World War II - Knowledge

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resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war.

1952: 376: 11868:" The principal cause of Japan's surrender was the ability of the United States to increase the military vulnerability of Japan's home islands, persuading Japanese leaders that defense of the homeland was highly unlikely to succeed. The key military factor causing this effect was the sea blockade, which crippled Japan's ability to produce and equip the forces necessary to execute its strategy. The most important factor accounting for the timing of surrender was the Soviet attack against Manchuria, largely because it persuaded previously adamant Army leaders that the homeland could not be defended.". 424: 113: 3421: 104: 436: 448: 9984:, p. 5, calls attention to the fact that "the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure. Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia. It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations, taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects." Dower goes on to note that, before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt, many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces. 3950: 400: 4339: 3575: 5511: 4763: 2888: 24477: 388: 4230: 5771: 6261: 2182: 6147: 6597: 2325: 5873: 5735:. By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, it continued in relative economic decline for decades. The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era, having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted 3683: 4625: 3889:, China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. 6376: 2992: 8203:, p. 128, observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, "ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshaven. The French, who committed to attacking Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so." 84: 7526:: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies." 3775:, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo. At the same time, Japan was 6408:

Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.

9493:, pp. 213–214, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before. ... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse." 2884:. On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. 4209:, though the latter failed disastrously. By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another 3291:, but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. 5985:. The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. 5389:. In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A 6676:, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German 6893:

using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The USSR also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of

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In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European

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The Soviet Union alone lost around 27 million people during the war, including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. A quarter of the total people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed. Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front

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in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken

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on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign.

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mineral raw materials are the basis of industrial power, and this in turn is the basis of military power. England and the United States of America alone control economic proportions of nearly three-fourths of the world's production of minerals. Not less important, they control the seas over which

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Subtitle: "Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian". Quote: "The state of war between the U.S.S.R. and Japan ends on the day the present

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Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. During these negotiations, Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. At the same time the United

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The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the

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of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans

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was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend the offensive. Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its

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with increases in speed, armour and firepower. At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding

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The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg

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to the Emperor. On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other

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Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939

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frequently turned local public opinion against them. During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels

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Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. To prevent American

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With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in

3211:. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940, Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " 3471:

to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union.

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Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later. On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of

13121:"Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators" 4423:, thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified 4408:. Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' 5896:, civilian deaths are between 10 million and 20 million, whereas Chinese military casualties (killed and wounded) are estimated to be over five million. Other estimates say that up to 30 million people, most of them civilians, were killed. The most infamous Japanese atrocity was the 3929:

An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.

15357: 7045: 9398:, p. 26: "By 1 November had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½ million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions." 6280:

of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.

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found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the

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By producing nearly two thirds of the munitions used by Allied forces – including huge numbers of aircraft, ships, tanks, trucks, rifles, artillery shells, and bombs – American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt once called 'the arsenal of democracy'

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for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World

1923:, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the 7285: 2675:

I. Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.

2256:. The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing 6894:

resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $ 15 billion to $ 20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the

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by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and

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and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the

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1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million

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with Germany, after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western

2282:. Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the 4960:. By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, 9936:, p. 26: "The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure." 6230:(Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. 1943:

agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a

6647:, which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War 7350: 1704:, who stated that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and the two wars became World War II in 1941. Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the 6428:

contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of

27194: 7280: 2977:, with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. Meanwhile, German-Soviet political relations and economic co-operation gradually stalled, and both states began preparations for war. 3234:. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 when 13425:

Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August

10050:, p. 155, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front." 3467:. However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. In November 1940, 8374:

Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, pp. 186–87. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place."

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World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world, and it set the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The

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The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. In early August, the United States

2769:. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. followed by 5688:, and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of 3783:

States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. Roosevelt reinforced

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in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador

4104:. Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and 3076:

rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able

6276:) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion U.S. dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the 3716:. In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the 2679:

In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish

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as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War

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and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous

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Lee, En-han (2002). "The Nanking Massacre Reassessed: A Study of the Sino-Japanese Controversy over the Factual Number of Massacred Victims". In Robert Sabella; Fei Fei Li; David Liu (eds.).

5373:, both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the 7147: 27214: 11322: 3100: 2535:, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to 7317: 6656:

tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. Many means of

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between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the

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of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of

4577:, which were repulsed by the Axis troops. The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. 2385: 1636: 4507:, while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. 5684:

The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a

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was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the

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Steury, Donald P. (1987). "Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare".

10059: 6416:. While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the 2456:, which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at 7017: 2426:

by October. Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to

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from 1945 to 1948. Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years.

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Zur Debatte um die Ausstellung Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 im Kieler Landeshaus (Debate on the War of Extermination. Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941–1944)

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Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about

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had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the

5287:, which was the largest Japanese fighting force. These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. The Red Army also captured the 4252:, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the 3989:

was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the

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due to the relatively low cost of aircraft and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the

6185:. By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to 3219:

programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was

23048: 6124: 6100: 3543:. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel. By mid-August, however, the German 1439:

was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming

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J. Arch Getty, Gábor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basisof Archival Evidence.

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Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible."

5900:, in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered. Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the 3720:—which banned U.S. exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. During 1939 Japan launched its 24686: 24399: 22417: 13163: 4256:

by early February, followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in

3318:. The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The 1739:

The exact date of the war's end also is not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 (

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against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern

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attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of

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that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines. German special forces then

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The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate

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II issues. No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the

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was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre.

4280:, demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. 1756: 1351:, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies 16718:

Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.).

16392: 11232:, pp. 406–407: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war." 10178: 26595: 23360: 22723: 22032: 21657: 21201: 13894: 10238: 10208: 10148: 9741: 5830: 5704: 3267: 3255: 2954: 1245: 771: 258: 253: 14476: 6344:

which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination,

26367: 24681: 24635: 22373: 22319: 21505: 16695:(1998). "Hitler's Decision in Favour of War". In Horst Boog; Jürgen Förster; Joachim Hoffmann; Ernst Klink; Rolf-Dieter Muller; Gerd R. Ueberschar (eds.). 6692:, a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. 6127:

were kept in especially unbearable conditions, and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. In addition to

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Klavans, Richard A.; Di Benedetto, C. Anthony; Prudom, Melanie J. (1997). "Understanding Competitive Interactions: The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Market".

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in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the

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After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to

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in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a

1681: 1324: 1214: 18575:(1993). "Reconstruction and the UK Postwar Welfare State: False Start and New Beginning". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). 17674: 16486: 12984: 7826: 5248:

about Germany, and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that "

4910:, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces 27199: 26242: 21352: 13592: 8042: 7686:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

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In the 1930s Britain and the United States of America together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power.

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Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president,

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was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.

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system of deadly camps during 1942–43, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, including foreign citizens of Poland and

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in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to

4377:. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to 3941:

extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944.

