43:
1942:, Korea has the longest unbroken chain of indentured servitude or slavery of any society in history (spanning about 1,500 years) in part due to the fact that the social structure was one of the most stable in world history with a single polity existing from the time of Silla to Joseon. which he attributes to a long history of peaceful transitions and stable societies in Korea. Peterson cites this as " proof that Korean history has been remarkably peaceful and stable until the 20th century".
4714:
4724:
2196:, Korean slaves were taken from Korea to Japan, with the first shipment being taken in October 1592. The topic of Japan's role in Korean slavery is controversial, with scholars of both Japan and Korea accused of intentionally over or underestimating the number of slaves. The number itself is thus uncertain, with figures ranging from tens of thousands to over 100,000. 100,000 people was around 1% of the total population of Korea at the time.
2497:. North Korea is the only country in the world that has not explicitly criminalized any form of modern slavery. A United Nations report listed slavery among the crimes against humanity occurring in North Korea. Revenues derived from North Korean slave labor also are diverted to fund and develop the country's nuclear weapons program.
2157:
system, nobi were assigned two pieces of agricultural land, with the resulting produce from the first land paid to the master, and the produce from the second land kept by the nobi to consume or sell. In order to gain freedom, nobi could purchase it, earn it through military service, or receive it as
1824:
comprised at least 30 percent of the population between the 15th and 17th centuries. They were much more numerous in the southern half of the country, where their population possibly reached 40 percent, and much less numerous in the northern half of the country, where their status was not hereditary.
2436:
made many proposals and developments that lessened the burden on nobi, which led to the emancipation of the vast majority of government nobi in 1801. In addition, population growth, numerous escaped slaves, growing commercialization of agriculture, and the rise of the independent small farmer class
2405:
The international trade of Korean slaves declined shortly after the end of the
Japanese invasions due to a number of factors. The Nagasaki government protested slavery and the export of people from Japan in general, and the Catholic Church began excommunicating people who traded slaves in Japan. On
2203:
became a hub for Korean slavery. There became such an abundance of Korean slaves there that the prices of slaves dropped sharply. The legal status of these slaves was different from those before the Imjin War; they were often deprived of any legal rights by their
Japanese captors. Around one to two
2152:
Household nobi served as personal retainers and domestic servants, and most received a monthly salary that could be supplemented by earnings gained outside regular working hours. Out-resident nobi resided at a distance and were little different from tenant farmers or commoners. They were registered
2161:
The hierarchical relationship between yangban master and nobi was believed to be equivalent to the
Confucian hierarchical relationship between ruler and subject, or father and son. Nobi were considered an extension of the master's own body, and an ideology based on patronage and mutual obligation
1780:
period (1392-1897). In Korean, slave is translated as 'noye' which were a class of people with no legal rights unlike the 'nobi' who had the right to private property, subsistence wages, and were contractually obligated through debt. The Joseon dynasty was a stratified society mainly ruled by the
2423:
system declined in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since the outset of the Joseon dynasty and especially beginning in the 17th century, there was harsh criticism among prominent thinkers in Korea about the nobi system. Even within the Joseon government, there were indications of a shift in attitude
1937:
country, but by the 16th century, population growth was making unnecessary". It is important to note that Korean slavery would be more equivalent to
European serfdom except Korean slaves or 'nobi' technically had more legal rights than European serfs. According to Korean Studies scholar Mark A.
1894:
is often translated as "slave", "serf" or "servant" into
English. However, it is debated what translation is most appropriate due to historical facts and because existing English words are loaded with Western connotations that come with implications for comparative history. It appears that most
3111:
Despite the Mongol invasion in the 13th century and the
Japanese in the 16th century, there was never sufficient social upheaval to unseat the slaveholding system. Rather, hereditary slaveholding through several dynasties became part of the longest unbroken chain of slavery of any country on
1950:, an act that "deprived nobles of much of their manpower in the form of slaves and purged the old nobility, the meritorious subjects and their offspring and military lineages in great numbers". Information about slavery in the middle Goryeo period is nonexistent.
3265:
Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves (nobi) in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs (nongno) than true slaves (noye) in Europe and
America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be
1945:
Slavery fully developed during the Three
Kingdoms of Korea period. The institution of slavery likely weakened when Silla unified the Korean Peninsula. Slaves were freed on a large scale in 956 by the Goryeo dynasty. Gwangjong of Goryeo proclaimed the
1541:
2465:
around World War II, some
Koreans were used in forced labor by the Japanese, in conditions which have been compared to slavery. These included women forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army before and during World War II, known as
2402:. Korean forced prostitutes were known to have been purchased and shipped abroad. The Portuguese purchase of Korean slaves peaked in 1598, as their price was so cheap. They were forced into cramped ships, with many starving to death.
2173:
enacted a law that granted government nobi women 100 days of maternity leave after childbirth, which, in 1430, was lengthened by one month before childbirth. In 1434, Sejong also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave.
2437:
contributed to the decline in the number of nobi to about 1.5% of the total population by 1858. The hereditary nobi system was officially abolished around 1886 and 1887, and the rest of the nobi system was abolished with the
4679:
2410:
finally succeeded in compelling Goa to abide by restrictions on the slave trade. The international flow of slaves from Japan slowed to a near halt around this time, although slave labor continued to be used.
