Rwandan genocide - Knowledge

1174:(RTLM). The RTLM was designed to appeal to the young adults in Rwanda and had extensive reach. Unlike newspapers that could only be found in cities, the radio broadcasts were accessible to Rwanda's largely rural population of farmers. The format of the broadcasts mirrored Western-style radio talk shows that played popular music, hosted interviews, and encouraged audience participation. The broadcasters told crude jokes and used offensive language that contrasted strongly with Radio Rwanda's more formal news reports. Just 1.52% of RTLM's airtime was dedicated to news, while 66.29% of airtime featured the journalists discussing their thoughts on different subjects. As the start of the genocide approached, the RTLM broadcasts focused on anti-Tutsi propaganda. They characterized the Tutsi as a dangerous enemy who wanted to seize the political power at the expense of Hutus. By linking the Rwandan Patriotic Army with the Tutsi political party and ordinary Tutsi citizens, they classified the entire ethnic group as one homogeneous threat to Rwandans. The RTLM went further than amplifying ethnic and political division; it also labeled the Tutsi as 2977: 2651:, asserted that any acknowledgment of the separate people was detrimental to the unification of post-Genocide Rwanda and has created numerous laws to prevent Rwandans from promoting a "genocide ideology" and "divisionism". The law does not explicitly define such terms, nor does it state that one's beliefs must be spoken. For example, the law defines divisionism as "the use of any speech, written statement, or action that divides people, that is likely to spark conflicts among people, or that causes an uprising which might degenerate into strife among people based on discrimination". Fear of the possible ramifications from breaking these laws have caused a culture of self-censorship within the population. Both civilians and the press typically avoid anything that could be construed as critical of the government/military or promoting "divisionism". 2548:

prosecution of genocide crimes committed during the genocide and of crimes against humanity from October 1990. This law established the regular domestic courts as the core mechanism for responding to genocide until it was amended in 2001 to include the Gacaca courts. The Organic Law established four categories for those who were involved in the genocide, specifying the limits of punishment for members of each category. The first category was reserved those who were "planners, organizers, instigators, supervisors and leaders" of the genocide and any who used positions of state authority to promote the genocide. This category also applied to murderers who distinguished themselves on the basis of their zeal or cruelty, or who engaged in sexual torture. Members of this first category were eligible for the death sentence.

1768: 2952: 1567:), who in turn issued directions to the leaders of the sectors, cells and villages within their communes. The majority of the actual killings in the countryside were carried out by ordinary civilians, under orders from the leaders. Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side in their villages, and families all knew each other, making it easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours. Gerard Prunier ascribes this mass complicity of the population to a combination of the "democratic majority" ideology, in which Hutu had been taught to regard Tutsi as dangerous enemies, the culture of unbending obedience to authority, and the duress factor—villagers who refused to carry out orders to kill were often branded as Tutsi sympathisers and they themselves killed. 1622:

eliminated, and UNAMIR were expressly forbidden to use force except in self-defence. In rural areas, where Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side and families knew each other, it was easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours. In urban areas, where residents were more anonymous, identification was facilitated using roadblocks manned by military and interahamwe; each person passing the roadblock was required to show the national identity card, which included ethnicity, and any with Tutsi cards were killed immediately. Many Hutu were also killed for a variety of reasons, including alleged sympathy for the moderate opposition parties, being a journalist or simply having a "Tutsi appearance". Thousands of bodies were dumped into the

2262: 1221:, with 50,000 to 100,000 people killed in the first year of war. The assassination caused shockwaves, reinforcing the notion among Hutus that the Tutsi were their enemy and could not be trusted. The CDR and the Power wings of the other parties realised they could use this situation to their advantage. The idea of a deliberate and systematic genocide, which had first been suggested in 1992 but had remained a fringe viewpoint, was now top of their agenda, and they began actively planning it. They were confident of persuading the Hutu population to carry out killings, given the public anger at Ndadaye's murder, as well as RTLM propaganda and the traditional obedience of Rwandans to authority. The Power leaders began arming the 6577:

Rights Watch, one of the first organizations on the ground to investigate the genocide, of 507,000 Tutsi killed... I have estimated between 491,000 and 522,000 Tutsi, nearly two thirds of Rwanda's pre-genocide Tutsi population, were killed between 6 April and 19 July 1994. I calculated this death toll by subtracting my estimate of between 278,000 and 309,000 Tutsi survivors from my estimate of a baseline Tutsi population of almost exactly 800,000, or 10.8% of the overall population, on the eve of the genocide... In comparison with estimates at the higher and lower ends, my estimate is significantly lower than the Government of Rwanda's genocide census figure of 1,006,031 Tutsi killed. I believe this number is not credible.

2590:) who preside over the genocide trials were elected by the public. After election, the judges received training, but there was concern that the training was not adequate for serious legal questions or complex proceedings. Furthermore, many judges resigned after facing accusations of participating in the genocide; 27% of them were so accused. There was also a lack of defense counsel and protections for the accused, who were denied the right to appeal to ordinary courts. Most trials were open to the public, but there were issues with witness intimidation. The Gacaca courts did not try those responsible for massacres of Hutu civilians committed by members of the RPF, which controlled the Gacaca Court system. 2940:

25th anniversary of the genocide by lighting a flame at the Kigali Genocide Memorial. Dignitaries from Chad, the Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Niger, Belgium, Canada, Ethiopia, the African Union and the European Union attended. At the national level, the annual commemoration programs are known as Kwibuka and commence with an official week of mourning observed from 7 to 13 April, known as Icyunamo. During this period, work is suspended, and various events take place locally, nationally, and among the Rwandan diaspora across the globe. These events provide opportunities for survivors to share their testimonies, fostering remembrance and reflection on the tragic events that occurred.

2332: 1658:. This was intended as a humanitarian mission, but the soldiers were not able to save significant numbers of lives. The genocidal authorities were overtly welcoming of the French, displaying the French flag on their own vehicles, but killing Tutsi who came out of hiding seeking protection. In July, the RPF completed their conquest of the country, with the exception of the zone occupied by Operation Turquoise. The RPF took Kigali on 4 July, and Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest on 18 July. The genocide was over, but as had occurred in Kibungo, the Hutu population fled en masse across the border, this time into Zaire, with Bagosora and the other leaders accompanying them. 1893:

Dallaire, this success was due to Kagame's being a "master of psychological warfare"; he exploited the fact that the government forces were concentrating on the genocide rather than the fight for Kigali, and capitalised on the government's loss of morale as it lost territory. The RPF finally defeated the Rwandan government forces in Kigali on 4 July, and on 18 July took Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest, forcing the interim government to flee into Zaire and finally ending the genocide. At the end of July 1994, Kagame's forces held the whole of Rwanda except for the zone in the south-west which had been occupied by a French-led United Nations force as part of

699: 1848:(or "Twa") made up about 1% of Rwanda's population. A report shows that the group has been described as people who lived in forests and off lands, but currently the Twa are dispersed in the country in smaller groups while integrating into society. Although the Twa were not directly targeted by the genocidaires, an estimated 10,000 of a population of 30,000 were nonetheless killed. They are sometimes referred to as the "forgotten victims" of the Rwandan genocide. In the months leading up to the genocide, Hutu radio stations accused the Batwa of aiding the RPF and Twa survivors describe Hutu fighters as threatening to kill them all. 2394: 7248:. In March 1996, the ICTR chief prosecutor requested funding to hire forensic investigators and a statistical/demographic advisor. 'Forensic analysis is critical to the investigation of the Tribunal. It is proposed to establish a Forensic Unit to undertake scientific analysis relating to the mass murders' (United Nations 1996, para. 40, emphasis added). A month later, the Tribunal's registrar announced: "Acting on the advice of the Government of Rwanda and with due respect to the wishes of the families of the deceased, no further mass graves will be exhumed by the Office of the Prosecutor" (Adede 1996, emphasis added). 1857: 856: 1476: 2202:. According to the former US deputy special envoy to Somalia, Walter Clarke: "The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US policy. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again." President Clinton has referred to the failure of the U.S. government to intervene in the genocide as one of his main foreign policy failings, saying "I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it." Eighty percent of the discussion in Washington concerned the evacuation of American citizens. 1662: 17347: 2778: 879:. The Tutsi responded with attacks of their own, but by this stage the Hutu had full backing from the Belgian administration who wanted to overturn the Tutsi domination. In early 1960, the Belgians replaced most Tutsi chiefs with Hutu and organised mid-year commune elections which returned an overwhelming Hutu majority. The king was deposed, a Hutu-dominated republic created, and the country became independent in 1962. As the revolution progressed, Tutsis began leaving the country to escape the Hutu purges, settling in the four neighbouring countries: Burundi, 1679:, the official figure is not credible as it overestimates the number of Tutsi in Rwanda prior to the genocide. Using different methodologies, the scholars in the symposium estimated 500,000 to 600,000 deaths in the genocide—around two-thirds of the Tutsis in Rwanda at the time. Thousands of widows, many of whom were subjected to rape, became HIV-positive. There were about 400,000 orphans and nearly 85,000 of them were forced to become heads of families. An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans, mostly Hutu, were displaced and became refugees. Additionally, 30% of the 1280: 1312:, the report did not exonerate the RPF. In November 2014, Emmanuel Mughisa (also known as Emile Gafarita), a former Rwandan soldier who said he had evidence that Kagame had ordered Habyarimana's plane shot down, was abducted in Nairobi hours after he was called to testify at the French inquiry. He was reportedly "join a long list of Mr Kagame's opponents who have disappeared or died". Despite disagreements about the perpetrators, many observers believe the attack and deaths of the two Hutu presidents served as the catalyst for the genocide. 2096:, a military operation assisted by the Belgian army and UNAMIR, to evacuate expatriates from Rwanda. The French and Belgians refused to allow any Tutsi to accompany them, and those who boarded the evacuation trucks were forced off at Rwandan government checkpoints, where they were killed. The French also separated several expatriates and children from their Tutsi spouses, rescuing the foreigners but leaving the Rwandans to likely death. They rescued several high-profile members of Habyarimana's government, as well as his wife, Agathe. 1695: 2075: 17359: 787:, and Germany established a presence in the country in 1897 with the formation of an alliance with the king. German policy was to rule the country through the Rwandan monarchy; this system had the added benefit of enabling colonization with small European troop numbers. The colonists favoured the Tutsi over the Hutu when assigning administrative roles, believing them to be migrants from Ethiopia and racially superior. The Rwandan king welcomed the Germans, using their military strength to widen his rule. 2555:, were executed by firing squad in public executions in April 1998. After this, Rwanda conducted no further executions, albeit it continued to issue death sentences until 2003. On 25 July 2007 the Organic Law Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty came into law, abolishing capital punishment and converting all existing death sentences to life in prison under solitary confinement. In parallel, the 2007 UN resolution presented and campaigns continued for a global moratorium on capital punishment. 947: 1547:

of obedience to authority, carried out the orders without question. On the other hand, there are views that the genocide was not sudden, irresistible or uniformly orchestrated, but "a cascade of tipping points, and each tipping point was the outcome of local, intra-ethnic contests for dominance (among Hutu)". The protracted struggles for supremacy in local communes meant that a more determined stance from the international community would likely have prevented the worst from happening.