3756:, effectively ending their co-operation. In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during 2873: 2655: 16188:(1993). "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). 12045: 8892: 3158: 3066:

region, which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. By successfully implementing new

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The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed

27259: 24530: 22016: 21396: 11693: 8461: 7137: 6197: 5437: 4592:. In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, and Chinese forces that had 2973:. The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal 1159: 11314: 5888:

In Asia and the Pacific, the number of people killed by Japanese troops remains contested. According to R.J. Rummel, the Japanese killed between 3

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in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces

3451:

in April 1941. By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border.

22453: 21765: 13799: 9708: 9626: 9202:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 267–312 ( 7309: 5484: 5417: 3790: 2639: 1058: 19453: 13604: 27445: 26382: 25203: 25009: 24979: 24962: 22272: 21574: 16115: 11744: 4558: 2858: 975: 24271: 17367:(2003). "The Nazi Extermination Camps and the Ally to the East. Could the Red Army and Air Force Have Stopped or Slowed the Final Solution?". 16965: 16840: 5186: 2926:

allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there.

936: 27690: 26407: 25004: 23064: 23027: 23004: 22525: 21447: 21417: 13857: 8241: 5947: 4817: 3008: 2950: 1768: 1618: 22779: 10756: 10078:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 310 ( 5397:

and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society.

4956:, hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at 4948:

On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch

1927:

by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the

72: 27234: 25752: 24937: 24802: 23157: 23013: 22997: 22969: 22217: 21424: 11447: 10425: 2834:

under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and

2552: 18141: 8155: 7700: 6272:

In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the

27254: 25019: 23914: 22981: 22893: 22837: 22800: 22082: 13473: 13097: 8183: 6333:

formed in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943.

6296: 6182: 5892:

million and more than 10 million people, with the most probable case of almost 6,000,000 people. According to the British historian

5818: 5662: 5429: 4593: 3590:

The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the

2356: 1685: 1218: 24666: 16921: 14645: 13036: 13014: 9880: 6762:

Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers (

27700: 25198: 25178: 22886: 21618: 16019: 13963:

Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. p. 9

13677: 13185: 5810: 5536:, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, 5381:

controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries,

3886: 1359:

and pushed Germany and its allies westward. In 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the

725: 653: 19756: 13708: 12091: 11986: 11963: 6284: 5346: 27705: 26322: 24392: 23020: 21410: 21368: 14607: 12563: 12193: 9917: 6008: 5561: 5264: 4538: 3882: 3821:, after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, began to favour Japan's entry into the war. As a result, Prime Minister 2151: 2030: 1496: 1396: 1115: 148: 13531: 12781: 4514:, the Chinese awaited allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. In January 1944, the Allies launched a 27695: 26568: 25596: 25133: 24241: 22060: 21834: 21597: 21463: 21274: 16343: 16316:

Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945". In John K. Fairbank; Denis Twitchett (eds.).

15804: 15333:

Borstelmann, Thomas (2005). "The United States, the Cold War, and the colour line". In Melvyn P. Leffler; David S. Painter (eds.).

12235: 5569: 4147:, keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the 1663: 1589: 1553: 1464: 985: 764: 737: 278: 238: 20719: 4488:, the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. In November 1943, 4400:

In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in

3817:

Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American–British–Dutch sanctions, Japan prepared for war. Emperor

27685: 27680: 27209: 26915: 26465: 25236: 24988: 23136: 22933: 21970: 21470: 21382: 21318: 18742: 15237: 14695: 13549: 6358: 5970: 4712: 4304: 2275: 1576: 1508: 860: 14763: 13394: 7236: 5857:, with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the 2468:, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. 27435: 25684: 24558: 23339: 22851: 21701: 21239: 17732: 17707: 12846: 9948:, p. 9, listing various military and diplomatic developments, observes that "the threat to Japan was not purely economic." 6337: 6036: 5615: 4469: 3994: 3713: 3464: 3280: 1862: 1308: 566: 181: 20994:

Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).

16440: 13287: 12401: 5136:, while on 5 June all German political and military institutions were transferred under the control of the Allies through the 2877: 27385: 26573: 26262: 24876: 23935: 23840: 23367: 23113: 22988: 22074: 22048: 21905: 21611: 21528: 21166: 21140: 21121: 21098: 21072: 21053: 21030: 21007: 20984: 20922: 20899: 20876: 20852: 20826: 20800: 20705: 20682: 20658: 20632: 20614: 20603: 20580: 20555: 20516: 20462: 20439: 20416: 20281: 20255: 20236: 20213: 20194: 20175: 20148: 20129: 20102: 20043: 20020: 19929: 19904: 19879: 19856: 19808: 19785: 19735: 19709: 19681: 19624: 19601: 19580: 19554: 19528: 19507: 19466: 19442: 19419: 19398: 19373: 19347: 19324: 19301: 19278: 19252: 19229: 19206: 19181: 19155: 19090: 19033: 19010: 18985: 18964: 18943: 18915: 18890: 18871: 18843: 18820: 18794: 18771: 18736: 18704: 18681: 18659: 18636: 18613: 18588: 18562: 18516: 18490: 18428: 18405: 18382: 18353: 18330: 18305: 18282: 18259: 18236: 18213: 18192: 18130: 18106: 18076: 18053: 18030: 17913: 17888: 17863: 17839: 17816: 17792: 17766: 17740: 17715: 17690: 17663: 17640: 17617: 17594: 17568: 17540: 17482: 17459: 17434: 17411: 17354: 17322: 17299: 17274: 17212: 17189: 17166: 17140: 17117: 17092: 17069: 17046: 17012: 16954: 16910: 16885: 16826: 16802: 16779: 16756: 16731: 16708: 16682: 16663: 16616:

Farrell, Brian P. (1993). "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941".

16606: 16576: 16548: 16525: 16502: 16472: 16329: 16306: 16254: 16231: 16201: 16171: 16133: 16101: 16078: 16048: 15994: 15975: 15948: 15925: 15902: 15835: 15812: 15787: 15764: 15705: 15679: 15660: 15611: 15585: 15562: 15530: 15471: 15448: 15423: 15400: 15346: 15323: 15300: 15277: 15251: 15223: 15200: 15175: 15147: 15112: 15089: 15066: 15041: 15013: 14990: 14967: 14940: 14886: 14863: 14806: 14452: 14321: 14296: 14219: 14166: 14101: 13633: 13575: 13467: 13444: 13342: 13267: 13224: 13091: 12932: 12748: 12705: 12312: 12039: 11999: 11668: 11407: 10419: 9874: 9775: 9681: 9471: 9134: 9094: 8522: 8443: 8149: 8075: 7694: 7559: 7094: 7004: 6421: 6326: 6143:

from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy.

5507:

in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over.

5464: 5441: 4382: 4366: 3730: 3660:

which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese

2835: 2396:

in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens or hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were

1503: 870: 720: 35: 16264:

de Grazia, Victoria; Paggi, Leonardo (Autumn 1991). "Story of an Ordinary Massacre: Civitella della Chiana, 29 June, 1944".