2488:
With 1,100,000 people in modern slavery (via forced labor), North Korea is ranked highest in the world in terms of the percentage of population in modern slavery, with 10.4 percent enslaved according to the
2199:
However, the taking of slaves was not done exclusively by Japan; Portuguese slave ships took slaves from Korea, and Korean defectors and commoners also participated in the trade. The
Japanese city of
1536:
4689:
2211:) to Japan, during which they asked to retrieve slaves. These missions happened in 1607, 1616, 1624, 1636, and 1643. A number of slaves were returned or escaped on several occasions, with the
3171:
And that is the first clue ― although in my list it's number nine ― that Korea had something going on in regard to peaceful transitions, stable societies and that was the case for centuries.
2125:
class, and some possessed property rights, legal entities and civil rights. Hence, some scholars argue that it is inappropriate to call them "slaves", while some scholars describe them as
2853:
1755:
existed in various forms from its origins in antiquity over 2,000 years ago to its gradual abolition in the late Joseon period, beginning in the 18th century and culminating in 1894.
2366:
who was born to a Korean mother in Macau in 1593. He is possibly the first or among the first Macanese-Korean people. A community of several thousand Korean slaves formed near the
2351:. There are records of thousands of baptisms performed on them by the Portuguese, with some going on to convert other Korean slaves. Some were made saints in the 17th-century (
4438:
4684:
2158:
a favor from the government. The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one-third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population.
4643:
2153:
officially as independent family units and possessed their own houses, families, land, and fortunes. Out-resident nobi were far more numerous than household nobi. In the
4156:
4653:
2363:
2166:
stated: "The nobi is also a human being like us; therefore, it is reasonable to treat him generously" and "In our country, we love our nobis like a part of our body."
1662:
4608:
4583:
4498:
4478:
4428:
4398:
4388:
3958:
4694:
4573:
1526:
1057:
4638:
4528:
4383:
1411:
783:
520:
4658:
4463:
4423:
1147:
788:
4699:
2137:. Some nobi owned their own nobi. According to Bok Rae Kim: "In summary, on the economic, judicial and socio-cultural levels, it is evident that the
1870:, is illegal, although it is estimated that as of 2018 there are about 99,000 slaves (about 0.195% of the population) in existence, according to the
480:
1954:
was a slave who became the most powerful man in Korea. Slavery intensified and many slave rebellions occurred at the end of the Goryeo dynasty.
3899:
835:
3158:
2907:
2861:
2343:(Kim Yŏ-ch'ŏl). Most worked as farmers, and some as craftsman, for Japanese masters. Women were in high demand, and pressed into working in
1531:
1381:
2193:
1801:
contracts, thus complicating the definition of 'slavery' as slaves in the international context usually did not have such legal rights.
862:
2375:
2347:. In some rare cases, Korean slaves worked as interpreters, with an ethnic Korean interpreter of English named "Miguel" attested to in
1608:
360:
810:
1581:
1401:
574:
4155:
Kye, Seung B. (2021), "Slavery in Medieval Korea", in Perry, Craig; Eltis, David; Engerman, Stanley L.; Richardson, David (eds.),
4753:
4628:
3976:
2213:
1739:
845:
263:
4220:
4166:
4037:
3857:
3815:
3194:
3070:
2682:
2149:
system at its zenith between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries may be defined as 'a serfdom developed under slavery'."
1423:
1100:
872:
4353:
1615:
1576:
1219:
4603:
1657:
1294:
954:
805:
601:
510:
1933:. Slavery or serfdom has been described as "very important in medieval Korea, probably more important than in any other
1677:
1371:
1125:
4648:
4271:
3770:
3413:
3367:
3306:
3251:
3097:
2092:
1499:
1376:
800:
569:
436:
3929:
2506:
2187:
1630:
840:
825:
771:
456:
446:
441:
270:
126:
1346:
3186:
Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty
1625:
1396:
202:
3025:
1095:
1083:
663:
475:
121:
4029:
The Portuguese Slave Trade in Early Modern Japan: Merchants, Jesuits and Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Slaves
1929:
1667:
1450:
311:
1829:
population was substantial in the capital, Seoul, where 1729 out of 2374, or 73 percent, were registered as
3087:
2085:
1672:
1516:
1386:
1047:
815:
795:
355:
323:
3996:
3873:
42:
2479:
1732:
1682:
1406:
1324:
451:
232:
52:
1820:
system peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries and then declined in the 18th and 19th centuries. The
1812:
periods. Slaves/Serfs comprised no more than 10 percent of the population before the Joseon period. The
4548:
2539:
2516:
1591:
1443:
1428:
1319:
515:
185:
4748:
3030:
2462:
2446:
1687:
1586:
1117:
1105:
695:
668:
173:
2811:
4370:
4346:
3907:
3148:
2834:
2511:
In media reports from 2015, the abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities on rural island
2367:
1939:
1467:
1336:
889:
678:
163:
64:
2903:
2710:
1816:
system was a major institution during the Joseon period and an important part of the economy. The
343:
4598:
4563:
4518:
2854:"North Korea has most modern-day slaves in the world, report reveals, as rights abuses laid bare"
1916:
1805:
1652:
1391:
1341:
1269:
1042:
820:
764:
747:
178:
2183:
1859:
system was officially abolished in 1894 but vestiges of it remained until the mid-20th century.
