James Madison - Knowledge

4039:, Madison had a wide influence on the founding of the nation and upon the early development of American constitutional government and foreign policy. Historian J.C.A. Stagg writes that "in some ways—because he was on the winning side of every important issue facing the young nation from 1776 to 1816—Madison was the most successful and possibly the most influential of all the Founding Fathers." Though he helped found a major political party and served as the fourth president, his legacy has largely been defined by his contributions to the Constitution; even in his own life he was hailed as the "Father of the Constitution". Law professor Noah Feldman writes that Madison "invented and theorized the modern ideal of an expanded, federal constitution that combines local self-government with an overarching national order". Feldman adds that Madison's "model of liberty-protecting constitutional government" is "the most influential American idea in global political history". Various rankings of historians and political scientists tend to 1390: 1356:. His primary goals were to fulfill his 1789 campaign pledge and to prevent the calling of a second constitutional convention, but he also hoped to safeguard the rights and liberties of the people against broad actions of Congress and individual states. He believed that the enumeration of specific rights would fix those rights in the public mind and encourage judges to protect them. After studying more than two hundred amendments that had been proposed at the state ratifying conventions, Madison introduced the Bill of Rights on June 8, 1789. His amendments contained numerous restrictions on the federal government and would protect, among other things, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and the right to peaceful assembly. While most of his proposed amendments were drawn from the ratifying conventions, Madison was largely responsible for proposals to guarantee 1856:, using it as a bargaining chip for other disputes or simply retaining control of it. On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, stating that the United States could no longer tolerate Britain's "state of war against the United States". The declaration of war was passed along sectional and party lines, with opposition to the declaration coming from Federalists and from some Democratic–Republicans in the Northeast. In the years prior to the war, Jefferson and Madison had reduced the size of the military, leaving the country with a military force consisting mostly of poorly trained militia members. Madison asked Congress to quickly put the country "into an armor and an attitude demanded by the crisis", specifically recommending expansion of the army and navy. 783: 1115: 916:. Madison believed that Parliament had overstepped its bounds by attempting to tax the American colonies, and he sympathized with those who resisted British rule. Historically, debate about the consecration of bishops was ongoing and eventual legislation was passed in the British Parliament (subsequently called the Consecration of Bishops Abroad Act 1786) to allow bishops to be consecrated for an American church outside of allegiance to the British Crown. The new Anglican churches began incorporating more active forms of polity in their own self-government, collective decision-making, and self-supported financing; these measures would be consistent with separation of religious and secular identities. Madison believed these measures to be insufficient, and favored 2295: 1244:"pleaded at the Constitutional Convention that the federal government should possess a veto over state laws". In his final speech to the ratifying convention, Madison implored his fellow delegates to ratify the Constitution as it had been written, arguing that failure to do so would lead to the collapse of the entire ratification effort, as each state would seek favorable amendments. On June 25, 1788, the convention voted 89–79 in favor of ratification. The vote came a week after New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify, thereby securing the Constitution's adoption and with that, a new form of government. The following January, Washington was elected the nation's 932: 2025: 1104: 1375:

the Senate made several changes. Madison's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states was eliminated, as was his change to the Constitution's preamble which he thought would be enhanced by including a prefatory paragraph indicating that governmental power is vested by the people. He was disappointed that the Bill of Rights did not include protections against actions by state governments, but the passage of the document mollified some critics of the original constitution and shored up his support in Virginia. Ten amendments were finally ratified on December 15, 1791, becoming known in their final form as the Bill of Rights.

1441:, a Philadelphia newspaper that attacked Hamilton's proposals. In an essay in the newspaper in September 1792, Madison wrote that the country had divided into two factions: his faction, which believed "that mankind are capable of governing themselves", and Hamilton's faction, which allegedly sought the establishment of an aristocratic monarchy and was biased in favor of the wealthy. Those opposed to Hamilton's economic policies, including many former Anti-Federalists, continued to strengthen the ranks of the Democratic–Republican Party, while those who supported the administration's policies supported Hamilton's Federalist Party. In the 814: 1544:, Madison helped convince Jefferson to run for the presidency. Despite Madison's efforts, Federalist candidate John Adams defeated Jefferson, taking a narrow majority of the electoral vote. Under the rules of the Electoral College then in place, Jefferson became vice president because he finished with the second-most electoral votes. Madison, meanwhile, had declined to seek re-election to the House, and he returned to Montpelier. On Jefferson's advice, Adams considered appointing Madison to an American delegation charged with ending French attacks on American shipping, but Adams's cabinet members strongly opposed the idea. 1836:

attacks against American shipping. The gambit almost succeeded, but negotiations with the British collapsed in mid-1809. Seeking to drive a wedge between the Americans and the British, Napoleon offered to end French attacks on American shipping so long as the United States punished any countries that did not similarly end restrictions on trade. Madison accepted Napoleon's proposal in the hope that it would convince the British to finally end their policy of commercial warfare. Notwithstanding, the British refused to change their policies, and the French reneged on their promise and continued to attack American shipping.

2214:'s Governor Harrison. In the treaty, the American Indian tribes were compensated $ 5,200 (equivalent to $ 90,092.77 in 2021) in goods and $ 500 in cash (equivalent to $ 8,662.77 in 2021), with $ 250 in annual payments (equivalent to $ 4,331.38 in 2021), in return for the cession of 3 million acres of land (approximately 12,140 square kilometers) with incentivized subsidies paid to individual tribes for exerting their influence over less cooperative tribes. The treaty angered Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who said, "Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth?" 16665: 15832: 1287:, a strong challenger to Madison. Locked in a difficult race against Monroe, Madison promised to support a series of constitutional amendments to protect individual liberties. In an open letter, Madison wrote that, while he had opposed requiring alterations to the Constitution before ratification, he now believed that "amendments, if pursued with a proper moderation and in a proper mode ... may serve the double purpose of satisfying the minds of well-meaning opponents, and of providing additional guards in favor of liberty." Madison's promise paid off, as in 1670: 1865: 1688:

refrain from proposing the amendment, and the administration ultimately submitted the Louisiana Purchase Treaty for approval by the Senate, without an accompanying constitutional amendment. Unlike Jefferson, Madison was not seriously concerned with the constitutionality of the purchase. He believed that the circumstances did not warrant a strict interpretation of the Constitution, because the expansion was in the country's best interest. The Senate quickly ratified the treaty, and the House, with equal alacrity, passed enabling legislation.

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proposed federal government have veto power over state laws, but he was willing to follow the Constitution as it was adopted and ratified, rather than what he might have wished that it said. Madison had written in Federalist #45 that the proposed federal government would have powers that were "few and defined" (as enumerated in Article I of the Constitution). He felt strongly that to interpret it otherwise would be a breach of faith with "We the People" who had ratified the Constitution based on that understanding.

1730: 1634: 1782: 21956: 11299: 3904:, selling him into a seven-year apprentice contract. After his manumission, Billey changed his name to William Gardner and became a shipping agent, representing Madison in Philadelphia. Madison inherited Montpelier and its more than one hundred slaves after his father's death in 1801. That same year, Madison moved to Washington D.C., running Montpelier from afar making no effort to free his slaves. After his election to the presidency in 1808, Madison brought his slaves to the 3813: 1794:

U.S. vice president to serve under two presidents. Unlike Jefferson, who enjoyed relatively unified support, Madison faced political opposition from previous political allies such as Monroe and Clinton. Additionally, the Federalist Party was resurgent owing to opposition to the embargo. Aside from his planned nomination of Gallatin for secretary of state, the remaining members of Madison's Cabinet were chosen merely to further political harmony, and, according to historians

455: 22052: 21944: 3757: 994:, financial troubles, and a lack of cooperation between the different levels of government. According to historian J. C. A. Stagg, Madison worked to become an expert on financial issues, becoming a legislative workhorse and a master of parliamentary coalition building. Frustrated by the failure of the states to supply needed requisitions, Madison proposed to amend the Articles of Confederation to grant Congress the power to independently raise revenue through 19387: 18905: 15169: 12178: 1555:, and they increasingly came to view Adams as a monarchist. Both Madison and Jefferson expressed the belief that natural rights were non-negotiable even in war. Madison believed that the Alien and Sedition Acts formed a dangerous precedent, by giving the government the power to look past the natural rights of its people in the name of national security. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson argued that the states had the power to 22018: 8258: 15179: 22035: 22001: 22069: 2166: 16455: 11318: 2235:

Tecumseh over the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, which ultimately led to Tecumseh's alliance with the British and the Battle of Tippecanoe, on November 7, 1811, in the Northwest Territory. The divisions among the Native American leaders were bitter and before leaving the discussions, Tecumseh informed Harrison that unless the terms of the negotiated treaty were largely nullified, he would seek an alliance with the British.

21984: 19397: 1938:, the lieutenant governor of New York and a nephew of recently deceased Vice President George Clinton, to oppose Madison in the 1812 election. This faction of Democratic-Republicans hoped to unseat the president by forging a coalition among Democratic-Republicans opposed to the coming war, as well as those party faithful angry with Madison for not moving more decisively toward war, northerners weary of the 21932: 1662:, which controlled access to the Mississippi River and thus was immensely important to the farmers of the American frontier. Rather than merely selling New Orleans, Napoleon's government offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana. Despite lacking explicit authorization from Jefferson, Monroe, along with Livingston, whom Jefferson had appointed as America's minister to France, negotiated the 2110:, where they asked for several amendments to the Constitution. Though the Hartford Convention did not explicitly call for the secession of New England, the Convention became an adverse political millstone around the Federalist Party as general American sentiment had moved towards a celebrated unity among the states in what they saw as a successful "second war of independence" from Britain. 2259:

hunter, or even the herdsman state, to the agriculture". Madison feared that Native Americans had too great an influence on the settlers they interacted with, who in his view was "irresistibly attracted by that complete liberty, that freedom from bonds, obligations, duties, that absence of care and anxiety which characterize the savage state". In March 1816, Madison's Secretary of War

1181:, the delegates agreed in a secret session that the abrogation of the Articles and the creation of a new constitution was a plausible option and began scheduling the process of debating its ratification in the individual states. As a compromise between small and large states, large states got a proportional House, while the small states got equal representation in the Senate. 3908:. During the 1820s and 1830s, Madison sold some of his land and slaves to repay debt. In 1836, at the time of Madison's death, he owned 36 taxable slaves. In his will, Madison gave his remaining slaves to his wife Dolley and charged her not to sell the slaves without their permission. For reasons of necessity, Dolley sold the slaves without their permission to pay off debts. 8267:, p. 52: "Madison knew that the institution of slavery contradicted the humanitarian ideals of the Revolution. His livelihood, then and throughout his life, depended on slavery ... He was not trying to introduce abolition by subtleties. Madison was attempting the doubtful, self-contradictory goal of being a humane slaveholder, one actuated by revolutionary principles". 21920: 1465:, Madison maintained, could not live without American foodstuffs, but Americans could easily do without British manufacturers. Similarly, Madison argued that British industry was highly dependent on the demand of American consumers and would suffer heavily if this market was denied to the British. Washington secured friendly trade relations with Britain through the 866:. Following the Revolutionary War, he spent time at Montpelier studying ancient democracies in preparation for the Constitutional Convention. Madison suffered from episodes of mental exhaustion and illness with associated nervousness, which often caused short-term incapacity after periods of stress. However, he enjoyed good physical health until his final years. 1898:. These actions would gain leverage for concessions to protect American shipping in the Atlantic. Without a standing army, Madison counted on regular state militias to rally to the flag and invade Canada: still, governors in the Northeast failed to cooperate. The British army was more organized, used professional soldiers, and fostered an alliance with 1810:

rarely called Cabinet meetings and instead frequently consulted with Gallatin alone. Early in his presidency, Madison sought to continue Jefferson's policies of low taxes and a reduction of the national debt. In 1811, Congress allowed the charter of the First Bank of the United States to lapse after Madison declined to take a strong stance on the issue.

1563:, a process by which a state legislature declared a law to be unconstitutional but did not take steps to actively prevent its enforcement. Jefferson's doctrine of nullification was widely rejected, and the incident damaged the Democratic–Republican Party as attention was shifted from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the unpopular nullification doctrine. 1006:, and other leaders also favored the tariff amendment, it failed to win the ratification of all thirteen states. While a member of Congress, Madison was an ardent supporter of a close alliance between the United States and France. As an advocate of westward expansion, he insisted that the new nation had to ensure its right to navigation on the 1607:. Madison was appointed secretary of state despite lacking foreign policy experience. An introspective individual, he received assistance from his wife, relying deeply on her in dealing with the social pressures of being a public figure both in his own Cabinet appointment as secretary of state and afterward. As the ascent of 1658:, west of the Mississippi River, for expansionist purposes. Early in Jefferson's presidency, the administration learned that Spain planned to retrocede the Louisiana territory to France, raising fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory. In 1802, Jefferson and Madison sent Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of 2388:, Princeton, and the University of Virginia, as well as $ 30,000 ($ 897,000 in 2021) to his wife, Dolley. Left with a smaller sum than James had intended, Dolley suffered financial troubles until her death in 1849. In the 1840s Dolley sold Montpelier, its remaining slaves, and the furnishings to pay off outstanding debts. 1802:, were largely unremarkable or incompetent. Due to the opposition of Monroe and Clinton, Madison immediately faced opposition to his planned nomination of Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin as secretary of state. Madison eventually chose not to nominate Gallatin, keeping him in the treasury department. 3867:

tracts. As an adult, Madison paid little attention to religious matters. Though most historians have found little indication of his religious leanings after he left college, some scholars indicate he leaned toward deism. Others maintain that Madison accepted Christian tenets and formed his outlook on

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In the last days of her life, before Congress purchased her husband's papers, she was in a state of absolute poverty, and I think sometimes suffered for the necessaries of life. While I was a servant to Mr. Webster, he often sent me to her with a market-basket full of provisions, and told me whenever

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of adequate representation was the central issue at the convention for the western districts of Virginia. The increased population in the Piedmont and western parts of the state were not proportionately represented in the legislature. Western reformers also wanted to extend suffrage to all white men,

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advocated for the government to encourage intermarriages between Native Americans and Whites as a way of assimilating the former. This prompted public outrage and exacerbated anti-Indigenous bigotry among White Americans, as seen in hostile letters sent to Madison, who remained publicly silent on the

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of Massachusetts as his running mate, though Gerry would only survive two years after the election due to old age. Despite the maneuverings of Clinton and the Federalists, Madison won re-election, though by the narrowest margin of any election since that of 1800 in the popular vote as later supported

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and the Mississippi River. As Madison wrote, "a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired." Madison committed to an intense study of law and political theory and also

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In the early 1760s, the Madison family moved into a newly built house that they named Montpelier. Madison was the oldest of twelve children, with seven brothers and four sisters, though only six lived to adulthood: brothers Francis, Ambrose, and William, and sisters Nelly, Sarah, and Frances. Ambrose

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During and after the War of 1812, Madison came to support several of the policies that he opposed in the 1790s, including the national bank, a strong navy, and direct taxes. Wood notes that many historians struggle to understand Madison, but Wood looks at him in the terms of Madison's own times—as a

3920:, published in 1865, Jennings said that he "never knew to strike a slave, although he had over one hundred; neither would he allow an overseer to do it." Although Jennings condemned slavery, he said that James was "one of the best men that ever lived", and that Dolley was "a remarkably fine woman." 3891:

slaves. According to historian Paris Spies-Gans, Madison's anti-slavery thought was strongest "at the height of Revolutionary politics. But by the early 1800s, when in a position to truly impact policy, he failed to follow through on these views." Spies-Gans concluded, "ltimately, Madison's personal

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Throughout his life, Madison's views on slavery were conflicted. He was born into a plantation society that relied on slave labor, and both sides of his family profited from tobacco farming. While he viewed slavery as essential to the Southern economy, he was troubled by the instability of a society

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During the final six years of his life, amid a sea of personal troubles that were threatening to engulf him ... At times mental agitation issued in physical collapse. For the better part of a year in 1831 and 1832 he was bedridden, if not silenced ... Literally sick with anxiety, he began

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In his later years, Madison became highly concerned about his historical legacy. He resorted to modifying letters and other documents in his possession, changing days and dates, and adding and deleting words and sentences. By his late seventies, Madison's self-editing of his own archived letters and

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territory, Madison ordered the U.S. Army to protect Native lands from intrusion by settlers. This was done to the chagrin of his military commander Andrew Jackson, who wanted Madison to ignore Indian pleas to stop the invasion of their lands. Tensions continued to mount between the United States and

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Like Jefferson, Madison had a paternalistic attitude toward American Indians, encouraging them to become farmers. Madison believed the adoption of European-style agriculture would help Native Americans assimilate the values of British–U.S. civilization. As pioneers and settlers moved West into large

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Speculation regarding Madison's potential succession to Jefferson commenced early in Jefferson's first term. Madison's status in the party was damaged by his association with the embargo, which was unpopular throughout the country and especially in the Northeast. With the Federalists collapsing as a

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Despite the time-sensitive nature of negotiations with the French, Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, and he privately favored introducing a constitutional amendment explicitly authorizing Congress to acquire new territories. Madison convinced Jefferson to

1626:, Marshall simultaneously ruled that Madison had unjustly refused to deliver federal commissions to individuals who had been appointed by the previous administration, but that the Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the case. Most importantly, Marshall's opinion established the principle of 1374:

Madison's Bill of Rights faced little opposition; he had largely co-opted the Anti-Federalist goal of amending the Constitution but had avoided proposing amendments that would alienate supporters of the Constitution. His amendments were mostly adopted by the House of Representatives as proposed, but

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such as roads and canals. Madison's initiatives to now act on behalf of a national bank appeared to reverse his earlier opposition to Hamilton and were opposed by strict constructionists such as John Randolph, who stated that Madison's proposals now "out-Hamiltons Alexander Hamilton". Responding to

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on December 24, 1814, which ended the war. Madison quickly sent the treaty to the Senate, which ratified it on February 16, 1815. Although the overall result of the war ended in a standoff, the quick succession of events at the end of the war, including the burning of the capital, the Battle of New

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Madison's inauguration took place on March 4, 1809, in the House chamber of the U.S. Capitol. Chief Justice Marshall administered the presidential oath of office to Madison while outgoing President Jefferson watched. Vice President George Clinton was sworn in for a second term, making him the first

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between France and Britain. Domestically, the Jefferson administration and the Democratic–Republican Congress rolled back many Federalist policies; Congress quickly repealed the Alien and Sedition Act, abolished internal taxes, and reduced the size of the army and navy. Gallatin, however, convinced

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wrote, "Madison's claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, any more than it rests on his presidency. He has other virtues. ... As a framer and defender of the Constitution he had no peer. ... No man could do everything for the country—not even Washington. Madison

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During his first stint in Congress in the 1780s, Madison came to favor amending the Articles of Confederation to provide for a stronger central government. In the 1790s, he led the opposition to Hamilton's centralizing policies and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Madison's support of the Virginia and

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of August 9, 1814, added approximately 23 million acres of land (93,000 square kilometers) to Georgia and Alabama. Privately, Madison did not believe American Indians could be fully assimilated to the values of Euro-American culture and may have been unwilling to make "the transition from the

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to be the secretary of state. However, for the next two years, Madison performed most of the job of the secretary of state due to Smith's incompetence. After bitter intra-party contention, Madison finally replaced Smith with Monroe in April 1811. With a Cabinet full of those he distrusted, Madison

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and that punishment for sedition violated freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Jefferson embraced the report, and it became the unofficial Democratic–Republican platform for the 1800 election. With the Federalists divided between supporters of Hamilton and Adams, and with news of the end of

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in 1793, the U.S. needed to determine which side to support. While the differences between the Democratic–Republicans and the Federalists had previously centered on economic matters, foreign policy became an increasingly important issue, as Madison and Jefferson favored France and Hamilton favored

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to provide loans to emerging industries and oversee the money supply. Madison and the Democratic-Republican Party fought back against Hamilton's attempt to expand the power of the Federal Government with the formation of a national bank; Madison argued that under the Constitution, Congress did not

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After returning to Montpelier, without a chosen career, Madison tutored his younger siblings. He began to study law books in 1773, asking his friend Bradford, a law apprentice, to send him a plan of study. Madison had acquired an understanding of legal publications by 1783. He saw himself as a law

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As was consistent with the "established social norms of Virginia society", Madison was known from his farm papers for advocating the humane treatment of his slaves. He instructed an overseer to "treat the Negroes with all the humanity and kindness consistent with their necessary subordination and

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Upon becoming president, Madison said the federal government's duty was to convert Native Americans by the "participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state". In 1809, General Harrison began to push for a treaty to open more land for white

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Madison hastened the decline of the Federalists by adopting several programs he had previously opposed. Recognizing the difficulties of financing the war and the necessity of an institution to regulate American currency, Madison proposed the re-establishment of a national bank. He also called for

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Congress had repealed the Embargo Act of 1807 shortly before Madison became president, but troubles with the British and French continued. Madison settled on a new strategy that was designed to pit the British and French against each other, offering to trade with whichever country would end their

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As the Virginia ratification convention began, Madison focused his efforts on winning the support of the relatively small number of undecided delegates. His long correspondence with Randolph paid off at the convention, as Randolph announced that he would support unconditional ratification of the

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After the Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, Madison convinced his fellow congressmen to remain neutral in the ratification debate and allow each state to vote on the Constitution. Those who supported the Constitution were called Federalists; that included Madison. Opponents of the

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Others historians disagree, and see Madison's political philosophy as remarkably consistent. Perhaps more importantly, they point out that Madison's loyalty was to the Constitution, not to his personal preferences. Madison had advocated in the debates of the Constitutional Convention that the

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When Madison left office in 1817 at age 65, he retired to Montpelier. As with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison left the presidency poorer than when he came in. His plantation experienced a steady financial collapse, due to price declines in tobacco and his stepson's mismanagement. In his

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at Montpelier on the morning of June 28, 1836, at the age of 85. According to one common account of his final moments, he was given his breakfast, which he tried eating but was unable to swallow. His favorite niece, Nellie Madison Willis, who sat by to keep him company, asked him, "What is the

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Jefferson was sympathetic to the westward expansion of Americans who had settled as far west as the Mississippi River, supported by his concern for the sparse regional demographics in the far west compared to the more populated eastern states, the far west being inhabited almost exclusively by

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in November 1777, contributing to the discussion of religious freedom affecting the drafting of the Articles, though his signature was not required for adopting the Articles of Confederation. Madison had proposed liberalizing the article on religious freedom, but the larger Virginia Convention

2282:, Madison and Jefferson both favored the candidacy of Secretary of State James Monroe, who defeated Secretary of War William H. Crawford in the party's congressional nominating caucus. As the Federalist Party continued to collapse, Monroe easily defeated Federalist candidate, New York Senator 1422:, which Washington signed into law in February 1791. As Hamilton implemented his economic program and Washington continued to enjoy immense prestige as president, Madison became increasingly concerned that Hamilton would seek to abolish the federal republic in favor of a centralized monarchy. 4058:

said the conventional view of Madison was of an "incapable President" who "mismanaged an unnecessary war". A 2006 poll of historians ranked Madison's failure to prevent the War of 1812 as the sixth-worst mistake made by a sitting president. Regarding Madison's consistency and adaptability of

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and his allies would arrange for a second constitutional convention, Madison ran for the House of Representatives. Henry and the Anti-Federalists were in firm control of the General Assembly in the autumn of 1788. At Henry's behest, the Virginia legislature designed to deny Madison a seat by

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Tuesday July 2, 1776 Resolved, That these United colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally

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Early in his tenure, Jefferson was able to maintain cordial relations with both France and Britain, but relations with Britain deteriorated after 1805. The British ended their policy of tolerance towards American shipping and began seizing American goods headed for French ports. They also

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Throughout his life, Madison maintained a close relationship with his father, James Sr. At age 50, Madison inherited the large plantation of Montpelier and other possessions, including his father's slaves. While Madison never had children with Dolley, he adopted her one surviving son,

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Britain. War with Britain became imminent in 1794 after the British seized hundreds of American ships that were trading with French colonies. Madison believed that a trade war with Britain would probably succeed, and would allow Americans to assert their independence fully. The

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was immersed in the liberalism of the Enlightenment, and converted to eighteenth-century political radicalism. From then on James Madison's theories would advance the rights of happiness of man, and his most active efforts would serve devotedly the cause of civil and political

1193:, both Federalists, began publishing a series of pro-ratification newspaper articles in New York. After Jay dropped out of the project, Hamilton approached Madison, who was in New York on congressional business, to write some of the essays. The essays were published under the 1910:

panicked, after the British fired on the fort, killing two American officers. Terrified of an Indian attack, drinking heavily, Hull quickly ordered a white tablecloth out a window and unconditionally surrendered Fort Detroit and his entire army to British Major-General Sir

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speculators and was disadvantageous to states, such as Virginia, that had already paid off most of their debt; Madison emerged as one of the principal congressional opponents of the plan. After prolonged legislative deadlock, Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton agreed to the

3991:, but he eventually accepted it as a necessary compromise to get the South to ratify the document. He also proposed that apportionment in the House of Representatives be according to each state's free and enslaved population, eventually leading to the adoption of the 1203:. The 85 essays were divided into two parts: 36 letters against the Articles of Confederation, and 49 letters that favored the new Constitution. The articles were also published in book form and used by the supporters of the Constitution in the ratifying conventions. 1753:

with Britain, to challenge Madison for leadership of the party. Many Northerners, meanwhile, hoped that Vice President Clinton could unseat Madison as Jefferson's successor. Despite this opposition, Madison won his party's presidential nomination at the January 1808

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stripped the proposed constitution of the more radical language of "free expression" of faith to the less controversial mention of highlighting "tolerance" within religion. Madison again served on the Council of State, from 1777 to 1779, when he was elected to the

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Historian Gordon Wood commends Madison for his steady leadership during the war and resolve to avoid expanding the president's power, noting one admirer's observation that the war was conducted "without one trial for treason, or even one prosecution for libel".