14107: 11637: 8528: 7565: 27660: 27640: 24523: 24168: 23575: 23461: 22626: 22093: 22089: 22067: 21671: 20088: 6605: 5253: 5234: 5148: 5089: 4295:

in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. This attack was followed up shortly after by

3982: 3855: 3315: 2865: 2439: 1261: 786: 757: 268: 14096:. American Business, Politics, and Society (reprint ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2. 13155: 8869: 8104: 3563:

was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further

27460: 26770: 24812: 24083: 23547: 22879: 22865: 22078: 9800: 6273: 5468: 4744: 4413: 3630: 3456: 3448: 2794: 2607: 2556: 2461: 1051: 916: 19334:

Radtke, K.W. (1997). "'Strategic' concepts underlying the so-called Hirota foreign policy, 1933–7". In Aiko Ikeo (ed.).

6455: 6053: 5354:, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of 4065:

With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture

27725: 27590: 27575: 27545: 27420: 27274: 27269: 26512: 25091: 24967: 24578: 24292: 24161: 24039: 23617: 23332: 23283: 23041: 22596: 21848: 21687: 21535: 21389: 19564: 12820: 10032: 5850: 5303:. On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( 4984: 4899: 4574: 4327: 4014: 3480: 3235: 3055: 2715: 2582: 2568: 1916: 1571: 1372: 877: 11348: 7257: 5475:

that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States—became the

3294: 3087:, declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and 27715: 27665: 27605: 27570: 27520: 27495: 27360: 27264: 27239: 27159: 26427: 25188: 25113: 25059: 25039: 24807: 24749: 24716: 24640: 24573: 24408: 23290: 23262: 23079: 22661: 22380: 22347: 13774: 11146: 6251: 6208:

At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the

6060:(SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German 5982: 5814: 5779: 5723:

economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the

5378: 5288: 5225:

that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking

4845: 4374: 4299:, which resulted in the region joining the Allies. Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the 3395: 3051: 3016: 2708: 2476: 2253: 2045: 1623: 1484: 1476: 1312: 996: 798: 559: 399: 162: 21563: 21183: 12257: 5739:

from its satellite states. Japan recovered much later. China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952.

4972:. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. 4096:

took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the

3901:—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the 3383:

at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the

92: 27675: 27655: 27650: 27630: 27615: 27585: 27505: 27470: 27415: 27400: 27390: 26257: 25618: 25145: 24881: 24829: 24819: 24445: 23603: 23540: 22675: 22511: 21634: 12290: 10170: 7198: 6890: 6852:

have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited.

6061: 5553: 5314: 5195: 4570: 4542: 4160: 4017:. These easy victories over the unprepared U.S. and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. 3847: 3779:, intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. 3665: 3424: 3322:

also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a

2730: 1998: 1797: 1424: 595: 218: 17: 25079: 22188: 21197: 14048: 13132: 10230: 10200: 10140: 9733: 5007:. In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched 4756: 4530: 3668:

that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west.

3254:

later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture

926: 27720: 27710: 27635: 27565: 27560: 27515: 27510: 27485: 27475: 27465: 27450: 27440: 27425: 27395: 27375: 27370: 27365: 27355: 26357: 26292: 25337: 24834: 24516: 23969: 23810: 23799: 23635: 23394: 23353: 23246: 23184: 22571: 21841: 21710: 21678: 20366: 19983: 19944: 19052: 17224: 17022: 15548: 14468: 10083: 9207: 6299:

at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million people in the occupied Soviet Union.

6178: 5974: 5699:

in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the

5557: 5504: 5480: 5144: 4773: 4736: 4684:

in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by

4109: 4054:

in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive

3986: 3784: 3239: 2564: 2348: 1978: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1444: 1265: 1237: 1098:—participated, with many investing all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities in pursuit of 901: 845: 694: 677: 288: 25014: 22358: 21926: 11362:

coup; postwar Romanian historians, however, ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow

4752: 4580:

The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions,

3223:

by Germany. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany.

921: 27645: 27625: 27610: 27600: 27580: 27555: 27490: 27480: 27405: 27380: 25548: 25168: 25123: 24706: 24696: 24355: 24327: 24205: 23998: 23235: 22686: 22612: 22408: 21779: 21498: 21403: 21288: 20330: 19727: 19221: 18420: 15917: 15167: 8773: 6882: 6450: 6362: 6330: 6243: 5996: 5748: 5545: 5109: 5101: 5024: 4503:. The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the 3737: 3725: 2449: 2108: 1725: 1697: 1384: 1182: 1044: 1011: 850: 353: 7983:

Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".

7365: 6740: 5179:

of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating

4898:

In the Pacific, U.S. forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their

4446:

and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. Germany, with the help of fascists, responded to the armistice by

63: 27730: 27670: 27595: 27540: 27525: 27500: 27455: 27410: 27249: 25701: 24856: 24841: 24764: 24734: 24711: 24553: 24415: 24348: 24299: 24230: 24055: 23561: 23512: 23276: 23269: 22872: 22633: 22424: 21477: 20335: 18151: 14896:

Bacon, Edwin (1992). "Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II".

14397:

Burns, R. W. (September 1994). "Impact of technology on the defeat of the U-boat September 1939 – May 1943".

12971: 9511: 7818: 6886: 6314: 5790: 5587:

Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led

5549: 5292: 5172: 5132:

until 11 May. On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by the Allied Forces in

4785: 4708: 4148: 3902: 3871: 3787:

and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries".

3607: 3276: 3196: 3059: 2938:

for this crime of aggression. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the

1865:. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and 1289: 821: 803: 39: 13547:

Pascale R . Bos, "Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945"; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993

8744: 8038: 2146:

was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in

27620: 27550: 27535: 27530: 27430: 26312: 26297: 26192: 25183: 25064: 25054: 25044: 24932: 24780: 24754: 24744: 24630: 24489: 24385: 23760: 23721: 22640: 22475: 22460: 22387: 22366: 22184: 21862: 21648: 21641: 21625: 21336: 21295: 21267: 19434: 17802: 17609: 16298: 16246: 14787: 13858:"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War" 7849: 6695:

Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large

6546:

became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the

5304: 5280: 5213:, overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern 4903: 4892: 4801: 3606:, which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. In late August the British and Soviets 3591: 3483:; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the 3468: 3415: 3192: 3104: 2986: 2635: 2307: 2034: 2022: 1656: 1584: 1416: 1301: 1028: 1006: 882: 689: 638: 413: 233: 130: 15822:

Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). "The Military Dimension, 1942–1945". In James C. Hsiung; Steven I. Levine (eds.).

15507: 14725: 9144: 4926: 911: 27345: 26458: 25718: 25229: 25074: 25034: 25029: 24759: 24691: 24452: 23776: 23728: 23346: 23318: 23171: 22786: 22765: 22286: 21949: 21855: 21345: 20624: 20055: 18528: 17831: 17132: 16618: 16517: 16062: 15081: 15052: 14444: 12928: 12026: 8884: 8275:

Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939".

7104: 6292: 6209: 6135:

were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used

5993: 5700: 5565: 5541: 5168: 5070: 4394: 4292: 4237: 4041:

and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to

3843: 3826: 3806: 3745: 2646: 2611: 2595: 2527:

population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister

2392:, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, 2364: 2099:, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's 2002: 1748: 1225: 1107: 865: 793: 18807:(2010). "The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.). 13890: 13626:

The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

11685: 8457: 7085: 6996: 4895:

by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December.