891:. These exiles, unlike the Banyarwanda who migrated during the pre-colonial and colonial era, were regarded as refugees in their host countries, and began almost immediately to agitate for a return to Rwanda. They formed armed groups who launched attacks into Rwanda; these were largely unsuccessful, and led to further reprisal killings of 10,000 Tutsis and further Tutsi exiles. By 1964, more than 300,000 Tutsis had fled, and were forced to remain in exile for the next three decades. 2016: 259: 50: 1412: 240: 848:. Catholic missionaries increasingly viewed themselves as responsible for empowering the underprivileged Hutu rather than the Tutsi elite, leading rapidly to the formation of a sizeable Hutu clergy and educated elite that provided a new counterbalance to the established political order. The monarchy and prominent Tutsis sensed the growing influence of the Hutu and began to agitate for immediate independence on their own terms. In 1957, a group of Hutu scholars wrote the " 2582:, in order to address the enormous backlog of cases. The Gacaca court system traditionally dealt with conflicts within communities, but it was adapted to deal with genocide crimes. Among the principal objectives of the courts were identification of the truth about what happened during the genocide, speeding up the process of trying genocide suspects, national unity and reconciliation, and demonstrating the capacity of the Rwandan people to resolve their own problems. 1143:("those who have the same goal"). These groups served to provide auxiliary slaughterhouse support to the police, the gendarmerie and the regular army. These militias were primarily recruited from the vast pool of Hutu internally displaced persons driven from their homes in the North, and claimed a total membership of 50,000 on the eve of genocide Rwanda also purchased large numbers of grenades and munitions from late 1990; in one deal, future UN Secretary-General 2544:

lawyers in its judicial system. These barriers caused the trials to proceed very slowly: with 130,000 suspects held in Rwandan prisons after the genocide, 3,343 cases were handled between 1996 and the end of 2000. Of those defendants, 20% received death sentences, 32% received life in prison, and 20% were acquitted. It was calculated that it would take over 200 years to conduct the trials of the suspects in prison—not including the ones who remained at large.

229: 2166: 1464: 17322: 1400: 2496: 2624:

the crimes committed during the Rwandan genocide. As the years passed, it became apparent that the ICTR would exist long past its original mandate. With the announcement of its closing, there was a concern over how residual issues would be handled, because "The nature of criminal judicial work ... is such that it never really ends." The ICTR officially closed on 31 December 2015, and its remaining functions were handed over to the

1971:

month from April through July and 5,000 for the month of August." The new authorities categorically denied the allegations of Gersony, details of which leaked to the press. According to an RPA officer, "There was not time to do proper screening. ... We needed a force, and some of those recruited were thieves and criminals. Those people have been responsible for much of our trouble today." In an interview with journalist

2570: 17371: 2976: 1190:... to exterminate the Tutsi from the surface of the earth." By the time the violence began, the young Hutu population had absorbed months of racist propaganda that characterized all Tutsis as dangerous enemies that must be killed before they seized control of the country. The RTLM's role in the genocide earned it the nickname "Radio Machete" as it related to their incitement to genocide. A 2014 study by 8386: 1248:'s chauffeur, Kassim Turatsinze, a.k.a. "Jean-Pierre"—claimed to have been ordered to register all Tutsi in Kigali. According to the memo, Turatsinze suspected that a genocide against the Tutsis was being planned, and he said that "in 20 minutes his personnel could kill up to 1000 Tutsis". Dallaire's request to protect the informant and his family and to raid the weapons caches he revealed was denied. 2312:

arrived, he ordered that bulldozers should be used to crush the refugees who were hiding inside the church and if any of them were still alive, Hutu militias should kill them all. Some in the Catholic Church's religious hierarchy were later tried and convicted for their participation in the genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Bishop Misago was accused of

2253:, which ruled that the records which document Israel's arms sales, notably to Rwanda, will remain sealed, citing section nine of Israel's Freedom of Information Act which allows for non-disclosure if in releasing "the information there is a concern over harming national security, its foreign relations, the security of its public or the security or well-being of an individual". 2056:, as well as other secure UN sites, and to assist with the evacuation of foreign nationals. On 12 April, the Belgian government, which was one of the largest troop contributors to UNAMIR, and had lost ten soldiers protecting Prime Minister Uwilingiliyimana, announced that it was withdrawing, reducing the force's effectiveness even further. On 17 May 1994, the UN passed 1865:

there successfully fought back. The RPF then began an attack from the north on three fronts, seeking to link up quickly with the isolated troops in Kigali. Kagame refused to talk to the interim government, believing that it was just a cover for Bagosora's rule and not committed to ending the genocide. Over the next few days, the RPF advanced steadily south, capturing

1012:, Tanzania. In early 1993, several extremist Hutu groups formed and began campaigns of large scale violence against the Tutsi. The RPF responded by suspending peace talks and launching a major attack, gaining a large swathe of land across the north of the country. Peace negotiations eventually resumed in Arusha; the resulting set of agreements, known as the 1105:

into "moderate" and "Power" wings, with members of both camps claiming to represent the legitimate leadership of that party. Even the ruling party contained a Power wing, consisting of those who opposed Habyarimana's intention to sign a peace deal. Several radical youth militia groups emerged, attached to the Power wings of the parties; these included the

2578:

created to lessen the burden on normal courts and provide assistance in the justice system to run trials for those already in prison. The least severe cases, according to the terms of Organic Law No. 08/96 of 30, would be handled by these Gacaca Courts. With this law, the government began implementing a participatory justice system, known as

8378: 2655:

individuals convicted of "genocide revisionism and other related crimes" in 2009, five were sentenced to life imprisonment, five were sentenced to more than 20 years in jail, 99 were sentenced to 10–20 years in jail, 211 received a custodial sentence of 5–10 years, and the remaining 169 received jail terms of less than five years.

1630:. This disposal of bodies caused significant damage to the Ugandan fishing industry, as consumers refused to buy fish caught in Lake Victoria for fear that they were tainted by decomposing corpses. The Ugandan government responded by dispatching teams to retrieve the bodies from the Kagera River before they entered the lake. 2044:

repeatedly with both the Crisis Committee and the RPF, attempting to re-establish peace and prevent the resumption of the civil war. Neither side was interested in a ceasefire, the government because it was controlled by the genocidaires, and the RPF because it considered it necessary to fight to stop the killings. UNAMIR's

8552: 776:, under which Tutsi patrons ceded cattle to Hutu or Tutsi clients in exchange for economic and personal service. Although Hutu and Tutsi were often treated differently, they shared the same language and culture, the same clan names, and the same customs; the symbols of kinship served as a unifying bond between them. 799:

heading for "ethnicity and race") each individual as either Tutsi, Hutu, Twa, or Naturalised. While it had previously been possible for particularly wealthy Hutus to become honorary Tutsis, the identity cards prevented any further movement between the groups and made socio-economic groups into rigid ethnic groups.

1795:' in league with the Hutus' enemies". The exceptional brutality of the sexual violence, as well as the complicity of Hutu women in the attacks, suggests that the use of propaganda had been effective in the exploitation of gendered needs which had mobilized both females and males to participate. Soldiers of the 1741:. On 12 April, more than 1,500 Tutsis sought refuge in a Catholic church in Nyange, then in Kivumu commune. Local Interahamwe, acting in concert with the authorities, used bulldozers to knock down the church building. The militia used machetes and rifles to kill every person who tried to escape. Local priest 1178:, meaning non-human pests or cockroaches, which must be exterminated. Leading up to the genocide, there were 294 instances of the RTLM accusing the Rwandan Patriotic Army of atrocities against the Hutu, along with 252 broadcasts that call for Hutus to kill the Tutsis. One such broadcast stated, "Someone must 7250:

What happened? An ICTR excavation in January–February 1996 of a mass grave in Kibuye, the first of its kind, had met with a street protest in the capital and disapproval from the government. According to a former tribunal official, excavations were "not something that the Rwandan government was happy

2939:

of the Democratic Republic of the Congo visited Rwanda to sign the Kigali Genocide Memorial Book, saying, "The collateral effects of these horrors have not spared my country, which has also lost millions of lives." On 7 April the Rwandan Government initiated 100 days of mourning in observation of the

2442:

rebellion and 232,000 Hutu refugees were killed, according to one estimate. The defeated forces of the former regime continued a cross-border insurgency campaign, supported initially by the predominantly Hutu population of Rwanda's northwestern prefectures. By 1999, a programme of propaganda and Hutu

2060:, which imposed an arms embargo and reinforced UNAMIR, which would be known as UNAMIR II. The new soldiers did not start arriving until June, and following the end of the genocide in July, the role of UNAMIR II was largely confined to maintaining security and stability, until its termination in 1996. 1876:

Throughout April, there were numerous attempts by UNAMIR to establish a ceasefire, but Kagame insisted each time that the RPF would not stop fighting unless the killings stopped. In late April, the RPF secured the whole of the Tanzanian border area and began to move west from Kibungo, to the south of

1815:

forced others to stand by during rapes. A testimonial by a woman of the name Marie Louise Niyobuhungiro recalled seeing local peoples, other generals and Hutu men watching her get raped about five times a day. Even when she was kept under watch of a woman, the woman would give no sympathy or help and

1344:

offices to address the nation. This plan was canceled because the Presidential Guard took over the radio station shortly afterward and would not permit Uwilingiyimana to speak on air. Later in the morning, a number of soldiers and a crowd of civilians overwhelmed the Belgians guarding Uwilingiyimana,

1263:

What the Office of the Prosecutor has consistently failed to demonstrate is the alleged existence of a "conspiracy" among the accused—presuming an association or a preexisting plan to commit genocide. This is the central argument at the core of its prosecution strategy, borrowing from the contentions

1205:

During 1993, the hardliners imported machetes on a scale far larger than what was required for agriculture, as well as other tools which could be used as weapons, such as razor blades, saws and scissors. These tools were distributed around the country, ostensibly as part of the civil defence network.

1087:

Following the 1992 ceasefire agreement, a number of the extremists in the Rwandan government and army began actively plotting against the president, worried about the possibility of Tutsis being included in government. Habyarimana attempted to remove the hardliners from senior army positions, but was

2547:

The RPF government began the long-awaited genocide trials, which had an uncertain start at the end of 1996 and inched forward in 1997. It was not until 1996 that courts finally began trials for genocide cases with the enactment of Organic Law No. 08/96 of 30 on 30 August 1996. This law initiated the

2526:

was routed to the refugee camps which had formed in Zaire following the exodus of Hutu from Rwanda. Kagame strove to portray the new government as inclusive and not Tutsi-dominated. He directed the removal of ethnicity from Rwandan citizens' national identity cards, and the government began a policy

1823:

from the HIV-infected men recruited by the genocidaires. During the conflict, Hutu extremists released hundreds of patients suffering from AIDS from hospitals, and formed them into "rape squads". The intent was to infect and cause a "slow, inexorable death" for their future Tutsi rape victims. Tutsi

1621:

and the youth militia, aided by local populations, continued killing at a very high rate. The goal was to kill every Tutsi living in Rwanda and, with the exception of the advancing rebel RPF army, there was no opposition force to prevent or slow the killings. The domestic opposition had already been

1546:

prefectures on 7 April; in each case, local officials, responding to orders from Kigali, spread rumours that the RPF had killed the president, followed by a command to kill Tutsi. The Hutu population, which had been prepared and armed during the preceding months, and maintained the Rwandan tradition

1331:

met with the committee that night and insisted that Uwilingiyimana be placed in charge, but Bagosora refused, saying Uwilingiyimana did not "enjoy the confidence of the Rwandan people" and was "incapable of governing the nation". The committee also justified its existence as being essential to avoid

6623:

Despite the various methodological disagreements among them, none of the scholars who participated in this forum gives credence to the official figure of 1,074,107 victims... Given the rigour of the various quantitative methodologies involved, this forum's overarching finding that the death toll of

2654:

Under the Rwandan constitution, "revisionism, negationism and trivialisation of genocide" are criminal offences. Hundreds of people have been tried and convicted for "genocide ideology", "revisionism", and other laws ostensibly related to the genocide. According to Amnesty International, of the 489

2623:

international jurisdiction, the ICTR was scheduled to close by the end of 2014, after it would complete trials by 2009 and appeals by 2010 or 2011. Initially, the U.N. Security Council established the ICTR in 1994 with an original mandate of four years without a fixed deadline and set on addressing

2535:

The systematic destruction of the judicial system during the genocide and civil war was a major problem. After the genocide, over one million people (nearly one-fifth of the population remaining after the summer of 1994) were potentially culpable for a role in the genocide. The RPF pursued a policy

1970:

did not technically exist because Gersony did not complete it, but a summary of an oral presentation of his findings was leaked in 2010. Gersony's personal conclusion was that between April and August 1994, the RPF had killed "between 25,000 and 45,000 persons, between 5,000 and 10,000 persons each

1603:

on 12 April, ostensibly fleeing RPF's advance on the capital. The crisis committee was officially dissolved, but Bagosora and the senior officers remained the de facto rulers of the country. The government played its part in mobilising the population, giving the regime an air of legitimacy, but was

1434:

They also recruited and pressured Hutu civilians to arm themselves with machetes, clubs, blunt objects, and other weapons and encouraged them to rape, maim, and kill their Tutsi neighbors and to destroy or steal their property. The RPF restarted its offensive soon after Habyarimana's assassination.

