartered by King

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in 1999. The Franklin Mercantile Chess Club in Philadelphia, the second oldest chess club in the U.S., is named in his honor.

823:

said of him: "Eripuit fulmen cœlo, mox sceptra tyrannis" ("He snatched lightning from the sky and the scepter from tyrants").

26910: 26760: 26700: 24701: 20401: 20347: 18223: 17313: 17308: 17235: 16636: 16492: 16266: 16222: 15816: 15766: 15319: 15017: 14552: 14487: 14343: 13984: 13711: 13373: 13312: 13288: 13266: 13222: 13200: 13178: 13081: 13060: 12793: 12574: 12381: 12268: 11681: 11534: 11383: 11116: 10948: 10740: 10692: 10476: 10449: 10422: 10352: 10307: 10280: 10128: 10058: 9716: 9317: 9127: 8931: 8867: 8751: 8717: 8678: 8591: 8353:, The Review of English Studies New Series, Vol. 56, No. 227 (Nov. 2005), pp. 758–66 . Published by: Oxford University Press 8109: 7811: 7782: 7659: 6768: 6643: 6597: 6323: 6184: 6157: 5918: 5846: 5839: 4151:, a Mrs. Powel asked Franklin what kind of government they had wrought. He replied: "A republic, madam, if you can keep it." 3971: 3832: 3735: 3594: 2682: 2622: 794: 634: 318: 12006: 5909:. Some of the finest portrayals of Franklin on record can be found on the engravings inscribed on the face of U.S. postage. 1504:

to the king, William Franklin saw his relations with father Benjamin eventually break down over their differences about the

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in France contributed to arguments made by French philosophers and politicians that resulted in Louis XVI's signing of the

3835:

must all hang together, saying, "Yes, we must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately."

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Franklin used London as a base to travel. In 1771, he made short journeys through different parts of England, staying with

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Philip L. Richardson (February 8, 1980), "Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger's first printed chart of the Gulf Stream",

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might be the Sect, was never refused." "He helped create a new type of nation that would draw strength from its religious

2672: 26860: 26850: 26269: 25402: 25312: 21911: 21601: 21116: 20962: 19324: 18525: 18332: 17951: 17543: 15695: 15409: 15337: 15138:, including correspondence, government documents, writings and a copy of his will, are available for research use at the 14978: 14931: 12032: 9687:"Transcript of Benjamin Franklin, Epitaph – Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words | Exhibitions (Library of Congress)" 9468:

Harlow Giles Unger, "Thomas Paine and the Clarion Call for American Independence" (New York: Da Capo Press, 2019), p. 90.

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In 1756, Franklin had become a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce (now the

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Benjamin Franklin Papers, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.

4562: 686:, which opened in 1751 and later became the University of Pennsylvania. He organized and was the first secretary of the 592: 26975: 26800: 26725: 26715: 26580: 23702: 22560: 21985: 21196: 19119: 18686: 18667: 17588: 16731: 15957: 15240: 15139: 14824:

Panel discussion on Franklin with Walter Isaacson, Gordon Wood, and Stacy Schiff, hosted by Jim Lehrer, January 8, 2006

14161: 14115: 13565: 13546: 13527: 13495: 13476: 13457: 13438: 13419: 10493:"The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, Volume III: London, 1757 – 1775 – On the Price of Corn, and Management of the Poor" 10192: 7900: 6232: 4881: 3328: 3166: 2842: 2652: 2112: 1290:(1755–68), however, proved unsuccessful. As the Revolution approached, political strife slowly tore his network apart. 703: 20: 12167:

One article posited that "epidemeal distempers (such as smallpox) come as Judgments from an angry and displeased God."

6972:

Colonial and Revolutionary Literature; Early National Literature, Part I. Colonial Newspapers and Magazines, 1704–1775

5100:

On July 4, 1776, Congress appointed a three-member committee composed of Franklin, Jefferson, and Adams to design the

4739:, Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice are worth mentioning, although the law of the general effect of 4023: 3098:

As he matured, Franklin began to concern himself more with public affairs. In 1743, he first devised a scheme for the

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When he established himself in Philadelphia, shortly before 1730, the town boasted two "wretched little" news sheets,

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https://www.anb.org/display/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0100298?rskey=69AExU&result=10

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but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.

4322:) by placing eleven panes of glass sandwiched between lead plates, suspended with silk cords and connected by wires. 4179: 4125: 4077: 3233: 2932: 2397: 2182: 1552: 1521: 786: 719: 54: 14836: 13725: 8351:

William Hazlitt (1737–1820), the Priestley Circle, and "The Theological Repository:" A Brief Survey and Bibliography

3143:. His most notable service in domestic politics was his reform of the postal system, with mail sent out every week. 1151:

Upon Denham's death, Franklin returned to his former trade. In 1728, he set up a printing house in partnership with

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had begun persecuting Puritans. Her father Peter was "the sort of rebel destined to transform colonial America." As

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Franklin's actual grave, however, as he specified in his final will, simply reads "Benjamin and Deborah Franklin."

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During his lengthy missions to London between 1757 and 1775, Franklin lodged in a house on Craven Street, just off

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He was appointed president of the Academy on November 13, 1749; the academy and the charity school opened in 1751.

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Schofield, Robert E. (December 1957), "The Industrial Orientation of Science in the Lunar Society of Birmingham",

4540:. The merchantmen had a longer and more complex voyage because they left from London, while the packets left from 4096:

missing funds were never again mentioned in Congress. Le Ray honored him with a commissioned portrait painted by

3927:, established in the United States. Franklin and Mirabeau thought of it as a "noble order," inconsistent with the 3504:

in 1956 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of his birth and the 200th anniversary of his membership of the RSA.

2712: 1330:, he knew of the hazing before it turned fatal, and did nothing to stop it. He was criticized for his inaction in 26905: 26750: 26560: 26555: 26304: 24328: 24179: 22329: 20707: 20219: 19544: 17780: 17765: 15821: 15482: 15399: 15160: 14648: 6028: 5854: 5588: 5101: 4341:. This work led to the field becoming widely known. In recognition of his work with electricity, he received the 1112: 815: 762: 19977: 12838: 5556: 26790: 26770: 26625: 26505: 25529: 25382: 24268: 20339: 20092: 19334: 18187: 16754: 16502: 16025: 15924: 15853: 15826: 15456: 15394: 15284: 14184:

York, Neil (October 2009). "When Words Fail: William Pitt, Benjamin Franklin and the Imperial Crisis of 1766".

8413: 7372: 5902: 5796: 5662: 5323: 4338: 4113: 4065: 3114: 3038: 2960: 1806: 1501: 1052: 687: 20374: 19524: 15309: 14854: – talk by medical historian, Dr. Jim Leavesley celebrating the 300th anniversary of Franklin's birth on 14440: 9251: 8336: 5404: 2727: 26745: 26680: 26515: 25758: 25569: 25442: 24664: 23695: 23423: 22934: 22171: 20327: 19756: 19403: 19112: 18775: 17961: 17901: 17490: 16564: 16038: 15421: 14256: 14144:

A Man for All Ages: The Changing Image of Benjamin Franklin in Nineteenth Century American Popular Literature

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1785: Benjamin Franklin's "Sundry Maritime Observations," The Academy of Natural Sciences, April 1939 m

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Franklin also served as American minister to Sweden, although he never visited that country. He negotiated a

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By the time Franklin arrived in Philadelphia on May 5, 1775, after his second mission to Great Britain, the

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in 1753, and in 1756, he became one of the few 18th-century Americans elected a fellow of the Society. The

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in his demonstrations. He proposed that "vitreous" and "resinous" electricity were not different types of "

3734:, a group of settlers convinced that the Pennsylvania government was not doing enough to protect them from 3695:

on January 29, 1774. He returned to Philadelphia in March 1775, and abandoned his accommodationist stance.

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between Prussia and America in 1785. In September 1767, he visited Paris with his usual traveling partner,

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in England to improve relations with the Indians and defense against the French. Franklin proposed a broad

3182: 2922: 2885: 2805: 2765: 2667: 2662: 715: 26389: 15011: 14718: 14180:'s sympathetic 1967 treatment of the dynamism and protean character of Franklin's "polytheistic" religion. 12616: 12317: 5369:. In addition, he would have also been familiar with the moral arguments espoused by prominent vegetarian 1017:

When denied the chance to write a letter to the paper for publication, Franklin adopted the pseudonym of "

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Considérations sur l'Ordre de Cincinnatus ou Imitation d'un pamphlet anglo-américain [microforme]

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Franklin is known to have played the violin, the harp, and the guitar. He also composed music, notably a

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Franklin's design for the First Great Seal of America, inspired by the Geneva Bible published in 1560 by

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awarded him an honorary doctorate in recognition of his accomplishments. In October 1759, he was granted

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to his brother James, a printer, who taught him the printing trade. When Benjamin was 15, James founded

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used the instrument in the accompaniment to Amelia's aria "Par che mi dica ancora" in the tragic opera

5125: 4581: 4472: 4300: 4285: 4051: 3770: 3205:. The college was to become influential in guiding the founding documents of the United States: in the 3202: 3050: 3022: 2760: 2461: 2132: 1505: 1465: 1307: 1303: 1264: 1263:

fifteen English language newspapers in the colonies were published by him or his partners. He began in

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in 1683; they had three children before emigration and four after. Following her death, Josiah married

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1908 through 1923, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps commonly referred to as the

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Franklin also declared the consumption of meat to be "unprovoked murder." Despite his convictions, he

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in Philadelphia, one of the first hospitals in the United States, depicted in this 1755 engraving by

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and on several varieties of the $ 100 bill from 1914 and 1918. Franklin also appears on the $ 1,000

1111:, which would pool the funds of the members to buy books for all to read. This was the birth of the 777:. Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for 26710: 26570: 26018: 25708: 25352: 23553: 23503: 23312: 22602: 21492: 21111: 20731: 20601: 20591: 20581: 20571: 20551: 20541: 19751: 19716: 19285: 19071: 19019: 18879: 18564: 18547: 18136: 18006: 17870: 17730: 17649: 17495: 17485: 17353: 16116: 15981: 15510: 15505: 15267: 14901: 14880: 11632: 10015: 9572:"It was 228 years ago today: Benjamin Franklin died in Philadelphia – National Constitution Center" 5894: 5599: 5499: 5451: 5374: 4828: 4788: 4676: 4645: 4424: 4081: 3970:

effect, which was described at that time as "imagination." In 1781, he was elected a fellow of the

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noted being inspired by Benjamin Franklin's traction of his body by kite power across a waterway.

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During his stay in France, he was active as a Freemason, serving as venerable master of the lodge

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A Treatise on The Aeropleustic Art, or Navigation in the Air, by means of Kites, or Buoyant Sails

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A Treatise on The Aeropleustic Art, or Navigation in the Air, by means of Kites, or Buoyant Sails

4440:. Franklin was careful to stand on an insulator, keeping dry under a roof to avoid the danger of 4248: 4105: 4059: 3955: 3889: 3461: 3457: 3103: 2820: 2810: 2775: 2491: 2137: 1728: 1640: 1533: 1529: 1513: 1482: 1427: 1178: 1010: 989: 866: 851: 542: 25066: 23297: 15801: 14087:

Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment

12420: 11149:"Online Speech Bank: Benjamin Franklin's Prayer Speech at the Constitutional Convention of 1787" 10552: 9952:

Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment

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Franklin refused to publicly debate the issue of slavery at the 1787 Constitutional Convention.

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Industry. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.

5180: 5040:, which he later saw as an embarrassment, while simultaneously asserting that God is "all wise, 3374: 3291:

the authority to travel as needed to investigate and inspect postal routes and protect the mail.

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in America. In the same year, he printed a new currency for New Jersey based on innovative anti-

3056: 668:, which he wrote under the pseudonym "Richard Saunders". After 1767, he was associated with the 26730: 26083: 26013: 25928: 24659: 24639: 24489: 24159: 23787: 22919: 22831: 22131: 22084: 21676: 21671: 21256: 21156: 20830: 20264: 20166: 20123: 19982: 19863: 19270: 19215: 18911: 18807: 18089: 17608: 17533: 17480: 17431: 17255: 16106: 16013: 15756: 15641: 15575: 15299: 14846: 11866: 11759: 11628: 10661: 10120: 10113: 8948: 8833: 7876: 7712: 7402: 5869: 5831: 5544: 5416: 5139: 4990: 4748: 4717: 4649: 4609: 4572: 4445: 4373: 3986: 3901: 3727: 3579: 3481: 3379: 3324: 3309: 3178: 3170: 2830: 2815: 2347: 2282: 1831: 1821: 1758: 1277: 782: 730: 670: 492: 24526: 14917: 14540:, a biography for children that focuses on Franklin's scientific and diplomatic contributions. 14402: 12288: 11936: 11722: 11373: 10466: 10297: 10270: 9981: 9385:"Federation Aeronautique Internationale, Ballooning Commission, Hall of Fame, Robert Brothers" 8668: 7799: 6784:

Korty, Margaret Barton (1965). "Benjamin Franklin and Eighteenth-Century American Libraries".

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A Slaveholders' Union: Slavery, Politics, and the Constitution in the Early American Republic

10439: 10412: 10344: 9734: 9307: 8902: 8099: 8054: 6587: 6505: 6471: 5510:, a fan of Franklin's enlightened ideas, had a glass harmonica in his instrument collection. 4978: 4950: 4912: 4696: 4537: 4503: 3642: 3641:

One line of argument in Parliament was that Americans should pay a share of the costs of the

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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2008

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All about the Benjamins: The Nineteenth Century Character Assassination of Benjamin Franklin

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Rum Punch & Revolution: Taverngoing & Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia

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and of the integration of African Americans into American society. These writings included:

4865: 3989:, which had denied non-Catholics civil status and the right to openly practice their faith. 26440: 26435: 26161: 26063: 25973: 25953: 25898: 25788: 25322: 25202: 24971: 24778: 24619: 24546: 24238: 24199: 24184: 23718: 23643: 23443: 22904: 22146: 22039: 21990: 21931: 21686: 21425: 21394: 21389: 21379: 21374: 21141: 21091: 20979: 20511: 20471: 20314: 20174: 20136: 20087: 19731: 19701: 19529: 19244: 19135: 18441: 17996: 17710: 17705: 17660: 17633: 17583: 17328: 16719: 16091: 16076: 16008: 15811: 14752: 14636: 12906: 12451: 11407: 11148: 10794: 10771: 10414:

The Nation's Nature: How Continental Presumptions Gave Rise to the United States of America

10233: 9341:"Science and Society, Medal commemorating Charles and Robert's balloon ascent, Paris, 1783" 7910: 7840: 7495: 5850: 5515: 5443: 5233:. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. 4633: 4629: 4585: 4452: 3868: 3434: 3305: 3206: 3136: 3129: 3122: 2860: 2602: 2541: 1904: 1826: 1733: 1700: 1435: 1385: 1157: 1108: 909: 893: 674:, a newspaper known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the policies of the 658: 630: 547: 221: 26338: 24793: 23242: 23029: 22964: 20108: 19987: 15012:

Abridgement of the Book of Common Prayer (1773), by Benjamin Franklin and Francis Dashwood

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The Life of Benjamin Franklin: Containing the Autobiography, with Notes and a Continuation

8834:""Famous British Historian claims Benjamin Franklin Was A British Spy", by Richard Deacon" 8530: 8030: 5955: 4119: 3228:

for the colonies. While the plan was not adopted, elements of it found their way into the

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Van Horne, John C. "The History and Collections of the Library Company of Philadelphia",

6086:" (He snatched the lightning from the skies and the scepter from the tyrants.) Historian 5573: 5197: 5185: 5019: 5007: 4833: 4747:

is not attributed to Franklin. However, as reported in 1836 by Franklin's great-grandson

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The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations in America.

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Benjamin Franklin for The Pennsylvania Abolition Society to the United States Congress,

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Portraits of Franklin at this time often contained an inscription, the best known being

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noted that while Franklin charted and codified the Gulf Stream, he did not discover it:

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published November 29, 1766, titled "On the Price of Corn, and Management of the poor."

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by the British Parliament. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired as the first

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experiments and Franklin's electrical writings from Wright Center for Science Education

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On; Mumford, Michael D. (2002). "Social innovation: ten cases from Benjamin Franklin".

6415: 5881: 5873: 5578: 5297: 5093: 5011: 4783:, Franklin laid out the earliest known description of the Pro & Con list, a common 4625: 4567: 4541: 4292: 4210:

Approximately 20,000 people attended Franklin's funeral after which he was interred in

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Stealing God's Thunder: Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod and the Invention of America

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The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 3: Soldier, scientist, and politician, 1748–1757

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The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 3: Soldier, Scientist, and Politician, 1748–1757

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Shaping North America: From Exploration to the American Revolution [3 volumes]

6055: 5739: 5212:. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. 4759:

when the cooks scuttled their greasy water. He studied the effects on a large pond in

4612:, shipboard lightning rods and a soup bowl designed to stay stable in stormy weather. 4147:. It was primarily an honorary position and he seldom engaged in debate. According to 3698:

In 1773, Franklin published two of his most celebrated pro-American satirical essays:

1072:, a merchant who employed him as a clerk, shopkeeper, and bookkeeper in his business. 26257: 26221: 26197: 26068: 26023: 25858: 25848: 25793: 25743: 25628: 25487: 25432: 25272: 25061: 24723: 24624: 24426: 24228: 23392: 23292: 23257: 23082: 23059: 23054: 22545: 22535: 22384: 22369: 22345: 22253: 22248: 22223: 22208: 22198: 22193: 22054: 22007: 21916: 21741: 21731: 21621: 21606: 21364: 21316: 21226: 21216: 21191: 21166: 21081: 21029: 20077: 20072: 20034: 20024: 19873: 19789: 19784: 19726: 19574: 19564: 19329: 19186: 19039: 18847: 18446: 18192: 18177: 18031: 17906: 17885: 17857: 17461: 17288: 16834: 16769: 16600: 16585: 16441: 16405: 16101: 16096: 15949: 15858: 15567: 15245: 15135: 15064: 14548: 14517: 14504: 14499: 14483: 14381: 14339: 14301: 14197: 14157: 14111: 14090: 13999: 13980: 13849: 13843: 13738: 13707: 13684: 13576: 13561: 13542: 13523: 13491: 13472: 13453: 13434: 13415: 13369: 13347: 13308: 13284: 13262: 13240: 13218: 13196: 13174: 13143: 13122: 13077: 13071: 13056: 13050: 13036: 12818: 12789: 12570: 12515: 12504:

The essay appears in a book by the felicitously named Norman Knight, "Chess Pieces",

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area of London. Following this, he returned to Philadelphia in 1726 with the help of

1035: 778: 638: 629:: a leading writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher and 24541: 23162: 22856: 20940: 20113: 19534: 16937: 15461: 14393: 12642:"Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount – 1790 to Present" 11963: 9077: 7442:"What Led Benjamin Franklin to Live Estranged From His Wife for Nearly Two Decades?" 7398:"What Led Benjamin Franklin to Live Estranged From His Wife for Nearly Two Decades?" 4854: 3935: 3873: 3336: 3283: 3091:

without causing excessive inflation. In 1766, he made a case for paper money to the

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When he returned home in 1785, Franklin occupied a position second only to that of

4027: 3943: 3821: 3759: 3715: 3555: 3209:, for example, over one-third of the college-affiliated men who contributed to the 3049:

Seal of the College of Philadelphia, a college founded by Franklin that is now the

3021:; the cartoon was later resurrected, serving as an iconic symbol in support of the 2910: 2870: 2587: 2421: 2327: 2227: 2212: 2122: 2052: 1959: 1954: 1929: 1836: 1816: 1801: 1660: 1477: 1469: 1460: 1422:

Franklin returned in 1726 and resumed his courtship of Deborah. They established a

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Franklin: The Autobiography and other Writings on Politics, Economics, and Virtue.

12343: 10788: 10748: 9710: 8617: 7279: 6366: 5931: 5206:. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation." 5162:

public liberty without freedom of speech, which is the right of every man ...

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Benjamin Franklin's Vision of American Community: A Study in Rhetorical Iconology

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in the early eighteenth century, but the procedure was not immediately accepted.

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He provided an early response to British surveillance through his own network of

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awarded him honorary master of arts degrees. In 1756, he was awarded an honorary

3217: 2950: 2642: 2627: 2267: 2147: 2107: 2082: 2062: 2009: 1994: 1846: 1841: 1710: 1705: 1695: 1650: 1625: 1335: 1202: 1190: 1174: 934: 832: 750: 563: 20369: 20131: 18723: 15031: 14255:(2011), 25 essays by scholars emphasizing how historians have handled Franklin. 13394: 12970:. The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House. August 1998. p. 1. Archived from 11888: 11604:"The Geneva Bible: The First English Study Bible | Houston Christian University" 8973: 6703: 6388:"Franklin's Father Josiah: Life of a Colonial Boston Tallow Chandler, 1657–1745" 4124:

Special balloting conducted October 18, 1785, unanimously elected him the sixth

3366:

From the mid-1750s to the mid-1770s, Franklin spent much of his time in London.

2047: 1874: 633:. Among the most influential intellectuals of his time, Franklin was one of the 26245: 26233: 26118: 26113: 26073: 26038: 25983: 25938: 25853: 25773: 25768: 25698: 25683: 25539: 25447: 25437: 25166: 25041: 25026: 25001: 24996: 24991: 24936: 24911: 24866: 24846: 24708: 24679: 24654: 24609: 24589: 24551: 24506: 24386: 24376: 24233: 24064: 23877: 23653: 23543: 23473: 23372: 23347: 23217: 23187: 23147: 23112: 22969: 22894: 22879: 22874: 22765: 22755: 22465: 22416: 22288: 22258: 22218: 22213: 22161: 22079: 22064: 21766: 21596: 21561: 21541: 21512: 21502: 21399: 21369: 21211: 21176: 21121: 21106: 21101: 21039: 20846: 20787: 20426: 20254: 20204: 20062: 19939: 19934: 19924: 19820: 19746: 19655: 19650: 19473: 19448: 19428: 19413: 19398: 19383: 18975: 18967: 18943: 18851: 18648: 18631: 18291: 18270: 18254: 18218: 18162: 18131: 17946: 16764: 16626: 16610: 16384: 16353: 16332: 15910: 15848: 15710: 15675: 15492: 15372: 15347: 15084: 15007:"A Silence Dogood Sampler" – Selections from Franklin's Silence Dogood writings 14859: 13339: 13298: 13028: 12506: 9633:"Benjamin Franklin's grave [Christ Church Burial Ground], Philadelphia" 8404: 7271: 7010: 6501: 5495: 5395: 5245:. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. 5209: 5167: 5105: 4775:

An illustration that appears in Franklin's paper, "Water-spouts and Whirlwinds"

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for the United States. He took with him as secretary his 16-year-old grandson,

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between September 4, 1774, and July 4, 1776, were affiliated with the college.

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Eighty-eight Years – The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777–1865

10381: 9181: 7693: 7142:, video documentary, August 1, 2006, written by Noah Nicholas and Molly Bedell 4771: 3996:

that was signed in April 1783. On August 27, 1783, in Paris, he witnessed the

3150:

obtained a charter from the Pennsylvania legislature to establish a hospital.

2172: 1217:. This instruction in all arts and sciences consisted of weekly extracts from 961:

A May 2008 photograph of Franklin's birthplace in Boston, commemorated with a

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People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization

9610: 8761: 8429: 7841:"IN THE BEGINNING – The Story of the Creation of the Nation's First Hospital" 6760: 6511: 6411: 6093: 5692: 5679: 5447: 5319: 5315: 4908: 4869: 4704: 4687: 4656: 4342: 4281: 4236: 4148: 4015: 3854: 3774: 3751:

injures me," he asked, "does it follow that I may revenge that injury on all

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Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.

14404:

Experiments and observations on electricity, made at Philadelphia in America

13760: 12127:. National Archives: National Historical Publications and Records Commission 11315:. Translated by Peter Baehr; Gordon C. Wells. Penguin Books. pp. 9–11. 10658:

Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Wind and Current Charts

8502: 8247: 8074: 7732:

A History of the University of Pennsylvania from Its Foundation to A.D. 1770

7382: 5239:. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. 5224:. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. 4495:

Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.

26209: 26103: 26088: 26058: 26028: 25988: 25968: 25948: 25943: 25818: 25738: 25718: 25673: 25658: 25452: 25136: 25126: 25116: 24981: 24976: 24916: 24891: 24861: 24856: 24763: 24758: 24604: 24484: 24218: 24154: 24024: 24014: 24009: 23928: 23918: 23862: 23752: 23337: 23332: 23307: 23237: 23172: 23132: 23102: 23097: 23009: 22999: 22889: 22624: 22619: 22607: 22528: 22514: 22438: 22303: 22243: 22136: 22059: 22034: 21921: 21786: 21746: 21721: 21551: 21487: 21464: 21286: 21276: 21266: 21241: 21171: 21131: 21096: 21076: 20894: 20886: 20386: 20292: 20287: 20234: 20224: 20199: 20179: 19899: 19868: 19815: 19810: 19594: 19504: 19443: 19423: 19310: 19234: 19083: 18951: 18871: 18823: 18815: 18754: 18621: 18611: 16723: 16631: 16580: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16415: 16317: 16274: 16061: 15868: 15389: 15262: 15215: 14533: 14495:

online, Sponsored by The American Philosophical Society and Yale University

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Benjamin Franklin's printing network: disseminating virtue in early America

13276: 13254: 12189: 11522:

Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network: Disseminating Virtue in Early America

9904: 9779: 9274:"Benjamin Franklin – People – Department History – Office of the Historian" 9024: 8727: 7179:"The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1734). An Online Electronic Edition" 6985:

Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network: Disseminating Virtue in Early America

6929:

Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network: Disseminating Virtue in Early America

5816: 5772: 5748: 5670: 5561: 5507: 5412: 5385:. His reasons for vegetarianism were based on health, ethics, and economy: 5382: 5378: 5366: 5218:. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. 5144: 5113: 5015: 4998: 4916: 4859: 4740: 4637: 4365: 4346: 4319: 4190: 4168: 4109: 4019: 3939: 3885: 3828: 3790: 3406: 3009: 2992: 2387: 2367: 2352: 2312: 2297: 2257: 2192: 2177: 2067: 1969: 1635: 1399: 1389: 1379: 1364: 1092: 1048: 1030: 862: 798: 766: 568: 504: 470: 296: 110: 20681: 14545:

Ben Franklin's Almanac: Being a True Account of the Good Gentleman's Life.

14229: 14030: 13977:

Pursuing Happiness: The Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress

13804:"Benjamin Franklin's Vision of a Republican Political Economy for America" 13450:

The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius

12715: 10958: 9078:"British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783" 8233: 6953: 5454:

newspaper carried articles in 1721 that vigorously denounced the concept.

3621:

for his early studies of electricity. Franklin also co-authored the first

729:

As a scientist, his studies of electricity made him a major figure in the

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Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection of Benjamin Franklin Papers

14954: 14833: 13625:

Frasca, Ralph. "Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network and the Stamp Act."

13515: 13193:

The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 2: Printer and Publisher, 1730–1747

7901:"What Are Those Little Shields Above the Doorways of Philadelphia Homes?" 7872:"In the Early 19th Century, Firefighters Fought Fires ... and Each Other" 6997:

Baker, Ira L. (1977). "Elizabeth Timothy: America's First Woman Editor".