2995:

German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May – 4 June 1940, sweeping past the

27335: 27330: 27325: 27320: 27315: 27310: 27305: 25589: 25312: 25150: 25108: 25096: 25069: 25024: 24957: 24701: 24676: 24603: 24588: 24583: 24250: 23746: 23665: 23610: 23498: 23454: 23104: 22730: 22654: 22556: 22433: 22305: 22298: 22258: 22231: 21963: 21896: 21491: 21302: 21232: 20844: 20650: 20408: 20333:(1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". 19616: 19390: 19198: 18835: 18812: 18786: 18628: 18370: 18184: 18098: 17758: 17578: 17181: 16946: 16902: 16723: 16321: 15894: 15634: 15367: 15215: 15139: 14982: 11126: 6956: 6819: 6162: 6040: 5765: 5685: 5032: 5008: 4961: 4953: 4813: 4269: 4010: 3970: 3962: 3399: 3384: 3084: 2846: 2344: 2197: 2189: 2176: 1705: 1151: 1147: 1119: 816: 682: 660: 18248:

Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present

13891:"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45" 13807: 9700: 9618: 4139:

Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in

3368: 3348:

which drove back Commonwealth forces. In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and

3116: 1316: 906: 27340: 27184: 27101: 26237: 26197: 25638: 25086: 24851: 24671: 24625: 24152: 24069: 23854: 23714: 23686: 23519: 23424: 23214: 22647: 21721: 21375: 20976: 19472: 18907: 18443: 17528: 17474: 17061: 16748: 16482: 14759: 11452:[The war criminals tries to be the first to see their ancestors] (in Chinese). Archived from 9463: 6495:(the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). 5670: 5631: 5337: 5137: 5066: 4980: 4880: 4863:

By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in

4797: 4613: 4409: 4319: 4046: 4042: 3981:, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Despite stubborn 3761: 3721: 3548: 3488: 3376: 3284: 3208: 3115:, which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which 3096: 2881: 2831: 2299: 2147: 2139: 1677: 1344: 699: 665: 309: 177: 21919: 19360:(2001). "The War in the Pacific". In Horst Boog; Werner Rahn; Reinhard Stumpf; Bernd Wegner (eds.). 14816:

Anderson, Irvine H. Jr. (1975). "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex".

13965:"Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000" 11748: 6558:, were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on 6542:

established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). In the Atlantic,

6388: 5865:, between 1943 and 1945. At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish 3936:

in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the

3191:

In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the

2093: 2001:, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the 1688:'s declaration of war on Germany two days later on 3 September 1939. Dates for the beginning of the 27350: 27244: 26337: 26065: 25827: 25787: 25777: 25725: 25101: 24886: 24861: 24790: 24661: 23891: 23868: 23120: 22921: 22914: 22578: 22238: 22210: 22203: 21590: 20572: 19921: 19691: 18863: 18763: 18554: 17682: 17560: 17451: 16981: 16856: 16598: 16494: 16070: 15779: 15717: 15261: 15058: 15027: 14959: 7099:

There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same "

6669: 6569:

and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the

6264:

Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before being massacred by German soldiers in

6128: 6024: 5932: 5858: 5789:

An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's

5736: 5728: 5696: 4748: 4732: 4439: 4152: 3958: 3753: 3379:, commencing on 6 April 1941; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. The airborne 2850: 2816:

to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the

2319: 2257: 1873: 1693: 1456: 1348: 1190: 1170: 1134:

of European Jews, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. Following the Allied powers' victory,

715: 243: 21935: 21912: 14671:

Macintyre, Ben (10 December 2010). "Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory".

13865: 11453: 8233: 6044: 5981:

annexed by the Red Army. Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially

5724: 5483:. The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, 4124: 3657: 3050:

fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of

2798: 2126:

to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being

1280:. By mid-1941, through a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany occupied or controlled much of 27229: 26115: 26023: 25322: 25317: 25128: 25049: 24999: 24994: 24984: 24952: 24947: 24942: 24927: 24917: 24618: 24598: 24539: 24313: 24257: 24127: 23987: 23672: 23325: 23221: 23127: 22695: 22563: 22533: 22497: 22482: 22354: 22246: 22224: 22170: 22156: 22138: 21802: 21583: 21311: 21260: 21022: 20868: 20865:

Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953

20697: 20121: 19896: 19572: 17905: 17084: 17004: 16794: 16163: 15540: 10753: 6574: 6539: 6472: 5962: 5943: 5759: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5276: 5160: 5097: 5051: 4965: 4766: 4685: 4681: 4515: 4455: 4284: 4210: 4101: 4030: 3978: 3937: 3741: 3642:

was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The

3568: 3544: 3345: 3251: 3247: 3182: 2827: 2774: 2719: 2634:. Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the 2457: 2415: 2371: 2347:, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China. The Soviets quickly signed a 2283: 2085: 1985:

and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself

1951: 1924: 1900: 1866: 1752: 1717: 1649: 1412: 1364: 1139: 1135: 1123: 1091: 1001: 980: 752: 611: 538: 497: 324: 283: 24508: 17346: 11292:, p. 7: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II." 10411: 10405: 5020: 4170:, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split 3004: 633: 26543: 26492: 26451: 26287: 26277: 25866: 25797: 25782: 25263: 25222: 24785: 24739: 24656: 24608: 24005: 23898: 23700: 23651: 23554: 23447: 23417: 23200: 23088: 22814: 22605: 22196: 22177: 22147: 21694: 21664: 20891: 20725: 20474: 20035: 19105: 18724: 18366:

The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

18145: 17975: 17532: 17204: 16562: 15440: 15315: 13399: 8139: 7684: 6609: 6559: 6535: 6491:(the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); and 6239: 6116: 5928: 5877: 5677:, their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to 5341: 5237:

was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces.

4546: 4443: 4424: 4352: 4253: 4116:

behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.

4059: 3998: 3993:

and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the

3925: 3851: 3834: 3802: 3653: 3599: 3517:, and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. 3428: 3372: 3327: 3170: 3154:, but largely ended in May 1941 after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. 2823: 2802: 2766: 2746: 2651: 2623: 2587: 2374: 2328: 2287: 2018: 1896: 1785: 1740: 1460: 1455:. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the 1428: 1368: 1360: 1320: 1277: 1257: 1166: 1083: 855: 781: 331: 305: 263: 228: 141: 20748:(2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". 14977:

Barber, John; Harrison, Mark (2006). "Patriotic War, 1941–1945". In Ronald Grigor Suny (ed.).

13649: 13457: 13081: 12871: 12740: 12734: 12695: 8969: 2930:

refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union.

2735: 1323:, which resulted in the United States and the United Kingdom declaring war against Japan. The 27295: 26998: 26820: 26609: 26558: 26397: 26372: 26302: 25985: 25713: 25486: 25444: 25414: 24891: 24866: 24824: 24593: 24563: 24496: 24219: 24062: 23958: 23928: 23884: 23624: 23589: 23582: 23505: 23403: 22844: 22821: 22668: 22279: 21816: 21556: 21542: 21225: 20750: 19673: 19173: 17400:

The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944

17176:

Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World War II: an overview". In Mark Harrison (ed.).