1134:

In 1990, the army began arming civilians with weapons such as machetes, and it began training the Hutu youth in combat, officially as a programme of "civil defence" against the RPF threat, but these weapons were later used to carry out the genocide. In particular, the Hutu Power leaders organized a

798:

In the early 1930s, Belgium introduced a permanent division of the population by classifying Rwandans into three ethnic (ethno-racial) groups, with the Hutu representing about 84% of the population, the Tutsi about 15%, and the Twa about 1%. Compulsory identity cards were issued labeling (under the

633:

caused shock worldwide, but no country intervened to forcefully stop the killings. Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or towns, many by their neighbors and fellow villagers. Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and school buildings. The militia murdered victims with

7265:

Concerning this second aspect of the remembrance policy, the political barriers to counting victims have been ongoing and systematic since the war had begun in 1990 RPF offensive. Each major period and event mentioned above corresponds to significant numbers of Hutu, military and civilian victims,

6576:

If one examines the claims for the overall number killed, at the higher end lies the figure of 1,074,017 Rwandan dead. This number originates with the Rwandan government which conducted a nationwide census in July 2000, six years after the genocide. Toward the lower end lies an estimate from Human

2433:

province, helping them to defeat Zairian security forces. Rwandan forces, the Banyamulenge, and other Zairian Tutsi, then attacked the refugee camps, targeting the Hutu militia. These attacks caused hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee; many returned to Rwanda despite the presence of the RPF,

1965:

to investigate the prospects for a speedy return of the nearly two million refugees that had fled Rwanda since April. After interviewing 300 people, Gersony concluded that "clearly systematic murders and persecution of the Hutu population in certain parts of the country" had taken place. Gersony's

1550:

In Kigali, the genocide was led by the Presidential Guard, the elite unit of the army. They were assisted by the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi, who set up roadblocks throughout the capital; each person passing the roadblock was required to show the national identity card, which included ethnicity,

1104:

From mid-1993, the Hutu Power movement represented a third major force in Rwandan politics, in addition to Habyarimana's government and the traditional moderate opposition. Apart from the CDR, there was no party that was exclusively part of the Power movement. Instead, almost every party was split

738:

origin. An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady from neighbouring regions, with incoming groups bearing high genetic similarity to the established ones, and integrating into rather than conquering the existing society. Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose

2646:

Article 38 of the Constitution of Rwanda 2003 guarantees "the freedom of expression and freedom of access to information where it does not prejudice public order, good morals, the protection of the youth and children, the right of every citizen to honour and dignity and protection of personal and

1864:

On 7 April, as the genocide started, RPF commander Paul Kagame warned the crisis committee and UNAMIR that he would resume the civil war if the killing did not stop. The next day, Rwandan government forces attacked the national parliament building from several directions, but RPF troops stationed

7702:

We categorically deny the following unfounded allegations made by the officials of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): (a) That there are systematic and organized killings by the Government causing insecurity in the country; (b) That there is a mass exodus of

4814:

Fujii, Lee Ann (April 2007). "Jean Hatzfeld. Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005/Picador, 2006. Translated by Linda Coverdale. Preface by Susan Sontag. xiv + 253 pp. Maps. Chronology of Events. Photograph. Index. $ 24.00. Cloth. $ 14.00. Paper".

2577:

In response to the overwhelming number of potentially culpable individuals and the slow pace of the traditional judicial system, the government of Rwanda passed Organic Law No. 40/2000 in 2001. This law established Gacaca Courts at all administrative levels of Rwanda and in Kigali. It was mainly

2043:

UNAMIR's effectiveness in peacekeeping was also hampered by President Habyarimana and Hutu hardliners, and by April 1994, the Security Council threatened to terminate UNAMIR's mandate if it did not make progress. Following the death of Habyarimana, and the start of the genocide, Dallaire liaised

1651:

In the remaining prefectures, killings continued throughout May and June, although they became increasingly low-key and sporadic; most Tutsi were already dead, and the interim government wished to rein in the growing anarchy and engage the population in fighting the RPF. On 23 June, around 2,500

1381:

was rejected by the crisis committee, forcing Bagosora to agree to Gatsinzi's appointment. Gatsinzi attempted to keep the army out of the genocide, and to negotiate a ceasefire with the RPF, but he had only limited control over his troops and was replaced by the hardline Bizimungu after just ten

2913:

In 2005, Alison Des Forges wrote that eleven years after the genocide, films for popular audiences on the subject greatly increased the "widespread realization of the horror that had taken the lives of more than half a million Tutsi". In 2007, Charlie Beckett, Director of POLIS, said: "How many

1926:

was one of the first researchers to conclude that RPF committed atrocities in a systematic fashion that were directed by officers with a high level of authority. She estimated that RPF killed around 30,000 people considered enemies of the Tutsi. Some witnesses blamed Kagame himself for ordering

1079:

To make the economic, social and political conflict look more like an ethnic conflict, the President's entourage, including the army, launched propaganda campaigns to fabricate events of ethnic crisis caused by the Tutsi and the RPF. The process was described as "mirror politics", also known as

2543:

Government institutions, including judicial courts, were destroyed, and many judges, prosecutors, and employees were murdered during the genocide. Of Rwanda's 750 judges, 506 did not remain after the genocide—many were murdered and most of the survivors fled Rwanda. By 1997, Rwanda only had 50

1721:

was an exception to the local violence. Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana was the only Tutsi prefect, and the prefecture was the only one dominated by an opposition party. Opposing the genocide, Habyalimana was able to keep relative calm in the prefecture, until he was deposed by the extremist Sylvain

2503:

The infrastructure and economy of the country had suffered greatly during the genocide. Many buildings were uninhabitable, and the former regime had carried with them all currency and moveable assets when they fled the country. Human resources were also severely depleted, with over 40% of the

2311:

was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment (increased on appeal to life imprisonment) by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for his role in the massacre of 2,000 Tutsis. The court heard that Seromba lured the Tutsis to the church, where they believed they would find refuge. When they

1892:

Having completed the encirclement of Kigali, the RPF spent the latter half of June fighting for the city itself. The government forces had superior manpower and weapons, but the RPF steadily gained territory as well as conducting raids to rescue civilians from behind enemy lines. According to

1100:

remained in powerful posts, providing the hardline family with a link to power. Throughout 1992, the hardliners carried out campaigns of localised killings of Tutsi, culminating in January 1993, in which extremists and local Hutu murdered around 300 people. When the RPF resumed hostilities in

2536:

of mass arrests for those responsible and for those persons who took part in the genocide, jailing over 100,000 people in the two years after the genocide. The pace of arrests overwhelmed the physical capacity of the Rwandan prison system, leading to what Amnesty International deemed "

1583:. Habyalimana refused to authorise any killings in his territory, and for a while Butare became a sanctuary for Tutsi refugees from elsewhere in the country. This lasted until 18 April, when the interim government dismissed him from his post and replaced him with government loyalist 1360:

In addition to assassinating Uwilingiyimana, the extremists spent the night of 6–7 April moving around the houses of Kigali with lists of prominent moderate politicians and journalists, on a mission to kill them. Fatalities that evening included President of the Constitutional Court

7601:, p. 466n111: " was technically true because there were only field notes. Robert Gersony later told me that knowing full well that it would never be published, he had never done the work of writing out a fully developed version, keeping it only in synthetic documentary form." 8544: 1522:, were initially the most organized, convening a gathering of the Interahamwe and civilian Hutus; the commanders announced the president's death, blaming the RPF, and then ordered the crowd to "begin your work" and to "spare no one", including infants. The killing spread to 2210:

In her 2004 book, Linda Melvern documented that "in the three years from October 1990, Rwanda, one of the poorest countries in the world, became the third largest importer of weapons in Africa, spending an estimated $ US 112 million." She cited a significant contract with

2153:

accused the French government of knowing of preparations for the genocide and helping to train Hutu militia members. In 2019, President Macron decided to reopen the issue of French involvement in the genocide by commissioning a new team to sort through the state archives.

1633:

The RPF was making slow but steady gains in the north and east of the country, ending the killings in each area occupied. The genocide was effectively ended during April in areas of Ruhengeri, Byumba, Kibungo and Kigali prefectures. The killings ceased during April in the

2197:

as the key reason behind the US's failure to intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide. After the battle, the bodies of several US casualties of the conflict were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by crowds of local civilians and members of Aidid's

2149:, which accused France of errors of judgement, including "military cooperation against a background of ethnic tensions, massacres and violence", but did not accuse France of direct responsibility for the genocide itself. A 2008 report by the Rwandan government-sponsored 2091:

policy, and assisted Rwanda militarily against the RPF during the Civil War; France considered the RPF, along with Uganda, as part of a "plot" to increase Anglophone influence at the expense of French influence. During the first few days of the genocide, France launched

1555:, the prefect of Kigali-ville, played a leading role, touring the roadblocks to ensure their effectiveness and using his position at the top of the Kigali provincial government to disseminate orders and dismiss officials who were not sufficiently active in the killings. 1130:

To what extent the Rwandan genocide was planned in advance of the assassination of Habyarimana continues to be debated by historians. Prosecutors at the ICTR argued, but were unable to prove, that the defendants planned the genocide prior to Habyarimana's assassination.

1307:

concluded that Paul Kagame had ordered the assassination. An investigation by the Rwandan government made public in 2010 blamed Hutu extremists in the Rwandan army. In January 2012, a French investigation was widely published as exonerating the RPF, but according to

1373:, but the plot was largely successful. According to Dallaire, "by noon on 7 April, the moderate political leadership of Rwanda was dead or in hiding, the potential for a future moderate government utterly lost." An exception to this was the new army chief of staff, 3853: 1608:

activities. When Roméo Dallaire visited the government's headquarters a week after its formation, he found most officials at leisure, describing their activities as "sorting out the seating plan for a meeting that was not about to convene any time soon".

1578:

during the early phase, as the prefects of those areas were moderates opposed to the violence. The genocide began in Gitarama after the interim government relocated to the prefecture on 12 April. Butare was ruled by the only Tutsi prefect in the country,

810:" origins of the kingdom, and referred to the distinctively Ethiopian features and hence, foreign origins, of the Tutsi "caste". These mythologies provide the basis for anti-Tutsi propaganda in 1994. Starkly contrasted, the Tutsi origin myth holds that 2036:(DPKO), which felt that Dallaire was exceeding his mandate and had to be kept "on a leash". Seizing the weapons was argued to be squarely within UNAMIR's mandate; both sides had requested UNAMIR and it had been authorized by the UN Security Council in 981:, but simultaneously began planning an invasion of Rwanda through a covert network within the army's ranks. In October 1990, Rwigyema led a force of over 4,000 rebels from Uganda, advancing 60 km (37 mi) into Rwanda under the banner of the 1332:

uncertainty following the president's death. Bagosora sought to convince UNAMIR and the RPF that the committee was acting to contain the Presidential Guard, which he described as "out of control", and that it would abide by the Arusha agreement.

2031:

learned of the Hutu Power movement during the mission's deployment, as well as plans for the mass extermination of Tutsi. He also became aware of secret weapons caches through an informant, but his request to raid them was turned down by the UN

2675:

The number of Tutsi survivors of the genocide has been debated. Different figures between 150,000 and 309,368 have been offered. There are a number of organizations representing and supporting these survivors of the genocide. These include the

1435:

It rapidly seized control of the northern part of the country and captured Kigali about 100 days later in mid-July, bringing an end to the genocide. During these events and in the aftermath, the United Nations (UN) and countries including the

1598:

was the new prime minister. All political parties were represented in the government, but most members were from the "Hutu Power" wings of their respective parties. The interim government was sworn in on 9 April, but relocated from Kigali to

1954:(UNHCR) observed that "There's a lot of propaganda by the Government radio aimed at the Hutu" which "makes them feel very anti-Tutsi." After the RPF took control of the border crossing at Rusumo on 30 April, refugees continued to cross the 1487:, took power in the country following Habyarimana's death, and was the principal authority coordinating the genocide. Following the assassination of Habyarimana, Bagosora immediately began issuing orders to kill Tutsi, addressing groups of 1733:

them. Local officials and government-sponsored radio incited ordinary citizens to kill their neighbors, and those who refused to kill were often murdered on the spot: "Either you took part in the massacres or you were massacred yourself."