4488:
4483:
4378:
4328:
Vinton, C. C. "Slavery and Feudalism in Korea," Korean Repository, II (1895), pp. 366–372
1725:
1694:
1199:
940:
852:
700:
424:
390:
385:
3847:
3760:
3403:
3357:
3296:
3184:
3060:
2733:
1561:
1416:
1329:
1314:
996:
984:
730:
715:
500:
275:
197:
168:
4568:
4448:
2663:
Kim, Sun Joo (2023), Pargas, Damian A.; Schiel, Juliane (eds.), "Slavery in Chosŏn Korea",
2527:
2494:
2490:
2395:
2352:
1879:
1871:
1699:
1603:
1566:
1494:
1438:
1307:
1264:
1078:
1008:
683:
463:
365:
249:
156:
8:
4668:
4588:
4543:
4523:
4513:
4413:
4339:
4132:
4096:
1187:
1167:
1052:
1037:
906:
877:
867:
757:
705:
673:
470:
328:
296:
291:
244:
101:
1882:, an estimated 10.4% of the North Korean population is effectively enslaved as of 2018.
4613:
4508:
4393:
4298:
4198:
4144:
4108:
4072:
2407:
1920:
1433:
1279:
1254:
1244:
1209:
1204:
1172:
1137:
1130:
1071:
1064:
921:
740:
735:
725:
495:
348:
306:
301:
254:
222:
212:
149:
4311:
1919:
period, approximately 2,000 years ago. The earliest record of slavery in Korea is the
370:
316:
4723:
4593:
4558:
4493:
4473:
4408:
4403:
4302:
4267:
4260:
4216:
4202:
4162:
4148:
4112:
4076:
4033:
3959:"Former South Korean Salt Slave Describes 'Living Hell' He Endured Before His Escape"
3853:
3811:
3766:
3409:
3363:
3302:
3247:
3190:
3093:
3066:
2878:
2678:
2433:
2425:
1867:
1521:
1239:
1234:
1177:
1162:
1142:
964:
959:
894:
857:
690:
656:
485:
338:
227:
106:
2204:
thousand Korean slaves were sold to the Portuguese per year between 1592 and 1597.
1903:
there is yet no consensus as to the English word most equivalent to the Korean word
4618:
4578:
4553:
4533:
4468:
4443:
4433:
4418:
4290:
4190:
4136:
4100:
4064:
2816:
2668:
2544:
2399:
2379:
2359:
2348:
2208:
2170:
1711:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1214:
1182:
1152:
1013:
991:
969:
916:
752:
720:
22:
2383:
2105:
Slaves were freed on a large scale at the beginning of the Joseon dynasty. In the
4538:
4503:
4458:
4453:
4362:
4247:
4210:
4181:
4027:
3805:
3483:
3241:
3153:
3056:
2787:
2673:
1620:
1511:
1506:
1259:
1229:
1224:
947:
911:
710:
628:
333:
79:
4140:
4194:
3018:
2523:
2340:
1764:
system is widely debated, with scholars agreeing that it constituted a form of
1704:
1598:
490:
131:
89:
4104:
3124:
2339:
Some slaves were stranded in Japan, with the famous example of Korean samurai
4742:
4717:
2718:
2467:
1809:
1642:
1571:
1018:
1001:
776:
606:
596:
380:
30:
2429:
2142:
1647:
1484:
1460:
1366:
1359:
1090:
618:
591:
554:
532:
419:
136:
116:
94:
84:
74:
69:
59:
4294:
4281:
Palais, James B. (1984). "Slavery and Slave Society in the Koryŏ Period".
899:
4727:
4068:
2512:
2438:
1875:
1863:
1489:
1477:
830:
633:
623:
581:
395:
2450:
1934:
1924:
1878:, slavery is still practiced by the country's regime. According to the
1847:
in the northern half of the country. The Joseon dynasty undermined the
1637:
934:
638:
505:
4249:
The Enduring Institution: A Case Study of Slavery in Traditional Korea
3246:. Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University. p. 50.
3125:"하버드 한국학자가 말하는 한국은 평화로운 역사를 가진 나라?! 소개편 Peaceful Korea - Introduction"
3977:""A living hell" for slaves on remote South Korean island salt farms"
2061:
1951:
1797:
of the majority "non-resident" group owned land, and some even owned
1772:
period (ca 918–1392) but disagreeing whether it constituted slavery,
882:
547:
409:
3946:'evenues from slave labor camps fund Kim Jong-un's nuclear program.'
564:
3981:
3930:"Why the horrors I saw in a N Korean prison camp matter to America"
3488:
2483:
2387:
2200:
2041:
1472:
1030:
974:
926:
586:
431:
286:
192:
4331:
4316:[Slave and the Role of Slave Labor in the Ancient Korea].
2957:
Confucian Perspectives on Egalitarian Thought in Traditional Korea
3807:
Korean History: Discovery of Its Characteristics and Developments
3129:
2344:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2073:
2023:
1987:
1783:
1773:
1765:
1455:
537:
217:
34:
4158:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2: AD 500–AD 1420
3001:
2999:
2997:
2946:. Korean Studies, 27(1), 108–137. doi:10.1353/ks.2005.0009
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2371:
2106:
2067:
2005:
1971:
1835:
1777:
1769:
1157:
979:
559:
542:
404:
239:
207:
3667:
3665:
2959:. International Journal of Korean History, Vol. 12, Aug. 2008.