16928: 16771: 16540: 16125: 16005: 15967: 15415: 14649: 14028: 13006: 12072:"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background" 10367: 9864: 8754: 8356: 7375: 6807: 6744: 6727:

enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of

6652: 6562: 6496: 6088: 5988:

The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no

5577: 5113: 5074: 4938: 4833: 4489: 4432: 4359: 4345: 4070: 3990: 3933: 3863: 3859: 3622: 3560: 3420: 3371:

by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both

3334: 3088: 2962: 2838: 2778: 2627: 2404: 2209: 1847: 1388: 1380: 1356: 1343:

in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including German defeats on the Eastern Front, the

1103: 1023: 931: 380: 112: 31: 22114: 20672: 19746: 19569:

From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s

18203: 13685: 9457: 5420:

of the nine million Germans from these provinces, as well as three million Germans from the

2953:

the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Romanian regions of

2797:, which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. Germany responded by ordering 1869:, as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. 103: 27074: 26983: 26689: 26392: 26147: 26060: 26038: 25961: 25957: 25886: 25802: 25747: 25742: 25565: 25409: 25298: 24901: 24320: 24175: 23826: 23783: 23753: 23679: 23489: 23468: 22394: 21871: 21549: 20792: 20729: 19082: 18728: 17038: 17026: 16121: 15697: 15638: 15522: 13404: 12767: 12071: 12005: 11941: 6732: 6728: 6216:, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. In 6193: 5712: 5573: 5529: 5496: 5322: 5222: 5199: 5105: 5047: 4915: 4872: 4385:. By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also 4261: 4194: 4132: 4093: 4051: 3476: 3220: 3212: 3080:

from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment.

2765:

as a pretext to initiate the invasion. The first German attack of the war came against the

1892: 1854:

were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires.

1760: 1340: 1297: 887: 155: 27132: 19634:

Roberts, Cynthia A. (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941".

14680: 14600: 12559: 12185: 9914: 4688:

in the Netherlands failed. After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but

4248:. By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, 3949: 3767:

German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in

3503:. Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate 8: 27300: 27204: 27037: 26850: 26810: 26723: 26553: 26417: 26282: 26152: 25942: 25871: 25628: 25601: 25584: 25572: 25394: 25350: 24438: 24212: 24090: 24046: 23568: 22702: 22468: 21995: 21825: 21809: 21758: 21158: 21045: 20964: 20692:

Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.).

20094: 19636: 19262: 18374: 18364: 18163: 18016: 17586: 16692: 16407: 16351: 13528: 12789: 11633:

The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It

11154: 6791: 6756: 6752: 6345: 6048: 5611: 5584:

was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West.

5300: 5249: 5125: 4976: 4949: 4700: 4665: 4386: 4378: 4113: 3875: 3687: 3639: 3199:

purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the

3139: 3028: 2958: 2943: 2854: 2813: 2603: 2528: 2480: 2237: 2229: 2204:

that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the

2159: 2131: 2073: 2057: 1982: 1940: 1831: 1392: 1233: 1178: 1143: 941: 828: 20403:

Stueck, William (2010). "The Korean War". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.).

16384: 15642: 12227: 6743:, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. Another component of 6189:

evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators.

4303:; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to 2484: 27164: 27086: 26860: 26830: 26805: 26797: 26782: 26632: 26137: 26053: 26043: 25876: 25839: 25769: 25708: 25691: 25645: 25555: 25469: 25283: 24431: 24264: 24189: 24143: 24113: 24021: 23861: 23526: 23410: 23304: 23255: 23193: 22949: 22900: 22709: 22333: 21988: 21786: 20969: 20952: 20818: 20775: 20767: 20715: 20491: 20391: 20383: 20352: 20318: 20310: 20291:

Spring, D. W. (1986). "The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939".

20114: 20072: 20012: 19992: 19969: 19961: 19915: 19890: 19871: 19835: 19695: 19653: 19384: 19270: 19267:

The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome

19130: 19122: 19076: 18599: 18537: 18476: 18460: 18251: 18122: 18000: 17992: 17961: 17932: 17899: 17874: 17726: 17522: 17386: 17336: 17285: 17249: 17241: 17103: 16998: 16896: 16635: 16424: 16376: 16368: 16281: 16216: 16181: 15888: 15872: 15864: 15845:

Cienciala, Anna M. (2010). "Another look at the Poles and Poland during World War II".

15798: 15734: 15186: 15161: 15157: 14952: 14915: 14833: 14796: 14539: 14040: 11787: 11138: 11121:

The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy (

9100: 8514: 8300: 8292: 8008: 8000: 7292: 7190: 7100: 6739:

for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the

6570: 6202: 6132: 6028: 6004: 5920: 5666: 5400:

Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories,

5310: 5241: 5226: 5176: 5164: 5055: 5028: 4884: 4829: 4825: 4805: 4673: 4649: 4633: 4597: 4428: 4342: 4288: 4249: 4214: 4074: 4025: 3757: 3717: 3702: 3626: 3579: 3243: 3204: 3200: 3143: 3077: 3020: 2931: 2869: 2754: 2615: 2536: 2389: 2332: 2221: 2089: 2029:, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the 1990: 1839: 1744: 1420: 1408: 1281: 1221: 1210: 601: 248: 166: 18718: 14703: 3475:

On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in

2572: 27081: 27069: 27020: 26892: 26825: 26815: 26787: 26750: 26738: 26706: 26267: 26169: 26157: 26142: 26122: 26033: 25980: 25952: 25934: 25737: 25613: 25606: 25419: 25367: 25345: 25273: 24613: 24422: 24306: 24196: 24136: 24097: 24030: 24012: 23978: 23921: 23875: 23819: 23644: 23382: 23374: 23311: 23164: 22758: 22290: 21751: 21730: 21440: 21162: 21136: 21117: 21113: 21094: 21090: 21068: 21049: 21026: 21003: 20980: 20918: 20895: 20872: 20848: 20822: 20810: 20796: 20779: 20701: 20678: 20668: 20654: 20642: 20628: 20599: 20595: 20576: 20566: 20551: 20512: 20495: 20458: 20435: 20431: 20412: 20395: 20322: 20277: 20265: 20251: 20232: 20209: 20190: 20171: 20160: 20144: 20125: 20098: 20084: 20039: 20016: 19973: 19925: 19900: 19875: 19852: 19804: 19781: 19731: 19705: 19677: 19620: 19597: 19591: 19576: 19550: 19543:

Moscow – The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42

19524: 19518: 19503: 19462: 19438: 19415: 19409: 19394: 19369: 19343: 19320: 19297: 19274: 19248: 19225: 19202: 19177: 19151: 19134: 19086: 19029: 19006: 18981: 18960: 18939: 18929: 18911: 18901: 18886: 18867: 18857: 18839: 18816: 18790: 18767: 18732: 18714: 18700: 18696: 18677: 18655: 18632: 18609: 18584: 18558: 18512: 18486: 18424: 18401: 18397: 18378: 18349: 18326: 18301: 18297: 18278: 18255: 18232: 18209: 18188: 18155: 18126: 18102: 18086: 18072: 18049: 18045: 18026: 18004: 17973:

Koch, H.W. (1983). "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'".