2272:

expressed his deep concern about what was happening in April 1994. On 9 April, in a message to Rwandan Catholics he urged them "not to give way to feelings of hatred and revenge but to courageously practice dialogue and forgiveness".

646:

was rife, with an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 women raped during the genocide. The RPF quickly resumed the civil war once the genocide started and captured all government territory, ending the genocide and forcing the government and

601:

states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the demographic evidence suggests that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 662,000 Tutsi deaths.

1787:, the chief perpetrators, to separate the consciously heterogeneous population and to drastically exhaust the opposing group. The use of propaganda played an important role in both the genocide and the gender specific violence. The 1264:

initially put forth by academics and human rights defenders. With the exception of two judgements, confirmed on appeal, the Trial Chambers have uniformly found the prosecution's proof of a conspiracy wanting, regardless of the case.

2137:

triangle, an area occupying approximately a fifth of Rwanda. Radio France International estimates that Turquoise saved around 15,000 lives, but with the genocide coming to an end and the RPF's ascendancy, many Rwandans interpreted

5828:

Guichaoua, André (August 1998). Local government in Rwanda: Expert report prepared at the request of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Report). Arusha: ICTR. p. 14. Record Number: 13685, Exhibit Number: P31B in

5455: 1828:

sometimes occurred after the rape and included mutilation of the vagina with machetes, knives, sharpened sticks, boiling water, and acid. Men were also the victims of sexual violation, including public mutilation of the genitals.

7251:

with" (quoted in O'Brien 2011, 168; see also Korman 2015, 203–220). Investigators reportedly had discovered "two layers" of bodies, one of Tutsi genocide victims and one of Hutu civilians killed by the RPF (Guichaoua 2020, 132).

625:

on 6 April 1994, creating a power vacuum and ending peace accords. Genocidal killings began the following day when majority Hutu soldiers, police, and militia murdered key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders.

7266:

none of whom were ever counted. The only obstacle weighing on RPF leaders were, if necessary, eliminating or fighting off the threat of an ICTR prosecution. While only theoretical, the threat could have become real at any time.

1881:, the temporary home of the interim government, and by 13 June, had taken Gitarama itself, following an unsuccessful attempt by the Rwandan government forces to reopen the road; the interim government was forced to relocate to 875:, by supporters of the pro-Tutsi party. Mbonyumutwa survived, but rumours began spreading that he had been killed. Hutu activists responded by killing Tutsis, both the elite and ordinary civilians, marking the beginning of the 8499: 8735: 613:, initiating the Rwandan Civil War. Over the course of the next three years, neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage. In an effort to bring the war to a peaceful end, the Rwandan government led by Hutu president, 7360:

The double genocide thesis cannot be dismissed out of hand. After the publication of Judi Rever's expose of the crimes of the RPF, there appears to be considerable evidence to justify the use of the g-word to describe such

2474:

provinces and later advanced west, gaining territory from the poorly organised and demotivated Zairian army with little fighting, and controlling the whole country by 1997. Mobutu fled into exile, and Zaire was renamed the

1638:

heartlands of western Ruhengeri and Gisenyi, as almost every Tutsi had been eliminated. Large numbers of Hutu in the RPF-conquered areas fled, fearing retribution for the genocide; 500,000 Kibungo residents walked over the

2051:

UNAMIR was therefore largely reduced to a bystander role, and Dallaire later labelled it a "failure". Its most significant contribution was to provide refuge for thousands of Tutsi and moderate Hutu at its headquarters in

1647:

into Tanzania in a few days at the end of April, and were accommodated in United Nations camps effectively controlled by ousted leaders of the Hutu regime, with the former prefect of Kibungo prefecture in overall control.

1558:

In rural areas, the local government hierarchy was also in most cases the chain of command for the execution of the genocide. The prefect of each prefecture, acting on orders from Kigali, disseminated instructions to the

8545:"VATICAN - The Pope's anguished and repeated calls during the genocide in Rwanda: "Do not give in to the temptation of hatred and revenge. At this tragic stage of the life of your country, be builders of peace and love"" 2512:, unwanted pregnancies and babies, with some women resorting to self-induced abortions. The army, led by Paul Kagame, maintained law and order while the government began the work of rebuilding the country's structures. 1046:, and the president relied on them to maintain his regime. When the RPF invaded in October 1990, Habyarimana and the hardliners exploited the fear of the population to advance an anti-Tutsi agenda which became known as 1709:. The same day, 1,000 heavily armed and well trained European troops arrived to escort European civilian personnel out of the country. The troops did not stay to assist UNAMIR. Media coverage picked up on the 9th, as 9572: 12244: 3815: 2593:

On 18 June 2012, the Gacaca court system was officially closed after facing criticism. It is estimated that the Gacaca court system tried 1,958,634 cases during its lifetime and that 1,003,227 persons stood trial.

2585:

The Gacaca court system faced many controversies and challenges; they were accused of being puppets of the RPF-dominated government. The judges (known as Inyangamugayo, which means "those who detest dishonesty" in

662:

The genocide had lasting and profound effects. In 1996, the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive into Zaire, home to exiled leaders of the former Rwandan government and many Hutu refugees, starting the

762:, ruled by the Tutsi Nyiginya clan, became the dominant kingdom from the mid-eighteenth century, expanding through a process of conquest and assimilation, and achieving its greatest extent under the reign of King 2647:

family privacy". This has not guaranteed freedom of speech or expression given that the government has declared many forms of speech fall into the exceptions. Under these exceptions, longtime Rwandan president,

7420: 11375: 1162:

In March 1993, Hutu Power began compiling lists of "traitors" whom they planned to kill, and it is possible that Habyarimana's name was on these lists; the CDR were publicly accusing the president of treason.

2424:

By late 1996, Hutu militants from the camps were launching regular cross-border incursions, and the RPF-led Rwandan government launched a counteroffensive. Rwanda provided troops and military training to the

1155:(FAR) expanded rapidly at this time, growing from less than 10,000 troops to almost 30,000 in one year. The new recruits were often poorly disciplined; a divide grew between the elite Presidential Guard and 5804: 1810:

Rene Degni-Segui stated, "Rape was the rule and its absence was the exception." He also noted, "Rape was systematic and was used as a weapon." With this thought and using methods of force and threat, the

4952:

Danning, Gordon (2 October 2018). "Did Radio RTLM Really Contribute Meaningfully to the Rwandan Genocide?: Using Qualitative Information to Improve Causal Inference from Measures of Media Availability".

2951: 11568: 2157:

In April 2021, the Rwandan government announced the study they had commissioned alleged France "did nothing" to prevent what they deemed the "foreseeable" April and May 1994 massacres in the genocide.

1032:

In the early years of Habyarimana's regime, there was greater economic prosperity and reduced violence against Tutsis. Many hardline anti-Tutsi figures remained, including the family of the first lady

1194:

researcher David Yanagizawa-Drott found that approximately 10% of the overall violence during the Rwandan genocide can be attributed to this new radio station. Gordon Danning, a researcher with the

12461: 11698: 389: 1943:. In contrast, the post-genocide regime maintains that killings by RPF soldiers were perpetrated by undisciplined recruits seeking revenge and that all such transgressions were promptly punished. 1423:

Genocidal killings began the following day. Soldiers, police, and militia quickly executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders who could have assumed control in the ensuing

1873:, but conducted manoeuvres designed to encircle the cities and cut off supply routes. The RPF also allowed Tutsi refugees from Uganda to settle behind the front line in the RPF controlled areas. 11088: 9554: 2142:

as a mission to protect Hutu from the RPF, including some who had participated in the genocide. The French remained hostile to the RPF, and their presence temporarily stalled the RPF's advance.

16330: 7236:, pp. 98–101: "In a number of cases, witnesses from within the RPA interviewed by the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICTR declared that Kagame himself ordered some of the killings." 5398: 2421:(UNHCR), but were effectively controlled by the army and government of the former Hutu regime, including many leaders of the genocide, who began rearming in a bid to return to power in Rwanda. 1931:

in early 1996—one of Tutsi victims of the genocide and another left by RPF killings of Hutu civilians—further forensic investigations were prohibited by the Rwandan government. French scholar

1345:

forcing them to surrender their weapons. Uwilingiyimana and her husband were killed, although their children survived by hiding behind furniture and were rescued by Senegalese UNAMIR officer

1117:. The youth militia began actively carrying out massacres across the country. The army trained the militias, sometimes in conjunction with the French, who were unaware of their true purpose. 2458:

based in the camps, and was also accused of allowing attacks on Tutsi people within Zaire. Together with Uganda, the Rwandan government supported an alliance of four rebel groups headed by

2487:(UN) report accused the Rwandan army of committing wide-scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Congo during those wars, charges denied by the Rwandan government. 7546: 5447: 2540:". The country's 19 prisons were designed to hold about 18,000 inmates total, but at their peak in 1998 there were over 100,000 people in crowded detention facilities across the country. 8324: 2323:

acknowledged that while some Catholic nuns and priests in the country were killed during the genocide, others were complicit in it and took part in preparing and executing the genocide.

15767: 2355:

began to regroup in refugee camps along the border with Rwanda. Declaring a need to avert further genocide, the RPF-led government made military incursions into Zaire, resulting in the

11827:

Sarkin, Jeremy (2001). "The Tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process, and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide".

7494: 2280:

affirms that genocide took place but states that those who took part in it did so without the permission of the Church. Though religious factors were not prominent, in its 1999 report

985:(RPF). Rwigyema was killed on the third day of the attack, and France and Zaire deployed forces in support of the Rwandan army, allowing them to repel the invasion. Rwigyema's deputy, 8491: 2688:. The 2007 report on the living conditions of survivors conducted by the Ministry in charge of Social Affairs in Rwanda reported the following situation of survivors in the country: 1303:, killing everyone on board. Responsibility for the attack was disputed, with both the RPF and Hutu extremists being blamed. In 2006, an eight-year investigation by the French judge 16781: 9375:"Organic Law No. 08/96 of 303 August on the Organization of Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crimes of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity Committed since 1 October 1990". 8727: 2504:

population having been killed or fled. Many of the remainder were traumatised: most had lost relatives, witnessed killings or participated in the genocide. The long-term effects of

1000:. The RPF captured the town, benefiting from the element of surprise, and held it for one day before retreating to the forests. For the next year, the RPF waged a hit-and-run style 766:

in 1853–1895. Rwabugiri expanded the kingdom west and north, and initiated administrative reforms which caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations. These included

8530: 1803:, including the Presidential Guard, and civilians also committed rape against mostly Tutsi women. Although Tutsi women were the main targets, moderate Hutu women were also raped. 905:

to power. Pro-Hutu and Anti-Tutsi discrimination continued in Rwanda itself, although the indiscriminate violence against the Tutsi did decrease somewhat. Habyarimana founded the

1885:

in the far north west. As well as fighting the war, Kagame was recruiting heavily to expand the army. The new recruits included Tutsi survivors of the genocide and refugees from

3324: 852:". This was the first document to label the Tutsi and Hutu as separate races, and called for the transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on what it termed "statistical law". 1722:

Nsabimana. Finding the population of Butare resistant to murdering their citizens, the government flew in militia from Kigali by helicopter, and they readily killed the Tutsi.

14303: 8674: 7347: 6506: 4605: 12398: 9870: 1274: 622: 329: 7616:"Summary of UNHCR presentation before commission of experts, 10 October 1994 – Prospects for early repatriation of Rwandan refugees currently in Burundi, Tanzania and Zaïre" 7004: 2815: 7451: 8355: 12100: 795:, and from 1926 began a policy of more direct colonial rule. The Belgians modernised the Rwandan economy, but Tutsi supremacy remained, leaving the Hutu disenfranchised. 15103: 10322: 1999: 743:

distinction in which the Tutsi herded cattle while the Hutu farmed the land. The Hutu, Tutsi and Twa of Rwanda share a common language and are collectively known as the

450: 11893:

Silva-Leander, Sebastian (2008). "On the Danger and Necessity of Democratisation: trade-offs between short-term stability and long-term peace in post-genocide Rwanda".