2944:
Unheard Voices: The Life of the Nobi in O Hwi-mun’s Swaemirok
2667:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 319–338,
2126:
1976:
1787:
class, in which wealth was measured by ownership of land and
414:
400:
375:
2974:
2113:. The nobi were socially indistinct from freemen (i.e., the
1895:
scholars prefer no translation at all and just use the term
3725:
3713:
3689:
3662:
3650:
3626:
3602:
3590:
3539:
3527:
2420:
2391:
2110:
2055:
1789:
1760:
281:
111:
3568:
3566:
2665:
The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History
1899:. According to Kichung Kim: "Among Korean scholars of the
3503:
3460:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
2526:
in absolute numbers South Korea ranked 137th in the 2018
2445:
system lingered in some parts of the country through the
4175:
Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu (January 2010), "Korean
3762:
Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives
3359:
Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives
3220:
3218:
2567:
2565:
4047:
Kim, Kichung (2003a), "Unheard Voices: The Life of the
3701:
3677:
3638:
3614:
3578:
3563:
3551:
3515:
2926:
2924:
2188:
Slavery in Japan § Portuguese slave trade in Japan
3786:
3448:
3429:
3337:
2835:"UN uncovers torture, rape and slavery in North Korea"
2177:
2129:. The Korean word for a slave in the Western sense is
4179:
and American Black Slavery: An Essay in Comparison",
3327:
3325:
3215:
2690:
2644:
2632:
2589:
2562:
3301:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 168.
2921:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2530:, with some 99,000 people estimated to be enslaved.
2358:
Some slaves were sent to other places, including to
1412:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3759:Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (November 2011).
3356:Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (November 2011).
3065:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13.
2962:
1843:, or "hired servant", was used instead of the term
4259:
4123:resistance under the Chosun dynasty (1392–1910)",
3737:
3383:
3322:
3271:
3203:
2756:
2744:
3824:
3298:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
3085:
2768:
2620:
2601:
2577:
2414:
2109:period, members of the slave class were known as
4740:
4161:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 295–312,
2362:. Correspondingly, there is a record of a slave
1527:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3906:. The Minderoo Foundation. 2016. Archived from
3055:
2221:# Korean slaves who returned to Korea per year
3841:
3839:
3086:Peterson, Mark A.; Margulies, Phillip (2010).
3062:Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition
4347:
3845:
3408:. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 267.
2829:
2827:
2093:
1733:
4309:
4245:
4212:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
3051:
3049:
3047:
1866:, slavery, or more generally referred to as
1532:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
4235:
4063:(1), University of Hawai'i Press: 108–137,
3852:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 277.
3836:
3142:
3140:
2804:
4354:
4340:
2824:
2812:"Korea ranks 49th in Global Slavery Index"
2086:
1915:Slavery in Korea existed since before the
1851:system in 1731, 1744, 1783, and 1801. The
1740:
1726:
4257:
4208:
3758:
3355:
3235:
3233:
3044:
3005:
2672:
1855:population declined to 1.5% by 1858. The
4174:
4025:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3224:
3146:
3137:
2930:
1537:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1402:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1382:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
4262:State and Society in Contemporary Korea
3290:
3288:
3286:
3182:
2936:
2873:
2871:
2214:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
4741:
4280:
3810:. Hollym. 1 January 2004. p. 14.
3754:
3752:
3239:
3230:
1957:
1804:Slavery was not widespread during the
4335:
4324:. Society for Korean Ancient History.
4318:The Journal of Korean Ancient History
3477:
3475:
2851:
2711:"노비로 지탱된 조선 봉건 양반제…퇴계도 367명 노비 문서 남겨"
2207:Korea sent five diplomatic missions (
1424:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1101:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
4119:Kim, Bok-Rae (August 2004), "Korean
4046:
3405:Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들
3295:Seth, Michael J. (16 October 2010).
3294:
3283:
2968:
2868:
1616:Slave marriages in the United States
1220:Human trafficking in the Middle East
4361:
4154:
4118:
4082:
3927:
3830:
3792:
3749:
3743:
3389:
3343:
3331:
3277:
3209:
3092:. Infobase Publishing. p. 47.
2774:
2762:
2750:
2731:
2708:
2696:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2178:Japanese and Portuguese slave trade
955:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
4229:
3472:
3401:
2904:"Korean slavery - The Korea Times"
2879:"Maps | Global Slavery Index"
2432:in 1775, and he and his successor
2398:, where he was killed in the 1623
1609:last survivors of American slavery
14:
4765:
3481:
3147:Peterson, Mark A. (10 May 2020).
2456:
2217:recording the following figures:
2184:Slavery in Portugal § Asians
570:Field slaves in the United States
437:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
4722:
4713:
4712:
3846:Helen Tierney (1 January 1999).
3765:. SUNY Press. pp. 140–141.
2507:Human trafficking in South Korea
2428:implemented a policy of gradual
447:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
442:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
271:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
41:
4087:: A Korean System of Slavery",
3989:
3969:
3951:
3921:
3892:
3866:
3798:
3395:
3349:
3176:
3161:from the original on 2020-08-22
3117:
3079:
3011:
2949:
2910:from the original on 2023-12-26
2896:
2852:Smith, Nicola (July 19, 2018).
2845:
2780:
2725:
2702:
2519:has been described as slavery.
2121:classes) other than the ruling
1397:Committee of Experts on Slavery
948:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4754:1894 disestablishments in Asia
4680:British Indian Ocean Territory
4026:De Sousa, Lúcio (2019-01-21).
3928:Kim, Joseph (16 August 2020).