17909: 17884: 17859: 17853: 17835: 17812: 17788: 17762: 17736: 17711: 17686: 17659: 17655: 17636: 17632: 17613: 17590: 17564: 17536: 17518: 17505: 17497: 17478: 17455: 17445: 17430: 17407: 17390: 17369: 17350: 17318: 17295: 17270: 17266: 17253: 17208: 17185: 17162: 17155:

Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up

17150: 17136: 17113: 17088: 17065: 17042: 17034: 17008: 16973: 16950: 16940: 16906: 16881: 16848: 16822: 16816: 16798: 16775: 16752: 16742: 16727: 16704: 16678: 16659: 16652: 16602: 16572: 16544: 16521: 16498: 16468: 16432: 16325: 16302: 16250: 16227: 16197: 16185: 16167: 16139: 16129: 16097: 16074: 16044: 15990: 15971: 15944: 15940: 15921: 15898: 15876: 15847: 15831: 15808: 15783: 15760: 15750: 15701: 15675: 15656: 15607: 15581: 15558: 15526: 15494: 15467: 15444: 15419: 15396: 15392: 15342: 15319: 15296: 15273: 15247: 15219: 15196: 15171: 15143: 15108: 15085: 15062: 15037: 15009: 14986: 14963: 14936: 14932: 14882: 14859: 14802: 14676: 14531: 14448: 14317: 14292: 14215: 14162: 14097: 13629: 13571: 13463: 13440: 13338: 13263: 13087: 12744: 12701: 12035: 11995: 11840:

Ward Wilson. "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima".

11791: 11664: 11403: 10415: 10028: 9870: 9771: 9677: 9467: 9104: 9090: 8518: 8439: 8304: 8145: 8012: 7690: 7555: 7232: 7090: 7037: 7000: 6783: 6767: 6657: 6582: 6531: 6492: 6484: 6413: 6349:(7,900,000 m) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. 5901: 5822: 5732: 5654: 5635: 5245: 5230: 5191: 4992: 4934: 4837: 4769: 4711:

forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviets formed the

4704: 4677: 4669: 4653: 4645: 4637: 4605: 4566: 4511: 4500: 4459: 4420: 4338: 4312: 4257: 4245: 4006: 4002: 3974: 3772: 3749: 3552: 3540: 3525: 3323: 3311: 3288: 3147: 3127: 3032: 3012: 2970: 2935: 2762: 2758: 2619: 2393: 2360: 2274:

When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the

2269: 2245: 2155: 2123: 2081: 1994: 1858: 1802: 1733: 1352: 1336: 1269: 1186: 1174: 1111: 833: 672: 648: 392: 211: 26412: 20618: 18316: 17701: 16380: 15960: 15131: 14543: 12920: 12842: 9353: 6150: 4412:

launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the

3842:

intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the

2290:, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this 1201:. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when 27008: 26964: 26910: 26900: 26845: 26755: 26733: 26701: 26028: 26018: 25844: 25792: 25696: 25560: 25449: 25399: 25377: 25372: 25303: 24568: 24341: 24334: 24278: 23942: 23707: 23693: 23596: 23533: 23484: 23297: 23150: 23097: 22907: 22858: 22772: 22002: 21979: 21512: 20944: 20836: 20759: 20483: 20454: 20375: 20344: 20302: 20064: 19953: 19827: 19665: 19645: 19192: 19165: 19114: 19061: 19043: 18452: 18441:(1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945". 17984: 17953: 17378: 17314: 17233: 16627: 16586: 16558: 16416: 16399: 16360: 16273: 15856: 15726: 15646: 15486: 15434: 15005: 14954:

Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948

14907: 14849: 14825: 14756:"Discovery and Development of Penicillin: International Historic Chemical Landmark" 14700:

Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School

14696:"Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare" 14521: 14511: 14406: 13283: 12393: 12083: 11953: 11942:"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality" 11779: 11125:, pp. 500–502). The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at 9082: 8284: 7992: 7182: 7029: 6795: 6547: 6519: 6476: 6438: 6288: 6265: 5924: 5897: 5881: 5806: 5708: 5394: 5351: 5180: 5129: 5043: 5016: 4969: 4930: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4804:

and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. By this point, the communist-led

4589: 4585: 4550: 4534: 4496: 4485: 4390: 4265: 4234: 4202: 4171: 4108:. In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous 4077:. The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern 4055: 3966: 3906: 3867: 3709: 3656:

allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as

3634: 3611: 3603: 3583: 3564: 3043: 2966: 2895: 2696: 2532: 2515:

from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the

2507:

In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany

2500: 2492: 2411: 2397: 2367: 2279: 2213: 2205: 2185: 2041: 2026: 1974: 1945: 1932: 1843: 1376: 1332: 1249: 1198: 1155: 643: 621: 452: 170: 21521: 19593:

Hitler's War Aims, Volume I: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion

16277: 13216: 9077:

Morrisey, Will (2019), "What Churchill and De Gaulle learned from the Great War",

8067: 7341:"Paris Peace Treaties failed to create a secure, peaceful and lasting world order" 7186: 6384: 6161:. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and 5719:, and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the U.S. 5595:. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the 4454:, who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the 4013:, Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese 3618:, and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. 3574: 2130:

for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in

2025:

with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's

27091: 27047: 26880: 26875: 26855: 26835: 26777: 26743: 26667: 26657: 26619: 26580: 26533: 26478: 26402: 26342: 26227: 26075: 26070: 26048: 25968: 25922: 25679: 25633: 25531: 25508: 25491: 25464: 25249: 24846: 24364: 24076: 23991: 23949: 23847: 23790: 23658: 23440: 23431: 22960: 22542: 22518: 21772: 21205: 21191: 20547: 20534: 20526: 20273: 19800: 19546: 19538: 19365: 19293: 19025: 18954: 18935: 18853: 18651: 18572: 18090: 17554: 17291: 16700: 15689: 15544: 15511: 15136:

Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery

15104: 14091: 13778: 13535: 12294: 11631: 10760: 9921: 9866:

Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan

8508: 7549: 7345: 7289: 7264: 6799: 6775: 6322: 6096: 5951: 5674: 5581: 5210: 5156: 5152: 5093: 5062: 4911: 4809: 4777: 4762: 4728: 4689: 4526: 4519: 4493: 4477: 4451: 4447: 4405: 4383:

breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands

4296: 4144: 4112:

in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. The second was the

4078: 3698: 3578:

Russian civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the

3556: 3514: 3391: 3380: 3364: 3349: 3227: 2891: 2887: 2789:

period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a

2692: 2680: 2423: 2381: 2225: 2104: 2096: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1903:

were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's

1895:. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all 1850:, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new 1823: 1721: 1701: 1293: 1285: 811: 732: 435: 404: 273: 27127: 24476: 19818:

Rotundo, Louis (1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign".