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Orleans, and the Treaty of Ghent, made it appear as though American valor at New Orleans had forced the British to surrender. This view, while inaccurate, strongly contributed to bolstering Madison's reputation as president. Napoleon's defeat at the June 1815

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presided. Dolley became a renowned figure in Washington, D.C., and excelled at hosting. She subsequently helped to establish the modern image of the first lady of the United States as an individual who has a leading role in the social affairs of the nation.

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After Virginia ratified the constitution, Madison returned to New York and resumed his duties in the Congress of the Confederation. After Madison was defeated in his bid for the Senate, and with concerns for both his political career and the possibility that

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With sanctions and other policies having failed, Madison determined that war with Britain was the only remaining option. Many Americans called for a "second war of independence" to restore honor and stature to their new nation, and an angry public elected a

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matter, Uncle James?" Madison died immediately after he replied, "Nothing more than a change of mind, my dear." He was buried in the family cemetery at Montpelier. He was one of the last prominent members of the Revolutionary War generation to die. His

2056:. The charred remains of the capital signified a humiliating defeat for James Madison and America. On August 27, Madison returned to Washington to view the carnage of the city. Dolley returned the next day, and on September 8, the Madisons moved into 4175:

Vice President Clinton and Vice President Gerry both died in office. Neither was replaced for the remainder of their respective terms, as the Constitution did not have a provision for filling a vice presidential vacancy prior to the adoption of the

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life with a Christian worldview. Regardless of his own religious beliefs, Madison believed in religious liberty, and he advocated for Virginia's disestablishment of religious institutions sponsored by the state. He also opposed the appointments of

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and argues that their effects can be limited through the formation of a large republic. He theorizes that in large republics the large number of factions that emerge will control their influence because no single faction can become a majority. In

2286:, in the 1816 election. Madison left office as a popular president; former president Adams wrote that Madison had "acquired more glory, and established more union, than all his three predecessors, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, put together". 840:, Madison completed the college's three-year Bachelor of Arts degree in two years, graduating in 1771. Madison had contemplated either entering the clergy or practicing law after graduation but instead remained at Princeton to study Hebrew and 703:

him as an above-average president, although they are critical of his endorsement of slavery and his leadership during the War of 1812. Madison's name is commemorated in many landmarks across the nation, with prominent examples including

1371:, which gave state-regulated militia groups and private citizens, the "right to bear arms." Madison and the Republicans desired a free government to be established by the consent of the governed, rather than by national military force. 851:

Madison's ideas on philosophy and morality were strongly shaped by Witherspoon, who converted him to the philosophy, values, and modes of thinking of the Age of Enlightenment. Biographer Terence Ball wrote that at Princeton, Madison

1927:, failing to destroy Montreal's vulnerable British supply lines. Lacking adequate revenue to fund the war, the Madison administration was forced to rely on high-interest loans furnished by bankers in New York City and Philadelphia. 665:. Motivated by desire to acquire land held by Britain, Spain, and Native Americans, and after diplomatic protests with a trade embargo failed to end British seizures of American shipped goods, Madison led the United States into the 17010: 16998: 2246:. Tecumseh was defeated and Indians were pushed off their tribal lands, replaced entirely by white settlers. In addition to the Battle of the Thames and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, other wars with American Indians included the 1959:

by the electoral vote as well. He received 128 electoral votes to 89 for Clinton. With Clinton winning most of the Northeast, Madison won Pennsylvania in addition to having swept the South and the West which ensured his victory.

1404:

After 1790, the Washington administration became polarized into two main factions. One faction, led by Jefferson and Madison, broadly represented Southern interests and sought close relations with France. This faction became the

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accompanied by his slave Sawney, who was charged with Madison's expenses and with relaying messages to his family back home. In 1783, fearing the possibility of a slave rebellion at Montpelier, Madison emancipated one slave,

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wrote to Madison that the treaty "sacrifices every essential interest and prostrates the honor of our country". Madison's strong opposition to the treaty led to a permanent break with Washington, ending their friendship.

2194:. Harrison decided, against the wishes of Madison, to first conclude a treaty with the tribes who were willing to sell and use those treaties to help influence those who held out. In September 1809, Harrison invited the 1088:. He came to believe that the United States could improve upon past republican experiments by its size which geographically combined 13 colonies; with so many competing interests, Madison hoped to minimize the abuses of 699:; he freed one slave in 1783 to prevent a slave rebellion at Montpelier, but did not free any in his will. Among historians, Madison is considered one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States. Leading 17022: 17092: 1885:

Given the circumstances involving Napoleon in Europe, Madison initially believed the war would result in a quick American victory. Madison ordered three landed military spearhead incursions into Canada, starting from

17068: 2210:. Harrison promised large subsidies and direct payments to the tribes if they would cede the other lands under discussion. On September 30, 1809, Madison agreed to the Treaty of Fort Wayne, negotiated and signed by 4257:

Because the Constitution required presidential electors to vote for at least one individual from outside their home state, electors from Virginia would not have been able to vote for both Washington and Jefferson.

1314:. The following year, Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton introduced an ambitious economic program that called for the federal assumption of state debts and the funding of that debt through the issuance of federal 3836:

Kentucky Resolutions in the 1790s has been referred to as "a breathtaking evolution for a man who had pleaded at the Constitutional Convention that the federal government should possess a veto over state laws".

1070:

to ambassadors from other countries. Madison was also concerned about the lack of ability in Congress to capably create foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the

3955:

said, "lthough Madison abhorred slavery, he nonetheless bore the burden of depending all his life on a slave system that he could never square with his republican beliefs." There is no evidence Madison thought

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work." Madison also ensured that his slaves had milk cows and meals for their daily food. By the 1790s, Madison's slave Sawney was an overseer of part of the plantation. Some slaves at Montpelier could read.

2397:

I saw anything in the house that I thought she was in need of, to take it to her. I often did this, and occasionally gave her small sums from my own pocket, though I had years before bought my freedom of her.

962:

originally drafted on May 20, 1776, to provide for "equal entitlement", rather than mere "tolerance", in the exercise of religion. With the enactment of the Virginia constitution, Madison became part of the

17117: 10723: 958:. Although Madison never battled in the Revolutionary War, he rose to prominence in Virginia politics as a wartime leader. At the Virginia constitutional convention, he convinced delegates to alter the 3999:, asserting that the spread of slavery would not lead to more slaves, but rather diminish their generative increase through dispersing them, thus substantially improving their condition, accelerating 2238:

The situation continued to escalate, eventually leading to the outbreak of hostilities between Tecumseh's followers and American settlers later that year. Tensions continued to rise, leading to the

1283:

congressional districts. Henry and his supporters ensured that Orange County was in a district heavily populated with Anti-Federalists, roughly three to one, to oppose Madison. Henry also recruited

1076:

was influenced by Enlightenment texts sent by Jefferson from France. Madison especially sought out works on international law and the constitutions of "ancient and modern confederacies" such as the

1711:, which banned all exports to foreign nations. The embargo proved ineffective, unpopular, and difficult to enforce, especially in New England. In March 1809, Congress replaced the embargo with the 1547:

Though he was out of office, Madison remained a prominent Democratic–Republican leader in opposition to the Adams administration. Madison and Jefferson believed that the Federalists were using the

1518:(known as Payne), after the couple's marriage. Some of his colleagues, such as Monroe and Burr, believed Madison's lack of offspring weighed on his thoughts, though he never spoke of any distress. 13666: 798:. At age 16, Madison returned to Montpelier, where he studied under the Reverend Thomas Martin to prepare for college. Unlike most college-bound Virginians of his day, Madison did not attend the 13356: 12716: 11533: 13174: 2337:. In 1826, after the death of Jefferson, Madison was appointed as the second rector of the university. He retained the position as college chancellor for ten years until his death in 1836. 22189: 13681: 13111: 4275:, who contended that diffusion, by increasing the supply of available subsistence to the black population, would indeed increase their numbers by accelerating the rate of natural growth." 1978:(the son of former President John Adams) to Europe to negotiate a peace treaty. While Madison worked to end the war, the United States experienced some impressive naval successes, by the 13631: 22169: 22164: 11015: 1738:

national party after 1800, the chief opposition to Madison's candidacy came from other members of the Democratic–Republican Party. Madison became the target of attacks from Congressman

1559:

federal law on the basis of the Constitution being a compact among the states. Madison rejected this view of nullification and urged that states respond to unjust federal laws through

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due to "the prejudices of the whites" as well as feelings on both sides "inspired by their former relation as oppressors and oppressed." As such, he became interested in the idea of

3851:, which says that all "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." 1224:, he explains how the separation of powers between three branches of the federal government, as well as between state governments and the federal government, establishes a system of 1042:. That amendment, which guaranteed freedom of religion and disestablished the Church of England, was passed in 1786. Madison also became a land speculator, purchasing land along the 13479: 10114: 1310:, he introduced a tariff bill similar to the one he had advocated for under the Articles of the Confederation, and Congress established a federal tariff on imports by enacting the 1173:

that would have the right to veto laws passed by Congress. The Virginia Plan did not explicitly lay out the structure of the executive branch, but Madison himself favored a strong

1236:

gave several persuasive speeches arguing against ratification, Madison's expertise on the subject he had long argued for allowed him to respond with rational arguments to Henry's

2139:, which provided a link to the country's western lands; still, in his last act before leaving office, he blocked further federal spending on internal improvements by vetoing the 13581: 1431:, which called for federal action to stimulate the development of a diversified economy, Madison once again challenged Hamilton's proposal. Along with Jefferson, Madison helped 1696:

American sailors, some of whom had originally defected from the British navy, but some of whom had never been British subjects. In response to the attacks, Congress passed the

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in place of the prevailing property ownership requirement. Madison made modest gains but was disappointed at the failure of Virginians to extend suffrage to all white men.

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nationalist but one with a different conception of nationalism from that of the Federalists. Gary Rosen uses other approaches to suggest Madison's consistency. Historian

13184: 13068: 12868: 12800: 13636: 1666:, in which France sold more than 827,987 square miles (2,144,480 square kilometers) of land in exchange for $ 15 million (equivalent to $ 271,433,333.33 in 2021). 1413:, broadly represented Northern financial interests and favored close relations with Britain. In 1791, Hamilton introduced a plan that called for the establishment of a 1161:, an outline for a new federal constitution. It called for three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), a bicameral Congress (consisting of the 17148: 13054: 11526: 9845: 4228: 1915:. Hull was court-martialed for cowardice, but Madison intervened and saved him from being shot. On October 13, a separate force from the United States was defeated at 10257: 2001:

in that battle marked the permanent end of armed Native American resistance in the Old Northwest and any hope of a united Indian nation. In March 1814, Major General

13832: 13039: 13029: 13671: 11031: 2068:, and the British army departed from the Chesapeake region in September. That same month, U.S. forces repelled a British invasion from Canada with a victory at the 832:, which competed on campus with a political counterpart, the Cliosophic Society. During his time at Princeton, Madison's closest friend was future Attorney General 13049: 13044: 13034: 13024: 11468: 4177: 3887:

that depended on a large slave population. Madison also believed slavery was incompatible with American Revolutionary principles, though he owned over one hundred

2317:, though he privately complained about the North's opposition to the extension of slavery. Madison had warm relations with all four of the major candidates in the 22179: 13004: 806:

climate—thought to be more likely to harbor infectious disease—might have impacted his health. Instead, in 1769, he enrolled at the College of New Jersey (later

630:, a series of pro-ratification essays that remains prominent among works of political science in American history. Madison emerged as an important leader in the 9779: 2313:

retirement, Madison occasionally became involved in public affairs, advising Andrew Jackson and other presidents. He remained out of the public debate over the

1364:. He also proposed an amendment to prevent states from abridging "equal rights of conscience, or freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases". 19071: 16150: 15956: 13014: 13009: 12978: 12973: 11815: 4040: 1288: 1268: 700: 3895:

Madison grew up on Montpelier, which like other southern plantations depended on slave labor. When Madison left for college on August 10, 1769, he arrived at

2106:" between mid-1815 and 1817, with the Federalists experiencing a further decline in influence. During the war, delegates from the New England states held the 22134: 22124: 15431: 15215: 13019: 12999: 12983: 1954:, a Philadelphia lawyer, for vice president. Hoping to shore up his support in the Northeast, where the War of 1812 was unpopular, Madison selected Governor 19455: 13576: 12950: 1050:. Throughout the 1780s, Madison became increasingly worried about the disunity of the states and the weakness of the central government. He believed that 22214: 19305: 14380: 14355: 13827: 12955: 12919: 2341: 11093: 22244: 19360: 17034: 14231: 13661: 13556: 12924: 12904: 12894: 11484: 1934:, held during the early stages of the war, Madison was re-nominated without opposition. A dissident group of New York Democratic-Republicans nominated 1616:

Jefferson to retain the First Bank of the United States. Though the Federalist political power was rapidly fading at the national level, Chief Justice

1368: 22219: 22199: 21877: 17051: 16639: 16631: 16143: 15949: 13366: 12934: 12929: 12914: 12909: 12899: 12889: 11665: 11401: 3848: 16615: 15084: 12243: 8932: 1092:. Additionally, navigation rights to the major trade routes accessed by the Mississippi River highly concerned Madison. He opposed the proposal by 1946:

wanted Madison replaced. Dismayed about their prospects of beating Madison, a group of top Federalists met with Clinton's supporters to discuss a

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Madison called slavery "the most oppressive dominion" that ever existed, and he had a "lifelong abhorrence" for it. In 1785 Madison spoke in the

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Madison's portrait as congressional delegate at age 32 when he was already recognized as a contributor to politics and government. Portrait by

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has suggested Madison may have fathered a child with his enslaved half-sister, a cook named Coreen, but researchers were unable to gather the

22229: 19435: 15054: 13611: 12853: 12833: 12828: 1852:. With Britain already engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, many Americans including Madison believed that the United States could easily capture 1038:

As a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, Madison continued to advocate for religious freedom, and, along with Jefferson, drafted the

669:. Although the war ended inconclusively, many Americans viewed it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. Madison was 22224: 16371: 16124: 15129: 15104: 15069: 15044: 14049: 13101: 11939: 10821: 4095: 4007:, and increasing "partial manumissions." Madison thought of slaves as "wayward (but still educable) students in need of regular guidance." 2072:. The British public began to turn against the war in North America, and British leaders began to look for a quick exit from the conflict. 755:. His family had lived in Virginia since the mid-17th century. Madison's maternal grandfather, Francis Conway, was a prominent planter and 1298:

and also prepared the official House response to Washington's speech. He played a significant role in establishing and staffing the three

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With Jefferson out of office after 1793, Madison became the de facto leader of the Democratic–Republican Party. When Britain and France

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Madison became a key adviser to Washington, who valued Madison's understanding of the Constitution. Madison helped Washington write his

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American goods from foreign competition, and a constitutional amendment authorizing the federal government to fund the construction of

2088:

brought a final close to the Napoleonic Wars and thus an end to the hostile seizure of American shipping by British and French forces.

10837: 10185: 1014:, which ended the Revolutionary War. Following his term in Congress, Madison won election to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1784. 17134: 16404: 15898: 15682: 15208: 15139: 15079: 15064: 14385: 13536: 13506: 13292: 13257: 13237: 11478: 10935: 3939:

of individual slaves. As a slaveholder, Madison was aware that owning slaves was not consistent with revolutionary values, but, as a

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was the basis for the convention's deliberations. He became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution and joined

601: 259: 2135:, which set high import duties for all goods that were produced outside the United States. Madison approved federal spending on the 22239: 22159: 21006: 19355: 18722: 16175: 16171: 16167: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15386: 15373: 15360: 15347: 15334: 15321: 15308: 15295: 15172: 15124: 15109: 14486: 14482: 14360: 13541: 11840: 11835: 8717: 2318: 2279: 2273: 1974:

After the disastrous start to the war, Madison accepted Russia's invitation to arbitrate and sent a delegation led by Gallatin and

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the Quasi-War not reaching the United States until after the election, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, defeated Adams.

1574:, which attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional. That report held that Congress was limited to legislating on its 1567: 1541: 1442: 670: 662: 251: 21614: 20916: 19788: 19257: 17742: 16463: 15840: 15564: 15182: 15149: 15144: 15134: 15119: 14542: 13752: 11688: 11390: 11369: 3961: 3342: 2354: 1418:

have the power to create a federally empowered national bank. Despite Madison's opposition, Congress passed a bill to create the

1295: 639: 15285: 11324: 1389: 22259: 21035: 18160: 17832: 15114: 14341: 13842: 13511: 13389: 12259: 11907: 11412: 5934:"Republicanism and American Foreign Policy: James Madison and the Political Economy of Commercial Discrimination, 1789 to 1794" 4044: 2486: 1166: 1039: 631: 196: 13526: 3872:

for Congress and the armed forces, arguing that the appointments produce religious exclusion as well as political disharmony.

1449:. Because the Constitution's rules essentially precluded Jefferson from challenging Adams, the party backed New York Governor 990:

During Madison's term in Congress from 1780 to 1783, the U.S. faced a difficult war against Great Britain, as well as runaway

21023: 19966: 19926: 19864: 19848: 19191: 18942: 14064: 13154: 13149: 13076: 11543: 11211: 11192: 11160: 11139: 10871: 10713: 10687: 10627: 10598: 10508: 10487: 10465: 10408: 10387: 10366: 10345: 10324: 10305: 10269: 10195: 10174: 10147: 10103: 10082: 10057: 10033: 10007: 9986: 9963: 9940: 9913: 9812: 9768: 9742: 9718: 9696: 9670: 9640: 9621: 9573: 9537: 9516: 9495: 9451: 9430: 9407: 9350: 9329: 9308: 9284: 9232: 9208: 9153: 9131: 9112: 9091: 9065: 9028: 9003: 8921: 8897: 8813: 8776: 8755: 4375: 4232: 4036: 3493: 3433: 2357:; Madison not only inked out original passages but in other correspondence he even forged Jefferson's handwriting. Historian 1647: 1611:

in France had dulled Democratic–Republican enthusiasm for the French cause, Madison sought a neutral position in the ongoing

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In 1799, Madison was elected to the Virginia legislature. At the same time, Madison planned for Jefferson's campaign in the

946:, a pro-revolution group that oversaw the local Patriot militia. In October 1775, he was commissioned as the colonel of the 22194: 19718: 15201: 15154: 14370: 13797: 13591: 11683: 11566: 10750: 4122: 3932: 3566: 2013:. Despite those successes, the British continued to repel American attempts to invade Canada, and a British force captured 829: 794:

families. Madison learned mathematics, geography, and modern and classical languages, becoming exceptionally proficient in

438: 10656:"Is there a James Madison Problem? in "Liberty and American Experience in the Eighteenth Century", Womersley, David (ed.)" 8787: 6180: 3483: 1445:, both major parties supported Washington for re-election, but the Democratic–Republicans sought to unseat Vice President 22234: 21972: 21724: 21634: 17905: 16568: 15915: 15711: 14883: 14173: 13792: 13384: 11794: 11561: 4244:

The Democratic–Republican Party was often referred to as the "Republican Party". It was a separate entity from the later

4215: 3778: 3636: 3262: 2953: 1280: 833: 736: 510: 81: 22058: 21749: 18200: 9584: 967:, and he was subsequently elected to the Virginia governor's Council of State, where he became a close ally of Governor 20024: 19986: 19764: 19295: 19252: 19091: 17700: 14903: 13429: 11863: 11725: 4126: 4016: 3653: 3463: 2923: 2044:. Madison, who had earlier inspected Winder's army, escaped British capture by fleeing to Virginia, though the British 1989:, the U.S. crippled the supply and reinforcement of British military forces in the western theater of the war. General 1055: 908:

of the United Kingdom; a significant neutral faction without firm commitments to either Loyalists or Patriots; and the

678: 638:. During the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by 605: 1758:. The Federalist Party mustered little strength outside New England, and Madison easily defeated Federalist candidate 928:

but also because it encouraged excessive deference to any authority which might be asserted by an established church.

19946: 19531: 19428: 19206: 19066: 18727: 14833: 14753: 13772: 13134: 12809: 12711: 11900: 11737: 11183: 11051: 10073: 7935: 7914: 7893: 7870: 7836: 7815: 7794: 7773: 7750: 3981: 3743: 3208: 2993: 1575: 1556: 1470: 818: 760: 566: 237: 4395: 673:. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. He presided over the creation of the 21694: 20144: 19941: 19561: 19310: 18256: 17157: 16673: 16429: 15812: 15509: 14823: 14417: 14277: 14272: 13616: 11635: 11404: 9823: 9362: 4245: 3611: 3282: 2353:

older materials had become almost an obsession. As an example, he edited a letter written to Jefferson criticizing

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The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government

3523: 20650: 20501: 19829: 19824: 19741: 19326: 18800: 18125: 16588: 16483: 16234: 16043: 16017: 15780: 15737: 15700: 15639: 15584: 15342: 15329: 14973: 14923: 14853: 14793: 14773: 14653: 14623: 14573: 13621: 13606: 12208: 11929: 11868: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11227: 4087: 2010: 1755: 1450: 1419: 1257: 713: 647: 90: 18558: 22249: 21851: 21704: 20590: 19998: 19916: 19444: 18673: 17915: 16537: 16500: 16417: 15884: 15865: 15800: 15668: 15607: 15260: 14813: 14743: 14693: 14643: 14593: 14551: 14444: 14028: 12755: 12093: 12088: 11393: 10783: 5938: 3901: 3771: 2617: 2330: 1588: 1114: 959: 901: 558: 62: 20: 18105: 10520:"The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the U.S." 4139:, a fictionalized account of Dolley Madison's romantic life. Madison is also portrayed in the popular musical 3538: 21891: 21764: 20986: 20017: 19976: 19961: 19774: 19691: 19593: 19001: 18908: 18337: 17984: 17693: 17304: 16708: 16437: 16397: 16135: 15941: 15929: 15719: 15535: 14913: 14893: 14863: 14723: 14703: 14427: 14395: 13802: 13742: 13331: 11858: 11799: 11516: 11420: 11120: 10861: 9462: 9397: 4202: 4189: 4079: 3984:, but that peaceful co-existence between the two racial groups could eventually be achieved in the long run. 3973: 2908: 2385: 1806: 1701: 1598: 1469:

of 1794. Madison and his Democratic–Republican allies were outraged by the treaty; the Democratic–Republican

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and a 5,000-acre (2,000 ha) plantation, Madison's father was among the largest landowners in Virginia's

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After the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the Second Continental Congress became the

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During the first Congress, Madison took the lead in advocating for several constitutional amendments to the

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was a slave of the Madisons for 48 years and served as Madison's footman at the White House. In his memoir

3913: 3844: 3733: 3696: 3616: 3576: 3478: 3473: 2389: 2322: 1353: 1347: 1299: 768: 654:. Madison served as Jefferson's Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809, during which time Jefferson made the 570: 10206: 9081: 4067:(1995), is the "only present-day scholar to maintain that Madison did not change his views in the 1790s". 3816: 2127:

compiled one of the most productive legislative records up to that point in history. Congress granted the

1603:

Madison was one of two major influences in Jefferson's cabinet, the other being Secretary of the Treasury

1493:

epidemic. Earlier that year, Madison and Dolley Todd had been formally introduced at Madison's request by

454: 21804: 21799: 21584: 19809: 19702: 19372: 19201: 19150: 19120: 19112: 18302: 18150: 16185: 16089: 15991: 15477: 15265: 15224: 14963: 14933: 14673: 14603: 14535: 14476: 14306: 14210: 14168: 14163: 13566: 13252: 13217: 11996: 11763: 11758: 11715: 11553: 11463: 11428: 11362: 11275: 11251: 10638: 8792: 8116: 3468: 2156: 2124: 1916: 1771: 1759: 1406: 1397: 1384: 984: 964: 885: 799: 585: 357: 10542: 9684: 8940: 1700:, which restricted many, but not all, British imports. Tensions with Britain were heightened due to the 22149: 21910: 20469: 20129: 19971: 19956: 19936: 19870: 19859: 19537: 19300: 19285: 19277: 19196: 19023: 18993: 18737: 18347: 18272: 18210: 18075: 17439: 16823: 16576: 15773: 15725: 15270: 15013: 15003: 14983: 14953: 14763: 14613: 14260: 13707: 13676: 13399: 13164: 13159: 12730: 12201: 11618: 11588: 4083: 3571: 3272: 2943: 2144: 1825: 1712: 1307: 897: 764: 593: 523: 20786: 18185: 18135: 14683: 10754:. Memorials in Washington DC – An interactive map of commemorative works in the nation's capital. 2012 10519: 3980:. Madison believed that this solution offered a gradual, long-term, but potentially feasible means of 691:

Retiring from public office at the end of his presidency in 1817, Madison returned to his plantation,

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Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789

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ceded 26,000,000 acres (11,000,000 ha) of land to the United States under Madison's presidency.