7658: 5641: 2307:. Witnesses testified that they had directed a death squad to the victims' hiding place and had given them petrol with which to burn down the building. In 2006, Father 14554: 11385: 7509: 7416: 7378: 5371: 1241: 1004:, capturing some border areas but not making significant gains against the Rwandan army. In June 1992, following the formation of a multiparty coalition government in 906: 8236: 2249:

or Israeli private arm dealers had sold arms to the Rwandan government. Israeli officials repeatedly denied this allegation. In 2016, a petition was submitted to the

2048:

rendered it powerless to intervene militarily, and most of its Rwandan staff were killed in the early days of the genocide, severely limiting its ability to operate.

16841: 16195: 13246: 2439: 1939:

regarding killings of Hutu in order to avoid prosecution by the ICTR. Some critics have suggested that these crimes should have been prosecuted by the ICTR, or even

9839: 11402: 8761: 7576: 5091: 1590:

The crisis committee appointed an interim government on 8 April; using the terms of the 1991 constitution instead of the Arusha Accords, the committee designated

14872: 11982: 10078: 9662: 5801: 5003: 2238:. Zaire played a key role in supplying arms and facilitating arms flows to the Rwandan army. Some officials also encouraged arms trafficking by private dealers. 1753:) in Kigali where Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were stationed. On 11 April, the Belgian soldiers withdrew, and Rwandan armed forces and militia killed all the Tutsi. 1323:, and a number of other senior army staff officers. The committee was headed by Bagosora, despite the presence of the more senior Ndindiliyimana. Prime Minister 1240:, sent his "Genocide Fax" to UN Headquarters. The fax stated that Dallaire was in contact with "a top level trainer in the cadre of Interhamwe-armed militia of 11874: 11761: 5424: 17048: 16446: 7734: 5762: 2296:, for failing to condemn the genocide, though that accusation was belied over time. Many other clergymen gave their lives to prevent Tutsis from being killed. 1990:. Australian soldiers serving as part of UNAMIR estimated at least 4,000 people were killed, while the Rwandan government claimed that the death toll was 338. 1745:

was later found guilty and sentenced to life in prison by the ICTR for his role in the demolition of his church; he was convicted of the crime of genocide and

11554: 11537: 7622: 6560: 2663:, an American law professor and attorney, was arrested in Kigali and charged with genocide denial while serving as defense counsel for presidential candidate 2363:(1998–2003) Congo Wars. Armed struggles between the Rwandan government and their opponents in the DRC have continued through battles of proxy militias in the 2189:

were aware before the height of the massacre that a deliberate and systematic genocide to eliminate all Tutsis was planned. Fear of a repeat of the events in

1725:

Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or in towns, often by their neighbors and fellow villagers. The militia typically murdered victims with

1357:, the commanding officer of the Presidential Guard unit which carried out the murders, was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment by a court in Belgium in 2007. 16976: 16829: 16306: 15111: 14845: 12608: 9430: 7703:

people fleeing the country to the neighbouring United Republic of Tanzania; (c) That refugees do not return because of the alleged insecurity in the country.

10108: 7211: 1213:, who had been elected in June as the country's first ever Hutu president, was assassinated by extremist Tutsi army officers. The assassination sparked the 844:

movement began to grow in Rwanda, fuelled by increasing resentment of the inter-war social reforms, and also an increasing sympathy for the Hutu within the

16920: 16274: 11474: 10483: 9142: 7224:: "certain kinds of RPF abuses occurred so often and in such similar ways that they must have been directed by officers at a high level of responsibility." 1958:, ending up in remote areas of Tanzania. In early May, the UNHCR began hearing concrete accounts of atrocities and made this information public on 17 May. 1259:, was acquitted of that charge in 2008, although he was convicted of genocide. André Guichaoua, an expert witness for the ICTR prosecution, noted in 2010: 11694: 8853: 8210: 2551:

While Rwanda had the death penalty prior to the 1996 Organic law, in practice no executions had taken place since 1982. Twenty-two individuals, including

993:, a rugged area of northern Rwanda. From there, he rearmed and reorganised the army, and carried out fundraising and recruitment from the Tutsi diaspora. 897:

presided over a Hutu republic for the next decade, imposing an autocratic rule similar to the pre-revolution feudal monarchy. He was overthrown following

14467: 5739: 1950:

on 28 April 1994. The refugees had fled before the Tutsi rebels arrived because they believed the RPF were committing atrocities. A spokesperson for the

1584: 1551:

and any with Tutsi cards were killed immediately. The militias also initiated searches of houses in the city, killing Tutsi and looting their property.

15143: 6748: 2616:, Tanzania. The UN Tribunal tried high-level members of the government and armed forces, while Rwanda prosecuted lower-level leaders and local people. 2226:

Before the international embargo against Rwanda on 17 May 1994, South Africa and France were two of the main suppliers of arms to Rwanda. According to

560: 15850: 9401: 7779: 5395: 16853: 14126: 13813: 13305: 12334: 10804: 10214: 9195: 7682:"Letter Dated 28 September 1994 From the Permanent Representative of Rwanda to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council" 2409:, fearing RPF reprisals for the Rwandan genocide. The camps were crowded and squalid, and thousands of refugees died in disease epidemics, including 1496: 1101:

February 1993, it cited these killings as the primary motive, but its effect was to increase support for the extremists amongst the Hutu population.

16163: 15214: 14533: 8293: 7522:: " began hearing accounts of RPF killings from refugees in early May and became sufficiently concerned to make public the allegations on May 17." 1491:

in person in Kigali, and making telephone calls to leaders in the prefectures. Other leading organisers on a national level were defence minister

16377: 16022: 15802: 15238: 14499: 14413: 13770: 13765: 9366:"Summary of the Report Presented at the Closing of Gacaca Courts Activities". Republic of Rwanda: National Service of Gacaca Courts. Kigali, 2012 1922:

During the genocide and in the months following the RPF victory, RPF soldiers killed many people, although the number of casualties is disputed.

1806:

Along with the Hutu moderates, Hutu women who were married to or who hid Tutsis were also targeted. In his 1996 report on Rwanda, the UN Special

8316: 7533: 5486: 3285: 17254: 16727: 16721: 16521: 16322: 15484: 14909: 14507: 12550: 12518: 12497: 11297: 10512: 5781: 3429: 2830: 2625: 2057: 2037: 1171: 461: 427: 1483:

The large-scale killing of Tutsi on the grounds of ethnicity began within a few hours of Habyarimana's death. The crisis committee, headed by

1428: 17024: 16940: 16908: 16715: 15396: 14724: 14610: 13777: 13239: 12581: 10231: 8811: 7486: 6329: 2435: 2418: 1975:, Kagame acknowledged that killings had occurred but stated that they were carried out by rogue soldiers and had been impossible to control. 1951: 1199: 668: 503: 15230: 10291: 10002: 814:

had several sons, including Gatutsi and Gahutu, ancestors of the Tutsi and Hutu who are therefore brothers. The Hutu origin myth holds that

17462: 16988: 16935: 16930: 16925: 13395: 12545: 10765: 10024: 5230: 2024: 2019:

The building in which ten Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were massacred and mutilated. Today the site is preserved as a memorial for the soldiers.

1448: 1017: 455: 10459: 10138: 9968: 722:

groups migrated into Rwanda, and began to clear forest land for agriculture. Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the

17412: 17242: 16757: 13937: 13612: 13337: 12059: 5311: 2659:

has criticized the Rwandan government for using these laws to "criminalize legitimate dissent and criticism of the government". In 2010,

2303:

and Gertrude Mukangango were convicted in 2001 of involvement in the murders of 500-700 Tutsis who had sought refuge at their convent in

718:

hunter-gatherers who settled in the area between 8000 BC and 3000 BC and remain in Rwanda today. Between 700 BC and 1500 AD, a number of

8522: 1068:, an explicit set of racist guidelines, including labelling Hutus who married Tutsis as "traitors". In 1992, the hardliners created the 17054: 16431: 16282: 16229: 15198: 13617: 13371: 12603: 9221: 7313:, p. 228: "The legal definition of genocide has nothing to do with numbers killed. It defines genocide as the 'intent to destroy, 2609: 2603: 1252: 394: 10950: 8263: 3308: 1016:, were signed in August 1993 and gave the RPF positions in a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG) and in the national army. The 17060: 16877: 15476: 14852: 14641: 14379: 14047: 13299: 11136: 9900: 8664: 5872: 3354: 2146: 1369:

and his Canadian wife, and chief Arusha negotiator Boniface Ngulinzira. A few moderates survived, including prime minister-designate

1069: 868: 7331: 6490: 4597: 1877:

Kigali. They encountered little resistance, except around Kigali and Ruhengeri. By 16 May, they had cut the road between Kigali and

928:

had increased from 1.6 million people in 1934 to 7.1 million in 1989, leading to competition for land. Historians such as

14562: 13232: 12693: 9862: 8938:

Emizet, Kisangani N. F. (July 2000). "The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law".

8477: 2768: 2045: 532: 6996: 14626: 14216: 12739: 11991: 10854: 9930: 9473: 9217: 8347: 7443: 6678: 5194: 910: 815: 15539: 14426: 12092: 12039: 11449: 10190: 9615: 8704: 6718: 4890:

Straus, Scott (December 2007). "What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda's "Radio Machete"".

16787: 15151: 13931: 13436: 12839: 12415: 9732: 6325: 2825: 2069: 1767: 553: 350: 16835: 10314: 6770: 2027:) had been in Rwanda since October 1993, with a mandate to oversee the implementation of the Arusha Accords. UNAMIR commander 1946:

The first rumours of RPF killings emerged after 250,000 mostly Hutu refugees streamed into Tanzania at the border crossing of

1340:

UNAMIR sent an escort of ten Belgian soldiers to Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana, with the intention of transporting her to the

17036: 16436: 15885: 15079: 14941: 14144: 13125: 12327: 12291: 12272: 12215: 12155: 12129: 12016: 11966: 11817: 11786: 11680: 11642: 11618: 11559: 11501: 11443: 11364: 11324: 11266: 11187: 11165: 11082: 11018: 10978: 10917: 10818: 10790: 10733: 10702: 10662: 10417: 10390: 10353: 10257: 9566: 9530: 9042: 7910: 7648: 7289: 4866: 4790: 4754: 4636: 3901: 3673: 3400: 3185: 2537: 2033: 1669:

The succeeding RPF government claims that 1,074,017 people were killed in the genocide, 94% of whom were Tutsi. In contrast,

1255:

prosecution was unable to prove that a conspiracy to commit genocide existed prior to 7 April 1994. The supposed mastermind,

17084: 11648: 11507: 11330: 11272: 11024: 10923: 10708: 10668: 10635: 10602: 10396: 10044: 9048: 7374: 6651: 5364: 5260: 17472: 16314: 15834: 15443: 15363: 14161: 13865: 12800: 12688: 12172: 10575: 10554: 10053: 9763: 8611: 8416: 8232: 2772: 527: 8790: 8446: 6944: 5140: 17507: 17497: 17442: 17417: 17180: 17042: 16370: 16070: 15414: 15177: 14483: 14167: 13996: 13683: 12978: 11925: 10533: 9831: 2479:(DRC). Rwanda fell out with the new Congolese government in 1998, and Kagame supported a fresh rebellion, leading to the 11412: 11040:

Hayden, Robert M. (2000). "Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States".