16720:

A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945

16364: 7721:

Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan"

5510: 5078: 4824:, with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint 2845:. Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the 27224: 27115: 27025: 26840: 26711: 26432: 26352: 26307: 26247: 26212: 26004: 25917: 25822: 25730: 25521: 25355: 25278: 24371: 23907: 23833: 21885: 21744: 20508: 20379: 20293: 20004: 19957: 19313:

The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century

18804: 18605: 18345: 18342:

The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship

18322: 17332: 17237: 17109: 16812: 16647: 16339: 16223: 15800:

Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras

15233: 14898: 14845: 13713: 13567: 10079: 9763: 9203: 8865: 8100: 7547: 7233:"German-American Relations – Treaty on the Final Settlement concerning Germany" 6787: 6736: 6708: 6681: 6673: 6624: 6586: 6543: 6504: 6329:

during the war in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Although

6310: 6000: 5958: 5905: 5678: 5619: 5515: 5460: 5445: 5390: 5257: 5214: 5039:

on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin.

4868: 4657: 4581: 4504: 4401: 4206: 4140: 4034: 3917: 3910: 3898: 3822: 3768: 3646: 3595: 3444: 3394:

which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled

2790: 2520: 2496: 2135: 1835: 1819: 1436: 1253: 747: 742: 387: 20763: 20487: 20306: 19649: 19336:

Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context

18996: 18975: 17988: 17753:(1990). "The historical perspective". In Alex Pravda; Peter J. Duncan (eds.). 17079:

Grove, Eric J. (1995). "A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946". In J.R. Hill (ed.).

16420: 16037:

What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century History

15914:

Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945

14911: 14516: 14499: 14410: 13516:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

11783: 9792: 5085: 2100: 27289: 26944: 26760: 26718: 26662: 26548: 26507: 26474: 26387: 26272: 26187: 26132: 25992: 25912: 25807: 25657: 25650: 25543: 25496: 25389: 25245: 24182: 22107: 21956: 21795: 21082: 20348: 19719: 19701: 19491: 19147: 19002: 18925: 18482: 18438: 18012: 17880: 17750: 16852: 16744:

Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration

16590: 16568: 16211: 16155: 16151: 16111: 16093: 16058: 16010: 15884: 15603: 15498: 15359:

The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology

15243: 15023: 14878: 14855: 14535: 7138:"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'" 7041: 6895: 6829: 6763: 6724: 6689: 6665: 6661: 6640: 6515: 6104: 6080: 6057: 6020: 5893: 5798: 5720: 5716: 5623: 5528:

Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet

5433: 5284: 5082: 5015:. Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to 4942: 4307:

to prevent its capture by German forces. Axis forces in Africa withdrew into

4229: 4198: 3785:

the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946)

3661: 3484: 3460: 3024: 2974: 2919: 2631: 2591: 2378: 2303: 2127: 1827: 1709: 1131: 447: 375: 368: 126: 26443: 25214: 19066: 19047: 17509: 16977: 16654:

The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

16143: 15715:

Cantril, Hadley (1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion".

15490: 14498:

Castaldi, Carolina; Fontana, Roberto; Nuvolari, Alessandro (1 August 2009).

12812: 10141:"The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942" 9086: 6464: 5100:); Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by 4322:

against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and "

4201:. The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an 551: 27219: 27189: 27096: 27064: 26993: 26870: 26865: 26679: 26672: 26517: 26422: 26222: 26127: 25973: 25947: 25856: 25538: 25526: 25434: 25429: 25293: 25288: 24974: 24481: 24285: 22585: 22490: 22121: 21484: 20932: 20053:

Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth".

19751:. History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series. London: 18472: 18022: 17784: 17364: 17178:

The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison

16836: 16436: 15595: 15033: 12918: 11344: 6878: 6700: 6685: 6620: 6590: 6508: 6277: 6260: 6255: 6072: 6068: 5989: 5794: 5537: 5533: 5522: 5472: 5463:, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, and adopted the 5413: 5386: 5382: 5355: 5012: 5000: 4793: 4789: 4183: 4175: 4105: 4097: 4066: 4038: 4021: 3921: 3810: 3602:

and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the

3432: 3342: 3338: 3319: 3303: 3112: 3047: 2996: 2630:

pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the

2560: 2488: 2453: 2248:

as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations,

2201: 2181: 2143: 2112: 2014: 1970: 1955: 1851: 1846:, which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious 1729: 1229: 1206: 1202: 428: 423: 363: 18018:

The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945

17382: 17335:(1994). "Labor as spoils of conquest, 1933–1945". In David F. Crew (ed.). 15460:

The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940

13772: 13731:

Kwoka was murdered with a phenol injection to the heart a few weeks later.

13628:(2nd ed.), 2006. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 13495:

Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".

12813:"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm" 12087: 11736: 6313:

policies denied resources to the German invaders. Unlike in the West, the

6196:, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The 6146: 6119:) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " 5770: 5275:. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, 3771:. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the 2801:

against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the

2418:; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at 27169: 27052: 26949: 26684: 26590: 26563: 26362: 26110: 26105: 26097: 26082: 25907: 25812: 25623: 25459: 25424: 25404: 25384: 25362: 25327: 24120: 24106: 23768: 22444: 22265: 22250: 21604: 20745: 19939: 19357: 19100: 18669: 18500: 18068: 17849: 17776: 17550: 17426: 16791:

Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism

16461:

Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance

15827: 15756: 15192: 14159:

The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II

13862:

Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes of the June 2002 Conference

13186:"Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji Wisła. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947" 12261: 11770:

Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

10020: 7033: 6949:

The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War

6824: 6596: 6578: 6555: 6527: 6511:

was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide.

6425: 6318: 6140: 6108: 5643: 5639: 5592: 5456: 5425: 5421: 5299:

announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the

5143:

In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the

5004: 4907: 4857: 4693: 4629: 4463: 4348: 4277: 4179: 4082: 3830: 3795: 3677: 3559:

to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. The

3496: 3436: 3403: 3231: 2516: 2512: 2465: 2249: 2077: 2053: 2049: 1888: 1881: 1815: 1689: 1328: 1095: 1087: 708: 626: 338: 223: 20694:

Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe

17936: 15868: 15481:

Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War".

14289:

Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft

12288: 11745:"Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II" 10763:

the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)

7551:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

7194: 7170: 6931:

Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy

6336:

In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the

4871:

while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces

4224: 2324: 2080:

and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in

1818:

had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the

27057: 26502: 25893: 25881: 25851: 25817: 25757: 25439: 23475: 23228: 23207: 22100: 21433: 21361: 20956: 20771: 20674:

Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History

19839: 19386:

Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers

19126: 18541: 18508: 18464: 17996: 17965: 17808:

Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945

17501: 17403: 16877: 16639: 16537:

Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy

15746: 15738: 15463: 14837: 14526: 14093:

Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II

14044: 13120: 12736:

China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China

8296: 7904: 7018:"'Goak here': A.J.P. Taylor and 'The Origins of the Second World War.'" 6803: 6779: 6613: 6551: 6460: 6305: 6112: 6092: 5838: 5647: 5393:

program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the

4906:. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, 4876: 4562: 4300: 4246:

the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast

3695: 3615: 3509: 3360: 3299: 3216: 3174: 3162: 3150:

offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in

3131: 3108: 3068: 2939: 2899: 2786: 2688: 2667: 2540: 2233: 2069: 1904: 1885: 1448: 1241: 616: 606: 137: 20387: 20356: 20314: 20076: 19996: 19965: 19657: 17245: 16428: 16372: 16295:

Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow

16285: 15651: 15622: 15436:

The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936

14919: 14032: 11958: 10073: 9197: 8552: 8004: 7996: 7282:

Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol.