3243:Views on Korean social history
3026:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
2656:
2500:
2473:
2415:Late Joseon period and decline
1885:
1096:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
4209:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997),
4083:Kim, Bok Rae (August 2003), "
2550:
1930:Records of the Three Kingdoms
4266:. Cornell University Press.
3880:. Walk Free Foundation. 2023
3849:Women's Studies Encyclopedia
2674:10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_18
2555:
2449:from 1910 to 1945 until the
2370:. Other slaves were sent to
1387:Temporary Slavery Commission
1048:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
4310:Lee In-Cheol (March 2003).
4141:10.1080/0144039042000293036
3362:. SUNY Press. p. 140.
2533:
2480:Human rights in North Korea
2194:Japanese invasions of Korea
1407:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
452:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
4770:
4195:10.1177/097639961000100102
4019:
3183:Breuker, Remco E. (2010).
2540:History of slavery in Asia
2504:
2477:
2181:
1910:
1793:. During this period, the
1592:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1429:Anti-Slavery International
1194:North Africa and West Asia
4708:
4667:
4627:
4369:
4283:Journal of Korean Studies
4238:Slavery in Medieval Korea
4105:10.1080/01440390308559162
3904:Global Slavery Index 2016
3240:Palais, James B. (1998).
3031:Academy of Korean Studies
2081:
1688:Emancipation Proclamation
1360:Opposition and resistance
1118:Sex trafficking in Europe
1106:Blackbirding in Polynesia
669:Trans-Saharan slave trade
4429:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4312:
3484:"포르투갈에 끌려온 조선인 노예를 생각하다"
3089:A Brief History of Korea
3019:
2709:노주석 (21 December 2018).
2463:Japanese rule over Korea
1940:Brigham Young University
1468:Compensated emancipation
679:Indian Ocean slave trade
4690:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4125:Slavery & Abolition
4089:Slavery & Abolition
3934:The Dallas Morning News
1917:Three Kingdoms of Korea
1392:1926 Slavery Convention
1148:Germany in World War II
765:North and South America
287:Contract of manumission
4313:한국 고대사회에서 노비와 노비노동의 역할
4240:. Columbia University.
4003:. Walk Free Foundation
3189:. BRILL. p. 150.
2788:"Global Slavery Index"
2734:"세종 재해석한 이영훈 전 서울대 교수"
2522:In terms of people in
2441:of 1894. However, the
2164:Annals of King Taejong
2141:of the era were not '
873:British Virgin Islands
425:Circassian slave trade
391:Safavid imperial harem
386:Ottoman Imperial Harem
4295:10.1353/jks.1984.0006
4252:. Harvard University.
4246:Ellen J. Kim (1991).
3402:Yi, Pae-yong (2008).
2740:(in Korean). 조선뉴스프레스.
2732:조성관 (23 March 2018).
2229:# repatriated slaves
2192:During the 1592–1598
1776:, or both during the
1112:Europe and North Asia
1072:Australia and Oceania
772:Pre-Columbian America
344:Slave raid of Suðuroy
276:Slavery in al-Andalus
198:Black Sea slave trade
127:21st-century jihadism
4604:United Arab Emirates
4236:Ellen Salem (1978).
4133:Taylor & Francis
4097:Taylor & Francis
4069:10.1353/ks.2005.0009
3482:손, 호철 (2019-11-19).
3225:Rhee & Yang 2010
3059:(4 September 2014).
2931:Rhee & Yang 2010
2528:Global Slavery Index
2495:Global Slavery Index
2491:Walk Free Foundation
2394:, and likely one to
2368:Church of Saint Paul
2353:205 Martyrs of Japan
1963:Joseon class system
1880:Global Slavery Index
1872:Global Slavery Index
1839:from 1663. The term
1567:Indentured servitude
1495:Underground Railroad
1295:United Arab Emirates
684:Zanzibar slave trade
651:By country or region
464:Atlantic slave trade
366:Ma malakat aymanukum
250:Venetian slave trade
4631:limited recognition
3795:, pp. 165–166.
3734:, pp. 180–181.
3722:, pp. 114–115.
3698:, pp. 130–131.
3674:, pp. 128–129.
3659:, pp. 127–128.
3635:, pp. 106–107.
3611:, pp. 111–112.
3599:, pp. 104–105.
3548:, pp. 541–542.
3536:, pp. 288–289.
3346:, pp. 157–158.
3008:, pp. 392–393.
2841:. 15 February 2014.
2699:, pp. 302–303.
2653:, pp. 159–160.
2641:, pp. 296–297.
2598:, pp. 156–157.
2574:, pp. 155–156.
2376:Spanish Philippines
2222:
2017:intermediate class
1964:
1958:Early Joseon period
1768:until at least the
1653:Slave Route Project
784:Americas indigenous
674:Red Sea slave trade
664:Contemporary Africa
527:Topics and practice
297:Crimean slave trade
292:Bukhara slave trade
245:Genoese slave trade
122:Contemporary Africa
102:Forced prostitution
4258:Hagen Koo (1993).
4242:, PhD dissertation
2406:January 26, 1607,
2378:, at least one to
2220:
1962:
1948:Slave and Land Act
1927:, recorded in the
1921:Eight Prohibitions
1758:The nature of the
1434:Blockade of Africa
741:Somali slave trade
657:Sub-Saharan Africa
349:Turkish Abductions
307:Khivan slave trade
302:Khazar slave trade
255:Balkan slave trade
213:Prague slave trade
4736:
4735:
4673:other territories
4222:978-0-87436-885-7
4168:978-0-521-84067-5
4039:978-90-04-38807-9
3985:. 2 January 2015.