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following community opposition to commemorating someone who used slave labor. Madison, portrayed by

3892:

dependence on slavery led him to question his own, once enlightened, definition of liberty itself."

2294: 1189:, began a public campaign against ratification. In response, starting in October 1787, Hamilton and 924:

in Virginia; Madison believed that tolerance of an established religion was detrimental not only to

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Forgotten Features of the Founding: The Recovery of Religious Themes in the Early American Republic

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Randolph recruited Monroe, who had felt betrayed by the administration's rejection of the proposed

1739: 1535: 1498: 1212: 1174: 1134: 1100:, Madison's desire to fight the proposal was a major motivation in his return to Congress in 1787. 892:, which caused strong opposition by the colonists and began a conflict that would culminate in the 772: 709: 22041: 11458: 2853: 22204: 22024: 21654: 21574: 20991: 20580: 20491: 19759: 19524: 19344: 19211: 18553: 18530: 18495: 18277: 18241: 18165: 18100: 17644: 17384: 17259: 16382: 15651: 15023: 13767: 13715: 13641: 13469: 13346: 13341: 13277: 13247: 13189: 12724: 12081: 12028: 11954: 11873: 11732: 10725:

A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875

10475: 8797: 4103: 3992: 3631: 3621: 3586: 3302: 2948: 2539: 2451: 2381: 2052:. Dolley had abandoned the capital and fled to Virginia, but only after securing the portrait of 2014: 1620:

ensured that Federalist ideology retained an important presence in the judiciary. In the case of

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Constitution, with amendments to be proposed after ratification. Though former Virginia governor

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Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia

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student but not a lawyer. Madison did not apprentice himself to a lawyer and never joined the

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opposition to Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton. The other faction, led by Hamilton and the

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that the United States concede claims to the river for 25 years, and, according to historian

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militia, serving as his father's second-in-command until he was elected as a delegate to the

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The People Vs. the Courts: Judicial Review and Direct Democracy in the American Legal System

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for revision of the commonwealth's constitution. It was his last appearance as a statesman.

2028:

The Battle of New Orleans took place while the Treaty of Ghent was being negotiated in 1815.

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Virginia historic marker for Birthplace of President James Madison in Port Conway, Virginia

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Watts, Steven (1990). "The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy".

9824:"'Hamilton': Lin-Manuel Miranda Repeatedly Rewards Lottery Hopefuls With Unique Pre-Shows" 3943:, this sort of self-contradiction was a common feature in his political career. Historian 779:

helped to manage Montpelier for his father and older brother until his own death in 1793.

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From age 11 to 16, Madison studied under Donald Robertson, a tutor for several prominent

553:(March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and 20878: 18195: 18170: 10817: 10167:

Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy

9883: 7810:, pp. 84-5, 99-100, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, 1995. 1950:. Difficult as it was for them to join forces, they nominated Clinton for President and 1240:

appeals. Madison was also a defender of federal veto rights and, according to historian

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as part of the bicentennial celebration of the Constitution. Other memorials include

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Facts About the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information

8096: 7768:, pp. 12-14, 27-28, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 2000. 4227:

One of the two unratified amendments became part of the Constitution in 1992 as the

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among other buildings in the capital while Madison was President on August 24, 1814.

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The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic

3822:

The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic

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did more than most, and did some things better than any. That was quite enough."

4004: 3761: 3453: 3438: 3078: 2958: 2918: 2893: 2873: 2820: 2805: 2657: 2652: 2521: 2516: 2506: 2461: 2436: 2227: 2187: 2136: 2080: 1951: 1849: 1799: 1627: 1604: 1515: 1327:, which provided for the enactment of Hamilton's assumption plan, as part of the 1237: 1186: 1150: 921: 795: 752: 425: 18712: 10809: 10396: 9732: 9321:

Representative Words: Politics, Literature, and the American Language, 1776–1865

8462: 2858: 2685: 1864: 782: 21936: 21861: 21769: 21759: 21488: 21363: 21348: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21258: 21233: 21188: 21168: 21030: 21001: 20976: 20931: 20911: 20873: 20828: 20708: 20698: 20555: 20386: 20199: 19685: 19673: 19476: 19262: 19237: 18835: 18785: 18643: 18520: 18515: 18505: 18401: 18327: 18236: 18231: 18054: 18029: 18009: 17994: 17979: 17964: 17664: 17659: 17619: 17584: 17529: 17484: 17399: 17319: 17314: 17244: 17229: 17099: 16973: 16888: 16858: 16838: 16778: 16773: 16763: 16753: 16748: 16508: 16267: 16229: 16212: 16051: 15873: 15743: 15621: 15615: 15465: 15421: 15399: 15355: 14989: 14869: 14839: 14729: 14709: 14679: 14629: 14132: 14111: 14095: 14059: 14003: 13972: 13787: 12760: 12117: 11742: 11538: 10991: 10697: 10671: 10133: 9800: 9691:(Third ed.). New York, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 57–70. 9665:(paperback ed.). Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. 9222: 9014: 8366: 7831:, 126-8, 140-1, 145, 160, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 1999. 4376:"The Federalist and the Republican Party | American Experience | PBS" 4094:

and serves as the official memorial to Madison. In 1986, Congress created the

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Madison initially opposed the Constitution's 20-year protection of the foreign

3691: 3418: 3384: 3183: 3173: 3128: 3088: 3083: 3028: 3018: 3013: 2998: 2928: 2913: 2898: 2888: 2800: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2306: 2132: 2033: 2002: 1955: 1935: 1923:, hampered by mutinous New England infantry, retreated to winter quarters near 1920: 1674: 1612: 1571: 1432: 1311: 1085: 1077: 889: 681: 102: 27: 16165: 15971: 15193: 10733: 10552: 10139:

The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation after the Genome

8849: 8543: 7909:, p. 100, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, 1995. 2983: 22088: 21794: 21624: 21534: 21483: 21453: 21443: 21373: 21368: 21358: 21218: 21208: 21198: 21173: 21018: 20936: 20843: 20816: 20801: 20743: 20426: 19799: 19730: 19626: 19620: 19518: 19038: 18820: 18790: 18770: 18434: 18360: 18287: 18190: 18120: 18034: 17989: 17974: 17871: 17820: 17509: 17469: 17429: 17424: 17369: 17329: 17299: 17184: 17118:

List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States

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Smelser, Marshall (1968). Commager, Henry Steele; Morris, Richard B. (eds.).

10157: 9706: 9680: 9656: 9377: 9270: 9255: 9186: 8857: 8733: 8531: 8318: 7888:, pp. 49-50, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 2000. 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4396:"James Madison - Founding Father, Constitution, Federalist | Britannica" 4272: 4268: 3952: 3944: 3528: 3362: 3332: 3242: 3148: 3143: 3118: 2938: 2810: 2785: 2745: 2735: 2720: 2675: 2441: 2417: 2358: 2115: 1962: 1795: 1743: 1617: 1560: 1551:

with France to justify the violation of constitutional rights by passing the

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to despair of his ability to make himself understood by his fellow citizens.

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broke out on April 19, 1775. The colonists formed three prominent factions:

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Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, J. Garry; Maddock, Shane J. (January 1, 2014).

9901: 9597: 9194: 7591: 7430: 7428: 7353: 4154: 4146: 4050:

Various historians have criticized Madison's tenure as president. In 1968,

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Washington chose to retire after serving two terms and, in advance of the

824:

His college studies included Latin, Greek, theology, and the works of the

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Christian England. Volume 3: From the 18th Century to the First World War

9051: 8651: 5472: 4072: 3948: 3936: 3905: 3676: 3213: 3153: 3103: 3048: 2843: 2775: 2501: 2496: 2340:

In 1829, at the age of 78, Madison was chosen as a representative to the

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The postwar period of Madison's second term saw the transition into the "

2049: 1943: 1912: 1819: 1786: 1693: 1659: 1638: 1241: 1063: 696: 666: 528: 21943: 17840: 12193: 11094:"Violet Edwards Elected Madison County's First Black Woman Commissioner" 9037: 8865: 8831: 8645: 8567: 8072: 7425: 5518: 4826: 3756: 1993:

defeated the forces of the British and of Tecumseh's confederacy at the

1489:, the 26-year-old widow of John Todd, a Quaker farmer who died during a 1302:

departments, and his influence helped Thomas Jefferson become the first

942:

After returning to Montpelier in 1774, Madison took a seat on the local

828:, and emphasized speech and debate. Madison was a leading member of the 21856: 21664: 21564: 21413: 21333: 21105: 20996: 20838: 20781: 20758: 20723: 20672: 20662: 20630: 20575: 20401: 20381: 20306: 20270: 20174: 20159: 20084: 20009: 19769: 19613: 19567: 19494: 18830: 18810: 18795: 18765: 18014: 17925: 17782: 17757: 17747: 17685: 17599: 17389: 17269: 17169: 17063: 16868: 16788: 16723: 16336: 16097: 15489: 15471: 15459: 15417: 15316: 15303: 14659: 14579: 13914: 10581: 10248: 8982: 8965: 8675: 7533: 7531: 6068: 6066: 5959: 5933: 5879: 5877: 5756: 5754: 5621: 5619: 5617: 3940: 3716: 3706: 3168: 3133: 3058: 3043: 2978: 2903: 2848: 2750: 2695: 2574: 2559: 2283: 2247: 2195: 1845: 1733:

Following Jefferson's presidency, Madison's 1808 electoral vote results

1729: 1494: 1466: 1446: 1361: 905: 837: 369: 22265:

Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves

7639: 3995:. Madison supported the extension of slavery into the West during the 2032:

On August 24, 1814, the British landed a large force on the shores of

1641:(2,144,480 square kilometers), doubling the size of the United States. 1062:

and factionalism. He was particularly troubled by laws that legalized

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Christian England. Volume 2: From the Reformation to the 18th Century

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policy-making during his many years of political activity, historian

3188: 2868: 2564: 2456: 2251: 2231: 2061: 1650:. Jefferson promoted such western expansion and hoped to acquire the 1633: 1548: 1194: 991: 863: 22075: 10573: 10240: 10190:. Vol. 1. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. p. 20. 8687: 8495: 8354: 8013: 7711: 7675: 7567: 7555: 7543: 7528: 7504: 7251: 7203: 6560: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6353: 6341: 6281: 6185: 6114: 6063: 5951: 5889: 5874: 5838: 5751: 5739: 5614: 5578: 5566: 5554: 5298: 5296: 1985:

and other warships, that boosted American morale. Victorious in the

869: 767:, which he inherited upon reaching adulthood. With an estimated 100 596:. Dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the 21829: 21408: 21145: 20738: 20703: 20677: 20657: 20610: 20421: 20376: 20260: 20164: 20154: 20119: 20089: 19267: 19043: 18215: 17810: 17803: 17349: 16863: 16654: 12256: 11312: 11308: 10793: 9393: 8998:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 8555: 8507: 8204: 8179: 8177: 8175: 5460: 5356: 5247: 5245: 5215: 5167: 5155: 5083: 5059: 3965: 3869: 3033: 2790: 2554: 2491: 2375:

Madison's health slowly deteriorated through the 1830s. He died of

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To prevent a permanent standing federal army, Madison proposed the

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The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States

9805:

Union 1812:The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence

9780:"James Madison: Pushed Intermarriage Between Settlers and Indians" 9639:. Lima, Ohio: AIM Media Midwest Operating, LLC. AP. Archived from 9359: 8615: 8375: 8136: 8130: 7699: 4850: 4730: 2169:

The Battle of Tippecanoe took place in the Northwest Territory on

2114:

increased spending on the army and the navy, a tariff designed to

1715:, which allowed trade with nations other than Britain and France. 21866: 21779: 20667: 20635: 20625: 20396: 20356: 20189: 20114: 20099: 20079: 13857: 13287: 10918:. Mountain View, California: National Capital Planning Commission 10914: 10227:(1961). "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor". 10115:"African American Seeks to Prove A Genetic Link to James Madison" 8549: 7930:, 151, 160, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 1999. 7789:, 296-8, 371, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1996. 6608: 6329: 5293: 5107: 4939: 4927: 4838: 4802: 3977: 2392:, one of Madison's younger slaves, later recalled in his memoir, 2223: 1501:

for their wedding. Only a few close family members attended, and

1211:, became highly regarded in the 20th century for its advocacy of 756: 11347: 10744: 10500:

A Slave in the White House : Paul Jennings and the Madisons

9977:

The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy

9893: 9224:

A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic

8537: 8172: 7579: 7017: 6981: 5242: 4963: 2254:. Negotiated by Jackson, in the aftermath of the Creek War, the 1228:

that ensures that no one institution would become too powerful.

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American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of the Founding

9549:"Documents of the American South, University of North Carolina" 7386: 7384: 5095: 3969: 3827: 2710: 2199: 1853: 18920: 17156: 10970: 10880: 9487:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America 1815–1848

8960:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. pp. 406–407. 8591: 8422: 8420: 8194: 8192: 7597: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7268: 7266: 6041: 6039: 5320: 4478: 4445: 4043:

Madison as an above average president with a 2018 poll of the

2321:, but, like Jefferson, largely stayed out of the race. During 2075:

In January 1815, Jackson's troops defeated the British at the

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Scholarly coverage of Madison at Miller Center, U of Virginia

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The Three Lives of James Madison: Genius, Partisan, President

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New York University Journal of International Law and Politics

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Power Versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson and Jefferson

7765:

Power Versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson and Jefferson

7161: 6993: 6746: 5721: 5542: 5485: 5397: 5395: 4501: 4499: 4343: 4341: 3864: 2165: 1651: 1215:. In it, Madison describes the dangers posed by the majority 731:

James Madison Jr. was born on March 16, 1751 (March 5, 1750,

11152:

The Democracy Project : A History, a Crisis, a Movement

10746:"James Madison Memorial Building of the Library of Congress" 10525:. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office. p. 49 10207:"Thomas Jefferson: The Patriot Act of the 18th Century" 9630: 9532:. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 229–230. 8657: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 7381: 7097: 7095: 6625: 6623: 6425: 4025:

Portrait of Madison after his health began to fail, age 82,

2190:

were vehemently opposed to selling any more land around the

1291:, he gained a seat in Congress with 57 percent of the vote. 759:

merchant. His father was a tobacco planter who grew up on a

22190:

Democratic-Republican Party presidents of the United States

20640: 20064: 11092: 10547:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. 9713:. Newton, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. 8573: 8417: 8405: 8189: 7928:

American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding

7829:

American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding

7651: 7408: 7341: 7305: 7293: 7263: 7239: 7227: 7191: 7167: 7131: 7107: 7068: 7041: 7029: 6969: 6897: 6885: 6858: 6799: 6770: 6758: 6722: 6659: 6548: 6488: 6476: 6442: 6440: 6413: 6389: 6365: 6317: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6162: 6138: 6126: 6051: 6036: 6024: 5988: 5901: 5862: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5766: 5679: 5667: 5643: 5631: 5590: 5530: 5431: 4271:, through this reasoning, Madison implicitly rejected "the 1378: 1251: 604:, which produced a new constitution designed to strengthen 22170:

Candidates in the 1812 United States presidential election

22165:

Candidates in the 1808 United States presidential election

11030: 9083:

Timothy Matlack, Scribe of the Declaration of Independence

8994:

James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of a Nation

8681: 8444: 8248: 8246: 8233: 8231: 8148: 7745:, pp. 29-30, 34, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002. 7723: 7663: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6293: 6269: 5978: 5976: 5506: 5407: 5392: 5368: 5344: 5332: 5269: 5257: 5203: 5179: 5119: 4951: 4898: 4718: 4496: 4338: 3935:, and he also helped defeat a bill designed to outlaw the 1890:, designed to loosen British control around American-held 20209: 20104: 11204:

The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution

10788: 10636: 9633:"3 Presidents in 'Hamilton' Put 'blood into the statues'" 8627: 8393: 8270: 8049: 7852:, p. 260, Penguin Putnam, Inc., New York, New York, 1999. 7645: 7603: 7329: 7283: 7281: 7215: 7119: 7092: 6921: 6909: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6734: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6635: 6620: 6012: 5450: 5448: 5446: 4874: 4694: 4631: 4380: 4082:, the Madison family's plantation, has been designated a 2183: 11050: 10930: 10276:

Figure 56 John Henry Hintermeister (American 1869–1945)

9906:

The Founders at Home: The Building of America, 1735–1817

8977:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. p. 13. 8888:

Elbridge Gerry, Founding Father and Republican Statesman

8609: 8474: 8432: 7456: 7444: 6957: 6500: 6464: 6437: 6305: 6102: 5703: 5691: 5035: 4886: 4814: 4778: 4742: 4682: 4643: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4358: 4356: 4149:

in the original 2013 Vassar version and then revised by

1400:

with Madison and broadly represented Southern interests.

561:

from 1809 to 1817. Madison was popularly acclaimed the "

10782: 10204: 10183: 9568:. Redwood City, California: Stanford University Press. 9446:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 8693: 8579: 8485: 8483: 8306: 8294: 8243: 8228: 8037: 7687: 7516: 7179: 7143: 7058: 7056: 7005: 6952:

1812 Presidential Election: American Presidency Project

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clergymen, young Madison was an avid reader of English

2092:

Postwar period and decline of the Federalist opposition

1360:, protect property from government seizure, and ensure 16630: 11070: 10990: 10460:. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 10458:

American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804

10379:

Presidential Performance : A Comprehensive Review

9276:

The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States

8939:. Montpelier: James Madison University. Archived from 8561: 8210: 8160: 8001: 7989: 7977: 7965: 7953: 7865:, pp. 29-30, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002. 7492: 7396: 7278: 7080: 6835: 6710: 6683: 6647: 5496: 5494: 5443: 5380: 5308: 5232: 5230: 5191: 5143: 4975: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4766: 4619: 4583: 4547: 4535: 3962:

blacks and whites were unlikely to co-exist peacefully

3390: 21908: 14512: 12808: 10808: 9885:

The Writings of James Madison: 1808–1819; Volume VIII

9759:

James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights

9345:. New York, New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. 9279:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 8621: 8519: 8381: 8282: 8216: 7941: 7627: 7615: 7468: 7369: 7317: 6584: 5727: 5071: 5011: 4987: 4790: 4754: 4655: 4607: 4595: 4571: 4559: 4484: 4414: 4353: 4314: 1125:

sign the Constitution while Madison sits in front of

565:" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the 19456:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

10264:. New York, New York: Free Press. pp. 109–121. 9931:. Bethesda, Maryland: Academica Press, LLC. p. 8958:

James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787-1800

8480: 8463:

Smelser, 1968, introduction by Commager & Morris

8084: 7480: 7053: 6870: 6596: 6090: 5655: 4862: 4667: 4523: 4433: 4326: 1526:

needed to determine the validity of the accusation.

1453:

for the vice presidency, but Adams won nonetheless.