6383:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

6226: 5872: 4914:; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the 4190:. The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. 1296:, and other countries. In June 1941, Germany led the European Axis in 26932: 26922: 26538: 26497: 26327: 26164: 25899: 25861: 25454: 25268: 24922: 24795: 23738: 23143: 22940: 22751: 22549: 22504: 21019:

Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?

20999: 20914: 20647:

A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963

20228: 20167: 19777: 19499: 19339: 19316: 19244: 18883:

In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945

18580: 18274: 18228: 18181:

Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies

17342: 17158: 16464: 16193: 16040: 15860: 15554: 15363: 15338: 15292: 15269: 7142: 6952: 6748: 6628: 6523: 6417: 6158: 5866: 5604: 5600: 5519: 5409: 5318: 5268: 5133: 4840:

in February 1945. Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans,

4716: 4601: 4462:. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the 4323: 4156: 3924:

was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward,

3776: 3682: 3638:

main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet

3504: 3500: 3151: 2915: 2818: 2770: 2741: 2508: 2445: 2427: 2414:

in May. In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by

2291: 2116: 1963: 1400: 1331:, but its advances were halted in 1942 after its defeat in the naval 1273: 1194: 1127: 1099: 1079: 27122: 22025: 20948: 20568:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China

19831: 19118: 18456: 17957: 16631: 15539: 14829: 10512: 9359: 8288: 6503:

and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the

5834: 5309:, literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). On 15 August 1945, 4699:

On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ("

4624: 2853:

in occupied Poland. A significant part of Polish military personnel

2684: 2339:

In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of

1315:. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories 1102:, blurring the distinction between military and civilian resources. 27030: 27013: 26959: 26954: 26939: 26927: 26905: 26728: 26696: 26627: 26602: 26317: 26013: 25834: 25662: 25577: 25516: 25479: 22009: 21737: 20223:

Smith, David J.; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002).

20116:

What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy

20068: 17129:

Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"

16922:"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay" 16318:

The Cambridge History of China - Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2

16243:

In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army

15730: 14648:. History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from 12764:

Quick Reference Handbook Set, Basic Knowledge and Modern Technology

11321:. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic. 10407:

The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day

10265: 9503: 8819: 8549:

Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327

6696: 6632: 6341: 6317:

encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the "

6120: 5938: 5913: 5854: 5842: 5596: 5296: 5272: 5036: 4821: 4740: 4652:. After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also 4473: 4273: 4128: 3833:

instead. On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the

3818: 3521: 3492: 3356: 3135: 3063: 2699:, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. 2352: 2048:

in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of

1452: 1404: 440: 20187:

The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment

19455:

Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s

17606:

Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency

15188:

Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States

14037:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

10097: 10004: 10002: 9793:"Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack" 8377: 6014: 4486:

May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective

4268:

forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were

2991: 1391:. Following the refusal of Japan to surrender on the terms of the 1252:

in June 1940, the war continued primarily between Germany and the

27110: 26976: 26971: 26232: 26087: 25999: 24538: 21133:

Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II

21065:

Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939

19981:——— (1983). "Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War". 19849:

Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific

16697:

Germany and the Second World War – The Attack on the Soviet Union

14500:"'Chariots of fire': the evolution of tank technology, 1915–1945" 14314:

Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines

13864:. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from 13564:

Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II

9046: 9010: 6636: 6488: 6430: 5673:. While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their 5416:

was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the

5405: 5401: 5374: 4996: 4957: 4888: 4724: 4308: 4240:

bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943

2927: 2907: 2659: 2524: 2340: 2158:, the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present 1463:. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards 20472:

Swain, Geoffrey (1992). "The Cominform: Tito's International?".

19496:

World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West

19218:

Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II

18159: 17876:

Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941

16090:

After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000

8576: 6437:

about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, while

6321:" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by 5961:

of 22,000 Polish officers, and the imprisonment or execution of

3400:

invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon

3279:, a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy 27003: 26988: 26647: 26252: 22619: 21217: 20090:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

15672:

Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas

15577: 15504: 10778: 10253: 9999: 9676:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 1046–1049. 9575: 9551: 8907: 8708: 6712: 6704: 6530:

warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war,

6480: 5846: 5658: 5500: 5488: 5218: 4921: 4167: 4086: 3536: 3166: 2911: 2809: 2782: 2663: 2548: 2408: 1959: 1806: 83: 20996:

Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today

18625:

From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War

18577:

Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today

16190:

Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today

15774:

Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).

14212:

World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration

12692:

Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe", in

10926: 8404: 7171:"The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War" 6751:, which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as 6577:

tactics. Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the

5058:

was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany.

4968:. On 4 February Soviet, British, and U.S. leaders met for the 4856:

on relatively mild conditions, although Finland was forced to

4656:. These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the 4100:, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the 2942:

was modest, and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with

2602:

Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the

2017:

in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards

1771:, which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. 27174: 27139: 27042: 26765: 26652: 26637: 26217: 26207: 26202: 25674: 25669: 22807: 19917:

In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War

8889:

US Army in WWII – Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations

8344: 6771: 6677: 6566: 6500: 6487:, and each role developed considerably. Innovations included 6444: 6170: 5909: 5826: 5627: 5492: 4988: 4864: 4720: 4661: 4609: 4218: 4187: 4164: 2969:

from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the

2419: 2302:. His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of 18859:

The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition

18503:(1990). "The Battle of the Atlantic". In Gooch, John (ed.). 17944:

Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin".

15773: 15752:

The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II

15212:

Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine

13988: 13678:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers" 9705:

US Army in WWII – Strategy, and Command: The First Two Years

9653: 9293: 8931: 8779: 8488: 7868: 7548:

Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt (2012).

4879:. In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally 4648:), after three years of Soviet pressure, the Western Allies 4516:

series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino

1700:, on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian 26642: 26347: 19942:(1978). ""Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication". 19752: 19144:

Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945

19078:

War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II

18648:

Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps

17222:

Hauner, Milan (1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?".

16966:"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" 13395:"Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" 11564: 10974: 10866: 10842: 10723: 10060:

Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States

9623:

US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

9539: 9034: 9022: 8684: 7750: 7505: 7493: 6963: 6644: 6604:

being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at

6217: 6186: 5966: 5588: 3062:. The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the 2252:

when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's

1126:, more than half of which were civilians. Millions died in 13037:"Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others" 10950: 10692: 10620: 10584: 10548: 10524: 10325: 10235: