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used by the
Continental Congress and Benjamin Franklin for secret correspondence with agents in Europe. It was a substitution code based on a prose passage of 682 characters, so that a given character could be replaced by more than one number.
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In 1776, Dumas contacted officials in
Holland, Spain and France seeking trade in badly needed materials for the United States. This led to beneficial trade during the revolution. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
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Wharton, Francis (editor) "The revolutionary correspondence of the United States." Volume 1, 1889. Government
Printing Office, Washington D.C.diplomatic pages 603-604.Retrieved December 25, 2008
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Knott, Stephen F., "Secret and sanctioned, covert operations and the
American Presidency," Oxford University Press, 1996, page 21.
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became minister plenipotentiary to
Holland, Dumas acted as his secretary and translator. When Adams went to
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when the latter was in
Holland at the beginning of the American Revolution, and when Franklin chaired the
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73:, Dumas acted as chargé d'affaires ad interim from the United States. Dumas died soon after 1794.
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96:) with the goal of gaining a good credit rating for the United States in financial markets.
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203:"Commerce and Diplomacy: The First Year of American Foreign Policy 1775-1776"
162:. United States Central Intelligence Agency. July 7, 2008. Archived from
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for a time, and moved to the
Netherlands around 1750. He befriended
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Dumas planted stories favorable to the United States in the
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Dumas was influenced by the works of international lawyer
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Fellows of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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38:who served as an American diplomat during the
76:In 1775, Dumas devised the first diplomatic
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323:French people of the American Revolution
248:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
243:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D"
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129:Who Was Who in the American Revolution
273:American Journal of International Law
102:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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131:. New York: Facts on File, 1993.
267:Wilson, George Grafton (1938).
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227:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
160:"Intelligence techniques"
269:"The Influence of Dumas"
207:Archiving Early America
45:He was born in German
166:on November 12, 2008.
127:*Purcell, L. Edward.
201:Hartsoe, Kenneth D.
40:American Revolution
30:(1721–1796) was a
18:Charles W.F. Dumas
189:978-0-19-510098-3
59:Benjamin Franklin
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67:John Adams
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104:in 1789.
223:cite web
213:June 11,
252:28 July
47:Ansbach
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90:Leiden
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51:French
246:(PDF)
71:Paris
289:ISSN
254:2014
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