1335:, which established the federal capital district of 1145:

Leading up to the 1787 ratification debates for the

954:, which was charged with producing Virginia's first 14550: 11816:

1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election

11080:. Louisville, Kentucky. October 6, 1988. p. B3 9958:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 9463:"The Enslaved Household of President James Madison" 9303:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 8330: 5913: 5491: 5281: 5227: 5047: 4910: 2329:movement and argued that no state had the right to 2301:after the completion of his two terms as president 2009:Creek in the Old Southwest with his victory at the 1269:

1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election

1107:First page of the original handwritten copy of the 1017: 978:Madison participated in the debates concerning the 912:, whom Madison joined, under the leadership of the 258: 250: 16:

Founding Father, 4th president of the United States

19443: 14232:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 11485:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 11155:. New York: Spiegel & Grau. pp. 155–156. 11071: 10897: 10836: 10701: 10678:Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic 10675: 10021: 9981:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 9974: 9951: 9924: 9908:. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 9756: 9609: 9384: 9361: 8991: 8885: 7863:James Madison and the Future of Limited Government 7743:James Madison and the Future of Limited Government 5326: 5302: 4511: 4451: 4402: 4302: 4235:, is technically still pending before the states. 2143:arguing that it unduly exceeded the limits of the 2064:, but the U.S. repelled the British attack in the 1942:and southern control of the White House, and many 1742:, a leader of a faction of the party known as the 10860: 10095:Debating Democracy: A Reader in American Politics 10002:. New York, New York: Random House Digital, Inc. 5419: 5251: 3859:Although baptized as an Anglican and educated by 1582: 1197:of Publius. The trio produced 85 essays known as 870:American Revolution and Articles of Confederation 22086: 10361:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 10319:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 10028:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 9950:Mason, George (1970). Rutland, Robert A. (ed.). 9012: 8501: 8360: 8324: 8183: 8142: 8078: 8019: 7717: 7705: 7681: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7510: 7257: 7209: 6566: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6359: 6347: 6287: 6120: 6072: 5895: 5883: 5844: 5760: 5745: 5625: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5524: 5362: 5221: 5173: 5161: 5089: 5065: 5005: 4969: 4945: 4933: 4844: 4832: 4808: 3951:principles were indeed "impeccable." Historian 2401: 2048:and burned many of its buildings, including the 1919:, although Brock was killed. Commanding General 848:. He returned home to Montpelier in early 1772. 15223: 11689:Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address 11660: 11534:Constitution drafting and ratification timeline 11010: 10934:. Wisconsin Historical Society. June 27, 2012. 10722: 10340:. New York, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. 10067:Mendelsohn, Joyce (1995). "Madison Square". In 9777: 9443:The Brave New World: A History of Early America 7390: 5437: 4856: 4231:. The other unratified amendment, known as the 4153:for the 2015 Broadway opening. Onaodowan won a 1673:James Madison as Secretary of State painted by 1046:in partnership with another Jefferson protégé, 817:Madison as a student at Princeton, portrait by 576:Madison was born into a prominent slave-owning 22180:Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention 14243:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 10866:. Cutchogue, New York: Buccaneer Books. 1992. 10728:. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress. 2003. 10422:. Princeton University Princeton & Slavery 10187:American Foreign Relations: A History, to 1920 8892:. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. 8771:. Milton Park, England: Taylor & Francis. 8709:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 4214:Portions of the Bill of Rights would later be 3918:A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison 2333:. Madison also helped Jefferson establish the 2289: 20025: 19429: 18936: 17701: 17142: 16616: 16398: 16151: 15957: 15781: 15209: 14536: 12794: 12209: 11363: 11325:"Montpelier: The People, The Place, The Idea" 10902:. The James Madison Memorial Foundation. 2000 10818:"The Charters of Freedom: The Bill of Rights" 9563: 4724: 3779: 1718: 22135:People of the American colonization movement 22125:19th-century presidents of the United States 20531: 17830: 17801: 17787: 14329: 11940:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation 10822:National Archives and Records Administration 10682:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 10417: 9843: 9807:. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. 9763:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 9490:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 9227:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 8916:. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. 8832:"James Madison, Law Student and Demi-Lawyer" 8646:The Cincinnati Post,November 28, 1946, p. 23 8633: 8131:& New York Review of Books, June 6, 2019 8122: 8066: 4096:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation 1637:The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled 827,987 288:November 6, 1786 – October 30, 1787 20467: 17896: 14479:nominee for President of the United States 10637:Wilson, Gaye; Berkes, Anna; Ragosta, John. 10098:. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. 7907:Madison on the "General Welfare" of America 7808:Madison on the "General Welfare" of America 4106:which were both named for Madison, as were 2005:broke the resistance of the British-allied 1776: 1169:) apportioned by population, and a federal 1024:James Madison as Father of the Constitution 1010:and control of all lands east of it in the 987:, the governing body of the United States. 726: 22215:Members of the Virginia House of Delegates 20032: 20018: 19436: 19422: 18943: 18929: 17708: 17694: 17149: 17135: 16623: 16609: 16405: 16391: 16158: 16144: 15964: 15950: 15788: 15774: 15216: 15202: 15178: 14543: 14529: 12801: 12787: 12216: 12202: 11945:James Madison Freedom of Information Award 11784: 11370: 11356: 11206:. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. 10998:. National Park Service. February 16, 2022 10066: 9995: 9888:. New York, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 9546: 9339:Gutzman, Kevin R. C. (February 14, 2012). 9104:Politics and Religion in the United States 8989: 8597: 8154: 7693: 4649: 3786: 3772: 2131:a twenty-five-year charter and passed the 1894:and destroy the British supply lines from 403: 45: 22245:Signers of the United States Constitution 12223: 11052:"Scholars Rate Worst Presidential Errors" 10884:. Monticello: Thomas Jefferson Foundation 10292: 9999:The Essential Book of Presidential Trivia 9922: 9460: 9317: 8906: 8806:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303 8166: 6999: 5548: 5041: 5029: 3972:and later served as the president of the 2150: 1785:James Madison as President, engraving by 1765: 1028:Constitutional Convention (United States) 973:United States Declaration of Independence 299:March 1, 1781 – November 1, 1783 197:U.S. House of Representatives 22220:People from King George County, Virginia 22200:Jefferson administration cabinet members 20039: 17715: 16172:1812 United States presidential election 15978:1808 United States presidential election 14299:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 10544:Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers 10403:. New York, New York: Harper & Row. 10375: 10255: 10169:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 10052:. New York, New York: Random House LLC. 10016: 9799: 9751: 9525: 9416: 9124:James Madison America's First Polititian 9086:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 8718:"The Emerging International Aristocracy" 8450: 7462: 7450: 7434: 6431: 6299: 6275: 5709: 5697: 5137: 4676: 4347: 4133:, is a key protagonist in the 1946 film 4020: 3982:eradicating slavery in the United States 2293: 2274:1816 United States presidential election 2164: 2023: 1961: 1863: 1780: 1728: 1725:1808 United States presidential election 1668: 1632: 1388: 1379:Founding the Democratic–Republican Party 1252:Congressman and party leader (1789–1801) 1113: 1102: 930: 812: 781: 695:, and died there in 1836. Madison was a 21615:Reflections on the Revolution in France 16080: 10844:. Montpelier Foundation. Archived from 10588: 10434: 10382:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. 10354: 10333: 10300:. London, England: Modern Library War. 10223: 10219:from the original on November 11, 2012. 10142:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. 10112: 10042: 9881: 9727: 9705: 9679: 9655: 9582: 9419:Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic 9342:James Madison and the Making of America 9338: 9269: 9217: 9193: 9140: 9100: 9050: 8880: 8785: 8585: 8426: 8411: 8312: 8300: 8276: 8264: 8252: 8237: 8198: 8106: 8043: 8007: 7995: 7947: 7729: 7657: 7609: 7522: 7498: 7419: 7402: 7363: 7347: 7311: 7299: 7272: 7245: 7233: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7149: 7137: 7113: 7101: 7086: 7074: 7047: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6987: 6975: 6939: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6864: 6852: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6692: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6614: 6590: 6578: 6554: 6494: 6482: 6419: 6395: 6383: 6371: 6323: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6181:Wikisource:Virginia Resolutions of 1798 6168: 6144: 6132: 6096: 6084: 6057: 6045: 6030: 6006: 5994: 5907: 5868: 5856: 5832: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5685: 5673: 5649: 5637: 5608: 5596: 5536: 5512: 5466: 5413: 5401: 5374: 5350: 5338: 5275: 5263: 5209: 5185: 5149: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5077: 4993: 4957: 4921: 4904: 4820: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4661: 4625: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4505: 4490: 4439: 4427: 4332: 4320: 4308: 3343:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 2355:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 1485:On September 15, 1794, Madison married 1262: 22087: 16327: 14386:Virginia's 15th congressional district 11413:United States House of Representatives 10938:from the original on December 21, 2018 10708:. London, England: The Penguin Press. 10517: 10496: 10482:. New York, New York: Viking/Penguin. 10474: 10455: 10132: 10091: 9900: 9564:Jillson, Calvin; Wilson, Rick (1994). 9504: 9439: 9421:. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, Indiana: 9363:"How Proslavery Was the Constitution?" 9241: 9079: 9038:Carberry, Edward (November 28, 1946). 8930: 8829: 8715: 8376:New York Review of Books, June 6, 2019 8222: 8126: 8110: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7669: 6108: 5733: 5017: 4880: 4868: 4736: 4700: 4688: 4637: 4517: 4045:American Political Science Association 1900:Native American tribes led by Tecumseh 1480: 1058:government would be effective against 1040:Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom 215:March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1797 75:March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817 22210:Founding Fathers of the United States 22175:Continental Congressmen from Virginia 20013: 19927:Burning of Winchester Medical College 19865:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 19849:An act concerning Servants and Slaves 19417: 18924: 17946: 17727: 17689: 17130: 16604: 16386: 16139: 15945: 15769: 15197: 14524: 14511: 14361:Virginia's 5th congressional district 14328: 12782: 12197: 11351: 11018:from the original on January 14, 2016 10810:"CIA Memo Confirms Nuclear Sub Crash" 10615: 10593:. New York: Times Books. p. 26. 10559: 10314: 10280:, 1925 ...Alternatively labeled 10164: 9972: 9954:The Papers of George Mason, 1725–1792 9949: 9511:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 9293: 8972: 8955: 8550:National Capital Planning Commission2 8525: 8513: 8399: 8387: 8336: 8288: 8102: 7633: 7621: 7486: 7474: 7438: 7375: 7359: 7335: 7323: 7221: 7125: 6927: 6793: 6677: 6602: 6458: 6407: 6263: 6156: 6018: 5982: 5931: 5454: 5386: 5314: 5197: 4981: 4892: 4713:Paterson, Clifford & Maddock 2014 4362: 4233:Congressional Apportionment Amendment 4037:Founding Fathers of the United States 3494:1946 Italian institutional referendum 3434:Spanish American wars of independence 1139:Foundation of the American Government 634:and was a close adviser to President 22230:People of the American Enlightenment 21973: 19396: 11459:Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution 11187:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 10751:National Capital Planning Commission 10696: 10670: 10653: 10537: 10077:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 9604: 9480: 9402:. Cutchogue, N.Y.: Buccaneer Books. 9203:. New York, New York: Random House. 9121: 9023:. New York, New York: Random House. 8764: 8740: 8538:National Capital Planning Commission 8489: 8438: 8090: 7287: 7062: 6963: 6879: 6506: 6470: 6446: 6335: 6311: 5919: 5661: 5500: 5425: 5287: 5236: 5053: 4613: 4408: 4171: 4169: 4123:Madison Metropolitan School District 3847:, was also faithfully following the 2060:. The British army next advanced on 157:May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809 22225:People from Orange County, Virginia 21725:The End of History and the Last Man 21635:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 19301:Military Society of the War of 1812 14266:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 13793:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 11437:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention 10958:. National Archives Founders Online 10113:Mummolo, Jonathan (June 11, 2007). 10092:Miroff, Bruce; et al. (2011). 9844:Linnane, Rory (November 23, 2021). 9737:. New York, New York: Basic Books. 9689:The Presidents: A Reference History 9529:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life 9461:Hopkins, Callie (August 28, 2019). 9244:"The Slaves Who Freed Our Founders" 9171:Engelman, Fred L. (December 1960). 9107:. Milton Park, England: Routledge. 8975:James Madison: President, 1809-1812 8747:America's Constitution: A Biography 4273:Malthusian logic of restrictionists 4063:says that Lance Banning, as in his 3976:, which relocated former slaves to 3843:Madison, who was the author of the 3263:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 2267: 1902:. On August 16, during the British 1859: 1529: 347:Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia 13: 22255:United States secretaries of state 22145:American people of English descent 22140:American people of the War of 1812 22120:19th-century American philosophers 22110:18th-century American philosophers 19987:Virginia in the American Civil War 19967:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 19296:General Society of the War of 1812 16632:United States Secretaries of State 13357:Drafting and ratification timeline 13102:District of Columbia Voting Rights 11901:James Madison Memorial High School 11795:Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace 11114: 10497:Taylor, Elizabeth Dowling (2012). 10437:"James Madison: Impact and Legacy" 10400:The Democratic Republic, 1801-1815 10337:James Madison: The Founding Father 10286:Foundation of American Government. 10262:George Washington: American Symbol 10049:Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power 10024:The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 9778:Landry, Alysa (January 26, 2016). 9616:. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. 9467:White House Historical Association 7598:Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Essay 4479:Montpellier, Life of James Madison 4248:, which was founded in the 1850s. 4127:James Madison Memorial High School 4017:List of memorials to James Madison 2342:Virginia Constitutional Convention 1207:, Madison's first contribution to 14: 22276: 22155:American political party founders 22130:19th-century Virginia politicians 22115:18th-century American politicians 19947:District of Columbia retrocession 19067:Assassination of Spencer Perceval 14513:Articles related to James Madison 12810:Constitution of the United States 11738:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 11694:Supervised the Louisiana Purchase 11684:Co-founder, American Whig Society 11479:Constitution of the United States 11377: 11221: 11184:The Encyclopedia of New York City 10770:. The American Presidency Project 10435:Stagg, J.C.A. (October 4, 2016). 10418:Spies-Gans, Paris Amanda (2023). 10074:The Encyclopedia of New York City 9586:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties 9360:Guyatt, Nicholas (June 6, 2019). 9242:French, Mary Ann (July 6, 2001). 8670:Hollywood Reporter, July 28, 2015 8349:James Madison Memorial Foundation 8032:Madison, Detached Memoranda, 1817 7162:American Heritage, December, 1960 5722:Bill of Rights, National Archives 5486:National Archives Founders Online 4166: 2325:, Madison publicly disavowed the 2242:during a period sometimes called 1830: 1341: 1331:. In return, Congress passed the 567:Constitution of the United States 380:5 ft 4 in (163 cm) 22067: 22050: 22033: 22016: 21999: 21982: 21954: 21942: 21930: 21918: 21695:The Open Society and Its Enemies 19942:Indentured servitude in Virginia 19590:Presidents of the United States 19395: 19386: 19385: 18904: 18903: 17158:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 16663: 16453: 15830: 15177: 15168: 15167: 14418:United States Secretary of State 13213:Convention to propose amendments 12177: 12176: 11836:U.S. presidential election, 1808 11641:State of the Union Address (1810 11636:Second Bank of the United States 11316: 10518:Thomas, Kenneth R., ed. (2013). 10503:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 8658:AIM Media Midwest, July 17, 2015 7920: 7899: 7876: 7855: 7842: 7821: 7800: 7779: 7756: 7735: 6174: 5925: 5327:Hamilton, Madison & Jay 1992 5303:Hamilton, Madison & Jay 1992 4278: 4261: 4251: 4238: 4221: 4208: 3820:interview with Lance Banning on 3811: 3755: 3283:Discourses Concerning Government 2129:Second Bank of the United States 2017:and burned the American city of 1289:Virginia's 5th district election 1018:Ratification of the Constitution 830:American Whig–Cliosophic Society 701:historians have generally ranked 675:Second Bank of the United States 453: 145:United States Secretary of State 22240:Presidents of the United States 22160:American political philosophers 20502:Family as a model for the state 19830:List of plantations in Virginia 19361:Opposition in the United States 19306:United States Daughters of 1812 18950: 16589:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 15738:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 14552:Presidents of the United States 11869:James Madison Memorial Building 11300:Works by or about James Madison 11291:James Madison: A Resource Guide 11073:"UK Professor in Line for Post" 11012:"Presidential Election of 1789" 10784:"2016 Grammy Award Nominations" 10641:. Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia 10358:The Presidency of James Madison 9631:Kennedy, Mark (July 17, 2015). 9126:. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books. 8830:Bilder, Mary Sarah (May 2010). 8574:Real Time Alabama July 17, 2020 5932:McCoy, Drew R. (October 1974). 4195: 4183: 4088:James Madison Memorial Building 3549:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 1756:congressional nominating caucus 1420:First Bank of the United States 1258:Presidency of George Washington 1054:caused social decay and that a 844:under the college's president, 714:James Madison Memorial Building 399: 21852:Separation of church and state 21750:Collectivism and individualism 21705:The Origins of Totalitarianism 19999:White House of the Confederacy 19917:African American Burial Ground 19445:History of slavery in Virginia 15261:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 14445:President of the United States 13828:Separation of church and state 12089:American Philosophical Society 11666:Federal judiciary appointments 11469:1787 Constitutional Convention 11394:President of the United States 10562:The American Historical Review 10229:The William and Mary Quarterly 10205:Reed, Ishmael (July 5, 2004). 9551:. University of North Carolina 9440:Hoffer, Peter Charles (2006). 9324:. Cambridge University Press. 9297:The Politics of Indian Removal 8716:Allott, Philip (Winter 2003). 8682:BroadwayWorld, October 2, 2015 5939:The William and Mary Quarterly 4388: 4368: 4157:for his portrayal of Madison. 3484:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 3464:German Revolution of 1918–1919 2147:concerning such improvements. 1813: 1589:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 1583:Secretary of State (1801–1809) 960:Virginia Declaration of Rights 559:president of the United States 63:President of the United States 21:James Madison (disambiguation) 1: 22260:People from colonial Virginia 21892:Category:Political philosophy 21765:Critique of political economy 19977:Memorial to Enslaved Laborers 19962:Human trafficking in Virginia 19641:(1728–1804), freed 450 slaves 14381:U.S. House of Representatives 14356:U.S. House of Representatives 14342:U.S. House of Representatives 13332:Virginia Ratifying Convention 11517:Virginia Ratifying Convention 11421:Congress of the Confederation 11121:Bibliography of James Madison 10256:Robinson, Raymond H. (1999). 9822:Lee, Ashley (July 28, 2015). 8516:, pp. 2–4, 6–9, 140–175. 7646:Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia 4291: 4203:Congress of the Confederation 4090:is part of the United States 4026: 3974:American Colonization Society 3798: 2402:Political and religious views 2386:American Colonization Society 2384:left significant sums to the 2302: 1678: 904:, who continued to back King 275:Congress of the Confederation 21790:Institutional discrimination 21785:History of political thought 20517:Negative and positive rights 19891:Franklin and Armfield Office 17947: 17833:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 16640:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 14293:National Constitution Center 14091:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 13390:Assemble and Petition Clause 11522:United States Bill of Rights 11276:Resources in other libraries 11252:Resources in other libraries 10768:"1812 Presidential Election" 9687:. In Graff, Henry F. (ed.). 9583:Kappler, Charles J. (1904). 9181:. Vol. 12, no. 1. 9173:"The Peace of Christmas Eve" 9148:. London, England: Collins. 9060:. London, England: Penguin. 8610:Wisconsin Historical Society 8502:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 8475:USA Today, February 18, 2006 8361:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 8327:, pp. 200–201, 607–608. 8325:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 8184:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 8143:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 8079:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 8020:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7848:Rossiter, Clinton, editor. 7718:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7706:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7682:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7586:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7574:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7562:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7550:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7538:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7511:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7258:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 7210:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6567:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6543:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6531:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6519:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6360:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6348:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6338:, pp. 357–359, 366–367. 6288:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6121:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 6073:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5896:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5884:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5845:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5761:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5746:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5626:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5585:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5573:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5561:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5525:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5469:, pp. 247–248, 251–252. 5363:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5222:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5174:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5162:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5090:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5066:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 5006:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 4970:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 4946:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 4934:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 4845:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 4833:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 4809:Burstein & Isenberg 2010 4739:, pp. 135–139, 123–127. 4296: 3997:Missouri crisis of 1819–1821 3933:gradual abolition of slavery 3734:Republic without republicans 3479:11 September 1922 Revolution 3474:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 2206:, and Miami to a meeting in 1805:Madison settled instead for 1425:When Hamilton submitted his 1348:United States Bill of Rights 1157:, to create and present the 998:on imports. Though General 684:. By treaty or through war, 650:in opposition to Hamilton's 7: 22195:People with hypochondriasis 21800:Justification for the state 21585:Two Treatises of Government 19703:Randolph family of Virginia 19373:Timeline of the War of 1812 17802: 16186:Democratic-Republican Party 16090:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 15992:Democratic-Republican Party 15266:Presidency of James Madison 15225:Democratic-Republican Party 14164:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 13218:State ratifying conventions 13155:Equal Opportunity to Govern 13150:Electoral College abolition 13077:Congressional Apportionment 11764:The Papers of James Madison 11759:Pacificus-Helvidius Debates 11716:Democratic-Republican Party 11429:Virginia House of Delegates 11315:(public domain audiobooks) 10972:"The Life of James Madison" 10899:"James Madison and Slavery" 10355:Rutland, Robert A. (1990). 