8757: 5083: 3123: 2405:

Following the RPF victory, approximately two million Hutu fled to refugee camps in neighbouring countries, particularly

1729:, although some army units used rifles. The Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and school buildings and 17487: 17457: 15119: 14683: 13808: 13467: 12234: 12121: 11596: 10997: 9793: 7813: 2261: 1560: 1315:

Following Habyarimana's death, on the evening of 6 April, a crisis committee was formed; it consisted of Major General

11753: 10068: 9652: 5014: 1869:

and large areas of the countryside to the north and east of Kigali. They avoided attacking the capital city Kigali or

17482: 16964: 16945: 15159: 14578: 14266: 14138: 13831: 13802: 12627: 12188: 10759: 10629: 9164: 8940: 6796: 5416: 1796: 1673:, following on-the-ground research, estimated the casualties at 507,000 people. According to a 2020 symposium of the 546: 11867: 11527: 7724: 5759: 1431:, which contained ethnic classifications. This enabled government forces to systematically identify and kill Tutsi. 17452: 17018: 16245: 16203: 14229: 14001: 13492: 13487: 13342: 13327: 13204: 12752: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12445: 12420: 12320: 10371: 7615: 6529: 5633: 2476: 1762: 1468: 656: 355: 266: 55: 10232:"Part 1: Hate media in Rwanda• Call to genocide: radio in Rwanda, 1994: International Development Research Centre" 10168: 10100: 9426: 3236:

The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously.

17407: 17296: 17266: 16406: 15291: 15266: 14008: 13980: 13282: 12675: 12523: 11466: 10475: 8641: 7188: 1940: 1917: 1772: 20: 9134: 8843: 17284: 16982: 16363: 16211: 15841: 15599: 15015: 14805: 14515: 14092: 14081: 13991: 12773: 12362: 8202: 2820: 693: 303: 16411: 16118: 9582: 7586: 5737: 898: 17302: 17278: 17066: 16865: 15871: 14975: 14570: 14372: 14309: 13730: 13443: 13430: 7519: 6882: 2515: 2509: 2331: 16171: 16038: 8595: 7769: 7689: 6744: 4925:

Yanagizawa-Drott, David (1 November 2014). "Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide *".

1327:

was legally next in the line of political succession, but the committee refused to recognise her authority.

17432: 17427: 17422: 17192: 17090: 16914: 15892: 15864: 15055: 14951: 13842: 13044: 12983: 12966: 12873: 9394: 3418:"Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? A Case Study of the Application of Rwanda's Genocide Denial Laws" 1983: 1675: 17116: 11109:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity" 10211: 9191: 6970: 5845:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity" 2371:(2012–2013). Large Rwandan Hutu and Tutsi populations continue to live as refugees throughout the region. 2085:

During President Habyarimana's years in power, France maintained close relations with him, as part of its

16541: 16179: 16054: 16046: 15347: 14933: 14041: 13836: 13454: 13259: 13110: 12929: 12888: 12768: 12732: 9756:"Refworld | Rwanda: Law No. 18/2008 of 2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology" 8289: 7278:""A Mere Pretense of Justice": Complementarity, Sham Trials, and Victor's Justice at the Rwanda Tribunal" 3049: 2982:

Map showing the geographical strongholds of the Rwandan political parties at the beginning of April 1994.

172: 17130: 11072: 10832:(2012). "'She makes me ashamed to be a woman': The Genocide Conviction of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, 2011". 10726:

Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR

9551: 8439:"RWANDA/ZAIRE Rearming with Impunity International Support for the Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide" 8285: 5341: 3891: 3073:

Meierhenrich, Jens (2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate".

2881:(2010), which addresses the personal and political costs of the genocide, focusing on Rwandan President 2872: 1715:

reported the execution of Rwandan employees of relief agencies in front of their expatriate colleagues.

17467: 17447: 17437: 17337: 16094: 15299: 14288: 14271: 14120: 14076: 14029: 13947: 13925: 13624: 13068: 12973: 12566: 12068: 11958: 11690: 9817: 2877: 2459: 2450:

In addition to dismantling the refugee camps, Kagame began planning a war to remove long-time dictator

2380: 2194: 2170: 487: 17096: 10501:"Closing the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Completion Strategy and Residual Issues" 9897:"Safer to Stay Silent: The chilling effect of Rwanda's laws on "genocide ideology" and "sectarianism"" 5448:"Rwanda's Untold Story. A reply to '38 scholars, scientists, researchers, journalists and historians'" 4773:

Kimani, Mary (2007). "RTLM: the Medium That Became a Tool for Mass Murder". In Thompson, Allan (ed.).

17502: 17492: 17397: 17224: 17200: 17168: 17012: 16817: 16799: 16793: 16751: 16453: 16421: 16062: 16030: 15912: 15795: 14108: 14024: 13952: 13550: 13460: 13173: 13095: 12946: 11933: 10946: 10415:(1996). "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment". 5478: 5135: 2289: 2285: 1905: 1580: 770:, a system of forced labour which Hutu had to perform to regain access to land seized from them, and 276: 11289: 10500: 9710: 3417: 698: 609:(RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in 17477: 17030: 16614: 16589: 16531: 16416: 16390: 15760: 15751: 15452: 14829: 14365: 14211: 14086: 13576: 13545: 13288: 12993: 12988: 12883: 12868: 12632: 7332:"Rwanda: the state of Research | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche" 6491:"Rwanda: the state of Research | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche" 5778: 5220: 3054: 2199: 1832:

Some experts have estimated that between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the genocide.

1699: 1511:

were responsible for coordinating the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militia activities nationally.

1202:

questioned the assumption of that paper that media availability correlated with media consumption.

1064:, which became popular throughout the country. This published anti-Tutsi propaganda, including the 1058:, killing 383 Tutsi. A group of military officers and government members founded a magazine called 962: 784: 16219: 10235: 1856: 1591: 17402: 17307: 16811: 16733: 15781: 15774: 14765: 14206: 13942: 13743: 13594: 13571: 13497: 13360: 13332: 13090: 13019: 12878: 12783: 12593: 12513: 12392: 12372: 11672: 11042: 10966: 10284:"Génocide rwandais : vingt-cinq ans de chaos collatéral en République démocratique du Congo" 10283: 9994: 7801: 7221: 2641: 2519: 2193:

shaped US policy at the time, with many commentators identifying the graphic consequences of the

1936: 1927:

killings. After ICTR investigators reportedly discovered two layers of bodies in a mass grave in

1316: 1218: 1093: 1013: 982: 788: 672: 618: 606: 445: 11211:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations" 10747: 10455: 10130: 10028: 4739:

Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda & State-sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990–1994

3391:

Sullo, Pietro (2018). "Writing History Through Criminal Law: State-Sponsored Memory in Rwanda".

1304: 17260: 17236: 16952: 16536: 16509: 16485: 16480: 16290: 15878: 15827: 15717: 15460: 14999: 14885: 13919: 13737: 13526: 13115: 13080: 12934: 12919: 12725: 12654: 12538: 11829: 11716: 11407: 10862: 9953: 7541: 6673: 3347:"Ignoring Genocide (HRW Report – Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)" 2444: 1800: 1746: 1191: 1081: 925: 811: 598: 182: 16126: 12528: 12072: 11714:

Rettig, Max (2008). "Gacaca: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Post-conflict in Rwanda?".

11555:"Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Implications for International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice" 10845: 5303: 2483:, which would last up until 2003 and caused millions of deaths and massive damage. In 2010, a 2101: 1894: 1654: 1288: 1229:

and other weapons; previously, they had possessed only machetes and traditional hand weapons.

902: 802:

The ethnic identities of the Hutu and Tutsi were reshaped and mythologized by the colonizers.

614: 469: 17230: 16889: 16674: 16639: 16609: 16463: 16386: 16187: 15942: 15222: 14900: 14651: 14594: 14475: 13871: 13448: 13039: 12939: 12433: 11895: 11104: 10318: 10073: 9922: 9892: 9697: 9254: 6866: 6773:(Press release). International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 22 December 2006. Archived from 5840: 4598:"Rwanda: the state of Research | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network" 2899: 2886: 2875:

who sheltered over a thousand refugees during the genocide. The independent documentary film

2656: 2250: 1475: 1324: 1170:, had become too liberal and supportive of the opposition; they founded a new radio station, 1159:

units, who were well trained and battle ready, and the ordinary rank and file, respectively.

1144: 1065: 864: 855: 365: 12265:

The Path to Genocide in Rwanda: Security, Opportunity, and Authority in an Ethnocratic State

12227:

We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda

11669:

Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

9229: 2434:

while others ventured further west into Zaire. The refugees fleeing further into Zaire were

1484: 1320: 1256: 1097: 1020:(UNAMIR), a peacekeeping force, arrived in the country and the RPF were given a base in the 894: 162: 17212: 17148: 16958: 16769: 16654: 16559: 16495: 16458: 16355: 16338: 16237: 15820: 15613: 15592: 14959: 14813: 14659: 14618: 14396: 14260: 14200: 13913: 13105: 12956: 12951: 11532: 10621:

Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era

8259: 7192: 2681: 2637: 2186: 2145:

A number of inquiries have been held into French involvement in Rwanda, including the 1998

1451:(UNAMIR) peacekeepers. In December 2017, media reported revelations that the government of 1370: 1152: 1084:" whereby a person accuses others of what the person himself/herself actually wants to do. 1021: 676: 11108: 10940: 9896: 6624:

1994 is nowhere near the one-million-mark is – scientifically speaking – incontrovertible.

6530:"Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide" 5844: 3346: 1447:

were criticized for their inaction and failure to strengthen the force and mandate of the

8: 17124: 17104: 16859: 16745: 16689: 16659: 16624: 16514: 16155: 15857: 15724: 15673: 15379: 15275: 15246: 15206: 15190: 14837: 14789: 14755: 14747: 14716: 14491: 14224: 13600: 13400: 13322: 13153: 13085: 13054: 12924: 12856: 9866: 8848: 3128: 2896: 2854: 2838: 2777: 1711: 1245: 996:

Kagame restarted the war in January 1991, with a surprise attack on the northern town of

978: 763: 14991: 11493:

Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century

8492:"Israel was aware of violence against Hutus before Rwandan genocide, new documents show" 3206:"'More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide" 2936: 1824:

women were also targeted with the intent of destroying their reproductive capabilities.

1661: 17218: 17142: 17136: 16694: 16664: 16649: 16526: 15680: 15666: 15427: 15283: 15135: 14821: 14708: 14698: 14450: 13606: 13389: 13366: 13158: 13120: 12907: 12893: 12812: 12790: 12438: 12377: 12194: 11912: 11854: 11846: 11741: 11733: 11435: 11235: 11210: 11128: 11059: 10887: 10879: 10751: 10442: 10434: 9926: 9811: 9657: 8965: 8957: 8469: 7774: 7729: 6614: 6552: 5864: 5289: 5225: 5186: 4970: 4907: 4872: 4832: 4796: 3845: 3277: 3227: 3098: 2903: 2447:

succeeded in bringing the Hutu to the government side and the insurgency was defeated.

2281: 2227: 1738: 1670: 1539: 1523: 1378: 1366: 1362: 1292: 1033: 921: 876: 831: 803: 687: 370: 313: 24: 10895: 10550: 10348:. Francophone postcolonial studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 6. 9465: 9031:

Byman, Daniel; Chalk, Peter; Hoffman, Bruce; Rosenau, William; Brannan, David (2001).

7327: 6668: 6486: 5163: 1932: 1504: 1076:, and promoted an agenda critical of the president's alleged "softness" with the RPF. 1008:, the RPF announced a ceasefire and began negotiations with the Rwandan government in 989:, took command of the RPF forces, organising a tactical retreat through Uganda to the 193: 17272: 17000: 16902: 16775: 16619: 16569: 16564: 15982: 15645: 15571: 15492: 15087: 14967: 14925: 14797: 14781: 14586: 14459: 14401: 14346: 14190: 13860: 13719: 13654: 13197: 13135: 13049: 13007: 12829: 12824: 12805: 12778: 12760: 12387: 12367: 12357: 12287: 12268: 12230: 12211: 12184: 12151: 12125: 12035: 12022: 12012: 11977: 11962: 11916: 11858: 11813: 11782: 11745: 11676: 11638: 11614: 11592: 11497: 11439: 11429: 11360: 11350: 11320: 11262: 11240: 11183: 11161: 11132: 11078: 11014: 10993: 10974: 10913: 10841: 10814: 10786: 10755: 10743: 10729: 10698: 10658: 10625: 10446: 10386: 10349: 9799: 9789: 9689: 9607: 9562: 9384:

Organic Law N° 31/2007 of 25 July 2007 Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty

9038: 8969: 8696: 7906: 7339: 6965: 6722: 6618: 6597:(2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate". 6594: 6556: 6498: 5868: 5190: 4974: 4911: 4876: 4862: 4836: 4786: 4750: 4632: 3897: 3849: 3669: 3396: 3316: 3281: 3269: 3231: 3181: 3102: 3090: 2864: 2847: 2664: 2552: 2393: 2269: 1923: 1825: 1571: 1552: 1543: 1492: 1354: 1214: 990: 941: 872: 759: 582: 318: 308: 298: 41: 15958: 14983: 14546: 14035: 13224: 11664: 11628: 11606: 11584: 10891: 10684: 10529: 9724: 9552:

Ingelaere, B. 2016. Inside Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Searching Justice after Genocide.