6739:

The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 2: Printer and publisher, 1730–1747

6097: 5886: 5439: 5254: 5248: 5077: 5045: 4923: 4755:

While traveling on a ship, Franklin had observed that the wake of a ship

4744: 4712: 4700: 4665: 4550: 4514: 4358: 4218:

In 1728, aged 22, Franklin wrote what he hoped would be his own epitaph:

3731: 3606: 3399: 3391: 3386: 3225: 3079:

techniques he had devised. Throughout his career, he was an advocate for

3076: 2997: 2865: 2402: 2342: 2292: 2237: 2032: 1964: 1690: 1685: 1476:

In 1730, 24-year-old Franklin publicly acknowledged his illegitimate son

1447: 1415:

in order to avoid debts and prosecution. Since Rogers' fate was unknown,

1057: 913: 810: 738: 19259: 14237: 14213: 14154:

Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution

14070: 14054: 14038: 14014: 13960: 13936: 13676: 10179:

History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century

9117: 7826:

James N. Green, "English Books and Printing in the Age of Franklin", in

7754:

The Early Years: The Charity School, Academy and College of Philadelphia

7101: 6885: 5788:, and the entire fund was later dedicated to supporting this institute. 5415:

and had previously written to British diplomat and Chinese trade expert

5056:

noted that he was a mirror in which people saw their own religion: "The

5018:

congregation in England; this was somewhat politically risky and pushed

3154:

was the first hospital in the colonies. In 1752, Franklin organized the

2945: 1358: 1129: 26053: 25843: 25723: 25623: 25534: 25342: 25242: 25091: 25011: 24783: 24674: 24516: 24459: 24436: 24401: 24350: 24340: 24308: 24253: 24079: 24059: 23984: 23948: 23852: 23837: 23762: 23687: 23623: 23583: 23152: 23142: 23019: 22949: 22836: 22805: 22785: 22729: 22724: 22679: 22574: 22024: 21872: 21771: 20910: 20249: 20229: 20214: 20184: 19433: 19344: 19201: 19176: 19166: 19104: 18935: 18927: 18073: 16688: 16322: 15894: 15441: 13927: 13911: 13845:

Makers of American Diplomacy, from Benjamin Franklin to Henry Kissinger

13827: 13803: 13784: 12229: 11108:

The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity and Diversity

11013: 10908:

In the fourth series of his electrical researches, Mr. Faraday ...

10389: 10152: 9632: 8358: 8183:"Civilization.ca – A Chronology of Canadian Postal History – 1760–1840" 7611:"Benjamin Franklin – Biography and Literary Works of Benjamin Franklin" 7066: 6805: 6419: 6387: 6006: 5845:

Franklin's likeness is ubiquitous. Since 1914, it has adorned American

5242: 5121: 5076:

In 1790, just about a month before he died, Franklin wrote a letter to

5053: 4982: 4981:, which ethic created the social conditions necessary for the birth of 4956:

When he stopped attending church, Franklin wrote in his autobiography:

4726: 4601: 4544:

in Cornwall. Franklin put the question to his cousin Timothy Folger, a

4499: 4488: 4327: 4120:

President of Pennsylvania and Delegate to the Constitutional convention

3587: 3567: 3524: 3438: 3331:

was created among them, and Franklin saw mail service expanded between

3320: 3260: 3061: 3013:, a 1754 political cartoon by Franklin, urged the colonies to join the 2905: 2895: 2357: 2322: 2247: 2232: 2167: 2092: 2037: 1939: 1884: 1763: 1748: 1540: 1215:

Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette

1169:

In 1732, he published the first German-language newspaper in America –

996:, Franklin recalled that he was "generally the leader among the boys." 625:

January 6, 1705] – April 17, 1790) was an American

26240: 14451: 14407:. London : Printed for David Henry; and sold by Francis Newberry. 13895: 13871: 13488:

Poor Richard's Politicks: Benjamin Franklin and His New American Order

10835:"Founders Online: From Benjamin Franklin to John Lining, 17 June 1758" 10246: 10221: 8858:

Spence, Richard B. (January 15, 2015). "Donald McCormick: 2 + 2 = 5".

8437: 7223:"Incredible History: Ben Franklin, Fake Masonry, and Accidental Death" 7177:

Anderson, James; Franklin, Benjamin; Royster, Paul (January 1, 1734).

5762:, who admired Franklin greatly, wrote a friendly parody of Franklin's 5502:. While he was in London, he developed a much-improved version of the 4235:

Franklin was a prodigious inventor. Among his many creations were the

4178:, which worsened as he aged. In poor health during the signing of the 3915:

writer, orator and statesman who in 1791 was elected president of the

25903: 25232: 25171: 24728: 24371: 24298: 24283: 24204: 24124: 24119: 24044: 23999: 23979: 23958: 23943: 23923: 23908: 23772: 23732: 23663: 23613: 23377: 23252: 22979: 22750: 22674: 22581: 22555: 22475: 21761: 19275: 19196: 17981: 14993: 13668: 13210: 13188: 13166: 12919: 12894: 10859: 8320:

Benjamin Franklin Explains the Stamp Act Protests to Parliament, 1766

7330: 7093: 6877: 6445: 6149:

Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries

5257:. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. 5230: 5221: 4974: 4942:

The motion gained almost no support and was never brought to a vote.

4899:

Franklin's parents were both pious Puritans. The family attended the

4845:

Voltaire blessing Franklin's grandson, in the name of God and Liberty

4756: 4692: 4605: 4545: 4410: 4312: 3950:

appointed a commission to investigate it. These included the chemist

3947: 3858: 3674: 3575: 3414: 3088: 2377: 2057: 1753: 1645: 877: 839: 679: 26406: 22314: 15145: 13819: 13776: 11566:

Morgan, David T. "Benjamin Franklin: Champion of Generic Religion".

10943:. Vol. 19. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 299–300. 10941:

The papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1772

10612:

John N. Wilford, "Prints of Franklin's chart of Gulf Stream found",

9921:

Franklin, Benjamin (February 4, 1751). "Letter to Peter Collinson".

7651:

Fart Proudly: Writings of Benjamin Franklin You Never Read in School

7058: 6797: 6403: 6315:

The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy

5872:

dedicated a 20-foot (6 m) tall marble statue in Philadelphia's

4664:

direction of the prevailing wind, a concept that greatly influenced

3304:. A post office for local and outgoing mail had been established in 3271: 813:. His more than 30,000 letters and documents have been collected in 25803: 25507: 25086: 24823: 24416: 24381: 24355: 24335: 24288: 24099: 24054: 23938: 23842: 23832: 23797: 23767: 23588: 23064: 22790: 22760: 22719: 22714: 22480: 22455: 21781: 19634: 19229: 19222: 18488: 15941: 15342: 15040: 14937: 14107:

Benjamin and William Franklin: Father and Son, Patriot and Loyalist

13887: 12344:"Franklin invented it, Mozart wrote for it: the 'armonica' returns" 9936:

Franklin, Benjamin (December 25, 1750). "Letter to John Franklin".

9309:

Eccentric France: Bradt Guide to mad, magical and marvellous France

8421: 5548:, and numerous other composers used Franklin's instrument as well. 5463: 5435: 5274: 5270: 5260: 4892: 4888: 4244: 4186: 3630: 3583: 3332: 3080: 2222: 1979: 1743: 1680: 1490: 1431: 1408: 1221:. Franklin quickly did away with all of this when he took over the 746: 626: 26252: 15036: 10714:

Jogn Gribbin, "In search of Schrödinger's cat", Black Swan, p. 12.

10684:

The Correspondence of Richard Price: February 1786 – February 1791

8924:

The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America

4315:, that he called an "electrical battery" (not a true battery like 3165:

Between 1750 and 1753, the "educational triumvirate" of Franklin,

3085:

A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency

3045: 896:. Mary Folger came from a Puritan family that was among the first 803:

many towns and counties, educational institutions and corporations

781:. He was the only person to sign the Declaration of Independence, 656:

in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the

26168: 25544: 25457: 24345: 24313: 24303: 24074: 24034: 23867: 23792: 23777: 23757: 22826: 22689: 22470: 22428: 22411: 18016: 17446: 15121: 14772:

A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America

13259:

A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America

11650:

Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives

10741:"Memoirs of the literary and philosophical society of Manchester" 7698: 5807: 5755: 5483: 5408: 5370: 5292: 5236: 5203: 5069: 5023: 4945:

Franklin was an enthusiastic admirer of the evangelical minister

4708: 4652:

in 1803 to persuade most scientists to believe Huygens's theory.

4182:

in 1787, he was rarely seen in public from then until his death.

3967: 3705: 897: 14452:

The complete text of all the documents are online and searchable

11648:"1782: Original Design of the Great Seal of the United States", 10860:

Franklin’s Experiments on Heat Absorption as a Function of Color

10776:(5 ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 19. 8104:. Richmond, VA: J.W. Randolph & English. 1874. p. 148. 7740: 7590:"Poor Richard's Almanack – Benjamin Franklin Historical Society" 5811:

A life-size bronze statue of Franklin (seated with cane) in the

4592:

An aging Franklin accumulated all his oceanographic findings in

4112:

and freed his two slaves. He eventually became president of the

1107:

This did not suffice, however. Franklin conceived the idea of a

24293: 24094: 23882: 23857: 23847: 23817: 23802: 23608: 22699: 22669: 22521: 22433: 22364: 21840: 19305: 14905: 13655:

Gleason, Philip (2000). "Trouble in the Colonial Melting Pot".

13620:(September 1899) v.57 pp. 750–763. By Paul Leicester Ford. 12786:

Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins

12569:. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc. pp. 90–95. 10551:. NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. Archived from 9305: 7156:"Freemasonry Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website" 6864:

Philip, Gleason (2000). "Trouble in the Colonial Melting Pot".

6589:

Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names

5487:

While in London, Franklin developed an improved version of the

5215: 3861: 3845: 3827:

At the signing, he is quoted as having replied to a comment by

3744: 3598: 3186: 1899: 1416: 977: 945: 905: 858: 847: 843: 836: 449: 25610: 13600:(October 1899) v. 57 pp. 881–899. By Paul Leicester Ford. 13171:

The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 1: Journalist, 1706–1739

10903:

Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania

6221: 4973:

characteristics and helped shape the character of the nation.

4409:

Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that

4368:

in 1764. The collection he assembled later became part of the

3962:, and Franklin. In doing so, the committee concluded, through 3700:"Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One," 3102:; however, the person he had in mind to run the academy, Rev. 26263: 24323: 23812: 23747: 22709: 22704: 22684: 22492: 19191: 16907:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

16200: 15736:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

14015:"A Generative Populace: Benjamin Franklin's Economic Agendas" 12936:"Why Was Benjamin Franklin's Basement Filled with Skeletons?" 12686:"Excerpt from Philadelphia Inquirer article by Clark De Leon" 10030:"Pennsylvania Gazette – Benjamin Franklin Historical Society" 7367:. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 6054:

Contemporary records, which used the Julian calendar and the

5569: 5442:

was introduced to colonial America by an African slave named

5117: 4927: 4926:, or indeed much religious dogma. He classified himself as a 4039: 3893: 3559: 3531:

in 1762. Because of these honors, he was often addressed as "

3472:"), which held stated meetings, and included members such as 3287:

A Pass, signed by Postmaster General Benjamin Franklin, gave

3220:. This meeting of several colonies had been requested by the 3000:

widely believed to be the earliest known painting of Franklin

1412: 1189:"Palatine Boors" who could never acquire the "Complexion" of 26736:

Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

21455: 12007:"Benjamin Franklin said "Eating Flesh is Unprovoked Murder"" 11851:

The History of Abraham Lincoln, and the Overthrow of Slavery

11467:"A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain" 10888:

Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice ...

8949:"Spies and Scouts, Secret Writing, and Sympathetic Citizens" 8144:"William Goddard, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Essay" 6592:. EBL-Schweitzer. University of Missouri Press. p. 11. 6058:

of enumerating years, recorded his birth as January 6, 1705.

5251:. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation. 4977:

considered Franklin's ethical writings a culmination of the

4565:

in Paris in 1980. This find received front-page coverage in

3108:

Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania.

24318: 23742: 22694: 15585:

Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One

14721:

The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin

14366:

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

14362: 13761:"Benjamin Franklin's Plans for a Colonial Union, 1750–1775" 13052:

The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin

12414: 12412: 12410: 12260:

Hidden Depths: The Story of Hypnosis: The Story of Hypnosis

8158:"Civilization.ca – A Chronology of Canadian Postal History" 7033:

Southern Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the South

6176:

The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin

5400: 5324:

Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery

4823: 4669: 4175: 3817: 3544:

A Scheme for a new Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling

3244: 1451:

an extended mission to Great Britain; he returned in 1775.

1326:

later." While Franklin did not directly participate in the

15499:

A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain

14278:

A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain

13734:

Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective

13722:

Benjamin Franklin: The Religious Life of a Founding Father

12712:"History of the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology" 12421:"Chess and Benjamin Franklin-His Pioneering Contributions" 11555:

Benjamin Franklin: The Religious Life of a Founding Father

10545:"1785: Benjamin Franklin's 'Sundry Maritime Observations'" 9974:"'A How-To Guide' explores Ben Franklin's 'can-do' legacy" 8208:"To Benjamin Franklin from Anthony Todd, 31 January, 1744" 5037:

A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain

4699:

experimented by continually wetting the ball of a mercury

4487:

Franklin had a major influence on the emerging science of

3884:

On October 26, 1776, Franklin was dispatched to France as

1338:. Ultimately, "Franklin replied in his own defense in the 706:. His efforts proved vital in securing French aid for the 23887: 23782: 18715: 11893: 11764: 10636:

1785: Benjamin Franklin's 'Sundry Maritime Observations'

10368:

Aldridge, Alfred Owen (1949). "Franklin as Demographer".

10089: 9244:"Book338glava314dictofersailles1787html Wa365bet Vioslot" 8777:

The Making of a Patriot: Benjamin Franklin at the Cockpit

7197:"Founders Online: A Defense of Conduct, 15 February 1738" 4462: 4436:

published an account with additional details in his 1767

4108:

in Washington, D.C. After his return, Franklin became an

3850: 26921:

Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence

15131:

Official web site of the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary.

14298:: Writings of Benjamin Franklin You Never Read in School 13872:"Figuring Benjamin Franklin in American Cultural Memory" 13098:

Franklin, Benjamin (1916). Pine, Frank Woodworth (ed.).

12770:

Firesign Theater quote, meant humorously but poignantly.

12688:. Mathsci.appstate.edu. February 7, 1993. Archived from 12407: 11964:"What Benjamin Franklin Really Said About Vegetarianism" 11334: 11332: 10511: 9954:, pp. 136–37, 301, University of California Press, 2006 9445:

Figure 56 John Henry Hintermeister (American 1869–1945)

9363:"Fiddlers Green, History of Ballooning, Jacques Charles" 7962: 7629: 6907:

Frasca, Ralph (1997). "Benjamin Franklin's Journalism".

6625: 1345:

Franklin remained a Freemason for the rest of his life.

14055:"Review: New Perspectives on Benjamin Franklin's Humor" 12813:

Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money (17th ed)

12372:

The bel canto operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini

10339:

The Triumph Of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life

10072:"Founders Online: The Kite Experiment, 19 October 1752" 7944:

The Life and Correspondence of the Rev. Wm. Smith, D.D.

7176: 6203:

Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence

4370:

Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments

3985:

in November 1787. This edict effectively nullified the

3378:

Pennsylvania colonial currency printed by Franklin and

1298:

In 1730 or 1731, Franklin was initiated into the local

741:

current. His numerous important inventions include the

26656:

Chief administrators of the University of Pennsylvania

20932:

The chief administrator prior to 1930 was the provost.

20684:

Chief administrators of the University of Pennsylvania

13017:

Bibliography of early American publishers and printers

10809:"The Writings of Benjamin Franklin: London, 1757–1775" 9122:. Canadiana.org. A Londres : Chez J. Johnson ... 7260:

Lemay, Leo (2014) . "Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790)".

5991:

Bibliography of early American publishers and printers

5022:

to new boundaries, as a denial of the doctrine of the

4811:, I strike out the three. If I judge some two Reasons 4353:

unit of electric charge has been named after him: one

4230: 3601:, Franklin was invited to sit with the members of the 3216:

In 1754, he headed the Pennsylvania delegation to the

2579: 1348: 702:

and was a major figure in the development of positive

26936:

Speakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives

26145: 23464:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

20970: 16967: 15627:

A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks

14985:

By a history professor at the University of Illinois.

14944:

Benjamin Franklin: First American Diplomat, 1776–1785

12549:

Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin

12318:"'Armonicists' Debate Source of Beethoven's Maladies" 11329: 9881:"Further Experiments and Observations in Electricity" 9576:

National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org

7467:

William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a King

5347:

A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks

1520:, he was formally taken into custody by order of the 26696:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

14922:

Thought and Practice: a Chronicle of Misapprehension

14886:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

13998:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 12998:

Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps

12230:"GFI Scientific glass blowing products and services" 11588:

Benjamin Franklin to Richard Price, October 9, 1780

7986: 7974: 7924: 7775:

Fort Mifflin of Philadelphia: An Illustrated History

7568:

The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival

5849:. From 1948 to 1963, Franklin's portrait was on the 4531:

As deputy postmaster, Franklin became interested in

4379: 3872:

While in France, Franklin designed and commissioned

3718:, who has a history of making controversial claims. 3710:

Franklin is known to have occasionally attended the

3177:

built on Franklin's initial scheme and created what

3100:

Academy, Charity School, and College of Philadelphia

1398:

At age 17 in 1723, Franklin proposed to 15-year-old

1267:, in 1731. After his second editor died, the widow, 26461:

18th-century American newspaper publishers (people)

16213:

Physical history of the Declaration of Independence

14476:

Silence Dogood, The Busy-Body, & Early Writings

11312:

The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit of Capitalism"

8579: 8240: 7777:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 9–11. 6579: 5838:in 1787, Franklin is considered one of the leading 3840: 1493:, in London. In 1763, he was appointed as the last 1014:, which was the third newspaper founded in Boston. 965:

of Franklin atop the building's second-floor façade

19:"Ben Franklin" redirects here. For other uses, see 18391:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 15750:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky 15537:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745) 14428:The Fabulous American: A Benjamin Franklin Almanac 14300:." Carl Japikse, Ed. Frog Ltd.; Reprint ed. 2003. 13842:Merli, Frank J; Wilson, Theodore A., eds. (1974). 13195:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 12810: 12462:, Oxford University Press (2nd ed. 1992), p. 145. 12369: 12147:"Benjamin Franklin's Fight Against A Deadly Virus" 12096:History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013) 11196: 11194: 10336: 10112: 9157:"Franklin's Forgotten Triumph: Scientific Testing" 8670:Documents for America's History, Volume 1: To 1877 8666: 8412:(4), The University of Chicago Press on behalf of 8234:"Journalism Department University of Rhode Island" 6786:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6752: 6392:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 5301:, he voiced frustration at British abolitionists: 4270:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky 4014:, was watched by a vast crowd as it rose from the 1576:of the Prince of Wales as the cover illustration. 682:. He pioneered and was the first president of the 26706:Founder fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 18753: 14332:Autobiography, Poor Richard, & Later Writings 13916:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 13704:Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement 13231: 13104:. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing Company 10272:Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement 8823:. Great Britain: Sutton Publishing, 2005, p. 121. 8548: 8129:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7763:at the University of Pennsylvania Archives, 1972. 7722: 7694:"Franklin in Portraits: Robert Feke [CC]" 7291: 7289: 6318:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 142. 5184:A bust of Franklin in the Archives Department at 4632:, which was basically ignored by the rest of the 3892:. They lived in a home in the Parisian suburb of 3808:. In June 1776, he was appointed a member of the 940:An 1881 illustration of Franklin's birthplace on 662:at age 23. He became wealthy publishing this and 26941:Speakers of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly 26417: 14892:"Special Report: Citizen Ben's Greatest Virtues" 11404:by Mortimer Rowe B.A., D.D. Lindsey Press, 1959" 10886:. Vol. 2. R. & J.E. Taylor. p. v. 10673: 9712:The Last Will and Testament of Benjamin Franklin 9182:"The phony health craze that inspired hypnotism" 6152:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 1, 5–30. 5514:composed for Franklin's glass harmonica, as did 3460:. Whilst in London, Franklin became involved in 3445:also appointed him as their agent to the Crown. 1155:; the following year he became the publisher of 26786:Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly 26496:18th-century United States government officials 18489:Offices and positions held by Benjamin Franklin 15606:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America 13539:A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution 13412:The Radical Enlightenments of Benjamin Franklin 13209: 13187: 13165: 12089: 11191: 10919:* W. Gratzer, Eurekas and Euphorias, pp. 80–81. 9409: 9146:(The Viking Press: New York). 1938. pp. 709–10. 8921: 8821:The Hell-Fire Clubs: A History of Anti-Morality 6450:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 5889:and has since been opened to the public as the 5306:lives, since it is entailed on their posterity! 5200:. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation." 4511:Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind 3636: 3527:. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate by 1060:in a printer's shop in what is the present-day 876:Benjamin Franklin's mother, Abiah, was born in 18402:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 13360: 13275: 12535:in Washington, DC. Retrieved December 3, 2008. 12121:""Homespun": Second Reply to "Vindex Patriae"" 11490: 11488: 9836:Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography 9033:. Boston: Whittemore, Niles and Hall. p. 8138: 8136: 8101:The History of the College of William and Mary 7523:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 7520:(1985). "William Franklin: His Father's Son". 7286: 7150: 7148: 6013:List of early American publishers and printers 4509:Kammen (1990) and Drake (2011) say Franklin's 4422:He described the experiment in his newspaper, 3765: 3706:Agent for British and Hellfire Club membership 2987: 26776:Members of the American Philosophical Society 25596: 23703: 22330: 21813: 21441: 20956: 20667: 20355: 19120: 18739: 16953: 16186: 15161: 14989:Online edition of Franklin's personal library 14151: 13560:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 13558:Benjamin Franklin and the American Revolution 13414:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 13253: 11938:The English Literatures of America, 1500–1800 11864: 11283: 11281: 10927: 10925: 9874: 9872: 9732: 9306:Piers Letcher – Jacques Charles (2003). 9116:Mirabeau, Gabriel-Honoré de Riquetti (1784). 8622:Benjamin Franklin | Ken Burns | PBS 8268:"History of the United States Postal Systems" 8226: 6229:"William Goddard and the Constitutional Post" 4711:to evaporate the ether. With each subsequent 4561:and Gulf Stream expert, discovered it in the 2968: 1564:In 1732, Franklin began to publish the noted 1558:The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle 24209: 22572: 22526: 22512: 19249: 19220: 19206: 15839:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin 14965:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 14089:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13737:. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press. 13514: 13338: 13173:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 12361: 11935:Jehlen, Myra; Warner, Michael, eds. (1997). 11934: 11889:"Founding of Pennsylvania Abolition Society" 10549:Ocean Explorer: Readings for ocean explorers 10522:. Knopf Publishing Group. pp. 221–222. 9759:. Harvard University Press. pp. 40–42. 9333: 8903:"A Narrative of the Late Massacres ..." 8886: 7647: 7266:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6473:The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Franklin 6127: 6125: 6108:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4907:, by the Puritan preacher and family friend 1177:religious books in German. He often visited 888:, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, 87:October 18, 1785 – November 5, 1788 26501:Activists for African-American civil rights 24145: 19315: 15556:Experiments and Observations on Electricity 15026:Benjamin Franklin ... In His Own Words 14911:American Writers: A Journey Through History 14420:The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin. 14287:Experiments and Observations on Electricity 14148:ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 9021252. 14138:ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 3357482. 14134:Benjamin Franklin and the Science of Virtue 13841: 13698:ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 9999293. 13471:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 12531:Franklin's essay is also reproduced at the 12282: 12280: 11485: 10793:. London: Longmans, Brown, and Co. p. 8915: 8712:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 8133: 8064:Yale University. Retrieved August 20, 2012. 7946:, Philadelphia, 1880, Volume 1: pp. 566–67. 7735:. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. 7145: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6631: 6193: 6179:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 390. 6081: 6050: 6048: 6046: 5791:In 1787, a group of prominent ministers in 5473: 5084:, who had asked him his views on religion: 4668:. After the Icelandic volcanic eruption of 4615: 4596:, published by the Philosophical Society's 4311:. In 1748, he constructed a multiple plate 4251:. He never patented his inventions; in his 992:in Boston. As a child growing up along the 919: 402:President of the University of Pennsylvania 331:August 10, 1753 – January 31, 1774 157:September 28, 1782 – April 3, 1783 16:American polymath and statesman (1706–1790) 26896:Respiratory disease deaths in Pennsylvania 26781:Members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham 26721:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees 26691:English-language spelling reform advocates 26531:Ambassadors of the United States to Sweden 26526:Ambassadors of the United States to France 25603: 25589: 23710: 23696: 22337: 22323: 21820: 21806: 21448: 21434: 20963: 20949: 20674: 20660: 20362: 20348: 19127: 19113: 18746: 18732: 16960: 16946: 16783:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 16193: 16179: 15592:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775) 15358:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart 15168: 15154: 14872: 14012: 12994: 12992: 11601: 11375:The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin 11278: 11098: 10922: 9869: 9355: 9266: 9046:franklin shall all hang separately sparks. 8735: 8525: 8523: 7797: 7728: 6545: 6543: 6083:Eripuit fulmen coelo sceptrumque tyrannis. 5743:A marble memorial statue of Franklin, the 5726:List of places named for Benjamin Franklin 5542:calls for the glass harmonica in his 1917 4620:Franklin was, along with his contemporary 4475:) and the Pennsylvania State House (later 3946:" which was considered offensive by many, 3816:. Although he was temporarily disabled by 3394:in later years, depicted in a portrait by 3279:stamp, issued in 1847 in honor of Franklin 2975: 2961: 1438:, was born in 1743 and eventually married 1388:(1743–1808), the daughter of Franklin and 53: 26916:Signers of the United States Constitution 26881:18th-century American publishers (people) 26756:Infectious disease deaths in Pennsylvania 26671:Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania 26466:18th-century American non-fiction writers 18607:Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania 18532:as Provost of the College of Pennsylvania 16202:United States Declaration of Independence 15686:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology 15457:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society 14415:Cambridge University Press, 2004. 371 pp. 13297: 12918: 12533:U.S. Chess Center Museum and Hall of Fame 12403:International Music Score Library Project 12253: 12055: 12053: 11061:"Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion" 10464: 10302:. U. of Pennsylvania Press. p. 245. 10245: 10095: 10064: 9301: 9299: 9217:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 8891:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 209–216. 8612: 8610: 8401: 8370: 7635: 7295: 7035:(2006), Vol. 13 Issue 1/2, pp. 1–23. 6689: 6136: 6122: 5153:Franklin strongly supported the right to 5068:thought him half a Presbyterian, and the 5006:, attending the inaugural session of the 4624:, the only major scientist who supported 4438:History and Present Status of Electricity 4130:Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania 3921:Considerations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus 3909:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 1581:Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress 520: 266:July 26, 1775 – November 7, 1776 26961:Writers about activism and social change 26631:American typographers and type designers 23717: 19134: 18458:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 15305:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention 15052:Works by Benjamin Franklin in eBook form 14949: 14938:Benjamin Franklin: An extraordinary life 14932:Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History 14809:The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin 14618: 14084: 13691: 13594:"Franklin as Politician and Diplomatist" 13409: 13393:. The Franklin Institute. Archived from 13344:The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin 13239:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 13097: 13055:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 12342:Carmel, Jeffrey J. (November 22, 1983). 12277: 12004: 11723:"The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin" 11698:"The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin" 11676:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 97. 11371: 11089: 11059:Franklin, Benjamin (November 20, 1728). 11058: 10931: 10367: 10172: 10170: 9935: 9920: 9878: 9795: 9684: 9424: 9115: 9080:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 9059:"Benjamin Franklin sets sail for France" 8744:The Political Trial of Benjamin Franklin 8371:Nicholles, Natalie (December 14, 2016). 8124: 6820:"German Newspapers in the US and Canada" 6659: 6585: 6549: 6507:The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin 6199: 6092: 6067:According to Professor Zara Anishanslin. 6043: 5911: 5806: 5738: 5555: 5482: 5322:helped write a new constitution for the 5179: 5138: 4919:an enduring part of the American ethos. 4864: 4853: 4839: 4827: 4824:Views on religion, morality, and slavery 4770: 4383: 4263: 4158: 4064: 4050: 3867: 3844: 3769: 3549: 3385: 3373: 3282: 3270: 3255:. Later in 1756, Franklin organized the 3055: 3044: 3028: 3003: 2996:A portrait of Franklin c. 1746–1750, by 2991: 1551: 1464: 1419:laws prevented Deborah from remarrying. 1128: 1091:In 1727, at age 21, Franklin formed the 1079: 726:of African Americans into U.S. society. 25293:Reflections on the Revolution in France 15198:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776) 14792:Franklin: The Essential Founding Father 14214:"Review: Lives and Times, Then and Now" 13869: 13758: 13701: 13654: 13447: 13428: 13281:Franklin, The Essential Founding Father 13156: 13116: 12989: 12933: 12808: 12617:"Pennsylvania Historical Marker Search" 12589: 12367: 11669: 11146: 10879: 10517: 10268: 10193:"Lightning Rods: Franklin Had It Wrong" 9965: 9664:. New York: Facts on File. p. 85. 9546:"64 People and Their Famous Last Words" 9212:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter F" 9092:"Book in the Painting | Jefferson" 8808:City of Blood, Cities of the Underworld 8741: 8520: 8503:"Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet" 8479:. The Kate Kennedy Club. Archived from 8383:from the original on September 16, 2021 8295: 8293: 8006:"Union: Joseph Galloway, Plan of Union" 7898: 7870:Landers, Jackson (September 27, 2016). 7869: 7828:The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World 7772: 7263:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6847:"Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans" 6540: 6469: 6337: 6335: 6254:"Benjamin Franklin, Postmaster General" 5458:this gossip, he placed a notice in the 5354:Sidi Mehemet Ibrahim on the Slave Trade 4056:Franklin's return to Philadelphia, 1785 3857:with what they perceived as his rustic 3721: 3702:and "An Edict by the King of Prussia." 3578:. In Scotland, he spent five days with 3199:University of the State of Pennsylvania 2532:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 1547: 1430:, was born in October 1732 and died of 1085:La scuola della economia e della morale 1042: 26646:Burials at Christ Church, Philadelphia 26418: 15635:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 15519:Early American publishers and printers 15108:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 15100:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 14632:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 14437:Educational views of Benjamin Franklin 14211: 13979:. Milford, CT: Nonagram Publications. 13934: 13485: 13101:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 12849:from the original on September 5, 2006 12341: 12176: 12050: 12033:"Ben Franklin Practiced Vegetarianism" 11991:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 11847: 11518: 11512: 10939:. In Willcox, William Bradford (ed.). 10883:Experimental researches in electricity 10786: 10769: 10437: 10222:"Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods" 10219: 10107: 9971: 9739:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 9723:The Franklin Institute Science Museum. 9685:Franklin, Benjamin (August 16, 2010). 9659: 9296: 9192:from the original on November 23, 2021 9023: 8857: 8705: 8607: 8554: 8299:J.A. Leo Lemay, "Franklin, Benjamin". 7791: 7719:, pp. 54–54. Houghton Mifflin Company. 7548:. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 7221:says, Brother Hogarth (May 16, 2020). 7079: 6906: 6863: 6844: 6750: 6172: 6142: 5822:As the only person to have signed the 5560:The Franklin Mercantile Chess Club in 5429: 3923:. The publication was critical of the 1125:Early American publishers and printers 211:March 23, 1779 – May 17, 1785 26806:Political activists from Pennsylvania 26666:Colonial agents of the British Empire 26431:Founding Fathers of the United States 25584: 23691: 22344: 22318: 21801: 21429: 20944: 20655: 20343: 19365: 19146: 19108: 18727: 18716:Articles related to Benjamin Franklin 18714: 18487: 16941: 16174: 15188:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788) 15175: 15149: 14868:of Benjamin Franklin's string quartet 14547:Atheneum/Anne Schwart, 2003, 128 pp. 14141: 14131: 14103: 14052: 13993: 13974: 13848:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 13798: 13730: 13696:(PhD thesis). University of Missouri. 13504: 13490:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13466: 13121:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13076:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 13073:Benjamin Franklin and a Rising People 13069: 12780: 12738:"Letter of introduction : image" 12564: 12315: 12005:Richards, Jennie (January 20, 2016). 11827:. University of Georgia Press. 2015. 11308: 11211:Section 2 reprinted on UShistory.org. 11104: 10899: 10687:. Duke University Press. p. 23. 10410: 10334: 10295: 10167: 9879:Franklin, Benjamin (April 29, 1749). 9826: 9751: 9204: 8946: 8922:Calloway, C. G. (2006). "Chapter 4". 8673:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 110. 8274:. Inventors.about.com. Archived from 7992: 7980: 7968: 7930: 7851:from the original on October 15, 2002 7516: 7259: 7124:Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network, 7044: 6996: 6931:(University of Missouri Press, 2006) 6783: 6385: 5967:Examples of Franklin on U. S. Postage 5840:Founding Fathers of the United States 5802: 4659:. He was said to have noted that the 4549:to chart the current and name it the 4482: 4303:.) He was the first to label them as 4086:Foundation of the American Government 4080:with Franklin seen behind Morris, in 3998:world's first hydrogen balloon flight 3972:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3760:counter-surveillance and manipulation 2683:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2623:Spanish American wars of independence 1115:, whose charter he composed in 1731. 635:Founding Fathers of the United States 319:Postmaster General of British America 26831:People of the American Enlightenment 26551:American businesspeople in retailing 26486:18th-century American letter writers 26270: 18555:Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly 16823:Journals of the Continental Congress 15018:Franklin's Last Will & Testament 14834:Benjamin Franklin and Electrostatics 14753:Presentation by Edmund S. Morgan on 14527: 14482:, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume) 14444:Leonard Labaree, and others., eds., 14338:, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume) 14183: 14146:(PhD thesis). University of Florida. 13706:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 13610:(April 1899) v. 57 pp. 803–818. 13574: 13555: 13541:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 13536: 13509:(PhD thesis). University of Alabama. 13431:Critical Essays on Benjamin Franklin 13383: 13161:. New York: Washington Square Press. 12433:from the original on October 9, 2022 12316:Benke, Richard (February 25, 2001). 12286: 12203:Korn, Michael (September 28, 2015). 12202: 12179:"A Founding Father's Vaccine Regret" 12030: 11987: 11202:"Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography". 11067:. franklinpapers.org. Archived from 10730:The Weather Doctor. October 1, 2003. 10586: 10471:. U. of Chicago Press. p. 148. 10417:. U. of Virginia Press. p. 63. 10176: 9520:Benjamin Franklin Historical Society 9377: 9224:from the original on October 9, 2022 8788: 8290: 8075:"Resume | Ben Franklin Exhibit" 7729:Montgomery, Thomas Harrison (1900). 7717:Money: Where It Came, Whence It Went 7676:"Franklin in Portraits: Robert Feke" 7469:, Oxford University Press US, 1990, 7439: 7395: 7362: 7220: 7140:Mysteries of the Freemasons: America 6500: 6332: 6311: 6270:from the original on October 9, 2022 6023:List of richest Americans in history 5981:Benjamin Franklin in popular culture 5730:Benjamin Franklin in popular culture 5478: 4553:, by which it is still known today. 4143:He also served as a delegate to the 4046: 3938:from 1779 until 1781. In 1784, when 3880:, which was minted in Paris in 1783. 3738:raids, murdered a group of peaceful 3417:led to the failure of this mission. 3361: 3323:were ceded to the British under the 1075: 361:Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly 26876:Printers from the Thirteen Colonies 25403:The End of History and the Last Man 25313:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 21836:United States Ambassadors to France 18425:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 17952:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 16870:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 15696:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial 15410:Academy and College of Philadelphia 15070:Works by or about Benjamin Franklin 14738:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life 14736:Presentation by Walter Isaacson on 14466: (archived September 28, 2010). 14312:Heroes of America Benjamin Franklin 14136:(PhD thesis). University of Dallas. 13604:"Franklin as Printer and Publisher" 13283:. Washington, DC: Regnery History. 13139:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life 12934:Schultz, Colin (October 23, 2013). 12567:The History of Chess in Fifty Moves 12514:, England (2nd ed. 1968), pp. 5–6. 12418: 12177:Jacoby, Jeff (September 27, 2021). 11629:The Great Seal of the United States 11469:. Historycarper.com. Archived from 11442:"Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography" 11094:. Cambridge: Riverside. p. 52. 10906:. Pergamon Press. pp. 182–83. 10811:. Historycarper.com. Archived from 10587:Wood, Anthony R. (March 29, 2007). 10495:. Historycarper.com. Archived from 10181:. New York: Macmillan. p. 232. 9796:Franklin, Benjamin (May 25, 1747). 9492:Benjamin Franklin, An American Life 9412:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life 8889:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life 8862:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 236. 8555:Buchan, James (November 25, 2003). 8373:"What Would Benjamin Franklin Say?" 7427:from Deborah Read to Ben Franklin, 7305:Polish Journal for American Studies 7296:Chylinska, Bozenna (January 2015). 7183:UNL Libraries: Faculty Publications 6937:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00197_16.x 6755:The library: an illustrated history 6132:Encyclopædia Britannica, Wood, 2021 5986:Benjamin Franklin on postage stamps 5878:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial 5745:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial 5175: 5060:thought him almost a Catholic. The 4695:, England, he and fellow scientist 4231:Inventions and scientific inquiries 3907:Among his associates in France was 3898:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont 2452:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 1454: 1349:Common-law marriage to Deborah Read 1322:in Philadelphia from 1735 to 1738. 1161:, a newspaper in Philadelphia. The 684:Academy and College of Philadelphia 13: 26966:Writers about religion and science 26816:People associated with electricity 26686:Editors of Pennsylvania newspapers 26606:American philosophers of education 26596:American people of English descent 26471:18th-century American philosophers 17516:Drafting and ratification timeline 17261:District of Columbia Voting Rights 16142:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law) 15542:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747) 15241:Committee of Secret Correspondence 15140:Historical Society of Pennsylvania 15024:Library of Congress web resource: 15000: 14970:Finding Franklin: A Resource Guide 14269: 13657:Journal of American Ethnic History 13328:Wood, Gordon. "Benjamin Franklin" 13142:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12875:. Associated Press. April 13, 1976 12652:from the original on April 8, 2007 12368:Osborne, Charles (April 1, 1994). 11961: 11865:Waldstreicher, David (July 2004). 11406:. Unitarian.org.uk. Archived from 11275:Bailyn, 1992, pp. 273–74, 299–300. 10518:Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1988). 10465:Van Cleve, George William (2010). 9662:Companion to the French Revolution 9526:from the original on June 27, 2016 9431:George Washington: American Symbol 9075: 8583:Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 7806:. The History Press. p. 114. 7570:, (Collins, New York, 2007) p. 30. 7129: 6866:Journal of American Ethnic History 6556:Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 6233:Smithsonian National Postal Museum 4787:technique, now sometimes called a 4766: 3942:began to publicize his theory of " 3491: 1062:Church of St Bartholomew-the-Great 710:. From 1785 to 1788, he served as 21:Benjamin Franklin (disambiguation) 14: 26992: 26951:United States postmasters general 26946:Theorists on Western civilization 26826:People from colonial Pennsylvania 26611:American philosophers of religion 26586:American male non-fiction writers 26491:18th-century pseudonymous writers 26476:18th-century American politicians 26456:18th-century American journalists 20972:United States Postmasters General 16969:Constitution of the United States 16127:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother) 15777:University of Pennsylvania statue 15122:Benjamin Franklin 300 (1706–2006) 15081:, the standard scholarly edition 14918:Benjamin Franklin's Influence on 14807:Interview with Gordon S. Wood on 14563: 14400: 14356:Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography 14205: 13765:American Political Science Review 13135: 13011:Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin 12590:Murrell, David (April 21, 2017). 12205:"Benjamin Franklin, the Composer" 11941:. Psychology Press. p. 891. 11809: 11637:United States Department of State 11506: 11494: 11428: 11359: 11338: 11296: 11254: 11242: 11185: 11134: 11046: 11034: 10996: 10984: 10589:"How Franklin's chart resurfaced" 10577:, vol. 207, no. 4431, pp. 643–45. 10322: 9972:Tomase, Jennifer (June 1, 2006). 9503: 9455:Foundation of American Government 9011: 8791:"reprinted on The History Carper" 8693: 8580:Nathan Haskell Dole, ed. (2003). 8220: 7899:McGuire, Virginia (May 3, 2013). 6619: 6534: 6432: 6353: 6341: 6206:. W. Reed & Company. p. 5014:drew together the first avowedly 4380:Kite experiment and lightning rod 4138:Constitutional Convention of 1787 3423:Speaker of the Pennsylvania House 3369: 1522:Provincial Congress of New Jersey 1238:," which he wrote for Bradford's 722:, and promoted the education and 26981:18th-century American scientists 26601:American philosophers of culture 26398: 26381: 26364: 26347: 26330: 26313: 26296: 26279: 26251: 26239: 26227: 26215: 26203: 26191: 26179: 26167: 26155: 25612:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 25373:The Open Society and Its Enemies 23534:The Closing of the American Mind 23454:Civilization and Its Discontents 23434:A Vindication of Natural Society 21881: 21839: 21829: 21521: 21006: 20640: 20375:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly 20323: 20322: 18687:United States Minister to Sweden 18668:United States Minister to France 18579:United States Postmaster General 17372:Convention to propose amendments 16155: 16154: 16107:Alexander Bache (great-grandson) 15864:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union) 15437:Continental Currency dollar coin 15338:Franklin's electrostatic machine 15310:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly 15193:Ambassador to France (1779–1785) 15092: 15044: 15014:, transcribed by Richard Mammana 14818: 14801: 14781: 14770:Presentation by Stacy Schiff on 14764: 14747: 14730: 14713: 14617: 14605: 14595: 14585: 14538:The Kite That Won the Revolution 14351:edited by Walter Isaacson (2003) 14253:A Companion to Benjamin Franklin 14198:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2009.00120.x 14110:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 14085:Schiffer, Michael Brian (2003). 13935:Newman, Simon P. (August 2009). 13511:ProQuest Dissertations, 3461038. 13368:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 13033:Dictionary of American Biography 12953: 12927: 12887: 12861: 12831: 12802: 12774: 12763: 12730: 12704: 12678: 12664: 12634: 12609: 12583: 12558: 12538: 12525: 12498: 12473: 12445: 12390: 12335: 12309: 12247: 12222: 12196: 12170: 12161: 12139: 12113: 12083: 12024: 11998: 11988:Franklin, Benjamin. "Part One". 11981: 11955: 11928: 11915: 11901: 11881: 11858: 11841: 11815: 11803: 11791: 11779: 11760:"Benjamin Franklin Abolitionist" 11752: 11740: 11715: 11690: 11663: 11642: 11621: 11595: 11582: 11573: 11560: 11547: 11500: 11459: 11434: 11422: 11392: 11365: 11353: 11344: 11302: 11290: 11269: 11260: 11248: 11236: 11214: 11179: 11163: 11140: 11128: 11092:Autobiography and other writings 11083: 11052: 11040: 11028: 11002: 10990: 10978: 10965: 10913: 10893: 10873: 10852: 10827: 10801: 10780: 10763: 10733: 10723:Heidorn, Keith C. Heidorn, PhD. 10717: 10708: 10667: 10650: 10628: 10619: 10616:, pp. A1, B7 (February 6, 1980). 10606: 10580: 10567: 10542: 10536: 10485: 10458: 10431: 10404: 10361: 10328: 10316: 10289: 10262: 10213: 10185: 10137: 10101: 10043: 10022: 9996: 9944: 9929: 9914: 9898: 9842: 9820: 9789: 9773: 9745: 9726: 9704: 9678: 9653: 9625: 9598: 9589: 9564: 9538: 9508: 9497: 9484: 9471: 9462: 9418: 9403: 9236: 9174: 9149: 9136: 9109: 9084: 9069: 9051: 9017: 9005: 8991: 8966: 8940: 8912:reprinted on The History Carper. 8895: 8880: 8860:Hayek: A Collaborative Biography 8851: 8826: 8813: 8801: 8782: 8769: 8699: 8687: 8667:James A. Henretta., ed. (2011). 8660: 8635: 8573: 8531:"Biography of Benjamin Franklin" 8495: 8469: 8451: 8395: 8364: 8343: 8325: 7488:"William Temple Franklin Papers" 7440:Coss, Stephen (September 2017). 7396:Coss, Stephen (September 2017). 6726:A Companion to Benjamin Franklin 6632:Seelye, J.E.; Selby, S. (2018). 6446:"Nantucket lands and landowners" 6070: 6009:, 1787 coin designed by Franklin 6002:Franklin's electrostatic machine 5954: 5942: 5930: 5864:On April 12, 1976, as part of a 5760:Charles-Joseph Mathon de la Cour 5360: 5064:claimed him as one of them. The 4876:, holding a letter from Franklin 4874:Newington Green Unitarian Church 4600:in 1786. It contained ideas for 4397:Bureau of Engraving and Printing 3841:Ambassador to France (1776–1785) 3802:Battles of Lexington and Concord 3586:and stayed for three weeks with 3540:he developed a phonetic alphabet 3538:While living in London in 1768, 3478:Newington Green Unitarian Church 3429:In London, Franklin opposed the 3352:United States postmaster general 3350:and named Franklin as the first 3073:volunteer firefighting companies 2944: 2472:Discourses Concerning Government 1378: 1357: 1312:Constitutions of the Free-Masons 1047:At age 17, Franklin ran away to 954: 933: 737:. He also charted and named the 591: 373:May 1764 – October 1764 313:May 1775 – October 1776 254:United States Postmaster General 199:United States Minister to France 145:United States Minister to Sweden 26956:University and college founders 26871:Presbyterians from Pennsylvania 26836:Philosophers from Massachusetts 26616:American political philosophers 26541:Abolitionists from Pennsylvania 26451:18th-century American inventors 26446:18th-century American diplomats 24180:Family as a model for the state 16102:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson) 16077:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter) 15532:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737) 15483:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin 15400:Library Company of Philadelphia 14902:"Writings of Benjamin Franklin" 14790:interview with James Srodes on 14719:Presentation by H.W. Brands on 14493:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin 14447:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin 14422:(1965, reprinted 2003). 459 pp. 14174:Benjamin Franklin and His Gods. 13910:Nash, Gary B. (December 2006). 13581:. New York: The Century Company 13048: 13004: 12487:, Avon Books, 1974, pp. 14–15. 12031:Lamb, Camille (April 9, 2012). 11909:"Benjamin Franklin and Slavery" 11602:dseverance (October 15, 2019). 10220:Krider, Philip (January 2006). 9832:"Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)" 9449:, 1925...Alternatively labeled 8779:(Oxford University Press; 2012) 8746:. New York: Algora Publishing. 8709:The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson 8312: 8260: 8214: 8200: 8175: 8150: 8118: 8092: 8067: 8048: 8023: 7998: 7949: 7936: 7892: 7863: 7833: 7820: 7766: 7747: 7706: 7686: 7668: 7641: 7603: 7582: 7573: 7560: 7534: 7510: 7480: 7459: 7433: 7410: 7389: 7356: 7253: 7240: 7214: 7189: 7170: 7116: 7073: 7038: 7025: 6990: 6977: 6964: 6946: 6921: 6900: 6857: 6838: 6812: 6777: 6744: 6731: 6718: 6683: 6613: 6528: 6494: 6463: 6438: 6426: 6379: 6359: 6347: 6305: 6131: 6061: 6029:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin 5797:Franklin & Marshall College 5665:between 3rd & 4th Sts., at 5598:Franklin was inducted into the 5411:to prominent American botanist 5102:Great Seal of the United States 4526: 4372:, now on public display in its 2738:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 1219:Chambers's Universal Dictionary 1137:in a painting published by the 1133:Franklin (center) at work on a 1118: 1113:Library Company of Philadelphia 816:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin 516: 26886:Recipients of the Copley Medal 26841:Philosophers from Pennsylvania 26651:Chestnut Street (Philadelphia) 25530:Separation of church and state 25428:Collectivism and individualism 25383:The Origins of Totalitarianism 17987:Separation of church and state 16755:Virginia Declaration of Rights 15395:American Philosophical Society 15290:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution 15285:Staten Island Peace Conference 15115: 15079:Yale edition of complete works 14994:The Electric Benjamin Franklin 13505:Dixon, Charles Robert (2011). 13389: 13022: 12209:Institute for Music Leadership 12099:. Soyinfo Center. p. 73. 11012:. Oldsouth.org. Archived from 10770:Fisher, Sydney George (1903). 10115:Benjamin Franklin, A Biography 9606:"Christ Church Burial Grounds" 8810:– History Channel 2 (H2), 2008 8414:The History of Science Society 7804:Philadelphia's Lost Waterfront 7492:American Philosophical Society 7250:, v. 170. no. 2: 58–65 (1971). 6300: 6294: 6282: 6246: 6166: 5828:Treaty of Alliance with France 5620:Pennsylvania Historical Marker 4686:Franklin noted a principle of 4466:] completely demonstrated. 4333:Franklin briefly investigated 4259: 4198:, quoting from the account of 4114:Pennsylvania Abolition Society 3781:presenting their draft of the 3532: 3398:that is now on display in the 3115:American Philosophical Society 3067:In 1736, Franklin created the 2673:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 2653:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1590: 1367:, Franklin's common-law wife, 1328:hazing that led to Rees' death 1293: 1242:in 1729, followed the general 850:. Josiah Franklin was born at 688:American Philosophical Society 1: 26481:18th-century American writers 25570:Category:Political philosophy 25443:Critique of political economy 23424:Oration on the Dignity of Man 17491:Virginia Ratifying Convention 16565:Charles Carroll of Carrollton 15493:Silence Dogood letters (1722) 15422:Philadelphia Contributionship 14852:Franklin's impact on medicine 14152:Waldstreicher, David (2004). 14013:Rosenthall, Karen M. (2016). 13909: 13759:Mathews, L.K. (August 1914). 13731:Lemay, J.A. Leo, ed. (1993). 13692:Hartsock, Pamela Ann (2000). 13575:Ford, Paul Leicester (1921). 12460:The Oxford Companion to Chess 12348:The Christian Science Monitor 12157:– via The Conversation. 11968:The Vegetarian Resource Group 11797: 11785: 11746: 10275:. Yale U.P. pp. 106–41. 10061:. Retrieved February 6, 2017. 9866:. Archived February 18, 2008. 9433:. Hudson Hills. p. 117. 9425:Robinson, Raymond H. (1999). 8953:Colonial Williamsburg Journal 8031:"History of honorary degrees" 6288: 6200:Goodrich, Charles A. (1829). 6116: 6088:Friedrich Christoph Schlosser 5998:database of Franklin's papers 5917:Franklin has appeared on the 5630:Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) 4905:Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good 4644:was held to be true; it took 4400: 4274: 4196:The Life of Benjamin Franklin 3671:Province of Massachusetts Bay 3627:Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet 3468:(which he called "the honest 3312:, and oversaw areas south of 3266: 3253:College of William & Mary 3183:College of William & Mary 3156:Philadelphia Contributionship 3033:In 1751, Franklin co-founded 1368: 1142: 982:Province of Massachusetts Bay 900:to flee to Massachusetts for 785:, peace with Britain and the 652:Franklin became a successful 523:; died 1774) 168:Congress of the Confederation 26911:Scientists from Philadelphia 26761:Inventors from Massachusetts 26701:Fellows of the Royal Society 25468:Institutional discrimination 25463:History of political thought 24195:Negative and positive rights 23494:The Society of the Spectacle 19366: 19252:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 18452:National Constitution Center 18250:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 17549:Assemble and Petition Clause 16097:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson) 16087:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson) 15730:The Apotheosis of Washington 15655:Franklin's phonetic alphabet 15613:"The Morals of Chess" (1786) 15506:The Busy-Body columns (1729) 15447:United States Postal Service 15273:Treaty of Amity and Commerce 14697:Resources in other libraries 14673:Resources in other libraries 14514:Writings (Franklin)|Writings 13647:(U of Missouri Press, 2006) 13429:Buxbaum, M. H., ed. (1987). 11670:Coffman, Steve, ed. (2012). 11527:University of Missouri Press 8999:"Princeton University Press" 7280:UK public library membership 6751:Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009). 6550:Franklin, Benjamin (1901) . 6470:Mulford, Carla, ed. (2009). 6261:United States Postal Service 6018:List of opponents of slavery 5813:National Constitution Center 5786:Franklin Institute of Boston 5589:Old Slaughter's Coffee House 5422:Franklin's "Second Reply to 5407:. Franklin sent a sample of 4880:Like the other advocates of 4832:A bust of Franklin built by 4815:equal to some three Reasons 3931:ideals of the new republic. 3637:Defending the American cause 2923:Republic without republicans 2668:11 September 1922 Revolution 2663:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 1556:The January 1741 edition of 1087:, an 1825 sketch of Franklin 831:Benjamin Franklin's father, 654:newspaper editor and printer 7: 26891:Recreational cryptographers 26821:People from colonial Boston 26796:Musicians from Philadelphia 26676:Creators of writing systems 26566:American currency designers 26511:Activists from Philadelphia 25478:Justification for the state 25263:Two Treatises of Government 19221: 18323:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 17377:State ratifying conventions 17314:Equal Opportunity to Govern 17309:Electoral College abolition 17236:Congressional Apportionment 16760:Second Continental Congress 16082:William Franklin (grandson) 15802:Jefferson Memorial pediment 15723:Royal Society of Arts medal 15598:A Letter to a Royal Academy 15258:Declaration of Independence 15043:(public domain audiobooks) 14472:by Benjamin Franklin (1751) 14401:Franklin, Benjamin (1769). 14218:Reviews in American History 14156:. New York: Hill and Wang. 13941:Journal of American Studies 13469:Benjamin Franklin's Science 13035:(1931) – vol 3, with links 12883:– via Newspapers.com. 12398:The Carnival of the Animals 12293:Harvard Dictionary of Music 12061:"Benjamin Franklin on Food" 11372:Franklin, Benjamin (2003). 11090:Franklin, Benjamin (1771). 10444:. Cornell U.P. p. 81. 10438:Kammen, Michael G. (1990). 10411:Drake, James David (2011). 10370:Journal of Economic History 10009:September 22, 2010, at the 9798:"Letter to Peter Collinson" 9757:Benjamin Franklin's Science 9447:Signing of the Constitution 8926:. Oxford University Press. 8302:American National Biography 7365:Benjamin Franklin and women 7342:Constitutional Law Reporter 7047:Journal of Southern History 6704:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1402_11 6692:Creativity Research Journal 6367:"To the Genius of Franklin" 5973: 5824:Declaration of Independence 5564:, named in Franklin's honor 5535:The Carnival of the Animals 5405:Domingo Fernández Navarrete 4337:, including the use of the 4212:Christ Church Burial Ground 4165:Christ Church Burial Ground 3814:Declaration of Independence 3806:Second Continental Congress 3787:Second Continental Congress 3766:Declaration of Independence 3747:of the Paxton Boys. "If an 3593:In Ireland, he stayed with 3513:Lunar Society of Birmingham 3464:politics. He belonged to a 3344:Second Continental Congress 3211:Declaration of Independence 2988:Early steps in Pennsylvania 2658:Turkish War of Independence 2580: 1518:Declaration of Independence 1332:The American Weekly Mercury 1207:The American Weekly Mercury 1171:Die Philadelphische Zeitung 826: 643:Declaration of Independence 482:Christ Church Burial Ground 301:Second Continental Congress 10: 26997: 26861:Philosophers of technology 26851:Philosophers of literature 25894:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 24148:Bellum omnium contra omnes 19147: 16913:Signers Monument (Georgia) 16218:Memorial to the 56 Signers 16137:Richard Bache (son-in-law) 16132:Peter Folger (grandfather) 15827:Washington–Franklin stamps 15792:Stanford University statue 15415:University of Pennsylvania 15085:Online, searchable edition 15061:Works by Benjamin Franklin 15037:Works by Benjamin Franklin 14976:Guide to Benjamin Franklin 14956:"Franklin, Benjamin" 14926:Review of Rabbinic Judaism 14251:Waldstreicher, David, ed. 14142:Smart, Karl Lyman (1989). 13808:William and Mary Quarterly 13556:Dull, Jonathan R. (2010). 13537:Dull, Jonathan R. (1985). 13522:. New York: Random House. 13467:Cohen, I. Bernard (1990). 13410:Anderson, Douglas (1997). 13157:Ketcham, Ralph L. (1966). 13117:Gaustad, Edwin S. (2006). 13014: 13008: 12839:"U.S. Savings Bond Images" 12714:. Bfit.edu. Archived from 11207:September 5, 2008, at the 10773:The True Benjamin Franklin 10335:Cohen, I. Bernard (2005). 10149:Museum of Science (Boston) 9978:Harvard University Gazette 9427:"The Marketing of an Icon" 8978:www.americanrevolution.org 8079:www.benfranklinexhibit.org 7800:"16. At Washington Avenue" 7798:Kyriakodis, Harry (2011). 7648:Carl Japikse, ed. (2003). 7011:10.1177/107769907705400207 6478:Cambridge University Press 6386:Huang, Nian-Sheng (2000). 6372:Philadelphia Museum of Art 6099:"Franklin, Benjamin" 5903:Washington–Franklin Issues 5734: 5723: 5434:The concept of preventing 5285: 4872:, the radical minister of 4807:equal to some two Reasons 4502:and later the demographer 4473:University of Pennsylvania 4430:Philosophical Transactions 4286:Philadelphia Museum of Art 3203:University of Pennsylvania 3189:by Samuel Johnson, titled 3051:University of Pennsylvania 2713:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 2462:The Commonwealth of Oceana 1579:Franklin wrote a letter, " 1516:for six months. After the 1506:American Revolutionary War 1458: 1334:, by his publishing rival 1265:Charleston, South Carolina 1139:Detroit Publishing Company 1122: 821:Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot 775:University of Pennsylvania 18: 26976:Writers from Philadelphia 26801:Pennsylvania Independents 26726:Harvard University people 26716:Governors of Pennsylvania 26581:American male journalists 25834:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 25829:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 25619: 25565: 25415: 25184: 24832: 24565: 24445: 24364: 24276: 24267: 24133: 23967: 23896: 23725: 23672: 23576: 23564:Intellectuals and Society 23514:The Culture of Narcissism 23405: 23073: 22865: 22814: 22743: 22657: 22650: 22590: 22352: 22103: 21970:Minister Plenipotentiary 21967: 21891:Ministers Plenipotentiary 21890: 21879: 21849: 21530: 21519: 21471: 21340: 21058: 21015: 21004: 20978: 20929: 20822: 20691: 20638: 20382: 20309: 20263: 20165: 20122: 20101: 20048: 20017: 20001: 19948: 19882: 19834: 19798: 19765: 19684: 19643: 19487: 19376: 19372: 19361: 19266:Methodological skepticism 19157: 19153: 19142: 18762: 18721: 18693: 18684: 18674: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18645: 18639:President of Pennsylvania 18636: 18628: 18618: 18603: 18595: 18585: 18576: 18571: 18561: 18552: 18544: 18539: 18522: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18494: 18410: 18382: 18362: 18341: 18310: 18284: 18263: 18237: 18201: 18150: 18119: 18103: 18082: 18061: 18040: 18024: 18015: 17894: 17776:Privileges and Immunities 17589:Congressional enforcement 17524: 17511:Rhode Island ratification 17402:Articles of Confederation 17389: 17367: 17344:Parental Rights amendment 17269: 17226: 17151: 17123: 17102: 17039: 17035: 17026: 16975: 16855: 16776:All men are created equal 16742: 16706: 16676: 16645: 16619: 16573: 16542: 16516: 16460: 16424: 16393: 16362: 16341: 16310: 16284: 16265: 16256: 16240: 16236: 16208: 16150: 16092:Louis F. Bache (grandson) 16054: 16001: 15961:(2002 documentary series) 15945:(1997 documentary series) 15885: 15844:Benjamin Franklin College 15691:Benjamin Franklin Parkway 15663: 15475: 15328: 15236:Hutchinson letters affair 15206: 15183: 14817: 14800: 14780: 14763: 14746: 14729: 14712: 14707: 14692:Resources in your library 14668:Resources in your library 14503:. Applewood Books; 1986. 14378:10.1080/00207140208410109 14262:October 20, 2017, at the 14132:Slack, Kevin Lee (2009). 14104:Skemp, Sheila L. (1994). 14059:Studies in American Humor 14019:Early American Literature 13994:Olson, Lester C. (2004). 13953:10.1017/S0021875809990089 13636:January 15, 2021, at the 13452:. New York: Basic Books. 13136:Isaacson, Walter (2003). 13070:Crane, Vernon W. (1954). 12968:The Craven Street Gazette 12961:"Skeletons in the Closet" 12895:"Benjamin Franklin House" 12596:The Philadelphia Inquirer 12263:. Routledge. p. 67. 11848:Arnold, Isaac N. (1866). 11402:The History of Essex Hall 10900:Jones, Thomas P. (1836). 10880:Faraday, Michael (1839). 10681:; Peach, Bernard (1994). 10382:10.1017/S0022050700090318 9387:. Fai.org. Archived from 9343:. Scienceandsociety.co.uk 9188:. Vox. January 27, 2021. 8947:Crews, Ed (Summer 2004). 8742:Penegar, Kenneth (2011). 8248:"The Library of Congress" 7880:. Smithsonian Institution 7773:Dorwart, Jeffery (1998). 7759:February 5, 2012, at the 7654:. Frog Books. p. 8. 6724:David Waldstreicher, ed., 6638:. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. 6301:Franklin Institute, Essay 5718: 5709: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5525:Il castello di Kenilworth 4102:National Portrait Gallery 4100:, which now hangs in the 4030:, piloted by Charles and 3925:Society of the Cincinnati 3876:to engrave the medallion 3411:proprietors of the colony 3348:United States Post Office 3230:Articles of Confederation 2886:The Emperor's New Clothes 2638:5 October 1910 revolution 2633:French Revolution of 1848 1656:Liberty as non-domination 1434:in 1736. Their daughter, 984:on January 17, 1706, and 924: 884:, on August 15, 1667, to 805:, as well as in numerous 712:President of Pennsylvania 704:Franco–American relations 700:U.S. ambassador to France 599: 587: 577: 556: 530: 498: 488: 477: 460: 439: 434: 430: 418: 407: 399: 389: 377: 366: 359: 347: 335: 324: 317: 306: 294: 282: 270: 259: 251: 239: 227: 215: 204: 197: 185: 173: 161: 150: 143: 131: 119: 91: 80: 75:President of Pennsylvania 72: 68: 52: 30: 26811:Pennsylvania postmasters 26546:American autobiographers 26019:William Tecumseh Sherman 25709:George Washington Carver 25353:The Revolt of the Masses 23554:The Malaise of Modernity 23504:The History of Sexuality 22603:Catholic social teaching 22104:Ambassador Extraordinary 19072:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn 18007:Unitary executive theory 17781:Privileges or Immunities 17496:New York Circular Letter 17486:Massachusetts Compromise 16117:James Franklin (brother) 16112:Josiah Franklin (father) 15782:Portland, Oregon, statue 15650:Franklin as a journalist 15619:An Address to the Public 15512:The Pennsylvania Gazette 15268:Franco-American alliance 15219:(1754 political cartoon) 15127:August 20, 2008, at the 15032:Online Works by Franklin 14839:August 14, 2017, at the 14349:Benjamin Franklin Reader 13486:Conner, Paul W. (1965). 13366:Franklin of Philadelphia 13261:. New York: Henry Holt. 12809:Wilhite, Robert (1998). 12675:London: T. Cadell, 1785. 12295:. Harvard. p. 347. 12093:; Aoyagi, Akiko (2013). 11633:Bureau of Public Affairs 11570:. 62#4 2000. pp. 722 ff. 11147:Eidenmuller, Michael E. 11065:Benjamin Franklin Papers 10643:October 2, 2008, at the 10296:Lemay, J.A. Leo (2008). 10119:. Random House. p. 10016:The Pennsylvania Gazette 9850:"Conservation of Charge" 9719:August 21, 2009, at the 9410:Walter Isaacson (2004). 8706:Bailyn, Bernard (1974). 8125:Thompson, Peter (1999). 6845:Frantz, John B. (1998). 6312:Burt, Nathaniel (1999). 6036: 5919:United States $ 100 bill 5551: 5474:Interests and activities 5375:Province of Pennsylvania 5339:An Address to the Public 4858:A statue of Franklin by 4789:decisional balance sheet 4616:Theories and experiments 4559:Woods Hole oceanographer 4513:(1755) stands alongside 4425:The Pennsylvania Gazette 4419:Thomas-François Dalibard 4415:flying a kite in a storm 4389:Franklin and Electricity 4163:Franklin's gravesite at 4154: 4082:John Henry Hintermeister 3977:Franklin's advocacy for 3651:obtained private letters 3517:University of St Andrews 3113:In 1743, he founded the 3093:British House of Commons 2728:1987 Fijian coups d'état 2688:1952 Egyptian revolution 1666:Political representation 1227:The Pennsylvania Gazette 1158:The Pennsylvania Gazette 920:Early life and education 882:Massachusetts Bay Colony 865:on July 9, 1689, in the 621:(January 17, 1706 [ 26926:Simple living advocates 26856:Philosophers of science 26846:Philosophers of history 26636:American whistleblowers 26099:John Greenleaf Whittier 25714:William Ellery Channing 25333:The Communist Manifesto 24259:Tyranny of the majority 24170:Consent of the governed 23634:Philosophy of education 21968:Envoy Extraordinary and 20921:(interim, 2023–Present) 18516:Academy of Pennsylvania 17927:Dormant Commerce Clause 17771:Presidential succession 17506:Fayetteville Convention 17501:Hillsborough Convention 17437:Three-fifths Compromise 17417:Philadelphia Convention 17407:Mount Vernon Conference 17294:Campaign finance reform 16790:Consent of the governed 16020:The New-England Courant 15817:One-hundred-dollar bill 15718:Benjamin Franklin Medal 15681:Benjamin Franklin House 15525:Poor Richard's Almanack 15432:Early American currency 15383:111th Infantry Regiment 15251:"...to be self-evident" 14981:March 16, 2010, at the 14962:Encyclopædia Britannica 14873:Biographical and guides 14478:(J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) ( 14334:(J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) ( 13975:Olsen, Neil C. (2013). 13870:Mulford, Carla (1999). 13614:"Franklin as Scientist" 13578:The Many-Sided Franklin 13448:Chaplin, Joyce (2007). 13330:Encyclopedia Britannica 13042:March 16, 2010, at the 13031:. "Benjamin Franklin", 12788:. New York: Doubleday. 12551:, reprinted in Knight, 12545:William Temple Franklin 11854:. Clarke & Company. 11658:Oxford University Press 11010:"Isaacson, 2003, p. 15" 10787:Pocock, George (1851). 10343:. W.W. Norton. p. 9950:* Schiffer, Michael B, 9516:"Later Years and Death" 9312:. Bradt Travel Guides. 9096:www.isthisjefferson.org 8908:April 27, 2006, at the 8477:"The Kate Kennedy Club" 8010:press-pubs.uchicago.edu 7680:Benjamin Franklin House 7363:Tise, Larry E. (2000). 6105:Encyclopædia Britannica 5891:Benjamin Franklin House 5853:. He has appeared on a 5793:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 5764:Poor Richard's Almanack 5600:U.S. Chess Hall of Fame 4636:. In the 18th century, 4610:watertight compartments 4582:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera 4106:Smithsonian Institution 4060:Jean Leon Gerome Ferris 4006:, created by professor 3956:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin 3890:William Temple Franklin 3502:Benjamin Franklin Medal 3458:Benjamin Franklin House 3060:Sketch of the original 2708:1969 Libyan coup d'état 2492:Discourse on Inequality 1641:Consent of the governed 1566:Poor Richard's Almanack 1483:William Temple Franklin 1428:Francis Folger Franklin 1403:to marry her daughter. 1179:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1011:The New-England Courant 990:Old South Meeting House 871:Reverend Samuel Willard 867:Old South Meeting House 852:Ecton, Northamptonshire 665:Poor Richard's Almanack 443:January 17, 1706 [ 26906:Scientists from Boston 26751:Independent scientists 26561:American chess writers 26556:American chess players 26084:James McNeill Whistler 26014:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 25929:Matthew Fontaine Maury 24210: 24160:Clash of civilizations 24146: 22573: 22527: 22513: 21064:Post Office Department 19316: 19250: 19216:Enlightened absolutism 19207: 18090:William Samuel Johnson 17962:Nondelegation doctrine 17534:Admission to the Union 17481:Anti-Federalist Papers 17432:Connecticut Compromise 16072:Francis Franklin (son) 16067:William Franklin (son) 16014:American Enlightenment 15953:(2002 animated series) 15822:Franklin silver dollar 15797:Washington D.C. statue 15772:Columbus, Ohio, statue 15757:Revolutionary War Door 15643:Bagatelles and Satires 15637:(1771–1790, pub. 1791) 15577:Pennsylvania Chronicle 15462:Master, Les Neuf Sœurs 14866:Video with sheet music 14570:Listen to this article 14326:Satires and Bagatelles 14212:Brands, H. W. (2013). 14053:Royot, Daniel (2006). 13912:"Franklin and Slavery" 13702:Houston, Alan (2008). 13049:Brands, H. W. (2000). 11519:Frasca, Ralph (2009). 11151:. Americanrhetoric.com 11111:. InterVarsity Press. 10662:Matthew Fontaine Maury 10269:Houston, Alan (2008). 10177:Wolf, Abraham (1939). 10049:Steven Johnson (2008) 9076:Miller, Hunter (ed.). 8318:Peter Charles Hoffer, 8060:June 10, 2010, at the 7942:Smith, Horace Wemyss, 7713:John Kenneth Galbraith 7423:June 15, 2018, at the 7272:10.1093/ref:odnb/52466 6741:(2005) pp. 92–94, 123. 6082: 5923: 5859:Series EE savings bond 5819: 5751: 5587:He regularly attended 5565: 5545:Die Frau ohne Schatten 5491: 5392: 5308: 5189: 5173: 5147: 5098: 4962: 4940: 4913:voluntary associations 4877: 4862: 4851: 4847:, an 1890 portrait by 4837: 4821: 4776: 4749:Alexander Dallas Bache 4718:Cooling by Evaporation 4590: 4588:, in the 16th century. 4573:Matthew Fontaine Maury 4563:Bibliothèque Nationale 4468: 4446:Georg Wilhelm Richmann 4406: 4309:conservation of charge 4288: 4284:now on display at the 4225: 4208: 4171: 4088: 4062: 3987:Edict of Fontainebleau 3881: 3865: 3793: 3521:Freedom of the Borough 3482:Revolution controversy 3402: 3383: 3342:On July 26, 1775, the 3310:Williamsburg, Virginia 3302:island of Newfoundland 3292: 3280: 3171:Stratford, Connecticut 3158:, the Colonies' first 3146:In 1751, Franklin and 3064: 3053: 3042: 3026: 3001: 1561: 1473: 1436:Sarah "Sally" Franklin 1278:South Carolina Gazette 1148: 1105: 1088: 809:and a portrait in the 731:American Enlightenment 671:Pennsylvania Chronicle 26791:Musicians from Boston 26771:Masonic grand masters 26626:American slave owners 26506:Activists from Boston 26034:Harriet Beecher Stowe 26004:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25734:James Fenimore Cooper 25694:William Cullen Bryant 25669:Alexander Graham Bell 24175:Divine right of kings 23639:Philosophy of history 23629:Philosophy of culture 23524:A Conflict of Visions 19182:Counter-Enlightenment 19092:Edward Charles Howard 18297:Richard Dobbs Spaight 17766:Presidential Electors 17741:Original Jurisdiction 17681:Full Faith and Credit 17554:Assistance of Counsel 17475:The Federalist Papers 17304:Crittenden Compromise 16606:Francis Lightfoot Lee 16267:President of Congress 15904:Ben Franklin in Paris 15807:Refunding Certificate 15405:Pennsylvania Hospital 15300:Treaty of Paris, 1783 14916:Afsai, Shai (2019). " 14862: – December 2006 14470:Poor Richard Improved 14230:10.1353/rah.2013.0052 14186:Parliamentary History 14031:10.1353/eal.2016.0047 13876:New England Quarterly 13629:71.4 (2004): 403–419 13346:. New York: Penguin. 13015:Further information: 12977:on September 29, 2005 12479:The essay appears in 11557:(Yale UP, 2017) p. 6. 11350:Bailyn, 1992, p. 249. 11287:Bailyn, 1992, p. 303. 11224:. History.hanover.edu 11105:Olson, Roger (2009). 10937:"To Joseph Priestley" 10858:Cohen, I. B. (1943). 10839:founders.archives.gov 10076:founders.archives.gov 10004:"The Kite Experiment" 9660:Paxton, John (1988). 8887:Isaacson, W. (2003). 8559:. Harper. p. 2. 7248:The Magazine Antiques 7201:founders.archives.gov 6826:on September 12, 2016 6586:Bernhard, J. (2007). 6173:Brands, H.W. (2010). 5915: 5810: 5742: 5724:Further information: 5693:39.94881°N 75.14683°W 5568:Franklin was an avid 5559: 5500:early classical style 5486: 5387: 5303: 5183: 5159: 5142: 5094:Dissenters in England 5086: 4958: 4951:First Great Awakening 4936: 4868: 4857: 4843: 4831: 4799:, and over the other 4793: 4774: 4594:Maritime Observations 4577: 4538:Newport, Rhode Island 4457: 4387: 4357:(Fr) is equal to one 4305:positive and negative 4267: 4220: 4204: 4162: 4068: 4054: 4018:(now the site of the 3871: 3848: 3773: 3677:to the public in the 3643:French and Indian War 3550:Travels around Europe 3498:Royal Society of Arts 3389: 3377: 3327:in 1763, the British 3286: 3274: 3191:Elementa Philosophica 3160:homeowner's insurance 3152:Pennsylvania Hospital 3141:British North America 3059: 3048: 3035:Pennsylvania Hospital 3032: 3019:French and Indian War 3007: 2995: 2876:Criticism of monarchy 2698:North Yemen civil war 2512:The Federalist Papers 1807:Federal parliamentary 1560:, Franklin's magazine 1555: 1468: 1365:Deborah Read Franklin 1132: 1123:Further information: 1100: 1083: 972:Franklin was born on 631:political philosopher 447:January 6, 1705] 26746:Independent scholars 26681:Deaths from pleurisy 26516:Age of Enlightenment 26064:Booker T. Washington 25974:Alice Freeman Palmer 25954:William T. G. Morton 25899:James Russell Lowell 25323:Democracy in America 24702:political philosophy 24685:political philosophy 24500:political philosophy 24329:political philosophy 24239:Separation of powers 24200:Night-watchman state 24185:Monopoly on violence 23719:Political philosophy 23644:Political philosophy 23444:Democracy in America 20889:(interim, 1993–1994) 19136:Age of Enlightenment 18466:A More Perfect Union 18442:Constitution Gardens 18363:Convention Secretary 18025:Convention President 17997:Symmetric federalism 17992:Separation of powers 17726:Necessary and Proper 17721:Natural-born citizen 17666:Freedom of the Press 17604:Copyright and Patent 17594:Contingent Elections 17412:Annapolis Convention 16720:Robert R. Livingston 16009:Age of Enlightenment 15935:A More Perfect Union 15812:Franklin half dollar 15787:San Francisco statue 15563:Birch letters (1755) 15224:Albany Plan of Union 15103:at Project Gutenberg 14681:By Benjamin Franklin 14641:More spoken articles 14418:Ketcham, Ralph, ed. 13627:Pennsylvania History 13307:. New York: Viking. 12940:Smithsonian Magazine 12869:"Memorial dedicated" 12817:. Krause Pubns Inc. 12565:Price, Bill (2015). 12287:Apel, Willi (1969). 12234:www.finkenbeiner.com 11174:The Grand Convention 10679:Thomas, David Oswald 10647:NOAA Ocean Explorer. 10555:on December 18, 2005 10051:The Invention of Air 9856:on February 18, 2008 9254:on December 30, 2022 8974:"Key to Declaration" 8901:Franklin, Benjamin. 8838:msuweb.montclair.edu 8789:Franklin, Benjamin. 8187:www.historymuseum.ca 8162:www.historymuseum.ca 7911:Metrocorp Publishing 7158:. Freemasonry.bcy.ca 6999:Journalism Quarterly 6851:Pennsylvania History 5907:commemorative stamps 5460:Pennsylvania Gazette 5373:in the colonial-era 5331:abolition of slavery 5273:. Imitate Jesus and 5004:British Unitarianism 4779:In a 1772 letter to 4634:scientific community 4630:wave theory of light 4586:Sir Humphrey Gilbert 4533:North Atlantic Ocean 4032:Nicolas-Louis Robert 4028:Jardin des Tuileries 3913:French Revolutionary 3722:Coming of revolution 3689:Alexander Wedderburn 3623:treaty of friendship 3306:Halifax, Nova Scotia 3257:Pennsylvania Militia 3207:Continental Congress 3179:Bishop James Madison 3173:, and schoolteacher 3137:justice of the peace 2861:Classical radicalism 2603:Republic of Florence 2542:Democracy in America 1701:Separation of powers 1676:Public participation 1548:Success as an author 1386:Sarah Franklin Bache 1275:, who took over the 1187:Pennsylvania Germans 1109:subscription library 1043:Move to Philadelphia 910:Charles I of England 797:and in the names of 659:Pennsylvania Gazette 473:, Pennsylvania, U.S. 342:Position established 277:Position established 234:Position established 222:Continental Congress 180:Position established 26971:Writers from Boston 26931:Social philosophers 26591:American memoirists 26536:American Freemasons 26079:George Westinghouse 26049:Henry David Thoreau 25959:John Lothrop Motley 25934:Albert A. Michelson 25814:Nathaniel Hawthorne 25764:Ralph Waldo Emerson 25749:James Buchanan Eads 25513:Right-wing politics 25393:A Theory of Justice 25363:The Road to Serfdom 25283:The Social Contract 23990:Christian democracy 23484:One-Dimensional Man 22106:and Plenipotentiary 21342:U.S. Postal Service 20142:Feijóo y Montenegro 20093:Vorontsova-Dashkova 18473:Worldwide influence 18214:Gunning Bedford Jr. 17942:Executive privilege 17922:Criminal sentencing 17845:Title of Nobility ( 17836:Taxing and Spending 17736:Oath or Affirmation 17696:House Apportionment 17559:Case or Controversy 17442:Committee of Detail 17334:"Liberty" amendment 17299:Christian amendment 16847:American Revolution 16122:Jane Mecom (sister) 16062:Deborah Read (wife) 16034:American Revolution 16027:The American Museum 15906:(1964 musical play) 15877:Ben Franklin effect 14972:Library of Congress 14946:US State Department 14757:, November 12, 2002 14435:Woody, Thomas, ed. 14411:Houston, Alan, ed. 13433:. Boston: GK Hall. 12911:1947Natur.160S..15. 12485:Chess in Literature 12071:on January 24, 2020 11660:, 2006), pp. 18–19. 11579:Kidd, (2017) p. 36. 11309:Weber, Max (2002). 11299:, pp. 10, 102, 489. 11222:"Benjamin Franklin" 11176:(1966), pp. 184–85. 10975:, ed. Lemay, p. 65. 10815:on January 28, 2011 10499:on December 2, 2011 10238:2006PhT....59a..42K 10155:on February 9, 2010 10002:Benjamin Franklin, 9909:The First American, 9808:on October 20, 2017 9784:The First American, 9733:Benjamin Franklin. 9638:Library of Congress 9595:Sparks, pp. 529–30. 9365:. Fiddlersgreen.net 9284:on October 23, 2018 8797:on January 3, 2006. 8647:avalon.law.yale.edu 8557:Crowded with Genius 8339:on October 5, 2009. 8253:Library of Congress 7971:, pp. 163–274. 7542:"Franklin, William" 7344:. November 28, 2018 7136:The History Channel 7082:Connecticut History 6987:(2006) pp. 19, 196. 5698:39.94881; -75.14683 5689: / 5667:Nat'l. Liberty Mus. 5574:The Morals of Chess 5530:Camille Saint-Saëns 5430:View on inoculation 5186:Columbia University 5020:religious tolerance 5008:Essex Street Chapel 4834:Jean-Antoine Houdon 4417:. On May 10, 1752, 4185:Franklin died from 3983:Edict of Versailles 3979:religious tolerance 3960:Jean Sylvain Bailly 3798:American Revolution 3777:'s portrait of the 3728:Pontiac's Rebellion 3667:lieutenant governor 3314:Annapolis, Maryland 3195:Columbia University 3181:, president of the 3071:, one of the first 3023:American Revolution 2951:Politics portal 2756:Antigua and Barbuda 2703:Zanzibar Revolution 2613:American Revolution 2502:The Social Contract 1671:Popular sovereignty 1424:common-law marriage 1288:Connecticut Gazette 1001:Boston Latin School 908:in 1635 after King 890:Mary Morrell Folger 807:cultural references 759:civic organizations 718:, became an active 708:American Revolution 582:Boston Latin School 26901:Rhetoric theorists 26866:Philosophy writers 26576:American humorists 26186:History of science 26009:Theodore Roosevelt 25949:Samuel F. B. Morse 25809:Alexander Hamilton 25754:Thomas Alva Edison 25664:Henry Ward Beecher 25649:John James Audubon 25525:Political violence 25520:Political theology 25503:Left-wing politics 25498:Political spectrum 23604:Cultural pessimism 23599:Cultural criticism 22498:National character 19281:Natural philosophy 18540:Political offices 18127:William Livingston 18111:Alexander Hamilton 17917:Criminal procedure 17912:Constitutional law 17847:Foreign Emoluments 17811:State of the Union 17796:Self-Incrimination 17786:Recess appointment 17579:Compulsory Process 17241:Titles of Nobility 16909:(Washington, D.C.) 16900:Semiquincentennial 16803:Document's history 16658:Thomas Heyward Jr. 16328:Robert Treat Paine 15985:(2022 documentary) 15887:In popular culture 15701:Franklin Institute 15427:Union Fire Company 15315:Postmaster General 15295:Libertas Americana 15278:Treaty of Alliance 15111:LibriVox recording 14543:Fleming, Candace. 14480:Library of America 14336:Library of America 13029:Becker, Carl Lotus 12905:(4053): 15. 1947. 12843:treasurydirect.gov 12646:measuringworth.com 12257:(August 1, 2003). 12091:Shurtleff, William 11925:(February 3, 1790) 11702:standardebooks.org 11200:Franklin Benjamin 10933:Franklin, Benjamin 10660:, 1853, p. 53, by 10198:The New York Times 9552:. February 1, 2016 9481:, pp. 654–55, 694. 9479:The First American 8035:Harvard University 7429:franklinpapers.org 6941:Robert Middlekauff 6144:Morris, Richard B. 6056:Annunciation Style 5924: 5882:Nelson Rockefeller 5874:Franklin Institute 5820: 5803:Likeness and image 5752: 5593:Café de la Régence 5579:Columbian Magazine 5566: 5492: 5298:Somerset v Stewart 5190: 5148: 5026:was illegal until 5012:Theophilus Lindsey 4878: 4863: 4852: 4838: 4777: 4642:corpuscular theory 4626:Christiaan Huygens 4568:The New York Times 4483:Population studies 4444:. Others, such as 4413:is electricity by 4407: 4293:static electricity 4289: 4172: 4089: 4084:'s 1925 portrait, 4063: 3882: 3878:Libertas Americana 3866: 3794: 3649:In 1772, Franklin 3611:Kingdom of Ireland 3509:natural philosophy 3476:, the minister of 3403: 3384: 3329:province of Quebec 3319:When the lands of 3298:Joint appointments 3293: 3281: 3241:Harvard University 3069:Union Fire Company 3065: 3054: 3043: 3039:William Strickland 3027: 3002: 2917:Primus inter pares 2733:Nepalese Civil War 2723:Iranian Revolution 2693:14 July Revolution 2648:Russian Revolution 2643:Chinese Revolution 2593:Republic of Venice 2442:Discourses on Livy 1562: 1474: 1149: 1089: 914:clerk of the court 894:indentured servant 757:. He founded many 735:history of physics 676:British Parliament 647:postmaster general 641:and signer of the 26741:Humor researchers 26621:American printers 26521:Almanac compilers 26426:Benjamin Franklin 26266:Benjamin Franklin 26143: 26142: 26137: 26136: 26069:George Washington 26024:John Philip Sousa 25859:Thomas J. Jackson 25849:Washington Irving 25794:William C. Gorgas 25779:Benjamin Franklin 25744:Charlotte Cushman 25629:John Quincy Adams 25578: 25577: 25488:Philosophy of law 25433:Conflict theories 25273:The Spirit of Law 25180: 25179: 24229:Original position 23685: 23684: 23401: 23400: 22546:Spontaneous order 22536:Social alienation 22385:Cultural heritage 22346:Social philosophy 22312: 22311: 22190: 22187:chargé d'affaires 22021: 22018:chargé d'affaires 22004: 22001:chargé d'affaires 21950: 21947:chargé d'affaires 21795: 21794: 21475:(1777–1790) 21423: 21422: 20938: 20937: 20649: 20648: 20337: 20336: 20305: 20304: 20301: 20300: 19357: 19356: 19353: 19352: 19330:Scientific method 19187:Critical thinking 19102: 19101: 19040:Benjamin Thompson 18848:William Brownrigg 18808:Charles Cavendish 18784:Benjamin Franklin 18755:Copley Medallists 18708: 18707: 18703: 18702: 18694:Succeeded by 18675:Succeeded by 18656:Diplomatic posts 18646:Succeeded by 18619:Succeeded by 18586:Succeeded by 18562:Succeeded by 18535: 18523:Succeeded by 18500:Academic offices 18481: 18480: 18447:Constitution Week 18432:Independence Mall 18420:National Archives 18378: 18377: 18193:Gouverneur Morris 18178:Thomas Fitzsimons 18158:Benjamin Franklin 18032:George Washington 17932:Enumerated powers 17907:Concurrent powers 17902:Balance of powers 17731:No Religious Test 17671:Freedom of Speech 17462:Independence Hall 17385: 17384: 17289:Bricker amendment 17222: 17221: 16935: 16934: 16931: 16930: 16923:Trumbull portrait 16865:National Archives 16835:Independence Hall 16770:Committee of Five 16702: 16701: 16601:Thomas Nelson Jr. 16596:Benjamin Harrison 16586:Richard Henry Lee 16478:Benjamin Franklin 16442:Francis Hopkinson 16406:Philip Livingston 16375:Samuel Huntington 16168: 16167: 15993:(2024 miniseries) 15983:Benjamin Franklin 15977:(2015 miniseries) 15969:(2008 miniseries) 15959:Benjamin Franklin 15926:Benjamin Franklin 15859:State of Franklin 15569:The Way to Wealth 15246:Committee of Five 15177:Benjamin Franklin 15065:Project Gutenberg 14934:by J.A. Leo Lemay 14830: 14829: 14755:Benjamin Franklin 14723:, October 5, 2000 14654:Benjamin Franklin 14649:Library resources 14610: 14600: 14590: 14553:978-0-689-83549-0 14528:For young readers 14500:The Way to Wealth 14488:978-1-931082-22-8 14425:Lass, Hilda, ed. 14344:978-1-883011-53-6 14171:Walters, Kerry S. 13986:978-1-4800-6550-5 13713:978-0-300-12447-7 13384:Scholarly studies 13375:978-0-674-31810-6 13314:978-1-931541-85-5 13304:Benjamin Franklin 13290:978-0-89526-163-2 13268:978-0-8050-8009-4 13237:Benjamin Franklin 13233:Morgan, Edmund S. 13224:978-0-8122-4121-1 13202:978-0-8122-3855-6 13180:978-0-8122-3854-9 13159:Benjamin Franklin 13119:Benjamin Franklin 13083:978-0-673-39330-2 13062:978-0-385-49540-0 12873:The Intelligencer 12795:978-0-385-14207-6 12742:Library.fandm.edu 12576:978-1-77085-529-8 12383:978-0-931340-71-0 12376:. Amadeus Press. 12322:Los Angeles Times 12289:"Glass harmonica" 12270:978-1-135-40367-6 11727:www.ushistory.org 11683:978-0-7864-5862-2 11654:National Archives 11536:978-0-8262-6492-3 11410:on March 26, 2012 11385:978-0-87220-683-0 11266:Kidd (2017) p. 4. 11170:Rossiter, Clinton 11118:978-0-8308-2695-7 10950:978-0-300-01865-3 10745:www.dartmouth.edu 10726:Eclipsed By Storm 10694:978-0-8223-1327-4 10478:978-0-226-84669-9 10451:978-0-8014-9755-1 10424:978-0-8139-3122-7 10354:978-0-393-05769-0 10309:978-0-8122-4121-1 10282:978-0-300-15239-5 10247:10.1063/1.2180176 10145:"Franklin's Kite" 10130:978-1-84212-272-3 10109:Clarke, Ronald W. 10059:978-1-59448-401-8 9753:Cohen, I. Bernard 9319:978-1-84162-068-8 9278:history.state.gov 9161:AMERICAN HERITAGE 9144:Benjamin Franklin 9142:Van Doren, Carl. 9129:978-0-665-39568-0 8933:978-0-19-530071-0 8869:978-1-137-45242-9 8775:Sheila L. Skemp, 8753:978-0-87586-849-3 8719:978-0-674-64160-0 8680:978-0-312-64862-6 8593:978-0-7661-4375-3 8535:www.ushistory.org 8483:on March 27, 2009 8306:, February 2000. 8223:, pp. 206–09, 301 8111:978-1-4290-4333-5 7813:978-1-62584-188-9 7784:978-0-8122-1644-8 7702:. March 12, 2021. 7661:978-1-58394-079-2 7617:. August 20, 2014 7566:Fleming, Thomas, 7278:(Subscription or 6939:online review by 6910:Fides et Historia 6770:978-1-60239-706-4 6737:J. A. Leo Lemay, 6678:Benjamin Franklin 6645:978-1-4408-3669-5 6599:978-0-8262-6601-9 6325:978-0-8122-1693-6 6186:978-0-307-75494-3 6159:978-0-06-090454-8 5880:. Vice President 5836:U.S. Constitution 5768:Fortunate Richard 5722: 5721: 5705: 5520:Gaetano Donizetti 5479:Musical endeavors 5396:began to eat fish 5155:freedom of speech 5108:he took from the 5090:Jesus of Nazareth 5062:Church of England 4947:George Whitefield 4924:divinity of Jesus 4730:thermal radiation 4477:Independence Hall 4453:electrical ground 4247:and the flexible 4180:U.S. Constitution 4140:in Philadelphia. 4093:George Washington 4074:Gouverneur Morris 4070:George Washington 4047:Return to America 4012:Les Frères Robert 3958:, the astronomer 3952:Antoine Lavoisier 3917:National Assembly 3853:hat, charmed the 3849:Franklin, in his 3812:that drafted the 3810:Committee of Five 3800:had begun at the 3779:Committee of Five 3686:Solicitor-General 3655:Thomas Hutchinson 3619:Otto von Guericke 3595:Lord Hillsborough 3529:Oxford University 3362:Decades in London 3123:King George's War 2985: 2984: 2928:Republican empire 2901:List of republics 2750:National variants 2678:Spanish Civil War 2618:French Revolution 2598:Republic of Genoa 2482:The Spirit of Law 2415:Theoretical works 1759:Neo-republicanism 1269:Elizabeth Timothy 1249:Isaac Bickerstaff 1181:, staying at the 1076:Junto and library 1053:Sir William Keith 902:religious freedom 606:Benjamin Franklin 603: 602: 456:, English America 454:Massachusetts Bay 32:Benjamin Franklin 26988: 26411: 26403: 26402: 26401: 26394: 26393:from Wikiversity 26386: 26385: 26384: 26377: 26369: 26368: 26367: 26360: 26352: 26351: 26350: 26343: 26335: 26334: 26333: 26326: 26318: 26317: 26316: 26309: 26301: 26300: 26299: 26292: 26284: 26283: 26282: 26272: 26256: 26255: 26244: 26243: 26232: 26231: 26220: 26219: 26218: 26208: 26207: 26206: 26196: 26195: 26194: 26184: 26183: 26182: 26172: 26171: 26160: 26159: 26158: 26151: 25909:Edward MacDowell 25864:Thomas Jefferson 25799:Ulysses S. Grant 25759:Jonathan Edwards 25729:Grover Cleveland 25644:Susan B. Anthony 25605: 25598: 25591: 25582: 25581: 25493:Political ethics 25483:Machiavellianism 25423:Authoritarianism 25408: 25398: 25388: 25378: 25368: 25358: 25348: 25338: 25328: 25318: 25308: 25298: 25288: 25278: 25268: 25258: 25248: 25238: 25228: 25218: 25208: 25198: 24274: 24273: 24215: 24151: 24141:Balance of power 24115:Social democracy 24110:Social Darwinism 24085:Multiculturalism 24030:Environmentalism 24005:Communitarianism 23712: 23705: 23698: 23689: 23688: 23649:Social criticism 23569: 23559: 23549: 23539: 23529: 23519: 23509: 23499: 23489: 23479: 23469: 23459: 23449: 23439: 23429: 23419: 22655: 22654: 22637:Frankfurt School 22615:Communitarianism 22578: 22532: 22518: 22339: 22332: 22325: 22316: 22315: 22184: 22015: 21998: 21944: 21885: 21844: 21843: 21834: 21833: 21822: 21815: 21808: 21799: 21798: 21535: 21525: 21524: 21476: 21450: 21443: 21436: 21427: 21426: 21010: 20965: 20958: 20951: 20942: 20941: 20922: 20914: 20906: 20898: 20890: 20882: 20874: 20866: 20858: 20850: 20842: 20834: 20815: 20807: 20799: 20791: 20783: 20775: 20767: 20759: 20751: 20743: 20735: 20727: 20719: 20711: 20703: 20685: 20676: 20669: 20662: 20653: 20652: 20644: 20364: 20357: 20350: 20341: 20340: 20326: 20325: 19374: 19373: 19363: 19362: 19321: 19255: 19226: 19212: 19155: 19154: 19144: 19143: 19129: 19122: 19115: 19106: 19105: 19095: 19087: 19079: 19076:Charles Hatchett 19067: 19059: 19051: 19048:Alessandro Volta 19043: 19035: 19032:Jean-André Deluc 19023: 19015: 19007: 18999: 18991: 18983: 18971: 18963: 18960:William Herschel 18955: 18947: 18939: 18931: 18923: 18915: 18907: 18904:Joseph Priestley 18899: 18891: 18888:William Hamilton 18883: 18875: 18867: 18859: 18843: 18835: 18827: 18819: 18811: 18803: 18795: 18787: 18779: 18771: 18748: 18741: 18734: 18725: 18724: 18712: 18711: 18697:Jonathan Russell 18678:Thomas Jefferson 18629:Preceded by 18596:Preceded by 18545:Preceded by 18529: 18497: 18496: 18485: 18484: 18437:Constitution Day 18328:Charles Pinckney 18137:William Paterson 18069:Nathaniel Gorham 18022: 18021: 17801:Speech or Debate 17629:Equal Protection 17339:Ludlow amendment 17324:Flag Desecration 17319:Federal Marriage 17284:Blaine amendment 17246:Corwin Amendment 17037: 17036: 17033: 17032: 16962: 16955: 16948: 16939: 16938: 16890:Sesquicentennial 16877:Independence Day 16750:Halifax Resolves 16736:Matthew Tilghman 16709:for Independence 16707:Delegates voting 16668:Arthur Middleton 16663:Thomas Lynch Jr. 16591:Thomas Jefferson 16437:John Witherspoon 16432:Richard Stockton 16380:William Williams 16302:Matthew Thornton 16263: 16262: 16248:Thomas Jefferson 16238: 16237: 16223:Founding Fathers 16195: 16188: 16181: 16172: 16171: 16158: 16157: 15869:Ships named USS 15320:Founding Fathers 15170: 15163: 15156: 15147: 15146: 15074:Internet Archive 15048: 15047: 14966: 14958: 14822: 14821: 14805: 14804: 14785: 14784: 14774:, April 12, 2005 14768: 14767: 14751: 14750: 14734: 14733: 14717: 14716: 14705: 14704: 14631: 14629: 14621: 14620: 14612: 14611: 14602: 14601: 14592: 14591: 14579: 14577: 14571: 14408: 14397: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14201: 14167: 14147: 14137: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14100: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14049: 14047: 14045: 14009: 13990: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13931: 13906: 13904: 13902: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13838: 13836: 13834: 13795: 13793: 13791: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13724:(Yale UP, 2017) 13720:Kidd, Thomas S. 13717: 13697: 13688: 13669:10.2307/27502642 13590: 13588: 13586: 13571: 13552: 13533: 13510: 13501: 13482: 13463: 13444: 13425: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13397:on March 5, 2007 13379: 13357: 13325: 13323: 13321: 13294: 13272: 13250: 13228: 13206: 13184: 13162: 13153: 13132: 13113: 13111: 13109: 13094: 13092: 13090: 13066: 12999: 12996: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12982: 12976: 12965: 12957: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12920:10.1038/160015c0 12891: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12816: 12806: 12800: 12799: 12778: 12772: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12751:on March 1, 2012 12750: 12744:. Archived from 12734: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12718:on July 31, 2008 12708: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12697: 12682: 12676: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12587: 12581: 12580: 12562: 12556: 12542: 12536: 12529: 12523: 12512:Sutton Coldfield 12502: 12496: 12477: 12471: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12432: 12425: 12416: 12405: 12401:: Scores at the 12394: 12388: 12387: 12375: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12339: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12313: 12307: 12306: 12284: 12275: 12274: 12255:Watefield, Robin 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12187: 12185: 12174: 12168: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12087: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12067:. Archived from 12065:Feast and Phrase 12057: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12011:Humane Decisions 12002: 11996: 11995: 11985: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11932: 11926: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11862: 11856: 11855: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11819: 11813: 11812:, Chapter 8, p. 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11719: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11667: 11661: 11646: 11640: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11599: 11593: 11586: 11580: 11577: 11571: 11564: 11558: 11553:Thomas S. Kidd, 11551: 11545: 11544: 11516: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11446:www.usgennet.org 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11327: 11326: 11306: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11285: 11276: 11273: 11267: 11264: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11218: 11212: 11198: 11189: 11183: 11177: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11144: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11071:on July 26, 2011 11056: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11006: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10982: 10976: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10929: 10920: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10877: 10871: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10751:on June 15, 2018 10747:. Archived from 10737: 10731: 10721: 10715: 10712: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10671: 10665: 10654: 10648: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10617: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10593:www.inquirer.com 10584: 10578: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10520:The First Salute 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10342: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10249: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10151:. Archived from 10141: 10135: 10134: 10118: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10068: 10062: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10026: 10020: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9984:on July 25, 2010 9980:. Archived from 9969: 9963: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9918: 9912: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9876: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9852:. Archived from 9846: 9840: 9839: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9804:. Archived from 9793: 9787: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9730: 9724: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9602: 9596: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9512: 9506: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9469: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9451:Title to Freedom 9422: 9416: 9415: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9303: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9280:. Archived from 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9250:. Archived from 9248:booking-help.org 9240: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9223: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9153: 9147: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9041: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8919: 8913: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8830: 8824: 8819:Ashe, Geoffrey. 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8793:. Archived from 8786: 8780: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8614: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8527: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8368: 8362: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8335:. Archived from 8333:"Tom Huntington" 8329: 8323: 8316: 8310: 8297: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8278:on July 11, 2012 8264: 8258: 8257: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8140: 8131: 8130: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8071: 8065: 8055:Honorary Degrees 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7955:Samuel Johnson, 7953: 7947: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7837: 7831: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7770: 7764: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7726: 7720: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7615:Literary Devices 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7586: 7580: 7579:Fleming, p. 236. 7577: 7571: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7518:Skemp, Sheila L. 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7494:. Archived from 7484: 7478: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7437: 7431: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7318:on June 29, 2024 7317: 7311:. Archived from 7302: 7293: 7284: 7283: 7275: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7152: 7143: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7094:10.2307/44369668 7077: 7071: 7070: 7042: 7036: 7029: 7023: 7022: 6994: 6988: 6981: 6975: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6958:www.bartleby.com 6950: 6944: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6878:10.2307/27502642 6861: 6855: 6854: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6822:. Archived from 6816: 6810: 6809: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6758: 6748: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6687: 6681: 6676:Carl Van Doren, 6674: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6547: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6330: 6329: 6309: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6140: 6134: 6129: 6110: 6109: 6101: 6085: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6059: 6052: 5958: 5946: 5934: 5784:that became the 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5674: 5610: 5609: 5452:James Franklin's 5188:in New York City 5176:Thirteen Virtues 5171: 5145:Sir Rowland Hill 4996: 4979:Protestant ethic 4901:Old South Church 4781:Joseph Priestley 4661:prevailing winds 4520:London Chronicle 4434:Joseph Priestley 4405: 4402: 4297:electrical fluid 4279: 4276: 4249:urinary catheter 4187:pleuritic attack 4098:Joseph Duplessis 4058:, a portrait by 3954:, the physician 3944:animal magnetism 3822:Thomas Jefferson 3745:racial prejudice 3716:Donald McCormick 3603:Irish Parliament 3556:Joseph Priestley 3534: 3480:who ignited the 3466:gentlemen's club 3346:established the 3251:degree from the 3187:moral philosophy 3015:Seven Years' War 2977: 2970: 2963: 2949: 2948: 2933:Republican Party 2911:Peasant republic 2871:Communitarianism 2588:Classical Athens 2583: 2557: 2547: 2537: 2527: 2517: 2507: 2497: 2487: 2477: 2467: 2457: 2447: 2437: 2427: 1661:Mixed government 1595: 1594: 1470:William Franklin 1461:William Franklin 1455:William Franklin 1382: 1373: 1370: 1361: 1320:St. John's Lodge 1251:had been in the 1240:American Mercury 1183:Moravian Sun Inn 1147: 1144: 1027: 958: 937: 761:, including the 645:; and the first 620: 595: 524: 522: 518: 467: 435:Personal details 421: 412: 392: 380: 371: 350: 338: 329: 311: 285: 273: 264: 246:Thomas Jefferson 242: 230: 218: 209: 192:Jonathan Russell 188: 176: 164: 155: 134: 122: 106:Peter Muhlenberg 94: 85: 61:Joseph Duplessis 57: 47: 28: 27: 26996: 26995: 26991: 26990: 26989: 26987: 26986: 26985: 26711:Franklin family 26571:American deists 26416: 26415: 26414: 26404: 26399: 26397: 26387: 26382: 26380: 26370: 26365: 26363: 26359:from Wikisource 26353: 26348: 26346: 26336: 26331: 26329: 26319: 26314: 26312: 26302: 26297: 26295: 26291:from Wiktionary 26285: 26280: 26278: 26275: 26271:sister projects 26268:at Knowledge's 26262: 26250: 26238: 26226: 26216: 26214: 26204: 26202: 26192: 26190: 26180: 26178: 26166: 26156: 26154: 26146: 26144: 26139: 26138: 26133: 26109:Frances Willard 26044:Sylvanus Thayer 25994:Edgar Allan Poe 25979:Francis Parkman 25889:Abraham Lincoln 25869:John Paul Jones 25789:Josiah W. Gibbs 25704:Andrew Carnegie 25689:Phillips Brooks 25654:George Bancroft 25615: 25609: 25579: 25574: 25561: 25550:Totalitarianism 25411: 25406: 25396: 25386: 25376: 25366: 25356: 25346: 25336: 25326: 25316: 25306: 25296: 25286: 25276: 25266: 25256: 25246: 25236: 25226: 25223:Treatise on Law 25216: 25206: 25196: 25176: 24834: 24828: 24567: 24561: 24447: 24441: 24360: 24263: 24249:State of nature 24244:Social contract 24224:Ordered liberty 24212:Noblesse oblige 24129: 23963: 23892: 23721: 23716: 23686: 23681: 23668: 23594:Critical theory 23572: 23567: 23557: 23547: 23537: 23527: 23517: 23507: 23497: 23487: 23477: 23467: 23457: 23447: 23437: 23427: 23417: 23397: 23075: 23069: 22867: 22861: 22810: 22739: 22646: 22598:Budapest School 22586: 22375:Cosmopolitanism 22348: 22343: 22313: 22308: 22109: 22107: 22105: 22099: 21973: 21971: 21969: 21963: 21894: 21892: 21886: 21877: 21853: 21851: 21845: 21838: 21828: 21826: 21796: 21791: 21533: 21532: 21526: 21522: 21517: 21474: 21473: 21467: 21454: 21424: 21419: 21336: 21062: 21054: 21011: 21002: 20974: 20969: 20939: 20934: 20925: 20917: 20909: 20901: 20893: 20885: 20877: 20869: 20861: 20853: 20845: 20837: 20829: 20818: 20810: 20802: 20794: 20786: 20778: 20770: 20762: 20754: 20746: 20738: 20730: 20722: 20714: 20706: 20698: 20687: 20683: 20680: 20650: 20645: 20636: 20378: 20368: 20338: 20333: 20332: 20319: 20297: 20259: 20161: 20118: 20097: 20044: 20013: 20009:Carvalho e Melo 19997: 19944: 19878: 19830: 19794: 19761: 19680: 19639: 19483: 19368: 19349: 19335:Spanish America 19209:Encyclopédistes 19172:Civil liberties 19149: 19138: 19133: 19103: 19098: 19090: 19082: 19070: 19062: 19054: 19046: 19038: 19026: 19018: 19012:Charles Blagden 19010: 19002: 18994: 18986: 18980:Thomas Hutchins 18974: 18966: 18958: 18950: 18942: 18934: 18926: 18920:Nevil Maskelyne 18918: 18910: 18902: 18894: 18886: 18878: 18870: 18862: 18856:Henry Cavendish 18846: 18838: 18832:Benjamin Wilson 18830: 18822: 18814: 18806: 18798: 18790: 18782: 18774: 18766: 18758: 18752: 18717: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18690: 18680: 18671: 18651: 18642: 18634: 18624: 18615: 18609: 18601: 18591: 18582: 18567: 18558: 18550: 18528: 18519: 18506:New institution 18490: 18482: 18477: 18412: 18406: 18374: 18370:William Jackson 18358: 18354:Abraham Baldwin 18337: 18306: 18302:Hugh Williamson 18280: 18259: 18233: 18224:Richard Bassett 18197: 18183:Jared Ingersoll 18146: 18142:Jonathan Dayton 18115: 18099: 18078: 18057: 18053:Nicholas Gilman 18036: 18011: 17977:Reserved powers 17957:Judicial review 17890: 17686:General Welfare 17609:Double Jeopardy 17520: 17447:List of Framers 17427:New Jersey Plan 17381: 17363: 17359:Victims' Rights 17279:Balanced budget 17265: 17218: 17147: 17119: 17098: 17022: 16971: 16966: 16936: 16927: 16857: 16851: 16830:United Colonies 16818:Timothy Matlack 16813:Charles Thomson 16738: 16726: 16710: 16708: 16698: 16672: 16653:Edward Rutledge 16641: 16615: 16569: 16538: 16512: 16456: 16420: 16389: 16358: 16349:Stephen Hopkins 16337: 16306: 16297:William Whipple 16292:Josiah Bartlett 16280: 16277:(Massachusetts) 16252: 16232: 16204: 16199: 16169: 16164: 16146: 16050: 15997: 15975:Sons of Liberty 15881: 15753:(1816 painting) 15745:(1783 painting) 15742:Treaty of Paris 15659: 15488:Founders Online 15471: 15452:Street lighting 15368:Kite experiment 15330: 15324: 15229:Albany Congress 15208: 15207:Founding of the 15202: 15179: 15174: 15129:Wayback Machine 15118: 15095: 15056:Standard Ebooks 15045: 15003: 15001:Online writings 14983:Wayback Machine 14928:22, 2: 228–276. 14875: 14841:Wayback Machine 14819: 14802: 14782: 14765: 14748: 14740:, July 22, 2003 14731: 14714: 14708:External videos 14703: 14702: 14701: 14678: 14677: 14657: 14656: 14652: 14645: 14644: 14633: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14615: 14606: 14596: 14586: 14581: 14575: 14574: 14573:(3 parts, 14572: 14569: 14566: 14561: 14530: 14464:Wayback Machine 14432:(1964). 222 pp. 14272: 14270:Primary sources 14264:Wayback Machine 14242: 14240: 14208: 14164: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14097: 14075: 14073: 14065:(14): 133–138. 14043: 14041: 14006: 13987: 13965: 13963: 13900: 13898: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13832: 13830: 13820:10.2307/1923207 13789: 13787: 13777:10.2307/1946173 13749: 13747: 13745: 13714: 13643:Frasca, Ralph. 13638:Wayback Machine 13584: 13582: 13568: 13549: 13530: 13498: 13479: 13460: 13441: 13422: 13400: 13398: 13386: 13376: 13354: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13299:Van Doren, Carl 13291: 13269: 13247: 13225: 13211:Lemay, J.A. Leo 13203: 13189:Lemay, J.A. Leo 13181: 13167:Lemay, J.A. 