3965:. 2 January 2015.
3859:978-0-313-31071-3
3817:978-1-56591-177-2
3512:, pp. 92–93.
3469:, pp. 93–94.
3196:978-90-04-18325-4
3072:978-0-8108-7528-9
2684:978-3-031-13260-5
2424:toward the nobi.
2337:
2336:
2103:
2102:
1868:human trafficking
1750:
1749:
1700:Freedmen's Bureau
1522:Third Servile War
1517:International law
1084:Human trafficking
846:Human trafficking
521:Thirteen colonies
339:Sack of Baltimore
107:Human trafficking
4761:
4749:Slavery in Korea
4726:
4716:
4715:
4685:Christmas Island
4371:Sovereign states
4363:Slavery in Asia
4356:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4306:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4225:
4205:
4171:
4151:
4115:
4079:
4043:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4001:www.walkfree.org
3993:
3987:
3986:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3963:Business Insider
3955:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3878:www.walkfree.org
3870:
3864:
3863:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3149:"Korean slavery"
3144:
3135:
3134:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3053:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2942:Kim, K. (2003).
2940:
2934:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2883:www.walkfree.org
2875:
2866:
2865:
2860:. Archived from
2849:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2817:The Korea Herald
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2545:Slavery in Japan
2400:Amboyna massacre
2360:Portuguese Macau
2223:
2219:
2209:Joseon Tongsinsa
2171:Sejong the Great
2095:
2088:
2053:lowborn people (
1965:
1961:
1753:Slavery in Korea
1742:
1735:
1728:
1712:Emancipation Day
1545:
1512:Slave Trade Acts
203:Byzantine Empire
45:
18:
17:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4704:
4672:
4663:
4644:Northern Cyprus
4630:
4623:
4365:
4360:
4314:
4274:
4232:
4230:Further reading
4223:
4182:Millennial Asia
4169:
4051:in O Hwi-mun's
4040:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3939:
3937:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3493:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3162:
3157:. South Korea.
3154:The Korea Times
3145:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3057:Martin A. Klein
3054:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3004:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2850:
2846:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2730:
2726:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2536:
2509:
2503:
2486:
2476:
2459:
2447:Japanese period
2417:
2364:Miguel Carvalho
2190:
2180:
2162:developed. The
2145:' and that the
2099:
1960:
1913:
1888:
1746:
1717:
1716:
1621:Slave narrative
1577:Fugitive slaves
1557:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1507:Slave rebellion
1362:
1352:
1351:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1122:United Kingdom
1058:Yankee princess
652:
644:
643:
371:Avret Pazarları
317:Avret Pazarları
186:Medieval Europe
152:
142:
141:
80:Forced marriage
55:
12:
11:
5:
4767:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4307:
4289:(1): 173–190.
4278:
4272:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4206:
4172:
4167:
4152:
4116:
4080:
4057:Korean Studies
4044:
4038:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
3988:
3968:
3950:
3920:
3900:"Asia-Pacific"
3891:
3865:
3858:
3835:
3823:
3816:
3797:
3785:
3771:
3748:
3746:, p. 160.
3736:
3724:
3712:
3710:, p. 112.
3700:
3688:
3686:, p. 144.
3676:
3661:
3649:
3647:, p. 122.
3637:
3625:
3623:, p. 106.
3613:
3601:
3589:
3587:, p. 105.
3577:
3575:, p. 178.
3562:
3560:, p. 103.
3550:
3538:
3526:
3524:, p. 110.
3514:
3502:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3428:
3414:
3394:
3392:, p. 158.
3382:
3368:
3348:
3336:
3334:, p. 157.
3321:
3307:
3282:
3280:, p. 159.
3270:
3252:
3229:
3214:
3212:, p. 299.
3202:
3195:
3175:
3136:
3116:
3098:
3078:
3071:
3043:
3010:
3006:Rodriguez 1997
2973:
2971:, p. 109.
2961:
2955:Seung B. Kye:
2948:
2935:
2920:
2906:. 2023-12-26.
2895:
2867:
2864:on 2018-07-19.
2844:
2823:
2803:
2779:
2767:
2765:, p. 165.
2755:
2753:, p. 303.
2743:
2724:
2701:
2689:
2683:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2629:, p. 295.
2619:
2617:, p. 166.
2600:
2588:
2586:, p. 155.
2576:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2524:modern slavery
2502:
2499:
2475:
2472:
2458:
2457:Modern slavery
2455:
2416:
2413:
2408:King Philip II
2341:Wakita Naokata
2335:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2179:
2176:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2035:common people
2033:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1912:
1909:
1887:
1884:
1806:Three Kingdoms
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1599:List of slaves
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Dutch Republic
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
967:
962:
957:
951:
950:
944:
943:
938:
931:
930:
929:
924:
914:
909:
904:
903:
902:
892:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
860:
855:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
792:
791:
781:
780:
779:
768:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
744:
743:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
676:
671:
666:
660:
659:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
602:Child soldiers
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
578:
577:
567:
562:
557:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
529:
528:
524:
523:
518:
513:
511:Spanish Empire
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Middle Passage
488:
483:
478:
473:
467:
466:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
320:
319:
312:Ottoman Empire
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
258:
257:
247:
242:
237:
236:
235:
230:
225:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
188:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
159:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
132:Sexual slavery
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
98:
97:
92:
90:Child marriage
87:
77:
72:
67:
65:Child soldiers
62:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4766:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:South Ossetia
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4320:(in Korean).
4319:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4273:0-8014-8106-6
4269:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4254:, A.B. Thesis
4251:
4250:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4002:
3998:
3997:"South Korea"
3992:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3910:on 2017-09-28
3909:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3874:"North Korea"
3869:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3833:, p. 48.
3832:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3774:
3772:9781438437774
3768:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3732:De Sousa 2019
3728:
3721:
3720:De Sousa 2019
3716:
3709:
3708:De Sousa 2019
3704:
3697:
3696:De Sousa 2019
3692:
3685:
3684:De Sousa 2019
3680:
3673:
3672:De Sousa 2019
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:De Sousa 2019
3653:
3646:
3645:De Sousa 2019
3641:
3634:
3633:De Sousa 2019
3629:
3622:
3621:De Sousa 2019
3617:
3610:
3609:De Sousa 2019
3605:
3598:
3597:De Sousa 2019
3593:
3586:
3585:De Sousa 2019
3581:
3574:
3573:De Sousa 2019
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:De Sousa 2019
3554:
3547:
3546:De Sousa 2019
3542:
3535:
3534:De Sousa 2019
3530:
3523:
3522:De Sousa 2019
3518:
3511:
3510:De Sousa 2019
3506:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3467:De Sousa 2019
3463:
3457:, p. 93.
3456:
3455:De Sousa 2019
3451:
3445:, p. 92.
3444:
3443:De Sousa 2019
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3417:
3415:9788973007721
3411:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3371:
3369:9781438437774
3365:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3310:
3308:9780742567177
3304:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3255:
3253:9788971414415
3249:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3172:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3101:
3099:9781438127385
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3032:
3029:(in Korean).
3028:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2858:The Telegraph
2855:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2820:. 2014-11-20.
2819:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2777:, p. 60.
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2719:The Hankyoreh
2717:(in Korean).
2716:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2468:comfort women
2464:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:was taken to
2385:
2384:António Corea
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:socially dead
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:Unified Silla
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
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1721:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
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1676:
1674:
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1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Slave catcher
1641:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Forced labour
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
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1523:
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1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
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1496:
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1486:
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1479:
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1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:Abolitionists
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
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1365:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1348:
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1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
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1303:
1296:
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1228:
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1218:
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1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
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1184:
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1179:
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1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
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1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:comfort women
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:Chukri System
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
891:
890:Latin America
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
841:interregional
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:prison labour
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:United States
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
655:
654:
648:
647:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
611:
608:
607:White slavery
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Slave raiding
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
565:Corvée labour
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Abbasid harem
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
324:Barbary Coast
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
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4669:Dependencies
4599:Turkmenistan
4564:Saudi Arabia
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2517:Sinan County
2510:
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2434:King Jeongjo
2430:emancipation
2426:King Yeongjo
2418:
2404:
2396:Ambon Island
2357:
2338:
2212:
2206:
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2004:
1999:noble class
1986:
1947:
1944:
1938:Peterson of
1928:
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1904:
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1821:
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1798:
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1782:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1648:Slave patrol
1485:Freedom suit
1461:Sierra Leone
1451:Colonization
1367:Abolitionism
1347:Baháʼí Faith
1320:Christianity
1270:Saudi Arabia
1126:Penal Labour
1091:Blackbirding
1025:
997:Debt bondage
985:penal system
811:Contemporary
801:Field slaves
789:U.S. Natives
748:South Africa
619:Galley slave
592:Slave market
582:House slaves
555:Blackbirding
533:Conscription
457:21st century
420:Umm al-walad
264:Muslim world
233:Emancipation
137:Wage slavery
117:Penal labour
95:Wife selling
85:Bride buying
70:Conscription
60:Child Labour
53:Contemporary
15:
4728:Asia portal
4629:States with
4549:Philippines
4489:South Korea
4484:North Korea
4379:Afghanistan
4189:(1): 5–39,
4099:: 155–168,
4007:10 November
3884:10 November
3778:14 February
3492:(in Korean)
3375:16 February
3314:16 February
3259:15 February
2888:10 November
2501:South Korea
2474:North Korea
2439:Gabo Reform
1886:Terminology
1876:North Korea
1864:South Korea
1663:court cases
1540: [
1490:Slave Power
1478:Manumission
1325:Catholicism
1200:Afghanistan
941:Puerto Rico
853:The Bahamas
831:Slave codes
634:Shanghaiing
624:Impressment
516:Slave Coast
396:Qajar harem
356:Concubinage
329:slave trade
4743:Categories
4609:Uzbekistan
4584:Tajikistan
4499:Kyrgyzstan
4479:Kazakhstan
4399:Bangladesh
4389:Azerbaijan
3914:2016-10-12
3496:2024-02-26
2914:2024-02-06
2797:2024-02-06
2551:References
2513:salt farms
2505:See also:
2478:See also:
2451:Korean War
2182:See also:
1935:East Asian
1925:Old Joseon
1862:In modern
1678:J.Q. Adams
1668:Washington
1638:Slave name
1587:convention
1562:Common law
935:Encomienda
731:Seychelles
716:Mauritania
639:Slave ship
506:Panyarring
501:New France
150:Historical
4695:Hong Kong
4649:Palestine
4574:Sri Lanka
4569:Singapore
4449:Indonesia
4303:144729639
4203:143045976
4149:144479998
4135:: 48–62,
4113:144807099
4077:161283466
4053:Swaemirok
4032:. Brill.