7417:"Refugees Magazine Issue 97 (NGOs and UNHCR) – Cooperation crucial in Rwanda crisis" 4746: 2028: 1328: 1233: 929: 17290: 17206: 17186: 17006: 16669: 16594: 16426: 16102: 15990: 15788: 15744: 15659: 15371: 15071: 15063: 15047: 14773: 14675: 14667: 14294: 13986: 13689: 13293: 13100: 13034: 12846: 12817: 12588: 12428: 12252: 11904: 11838: 11797: 11725: 11230: 11222: 11120: 11051: 10871: 10426: 9685: 9522: 8949: 8728:"Pope Francis Asks For Catholic Church To Be Forgiven For Role in Rwandan Genocide" 6774: 6606: 6544: 5856: 5178: 4962: 4934: 4899: 4854: 4824: 4778: 4742: 3835: 3827: 3261: 3217: 3082: 2809:

Canadian Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire became the best-known eyewitness to the

2794: 2480: 2451: 2388: 2360: 2308: 2150: 2106: 1742: 1706: 1535: 1515: 1508: 1500: 1210: 1055: 977:. These soldiers remained in the Ugandan army following Museveni's inauguration as 966: 849: 509: 360: 116: 12198: 11695:"Twenty years after genocide France and Rwanda give different versions of history" 10592: 10261: 9583:"Justice and Responsibility » The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda" 7277: 6610: 6548: 4966: 3265: 3222: 3205: 3086: 1694: 1279: 17363: 17326: 17248: 17154: 17078: 17072: 16805: 16739: 16604: 16599: 16490: 16298: 16014: 15950: 15926: 15735: 15468: 15435: 15355: 15039: 15007: 14434: 14245: 14053: 13677: 13521: 13213: 13178: 13168: 13163: 13143: 12961: 12576: 12571: 11809: 11632: 11491: 11380: 11314: 11256: 11252: 11197: 11124: 11008: 10907: 10688: 10652: 10619: 10380: 10218: 10048: 10041: 9558: 9032: 6655: 6648: 5860: 5808: 5785: 5766: 5743: 5402: 5252: 2463: 2384: 2356: 2277: 2053: 1987: 1979: 1845: 1718: 1575: 1531: 1527: 1374: 1309: 970: 914: 845: 751: 723: 664: 594: 497: 12245:"Ethnicity and Estate: The Galician Jacquerie and the Rwandan Genocide Compared" 10571: 9755: 8607: 8408: 4853:. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) Special Bibliography. 2018. 3816:"Ethnicity and Estate: The Galician Jacquerie and the Rwandan Genocide Compared" 3249: 2087: 2074: 1626:, which ran along the northern border between Rwanda and Uganda and flowed into 1427:. Checkpoints and barricades were erected to screen all holders of the national 648: 16994: 16883: 16871: 16684: 16468: 16441: 16078: 15687: 15652: 15339: 15331: 15307: 14892: 14739: 14731: 14173: 13906: 13901: 13713: 13707: 13695: 13639: 13148: 12659: 12055: 11523: 11175: 10875: 10829: 8783: 8438: 7720: 7685: 7611: 6940: 6747:(Press release). International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 13 December 2006. 5130: 4800: 4629:

Doing Justice to History: Confronting the Past in International Criminal Courts

2833: 2802: 2677: 2660: 2484: 2130: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1947: 1928: 1901: 1780: 1440: 932:

believe that the 1994 genocide can be partly attributed to population density.

643: 112: 11942: 11908: 11842: 11431:

Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath

11258:

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda

11152:

Jones, Adam (2010). "Genocide and Mass Violence". In Laura J. Shepherd (ed.).

10909:

Securing Human Rights?: Achievements and Challenges of the UN Security Council

8953: 6319: 1652:

soldiers entered southwestern Rwanda as part of the French-led United Nations

1415: 243: 17391: 17351: 17174: 17160: 16970: 16699: 16679: 16574: 16110: 15974: 15966: 15934: 15500: 15095: 14331: 14132: 14114: 14070: 13962: 13725: 13701: 13024: 12795: 12480: 12139: 12026: 11346: 11055: 10800: 10412: 9608:"UN genocide tribunal in Rwanda swears-in judges selected to finish its work" 7343: 6502: 5285: 4903: 4468:

THE PROSECUTOR VERSUS JEAN-PAUL AKAYESU Case No. ICTR-96-4-T at paras. 99–100

3661: 3320: 3273: 3133: 3094: 2843: 2368: 2293: 2178: 2078: 1749:. In another case, thousands sought refuge in the Official Technical School ( 1640: 1627: 1595: 1436: 1113: 1001: 958: 719: 715: 410: 178: 9803: 7805: 6806:. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. pp. 77–78. Archived from 4858: 4782: 17375: 16500: 16475: 16086: 15620: 15530: 13267: 12598: 12470: 11244: 10810: 10597: 8669: 8409:"Arming Rwanda - the Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War" 2916: 2859: 2798: 2564: 2426: 2336: 2320: 2316:

and complicity in the genocide, but he was cleared of all charges in 2000.

2304: 2300: 2220: 2182: 2015: 1955: 1841: 1812: 1792: 1683: 1644: 1623: 1424: 1346: 1341: 1167: 974: 841: 837: 492: 400: 258: 186: 49: 19:"Tutsi Genocide" redirects here. For the killings of Tutsi in Burundi, see 14633: 11796:

Rittner, Carol (2009). "Rape, Religion, and Genocide: An Unholy Silence".

11376:"French accused of complicity in genocide that killed a million in Rwanda" 8633: 6807: 5182: 5164:"NGO Justice: African Rights as Pseudo-Prosecutor of the Rwandan Genocide" 4828: 3250:"Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections" 1851: 1455:

had allegedly supported the Hutu government after the genocide had begun.

16763: 16579: 15998: 15710: 15703: 15315: 14442: 14341: 14336: 13886: 13660: 13415: 12485: 11356: 10694: 8551:. Information service of the Pontifical Mission Societies. 6 April 2004. 8203:"FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP" 4938: 3201: 3180:(Afterword ed.). Cornell University Press. pp. 1, 15, 131–132. 3107:

The lower bound for Tutsi deaths is 491,000 (McDoom), see page 75 mention

2882: 2790: 2786: 2648: 2587: 1784: 1350: 1195: 1156: 1107: 986: 950: 825: 792: 744: 415: 168: 108: 12256: 11737: 9832:"Legacy of Rwanda genocide includes media restrictions, self-censorship" 8523:"Records of Israeli arms sales during Rwandan genocide to remain sealed" 3896:. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. 3831: 1889:, but were less well trained and disciplined than the earlier recruits. 16634: 16629: 16006: 15585: 15546: 15127: 15023: 14602: 13957: 12382: 11850: 11729: 11010:

We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families

10883: 10438: 10160: 7653: 3840: 2522:

did not provide significant assistance to the new government, and most

2471: 2467: 2430: 2313: 1073: 1047: 323: 210: 15323: 11063: 10825:(Chapter 10: "Malthus in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide", pp. 311–28). 8961: 7196: 2165: 1860:

Map showing the advance of the RPF during the Rwandan genocide of 1994

1463: 1365:, Minister of Agriculture Frederic Nzamurambaho, Parti Liberal leader 822:

and the first Tutsi) fell from the sky on an earth inhabited by Hutu.

17110: 16823: 15564: 15553: 15031: 14690: 12147: 11157: 2892: 2414: 2134: 1617:

During the remainder of April and early May, the Presidential Guard,

997: 920:

At 408 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,060/sq mi), Rwanda's

909:(MRND) party in 1975, and promulgated a new constitution following a 11873:. National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda. 10430: 9863:"RWANDA: Genocide Ideology and Sectarianism Laws Silencing Critics?" 5362: 2495: 2169:

Convoy of American military vehicles bring fresh water from Goma to

1904:

for Rwanda would come to be marked as 4 July and is commemorated as

1604:

effectively a puppet regime with no ability to halt the army or the

953:, commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front for most of the Civil War 688:

Pre-independent Rwanda and the origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa groups

671:. Today, Rwanda has two public holidays to mourn the genocide, and " 228: 17358: 17321: 16847: 16584: 16331:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

15627: 15606: 15578: 15523: 14388: 13783: 13504: 13256: 12704: 12312: 11226: 9216: 6974: 6635:

Maximo, Dady De (2012). "A Genocide that could have been avoided".

2810: 2505: 2126: 1878: 1730: 1600: 1151:

foreign minister, facilitated a large sale of arms from Egypt. The

946: 884: 735: 630: 104: 12717: 6894: 2885:

and genocide survivor Jean-Pierre Sagahutu, premiered at the 2010

1399: 12491: 12061:

United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines

11319:(8, illustrated, reprint ed.). London; New York: Zed Books. 7681: 6997:"Rwanda's forgotten tribe which was nearly wiped off by genocide" 2924: 2569: 2410: 2374: 2242: 2190: 2110: 1886: 1882: 1726: 1444: 1296: 1060: 819: 807: 780: 772: 635: 421: 11978:"Human Rights Compliance and the Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda" 11953:

Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert; Jacobs, Steven L. (2008).

9427:"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2020" 4696: 4694: 2846:

about genocide throughout history and its eventual inclusion in

957:

In the 1980s, a group of 500 Rwandan refugees in Uganda, led by

17370: 16644: 15694: 12748: 5479:"Soldier who accused Kagame of triggering genocide is abducted" 3660: 2868: 2620: 2613: 2579: 2246: 2216: 2118: 2113:, and civilians in danger; from bases in the Zairian cities of 2010: 1870: 1866: 1479:

Rwanda was divided into 11 prefectures and 145 communes in 1994

1452: 1300: 1237: 1051: 1024:

building in Kigali, for use during the setting up of the BBTG.

1009: 1005: 880: 734:

migrated later and formed a distinct racial group, possibly of

703: 610: 127: 66: 7487:"Thousands of Fleeing Rwandans Huddle at Remote Tanzania Site" 5802:"Genocide au Rwanda: des revelations sur le rôle de la France" 5106: 2920:? ironically the way that most people now relate to Rwanda." 2753:

Graduates from high school with no access to higher education

2527:

of downplaying the distinctions between Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa.