10334:Rutland, Robert A. (1987). 10278:Signing of the Constitution 8933:"Molding a Founding Father" 8793:American National Biography 8765:Ball, Terence, ed. (2017). 8694:CBS News, December 12, 2015 6192:Time Magazine, July 5, 2004 3854: 3469:Turkish War of Independence 3391: 2290:Post-presidency (1817–1836) 2157:Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809) 1966:The British set ablaze the 1772:Presidency of James Madison 1760:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 1407:Democratic-Republican Party 1398:Democratic-Republican Party 1385:Democratic-Republican Party 985:Second Continental Congress 965:Virginia House of Delegates 800:College of William and Mary 648:Democratic–Republican Party 586:Virginia House of Delegates 10: 22281: 22235:Philosophers from Virginia 20470:Bellum omnium contra omnes 19972:Liberation and Freedom Day 19957:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 19937:First Africans in Virginia 19871:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 19860:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 19024:Non-Intercourse Act (1809) 17728: 17440:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 15271:Presidency of James Monroe 12731:Publius Valerius Publicola 11118: 10976:James Madison's Montpelier 10842:James Madison's Montpelier 10258:"The Marketing of an Icon" 9923:Manweller, Mathew (2005). 9711:James Madison: A Biography 9662:James Madison: A Biography 9318:Gustafson, Thomas (1992). 9294:Green, Michael D. (1982). 8990:Broadwater, Jeff. (2012). 8937:James Madison's Montpelier 8750:. New York: Random House. 8706: 8702: 8562:The Courier-Journal, p. b3 8211:National Park Service 2022 5116:, pp. 98–99, 121–122. 5008:, pp. 96–97, 128–130. 4084:National Historic Landmark 4014: 3958:black people were inferior 3879: 3875: 3524:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 3273:The Commonwealth of Oceana 2319:1824 presidential election 2280:1816 presidential election 2271: 2154: 2095: 1932:1812 presidential election 1826:Origins of the War of 1812 1823: 1817: 1789:from between 1809 and 1817 1769: 1722: 1719:1808 presidential election 1592: 1586: 1568:1800 presidential election 1542:1796 presidential election 1533: 1443:1792 presidential election 1382: 1345: 1318:. Hamilton's plan favored 1266: 1255: 1031: 1021: 898:American Revolutionary War 873: 594:American Revolutionary War 563:Father of the Constitution 524:American Revolutionary War 25: 18: 21887: 21737: 21506: 21154: 20887: 20767: 20686: 20598: 20589: 20455: 20289: 20218: 20047: 19904: 19881: 19838: 19740: 19583: 19469: 19451: 19381: 19319: 19291:Laura Secord Legacy Trail 19276: 19220: 19184: 19110: 19080: 18992: 18958: 18890: 18844: 18746: 18703: 18682: 18629: 18598: 18582: 18529: 18463: 18415: 18379: 18346: 18265: 18224: 18068: 17957: 17953: 17942: 17847:Methodological skepticism 17738: 17734: 17723: 17380:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 17375:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 17165: 17115: 16672: 16661: 16638: 16567: 16536: 16499: 16464:Secretary of the Treasury 16462: 16451: 16428: 16358: 16319:Straight-Federalist Party 16316: 16296: 16277: 16258: 16247: 16222: 16194: 16183: 16111: 16069: 16028: 16000: 15989: 15914: 15883: 15864: 15841:Secretary of the Treasury 15839: 15828: 15811: 15710: 15667: 15606: 15563: 15508: 15499: 15430: 15284: 15236:Anti-Administration Party 15231: 15163: 15035: 14558: 14518: 14490: 14474: 14466: 14461: 14451: 14442: 14434: 14424: 14415: 14407: 14402: 14392: 14377: 14367: 14352: 14347: 14340: 14335: 14251: 14223: 14203: 14182: 14151: 14125: 14104: 14078: 14042: 13991: 13960: 13944: 13923: 13902: 13881: 13865: 13856: 13735: 13617:Privileges and Immunities 13430:Congressional enforcement 13365: 13352:Rhode Island ratification 13243:Articles of Confederation 13230: 13208: 13185:Parental Rights amendment 13110: 13067: 12992: 12964: 12943: 12880: 12876: 12867: 12816: 12751: 12704: 12268: 12233: 12157: 12110: 12040: 11849: 11808: 11790:James Madison and slavery 11777: 11751: 11699:Anti-Administration party 11674: 11614:Seven Buildings residence 11552: 11464:1786 Annapolis Convention 11447: 11385: 11271:Resources in your library 11247:Resources in your library 10622:. New York: Times Books. 10376:Skidmore, Max J. (2004). 10165:Owens, Robert M. (2007). 9996:McCullough, Noah (2006). 9526:Isaacson, Walter (2004). 9505:Hutson, James H. (2003). 9417:Hamilton, Holman (1941). 9248:Christian Science Monitor 9101:Corbett, Michael (2013). 9040:"Movies: Keith's, Palace" 8850:10.1017/S0738248010000052 8622:CIA memo, 25 January 2017 6617:, pp. 32–33, 51, 55. 4725:Jillson & Wilson 1994 4010: 3968:establishing colonies in 3882:James Madison and slavery 3810: 3805: 3697:The Emperor's New Clothes 3449:5 October 1910 revolution 3444:French Revolution of 1848 2467:Liberty as non-domination 2299:Portrait of James Madison 2178:American settlement. The 2123:Madison's proposals, the 1762:in the general election. 1599:Chesapeake–Leopard affair 980:Articles of Confederation 952:Fifth Virginia Convention 880:Articles of Confederation 677:and the enactment of the 663:elected president in 1808 640:Secretary of the Treasury 602:Constitutional Convention 600:, he helped organize the 598:Articles of Confederation 584:. He was a member of the 557:who served as the fourth 544: 516: 506: 496: 486: 476: 466: 461: 449: 434: 413: 384: 376: 363: 353: 336: 312: 307: 303: 292: 281: 270: 243: 231: 219: 208: 193: 181: 169: 161: 150: 142: 130: 118: 79: 68: 60: 56: 44: 37: 21675:The Revolt of the Masses 19552:(fl. 1630s, living 1640) 19538:Mary and Anthony Johnson 19527:(Greenstead) (1630–1665) 19367:The Star-Spangled Banner 19311:War of 1812 Bicentennial 19014:Orders in Council (1807) 17565:William Tecumseh Sherman 17255:George Washington Carver 16345:William Richardson Davie 14462:Party political offices 14330:Offices and distinctions 13848:Unitary executive theory 13622:Privileges or Immunities 13337:New York Circular Letter 13327:Massachusetts Compromise 11881:James Madison University 10838:"The Enslaved Community" 10812:. BBC. January 25, 2017. 10654:Wood, Gordon S. (2006). 10443:. University of Virginia 9369:New York Review of Books 8786:Banning, Lance (2000) . 7861:Samples, John, editor. 7741:Samples, John, editor. 7026:, pp. 138–139, 150. 6990:, pp. 554, 566–567. 5527:, pp. 189–193, 203. 5104:, pp. 56–57, 74–75. 4835:, pp. 48–49, 59–60. 4229:Twenty-seventh Amendment 4160: 4112:James Madison University 3539:1987 Fijian coups d'état 3499:1952 Egyptian revolution 2477:Political representation 2377:congestive heart failure 2370: 2011:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1777:Inauguration and cabinet 1536:Presidency of John Adams 1213:representative democracy 1167:House of Representatives 1135:John Henry Hintermeister 727:Early life and education 710:James Madison University 632:House of Representatives 226:Constituency established 26:Not to be confused with 21655:The Communist Manifesto 20581:Tyranny of the majority 20492:Consent of the governed 19525:Elizabeth Key Grinstead 19345:The Hunters of Kentucky 17645:John Greenleaf Whittier 17260:William Ellery Channing 13768:Dormant Commerce Clause 13612:Presidential succession 13347:Fayetteville Convention 13342:Hillsborough Convention 13278:Three-fifths Compromise 13258:Philadelphia Convention 13248:Mount Vernon Conference 13135:Campaign finance reform 12725:The Independent Journal 12082:Cognitive Madisonianism 11955:James Madison Institute 11405:U.S. Secretary of State 11202:Stewart, David (2007). 11149:Graeber, David (2013). 11058:. AP. February 18, 2006 10978:. Montpelier Foundation 10932:"Life in Early Madison" 9973:McCoy, Drew R. (1989). 9882:Madison, James (1908). 9869:. University of Chicago 9865:Madison, James (1817). 9547:Jennings, Paul (2021). 8798:Oxford University Press 8736:– via HeinOnline. 8081:, pp. 26, 200–202. 4104:Madison County, Alabama 4035:Regarded as one of the 3993:Three-fifths Compromise 3519:1969 Libyan coup d'état 3303:Discourse on Inequality 2452:Consent of the governed 2382:last will and testament 1553:Alien and Sedition Acts 1296:first inaugural address 1185:Constitution, known as 971:. On July 4, 1776, the 836:. Along with classmate 271:Delegate from Virginia 20532: 20482:Clash of civilizations 20468: 19993:Virginia v. John Brown 19982:Nat Turner's Rebellion 19233:William Henry Harrison 17897: 17831: 17797:Enlightened absolutism 17788: 17630:James McNeill Whistler 17560:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 17475:Matthew Fontaine Maury 16546:Caesar Augustus Rodney 15905:Caesar Augustus Rodney 15689:Caesar Augustus Rodney 15251:Jeffersonian democracy 14650:William Henry Harrison 13931:William Samuel Johnson 13803:Nondelegation doctrine 13375:Admission to the Union 13322:Anti-Federalist Papers 13273:Connecticut Compromise 12736:Anti-Federalist Papers 12182:Category:James Madison 12053:American Enlightenment 11431:(1776–1779, 1784–1786) 11309:Works by James Madison 10589:Wilentz, Sean (2005). 9852:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin 9829:The Hollywood Reporter 9080:Coelho, Chris (2013). 8973:Brant, Irving (1956). 8956:Brant, Irving (1950). 8837:Law and History Review 7905:Sorenson, Leonard R. 7806:Sorenson, Leonard R. 4452:Montpellier Foundation 4178:Twenty-fifth Amendment 4065:Sacred Fire of Liberty 4032: 2399: 2368: 2335:University of Virginia 2309: 2256:Treaty of Fort Jackson 2174: 2151:Native American policy 2145:General Welfare Clause 2029: 1991:William Henry Harrison 1971: 1882: 1790: 1766:Presidency (1809–1817) 1734: 1684: 1642: 1428:Report on Manufactures 1401: 1306:. At the start of the 1142: 1111: 975:was formally printed. 939: 859: 821: 787: 686:Native American tribes 22250:The Federalist Papers 20497:Divine right of kings 19932:Coastwise slave trade 19708:William Barton Rogers 19356:Opposition in Britain 19054:Monroe–Pinkney Treaty 19029:Macon's Bill Number 2 17763:Counter-Enlightenment 17580:Harriet Beecher Stowe 17550:Franklin D. Roosevelt 17280:James Fenimore Cooper 17240:William Cullen Bryant 17215:Alexander Graham Bell 16569:Secretary of the Navy 15916:Secretary of the Navy 15454:Joseph Bradley Varnum 14880:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14477:Democratic–Republican 14138:Richard Dobbs Spaight 13607:Presidential Electors 13582:Original Jurisdiction 13522:Full Faith and Credit 13395:Assistance of Counsel 13316:The Federalist Papers 13145:Crittenden Compromise 12226:The Federalist Papers 11913:Madison Square Garden 11886:James Madison College 11785:Early life and career 11599:Burning of Washington 11494:The Federalist Papers 11119:Further information: 10863:The Federalist Papers 10848:on September 30, 2011 10616:Wills, Garry (2002). 10456:Taylor, Alan (2016). 10298:The Naval War of 1812 9643:on September 23, 2020 9423:Bobbs-Merrill Company 9399:The Federalist Papers 9020:Madison and Jefferson 8707:Further information: 7850:The Federalist Papers 6755:, pp. 64–66, 81. 5252:The Federalist Papers 4108:Madison Square Garden 4052:Henry Steele Commager 4024: 4015:Further information: 3931:had proposed for the 3927:favoring a bill that 3687:Criticism of monarchy 3509:North Yemen civil war 3323:The Federalist Papers 2618:Federal parliamentary 2394: 2363: 2297: 2168: 2155:Further information: 2120:internal improvements 2077:Battle of New Orleans 2070:Battle of Plattsburgh 2042:Battle of Bladensburg 2027: 1965: 1867: 1824:Further information: 1784: 1751:Monroe–Pinkney Treaty 1732: 1672: 1636: 1593:Further information: 1570:. Madison issued the 1392: 1256:Further information: 1209:The Federalist Papers 1200:The Federalist Papers 1117: 1106: 1073:Appalachian Mountains 1032:Further information: 937:Charles Willson Peale 934: 854: 816: 785: 706:Madison Square Garden 627:The Federalist Papers 592:during and after the 534:Battle of Bladensburg 511:Orange County Militia 487:Years of service 439:College of New Jersey 358:Democratic–Republican 21645:Democracy in America 21024:political philosophy 21007:political philosophy 20822:political philosophy 20651:political philosophy 20561:Separation of powers 20522:Night-watchman state 20507:Monopoly on violence 20041:Political philosophy 19633:Robert "King" Carter 19574:Booker T. Washington 17717:Age of Enlightenment 17610:Booker T. Washington 17520:Alice Freeman Palmer 17500:William T. G. Morton 17445:James Russell Lowell 16363:Other 1812 elections 16116:Other 1808 elections 15442:Frederick Muhlenberg 15256:Era of Good Feelings 14900:Dwight D. Eisenhower 14307:A More Perfect Union 14283:Constitution Gardens 14204:Convention Secretary 13866:Convention President 13838:Symmetric federalism 13833:Separation of powers 13567:Necessary and Proper 13562:Natural-born citizen 13507:Freedom of the Press 13445:Copyright and Patent 13435:Contingent Elections 13253:Annapolis Convention 12048:Age of Enlightenment 11998:A More Perfect Union 11960:James Madison Museum 11631:Era of Good Feelings 11577:Battle of Tippecanoe 10956:founders.archive.gov 10315:Rosen, Gary (1999). 9867:"Detached Memoranda" 9785:Indian Country Today 8931:Boyd-Rush, Dorothy. 8908:Bordewich, Fergus M. 8109:, pp. 374–375; 7437:, pp. 166–169; 7362:, pp. 201–203; 3947:said that Madison's 3672:Classical radicalism 3414:Republic of Florence 3353:Democracy in America 2512:Separation of powers 2487:Public participation 2323:Jackson's presidency 2240:Battle of Tippecanoe 2104:Era of Good Feelings 2098:Era of Good Feelings 1995:Battle of the Thames 1948:unification strategy 1499:Harewood in Virginia 1471:Robert R. Livingston 1358:freedom of the press 1263:Election to Congress 1034:Confederation period 914:Continental Congress 842:political philosophy 808:Princeton University 642:Hamilton. Alongside 612:assembly. Madison's 590:Continental Congress 19:For other uses, see 21835:Right-wing politics 21715:A Theory of Justice 21685:The Road to Serfdom 21605:The Social Contract 20312:Christian democracy 19952:Gabriel's Rebellion 19714:George Henry Thomas 19657:Robert M. T. Hunter 19645:Thomas Roderick Dew 19461:History of Virginia 19019:Embargo Act of 1807 18723:Feijóo y Montenegro 18674:Vorontsova-Dashkova 17625:George Westinghouse 17595:Henry David Thoreau 17505:John Lothrop Motley 17480:Albert A. Michelson 17360:Nathaniel Hawthorne 17310:Ralph Waldo Emerson 17295:James Buchanan Eads 16527:William H. Crawford 16490:William H. Crawford 16484:Alexander J. Dallas 15646:William H. Crawford 15640:Alexander J. Dallas 15597:William H. Crawford 15585:Alexander J. Dallas 14830:William Howard Taft 14750:Rutherford B. Hayes 14314:Worldwide influence 14055:Gunning Bedford Jr. 13783:Executive privilege 13763:Criminal sentencing 13686:Title of Nobility ( 13677:Taxing and Spending 13577:Oath or Affirmation 13537:House Apportionment 13400:Case or Controversy 13283:Committee of Detail 13175:"Liberty" amendment 13140:Christian amendment 12095:The American Museum 11950:James Madison Award 11935:U.S. postage stamps 11733:Library of Congress 11567:Second inauguration 11295:Library of Congress 11179:Jackson, Kenneth T. 11134:. London: Collins. 11078:The Courier-Journal 10294:Roosevelt, Theodore 10119:The Washington Post 10069:Jackson, Kenneth T. 9606:Kane, Joseph Nathan 9482:Howe, Daniel Walker 9386:Hamilton, Alexander 9044:The Cincinnati Post 8796:. Oxford, England: 8600:, pp. 711–712. 8504:, pp. 521–522. 8441:, pp. 697–699. 8429:, pp. 627–628. 8414:, pp. 625–626. 8402:, pp. 268–269. 8363:, pp. 156–157. 8201:, pp. 374–375. 8022:, pp. 106–107. 7720:, pp. 232–234. 7684:, pp. 609–611. 7672:, pp. 321–322. 7660:, pp. 669–670. 7576:, pp. 603–604. 7564:, pp. 589–591. 7552:, pp. 578–581. 7540:, pp. 608–609. 7513:, pp. 559–563. 7422:, pp. 199–200. 7391:Landry, 2016, essay 7366:, pp. 101–102. 7350:, pp. 101–102. 7338:, pp. 201–203. 7314:, pp. 204–207. 7302:, pp. 198–199. 7275:, pp. 195–198. 7260:, pp. 559–560. 7248:, pp. 211–212. 7236:, pp. 599–600. 7224:, pp. 145–150. 7212:, pp. 547–548. 7200:, pp. 192–201. 7176:, pp. 186–188. 7140:, pp. 179–180. 7128:, pp. 130–131. 7116:, pp. 165–167. 7077:, pp. 586–588. 7050:, pp. 579–585. 7038:, pp. 569–571. 7002:, pp. 147–152. 6978:, pp. 555–557. 6966:, pp. 682–683. 6930:, pp. 115–116. 6906:, pp. 126–127. 6894:, pp. 548–550. 6867:, pp. 551–552. 6808:, pp. 543–545. 6779:, pp. 196–210. 6767:, pp. 532–537. 6731:, pp. 508–512. 6668:, pp. 524–527. 6569:, pp. 457–459. 6557:, pp. 496–497. 6545:, pp. 434–435. 6533:, pp. 438–439. 6521:, pp. 457–458. 6509:, pp. 652–657. 6497:, pp. 494–495. 6485:, pp. 493–495. 6473:, pp. 644–649. 6449:, pp. 640–642. 6434:, pp. 100–101. 6422:, pp. 462–463. 6398:, pp. 419–421. 6374:, pp. 463–465. 6362:, pp. 382–389. 6350:, pp. 374–376. 6326:, pp. 465–466. 6314:, pp. 293–296. 6290:, pp. 373–374. 6254:, pp. 438–439. 6242:, pp. 433–436. 6230:, pp. 428–430. 6218:, pp. 424–425. 6206:, pp. 417–421. 6171:, pp. 415–417. 6147:, pp. 411–414. 6135:, pp. 408–400. 6123:, pp. 317–318. 6075:, pp. 321–322. 6060:, pp. 443–444. 6048:, pp. 479–480. 6033:, pp. 376–380. 6021:, pp. 406–407. 5997:, pp. 396–398. 5910:, pp. 373–374. 5898:, pp. 261–262. 5886:, pp. 305–306. 5871:, pp. 369–370. 5847:, pp. 279–280. 5835:, pp. 405–406. 5823:, pp. 366–367. 5811:, pp. 324–326. 5799:, pp. 343–347. 5775:, pp. 199–211. 5763:, pp. 221–224. 5748:, pp. 207–208. 5688:, pp. 275–276. 5676:, pp. 274–275. 5652:, pp. 270–271. 5640:, pp. 267–269. 5628:, pp. 197–199. 5599:, pp. 264–274. 5587:, pp. 195–197. 5575:, pp. 217–220. 5563:, pp. 213–217. 5551:, pp. 100–102. 5539:, pp. 258–259. 5515:, pp. 252–253. 5438:Mount Vernon, Essay 5416:, pp. 239–240. 5404:, pp. 571–574. 5377:, pp. 231–233. 5365:, pp. 179–180. 5353:, pp. 208–209. 5341:, pp. 180–183. 5278:, pp. 179–180. 5266:, pp. 177–178. 5224:, pp. 164–166. 5212:, pp. 199–200. 5188:, pp. 115–117. 5176:, pp. 140–141. 5164:, pp. 150–151. 5128:, pp. 177–179. 5092:, pp. 136–137. 5068:, pp. 129–130. 4960:, pp. 120–123. 4907:, pp. 230–232. 4895:, pp. 274–289. 4883:, pp. 337–339. 4859:, pp. 506–507. 4857:Library of Congress 4703:, pp. 132–135. 4640:, pp. 390–391. 4508:, pp. 370–371. 4350:, pp. 148–150. 4218:against the states. 4151:Okieriete Onaodowan 4092:Library of Congress 3960:. Madison believed 3824:, February 11, 1996 3762:Politics portal 3567:Antigua and Barbuda 3514:Zanzibar Revolution 3424:American Revolution 3313:The Social Contract 2482:Popular sovereignty 2315:Missouri Compromise 2108:Hartford Convention 2066:Battle of Baltimore 2046:captured Washington 2036:and routed General 1987:Battle of Lake Erie 1844:" Congress, led by 1713:Non-Intercourse Act 1709:Embargo Act of 1807 1698:Non-importation Act 1481:Marriage and family 1463:British West Indies 1329:Funding Act of 1790 1226:checks and balances 1171:Council of Revision 1137:'s 1925 painting, 1082:Swiss Confederation 1068:diplomatic immunity 944:Committee of Safety 926:freedom of religion 894:American Revolution 876:American Revolution 646:, he organized the 608:government against 21847:Political violence 21842:Political theology 21825:Left-wing politics 21820:Political spectrum 19513:William D. Gibbons 19485:(c. 1620s-d. 1673) 19192:Illinois Territory 19072:Declaration of war 17862:Natural philosophy 17555:Theodore Roosevelt 17495:Samuel F. B. Morse 17355:Alexander Hamilton 17300:Thomas Alva Edison 17210:Henry Ward Beecher 17195:John James Audubon 16677:1789–present 16674:Secretary of State 16515:John Armstrong Jr. 16478:George W. Campbell 16430:Secretary of State 15813:Secretary of State 15750:Samuel L. Southard 15628:John Armstrong Jr. 15579:George W. Campbell 15246:First Party System 14820:Theodore Roosevelt 14403:Political offices 13968:William Livingston 13952:Alexander Hamilton 13758:Criminal procedure 13753:Constitutional law 13688:Foreign Emoluments 13652:State of the Union 13637:Self-Incrimination 13627:Recess appointment 13420:Compulsory Process 13082:Titles of Nobility 12241:Alexander Hamilton 12163:← Thomas Jefferson 12059:Marbury v. Madison 11896:James Madison Park 11891:Madison, Wisconsin 11721:First Party System 11709:Compromise of 1790 11626:Second Barbary War 11562:First inauguration 11500:written by Madison 10824:. October 31, 2015 10796:. December 7, 2015 10225:Risjord, Norman K. 9729:Keysaar, Alexander 9122:Cost, Jay (2021). 9057:Alexander Hamilton 9013:Burstein, Andrew; 7732:, pp. 571–74. 5969:– via JSTOR. 4691:, pp. 96–100. 4100:Madison, Wisconsin 4033: 3728:Primus inter pares 3544:Nepalese Civil War 3534:Iranian Revolution 3504:14 July Revolution 3459:Russian Revolution 3454:Chinese Revolution 3404:Republic of Venice 3253:Discourses on Livy 2310: 2175: 2141:Bonus Bill of 1817 2086:Battle of Waterloo 2030: 1972: 1883: 1791: 1735: 1703:Chesapeake–Leopard 1685: 1664:Louisiana Purchase 1643: 1623:Marbury v. Madison 1595:Louisiana Purchase 1402: 1325:Compromise of 1790 1304:Secretary of State 1143: 1112: 1004:Alexander Hamilton 940: 886:British Parliament 822: 788: 745:Colony of Virginia 671:re-elected in 1812 656:Louisiana Purchase 618:Alexander Hamilton 502:Commander in Chief 22150:American planters 21906: 21905: 21900: 21899: 21810:Philosophy of law 21755:Conflict theories 21595:The Spirit of Law 21502: 21501: 20551:Original position 20007: 20006: 19668:Richard Bland Lee 19639:Robert Carter III 19544:Dangerfield Newby 19530:Left, husband of 19411: 19410: 19333:The Bold Canadian 19197:Indiana Territory 19121:Queenston Heights 18918: 18917: 18886: 18885: 18882: 18881: 17938: 17937: 17934: 17933: 17911:Scientific method 17768:Critical thinking 17683: 17682: 17615:George Washington 17570:John Philip Sousa 17405:Thomas J. Jackson 17395:Washington Irving 17340:William C. Gorgas 17325:Benjamin Franklin 17290:Charlotte Cushman 17175:John Quincy Adams 17124: 17123: 16598: 16597: 16380: 16379: 16354: 16353: 16312: 16311: 16243: 16242: 16133: 16132: 16107: 16106: 16065: 16064: 16057:John Quincy Adams 15939: 15938: 15924:Benjamin Stoddert 15899:John Breckinridge 15763: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15683:John Breckinridge 15554:John Quincy Adams 15484:Philip P. Barbour 15191: 15190: 14970:George H. W. Bush 14920:Lyndon B. Johnson 14850:Warren G. Harding 14790:Benjamin Harrison 14770:Chester A. Arthur 14760:James A. Garfield 14620:John Quincy Adams 14570:George Washington 14505: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14491:Succeeded by 14452:Succeeded by 14425:Succeeded by 14393:Succeeded by 14368:Succeeded by 14322: 14321: 14288:Constitution Week 14273:Independence Mall 14261:National Archives 14219: 14218: 14034:Gouverneur Morris 14019:Thomas Fitzsimons 13999:Benjamin Franklin 13873:George Washington 13773:Enumerated powers 13748:Concurrent powers 13743:Balance of powers 13572:No Religious Test 13512:Freedom of Speech 13303:Independence Hall 13226: 13225: 13130:Bricker amendment 13063: 13062: 12776: 12775: 12191: 12190: 12130:James Madison Sr. 12032:(2020 miniseries) 11604:The Octagon House 11228:Library resources 11213:978-0-7432-8693-0 11194:978-0-300-05536-8 11162:978-0-8129-9356-1 11141:978-0-00-626663-1 11128:Edwards, David L. 11098:Real Time Alabama 11038:. October 2, 2015 11036:BroadwayWorld.com 10916:"Justitia US Law" 10873:978-0-89966-695-2 10715:978-1-59420-290-2 10689:978-0-19-983246-0 10629:978-0-8050-6905-1 10600:978-0-8050-6925-9 10510:978-0-230-34198-2 10489:978-0-14-200210-0 10480:American Colonies 10467:978-0-393-35476-8 10410:978-0-06-013927-8 10389:978-0-7864-1820-6 10368:978-0-7006-0465-4 10347:978-0-02-927601-3 10326:978-0-7006-0960-4 10307:978-0-375-75419-7 10271:978-1-55595-148-1 10197:978-1-305-17210-4 10176:978-0-8061-3842-8 10149:978-0-8070-3301-2 10105:978-0-495-91347-4 10084:978-0-300-05536-8 10059:978-0-679-64536-8 10035:978-0-7006-0330-5 10018:McDonald, Forrest 10009:978-1-4000-6482-3 9988:978-0-521-40772-4 9965:978-0-8078-1134-4 9942:978-1-930901-97-1 9915:978-0-393-24021-4 9814:978-0-7432-2618-9 9770:978-0-1953-4142-3 9753:Labunski, Richard 9744:978-0-465-02969-3 9734:The Right to Vote 9720:978-0-8139-1265-3 9698:978-0-684-31226-2 9672:978-0-8139-1265-3 9623:978-0-8242-0845-5 9575:978-0-8047-2293-3 9539:978-0-7432-5807-4 9518:978-0-7391-0570-2 9497:978-0-19-507894-7 9453:978-0-8018-8483-2 9432:978-1-2584-5153-0 9409:978-0-8996-6695-2 9352:978-1-4299-4100-6 9331:978-0-521-39512-0 9310:978-0-8032-7015-2 9286:978-1-3409-5496-3 9234:978-0-19-515924-0 9210:978-0-8129-9275-5 9178:American Heritage 9155:978-0-00-215143-6 9142:Edwards, David L. 9133:978-1-5416-9955-7 9114:978-1-135-57975-3 9093:978-0-7864-7443-1 9067:978-0-14-303475-9 9030:978-1-4000-6728-2 9005:978-0-8078-3530-2 8943:on August 7, 2016 8923:978-1-4516-9193-1 8899:978-0-07-005269-7 8815:978-0-19-860669-7 8778:978-1-351-15514-4 8757:978-1-4000-6262-1 8453:, pp. 45–56. 8279:, pp. 16–17. 8145:, pp. 4, 26. 7785:Banning, Lance. 7708:, pp. 85–86. 7612:, pp. 26–27. 7290:, pp. 82–84. 7104:, pp. 66–67. 6918:, pp. 92–93. 6796:, pp. 97–98. 6743:, pp. 62–64. 6707:, pp. 68–70. 6680:, pp. 64–65. 6644:, pp. 32–33. 6632:, pp. 61–62. 6461:, pp. 81–84. 6410:, pp. 51–52. 6302:, pp. 42–44. 6278:, pp. 36–38. 6266:, pp. 50–51. 6159:, pp. 48–49. 6111:, pp. 19–20. 5985:, pp. 38–44. 5457:, pp. 38–39. 5389:, pp. 35–37. 5317:, pp. 31–35. 5200:, pp. 25–27. 4984:, pp. 17–19. 4948:, pp. 96–98. 4936:, pp. 96–97. 4847:, pp. 65–66. 4823:, pp. 25–27. 4811:, pp. 14–15. 4787:, pp. 10–14. 4751:, pp. 17–18. 4616:, pp. 45–46. 4365:, pp. 12–13. 4056:Richard B. Morris 3925:Virginia Assembly 3833: 3832: 3796: 3795: 3739:Republican empire 3712:List of republics 3561:National variants 3489:Spanish Civil War 3429:French Revolution 3409:Republic of Genoa 3293:The Spirit of Law 3226:Theoretical works 2570:Neo-republicanism 2212:Indiana Territory 2058:the Octagon House 2054:George Washington 1976:John Quincy Adams 1917:Queenston Heights 1576:enumerated powers 1507:Alexander Balmain 1487:Dolley Payne Todd 1222:Federalist No. 51 1205:Federalist No. 10 1179:Benjamin Franklin 1127:Benjamin Franklin 1123:Gouverneur Morris 1119:George Washington 1109:U.S. Constitution 1008:Mississippi River 1000:George Washington 802:, as the lowland 749:James Madison Sr. 636:George Washington 548: 547: 421:James Madison Sr. 317:James Madison Jr. 22272: 22080: 22072: 22071: 22070: 22063: 22062:from Wikiversity 22055: 22054: 22053: 22046: 22038: 22037: 22036: 22029: 22021: 22020: 22019: 22012: 22004: 22003: 22002: 21995: 21987: 21986: 21985: 21975: 21959: 21958: 21957: 21947: 21946: 21935: 21934: 21933: 21923: 21922: 21921: 21914: 21815:Political ethics 21805:Machiavellianism 21745:Authoritarianism 21730: 21720: 21710: 21700: 21690: 21680: 21670: 21660: 21650: 21640: 21630: 21620: 21610: 21600: 21590: 21580: 21570: 21560: 21550: 21540: 21530: 21520: 20596: 20595: 20537: 20473: 20463:Balance of power 20437:Social democracy 20432:Social Darwinism 20407:Multiculturalism 20352:Environmentalism 20327:Communitarianism 20034: 20027: 20020: 20011: 20010: 19912:The 1619 Project 19905:Related articles 19507:Isabella Gibbons 19438: 19431: 19424: 19415: 19414: 19399: 19398: 19389: 19388: 18945: 18938: 18931: 18922: 18921: 18907: 18906: 17955: 17954: 17944: 17943: 17902: 17836: 17807: 17793: 17736: 17735: 17725: 17724: 17710: 17703: 17696: 17687: 17686: 17455:Edward MacDowell 17410:Thomas Jefferson 17345:Ulysses S. 