3940:17 August
3421:18 August
3165:22 August
3105:22 August
2969:Kim 2003a
2839:The Times
2792:Walk Free
2556:Citations
2453:in 1950.
2169:In 1426,
2062:baekjeong
1952:Yi Ui-min
1890:The term
1673:Jefferson
1330:Mormonism
1265:Palestine
1079:Australia
1009:Indonesia
900:Lei Áurea
883:Code Noir
863:Caribbean
836:Treatment
575:Treatment
548:Devshirme
410:Odalisque
228:In Russia
169:Babylonia
157:Antiquity
4718:Category
4639:Abkhazia
4589:Thailand
4544:Pakistan
4524:Mongolia
4519:Maldives
4514:Malaysia
4414:Cambodia
3982:CBS News
3831:Kim 2004
3793:Kim 2003
3744:Kim 2003
3489:Pressian
3390:Kim 2003
3344:Kim 2003
3332:Kim 2003
3278:Kim 2003
3266:allowed.
3210:Kye 2021
3159:Archived
3036:25 March
2908:Archived
2775:Kim 2004
2763:Kim 2003
2751:Kye 2021
2697:Kye 2021
2651:Kim 2003
2639:Kye 2021
2627:Kye 2021
2615:Kim 2003
2596:Kim 2003
2584:Kim 2003
2572:Kim 2003
2534:See also
2493:'s 2018
2484:Kwalliso
2388:Florence
2345:brothels
2201:Nagasaki
2077:, etc.)
2042:Cheonmin
1705:Iron bit
1695:40 acres
1658:breeding
1473:Freedman
1308:Religion
1168:Portugal
1053:Thailand
1043:Maldives
1038:Malaysia
1031:Kwalliso
975:Booi Aha
927:Restavek
907:Colombia
878:Trinidad
868:Barbados
758:Zanzibar
706:Ethiopia
587:Saqaliba
481:Database
432:Saqaliba
193:Ancillae
23:a series
21:Part of
4614:Vietnam
4529:Myanmar
4509:Lebanon
4439:Georgia
4394:Bahrain
4384:Armenia
4020:Sources
3936:. Texas
3130:YouTube
2715:서울&
2461:During
2374:in the
2155:chakkae
2123:yangban
2074:gisaeng
2024:Sangmin
1988:Yangban
1981:Status
1911:History
1841:meoseum
1784:yangban
1774:serfdom
1766:serfdom
1683:Lincoln
1556:Related
1456:Liberia
1342:Judaism
1280:Tunisia
1255:Morocco
1245:Lebanon
1210:Bahrain
1205:Algeria
1173:Romania
1138:Denmark
1131:Slavery
1065:Vietnam
736:Somalia
726:Nigeria
701:Comoros
629:Pirates
538:Ghilman
471:Bristol
361:history
334:pirates
223:History
112:Peonage
35:slavery
4659:Taiwan
4594:Turkey
4559:Russia
4494:Kuwait
4474:Jordan
4464:Israel
4424:Cyprus
4409:Brunei
4404:Bhutan
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3020:노비(奴婢)
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2349:Hirado
2186:, and
2133:, not
2119:common
2115:middle
2107:Joseon
2068:mudang
2006:Jungin
1972:Hangul
1836:hojeok
1778:Joseon
1770:Goryeo
1604:owners
1240:Kuwait
1235:Jordan
1188:Sweden
1178:Russia
1163:Poland
1158:Norway
980:Laogai
965:Brunei
960:Bhutan
922:revolt
895:Brazil
858:Canada
821:partus
806:female
691:Angola
560:Coolie
543:Mamluk
496:Nantes
476:Brazil
405:Cariye
240:Thrall
208:Kholop
174:Greece
4700:Macau
4619:Yemen
4579:Syria
4554:Qatar
4534:Nepal
4469:Japan
4444:India
4434:Egypt
4419:China
4299:S2CID
4199:S2CID
4145:S2CID
4131:(2),
4109:S2CID
4095:(2),
4073:S2CID
2382:, an
2330:1643
2322:1630
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2258:1603
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2242:1601
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2226:Year
2139:nobis
2127:serfs
1977:Hanja
1968:Class
1874:. In
1833:in a
1631:songs
1626:films
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1337:Islam
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1290:Yemen
1285:Qatar
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1250:Libya
1215:Egypt
1183:Spain
1153:Malta
1026:Korea
1014:Japan
992:India
970:China
917:Haiti
777:Aztec
753:Sudan
721:Niger
613:Naval
486:Dutch
415:Qiyan
401:Jarya
376:Harem
218:Serfs
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4539:Oman
4504:Laos
4459:Iraq
4454:Iran
4268:ISBN
4217:ISBN
4177:Nobi
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4121:nobi
4085:Nobi
4049:Nobi
4034:ISBN
4009:2023
3942:2020
3886:2023
3854:ISBN
3812:ISBN
3780:2017
3767:ISBN
3423:2018
3410:ISBN
3377:2017
3364:ISBN
3316:2017
3303:ISBN
3261:2017
3248:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3167:2020
3107:2020
3094:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3038:2023
2890:2023
2738:주간조선
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1444:U.S.
1439:U.K.
1377:U.S.
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1260:Oman
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912:Cuba
816:maps
711:Mali
696:Chad
282:Baqt
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