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5996:Founders Online 5976: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5922: 5832:Treaty of Paris 5805: 5737: 5732: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5622: 5608: 5554: 5540:Richard Strauss 5528:(1821), as did 5504:glass harmonica 5489:glass harmonica 5481: 5476: 5432: 5424:Vindex Patriae, 5363: 5288: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5082:Yale University 5080:, president of 4994: 4826: 4785:decision-making 4769: 4767:Decision-making 4737:Michael Faraday 4650:slit experiment 4618: 4529: 4485: 4403: 4382: 4277: 4262: 4245:bifocal glasses 4233: 4200:John Paul Jones 4189:at his home in 4157: 4122: 4049: 4036:Walter Isaacson 4008:Jacques Charles 3902:Treaty of Paris 3843: 3768: 3736:American Indian 3724: 3708: 3639: 3564:Thomas Percival 3552: 3515:. In 1759, the 3494: 3492:Scientific work 3372: 3364: 3356:William Goddard 3325:Treaty of Paris 3289:William Goddard 3269: 3218:Albany Congress 2990: 2981: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2856: 2848: 2847: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2628:Trienio Liberal 2569: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2545: 2535: 2525: 2515: 2505: 2495: 2485: 2475: 2465: 2455: 2445: 2435: 2425: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2143:Flynn (Stephen) 2028: 2020: 2019: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1777: 1769: 1768: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1711:Social equality 1706:Social contract 1696:Self-governance 1651:Democratization 1626:Anti-corruption 1621:Anti-monarchism 1616: 1600:Politics series 1593: 1550: 1497:of New Jersey. 1463: 1457: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1383: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1351: 1336:Andrew Bradford 1296: 1203:Andrew Bradford 1145: 1127: 1121: 1078: 1045: 1025: 970: 969: 968: 967: 966: 959: 950: 949: 948: 938: 927: 922: 833:Josiah Franklin 829: 783:Treaty of Paris 771:fire department 763:Library Company 751:glass harmonica 608: 573: 564:Josiah Franklin 552: 526: 514: 510: 507: 489:Political party 469: 465: 448: 419: 413: 408: 390: 378: 372: 367: 348: 336: 330: 325: 312: 307: 283: 271: 265: 260: 240: 228: 216: 210: 205: 186: 174: 162: 156: 151: 132: 120: 115: 92: 86: 81: 64: 48: 35: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 26994: 26984: 26983: 26978: 26973: 26968: 26963: 26958: 26953: 26948: 26943: 26938: 26933: 26928: 26923: 26918: 26913: 26908: 26903: 26898: 26893: 26888: 26883: 26878: 26873: 26868: 26863: 26858: 26853: 26848: 26843: 26838: 26833: 26828: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26808: 26803: 26798: 26793: 26788: 26783: 26778: 26773: 26768: 26766:Les Neuf Sœurs 26763: 26758: 26753: 26748: 26743: 26738: 26733: 26728: 26723: 26718: 26713: 26708: 26703: 26698: 26693: 26688: 26683: 26678: 26673: 26668: 26663: 26661:Coin designers 26658: 26653: 26648: 26643: 26638: 26633: 26628: 26623: 26618: 26613: 26608: 26603: 26598: 26593: 26588: 26583: 26578: 26573: 26568: 26563: 26558: 26553: 26548: 26543: 26538: 26533: 26528: 26523: 26518: 26513: 26508: 26503: 26498: 26493: 26488: 26483: 26478: 26473: 26468: 26463: 26458: 26453: 26448: 26443: 26438: 26433: 26428: 26413: 26412: 26395: 26378: 26376:from Wikibooks 26361: 26344: 26342:from Wikiquote 26327: 26310: 26293: 26264: 26261: 26260: 26248: 26236: 26224: 26212: 26200: 26188: 26176: 26164: 26141: 26140: 26135: 26134: 26132: 26131: 26126: 26124:Orville Wright 26121: 26119:Woodrow Wilson 26116: 26114:Roger Williams 26111: 26106: 26101: 26096: 26091: 26086: 26081: 26076: 26074:Daniel Webster 26071: 26066: 26061: 26056: 26051: 26046: 26041: 26039:Gilbert Stuart 26036: 26031: 26026: 26021: 26016: 26011: 26006: 26001: 25996: 25991: 25986: 25984:George Peabody 25981: 25976: 25971: 25966: 25961: 25956: 25951: 25946: 25941: 25939:Maria Mitchell 25936: 25931: 25926: 25921: 25916: 25911: 25906: 25901: 25896: 25891: 25886: 25881: 25876: 25871: 25866: 25861: 25856: 25854:Andrew Jackson 25851: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25821: 25816: 25811: 25806: 25801: 25796: 25791: 25786: 25781: 25776: 25774:Stephen Foster 25771: 25769:David Farragut 25766: 25761: 25756: 25751: 25746: 25741: 25736: 25731: 25726: 25721: 25716: 25711: 25706: 25701: 25699:Luther Burbank 25696: 25691: 25686: 25684:Louis Brandeis 25681: 25676: 25671: 25666: 25661: 25656: 25651: 25646: 25641: 25636: 25631: 25626: 25620: 25617: 25616: 25608: 25607: 25600: 25593: 25585: 25576: 25575: 25573: 25572: 25566: 25563: 25562: 25560: 25559: 25552: 25547: 25542: 25540:Social justice 25537: 25532: 25527: 25522: 25517: 25516: 25515: 25510: 25505: 25495: 25490: 25485: 25480: 25475: 25470: 25465: 25460: 25455: 25450: 25448:Egalitarianism 25445: 25440: 25438:Contractualism 25435: 25430: 25425: 25419: 25417: 25413: 25412: 25410: 25409: 25399: 25389: 25379: 25369: 25359: 25349: 25339: 25329: 25319: 25309: 25299: 25289: 25279: 25269: 25259: 25249: 25239: 25229: 25219: 25209: 25199: 25188: 25186: 25182: 25181: 25178: 25177: 25175: 25174: 25169: 25164: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25124: 25119: 25114: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25094: 25089: 25084: 25079: 25074: 25069: 25064: 25059: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25034: 25029: 25024: 25019: 25014: 25009: 25004: 24999: 24994: 24989: 24984: 24979: 24974: 24969: 24964: 24959: 24954: 24949: 24944: 24939: 24934: 24929: 24924: 24919: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24859: 24854: 24849: 24844: 24838: 24836: 24830: 24829: 24827: 24826: 24821: 24816: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24705: 24704: 24694: 24689: 24688: 24687: 24677: 24672: 24667: 24662: 24657: 24652: 24647: 24642: 24637: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24592: 24587: 24582: 24577: 24571: 24569: 24563: 24562: 24560: 24559: 24554: 24549: 24544: 24539: 24534: 24529: 24524: 24519: 24514: 24509: 24504: 24503: 24502: 24492: 24487: 24482: 24477: 24472: 24467: 24462: 24457: 24451: 24449: 24443: 24442: 24440: 24439: 24434: 24429: 24424: 24419: 24414: 24409: 24404: 24399: 24394: 24389: 24384: 24379: 24374: 24368: 24366: 24362: 24361: 24359: 24358: 24353: 24348: 24343: 24338: 24333: 24332: 24331: 24321: 24316: 24311: 24306: 24301: 24296: 24291: 24286: 24280: 24278: 24271: 24265: 24264: 24262: 24261: 24256: 24251: 24246: 24241: 24236: 24234:Overton window 24231: 24226: 24221: 24216: 24207: 24202: 24197: 24192: 24187: 24182: 24177: 24172: 24167: 24162: 24157: 24152: 24143: 24137: 24135: 24131: 24130: 24128: 24127: 24122: 24117: 24112: 24107: 24102: 24097: 24092: 24087: 24082: 24077: 24072: 24067: 24065:Libertarianism 24062: 24057: 24052: 24047: 24042: 24037: 24032: 24027: 24022: 24017: 24012: 24007: 24002: 23997: 23992: 23987: 23982: 23977: 23971: 23969: 23965: 23964: 23962: 23961: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23921: 23916: 23911: 23906: 23900: 23898: 23894: 23893: 23891: 23890: 23885: 23880: 23875: 23870: 23865: 23860: 23855: 23850: 23845: 23840: 23835: 23830: 23825: 23820: 23815: 23810: 23805: 23800: 23795: 23790: 23785: 23780: 23775: 23770: 23765: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23729: 23727: 23723: 23722: 23715: 23714: 23707: 23700: 23692: 23683: 23682: 23680: 23679: 23673: 23670: 23669: 23667: 23666: 23661: 23656: 23654:Social science 23651: 23646: 23641: 23636: 23631: 23626: 23621: 23616: 23611: 23606: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23586: 23580: 23578: 23574: 23573: 23571: 23570: 23560: 23550: 23544:Gender Trouble 23540: 23530: 23520: 23510: 23500: 23490: 23480: 23474:The Second Sex 23470: 23460: 23450: 23440: 23430: 23420: 23409: 23407: 23403: 23402: 23399: 23398: 23396: 23395: 23390: 23385: 23380: 23375: 23370: 23365: 23360: 23355: 23350: 23345: 23340: 23335: 23330: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23310: 23305: 23300: 23295: 23290: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23270: 23265: 23260: 23255: 23250: 23245: 23240: 23235: 23230: 23225: 23220: 23215: 23210: 23205: 23200: 23195: 23190: 23185: 23180: 23175: 23170: 23165: 23160: 23155: 23150: 23145: 23140: 23135: 23130: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23079: 23077: 23071: 23070: 23068: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23052: 23047: 23042: 23037: 23032: 23027: 23022: 23017: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22962: 22957: 22952: 22947: 22942: 22937: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22871: 22869: 22863: 22862: 22860: 22859: 22854: 22849: 22844: 22839: 22834: 22829: 22824: 22818: 22816: 22812: 22811: 22809: 22808: 22803: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22753: 22747: 22745: 22741: 22740: 22738: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22667: 22661: 22659: 22652: 22648: 22647: 22645: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22633: 22632: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22611: 22610: 22600: 22594: 22592: 22588: 22587: 22585: 22584: 22579: 22570: 22569: 22568: 22558: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22524: 22519: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22489: 22488: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22466:Invisible hand 22463: 22458: 22453: 22452: 22451: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22421: 22420: 22419: 22409: 22408: 22407: 22402: 22397: 22387: 22382: 22377: 22372: 22367: 22362: 22356: 22354: 22350: 22349: 22342: 22341: 22334: 22327: 22319: 22310: 22309: 22307: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22211: 22206: 22201: 22196: 22191: 22179: 22174: 22169: 22164: 22159: 22154: 22149: 22144: 22139: 22134: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22113: 22111: 22110:(1893–present) 22101: 22100: 22098: 22097: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22032: 22027: 22022: 22010: 22005: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21977: 21975: 21965: 21964: 21962: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21924: 21919: 21914: 21909: 21904: 21898: 21896: 21888: 21887: 21880: 21878: 21876: 21875: 21857: 21855: 21847: 21846: 21825: 21824: 21817: 21810: 21802: 21793: 21792: 21790: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21739: 21734: 21729: 21724: 21719: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21619: 21614: 21609: 21604: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21559: 21554: 21549: 21544: 21538: 21536: 21528: 21527: 21520: 21518: 21516: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21479: 21477: 21469: 21468: 21453: 21452: 21445: 21438: 21430: 21421: 21420: 21418: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21346: 21344: 21338: 21337: 21335: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21184: 21179: 21174: 21169: 21164: 21159: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21068: 21066: 21056: 21055: 21053: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21021: 21019: 21013: 21012: 21005: 21003: 21001: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20984: 20982: 20976: 20975: 20968: 20967: 20960: 20953: 20945: 20936: 20935: 20930: 20927: 20926: 20924: 20923: 20915: 20907: 20899: 20891: 20883: 20875: 20867: 20859: 20857:(acting, 1953) 20851: 20843: 20835: 20826: 20824: 20820: 20819: 20817: 20816: 20808: 20800: 20792: 20784: 20776: 20768: 20760: 20752: 20744: 20736: 20728: 20720: 20712: 20704: 20695: 20693: 20689: 20688: 20679: 20678: 20671: 20664: 20656: 20647: 20646: 20639: 20637: 20635: 20634: 20629: 20624: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20474: 20469: 20464: 20459: 20454: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20383: 20380: 20379: 20367: 20366: 20359: 20352: 20344: 20335: 20334: 20331: 20330: 20312: 20311: 20310: 20307: 20306: 20303: 20302: 20299: 20298: 20296: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20275: 20269: 20267: 20261: 20260: 20258: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20171: 20169: 20163: 20162: 20160: 20159: 20154: 20149: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20128: 20126: 20120: 20119: 20117: 20116: 20111: 20105: 20103: 20099: 20098: 20096: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20054: 20052: 20046: 20045: 20043: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20021: 20019: 20015: 20014: 20012: 20011: 20005: 20003: 19999: 19998: 19996: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19954: 19952: 19946: 19945: 19943: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19886: 19884: 19880: 19879: 19877: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19840: 19838: 19832: 19831: 19829: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19802: 19800: 19796: 19795: 19793: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19771: 19769: 19763: 19762: 19760: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19688: 19686: 19682: 19681: 19679: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19647: 19645: 19641: 19640: 19638: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19491: 19489: 19485: 19484: 19482: 19481: 19479:Wollstonecraft 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19426: 19421: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19380: 19378: 19370: 19369: 19359: 19358: 19355: 19354: 19351: 19350: 19348: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19256: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19218: 19213: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19158: 19151: 19150: 19140: 19139: 19132: 19131: 19124: 19117: 19109: 19100: 19099: 19097: 19096: 19088: 19080: 19068: 19060: 19052: 19044: 19036: 19024: 19020:William Morgan 19016: 19008: 19000: 18992: 18984: 18976:John Goodricke 18972: 18968:Richard Kirwan 18964: 18956: 18948: 18944:Charles Hutton 18940: 18932: 18924: 18916: 18908: 18900: 18892: 18884: 18880:William Hewson 18876: 18868: 18860: 18852:Edward Delaval 18844: 18836: 18828: 18820: 18812: 18804: 18796: 18788: 18780: 18772: 18763: 18760: 18759: 18751: 18750: 18743: 18736: 18728: 18722: 18719: 18718: 18706: 18705: 18701: 18700: 18695: 18692: 18682: 18681: 18676: 18673: 18664: 18658: 18657: 18653: 18652: 18649:Thomas Mifflin 18647: 18644: 18635: 18632:John Dickinson 18630: 18626: 18625: 18620: 18617: 18605:Member of the 18602: 18597: 18593: 18592: 18587: 18584: 18575: 18569: 18568: 18563: 18560: 18551: 18546: 18542: 18541: 18537: 18536: 18524: 18521: 18508: 18502: 18501: 18495: 18492: 18491: 18479: 18478: 18476: 18475: 18470: 18462: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18428: 18427: 18416: 18414: 18408: 18407: 18405: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18386: 18384: 18380: 18379: 18376: 18375: 18373: 18372: 18366: 18364: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18356: 18351: 18345: 18343: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18314: 18312: 18311:South Carolina 18308: 18307: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18292:William Blount 18288: 18286: 18285:North Carolina 18282: 18281: 18279: 18278: 18273: 18267: 18265: 18261: 18260: 18258: 18257: 18255:Daniel Carroll 18252: 18247: 18241: 18239: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18219:John Dickinson 18216: 18211: 18205: 18203: 18199: 18198: 18196: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18163:Thomas Mifflin 18160: 18154: 18152: 18148: 18147: 18145: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18132:David Brearley 18129: 18123: 18121: 18117: 18116: 18114: 18113: 18107: 18105: 18101: 18100: 18098: 18097: 18092: 18086: 18084: 18080: 18079: 18077: 18076: 18071: 18065: 18063: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18044: 18042: 18038: 18037: 18035: 18034: 18028: 18026: 18019: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18009: 18004: 18002:Taxation power 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17947:Implied powers 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17898: 17896: 17895:Interpretation 17892: 17891: 17889: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17791:Recommendation 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17676:Fugitive Slave 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17646: 17644:Excessive Bail 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17544:Appropriations 17541: 17536: 17530: 17528: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17471: 17470: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17393: 17391: 17387: 17386: 17383: 17382: 17380: 17379: 17374: 17368: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17361: 17356: 17354:Single subject 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17275: 17273: 17267: 17266: 17264: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17232: 17230: 17224: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17155: 17153: 17149: 17148: 17146: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17129: 17127: 17125:Reconstruction 17121: 17120: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17106: 17104: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17045: 17043: 17041:Bill of Rights 17030: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16979: 16977: 16973: 16972: 16965: 16964: 16957: 16950: 16942: 16933: 16932: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16881:Anniversaries 16879: 16874: 16873: 16872: 16861: 16859: 16853: 16852: 16850: 16849: 16844: 16843: 16842: 16832: 16827: 16826: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16793: 16786: 16779: 16767: 16765:Lee Resolution 16762: 16757: 16752: 16746: 16744: 16740: 16739: 16714: 16712: 16711:(did not sign) 16704: 16703: 16700: 16699: 16697: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16684:Button Gwinett 16680: 16678: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16649: 16647: 16646:South Carolina 16643: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16627:William Hooper 16623: 16621: 16620:North Carolina 16617: 16616: 16614: 16613: 16611:Carter Braxton 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16577: 16575: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16546: 16544: 16540: 16539: 16537: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16520: 16518: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16464: 16462: 16458: 16457: 16455: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16397: 16395: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16387: 16385:Oliver Wolcott 16382: 16377: 16372: 16366: 16364: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16354:William Ellery 16351: 16345: 16343: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16335: 16333:Elbridge Gerry 16330: 16325: 16320: 16314: 16312: 16308: 16307: 16305: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16288: 16286: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16278: 16271: 16269: 16260: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16250: 16244: 16242: 16241:Primary author 16234: 16233: 16231: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16198: 16197: 16190: 16183: 16175: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16162: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16058: 16056: 16052: 16051: 16049: 16048: 16043: 16042: 16041: 16031: 16023: 16016: 16011: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15995: 15987: 15979: 15971: 15963: 15955: 15951:Liberty's Kids 15947: 15939: 15931: 15922: 15916: 15908: 15900: 15891: 15889: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15874: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15854:Mount Franklin 15851: 15849:Franklin Field 15846: 15841: 15836: 15835: 15834: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15767:Chicago statue 15764: 15759: 15754: 15746: 15738: 15733: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15714: 15713: 15708: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15676:Franklin Court 15673: 15667: 15665: 15661: 15660: 15658: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15639: 15631: 15623: 15615: 15610: 15602: 15594: 15589: 15581: 15573: 15565: 15560: 15552: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15521: 15516: 15508: 15503: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15479: 15477: 15473: 15472: 15470: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15375: 15373:Pay it forward 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15353:Glass armonica 15350: 15348:Franklin stove 15345: 15340: 15334: 15332: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15322: 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(1911). 14951:Chisholm, Hugh 14947: 14941: 14935: 14929: 14914: 14899: 14889: 14878: 14874: 14871: 14870: 14869: 14863: 14860:Radio National 14849: 14844: 14828: 14827: 14815: 14814: 14811:, June 4, 2004 14798: 14797: 14794:, May 19, 2002 14778: 14777: 14761: 14760: 14744: 14743: 14727: 14726: 14710: 14709: 14700: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14683: 14679: 14676: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14659: 14658: 14647: 14646: 14634: 14623: 14616: 14614: 14613: 14603: 14593: 14582: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14564:External links 14562: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14541: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14511: 14496: 14490: 14473: 14467: 14460:is also online 14442: 14433: 14423: 14416: 14409: 14398: 14372:(4): 332–363. 14360: 14352: 14346: 14329: 14322: 14315: 14308: 14291: 14282: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14266: 14257:online edition 14249: 14224:(2): 207–212. 14207: 14206:Historiography 14204: 14203: 14202: 14192:(3): 341–374. 14181: 14168: 14163:978-0809083152 14162: 14149: 14139: 14129: 14117:978-0312086176 14116: 14101: 14095: 14082: 14050: 14025:(3): 571–598. 14010: 14004: 13991: 13985: 13972: 13947:(2): 161–175. 13932: 13922:(4): 618–638. 13907: 13888:10.2307/366890 13882:(3): 415–443. 13867: 13854: 13839: 13814:(4): 607–628. 13800:McCoy, Drew R. 13796: 13771:(3): 393–412. 13756: 13743: 13728: 13718: 13712: 13699: 13689: 13652: 13641: 13623: 13622: 13621: 13611: 13601: 13572: 13567:978-0803230330 13566: 13553: 13548:978-0300034196 13547: 13534: 13529:978-0812968101 13528: 13512: 13502: 13497:978-0195005141 13496: 13483: 13478:978-0674066588 13477: 13464: 13459:978-0465009565 13458: 13445: 13440:978-0816186990 13439: 13426: 13421:978-0801854453 13420: 13407: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13380: 13374: 13362:Wright, Esmond 13358: 13352: 13336: 13326: 13313: 13295: 13289: 13273: 13267: 13251: 13245: 13229: 13223: 13207: 13201: 13185: 13179: 13163: 13154: 13148: 13133: 13127: 13114: 13095: 13082: 13067: 13061: 13046: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13009:Main article: 13006: 13003: 13001: 13000: 12988: 12952: 12926: 12886: 12860: 12830: 12823: 12801: 12794: 12773: 12762: 12729: 12703: 12677: 12663: 12633: 12608: 12582: 12575: 12557: 12537: 12524: 12507:Chess Magazine 12497: 12472: 12444: 12406: 12389: 12382: 12360: 12334: 12308: 12301: 12276: 12269: 12246: 12221: 12195: 12169: 12160: 12138: 12112: 12105: 12082: 12049: 12023: 11997: 11980: 11954: 11947: 11927: 11914: 11900: 11880: 11857: 11840: 11833: 11814: 11810:Isaacson, 2004 11802: 11800:, pp. 619–620. 11790: 11788:, pp. 623–624. 11778: 11751: 11749:, pp. 618–638. 11739: 11714: 11689: 11682: 11662: 11641: 11620: 11594: 11581: 11572: 11559: 11546: 11535: 11529:. p. 40. 11511: 11509:, pp. 46, 486. 11507:Isaacson, 2004 11499: 11495:Isaacson, 2004 11484: 11458: 11433: 11429:Isaacson, 2004 11421: 11391: 11384: 11364: 11360:Isaacson, 2004 11352: 11343: 11339:Isaacson, 2004 11328: 11321: 11301: 11297:Isaacson, 2004 11289: 11277: 11268: 11259: 11255:Isaacson, 2004 11247: 11243:Isaacson, 2004 11235: 11213: 11190: 11188:, pp. 107–113. 11186:Isaacson, 2004 11178: 11162: 11139: 11135:Isaacson, 2004 11127: 11117: 11097: 11082: 11051: 11047:Isaacson, 2004 11039: 11035:Isaacson, 2004 11027: 11001: 10997:Isaacson, 2004 10989: 10985:Isaacson, 2004 10977: 10964: 10949: 10921: 10912: 10892: 10872: 10851: 10826: 10800: 10779: 10762: 10732: 10716: 10707: 10693: 10675:Price, Richard 10666: 10649: 10627: 10618: 10614:New York Times 10605: 10579: 10566: 10535: 10528: 10510: 10484: 10477: 10457: 10450: 10430: 10423: 10403: 10360: 10353: 10327: 10323:Isaacson, 2004 10315: 10308: 10288: 10281: 10261: 10212: 10201:. June 1, 1983 10184: 10166: 10136: 10129: 10100: 10098:, p. 159. 10096:Van Doren 1938 10088: 10063: 10042: 10021: 9995: 9964: 9943: 9928: 9913: 9897: 9868: 9841: 9819: 9788: 9772: 9765: 9744: 9725: 9703: 9677: 9670: 9652: 9624: 9597: 9588: 9563: 9537: 9507: 9504:Isaacson, 2004 9496: 9483: 9470: 9461: 9439: 9417: 9414:. p. 372. 9402: 9376: 9354: 9332: 9318: 9295: 9265: 9235: 9203: 9173: 9148: 9135: 9128: 9108: 9083: 9068: 9050: 9016: 9014:, pp. 311–312. 9012:Isaacson, 2004 9004: 8990: 8965: 8939: 8932: 8914: 8894: 8879: 8868: 8850: 8825: 8812: 8800: 8781: 8768: 8752: 8734: 8718: 8698: 8696:, pp. 229–230. 8694:Isaacson, 2004 8686: 8679: 8659: 8634: 8606: 8592: 8572: 8565: 8547: 8519: 8494: 8468: 8450: 8422:10.1086/348607 8394: 8363: 8342: 8324: 8311: 8289: 8259: 8239: 8225: 8221:Isaacson, 2004 8213: 8199: 8174: 8149: 8132: 8117: 8110: 8091: 8066: 8047: 8022: 7997: 7995:, p. 308. 7985: 7983:, p. 163. 7973: 7961: 7948: 7935: 7933:, p. 174. 7923: 7891: 7862: 7832: 7819: 7812: 7790: 7783: 7765: 7746: 7721: 7705: 7685: 7667: 7660: 7640: 7638:, p. 109. 7636:Van Doren 1938 7628: 7602: 7581: 7572: 7559: 7533: 7509: 7498:on May 7, 2009 7479: 7458: 7432: 7416:November 1769 7409: 7388: 7373: 7355: 7338:"Deborah Read" 7329: 7285: 7252: 7239: 7213: 7188: 7169: 7144: 7128: 7115: 7072: 7037: 7024: 6989: 6983:Ralph Frasca, 6976: 6963: 6945: 6927:Ralph Frasca, 6920: 6899: 6856: 6837: 6811: 6776: 6769: 6743: 6730: 6717: 6698:(2): 253–266. 6682: 6658: 6644: 6624: 6620:Isaacson, 2004 6612: 6598: 6578: 6564: 6552:"Introduction" 6539: 6535:Isaacson, 2004 6527: 6520: 6514:. p. 17. 6493: 6486: 6462: 6437: 6433:Isaacson, 2004 6425: 6378: 6358: 6356:, pp. 491–492. 6354:Isaacson, 2004 6346: 6342:Isaacson, 2004 6331: 6324: 6304: 6293: 6291:, pp. 618–638. 6281: 6245: 6220: 6192: 6185: 6165: 6158: 6135: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6096:, ed. (1911). 6094:Chisholm, Hugh 6080:acclamation, " 6069: 6060: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6004: 5999: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5916: 5895:William Hewson 5804: 5801: 5736: 5733: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5607: 5604: 5553: 5550: 5496:string quartet 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5446:via his owner 5431: 5428: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5177: 5174: 5168:Silence Dogood 5164: 5126:pillar of fire 5106:Book of Exodus 4886:Poor Richard's 4825: 4822: 4768: 4765: 4761:Clapham Common 4757:was diminished 4646:Thomas Young's 4622:Leonhard Euler 4617: 4614: 4528: 4525: 4504:Thomas Malthus 4484: 4481: 4442:electric shock 4381: 4378: 4374:Science Center 4335:electrotherapy 4301:William Watson 4261: 4258: 4241:Franklin stove 4232: 4229: 4223:By the Author. 4156: 4153: 4134:John Dickinson 4121: 4118: 4048: 4045: 3936:Les Neuf Sœurs 3874:Augustin Dupré 3842: 3839: 3767: 3764: 3723: 3720: 3707: 3704: 3680:Boston Gazette 3638: 3635: 3572:Erasmus Darwin 3551: 3548: 3493: 3490: 3454:central London 3431:1765 Stamp Act 3371: 3370:Political work 3368: 3363: 3360: 3337:Trois-Rivières 3268: 3265: 3249:Master of Arts 3222:Board of Trade 3201:to become the 3167:Samuel Johnson 3104:Richard Peters 3077:counterfeiting 2989: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2881:Egalitarianism 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2855:Related topics 2854: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2826:United Kingdom 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2608:Dutch Republic 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2576: 2574:Roman Republic 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2548: 2538: 2528: 2518: 2508: 2498: 2488: 2478: 2468: 2458: 2448: 2438: 2428: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2015:Wollstonecraft 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1592: 1589: 1574:heraldic badge 1549: 1546: 1495:royal governor 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1384: 1377: 1376: 1363: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1308:James Anderson 1302:. He became a 1295: 1292: 1191:Anglo-American 1135:printing press 1120: 1117: 1077: 1074: 1044: 1041: 1036:Cato's Letters 1019:Silence Dogood 960: 953: 952: 951: 939: 932: 931: 930: 929: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 904:, sailing for 828: 825: 779:colonial unity 755:Franklin stove 601: 600: 597: 596: 589: 585: 584: 579: 575: 574: 572: 571: 566: 560: 558: 554: 553: 551: 550: 545: 540: 534: 532: 528: 527: 512: 508: 503: 502: 500: 496: 495: 490: 486: 485: 484:, Philadelphia 479: 475: 474: 468:(aged 84) 464:April 17, 1790 462: 458: 457: 441: 437: 436: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 416: 415: 405: 404: 397: 396: 393: 387: 386: 381: 375: 374: 364: 363: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 339: 333: 332: 322: 321: 315: 314: 304: 303: 295:Delegate from 292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 274: 268: 267: 257: 256: 249: 248: 243: 237: 236: 231: 225: 224: 219: 213: 212: 202: 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 165: 159: 158: 148: 147: 141: 140: 138:Thomas Mifflin 135: 129: 128: 126:John Dickinson 123: 117: 116: 114: 113: 108: 103: 101:Charles Biddle 97: 95: 93:Vice President 89: 88: 78: 77: 70: 69: 66: 65: 58: 50: 49: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26993: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26972: 26969: 26967: 26964: 26962: 26959: 26957: 26954: 26952: 26949: 26947: 26944: 26942: 26939: 26937: 26934: 26932: 26929: 26927: 26924: 26922: 26919: 26917: 26914: 26912: 26909: 26907: 26904: 26902: 26899: 26897: 26894: 26892: 26889: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26879: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26854: 26852: 26849: 26847: 26844: 26842: 26839: 26837: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26804: 26802: 26799: 26797: 26794: 26792: 26789: 26787: 26784: 26782: 26779: 26777: 26774: 26772: 26769: 26767: 26764: 26762: 26759: 26757: 26754: 26752: 26749: 26747: 26744: 26742: 26739: 26737: 26734: 26732: 26731:Hellfire Club 26729: 26727: 26724: 26722: 26719: 26717: 26714: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26679: 26677: 26674: 26672: 26669: 26667: 26664: 26662: 26659: 26657: 26654: 26652: 26649: 26647: 26644: 26642: 26639: 26637: 26634: 26632: 26629: 26627: 26624: 26622: 26619: 26617: 26614: 26612: 26609: 26607: 26604: 26602: 26599: 26597: 26594: 26592: 26589: 26587: 26584: 26582: 26579: 26577: 26574: 26572: 26569: 26567: 26564: 26562: 26559: 26557: 26554: 26552: 26549: 26547: 26544: 26542: 26539: 26537: 26534: 26532: 26529: 26527: 26524: 26522: 26519: 26517: 26514: 26512: 26509: 26507: 26504: 26502: 26499: 26497: 26494: 26492: 26489: 26487: 26484: 26482: 26479: 26477: 26474: 26472: 26469: 26467: 26464: 26462: 26459: 26457: 26454: 26452: 26449: 26447: 26444: 26442: 26439: 26437: 26434: 26432: 26429: 26427: 26424: 26423: 26421: 26410:from Wikidata 26409: 26408: 26396: 26392: 26391: 26379: 26375: 26374: 26362: 26358: 26357: 26345: 26341: 26340: 26328: 26325:from Wikinews 26324: 26323: 26311: 26307: 26306: 26294: 26290: 26289: 26277: 26276: 26273: 26267: 26259: 26254: 26249: 26247: 26242: 26237: 26235: 26230: 26225: 26223: 26213: 26211: 26201: 26199: 26189: 26187: 26177: 26175: 26170: 26165: 26163: 26162:United States 26153: 26152: 26149: 26130: 26129:Wilbur Wright 26127: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26090: 26087: 26085: 26082: 26080: 26077: 26075: 26072: 26070: 26067: 26065: 26062: 26060: 26057: 26055: 26052: 26050: 26047: 26045: 26042: 26040: 26037: 26035: 26032: 26030: 26027: 26025: 26022: 26020: 26017: 26015: 26012: 26010: 26007: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25997: 25995: 25992: 25990: 25987: 25985: 25982: 25980: 25977: 25975: 25972: 25970: 25967: 25965: 25964:Simon Newcomb 25962: 25960: 25957: 25955: 25952: 25950: 25947: 25945: 25942: 25940: 25937: 25935: 25932: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25924:John Marshall 25922: 25920: 25917: 25915: 25914:James Madison 25912: 25910: 25907: 25905: 25902: 25900: 25897: 25895: 25892: 25890: 25887: 25885: 25884:Robert E. Lee 25882: 25880: 25879:Sidney Lanier 25877: 25875: 25872: 25870: 25867: 25865: 25862: 25860: 25857: 25855: 25852: 25850: 25847: 25845: 25842: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25827: 25825: 25824:Patrick Henry 25822: 25820: 25817: 25815: 25812: 25810: 25807: 25805: 25802: 25800: 25797: 25795: 25792: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25784:Robert Fulton 25782: 25780: 25777: 25775: 25772: 25770: 25767: 25765: 25762: 25760: 25757: 25755: 25752: 25750: 25747: 25745: 25742: 25740: 25737: 25735: 25732: 25730: 25727: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25712: 25710: 25707: 25705: 25702: 25700: 25697: 25695: 25692: 25690: 25687: 25685: 25682: 25680: 25677: 25675: 25672: 25670: 25667: 25665: 25662: 25660: 25657: 25655: 25652: 25650: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25640: 25639:Louis Agassiz 25637: 25635: 25632: 25630: 25627: 25625: 25622: 25621: 25618: 25613: 25606: 25601: 25599: 25594: 25592: 25587: 25586: 25583: 25571: 25568: 25567: 25564: 25558: 25557: 25553: 25551: 25548: 25546: 25543: 25541: 25538: 25536: 25533: 25531: 25528: 25526: 25523: 25521: 25518: 25514: 25511: 25509: 25506: 25504: 25501: 25500: 25499: 25496: 25494: 25491: 25489: 25486: 25484: 25481: 25479: 25476: 25474: 25473:Jurisprudence 25471: 25469: 25466: 25464: 25461: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25434: 25431: 25429: 25426: 25424: 25421: 25420: 25418: 25414: 25405: 25404: 25400: 25395: 25394: 25390: 25385: 25384: 25380: 25375: 25374: 25370: 25365: 25364: 25360: 25355: 25354: 25350: 25345: 25344: 25340: 25335: 25334: 25330: 25325: 25324: 25320: 25315: 25314: 25310: 25305: 25304: 25303:Rights of Man 25300: 25295: 25294: 25290: 25285: 25284: 25280: 25275: 25274: 25270: 25265: 25264: 25260: 25255: 25254: 25250: 25245: 25244: 25240: 25235: 25234: 25230: 25225: 25224: 25220: 25215: 25214: 25213:De re publica 25210: 25205: 25204: 25200: 25195: 25194: 25190: 25189: 25187: 25183: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25160: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25120: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25110: 25108: 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25068: 25065: 25063: 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25035: 25033: 25030: 25028: 25025: 25023: 25020: 25018: 25015: 25013: 25010: 25008: 25005: 25003: 25000: 24998: 24995: 24993: 24990: 24988: 24985: 24983: 24980: 24978: 24975: 24973: 24970: 24968: 24965: 24963: 24960: 24958: 24955: 24953: 24950: 24948: 24945: 24943: 24940: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24843: 24840: 24839: 24837: 24833:20th and 21st 24831: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24703: 24700: 24699: 24698: 24695: 24693: 24690: 24686: 24683: 24682: 24681: 24678: 24676: 24673: 24671: 24668: 24666: 24663: 24661: 24658: 24656: 24653: 24651: 24648: 24646: 24643: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24633: 24631: 24628: 24626: 24623: 24621: 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24572: 24570: 24566:18th and 19th 24564: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24550: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24538: 24535: 24533: 24530: 24528: 24525: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24515: 24513: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24501: 24498: 24497: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24478: 24476: 24473: 24471: 24468: 24466: 24463: 24461: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24452: 24450: 24444: 24438: 24435: 24433: 24430: 24428: 24425: 24423: 24422:Nizam al-Mulk 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24373: 24370: 24369: 24367: 24363: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24342: 24339: 24337: 24334: 24330: 24327: 24326: 24325: 24322: 24320: 24317: 24315: 24312: 24310: 24307: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24285: 24282: 24281: 24279: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24266: 24260: 24257: 24255: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24240: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24230: 24227: 24225: 24222: 24220: 24217: 24214: 24213: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24196: 24193: 24191: 24188: 24186: 24183: 24181: 24178: 24176: 24173: 24171: 24168: 24166: 24163: 24161: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24150: 24149: 24144: 24142: 24139: 24138: 24136: 24132: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24105:Republicanism 24103: 24101: 24098: 24096: 24093: 24091: 24088: 24086: 24083: 24081: 24078: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24051: 24048: 24046: 24043: 24041: 24038: 24036: 24033: 24031: 24028: 24026: 24023: 24021: 24018: 24016: 24013: 24011: 24008: 24006: 24003: 24001: 23998: 23996: 23993: 23991: 23988: 23986: 23983: 23981: 23978: 23976: 23973: 23972: 23970: 23966: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23915: 23912: 23910: 23907: 23905: 23902: 23901: 23899: 23895: 23889: 23886: 23884: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23874: 23871: 23869: 23866: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23846: 23844: 23841: 23839: 23836: 23834: 23831: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23779: 23776: 23774: 23771: 23769: 23766: 23764: 23761: 23759: 23756: 23754: 23751: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23736: 23734: 23731: 23730: 23728: 23724: 23720: 23713: 23708: 23706: 23701: 23699: 23694: 23693: 23690: 23678: 23675: 23674: 23671: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23659:Social theory 23657: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23645: 23642: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23610: 23607: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23581: 23579: 23575: 23566: 23565: 23561: 23556: 23555: 23551: 23546: 23545: 23541: 23536: 23535: 23531: 23526: 23525: 23521: 23516: 23515: 23511: 23506: 23505: 23501: 23496: 23495: 23491: 23486: 23485: 23481: 23476: 23475: 23471: 23466: 23465: 23461: 23456: 23455: 23451: 23446: 23445: 23441: 23436: 23435: 23431: 23426: 23425: 23421: 23416: 23415: 23411: 23410: 23408: 23404: 23394: 23391: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23361: 23359: 23356: 23354: 23351: 23349: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23339: 23336: 23334: 23331: 23329: 23326: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23313:Radhakrishnan 23311: 23309: 23306: 23304: 23301: 23299: 23296: 23294: 23291: 23289: 23286: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23264: 23261: 23259: 23256: 23254: 23251: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23229: 23226: 23224: 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23211: 23209: 23206: 23204: 23201: 23199: 23196: 23194: 23191: 23189: 23186: 23184: 23181: 23179: 23176: 23174: 23171: 23169: 23166: 23164: 23161: 23159: 23156: 23154: 23151: 23149: 23146: 23144: 23141: 23139: 23136: 23134: 23131: 23129: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23106: 23104: 23101: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23080: 23078: 23074:20th and 21st 23072: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23051: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23041: 23038: 23036: 23033: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22936: 22933: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22872: 22870: 22866:18th and 19th 22864: 22858: 22855: 22853: 22850: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22838: 22835: 22833: 22830: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22819: 22817: 22813: 22807: 22804: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22752: 22749: 22748: 22746: 22742: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22662: 22660: 22656: 22653: 22649: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22631: 22628: 22627: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22609: 22606: 22605: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22595: 22593: 22589: 22583: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22571: 22567: 22564: 22563: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22531: 22530: 22525: 22523: 22520: 22517: 22516: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22487: 22484: 22483: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22450: 22447: 22446: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22418: 22415: 22414: 22413: 22410: 22406: 22403: 22401: 22398: 22396: 22393: 22392: 22391: 22388: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22357: 22355: 22351: 22347: 22340: 22335: 22333: 22328: 22326: 22321: 22320: 22317: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22220: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22195: 22192: 22188: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22163: 22160: 22158: 22155: 22153: 22150: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22115: 22114: 22112: 22102: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22026: 22023: 22019: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22006: 22002: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21978: 21976: 21966: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21948: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21899: 21897: 21889: 21884: 21874: 21870: 21866: 21862: 21859: 21858: 21856: 21848: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21823: 21818: 21816: 21811: 21809: 21804: 21803: 21800: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21728: 21725: 21723: 21720: 21718: 21715: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21623: 21620: 21618: 21615: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21550: 21548: 21545: 21543: 21540: 21539: 21537: 21529: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21480: 21478: 21470: 21466: 21462: 21458: 21451: 21446: 21444: 21439: 21437: 21432: 21431: 21428: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21347: 21345: 21343: 21339: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21173: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21069: 21067: 21065: 21061: 21060:Cabinet level 21057: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21022: 21020: 21018: 21014: 21009: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20985: 20983: 20981: 20977: 20973: 20966: 20961: 20959: 20954: 20952: 20947: 20946: 20943: 20933: 20928: 20920: 20916: 20912: 20908: 20904: 20900: 20896: 20892: 20888: 20884: 20880: 20876: 20872: 20868: 20864: 20860: 20856: 20852: 20848: 20844: 20840: 20836: 20832: 20828: 20827: 20825: 20821: 20813: 20809: 20805: 20801: 20797: 20793: 20789: 20785: 20781: 20777: 20773: 20769: 20765: 20761: 20757: 20753: 20749: 20745: 20741: 20737: 20733: 20729: 20725: 20721: 20717: 20713: 20709: 20708:William Smith 20705: 20701: 20697: 20696: 20694: 20690: 20686: 20677: 20672: 20670: 20665: 20663: 20658: 20657: 20654: 20643: 20633: 20630: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20470: 20468: 20465: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20388: 20385: 20384: 20381: 20376: 20372: 20365: 20360: 20358: 20353: 20351: 20346: 20345: 20342: 20329: 20321: 20320: 20318: 20316: 20308: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20270: 20268: 20266: 20265:United States 20262: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20172: 20170: 20168: 20164: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20129: 20127: 20125: 20121: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20106: 20104: 20100: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20055: 20053: 20051: 20047: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20025:Budai-Deleanu 20023: 20022: 20020: 20016: 20010: 20007: 20006: 20004: 20000: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19951: 19947: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19887: 19885: 19881: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19839: 19837: 19833: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19801: 19797: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19772: 19770: 19768: 19764: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19689: 19687: 19683: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19648: 19646: 19642: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19490: 19486: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19389:Ashley-Cooper 19387: 19385: 19382: 19381: 19379: 19375: 19371: 19364: 19360: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19320: 19319: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19291:Progressivism 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19261: 19257: 19254: 19253: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19240:Individualism 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19225: 19224: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19211: 19210: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19159: 19156: 19152: 19145: 19141: 19137: 19130: 19125: 19123: 19118: 19116: 19111: 19110: 19107: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19081: 19077: 19073: 19069: 19065: 19064:George Atwood 19061: 19057: 19056:Jesse Ramsden 19053: 19049: 19045: 19041: 19037: 19033: 19029: 19028:James Rennell 19025: 19021: 19017: 19013: 19009: 19005: 19001: 18997: 18993: 18989: 18988:Edward Waring 18985: 18981: 18977: 18973: 18969: 18965: 18961: 18957: 18953: 18949: 18945: 18941: 18937: 18933: 18929: 18925: 18921: 18917: 18913: 18909: 18905: 18901: 18897: 18896:Matthew Raper 18893: 18889: 18885: 18881: 18877: 18873: 18869: 18865: 18861: 18857: 18853: 18849: 18845: 18841: 18837: 18833: 18829: 18825: 18821: 18817: 18813: 18809: 18805: 18801: 18797: 18793: 18792:William Lewis 18789: 18785: 18781: 18777: 18773: 18769: 18765: 18764: 18761: 18756: 18749: 18744: 18742: 18737: 18735: 18730: 18729: 18726: 18720: 18713: 18698: 18689: 18688: 18683: 18679: 18670: 18669: 18663: 18659: 18654: 18650: 18641: 18640: 18633: 18627: 18623: 18614: 18613: 18608: 18600: 18594: 18590: 18589:Richard Bache 18581: 18580: 18574: 18570: 18566: 18557: 18556: 18549: 18543: 18538: 18534: 18533: 18527: 18526:William Smith 18518: 18517: 18513: 18507: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18486: 18474: 18471: 18468: 18467: 18463: 18460: 18459: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18426: 18423: 18422: 18421: 18418: 18417: 18415: 18409: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18397:Jacob Shallus 18395: 18393: 18392: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18381: 18371: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18361: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18340: 18334: 18333:Pierce Butler 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18318:John Rutledge 18316: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18289: 18287: 18283: 18277: 18276:James Madison 18274: 18272: 18269: 18268: 18266: 18262: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18245:James McHenry 18243: 18242: 18240: 18236: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18173:George Clymer 18171: 18169: 18168:Robert Morris 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18149: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18118: 18112: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18102: 18096: 18095:Roger Sherman 18093: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18081: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18062:Massachusetts 18060: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18045: 18043: 18041:New Hampshire 18039: 18033: 18030: 18029: 18027: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18014: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17967:Plenary power 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17937:Equal footing 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17899: 17897: 17893: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17876: 17872: 17868: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17858:Trial by Jury 17856: 17854: 17851: 17848: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17711:Ineligibility 17709: 17707: 17706:Import-Export 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17661:Free Exercise 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17651: 17650:Ex Post Facto 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17634:Establishment 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17584:Confrontation 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17529: 17527: 17523: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17476: 17472: 17468: 17467:Syng inkstand 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17422:Virginia Plan 17420: 17419: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17388: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17366: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17349:School Prayer 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17274: 17272: 17268: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17229: 17225: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17156: 17154: 17150: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17126: 17122: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17107: 17105: 17101: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17046: 17044: 17042: 17038: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17025: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16980: 16978: 16974: 16970: 16963: 16958: 16956: 16951: 16949: 16944: 16943: 16940: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16918:Pine portrait 16916: 16914: 16911: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16871: 16868: 16867: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16854: 16848: 16845: 16841: 16840:Syng inkstand 16838: 16837: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16801: 16797: 16796:27 grievances 16794: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16772: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16713: 16705: 16695: 16694:George Walton 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16681: 16679: 16675: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16648: 16644: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16624: 16622: 16618: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16572: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16547: 16545: 16541: 16535: 16534:Thomas McKean 16532: 16530: 16529:Caesar Rodney 16527: 16525: 16522: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16498:George Taylor 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16488:George Clymer 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16473:Benjamin Rush 16471: 16469: 16468:Robert Morris 16466: 16465: 16463: 16459: 16453: 16452:Abraham Clark 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16427: 16423: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16411:Francis Lewis 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16401:William Floyd 16399: 16398: 16396: 16392: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16370:Roger Sherman 16368: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16340: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16315: 16313: 16311:Massachusetts 16309: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16285:New Hampshire 16283: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16255: 16249: 16246: 16245: 16243: 16239: 16235: 16229: 16228:Syng inkstand 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16210: 16207: 16203: 16196: 16191: 16189: 16184: 16182: 16177: 16176: 16173: 16161: 16153: 16152: 16149: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16059: 16057: 16053: 16047: 16046:Syng inkstand 16044: 16040: 16037: 16036: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16028: 16024: 16022: 16021: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15994: 15992: 15988: 15986: 15984: 15980: 15978: 15976: 15972: 15970: 15968: 15964: 15962: 15960: 15956: 15954: 15952: 15948: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15923: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15914:(1969 musical 15913: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15901: 15899: 15897: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15888: 15884: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15872: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15833: 15830: 15829: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15762:Boston statue 15760: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15731: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15703: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15662: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15644: 15640: 15638: 15636: 15632: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15622: 15620: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15582: 15580: 15578: 15574: 15572: 15570: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15557: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15526: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15513: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15500: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15480: 15478: 15474: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15416: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15363:Lightning rod 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15327: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15248: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15218: 15217:Join, or Die. 15214: 15213: 15211: 15209:United States 15205: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15185: 15182: 15178: 15171: 15166: 15164: 15159: 15157: 15152: 15151: 15148: 15141: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15126: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15110: 15109: 15105: 15102: 15101: 15097: 15096: 15093:Autobiography 15086: 15083: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15053: 15050: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15004: 14996:ushistory.org 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14984: 14980: 14977: 14974: 14971: 14968: 14964: 14963: 14957: 14952: 14948: 14945: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14927: 14923: 14921: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14897: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14887: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14876: 14867: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14856:Okham's Razor 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14825: 14816: 14812: 14810: 14799: 14795: 14793: 14789: 14779: 14775: 14773: 14762: 14758: 14756: 14745: 14741: 14739: 14728: 14724: 14722: 14711: 14706: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14642: 14638: 14604: 14594: 14584: 14583: 14557: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14539: 14535: 14534:Asimov, Isaac 14532: 14531: 14523: 14522:0-940450-29-1 14519: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14509:0-918222-88-5 14506: 14502: 14501: 14497: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14461: 14459: 14453: 14449: 14448: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14424: 14421: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14406: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14353: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14330: 14327: 14323: 14320: 14316: 14313: 14309: 14307: 14306:1-58394-079-0 14303: 14299: 14297: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14274: 14273: 14265: 14261: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14210: 14209: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14182: 14179: 14178:Owen Aldridge 14175: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14159: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14119: 14113: 14109: 14108: 14102: 14098: 14096:0-520-23802-8 14092: 14088: 14083: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14051: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14011: 14007: 14005:1-57003-525-3 14001: 13997: 13992: 13988: 13982: 13978: 13973: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13908: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13868: 13857: 13855:0-684-13786-0 13851: 13847: 13846: 13840: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13797: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13757: 13746: 13744:0-87413-448-X 13740: 13736: 13735: 13729: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13709: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13653: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13635: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13619: 13615: 13612: 13609: 13605: 13602: 13599: 13595: 13592: 13591: 13580: 13579: 13573: 13569: 13563: 13559: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13540: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13499: 13493: 13489: 13484: 13480: 13474: 13470: 13465: 13461: 13455: 13451: 13446: 13442: 13436: 13432: 13427: 13423: 13417: 13413: 13408: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13387: 13377: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13353:1-59420-019-X 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13316: 13310: 13306: 13305: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13277:Srodes, James 13274: 13270: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13255:Schiff, Stacy 13252: 13248: 13246:0-300-10162-7 13242: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13155: 13151: 13149:9780743258074 13145: 13141: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13128:9780195305357 13124: 13120: 13115: 13103: 13102: 13096: 13085: 13079: 13075: 13074: 13068: 13064: 13058: 13054: 13053: 13047: 13045: 13041: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13018: 13012: 12995: 12993: 12973: 12969: 12962: 12956: 12945:September 17, 12941: 12937: 12930: 12921: 12916: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12890: 12874: 12870: 12864: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12834: 12826: 12824:0-87341-653-8 12820: 12815: 12814: 12805: 12797: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12782:Breen, Walter 12777: 12771: 12766: 12755:September 17, 12747: 12743: 12739: 12733: 12722:September 21, 12717: 12713: 12707: 12696:September 21, 12691: 12687: 12681: 12674: 12667: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12637: 12622: 12618: 12612: 12601:September 17, 12597: 12593: 12586: 12578: 12572: 12568: 12561: 12555:, pp. 136–37. 12554: 12550: 12546: 12541: 12534: 12528: 12521: 12520:0-380-00164-0 12517: 12513: 12509: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12493:0-380-00164-0 12490: 12486: 12482: 12476: 12469: 12468:0-19-866164-9 12465: 12461: 12457: 12456:Kenneth Whyld 12453: 12448: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12404: 12400: 12399: 12393: 12385: 12379: 12374: 12373: 12364: 12349: 12345: 12338: 12323: 12319: 12312: 12304: 12302:9780674375017 12298: 12294: 12290: 12283: 12281: 12272: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12250: 12235: 12231: 12225: 12210: 12206: 12199: 12191: 12184:September 27, 12180: 12173: 12164: 12153:September 27, 12148: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12108: 12106:9781928914556 12102: 12098: 12097: 12092: 12086: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12038: 12034: 12027: 12012: 12008: 12001: 11993: 11992: 11984: 11969: 11965: 11958: 11950: 11948:0-415-91903-7 11944: 11940: 11939: 11931: 11924: 11918: 11910: 11904: 11896: 11895: 11890: 11884: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11861: 11853: 11852: 11844: 11836: 11834:9780820333953 11830: 11826: 11825: 11818: 11811: 11806: 11799: 11794: 11787: 11782: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11755: 11748: 11743: 11728: 11724: 11718: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11685: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11666: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11645: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11609: 11605: 11598: 11591: 11585: 11576: 11569: 11568:The Historian 11563: 11556: 11550: 11543: 11538: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11515: 11508: 11503: 11496: 11491: 11489: 11477:September 21, 11472: 11468: 11462: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11430: 11425: 11409: 11405: 11403: 11395: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11376: 11368: 11361: 11356: 11347: 11340: 11335: 11333: 11324: 11322:9780486122373 11318: 11314: 11313: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11284: 11282: 11272: 11263: 11256: 11251: 11244: 11239: 11228:September 21, 11223: 11217: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11197: 11195: 11187: 11182: 11175: 11171: 11166: 11155:September 21, 11150: 11143: 11136: 11131: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11101: 11093: 11086: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11043: 11036: 11031: 11020:September 21, 11015: 11011: 11005: 10998: 10993: 10986: 10981: 10974: 10973:Autobiography 10968: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10926: 10916: 10909: 10905: 10904: 10896: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10876: 10870:(5), 404–407. 