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Anthony 17151: 17144: 17137: 17128: 17127: 16667: 16666: 16625: 16618: 16611: 16602: 16601: 16538:Attorney General 16501:Secretary of War 16457: 16456: 16407: 16400: 16393: 16384: 16383: 16343:Vice President: 16325: 16324: 16297:Other candidates 16285:Vice President: 16256: 16255: 16250:Federalist Party 16223:Other candidates 16211:Vice President: 16192: 16191: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16137: 16136: 16096:Vice President: 16078: 16077: 16072:Federalist Party 16029:Other candidates 16016:Vice President: 15998: 15997: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15943: 15942: 15893:Levi Lincoln Sr. 15885:Attorney General 15866:Secretary of War 15834: 15833: 15804:Thomas Jefferson 15790: 15783: 15776: 15767: 15766: 15677:Levi Lincoln Sr. 15669:Attorney General 15524:Levi Lincoln Sr. 15518:Thomas Jefferson 15506: 15505: 15218: 15211: 15204: 15195: 15194: 15181: 15180: 15171: 15170: 14810:William McKinley 14800:Grover Cleveland 14780:Grover Cleveland 14740:Ulysses S. Grant 14690:Millard Fillmore 14640:Martin Van Buren 14590:Thomas Jefferson 14545: 14538: 14531: 14522: 14521: 14509: 14508: 14470:Thomas Jefferson 14467:Preceded by 14438:Thomas Jefferson 14435:Preceded by 14408:Preceded by 14349:New constituency 14338: 14337: 14326: 14325: 14278:Constitution Day 14169:Charles Pinckney 13978:William Paterson 13910:Nathaniel Gorham 13863: 13862: 13642:Speech or Debate 13470:Equal Protection 13180:Ludlow amendment 13165:Flag Desecration 13160:Federal Marriage 13125:Blaine amendment 13087:Corwin Amendment 12878: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12803: 12796: 12789: 12780: 12779: 12218: 12211: 12204: 12195: 12194: 12180: 12179: 12102:Virginia dynasty 12077:Madisonian model 12066:National Gazette 11990:Magnificent Doll 11544:Founding Fathers 11440: 11432: 11424: 11416: 11408: 11397: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11335:on July 24, 2020 11331:. Archived from 11320: 11319: 11304:Internet Archive 11260:By James Madison 11217: 11198: 11174: 11145: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11075: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11007: 11005: 11003: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10901: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10877: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10813: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10741: 10719: 10707: 10693: 10681: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10633: 10612: 10585: 10556: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10524: 10514: 10493: 10471: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10414: 10393: 10372: 10351: 10330: 10311: 10289: 10282:Title to Freedom 10252: 10220: 10201: 10180: 10161: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10109: 10088: 10063: 10039: 10027: 10013: 9992: 9980: 9969: 9957: 9946: 9930: 9919: 9897: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9850:Journal Sentinel 9840: 9838: 9836: 9818: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9774: 9762: 9748: 9724: 9702: 9676: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9627: 9615: 9601: 9591: 9579: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9543: 9522: 9501: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9457: 9436: 9413: 9381: 9365: 9356: 9335: 9314: 9302: 9290: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9238: 9214: 9190: 9167: 9137: 9118: 9097: 9074:Internet Archive 9071: 9047: 9034: 9009: 8997: 8986: 8969: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8927: 8903: 8891: 8877: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8788:"Madison, James" 8782: 8761: 8742:Amar, Akhil Reed 8737: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8634:Journal Sentinel 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8241: 8235: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8187: 8181: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8123:Spies-Gans, 2013 8120: 8114: 8105:, p. 1289; 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July 29, 2024. 4392: 4386: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4351: 4345: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246:Republican Party 4242: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4212: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4173: 4136:Magnificent Doll 4131:Burgess Meredith 4031: 4028: 3929:Thomas Jefferson 3889:African American 3815: 3814: 3803: 3802: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3760: 3759: 3744:Republican Party 3722:Peasant republic 3682:Communitarianism 3399:Classical Athens 3394: 3368: 3358: 3348: 3338: 3328: 3318: 3308: 3298: 3288: 3278: 3268: 3258: 3248: 3238: 2472:Mixed government 2406: 2405: 2304: 2268:Election of 1816 2261:William Crawford 2171:November 7, 1811 1940:Virginia dynasty 1906:, Major General 1904:siege of Detroit 1860:Military actions 1683: 1682: 1805–1807 1680: 1648:Native Americans 1530:Adams presidency 1438:National Gazette 1394:Thomas Jefferson 1369:Second Amendment 1337:Washington, D.C. 1187:Anti-Federalists 1175:single executive 1052:direct democracy 969:Thomas Jefferson 846:John Witherspoon 834:William Bradford 739:Plantation near 652:Federalist Party 644:Thomas Jefferson 481:Virginia militia 462:Military service 457: 407: 405: 401: 343: 326: 324: 308:Personal details 297: 286: 277: 262: 254: 234: 222: 213: 199: 184: 172: 165:Thomas Jefferson 155: 133: 125:Thomas Jefferson 121: 84: 73: 49: 35: 34: 22280: 22279: 22275: 22274: 22273: 22271: 22270: 22269: 22085: 22084: 22083: 22073: 22068: 22066: 22056: 22051: 22049: 22039: 22034: 22032: 22028:from Wikisource 22022: 22017: 22015: 22005: 22000: 21998: 21988: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21974:sister projects 21971:at Knowledge's 21965: 21955: 21953: 21941: 21931: 21929: 21919: 21917: 21909: 21907: 21902: 21901: 21896: 21883: 21872:Totalitarianism 21733: 21728: 21718: 21708: 21698: 21688: 21678: 21668: 21658: 21648: 21638: 21628: 21618: 21608: 21598: 21588: 21578: 21568: 21558: 21548: 21545:Treatise on Law 21538: 21528: 21518: 21498: 21156: 21150: 20889: 20883: 20769: 20763: 20682: 20585: 20571:State of nature 20566:Social contract 20546:Ordered liberty 20534:Noblesse oblige 20451: 20285: 20214: 20043: 20038: 20008: 20003: 19922:Atlantic Creole 19900: 19877: 19834: 19789:enslaved people 19736: 19579: 19556:Gabriel Prosser 19534:(fl. 1704–1727) 19501:Olaudah Equiano 19489:Henry Box Brown 19483:Emanuel Driggus 19479:(fl. 1619–1625) 19470:Enslaved people 19465: 19447: 19442: 19412: 19407: 19377: 19351:Napoleonic Wars 19315: 19272: 19248:Edward Pakenham 19216: 19180: 19106: 19082: 19076: 18988: 18987: 18954: 18949: 18919: 18914: 18913: 18900: 18878: 18840: 18742: 18699: 18678: 18625: 18594: 18590:Carvalho e Melo 18578: 18525: 18459: 18411: 18375: 18342: 18261: 18220: 18064: 17949: 17930: 17916:Spanish America 17790:Encyclopédistes 17753:Civil liberties 17730: 17719: 17714: 17684: 17679: 17655:Frances Willard 17590:Sylvanus Thayer 17540:Edgar Allan Poe 17525:Francis Parkman 17435:Abraham Lincoln 17415:John Paul Jones 17335:Josiah W. Gibbs 17250:Andrew Carnegie 17235:Phillips Brooks 17200:George Bancroft 17161: 17155: 17125: 17120: 17111: 16676: 16668: 16664: 16659: 16643:1781–1789 16642: 16634: 16629: 16599: 16594: 16563: 16552:William Pinkney 16532: 16495: 16472:Albert Gallatin 16458: 16454: 16449: 16424: 16411: 16381: 16376: 16350: 16308: 16292: 16287:Jared Ingersoll 16273: 16239: 16218: 16179: 16164: 16134: 16129: 16103: 16061: 16049:Vice President: 16024: 15985: 15970: 15940: 15935: 15910: 15879: 15860: 15855:Albert Gallatin 15835: 15831: 15826: 15807: 15794: 15764: 15755: 15706: 15695:William Pinkney 15663: 15658:John C. Calhoun 15602: 15573:Albert Gallatin 15559: 15495: 15448:Nathaniel Macon 15433: 15426: 15287: 15280: 15241:Anti-Federalism 15227: 15222: 15192: 15187: 15159: 15085:F. D. Roosevelt 15037: 15031: 15030: 15029: 14910:John F. Kennedy 14890:Harry S. Truman 14860:Calvin Coolidge 14720:Abraham Lincoln 14700:Franklin Pierce 14560: 14554: 14549: 14514: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14481: 14472: 14457: 14448: 14440: 14430: 14421: 14413: 14398: 14389: 14383: 14373: 14364: 14358: 14331: 14323: 14318: 14253: 14247: 14215: 14211:William Jackson 14199: 14195:Abraham Baldwin 14178: 14147: 14143:Hugh Williamson 14121: 14100: 14074: 14065:Richard Bassett 14038: 14024:Jared Ingersoll 13987: 13983:Jonathan Dayton 13956: 13940: 13919: 13898: 13894:Nicholas Gilman 13877: 13852: 13818:Reserved powers 13798:Judicial review 13731: 13527:General Welfare 13450:Double Jeopardy 13361: 13288:List of Framers 13268:New Jersey Plan 13222: 13204: 13200:Victims' Rights 13120:Balanced budget 13106: 13059: 12988: 12960: 12939: 12863: 12812: 12807: 12777: 12772: 12747: 12700: 12264: 12229: 12222: 12192: 12187: 12153: 12148:Ambrose Madison 12142:William Madison 12136:Eleanor Madison 12124:John Payne Todd 12106: 12036: 11852:popular culture 11851: 11845: 11804: 11773: 11769:Founders Online 11747: 11676: 11670: 11609:Treaty of Ghent 11548: 11450: 11449:"Father of the 11443: 11435: 11427: 11419: 11411: 11400: 11389: 11381: 11376: 11338: 11336: 11323: 11317: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11257: 11256: 11236: 11235: 11231: 11224: 11214: 11201: 11195: 11177: 11163: 11148: 11142: 11126: 11123: 11117: 11115:Further reading 11112: 11103: 11101: 11100:. July 17, 2020 11083: 11081: 11061: 11059: 11041: 11039: 11021: 11019: 11001: 10999: 10992:"Paul Jennings" 10981: 10979: 10961: 10959: 10941: 10939: 10921: 10919: 10905: 10903: 10887: 10885: 10882:"James Madison" 10874: 10851: 10849: 10827: 10825: 10799: 10797: 10773: 10771: 10757: 10755: 10716: 10698:Wood, Gordon S. 10690: 10672:Wood, Gordon S. 10661: 10659: 10644: 10642: 10639:"James Madison" 10630: 10601: 10574:10.2307/2163682 10528: 10526: 10522: 10511: 10490: 10468: 10446: 10444: 10425: 10423: 10420:"James Madison" 10411: 10390: 10369: 10348: 10327: 10308: 10272: 10241:10.2307/1918543 10198: 10177: 10150: 10134:Nelson, Alondra 10123: 10121: 10106: 10085: 10060: 10036: 10010: 9989: 9966: 9943: 9916: 9872: 9870: 9855: 9853: 9834: 9832: 9815: 9801:Langguth, A. J. 9790: 9788: 9771: 9745: 9721: 9699: 9685:"James Madison" 9673: 9646: 9644: 9624: 9589: 9576: 9554: 9552: 9540: 9519: 9498: 9471: 9469: 9454: 9433: 9410: 9353: 9332: 9311: 9300: 9287: 9260: 9258: 9235: 9211: 9156: 9134: 9115: 9094: 9068: 9031: 9015:Isenberg, Nancy 9006: 8946: 8944: 8924: 8900: 8882:Billias, George 8820: 8818: 8816: 8779: 8758: 8711: 8705: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8598:Mendelsohn 1995 8596: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8560: 8556: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8488: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8244: 8236: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8155:Broadwater 2012 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8121: 8117: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7925: 7921: 7904: 7900: 7881: 7877: 7860: 7856: 7847: 7843: 7826: 7822: 7805: 7801: 7784: 7780: 7761: 7757: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7358: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6851: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5952:10.2307/1921607 5930: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972:, p. xxiv. 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4650:McCullough 2006 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4628:, pp. 7–8. 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4592:, pp. 4–5. 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4556:, pp. 5–6. 4552: 4548: 4544:, pp. 3–7. 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4239: 4226: 4222: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4121:. In 2021, the 4029: 4019: 4013: 4005:racial tensions 3884: 3878: 3857: 3812: 3806:External videos 3801: 3792: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3667: 3659: 3658: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3439:Trienio Liberal 3380: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3356: 3346: 3336: 3326: 3316: 3306: 3296: 3286: 3276: 3266: 3256: 3246: 3236: 3227: 3219: 3218: 2954:Flynn (Stephen) 2839: 2831: 2830: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2522:Social equality 2517:Social contract 2507:Self-governance 2462:Democratization 2437:Anti-corruption 2432:Anti-monarchism 2427: 2411:Politics series 2404: 2373: 2292: 2276: 2270: 2163: 2153: 2137:Cumberland Road 2100: 2094: 2081:Treaty of Ghent 2040:'s army at the 1997:. The death of 1952:Jared Ingersoll 1862: 1850:John C. Calhoun 1833: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1727: 1721: 1681: 1628:judicial review 1605:Albert Gallatin 1601: 1591: 1585: 1538: 1532: 1516:John Payne Todd 1483: 1477: 1387: 1381: 1350: 1344: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1246:first president 1238:anti-Federalist 1151:Edmund Randolph 1036: 1030: 1022:Main articles: 1020: 1012:Treaty of Paris 922:Anglican Church 918:disestablishing 906:George III 882: 874:Main articles: 872: 753:Eleanor Madison 729: 555:Founding Father 540: 501: 491: 430: 426:Eleanor Madison 409: 397: 393: 365: 364:Other political 354:Political party 345: 341: 328: 322: 320: 319: 318: 298: 293: 287: 282: 272: 266: 232: 220: 214: 209: 200: 195: 182: 170: 156: 151: 131: 119: 114: 80: 74: 69: 52: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 22278: 22268: 22267: 22262: 22257: 22252: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22205:Madison family 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22177: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22097: 22082: 22081: 22064: 22047: 22045:from Wikibooks 22030: 22013: 22011:from Wikiquote 21996: 21967: 21964: 21963: 21951: 21939: 21927: 21904: 21903: 21898: 21897: 21895: 21894: 21888: 21885: 21884: 21882: 21881: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21862:Social justice 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21838: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21770:Egalitarianism 21767: 21762: 21760:Contractualism 21757: 21752: 21747: 21741: 21739: 21735: 21734: 21732: 21731: 21721: 21711: 21701: 21691: 21681: 21671: 21661: 21651: 21641: 21631: 21621: 21611: 21601: 21591: 21581: 21571: 21561: 21551: 21541: 21531: 21521: 21510: 21508: 21504: 21503: 21500: 21499: 21497: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21476: 21471: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21361: 21356: 21351: 21346: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21326: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21160: 21158: 21152: 21151: 21149: 21148: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21078: 21073: 21068: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21027: 21026: 21016: 21011: 21010: 21009: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20944: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20909: 20904: 20899: 20893: 20891: 20885: 20884: 20882: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20825: 20824: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20773: 20771: 20765: 20764: 20762: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20690: 20688: 20684: 20683: 20681: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20654: 20653: 20643: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20623: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20602: 20600: 20593: 20587: 20586: 20584: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20556:Overton window 20553: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20474: 20465: 20459: 20457: 20453: 20452: 20450: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20387:Libertarianism 20384: 20379: 20374: 20369: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20293: 20291: 20287: 20286: 20284: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20222: 20220: 20216: 20215: 20213: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20051: 20049: 20045: 20044: 20037: 20036: 20029: 20022: 20014: 20005: 20004: 20002: 20001: 19996: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19908: 19906: 19902: 19901: 19899: 19898: 19896:Lumpkin's Jail 19893: 19887: 19885: 19879: 19878: 19876: 19875: 19874: 19873: 19868: 19862: 19854: 19853: 19852: 19845:Virginia laws 19842: 19840: 19836: 19835: 19833: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19810:Stratford Hall 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19746: 19744: 19738: 19737: 19735: 19734: 19728: 19722: 19719:William Tucker 19716: 19711: 19705: 19700: 19698:Thomas Prosser 19695: 19689: 19686:James M. Mason 19683: 19677: 19674:William Mahone 19671: 19665: 19660: 19654: 19648: 19642: 19636: 19630: 19624: 19618: 19617: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19587: 19585: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19577: 19571: 19565: 19562:William Tucker 19559: 19553: 19547: 19546:(c. 1820–1859) 19541: 19535: 19528: 19522: 19516: 19510: 19509:(c. 1836–1890) 19504: 19503:(c. 1745–1797) 19498: 19492: 19491:(c. 1815–1897) 19486: 19480: 19473: 19471: 19467: 19466: 19464: 19463: 19458: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19441: 19440: 19433: 19426: 19418: 19409: 19408: 19406: 19405: 19393: 19382: 19379: 19378: 19376: 19375: 19370: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19341: 19336: 19329: 19323: 19321: 19320:Related topics 19317: 19316: 19314: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19282: 19280: 19274: 19273: 19271: 19270: 19265: 19263:Winfield Scott 19260: 19258:Lord Liverpool 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19238:Andrew Jackson 19235: 19230: 19224: 19222: 19218: 19217: 19215: 19214: 19209: 19207:North Carolina 19204: 19199: 19194: 19188: 19186: 19182: 19181: 19179: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19151:Crysler's Farm 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19117: 19115: 19108: 19107: 19105: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19088: 19086: 19078: 19077: 19075: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19034:Tecumseh's War 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 18998: 18996: 18990: 18989: 18986: 18985: 18984:Related topics 18982: 18979: 18976: 18973: 18970: 18967: 18964: 18960: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18948: 18947: 18940: 18933: 18925: 18916: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18893: 18892: 18891: 18888: 18887: 18884: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18850: 18848: 18842: 18841: 18839: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18752: 18750: 18744: 18743: 18741: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18709: 18707: 18701: 18700: 18698: 18697: 18692: 18686: 18684: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18635: 18633: 18627: 18626: 18624: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18602: 18600: 18596: 18595: 18593: 18592: 18586: 18584: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18535: 18533: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18467: 18465: 18461: 18460: 18458: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18421: 18419: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18383: 18381: 18377: 18376: 18374: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18352: 18350: 18344: 18343: 18341: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18269: 18267: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18228: 18226: 18222: 18221: 18219: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18072: 18070: 18066: 18065: 18063: 18062: 18060:Wollstonecraft 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17961: 17959: 17951: 17950: 17940: 17939: 17936: 17935: 17932: 17931: 17929: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17837: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17799: 17794: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17739: 17732: 17731: 17721: 17720: 17713: 17712: 17705: 17698: 17690: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17677: 17672: 17670:Orville Wright 17667: 17665:Woodrow Wilson 17662: 17660:Roger Williams 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17620:Daniel Webster 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17585:Gilbert Stuart 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17530:George Peabody 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17485:Maria Mitchell 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17400:Andrew Jackson 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17320:Stephen Foster 17317: 17315:David Farragut 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17245:Luther Burbank 17242: 17237: 17232: 17230:Louis Brandeis 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17166: 17163: 17162: 17154: 17153: 17146: 17139: 17131: 17122: 17121: 17116: 17113: 17112: 17110: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17097: 17096: 17095: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17073: 17072: 17071: 17061: 17060: 17059: 17054: 17044: 17043: 17042: 17037: 17027: 17026: 17025: 17015: 17014: 17013: 17003: 17002: 17001: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16680: 16678: 16670: 16669: 16662: 16660: 16658: 16657: 16652: 16646: 16644: 16636: 16635: 16628: 16627: 16620: 16613: 16605: 16596: 16595: 16593: 16592: 16586: 16580: 16573: 16571: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16561: 16555: 16549: 16542: 16540: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16530: 16524: 16518: 16512: 16509:William Eustis 16505: 16503: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16493: 16487: 16481: 16475: 16468: 16466: 16460: 16459: 16452: 16450: 16448: 16447: 16441: 16434: 16432: 16426: 16425: 16410: 16409: 16402: 16395: 16387: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16369: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16352: 16351: 16349: 16348: 16340: 16331: 16329: 16322: 16314: 16313: 16310: 16309: 16307: 16306: 16300: 16298: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16281: 16279: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16268:DeWitt Clinton 16262: 16260: 16253: 16245: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16237: 16235:George Clinton 16232: 16230:DeWitt Clinton 16226: 16224: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16216: 16213:Elbridge Gerry 16208: 16198: 16196: 16189: 16181: 16180: 16163: 16162: 16155: 16148: 16140: 16131: 16130: 16128: 16127: 16122: 16112: 16109: 16108: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16101: 16093: 16084: 16082: 16075: 16067: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16059: 16054: 16052:Henry Dearborn 16046: 16044:George Clinton 16041: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16018:George Clinton 16013: 16004: 16002: 15995: 15987: 15986: 15969: 15968: 15961: 15954: 15946: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15933: 15927: 15920: 15918: 15912: 15911: 15909: 15908: 15902: 15896: 15889: 15887: 15881: 15880: 15878: 15877: 15874:Henry Dearborn 15870: 15868: 15862: 15861: 15859: 15858: 15852: 15845: 15843: 15837: 15836: 15829: 15827: 15825: 15824: 15817: 15815: 15809: 15808: 15793: 15792: 15785: 15778: 15770: 15761: 15760: 15757: 15756: 15754: 15753: 15747: 15744:Smith Thompson 15741: 15735: 15729: 15723: 15716: 15714: 15708: 15707: 15705: 15704: 15698: 15692: 15686: 15680: 15673: 15671: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15655: 15649: 15643: 15637: 15631: 15625: 15622:William Eustis 15619: 15616:Henry Dearborn 15612: 15610: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15600: 15594: 15588: 15582: 15576: 15569: 15567: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15557: 15551: 15545: 15539: 15533: 15527: 15521: 15514: 15512: 15503: 15497: 15496: 15494: 15493: 15487: 15481: 15478:John W. Taylor 15475: 15469: 15466:Langdon Cheves 15463: 15457: 15451: 15445: 15438: 15436: 15428: 15427: 15425: 15424: 15415: 15406: 15397: 15384: 15371: 15358: 15345: 15332: 15319: 15306: 15292: 15290: 15282: 15281: 15279: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15221: 15220: 15213: 15206: 15198: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15175: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15041: 15039: 15033: 15032: 15028: 15027: 15017: 15007: 14997: 14990:George W. Bush 14987: 14977: 14967: 14957: 14947: 14937: 14927: 14917: 14907: 14897: 14887: 14877: 14870:Herbert Hoover 14867: 14857: 14847: 14840:Woodrow Wilson 14837: 14827: 14817: 14807: 14797: 14787: 14777: 14767: 14757: 14747: 14737: 14730:Andrew Johnson 14727: 14717: 14710:James Buchanan 14707: 14697: 14687: 14680:Zachary Taylor 14677: 14667: 14657: 14647: 14637: 14630:Andrew Jackson 14627: 14617: 14607: 14597: 14587: 14577: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14559:Presidents and 14556: 14555: 14548: 14547: 14540: 14533: 14525: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14503: 14502: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14489: 14473: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14459: 14458: 14453: 14450: 14441: 14436: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14423: 14414: 14409: 14405: 14404: 14400: 14399: 14394: 14391: 14379:Member of the 14375: 14374: 14371:George Hancock 14369: 14366: 14354:Member of the 14351: 14345: 14344: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14320: 14319: 14317: 14316: 14311: 14303: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14257: 14255: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14227: 14225: 14221: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14207: 14205: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14186: 14184: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14155: 14153: 14152:South Carolina 14149: 14148: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14133:William Blount 14129: 14127: 14126:North Carolina 14123: 14122: 14120: 14119: 14114: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14096:Daniel Carroll 14093: 14088: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14075: 14073: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14060:John Dickinson 14057: 14052: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14004:Thomas Mifflin 14001: 13995: 13993: 13989: 13988: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13973:David Brearley 13970: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13927: 13925: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13917: 13912: 13906: 13904: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13875: 13869: 13867: 13860: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13843:Taxation power 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13788:Implied powers 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13739: 13737: 13736:Interpretation 13733: 13732: 13730: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13632:Recommendation 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13517:Fugitive Slave 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13487: 13485:Excessive Bail 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13385:Appropriations 13382: 13377: 13371: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13312: 13311: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13195:Single subject 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13116: 13114: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13073: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12996: 12994: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12968: 12966:Reconstruction 12962: 12961: 12959: 12958: 12953: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12886: 12884: 12882:Bill of Rights 12871: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12806: 12805: 12798: 12791: 12783: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12767:The Federalist 12763: 12761:Portal:History 12758: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12743: 12733: 12728: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12272: 12270: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12262: 12254: 12246: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12221: 12220: 12213: 12206: 12198: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12173: 12170:James Monroe → 12166: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12133: 12127: 12121: 12118:Dolley Madison 12114: 12112: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12091: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12074: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12050: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12026: 12010: 12006:Liberty's Kids 12002: 11994: 11986: 11978: 11970: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11930:Madison Street 11927: 11922: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11908:Madison Square 11905: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11866: 11861: 11855: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11755: 11753: 11752:Other writings 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11743:Report of 1800 11740: 11735: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11680: 11678: 11677:accomplisments 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11572:Tecumseh's War 11569: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11539:Tariff of 1789 11536: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11527:27th amendment 11519: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11490: 11489: 11488: 11481: 11476: 11466: 11461: 11455: 11453: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11441: 11433: 11425: 11417: 11409: 11398: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11375: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11352: 11346: 11345: 11329:montpelier.org 11321: 11306: 11297: 11288: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11222:External links 11220: 11219: 11218: 11212: 11199: 11193: 11181:, ed. (1995). 11175: 11161: 11146: 11140: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11090: 11068: 11048: 11028: 11008: 10988: 10968: 10948: 10928: 10912: 10894: 10878: 10872: 10858: 10834: 10814: 10806: 10780: 10764: 10742: 10720: 10714: 10694: 10688: 10668: 10658:. Liberty Fund 10651: 10634: 10628: 10613: 10599: 10591:Andrew Jackson 10586: 10557: 10535: 10515: 10509: 10494: 10488: 10472: 10466: 10453: 10432: 10415: 10409: 10394: 10388: 10373: 10367: 10352: 10346: 10331: 10325: 10312: 10306: 10290: 10270: 10253: 10235:(2): 196–210. 10221: 10202: 10196: 10181: 10175: 10162: 10148: 10130: 10110: 10104: 10089: 10083: 10064: 10058: 10040: 10034: 10014: 10008: 9993: 9987: 9970: 9964: 9947: 9941: 9920: 9914: 9898: 9879: 9862: 9841: 9819: 9813: 9797: 9775: 9769: 9749: 9743: 9725: 9719: 9707:Ketcham, Ralph 9703: 9697: 9681:Ketcham, Ralph 9677: 9671: 9657:Ketcham, Ralph 9653: 9628: 9622: 9602: 9580: 9574: 9561: 9544: 9538: 9523: 9517: 9502: 9496: 9478: 9458: 9452: 9437: 9431: 9414: 9408: 9390:Madison, James 9382: 9357: 9351: 9336: 9330: 9315: 9309: 9291: 9285: 9271:Gannett, Henry 9267: 9239: 9233: 9215: 9209: 9191: 9168: 9154: 9138: 9132: 9119: 9113: 9098: 9092: 9077: 9066: 9048: 9035: 9029: 9010: 9004: 8987: 8970: 8953: 8928: 8922: 8904: 8898: 8878: 8844:(2): 390–391. 8827: 8814: 8783: 8777: 8762: 8756: 8738: 8712: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8686: 8674: 8662: 8650: 8638: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8588:, p. 196. 8578: 8566: 8554: 8542: 8530: 8528:, p. 164. 8518: 8506: 8494: 8492:, p. 425. 8479: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8431: 8416: 8404: 8392: 8390:, p. 268. 8380: 8365: 8353: 8341: 8329: 8317: 8315:, p. 284. 8305: 8303:, p. 241. 8293: 8291:, p. 260. 8281: 8269: 8257: 8255:, p. 149. 8242: 8240:, p. 121. 8227: 8215: 8203: 8188: 8186:, p. 201. 8171: 8159: 8157:, p. 188. 8147: 8135: 8115: 8095: 8093:, p. 255. 8083: 8071: 8048: 8046:, p. 432. 8036: 8024: 8012: 8000: 7988: 7986:, p. 149. 7976: 7974:, p. 156. 7964: 7962:, p. 363. 7952: 7940: 7926:Rosen, Gary. 7919: 7898: 7875: 7854: 7841: 7827:Rosen, Gary. 7820: 7799: 7778: 7755: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7694:Jennings, 1865 7686: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7636:, p. 151. 7626: 7624:, p. 162. 7614: 7602: 7590: 7588:, p. 585. 7578: 7566: 7554: 7542: 7527: 7525:, p. 616. 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7477:, p. 214. 7467: 7465:, p. 167. 7455: 7453:, p. 166. 7443: 7441:, p. 214. 7424: 7407: 7395: 7380: 7378:, p. 205. 7368: 7352: 7340: 7328: 7326:, p. 200. 7316: 7304: 7292: 7277: 7262: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7188:, p. 188. 7178: 7166: 7154: 7152:, p. 185. 7142: 7130: 7118: 7106: 7091: 7079: 7067: 7065:, p. 346. 7052: 7040: 7028: 7016: 7014:, p. 133. 7004: 7000:Roosevelt 1999 6992: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6942:, p. 323. 6932: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6882:, p. 334. 6869: 6857: 6834: 6832:, p. 509. 6822: 6820:, p. 159. 6810: 6798: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6581:, p. 498. 6571: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6386:, p. 422. 6376: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6087:, p. 386. 6077: 6062: 6050: 6035: 6023: 6011: 6009:, p. 377. 5999: 5987: 5972: 5946:(4): 633–646. 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5873: 5861: 5859:, p. 369. 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5787:, p. 343. 5777: 5765: 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5712:, p. 198. 5702: 5700:, p. 232. 5690: 5678: 5666: 5664:, p. 331. 5654: 5642: 5630: 5613: 5611:, p. 290. 5601: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5549:Bordewich 2016 5541: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5503:, p. 162. 5490: 5471: 5459: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5305:, p. xxv. 5292: 5290:, p. 130. 5280: 5268: 5256: 5254:, p. xxv. 5241: 5239:, p. 118. 5226: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5152:, p. 107. 5142: 5140:, p. 117. 5130: 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5056:, p. 104. 5046: 5044:, p. 290. 5042:Gustafson 1992 5034: 5030:Manweller 2005 5022: 5020:, p. 321. 5010: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4775:, p. 322. 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4495: 4483: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4413: 4411:, p. 344. 4401: 4387: 4367: 4352: 4337: 4325: 4323:, p. 329. 4313: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4260: 4250: 4237: 4220: 4207: 4194: 4192:March 5, 1750. 4182: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4061:Gordon S. Wood 4012: 4009: 3880:Main article: 3877: 3874: 3856: 3853: 3849:10th Amendment 3845:Bill of Rights 3831: 3830: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3692:Egalitarianism 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3666:Related topics 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3637:United Kingdom 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3419:Dutch Republic 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3387: 3385:Roman Republic 3381: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3349: 3339: 3329: 3319: 3309: 3299: 3289: 3279: 3269: 3259: 3249: 3239: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2826:Wollstonecraft 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2403: 2400: 2372: 2369: 2307:Gilbert Stuart 2291: 2288: 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2244:Tecumseh's War 2161:Tecumseh's War 2152: 2149: 2133:Tariff of 1816 2096:Main article: 2093: 2090: 2038:William Winder 2034:Chesapeake Bay 2021:in late 1813. 2003:Andrew Jackson 1956:Elbridge Gerry 1944:New Englanders 1936:DeWitt Clinton 1921:Henry Dearborn 1861: 1858: 1832: 1831:Prelude to war 1829: 1818:Main article: 1815: 1812: 1778: 1775: 1770:Main article: 1767: 1764: 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1675:Gilbert Stuart 1613:Coalition Wars 1587:Main article: 1584: 1581: 1572:Report of 1800 1534:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1482: 1479: 1451:George Clinton 1435:establish the 1433:Philip Freneau 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1354:Bill of Rights 1346:Main article: 1343: 1342:Bill of Rights 1340: 1312:Tariff of 1789 1308:first Congress 1281:gerrymandering 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1253: 1250: 1086:Achaean League 1078:Dutch Republic 1019: 1016: 1002:, Congressman 871: 868: 819:James Sharples 765:Mount Pleasant 763:, then called 728: 725: 682:Tariff of 1816 571:Bill of Rights 546: 545: 542: 541: 539: 538: 537: 536: 526: 520: 518: 514: 513: 508: 504: 503: 498: 494: 493: 488: 484: 483: 478: 477:Branch/service 474: 473: 468: 464: 463: 459: 458: 451: 447: 446: 436: 432: 431: 429: 428: 423: 417: 415: 411: 410: 395: 389: 388: 386: 382: 381: 378: 374: 373: 372:(Until 1791) 367: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 344:(aged 85) 338: 334: 333: 327:March 16, 1751 316: 314: 310: 309: 305: 304: 301: 300: 290: 289: 279: 278: 268: 267: 265: 264: 256: 247: 245: 241: 240: 235: 229: 228: 223: 217: 216: 206: 205: 194:Member of the 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 148: 147: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 113: 112: 106: 103:Elbridge Gerry 100: 94: 91:George Clinton 87: 85: 82:Vice President 77: 76: 66: 65: 58: 57: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 38: 28:James Maddison 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22277: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22095:James Madison 22093: 22092: 22090: 22079:from Wikidata 22078: 22077: 22065: 22061: 22060: 22048: 22044: 22043: 22031: 22027: 22026: 22014: 22010: 22009: 21997: 21993: 21992: 21980: 21979: 21976: 21970: 21969:James Madison 21962: 21961:United States 21952: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21938: 21928: 21926: 21916: 21915: 21912: 21893: 21890: 21889: 21886: 21880: 21879: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21822: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21795:Jurisprudence 21793: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21742: 21740: 21736: 21727: 21726: 21722: 21717: 21716: 21712: 21707: 21706: 21702: 21697: 21696: 21692: 21687: 21686: 21682: 21677: 21676: 21672: 21667: 21666: 21662: 21657: 21656: 21652: 21647: 21646: 21642: 21637: 21636: 21632: 21627: 21626: 21625:Rights of Man 21622: 21617: 21616: 21612: 21607: 21606: 21602: 21597: 21596: 21592: 21587: 21586: 21582: 21577: 21576: 21572: 21567: 21566: 21562: 21557: 21556: 21552: 21547: 21546: 21542: 21537: 21536: 21535:De re publica 21532: 21527: 21526: 21522: 21517: 21516: 21512: 21511: 21509: 21505: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21477: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21355: 21352: 21350: 21347: 21345: 21342: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21161: 21159: 21155:20th and 21st 21153: 21147: 21144: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21025: 21022: 21021: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21008: 21005: 21004: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20894: 20892: 20888:18th and 19th 20886: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20823: 20820: 20819: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20774: 20772: 20766: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20744:Nizam al-Mulk 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20691: 20689: 20685: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20652: 20649: 20648: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20603: 20601: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20588: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20536: 20535: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20472: 20471: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20460: 20458: 20454: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20427:Republicanism 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20388: 20385: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20294: 20292: 20288: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20223: 20221: 20217: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20052: 20050: 20046: 20042: 20035: 20030: 20028: 20023: 20021: 20016: 20015: 20012: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19994: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19909: 19907: 19903: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19886: 19884: 19880: 19872: 19869: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19857: 19856:Federal laws 19855: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19843: 19841: 19837: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19800:Poplar Forest 19798: 19796: 19793: 19790: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19747: 19745: 19743: 19739: 19732: 19731:Henry A. Wise 19729: 19726: 19723: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19693: 19690: 19687: 19684: 19681: 19678: 19675: 19672: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19658: 19655: 19652: 19651:Andrew Hunter 19649: 19646: 19643: 19640: 19637: 19634: 19631: 19628: 19627:Landon Carter 19625: 19622: 19621:John Armfield 19619: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19591: 19589: 19588: 19586: 19582: 19575: 19572: 19569: 19566: 19563: 19560: 19557: 19554: 19551: 19548: 19545: 19542: 19539: 19536: 19533: 19529: 19526: 19523: 19521:(living 1641) 19520: 19519:John Graweere 19517: 19514: 19511: 19508: 19505: 19502: 19499: 19497:(living 1655) 19496: 19493: 19490: 19487: 19484: 19481: 19478: 19475: 19474: 19472: 19468: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19446: 19439: 19434: 19432: 19427: 19425: 19420: 19419: 19416: 19404: 19403: 19394: 19392: 19384: 19383: 19380: 19374: 19371: 19368: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19346: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19334: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19324: 19322: 19318: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19283: 19281: 19279: 19275: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19243:James Madison 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19223: 19219: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19189: 19187: 19183: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19126:Spur's Defeat 19124: 19122: 19119: 19118: 19116: 19114: 19109: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19089: 19087: 19085: 19079: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19061: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19039:Henry letters 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19008: 19004: 19000: 18999: 18997: 18995: 18991: 18983: 18980: 18977: 18974: 18971: 18968: 18965: 18962: 18961: 18957: 18953: 18946: 18941: 18939: 18934: 18932: 18927: 18926: 18923: 18910: 18902: 18901: 18899: 18897: 18889: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18851: 18849: 18847: 18846:United States 18843: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18753: 18751: 18749: 18745: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18708: 18706: 18702: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18687: 18685: 18681: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18632: 18628: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18606:Budai-Deleanu 18604: 18603: 18601: 18597: 18591: 18588: 18587: 18585: 18581: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18532: 18528: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18468: 18466: 18462: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18422: 18420: 18418: 18414: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18384: 18382: 18378: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18349: 18345: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18264: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18227: 18223: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18073: 18071: 18067: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17970:Ashley-Cooper 17968: 17966: 17963: 17962: 17960: 17956: 17952: 17945: 17941: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17872:Progressivism 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17842: 17838: 17835: 17834: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17821:Individualism 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17806: 17805: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17740: 17737: 17733: 17726: 17722: 17718: 17711: 17706: 17704: 17699: 17697: 17692: 17691: 17688: 17676: 17675:Wilbur Wright 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17510:Simon Newcomb 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17470:John Marshall 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17460:James Madison 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17430:Robert E. Lee 17428: 17426: 17425:Sidney Lanier 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17370:Patrick Henry 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17330:Robert Fulton 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17185:Louis Agassiz 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17167: 17164: 17159: 17152: 17147: 17145: 17140: 17138: 17133: 17132: 17129: 17119: 17114: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17098: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17078: 17077: 17074: 17070: 17067: 17066: 17065: 17062: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17049: 17048: 17045: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17031: 17028: 17024: 17021: 17020: 17019: 17016: 17012: 17009: 17008: 17007: 17004: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16824:Frelinghuysen 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16734:E. Livingston 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16681: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16650:R. Livingston 16648: 16647: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16633: 16626: 16621: 16619: 16614: 16612: 16607: 16606: 16603: 16590: 16587: 16584: 16583:William Jones 16581: 16578: 16577:Paul Hamilton 16575: 16574: 16572: 16570: 16566: 16559: 16556: 16553: 16550: 16547: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16539: 16535: 16528: 16525: 16522: 16519: 16516: 16513: 16510: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16498: 16491: 16488: 16485: 16482: 16479: 16476: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16465: 16461: 16445: 16442: 16439: 16436: 16435: 16433: 16431: 16427: 16422: 16421:James Madison 16419: 16415: 16408: 16403: 16401: 16396: 16394: 16389: 16388: 16385: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16357: 16347: 16346: 16341: 16339: 16338: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16320: 16315: 16305: 16304:John Marshall 16302: 16301: 16299: 16295: 16289: 16288: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16276: 16270: 16269: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16251: 16246: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16221: 16215: 16214: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16204:James Madison 16200: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16161: 16156: 16154: 16149: 16147: 16142: 16141: 16138: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16110: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16073: 16068: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16027: 16020: 16019: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16010:James Madison 16006: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15967: 15962: 15960: 15955: 15953: 15948: 15947: 15944: 15931: 15928: 15925: 15922: 15921: 15919: 15917: 15913: 15906: 15903: 15900: 15897: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15886: 15882: 15875: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15867: 15863: 15856: 15853: 15850: 15849:Samuel Dexter 15847: 15846: 15844: 15842: 15838: 15822: 15821:James Madison 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15805: 15802: 15798: 15791: 15786: 15784: 15779: 15777: 15772: 15771: 15768: 15751: 15748: 15745: 15742: 15739: 15736: 15733: 15732:William Jones 15730: 15727: 15726:Paul Hamilton 15724: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15715: 15713: 15709: 15702: 15699: 15696: 15693: 15690: 15687: 15684: 15681: 15678: 15675: 15674: 15672: 15670: 15666: 15659: 15656: 15653: 15652:George Graham 15650: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15638: 15635: 15632: 15629: 15626: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15605: 15598: 15595: 15592: 15591:William Jones 15589: 15586: 15583: 15580: 15577: 15574: 15571: 15570: 15568: 15566: 15562: 15555: 15552: 15549: 15546: 15543: 15540: 15537: 15534: 15531: 15530:James Madison 15528: 15525: 15522: 15519: 15516: 15515: 15513: 15511: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15498: 15491: 15488: 15485: 15482: 15479: 15476: 15473: 15470: 15467: 15464: 15461: 15458: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15446: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15429: 15423: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15283: 15277: 15276:Tertium quids 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15230: 15226: 15219: 15214: 15212: 15207: 15205: 15200: 15199: 15196: 15184: 15176: 15174: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15130:G. H. W. Bush 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15105:L. B. Johnson 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15034: 15025: 15021: 15018: 15015: 15011: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14985: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14965: 14961: 14960:Ronald Reagan 14958: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14930:Richard Nixon 14928: 14925: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14911: 14908: 14905: 14901: 14898: 14895: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14881: 14878: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14851: 14848: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14805: 14801: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14785: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14771: 14768: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14741: 14738: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14715: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14671: 14670:James K. Polk 14668: 14665: 14661: 14658: 14655: 14651: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14625: 14621: 14618: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14605: 14601: 14600:James Madison 14598: 14595: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14563: 14557: 14553: 14546: 14541: 14539: 14534: 14532: 14527: 14526: 14523: 14517: 14510: 14495: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14478: 14471: 14465: 14460: 14456: 14447: 14446: 14439: 14433: 14429: 14420: 14419: 14412: 14411:John Marshall 14406: 14401: 14397: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14376: 14372: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14350: 14346: 14343: 14339: 14334: 14327: 14315: 14312: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14301: 14300: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14262: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14250: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14238:Jacob Shallus 14236: 14234: 14233: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14222: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14181: 14175: 14174:Pierce Butler 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14159:John Rutledge 14157: 14156: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14124: 14118: 14117:James Madison 14115: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14103: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14086:James McHenry 14084: 14083: 14081: 14077: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14014:George Clymer 14012: 14010: 14009:Robert Morris 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13965: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13943: 13937: 13936:Roger Sherman 13934: 13932: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13922: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13903:Massachusetts 13901: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13882:New Hampshire 13880: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13808:Plenary power 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13778:Equal footing 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13699:Trial by Jury 13697: 13695: 13692: 13689: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13552:Ineligibility 13550: 13548: 13547:Import-Export 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13502:Free Exercise 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13492: 13491:Ex Post Facto 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13475:Establishment 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13425:Confrontation 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13308:Syng inkstand 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13263:Virginia Plan 13261: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13207: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13190:School Prayer 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13113: 13109: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12991: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12804: 12799: 12797: 12792: 12790: 12785: 12784: 12781: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12753: 12750: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12267: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12249:James Madison 12247: 12245: 12242: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12227: 12219: 12214: 12212: 12207: 12205: 12200: 12199: 12196: 12184: 12183: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12160: 12159: 12156: 12150:(grandfather) 12149: 12146: 12143: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12128: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12072:Paul Jennings 12070: 12068: 12067: 12063: 12061: 12060: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12033: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12015: 12011: 12009: 12008:(2002 series) 12007: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11987: 11985: 11984: 11983:James Madison 11979: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11967:James Madison 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11925:Mount Madison 11923: 11921: 11920:Madison River 11918: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11848: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11726:republicanism 11724: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11704:Residence Act 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11594:Henry letters 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11474:Virginia Plan 11472: 11471: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11451:Constitution" 11446: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11379:James Madison 11373: 11368: 11366: 11361: 11359: 11354: 11353: 11350: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11233:James Madison 11229: 11215: 11209: 11205: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11158: 11154: 11153: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11017: 11013: 11009: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10917: 10913: 10900: 10895: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10781: 10769: 10765: 10758:September 28, 10753: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10706: 10705: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10680: 10679: 10673: 10669: 10657: 10652: 10640: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10619:James Madison 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10539:Varg, Paul A. 10536: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10502: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10442: 10441:Miller Center 10438: 10433: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10339: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10213: 10212:Time magazine 10208: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10131: 10120: 10116: 10111: 10107: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10061: 10055: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10001: 10000: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9979: 9978: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9956: 9955: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9934: 9929: 9928: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9902:Magnet, Myron 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9880: 9868: 9863: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9664: 9663: 9658: 9654: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9614: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9587: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9562: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9479: 9468: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9445: 9444: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9299: 9298: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9219:Ferling, John 9216: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9195:Feldman, Noah 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9085: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9049: 9046:. p. 23. 9045: 9041: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8996: 8995: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8768:James Madison 8763: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8642: 8635: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8594: 8587: 8582: 8575: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8486: 8484: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8452: 8451:Skidmore 2004 8447: 8440: 8435: 8428: 8423: 8421: 8413: 8408: 8401: 8396: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8372: 8370: 8362: 8357: 8350: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8326: 8321: 8314: 8309: 8302: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8278: 8273: 8266: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8247: 8239: 8234: 8232: 8225:, p. 22. 8224: 8219: 8212: 8207: 8200: 8195: 8193: 8185: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8168: 8167:Hopkins, 2019 8163: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8113:, p. 27. 8112: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8080: 8075: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8045: 8040: 8033: 8028: 8021: 8016: 8010:, p. 47. 8009: 8004: 7998:, p. 78. 7997: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7956: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7936:0-7006-0960-1 7933: 7929: 7923: 7916: 7915:0-8476-8065-7 7912: 7908: 7902: 7895: 7894:0-8139-1912-6 7891: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7871:1-930865-23-6 7868: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7845: 7838: 7837:0-7006-0960-1 7834: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7816:0-8476-8065-7 7813: 7809: 7803: 7796: 7795:0-8014-3152-2 7792: 7788: 7782: 7775: 7774:0-8139-1912-6 7771: 7767: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7751:1-930865-23-6 7748: 7744: 7738: 7731: 7726: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7534: 7532: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7501:, p. 26. 7500: 7495: 7489:, p. 43. 7488: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7464: 7463:Langguth 2006 7459: 7452: 7451:Langguth 2006 7447: 7440: 7436: 7435:Langguth 2006 7431: 7429: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7405:, p. 37. 7404: 7399: 7392: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7372: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7349: 7344: 7337: 7332: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7254: 7247: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7175: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7096: 7089:, p. 67. 7088: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7044: 7037: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6874: 6866: 6861: 6855:, p. 65. 6854: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6719:, p. 13. 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6695:, p. 20. 6694: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6656:, p. 62. 6655: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6616: 6611: 6605:, p. 13. 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6433: 6432:McDonald 1976 6428: 6421: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6385: 6380: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6349: 6344: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6320: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6300:McDonald 1976 6296: 6289: 6284: 6277: 6276:McDonald 1976 6272: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5922:, p. 74. 5921: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5897: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5742: 5736:, p. 49. 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5710:Labunski 2006 5706: 5699: 5698:Labunski 2006 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5138:Robinson 1999 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5080:, p. 14. 5079: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5032:, p. 22. 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4996:, p. 70. 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4871:, p. 61. 4870: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4799:, p. 22. 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4763:, p. 43. 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4715:, p. 20. 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4677:Isaacson 2004 4673: 4671: 4664:, p. 58. 4663: 4658: 4652:, p. 21. 4651: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4604:, p. 51. 4603: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4580:, p. 34. 4579: 4574: 4568:, p. 35. 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4493:, p. 12. 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4430:, p. 57. 4429: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4349: 4348:Labunski 2006 4344: 4342: 4335:, p. 19. 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4267:According to 4264: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4118:James Madison 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4023: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3953:Ralph Ketcham 3950: 3946: 3945:Drew R. McCoy 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3914:Paul Jennings 3909: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3804: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3654:United States 3652: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3529:Metapolitefsi 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3364: 3363:On Revolution 3360: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3333:Rights of Man 3330: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3243:De re publica 3240: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049:Jones (Lynne) 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2844:Adams (Gerry) 2842: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2643:Revolutionary 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633:Parliamentary 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442:Civil society 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418:Republicanism 2416: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2390:Paul Jennings 2387: 2383: 2378: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2359:Drew R. McCoy 2356: 2350: 2347: 2346:Apportionment 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:Nullification 2324: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125:14th Congress 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1827: 1821: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1783: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1744:tertium quids 1741: 1740:John Randolph 1731: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654:territory of 1653: 1649: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1618:John Marshall 1614: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1561:interposition 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1415:national bank 1412: 1408: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1333:Residence Act 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1276:Patrick Henry 1270: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:Patrick Henry 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159:Virginia Plan 1156: 1152: 1148: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Robert Morris 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1098:Ralph Ketcham 1095: 1091: 1090:majority rule 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948:Orange County 945: 938: 933: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 884:In 1765, the 881: 877: 867: 865: 858: 853: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:Enlightenment 820: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 784: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 724: 722: 721: 720:James Madison 715: 711: 707: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628: 623: 619: 615: 614:Virginia Plan 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551:James Madison 543: 535: 532: 531: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 519: 515: 512: 509: 505: 499: 495: 489: 485: 482: 479: 475: 472: 471:United States 469: 465: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 433: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 416: 412: 392: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 362: 359: 356: 352: 348: 340:June 28, 1836 339: 335: 331: 315: 311: 306: 302: 296: 291: 285: 280: 276: 269: 261: 260:15th district 257: 253: 249: 248: 246: 242: 239: 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 212: 207: 204: 198: 192: 189: 186: 180: 177: 176:John Marshall 174: 168: 164: 160: 154: 149: 146: 141: 138: 135: 129: 126: 123: 117: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 86: 83: 78: 72: 67: 64: 59: 55: 51:1816 portrait 48: 43: 39:James Madison 36: 33: 29: 22: 22074: 22057: 22040: 22023: 22006: 21994:from Commons 21989: 21968: 21876: 21775:Elite theory 21723: 21713: 21703: 21693: 21683: 21673: 21663: 21653: 21643: 21633: 21623: 21613: 21603: 21593: 21583: 21573: 21563: 21553: 21543: 21533: 21523: 21513: 21040: 20812:Guicciardini 20768:Early modern 20591:Philosophers 20541:Open society 20477:Body politic 20347:Distributism 20337:Conservatism 20332:Confucianism 20251:Gerontocracy 20241:Dictatorship 20195:Sovereignty‎ 20185:Ruling class 20075:Emancipation 20060:Citizenship‎ 19991: 19785:Mount Vernon 19680:George Mason 19603: 19584:Slave owners 19401: 19327:Bibliography 19242: 19161:Lundy's Lane 19092:Northwestern 19081:Theaters and 19059: 19049:Rule of 1756 19006: 19002: 18894: 18863: 18639:Catherine II 18091:Beaumarchais 17921:Universality 17892:Reductionism 17839: 17816:Human rights 17650:Emma Willard 17635:Walt Whitman 17605:Lillian Wald 17575:Joseph Story 17535:William Penn 17515:Thomas Paine 17490:James Monroe 17459: 17385:Mark Hopkins 17365:Joseph Henry 17285:Peter Cooper 17265:Rufus Choate 17220:Daniel Boone 17205:Clara Barton 16703: 16558:Richard Rush 16521:James Monroe 16444:James Monroe 16438:Robert Smith 16420: 16362: 16342: 16334: 16317: 16284: 16265: 16248: 16210: 16203: 16201: 16184: 16176:1816 → 16168:← 1808 16115: 16095: 16087: 16070: 16048: 16039:James Monroe 16035: 16015: 16009: 16007: 15990: 15982:1812 → 15974:← 1804 15930:Robert Smith 15820: 15720:Robert Smith 15701:William Wirt 15634:James Monroe 15542:James Monroe 15536:Robert Smith 15529: 15501:U.S. Cabinet 15351: 15338: 15286:Presidential 15055:T. Roosevelt 15024:2021–present 15010:Donald Trump 15000:Barack Obama 14980:Bill Clinton 14950:Jimmy Carter 14610:James Monroe 14599: 14561:presidencies 14494:James Monroe 14475: 14455:James Monroe 14443: 14428:Robert Smith 14416: 14378: 14353: 14348: 14305: 14297: 14230: 14116: 14029:James Wilson 13992:Pennsylvania 13889:John Langdon 13647:Speedy Trial 13489: 13380:Appointments 13314: 13097:Equal Rights 12993:20th century 12766: 12723: 12712:Constitution 12248: 12224: 12175: 12168: 12161: 12094: 12064: 12057: 12029: 12012: 12005: 11997: 11988: 11982: 11974: 11966: 11859:Bibliography 11492: 11483: 11378: 11337:. Retrieved 11333:the original 11328: 11266:Online books 11259: 11242:Online books 11232: 11203: 11182: 11151: 11131: 11102:. Retrieved 11097: 11082:. Retrieved 11077: 11060:. Retrieved 11055: 11042:December 12, 11040:. Retrieved 11035: 11020:. Retrieved 11000:. Retrieved 10995: 10980:. Retrieved 10975: 10960:. Retrieved 10955: 10940:. Retrieved 10920:. Retrieved 10904:. Retrieved 10886:. Retrieved 10862: 10852:November 20, 10850:. Retrieved 10846:the original 10841: 10828:February 16, 10826:. Retrieved 10800:December 12, 10798:. Retrieved 10787: 10774:November 11, 10772:. Retrieved 10756:. Retrieved 10749: 10737: 10724: 10703: 10677: 10660:. Retrieved 10643:. Retrieved 10618: 10590: 10565: 10561: 10543: 10529:February 16, 10527:. Retrieved 10499: 10479: 10476:Taylor, Alan 10457: 10445:. Retrieved 10440: 10424:. Retrieved 10399: 10378: 10357: 10336: 10316: 10297: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10275: 10261: 10232: 10228: 10210: 10186: 10166: 10138: 10124:December 27, 10122:. Retrieved 10118: 10094: 10072: 10048: 10044:Meacham, Jon 10023: 9998: 9976: 9953: 9926: 9905: 9884: 9873:February 19, 9871:. Retrieved 9854:. Retrieved 9849: 9833:. Retrieved 9827: 9804: 9789:. Retrieved 9783: 9758: 9733: 9710: 9688: 9661: 9645:. Retrieved 9641:the original 9637:limaohio.com 9636: 9611: 9585: 9565: 9555:February 19, 9553:. Retrieved 9528: 9507: 9486: 9472:December 12, 9470:. Retrieved 9466: 9442: 9418: 9398: 9389: 9367: 9341: 9320: 9296: 9275: 9259:. Retrieved 9247: 9223: 9199: 9176: 9145: 9123: 9103: 9082: 9056: 9052:Chernow, Ron 9043: 9019: 8993: 8974: 8957: 8945:. Retrieved 8941:the original 8936: 8912: 8887: 8841: 8835: 8819:. Retrieved 8791: 8767: 8746: 8725: 8721: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8586:Gannett 1905 8581: 8569: 8557: 8545: 8533: 8521: 8509: 8497: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8427:Feldman 2017 8412:Feldman 2017 8407: 8395: 8383: 8356: 8344: 8339:, p. 5. 8332: 8320: 8313:Feldman 2017 8308: 8301:Rutland 1987 8296: 8284: 8277:Feldman 2017 8272: 8265:Feldman 2017 8260: 8253:Ketcham 1990 8238:Feldman 2017 8218: 8206: 8199:Ketcham 1990 8162: 8150: 8138: 8118: 8107:Ketcham 1990 8098: 8086: 8074: 8044:Madison 1908 8039: 8027: 8015: 8008:Ketcham 1990 8003: 7996:Corbett 2013 7991: 7979: 7967: 7955: 7950:, p. 7. 7948:Feldman 2017 7943: 7927: 7922: 7906: 7901: 7883: 7878: 7862: 7857: 7849: 7844: 7828: 7823: 7807: 7802: 7786: 7781: 7763: 7758: 7742: 7737: 7730:Chernow 2004 7725: 7713: 7701: 7689: 7677: 7665: 7658:Ketcham 1990 7653: 7641: 7629: 7617: 7610:Keysaar 2009 7605: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7545: 7523:Feldman 2017 7518: 7506: 7499:Wilentz 2005 7494: 7482: 7470: 7458: 7446: 7420:Rutland 1990 7403:Rutland 1990 7398: 7371: 7364:Kappler 1904 7355: 7348:Kappler 1904 7343: 7331: 7319: 7312:Rutland 1990 7307: 7300:Rutland 1990 7295: 7273:Rutland 1990 7253: 7246:Rutland 1990 7241: 7234:Feldman 2017 7229: 7217: 7205: 7198:Rutland 1990 7193: 7186:Rutland 1987 7181: 7174:Rutland 1990 7169: 7157: 7150:Rutland 1990 7145: 7138:Rutland 1990 7133: 7121: 7114:Rutland 1990 7109: 7102:Ketcham 2002 7087:Ketcham 2002 7082: 7075:Feldman 2017 7070: 7048:Feldman 2017 7043: 7036:Feldman 2017 7031: 7024:Rutland 1990 7019: 7012:Rutland 1990 7007: 6995: 6988:Feldman 2017 6983: 6976:Feldman 2017 6971: 6959: 6947: 6940:Billias 1976 6935: 6923: 6916:Rutland 1990 6911: 6904:Rutland 1990 6899: 6892:Feldman 2017 6887: 6865:Feldman 2017 6860: 6853:Ketcham 2002 6830:Ketcham 1990 6825: 6818:Rutland 1990 6813: 6806:Feldman 2017 6801: 6777:Risjord 1961 6772: 6765:Feldman 2017 6760: 6753:Rutland 1990 6748: 6741:Rutland 1990 6736: 6729:Feldman 2017 6724: 6717:Rutland 1990 6712: 6705:Rutland 1990 6700: 6693:Rutland 1990 6673: 6666:Feldman 2017 6661: 6654:Ketcham 2002 6649: 6642:Rutland 1990 6637: 6630:Ketcham 2002 6615:Rutland 1990 6610: 6598: 6593:, p. 5. 6591:Rutland 1990 6586: 6579:Feldman 2017 6574: 6562: 6555:Feldman 2017 6550: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6502: 6495:Feldman 2017 6490: 6483:Feldman 2017 6478: 6466: 6454: 6427: 6420:Feldman 2017 6415: 6403: 6396:Ketcham 1990 6391: 6384:Ketcham 2003 6379: 6372:Feldman 2017 6367: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6324:Feldman 2017 6319: 6307: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6252:Feldman 2017 6247: 6240:Feldman 2017 6235: 6228:Feldman 2017 6223: 6216:Feldman 2017 6211: 6204:Feldman 2017 6199: 6187: 6176: 6169:Feldman 2017 6164: 6152: 6145:Feldman 2017 6140: 6133:Feldman 2017 6128: 6116: 6104: 6097:Mummolo 2007 6092: 6085:Ketcham 2003 6080: 6058:Feldman 2017 6053: 6046:Feldman 2017 6031:Ketcham 2003 6026: 6014: 6007:Ketcham 1990 6002: 5995:Feldman 2017 5990: 5965:September 1, 5963:. 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Bush 15095:Eisenhower 15045:Washington 15036:Presidency 14660:John Tyler 14580:John Adams 14449:1809–1817 14422:1801–1809 14390:1793–1797 14365:1789–1793 14302:(painting) 14254:and legacy 14112:John Blair 13961:New Jersey 13915:Rufus King 13813:Preemption 13727:War Powers 13662:Suspension 13480:Exceptions 13170:Human Life 13069:Unratified 12869:Amendments 12030:Washington 11850:Legacy and 11800:Montpelier 11554:Presidency 11062:August 31, 10922:January 2, 10739:dissolved. 10734:4932598489 10553:1034677575 9835:August 12, 9647:August 12, 8983:B0007FVWXC 8966:B0007FE8EW 8728:(2): 321. 8526:Wills 2002 8514:Rosen 1999 8400:McCoy 1989 8388:McCoy 1989 8337:McCoy 1989 8289:McCoy 1989 8103:Watts 1990 7634:McCoy 1989 7622:Wills 2002 7487:Green 1982 7475:Owens 2007 7439:Owens 2007 7376:Owens 2007 7360:Owens 2007 7336:Owens 2007 7324:Owens 2007 7222:Wills 2002 7126:Wills 2002 6928:Wills 2002 6794:Wills 2002 6678:Wills 2002 6603:Brant 1956 6459:Wills 2002 6408:Wills 2002 6264:Wills 2002 6157:Wills 2002 6019:Brant 1950 5983:Wills 2002 5455:Wills 2002 5387:Wills 2002 5315:Wills 2002 5198:Wills 2002 4982:Wills 2002 4893:Mason 1970 4518:Boyd, 2013 4363:Wills 2002 4292:References 4114:, and the 4080:Montpelier 3941:pragmatist 3799:Federalism 3717:Monarchism 3707:Liberalism 3702:Jacobinism 3392:Gaṇasaṅgha 3247:(54–51 BC) 2731:Harrington 2608:Democratic 2598:Capitalist 2593:Autonomous 2575:Venizelism 2560:Khomeinism 2284:Rufus King 2250:, and the 2248:Peoria War 2218:tracts of 2208:Fort Wayne 2204:Eel Rivers 1846:Henry Clay 1503:Winchester 1495:Aaron Burr 1467:Jay Treaty 1447:John Adams 1316:securities 1121:witnesses 1084:, and the 1056:Republican 838:Aaron Burr 761:plantation 716:, and the 693:Montpelier 679:protective 610:democratic 606:republican 580:family in 467:Allegiance 370:Federalist 332:, Virginia 323:1751-03-16 22059:Resources 22042:Textbooks 21925:Biography 21575:Leviathan 21555:Monarchia 21549:(c. 1274) 21384:Oakeshott 21329:Mansfield 21324:Luxemburg 21309:Kropotkin 21204:Bernstein 21157:centuries 21071:Nietzsche 21014:Jefferson 20942:Condorcet 20890:centuries 20869:Pufendorf 20734:Marsilius 20621:Confucius 20606:Aristotle 20599:Antiquity 20527:Noble lie 20447:Third Way 20442:Socialism 20367:Feudalism 20322:Communism 20302:Anarchism 20281:Theocracy 20266:Oligarchy 20246:Democracy 20231:Autocracy 20145:Pluralism 20130:Obedience 20095:Hierarchy 20055:Authority 19750:Beall-Air 19692:John Page 19599:Jefferson 19532:Jane Webb 19339:Creek War 19278:Aftermath 19084:campaigns 19044:War hawks 18981:Aftermath 18969:Campaigns 18859:Jefferson 18801:Hutcheson 18690:Obradović 18659:Lomonosov 18654:Kheraskov 18564:Śniadecki 18328:Weishaupt 18323:Thomasius 18313:Pufendorf 18156:Lavoisier 18141:d'Holbach 18136:Helvétius 18116:Descartes 18111:Condorcet 18106:Condillac 18040:Priestley 17857:Modernity 17778:Democracy 17450:Mary Lyon 17160:inductees 17076:Tillerson 16959:Kissinger 16804:Washburne 16729:Van Buren 16694:Pickering 16684:Jefferson 16418:President 15801:President 15326:Jefferson 15313:Jefferson 15300:Jefferson 15038:timelines 15020:Joe Biden 15014:2017–2021 15004:2009–2017 14994:2001–2009 14984:1993–2001 14974:1989–1993 14964:1981–1989 14954:1977–1981 14944:1974–1977 14934:1969–1974 14924:1963–1969 14914:1961–1963 14904:1953–1961 14894:1945–1953 14884:1933–1945 14874:1929–1933 14864:1923–1929 14854:1921–1923 14844:1913–1921 14834:1909–1913 14824:1901–1909 14814:1897–1901 14804:1893–1897 14794:1889–1893 14784:1885–1889 14774:1881–1885 14754:1877–1881 14744:1869–1877 14734:1865–1869 14724:1861–1865 14714:1857–1861 14704:1853–1857 14694:1850–1853 14684:1849–1850 14674:1845–1849 14664:1841–1845 14644:1837–1841 14634:1829–1837 14624:1825–1829 14614:1817–1825 14604:1809–1817 14594:1801–1809 14584:1797–1801 14574:1789–1797 13823:Saxbe fix 13712:Executive 13667:Take Care 13657:Supremacy 13532:Guarantee 13460:Elections 13231:Formation 12944:1795–1804 12144:(brother) 12126:(stepson) 11864:Memorials 11809:Elections 11339:April 29, 11171:769425385 11056:USA Today 11002:April 21, 10962:April 25, 10584:. Review. 10158:907702592 9791:April 25, 9396:(1992) . 9394:Jay, John 9378:0028-7504 9261:April 20, 9256:0882-7729 9187:0002-8738 8947:March 25, 8874:143805768 8858:0738-2480 8734:1930-6237 8490:Wood 2006 8439:Wood 2009 8091:Cost 2021 7288:Howe 2007 7063:Cost 2021 6964:Wood 2009 6880:Cost 2021 6507:Wood 2009 6471:Wood 2009 6447:Wood 2009 6336:Wood 2009 6312:Wood 2009 5920:Varg 1963 5662:Cost 2021 5501:Cost 2021 5426:Amar 2005 5288:Cost 2021 5237:Cost 2021 5054:Wood 2011 4614:Ball 2017 4409:Kane 1993 4297:Citations 4180:in 1967. 4003:, easing 3897:Princeton 3870:chaplains 3818:Booknotes 3572:Australia 3204:Venizelos 3194:Spadolini 3184:Slaughter 3129:McDonnell 3094:Mackenzie 3039:Jefferson 2994:Griffiths 2974:de Gaulle 2969:Garibaldi 2929:Drakeford 2821:Warburton 2741:Jefferson 2736:Honderich 2716:Condorcet 2603:Christian 2565:Nasserism 2540:Classical 2457:Democracy 2305:1821, by 2252:Creek War 2232:Chickasaw 2062:Baltimore 1980:USS 1878:Guerriere 1869:USS 1694:impressed 1656:Louisiana 1549:Quasi-War 1505:reverend 1195:pseudonym 992:inflation 902:Loyalists 890:Stamp Act 733:Old Style 718:USS 490:1775–1776 450:Signature 435:Education 295:In office 284:In office 211:In office 162:President 153:In office 71:In office 21949:Politics 21830:Centrism 21525:Politics 21515:Republic 21484:Voegelin 21464:Spengler 21449:Shariati 21424:Rothbard 21379:Nussbaum 21279:Habermas 21254:Fukuyama 21244:Foucault 21169:Ambedkar 21146:Voltaire 21116:de Staël 21091:Rousseau 20972:Franklin 20947:Constant 20907:Beccaria 20739:Muhammad 20719:Gelasius 20704:Averroes 20678:Xenophon 20658:Polybius 20611:Chanakya 20456:Concepts 20422:Populism 20392:Localism 20377:Islamism 20362:Feminism 20261:Monarchy 20165:Property 20155:Progress 20120:Monopoly 20090:Hegemony 19825:Woodlawn 19820:Westover 19815:Tuckahoe 19795:Oatlands 19391:Category 19268:Tecumseh 19202:Kentucky 19156:Chippawa 18966:Theaters 18909:Category 18854:Franklin 18821:Playfair 18791:Ferguson 18748:Scotland 18695:Mrazović 18649:Kantemir 18644:Fonvizin 18583:Portugal 18549:Krasicki 18544:Konarski 18539:Kołłątaj 18491:Koerbagh 18440:Genovesi 18425:Beccaria 18387:Berkeley 18318:Schiller 18283:Humboldt 18257:Saussure 18252:Rousseau 18216:Voltaire 18171:Maréchal 18146:Jaucourt 18101:Châtelet 18096:Chamfort 18045:Reynolds 17948:Thinkers 17852:Midlands 17841:Lumières 17811:Humanism 17804:Haskalah 17350:Asa Gray 17006:Albright 16764:Buchanan 16689:Randolph 16259:Endorsee 16195:Nominees 16081:Nominees 16001:Nominees 15565:Treasury 15434:speakers 15409:Crawford 15382:Tompkins 15369:Tompkins 15173:Category 15075:Coolidge 15050:McKinley 14105:Virginia 14079:Maryland 14043:Delaware 13945:New York 13722:Vicinage 13716:Judicial 13440:Contract 13410:Commerce 13298:Printing 13112:Proposed 12824:Preamble 12817:Articles 12756:Category 12741:complete 12717:timeline 12260:(papers) 12257:John Jay 12252:(papers) 12244:(papers) 12138:(mother) 12132:(father) 12097:magazine 12014:Hamilton 11313:LibriVox 11130:(1983). 11084:April 4, 11022:July 14, 11016:Archived 10942:June 24, 10936:Archived 10906:April 4, 10888:July 22, 10794:CBS News 10700:(2011). 10674:(2009). 10645:June 24, 10609:61254015 10541:(1963). 10478:(2002). 10426:March 8, 10296:(1999). 10284:and the 10217:Archived 10136:(2016). 10046:(2012). 10020:(1976). 9904:(2013). 9894:01020807 9803:(2006). 9755:(2006). 9731:(2009). 9709:(2003). 9683:(2002). 9659:(1990). 9608:(1993). 9484:(2007). 9273:(1905). 9221:(2003). 9197:(2017). 9164:11256111 9144:(1984). 9054:(2004). 9017:(2010). 8910:(2016). 8884:(1976). 8866:25701109 8744:(2005). 4142:Hamilton 4125:renamed 3966:freedmen 3855:Religion 3642:Scotland 3582:Barbados 3233:Republic 3149:Prescott 3119:Naysmith 3109:McKechin 3069:La Malfa 3064:Khomeini 3024:Iorwerth 2989:Griffith 2964:Gambetta 2959:Galloway 2944:Ferguson 2924:Davidson 2919:Cromwell 2914:Connolly 2894:Campbell 2811:Sunstein 2796:Rousseau 2791:Polybius 2726:Franklin 2706:Chappell 2701:Cattaneo 2638:People's 2623:Imperial 2555:Kemalism 2492:Republic 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