10869: 10865: 10861: 10855: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10819:September 14, 10814: 10810: 10804: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10774: 10766: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10736: 10729: 10727: 10720: 10711: 10696: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10622: 10615: 10609: 10594: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10570: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10529:0-394-55333-0 10525: 10521: 10514: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10480: 10474: 10470: 10469: 10461: 10453: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10434: 10426: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10407: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10340: 10331: 10324: 10319: 10311: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10292: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10226:Physics Today 10223: 10216: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10188: 10180: 10173: 10171: 10159:September 28, 10154: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10132: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10097: 10092: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10031: 10025: 10018: 10017: 10013:, printed in 10012: 10008: 10005: 9999: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9960:0-520-24829-5 9957: 9953: 9947: 9939: 9932: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9906: 9901: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9873: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9781: 9776: 9768: 9766:0-674-06658-8 9762: 9758: 9754: 9748: 9740: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9707: 9692: 9688: 9681: 9673: 9671:0-8160-1116-8 9667: 9663: 9656: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9613: 9612: 9611:Ushistory.org 9607: 9601: 9592: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9530:September 17, 9525: 9521: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9500: 9493: 9487: 9480: 9474: 9465: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9440:9781555951481 9436: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9413: 9406: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9364: 9358: 9342: 9336: 9321: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9302: 9300: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9220: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9145: 9139: 9131: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9112: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9079: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9047: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9025:Sparks, Jared 9020: 9013: 9008: 9000: 8994: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8898: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8839: 8835: 8829: 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Kessinger. 8585: 8584: 8576: 8568: 8566:0-06-055888-1 8562: 8558: 8551: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8487:September 21, 8482: 8478: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8398: 8387:September 16, 8382: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8305: 8303: 8296: 8294: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8217: 8209: 8203: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8145: 8139: 8137: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8095: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8051: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7850: 7846: 7845:Penn Medicine 7842: 7836: 7829: 7823: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7591: 7585: 7576: 7569: 7563: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7530:(2): 145–178. 7529: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7475:0-19-505745-7 7472: 7468: 7462: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7290: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7256: 7249: 7243: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7162:September 21, 7157: 7151: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7125: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7053:(4): 511–26. 7052: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7005:(2): 280–85. 7004: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6980: 6973: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6772: 6766: 6763:p. 147. 6762: 6761:Skyhorse Pub. 6757: 6756: 6747: 6740: 6734: 6728:(2011) p. 30. 6727: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6567: 6565:9780758302939 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6536: 6531: 6523: 6521:9780143035282 6517: 6513: 6512:Penguin Press 6509: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6487:9781139828123 6483: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6308: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6169: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6107: 6106: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5961:Issue of 1918 5957: 5949:Issue of 1895 5945: 5937:Issue of 1861 5933: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868:celebration, 5867: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5834:in 1783, and 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654:June 30, 1990 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5627:Official name 5625: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5471: 5469: 5468:Autobiography 5465: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448:Cotton Mather 5445: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361:Vegetarianism 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5320:Benjamin Rush 5317: 5316:James Madison 5311: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263:. Rarely use 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5169: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5066:Presbyterians 5063: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4909:Cotton Mather 4906: 4902: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4882:republicanism 4875: 4871: 4870:Richard Price 4867: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4849:Pedro Américo 4846: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4735:According to 4733: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4688:refrigeration 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677:George Pocock 4673: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4657:lunar eclipse 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4398: 4394: 4391:, a vignette 4390: 4386: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343:Royal Society 4340: 4339:electric bath 4336: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4282:Benjamin West 4272: 4271: 4266: 4257: 4254: 4253:autobiography 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237:lightning rod 4228: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4152: 4150: 4149:James McHenry 4146: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016:Champ de Mars 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3896:, donated by 3895: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775:John Trumbull 3772: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3740:Susquehannock 3737: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712:Hellfire Club 3703: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3693:Privy Council 3691:, before the 3690: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659:Andrew Oliver 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3507:The study of 3505: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3486:Andrew Kippis 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474:Richard Price 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3443:Massachusetts 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3367: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:Plan of Union 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175:William Smith 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3083:, publishing 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2843:United States 2841: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2718:Metapolitefsi 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2552:On Revolution 2549: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2522:Rights of Man 2519: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2432:De re publica 2429: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2238:Jones (Lynne) 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2033:Adams (Gerry) 2031: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1832:Revolutionary 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1822:Parliamentary 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1631:Civil society 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607:Republicanism 1605: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1585:Federal court 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1440:Richard Bache 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1366: 1360: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1314:. He was the 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:Masonic lodge 1291: 1289: 1284: 1281:in 1746. The 1280: 1279: 1274: 1273:Peter Timothy 1270: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1257:Samuel Keimer 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:The Busy-Body 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:Samuel Keimer 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1153:Hugh Meredith 1140: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1073: 1071: 1070:Thomas Denham 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 995: 994:Charles River 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 964: 957: 947: 943: 936: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 834: 824: 822: 819: 817: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:lightning rod 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 660: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 611: 607: 598: 594: 590: 586: 583: 580: 576: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 559: 555: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 533: 529: 506: 501: 497: 494: 491: 487: 483: 480: 478:Resting place 476: 472: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 442: 438: 433: 429: 426: 425:William Smith 423: 417: 411: 406: 403: 398: 394: 388: 385: 382: 376: 370: 365: 362: 358: 355: 352: 346: 343: 340: 334: 328: 323: 320: 316: 310: 305: 302: 298: 293: 290: 289:Richard Bache 287: 281: 278: 275: 269: 263: 258: 255: 250: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 226: 223: 220: 214: 208: 203: 200: 196: 193: 190: 184: 181: 178: 172: 169: 166: 160: 154: 149: 146: 142: 139: 136: 130: 127: 124: 118: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 96: 90: 84: 79: 76: 71: 67: 62: 56: 51: 46: 42: 38: 29: 26: 22: 26405: 26388: 26371: 26354: 26337: 26320: 26308:from Commons 26303: 26286: 26265: 26104:Emma Willard 26089:Walt Whitman 26059:Lillian Wald 26029:Joseph Story 25989:William Penn 25969:Thomas Paine 25944:James Monroe 25839:Mark Hopkins 25819:Joseph Henry 25778: 25739:Peter Cooper 25719:Rufus Choate 25674:Daniel Boone 25659:Clara Barton 25554: 25453:Elite theory 25401: 25391: 25381: 25371: 25361: 25351: 25341: 25331: 25321: 25311: 25301: 25291: 25281: 25271: 25261: 25251: 25241: 25231: 25221: 25211: 25201: 25191: 24649: 24490:Guicciardini 24446:Early modern 24269:Philosophers 24219:Open society 24155:Body politic 24025:Distributism 24015:Conservatism 24010:Confucianism 23929:Gerontocracy 23919:Dictatorship 23873:Sovereignty‎ 23863:Ruling class 23753:Emancipation 23738:Citizenship‎ 23562: 23552: 23542: 23532: 23522: 23512: 23502: 23492: 23482: 23472: 23462: 23452: 23442: 23432: 23422: 23412: 22929: 22832:Guicciardini 22815:Early modern 22651:Philosophers 22625:Conservatism 22620:Confucianism 22608:Distributism 22541:Social norms 22529:Sittlichkeit 22515:Ressentiment 22461:Institutions 22439:Human nature 22186: 22017: 22000: 21946: 21901: 21860: 21534:(since 1790) 21507: 21465:Pennsylvania 20987: 20931: 20699: 20596: 20313: 20272: 20058:Catherine II 19510:Beaumarchais 19340:Universality 19311:Reductionism 19258: 19235:Human rights 19084:John Hellins 18952:Samuel Vince 18872:Peter Woulfe 18824:John Smeaton 18816:John Dollond 18783: 18776:John Pringle 18685: 18666: 18661: 18637: 18622:Samuel Miles 18612:Philadelphia 18604: 18599:James Irvine 18577: 18572: 18565:Isaac Norris 18553: 18548:Isaac Norris 18531: 18530: 18510: 18505: 18464: 18456: 18389: 18188:James Wilson 18157: 18151:Pennsylvania 18048:John Langdon 17806:Speedy Trial 17648: 17539:Appointments 17473: 17256:Equal Rights 17152:20th century 16895:Bicentennial 16727: 16724:Henry Wisner 16715: 16632:Joseph Hewes 16581:George Wythe 16560:Thomas Stone 16555:William Paca 16550:Samuel Chase 16503:James Wilson 16477: 16461:Pennsylvania 16416:Lewis Morris 16342:Rhode Island 16318:Samuel Adams 16275:John Hancock 16026: 16018: 15990: 15982: 15974: 15966: 15958: 15950: 15942: 15934: 15928:(miniseries) 15925: 15911: 15903: 15898:(1953 short) 15895: 15870: 15832:other stamps 15748: 15740: 15729: 15728:Depicted in 15671:Bibliography 15642: 15634: 15626: 15618: 15605: 15597: 15584: 15576: 15568: 15555: 15547: 15524: 15511: 15498: 15331:other events 15263:Model Treaty 15216: 15176: 15107: 15099: 15025: 14960: 14925: 14919: 14909: 14894: 14884: 14855: 14808: 14791: 14787: 14771: 14754: 14737: 14720: 14687:Online books 14680: 14663:Online books 14653: 14544: 14537: 14513: 14498: 14475: 14469: 14457: 14445: 14436: 14426: 14419: 14412: 14403: 14369: 14365: 14354: 14348: 14331: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14296:Fart Proudly 14294: 14285: 14276: 14252: 14241:. 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Hackett. 10999:, pp. 5–18. 10755:December 3, 9691:www.loc.gov 9196:January 27, 9063:history.com 8463:www.nps.gov 8416:: 408–415, 8349:Duncan Wu, 7877:Smithsonian 7621:February 7, 7552:February 9, 7546:Info Please 7502:February 9, 7446:Smithsonian 7403:Smithsonian 7232:January 17, 7206:January 17, 6917:(1): 60–72. 6872:(1): 3–17. 6792:(9): 1–83. 6571:February 1, 6238:October 19, 5921:since 1914. 5887:blue plaque 5851:half-dollar 5847:$ 100 bills 5710:Marker Text 5696: / 5440:variolation 5417:James Flint 5255:Tranquility 5249:Cleanliness 5170:no. 8, 1722 5078:Ezra Stiles 5010:, at which 4949:during the 4917:voluntarism 4713:evaporation 4701:thermometer 4697:John Hadley 4666:meteorology 4648:well-known 4602:sea anchors 4551:Gulf Stream 4515:Ezra Stiles 4479:) in 1752. 4404: 1860 4359:statcoulomb 4328:Leyden jars 4278: 1816 4260:Electricity 4024:it took off 3929:egalitarian 3783:Declaration 3732:Paxton Boys 3535:Franklin." 3407:Penn family 3400:White House 3148:Thomas Bond 3081:paper money 2998:Robert Feke 2866:Common good 2806:New Zealand 2801:Netherlands 2546:(1835–1840) 2516:(1787–1788) 2426:(c. 375 BC) 2348:Robespierre 2123:Etherington 2058:Benn (Tony) 2027:Politicians 2005:Tocqueville 1965:Montesquieu 1945:Machiavelli 1691:Rule of law 1686:Res publica 1591:Public life 1526:Wallingford 1514:Perth Amboy 1372: 1759 1294:Freemasonry 1146: 1914 974:Milk Street 942:Milk Street 892:, a former 848:candlemaker 811:Oval Office 739:Gulf Stream 724:integration 493:Independent 379:Preceded by 337:Preceded by 272:Preceded by 229:Preceded by 175:Preceded by 121:Preceded by 26420:Categories 26339:Quotations 26258:Technology 26222:Philosophy 26198:Literature 26054:Mark Twain 25874:James Kent 25844:Elias Howe 25724:Henry Clay 25624:John Adams 25535:Separatism 25343:On Liberty 25243:The Prince 24972:Huntington 24475:Campanella 24402:al-Ghazali 24351:Thucydides 24309:Lactantius 24254:Statolatry 24080:Monarchism 24060:Liberalism 23985:Capitalism 23968:Ideologies 23949:Plutocracy 23897:Government 23853:Revolution 23838:Propaganda 23788:Legitimacy 23763:Government 23624:Humanities 23584:Agnotology 23243:Kołakowski 22806:Ibn Tufayl 22786:Maimonides 22730:Thucydides 22725:Tertullian 22680:Lactantius 22575:Volksgeist 22556:Traditions 22370:Convention 22008:Livingston 21932:Livingston 21752:Thornburgh 21472:Presidents 21461:presidents 21087:F. Granger 21040:G. Granger 20980:Confederal 20839:McClelland 20823:Presidents 20157:Villarroel 20152:Jovellanos 20088:Radishchev 20035:Micu-Klein 19973:Niemcewicz 19940:Swammerdam 19930:Nieuwentyt 19920:Mandeville 19775:Farmakidis 19661:Burlamaqui 19570:La Mettrie 19545:Fontenelle 19500:d'Argenson 19495:d'Alembert 19419:Harrington 19345:Utopianism 19245:Liberalism 19202:Empiricism 19177:Classicism 19167:Capitalism 18936:John Mudge 18928:James Cook 18912:John Walsh 18864:John Ellis 18691:1782–1783 18672:1779–1785 18662:New office 18643:1785–1788 18616:1785–1788 18583:1775–1776 18573:New office 18520:1749–1754 18461:(painting) 18413:and legacy 18271:John Blair 18120:New Jersey 18074:Rufus King 17972:Preemption 17886:War Powers 17821:Suspension 17639:Exceptions 17329:Human Life 17228:Unratified 17028:Amendments 16885:Centennial 16858:and legacy 16689:Lyman Hall 16425:New Jersey 16323:John Adams 15967:John Adams 15896:Ben and Me 15442:Fugio cent 15390:Junto club 14637:Audio help 14628:2008-08-04 13391:"Inventor" 12673:in France. 12353:August 21, 12327:August 21, 11798:Nash, 2006 11786:Nash, 2006 11747:Nash, 2006 11542:Christian. 10971:Franklin, 10700:October 2, 9911:2002 p.198 9786:2002 p.192 9490:Isaacson, 7993:Olsen 2013 7981:Olsen 2013 7969:Olsen 2013 7931:Olsen 2013 7855:August 22, 7715:. (1975). 7465:Skemp SL. 7374:0585382778 7282:required.) 7227:Forthright 6830:October 7, 6289:Nash, 2006 6117:References 6007:Fugio Cent 5756:bequeathed 5684:75°08′49″W 5681:39°56′56″N 5651:Designated 5243:Moderation 5216:Resolution 5198:Temperance 5130:George III 5122:Israelites 5054:John Adams 4983:capitalism 4727:black body 4707:and using 4500:Adam Smith 4489:demography 4145:Convention 4072:witnesses 3588:David Hume 3580:Lord Kames 3568:Manchester 3525:St Andrews 3450:the Strand 3439:New Jersey 3380:David Hall 3321:New France 3275:The first 3267:Postmaster 3261:Tun Tavern 3259:. He used 3130:David Hall 3062:Tun Tavern 2906:Monarchism 2896:Liberalism 2891:Jacobinism 2581:Gaṇasaṅgha 2436:(54–51 BC) 1920:Harrington 1797:Democratic 1787:Capitalist 1782:Autonomous 1764:Venizelism 1749:Khomeinism 1541:George III 1534:Litchfield 1530:Middletown 1448:inoculated 1244:Addisonian 1223:Instructor 1066:Smithfield 1058:typesetter 1006:apprentice 795:$ 100 bill 773:, and the 26641:Aphorists 26390:Resources 26373:Textbooks 25904:Mary Lyon 25614:inductees 25253:Leviathan 25233:Monarchia 25227:(c. 1274) 25062:Oakeshott 25007:Mansfield 25002:Luxemburg 24987:Kropotkin 24882:Bernstein 24835:centuries 24749:Nietzsche 24692:Jefferson 24620:Condorcet 24568:centuries 24547:Pufendorf 24412:Marsilius 24299:Confucius 24284:Aristotle 24277:Antiquity 24205:Noble lie 24125:Third Way 24120:Socialism 24045:Feudalism 24000:Communism 23980:Anarchism 23959:Theocracy 23944:Oligarchy 23924:Democracy 23909:Autocracy 23823:Pluralism 23808:Obedience 23773:Hierarchy 23733:Authority 23664:Sociology 23614:Historism 23323:Santayana 23293:Oakeshott 23263:MacIntyre 23248:Kropotkin 23223:Heidegger 23076:centuries 22990:Nietzsche 22955:Jefferson 22940:Helvétius 22905:Condorcet 22868:centuries 22852:Montaigne 22675:Confucius 22665:Augustine 22582:Worldview 22476:Modernity 22449:Formation 22284:Stapleton 22254:Galbraith 22127:McCormick 22108:to France 22070:Washburne 21972:to France 21937:Armstrong 21907:Jefferson 21893:to France 21852:to France 21767:Schweiker 21672:Brumbaugh 21622:Hartranft 21531:Governors 21503:Dickinson 21457:Governors 21395:Henderson 21317:Gronouski 21302:Donaldson 21257:Hitchcock 21247:Cortelyou 21212:Wanamaker 21207:Dickinson 21092:Wickliffe 21035:Habersham 21030:Pickering 20547:Langhorne 20517:Langhorne 20502:Dickinson 20442:Pemberton 20278:Jefferson 20220:Hutcheson 20109:Obradović 20078:Lomonosov 20073:Kheraskov 19983:Śniadecki 19747:Weishaupt 19742:Thomasius 19732:Pufendorf 19575:Lavoisier 19560:d'Holbach 19555:Helvétius 19535:Descartes 19530:Condorcet 19525:Condillac 19459:Priestley 19276:Modernity 19197:Democracy 17982:Saxbe fix 17871:Executive 17826:Take Care 17816:Supremacy 17691:Guarantee 17619:Elections 17390:Formation 17103:1795–1804 16637:John Penn 16447:John Hart 15919:1972 film 15467:Gravesite 14881:Biography 14788:Booknotes 14290:." (1751) 13685:254480258 13401:April 25, 12437:April 26, 11771:March 23, 11362:, p. 112. 11257:, p. 149. 11245:, p. 485. 11137:, p. 486. 11049:, p. 102. 10987:, p. 354. 10935:(1975) . 10398:154647498 10325:, p. 150. 10256:110623159 10232:(1): 42. 10205:March 16, 9988:August 9, 9395:March 17, 9347:March 17, 9325:March 17, 8958:April 19, 8762:696296728 8732:, p. 240. 8446:144950413 8430:0021-1753 8272:Thoughtco 7110:254488378 7019:143677057 6894:254480258 6712:143550175 6680:. (1938). 6412:0065-9746 5855:$ 50 bill 5830:in 1778, 5826:in 1776, 5754:Franklin 5516:Beethoven 5231:Sincerity 5222:Frugality 5058:Catholics 5016:Unitarian 4991:pluralism 4975:Max Weber 4889:aphorisms 4693:Cambridge 4606:catamaran 4584:, and to 4546:Nantucket 4411:lightning 4313:capacitor 4126:president 4076:sign the 4026:from the 3948:Louis XVI 3859:New World 3576:Lichfield 3415:Whitehall 3239:In 1753, 3162:company. 3089:deflation 2761:Australia 2393:Venizelos 2383:Spadolini 2373:Slaughter 2318:McDonnell 2283:Mackenzie 2228:Jefferson 2183:Griffiths 2163:de Gaulle 2158:Garibaldi 2118:Drakeford 2010:Warburton 1930:Jefferson 1925:Honderich 1905:Condorcet 1792:Christian 1754:Nasserism 1729:Classical 1646:Democracy 1411:with her 1316:secretary 878:Nantucket 769:'s first 696:Stamp Act 680:the Crown 588:Signature 578:Education 414:1749–1754 410:In office 369:In office 327:In office 309:In office 262:In office 207:In office 153:In office 83:In office 25804:Asa Gray 25508:Centrism 25203:Politics 25193:Republic 25162:Voegelin 25142:Spengler 25127:Shariati 25102:Rothbard 25057:Nussbaum 24957:Habermas 24932:Fukuyama 24922:Foucault 24847:Ambedkar 24824:Voltaire 24794:de Staël 24769:Rousseau 24650:Franklin 24625:Constant 24585:Beccaria 24417:Muhammad 24397:Gelasius 24382:Averroes 24356:Xenophon 24336:Polybius 24289:Chanakya 24134:Concepts 24100:Populism 24070:Localism 24055:Islamism 24040:Feminism 23939:Monarchy 23843:Property 23833:Progress 23798:Monopoly 23768:Hegemony 23677:Category 23589:Axiology 23577:See also 23368:Voegelin 23358:Spengler 23333:Shariati 23288:Nussbaum 23273:Maritain 23233:Irigaray 23213:Habermas 23178:Foucault 23163:Durkheim 23065:Voltaire 23030:de Staël 23005:Rousseau 22930:Franklin 22791:Muhammad 22776:Gelasius 22761:Avempace 22744:Medieval 22720:Polybius 22715:Plutarch 22481:Morality 22456:Ideology 22444:Identity 22353:Concepts 22269:Harriman 22214:Houghton 22095:Coolidge 22050:Faulkner 21981:Gallatin 21959:Crawford 21927:Pinckney 21902:Franklin 21861:Franklin 21737:Scranton 21732:Lawrence 21647:Hastings 21642:Pattison 21632:Pattison 21592:Johnston 21508:Franklin 21297:Hannegan 21282:W. Brown 21262:Burleson 21157:Marshall 21152:Creswell 21142:Dennison 21122:A. Brown 21117:Campbell 21102:Collamer 20988:Franklin 20871:Meyerson 20863:Harnwell 20812:Penniman 20796:Harrison 20748:DeLancey 20724:McDowell 20700:Franklin 20692:Provosts 20622:Galloway 20612:Galloway 20597:Franklin 20552:Hamilton 20542:Hamilton 20447:Blunston 20437:Blunston 20371:Speakers 20328:Category 20273:Franklin 20240:Playfair 20210:Ferguson 20167:Scotland 20114:Mrazović 20068:Kantemir 20063:Fonvizin 20002:Portugal 19968:Krasicki 19963:Konarski 19958:Kołłątaj 19910:Koerbagh 19859:Genovesi 19844:Beccaria 19806:Berkeley 19737:Schiller 19702:Humboldt 19676:Saussure 19671:Rousseau 19635:Voltaire 19590:Maréchal 19565:Jaucourt 19520:Châtelet 19515:Chamfort 19464:Reynolds 19367:Thinkers 19271:Midlands 19260:Lumières 19230:Humanism 19223:Haskalah 18264:Virginia 18238:Maryland 18202:Delaware 18104:New York 17881:Vicinage 17875:Judicial 17599:Contract 17569:Commerce 17457:Printing 17271:Proposed 16983:Preamble 16976:Articles 16728:Maryland 16716:New York 16574:Virginia 16543:Maryland 16517:Delaware 16394:New York 16160:Category 16039:patriots 16029:magazine 15991:Franklin 15943:Liberty! 15871:Franklin 15476:Writings 15343:Bifocals 15125:Archived 15041:LibriVox 14979:Archived 14837:Archived 14826:, C-SPAN 14813:, C-SPAN 14796:, C-SPAN 14776:, C-SPAN 14759:, C-SPAN 14742:, C-SPAN 14725:, C-SPAN 14639: · 14394:36506710 14386:12362951 14260:Archived 14238:43661532 14071:42573707 14039:90000884 13961:40464376 13802:(1978). 13677:27502642 13634:Archived 13518:(2005). 13364:(1988). 13342:(2004). 13301:(1938). 13279:(2002). 13257:(2005). 13235:(2002). 13213:(2008). 13191:(2005). 13169:(2005). 13040:Archived 12847:Archived 12784:(1988). 12650:Archived 12428:Archived 12214:April 3, 11707:June 12, 11592:8:153–54 11590:Writings 11497:, p. 45. 11431:, p. 46. 11414:June 20, 11205:Archived 11172:. 1787. 11037:, p. 26. 10844:June 30, 10656:Source: 10641:Archived 10559:July 15, 10111:(1983). 10053:, p. 39 10007:Archived 9755:(1990). 9717:Archived 9645:June 22, 9617:June 22, 9524:Archived 9494:, p. 459 9477:Brands, 9453:and the 9369:June 20, 9228:July 28, 9219:Archived 9190:Archived 9027:(1856). 8906:Archived 8766:, p. 29. 8381:Archived 8282:June 20, 8058:Archived 7849:Archived 7757:Archived 7741:00003240 7421:Archived 7383:49414692 7122:Frasca, 7102:44369668 6886:27502642 6853:: 21–34. 6622:, p. 32. 6537:, p. 16. 6504:(2005). 6435:, p. 14. 6265:Archived 6146:(1973). 6078:Turgot's 5974:See also 5870:Congress 5659:Location 5643:Criteria 5464:diarrhea 5444:Onesimus 5436:smallpox 5409:soybeans 5275:Socrates 5271:Humility 5261:Chastity 5165:— 5042:all good 4893:Voltaire 4542:Falmouth 4393:engraved 4355:franklin 4003:Le Globe 3663:governor 3631:Louis XV 3584:Stirling 3333:Montreal 3232:and the 2831:Scotland 2771:Barbados 2422:Republic 2338:Prescott 2308:Naysmith 2298:McKechin 2258:La Malfa 2253:Khomeini 2213:Iorwerth 2178:Griffith 2153:Gambetta 2148:Galloway 2133:Ferguson 2113:Davidson 2108:Cromwell 2103:Connolly 2083:Campbell 2000:Sunstein 1985:Rousseau 1980:Polybius 1915:Franklin 1895:Chappell 1890:Cattaneo 1827:People's 1812:Imperial 1744:Kemalism 1681:Republic 1615:Concepts 1510:his home 1502:Loyalist 1491:Barbados 1432:smallpox 1409:Barbados 1340:Gazette. 1175:Moravian 986:baptized 898:Pilgrims 840:chandler 835:, was a 827:Ancestry 799:warships 753:and the 747:bifocals 733:and the 627:polymath 531:Children 400:1st 252:1st 26246:Science 26234:Physics 26148:Portals 25545:Statism 25458:Elitism 25416:Related 25217:(51 BC) 25147:Strauss 25122:Scruton 25117:Schmitt 25107:Russell 25027:Michels 25022:Maurras 25017:Marcuse 24977:Kautsky 24947:Gramsci 24942:Gentile 24912:Dworkin 24902:Du Bois 24897:Dmowski 24892:Chomsky 24887:Burnham 24872:Benoist 24842:Agamben 24809:Thoreau 24799:Stirner 24789:Spencer 24734:Mazzini 24724:Maistre 24719:Madison 24714:Le Play 24645:Fourier 24610:Carlyle 24590:Bentham 24580:Bastiat 24575:Bakunin 24552:Spinoza 24542:Müntzer 24512:Leibniz 24485:Grotius 24465:Bossuet 24432:Plethon 24377:Aquinas 24346:Sun Tzu 24314:Mencius 24304:Han Fei 24075:Marxism 24035:Fascism 23868:Society 23793:Liberty 23778:Justice 23758:Freedom 23418:(44 BC) 23348:Sombart 23343:Skinner 23328:Scruton 23308:Polanyi 23283:Niebuhr 23268:Marcuse 23203:Gramsci 23198:Gentile 23158:Du Bois 23148:Deleuze 23118:Benoist 23088:Agamben 23045:Thoreau 23035:Stirner 23025:Spencer 22975:Le Play 22925:Fourier 22910:Emerson 22895:Carlyle 22880:Bentham 22857:Müntzer 22827:Erasmus 22801:Plethon 22796:Photios 22756:Aquinas 22690:Mencius 22658:Ancient 22591:Schools 22471:Loyalty 22429:History 22417:Counter 22412:Culture 22380:Customs 22299:McCourt 22294:Hartley 22274:Rohatyn 22259:Rodgers 22249:Hartman 22229:Shriver 22194:Caffery 22172:Bullitt 22157:Herrick 22152:Wallace 22142:Herrick 22060:Bigelow 21942:Russell 21787:Shapiro 21782:T. Wolf 21777:Corbett 21772:Rendell 21692:Pinchot 21682:Pinchot 21602:Pollock 21572:G. Wolf 21562:Hiester 21557:Findlay 21542:Mifflin 21513:Mifflin 21483:Wharton 21410:Brennan 21405:Donahoe 21355:Klassen 21322:O'Brien 21217:Bissell 21192:Gresham 21177:Maynard 21147:Randall 21112:Hubbard 21097:Johnson 21077:Kendall 21017:Federal 20919:Jameson 20903:Gutmann 20879:Hackney 20855:DuBarry 20847:Stassen 20772:Goodwin 20764:Vethake 20740:Beasley 20732:Andrews 20522:Growdon 20487:Growdon 20477:Growdon 20462:Growdon 20452:Growdon 20432:Simcock 20427:Shippen 20417:Growdon 20407:Growdon 20373:of the 20283:Madison 20255:Stewart 20195:Burnett 20190:Boswell 20175:Beattie 20147:Moratín 20132:Cadalso 20083:Novikov 20018:Romania 19993:Wybicki 19988:Staszic 19935:Spinoza 19905:Huygens 19900:Grotius 19854:Galvani 19849:Galiani 19799:Ireland 19780:Feraios 19752:Wieland 19717:Lessing 19712:Leibniz 19685:Germany 19666:Prévost 19651:Abauzit 19615:Quesnay 19605:Morelly 19595:Meslier 19580:Leclerc 19540:Diderot 19429:Johnson 19404:Collins 19399:Bentham 19384:Addison 19377:England 19325:Science 19162:Atheism 18514:of the 18512:Provost 18411:Display 18383:Related 18342:Georgia 17863:Vesting 17831:Takings 17716:Militia 17574:Compact 17526:Clauses 17452:Signing 17397:History 16856:Display 16808:signing 16743:Related 16677:Georgia 16002:Related 15072:at the 14883:at the 14626: ( 14578:minutes 14462:at the 14439:(1931) 14243:June 6, 14123:June 5, 14076:June 5, 14044:June 5, 13966:June 5, 13928:4599029 13901:June 5, 13861:June 5, 13833:June 5, 13828:1923207 13790:June 5, 13785:1946173 13750:June 5, 13726:excerpt 13649:excerpt 13585:June 5, 13332:(2021) 13320:June 3, 13108:June 4, 13089:June 2, 12907:Bibcode 12483:(ed.), 10575:Science 10390:2113719 10234:Bibcode 9186:YouTube 8875:source. 8728:6825524 8377:The RSA 8359:3661246 7699:YouTube 7477:, p. 4. 7067:2208674 6806:1006049 6651:June 1, 6605:June 1, 6455:May 13, 6420:1586007 6274:May 29, 6213:June 7, 5876:as the 5766:called 5735:Bequest 5371:Quakers 5293:Suffolk 5286:Slavery 5237:Justice 5204:Silence 5134:pharaoh 5116:, with 5112:of the 5070:Friends 5024:Trinity 4836:in 1778 4709:bellows 4608:hulls, 4395:by the 4317:Volta's 4128:of the 4104:of the 3968:placebo 3785:to the 3753:Indians 3669:of the 3609:of the 3607:economy 3462:radical 3435:Georgia 3382:in 1764 3121:During 3017:in the 2796:Morocco 2786:Jamaica 2781:Ireland 2766:Bahamas 2568:History 2388:Taverne 2363:Skinner 2343:Ritchie 2288:Madison 2268:Lincoln 2218:Jackson 2208:Huppert 2203:Hopkins 2128:Fabiani 2088:Chapman 2073:Bolívar 2063:Bennett 2053:Bartley 2043:Atatürk 1955:Mazzini 1950:Madison 1880:Bentham 1870:Baggini 1837:Secular 1817:Islamic 1802:Federal 1739:Federal 1723:Schools 1487:planter 1478:William 1283:Gazette 1231:Gazette 1163:Gazette 1064:in the 1023:Courant 988:at the 716:slavery 639:drafter 557:Parents 543:Francis 538:William 525: 513: 509: 299:to the 26174:Energy 25407:(1992) 25397:(1971) 25387:(1951) 25377:(1945) 25367:(1944) 25357:(1929) 25347:(1859) 25337:(1848) 25317:(1820) 25307:(1791) 25297:(1790) 25287:(1762) 25277:(1748) 25267:(1689) 25257:(1651) 25247:(1532) 25237:(1313) 25167:Walzer 25157:Taylor 25112:Sartre 25077:Popper 25072:Pareto 25067:Ortega 25052:Nozick 25042:Mouffe 24992:Laclau 24952:Guénon 24937:Gandhi 24877:Berlin 24867:Bauman 24862:Badiou 24852:Arendt 24819:Tucker 24709:Le Bon 24670:Herder 24660:Haller 24655:Godwin 24640:Fichte 24635:Engels 24630:Cortés 24600:Bonald 24557:Suárez 24532:Milton 24522:Luther 24495:Hobbes 24480:Filmer 24470:Calvin 24455:Boétie 24448:period 24427:Ockham 24294:Cicero 24095:Nazism 23883:Utopia 23858:Rights 23848:Regime 23818:People 23803:Nation 23609:Ethics 23568:(2010) 23558:(1991) 23548:(1990) 23538:(1987) 23528:(1987) 23518:(1979) 23508:(1976) 23498:(1967) 23488:(1964) 23478:(1949) 23468:(1935) 23458:(1930) 23438:(1756) 23428:(1486) 23373:Walzer 23363:Taylor 23353:Sowell 23338:Simmel 23303:Pareto 23298:Ortega 23208:Guénon 23193:Gehlen 23188:Gandhi 23143:Debord 23128:Butler 23123:Berlin 23113:Bauman 23103:Badiou 23093:Arendt 23083:Adorno 23015:Ruskin 22970:Le Bon 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