2105:, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for 1978:

The RPF killings gained international attention with the 1995

16896: 15259: 14917: 12475: 11180:

A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It

11074:

Inside Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Seeking Justice After Genocide

10690:

Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda

10101:""Watchers of the Sky" and the Full Cruelty of Consciousness" 9954:"The Arrest of ICTR Defense Counsel Peter Erlinder in Rwanda" 9104: 9102: 8885: 8883: 7317:, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such.'" 6745:"Catholic Priest Athanase Seromba Sentenced to Fifteen Years" 6457: 6455: 6376: 6374: 6253: 6251: 6045: 6018: 5365:"Rapport d'expertise. Destruction en vol du Falcon 50 Kigali" 5333: 4691: 2816:

Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda

2685: 2597: 2406: 2348: 2340: 2235: 2212: 2121:, the French entered southwestern Rwanda and established the 1961:

After the RPF took power in Rwanda, UNHCR sent a team led by

1680: 1507:

funded the RTLM and the Interahamwe, while Pascal Musabe and

1226: 1148: 1038: 888: 740: 731: 652: 639: 586: 405: 144: 84: 16385: 12307: 11868:"The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies" 11316:

A people betrayed: the role of the West in Rwanda's genocide

11113:

Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies

10990:

From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994

10942:

The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction

8919: 7227: 6721:. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Archived from 5849:

Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies

4524: 4522: 4290: 4288: 3666:

Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts

14357: 12465: 12399:

Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira

8816: 8587: 8585: 8170: 7931: 7869: 7867: 7649:"Why we must listen to those who have fled Kagame's Rwanda" 7592: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7114: 7092: 7090: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7022: 6966: 6442: 6440: 6188: 6096: 6094: 6092: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5501: 4095: 4093: 4056: 4054: 3964: 3930: 3928: 3795: 3393:

The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945

2907: 2398: 2364: 2231: 2230:, after the embargo, they diverted their arm trade through 2114: 2000:

Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide

1788: 1275:

Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira

1166:

The Power groups believed that the national radio station,

1072:(CDR) party, which was linked to the ruling party but more 739:

later and was not a racial one, but principally a class or

727: 590: 158: 88: 9271: 9114: 9099: 9075: 9063: 8907: 8880: 8379:"A Closer Look at Where Rwanda's Lethal Weapons Came From" 8097: 8095: 8093: 8054: 8032: 8030: 7943: 7466: 7065: 7063: 6698: 6696: 6452: 6427: 6425: 6371: 6349: 6347: 6248: 6176: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6123: 6121: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6057: 6014:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 93. 5991: 5981: 5979: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5709: 5707: 5614: 5592: 5590: 5396:

Reuters: French probe exonerates Rwanda leader in genocide

5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 4706: 4399: 4336: 4117: 4105: 3735: 3682: 3586: 3584: 2923:

Pierre Rutare, the Tutsi father of Belgian-Rwandan singer

2347:

Hutu refugees particularly entered the eastern portion of

1911: 1791:

propaganda depicted Tutsi women as "a sexually seductive '

1353:

military base, where they were tortured and killed. Major

907:

National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development

16196:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

12308:

United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

10385:(Illustrated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9174: 9172: 9012: 8143: 8119: 7564: 7398: 7396: 6224: 5304:"French judge accuses Rwandan president of assassination" 5284:, p. 303: "The two judgments are the convictions of 5275: 4986: 4984: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4568: 4566: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4519: 4452: 4450: 4389: 4387: 4312: 4300: 4285: 4237: 4225: 4027: 3557: 2523: 2351:(now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DRC). Hutu 2299:

Some clergy participated in the massacres. Catholic nuns

1820: 1287:

On 6 April 1994, the airplane carrying Rwandan President

711: 133: 92: 10971:

Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition

10654:

The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History

10505:

New England Journal of International and Comparative Law

10221:

Tribeca Film Festival guide. Retrieved 30 November 2010.

10161:"Watchers of the Sky | Human Rights Watch Film Festival" 10027:. Jacqueline's Human Rights Corner. 2007. Archived from 9030: 8582: 8470:"The Israeli Guns That Took Part in the Rwanda Genocide" 7967: 7879: 7864: 7150: 7126: 7102: 7087: 7075: 7048: 7019: 6837: 6437: 6386: 6359: 6299: 6275: 6263: 5719: 5680: 5656: 5602: 5570: 5558: 5546: 5525: 5292:, ex-minister of information of the Interim Government." 5084:"The UN, Rwanda and the "Genocide Fax" – 20 Years Later" 5063: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4213: 4189: 4177: 4090: 4051: 4039: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3976: 3940: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3747: 3635: 3613: 3611: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3374: 3372: 2499:

Graph showing the population of Rwanda from 1961 to 2003

1111:, which was attached to the ruling party, and the CDR's 710:

The earliest inhabitants of what is now Rwanda were the

585:. During this period of around 100 days, members of the 12181:

Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda

11983:

Boston College International and Comparative Law Review

11613:(2nd ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 11591:(1st ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 10198: 9087: 8895: 8868: 8317:"In Africa, Bill Clinton Toils for a Charitable Legacy" 8160: 8158: 8090: 8078: 8027: 8015: 8003: 7991: 7979: 7919: 7852: 7840: 7138: 7060: 6693: 6467: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6344: 6287: 6236: 6212: 6200: 6164: 6152: 6133: 6118: 6106: 6069: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5911: 5899: 5887: 5704: 5692: 5668: 5587: 5513: 5363:

Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris (5 January 2012).

5044: 5032: 4718: 4551: 4153: 3771: 3581: 3569: 3178:

Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda

1852:

Rwandan Patriotic Front's military campaign and victory

581:, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the 17049:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

11926:"After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda" 11637:(2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. 10855:"HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa" 9259: 9169: 8988: 8976: 8042: 7955: 7828: 7749: 7393: 7254: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6661: 4981: 4679: 4662: 4563: 4534: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4447: 4435: 4384: 4372: 4324: 4273: 4261: 4249: 3521: 3473: 3444: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 2819:(2003) describing his experiences with depression and 1816:

furthermore forced her to farm land in between rapes.

1471:

were killed by grenade, machete, rifle, or burnt alive

867:, a Hutu sub-chief, was attacked close to his home in 826:

Revolution and Hutu–Tutsi relations after independence

758:), and then, by 1700, into around eight kingdoms. The 17335: 16977:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

16830:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

16307:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

14846:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

13254: 12284:

The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda

11802:, Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam 10315:"Rwanda's Genocide Victims Remembered 25 Years Later" 9921: 9891: 9635: 9633: 9000: 8665:"For Rwandans, the pope's apology must be unbearable" 7304: 6967:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)

6943:. Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015. 4645: 4578: 4423: 4411: 4360: 4348: 4201: 4165: 4078: 4066: 4015: 3988: 3952: 3910: 3783: 3759: 3706: 3623: 3608: 3545: 3509: 3485: 3456: 3369: 2797:, documentary subject Jean Pierre Sagahutu, producer 2284:

faulted a number of religious authorities in Rwanda,

1935:

charged the post-genocide government with deliberate

16275:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

12056:

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations

10131:"Watchers of the Sky | Film Review | Slant Magazine" 9788:. Thompson, Allan ( ed.). London: Pluto. 2007. 8233:"France "enabled" 1994 Rwanda genocide, report says" 8182: 8155: 8131: 8066: 7239: 4141: 4129: 3694: 3596: 3309:"Juvenal Habyarimana, 57, Ruled Rwanda for 21 Years" 3117: 3115: 3113: 2508:

in Rwanda for the victims include social isolation,

2081:

parachutists stand guard at the airport, August 1994

1966:

findings were suppressed by the United Nations. The

1050:. Tutsi were increasingly viewed with suspicion. A 11952: 11611:

The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide

11589:

The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide

10456:"Rwanda accuses France directly over 1994 genocide" 9244: 8576: 7800: 7534:"Rwandan Refugees in Tanzania, New Arrivals Report" 6849: 5634:"Rwandan convicted of killing Belgian peacekeepers" 3533: 3148: 621:with the RPF on 4 August 1993. The catalyst became 597:, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the 10069:"'Shake Hands,' Struggle On: A Genocide Revisited" 9653:"Rwanda: International Tribunal Closing Its Doors" 9630: 9135:"Delayed UN report links Rwanda to Congo genocide" 8784:"Ch. 10: "The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath"" 7444:"Out of Rwanda's Horrors into a Sickening Squalor" 7263:. Hutu victims: deliberate destruction of evidence 4768: 4766: 2023:The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( 1707:massacre of children at a Polish church in Gikondo 917:in which every citizen had to belong to the MRND. 791:took control of Rwanda and Burundi in 1917 during 244:Coming To Terms With The Rwandan Genocide (2003), 12093:"Panel Finds French Errors in Judgment on Rwanda" 10806:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 10530:"French parliament inquiry into Rwandan genocide" 9034:Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements 8339: 7419:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 6771:"Prosecutor to Appeal Against Seromba's Sentence" 3110: 2063: 1771:Photographs of genocide victims displayed at the 1665:Impact of the genocide on average life expectancy 1054:was organised on 11 October 1990 in a commune in 17389: 16164:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 15910: 10748:Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda 10343: 9754:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 9293:"The Abolition of the Death Penalty in Rwanda". 8107: 6881:Chu, S. Ka Hon; de Brouwer, A.M. (Spring 2009). 6589: 6587: 6585: 5470: 4924: 3497: 2721:Orphans living in households headed by children 2530: 2466:in 1996. The rebels quickly took control of the 589:minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate 15104:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 11013:(Reprint ed.). London; New York: Picador. 9860: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 5221:"Rwandan Officer Found Guilty of 1994 Genocide" 5125: 5123: 5121: 5011:International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi 4763: 1268: 16728:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 16722:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 11754:"France and Rwanda agree to restore relations" 10569: 8758:"The long wait: The Rwandan refugees in Zaire" 8176: 7715: 7713: 7711: 6041:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 4462: 2831:United States Ambassador to the United Nations 2626:Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals 2375:Refugee crisis, insurgency, and two Congo Wars 2173:located at camp Kimbumba, Zaire in August 1994 1982:, in which soldiers opened fire on a camp for 1570:There were few killings in the prefectures of 1335: 859:Tutsi murdered by Hutu militia in January 1964 16909:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 16716:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 16371: 15397:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 14373: 13240: 12733: 12328: 12208:Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda 12138: 11892: 11261:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10548: 9992: 9523:"Rwanda "gacaca" genocide courts finish work" 9108: 8812:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 6880: 6713: 6711: 6582: 6051: 6024: 5131:"The Rwanda "Genocide Fax": What We Know Now" 4700: 2836:is interviewed about the Rwandan genocide in 2518:began to move back into the country, but the 2419:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1952:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1200:Foundation for Individual Rights in Education 726:: one theory is that the first settlers were 554: 17031:Violence against Hindus in independent India 12609:National Unity and Reconciliation Commission 11779:Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda 10527: 10379:Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). 8828: 8149: 6921: 6593: 5118: 5075: 3072: 2762: 2745:Children and youth with no access to school 1993: 1941:amounted to genocide under international law 1458: 1018:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda 17243:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 16758:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 16283:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 16023:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 12120:. Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca: 12006: 10938: 10378: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9352: 7708: 7679: 6989: 6479: 6321:1994 special report on the Rwandan genocide 4123: 4111: 3688: 3415: 2927:, was killed in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. 1819:Many of the survivors became infected with 1209:In October 1993, the President of Burundi, 1135:paramilitary or militia force known as the 1125: 16378: 16364: 16230:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 14380: 14366: 13247: 13233: 12740: 12726: 12604:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 12335: 12321: 12224: 12033: 11352:Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide 11077:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 11006: 10905: 10742: 10723: 10344:Grayson, Hannah; Hitchcott, Nicki (2019). 9578: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9250: 8591: 8125: 8036: 7582: 7515: 7326: 7217: 6876: 6874: 6862: 6708: 6485: 5620: 4456: 4009: 3970: 3879:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3801: 3668:. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. p. 421. 2823:. Dallaire's book was made into the movie 2610:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 2604:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 2598:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1612: 1499:; and the head of the Presidential Guard, 1299:, was shot down as it prepared to land in 561: 547: 16878:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 14853:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 12498:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines 11923: 11781:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11776: 11496:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11234: 11070: 10987: 9314: 9310: 9308: 8925: 8376: 7896: 7894: 7570: 7531: 7472: 7372: 7260: 7233: 6230: 5827: 5445: 5281: 5112: 4851:Bibliography on ICTR, ICTY and IRMCT 2018 4405: 3839: 3813: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3395:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–85. 3247: 3221: 3124:"Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict" 2147:French Parliamentary Commission on Rwanda 1217:between Burundi's Hutu and Tutsi and the 1172:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines 1070:Coalition for the Defence of the Republic 13396:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 11634:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide 11427: 10683: 10650: 10590: 10224: 9854: 9684:"Rwanda – Constitution & Politics". 9588: 9561:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press ( 9395:"Rwanda: Abolition of the death penalty" 9349: 9006: 8725: 7973: 7961: 7937: 7885: 7873: 7846: 7680:Bakuramutsa, Manzi (29 September 1994). 7175: 7163: 7132: 7120: 7108: 7096: 7081: 7054: 7042: 7030: 6446: 6392: 6365: 6305: 6281: 6269: 5760:"French Officials Aided Rwanda Genocide" 5725: 5686: 5662: 5608: 5581: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5507: 5218: 5069: 5004:"Part V: Recommendations – II. Genocide" 4736: 4724: 4631:. Oxford University Press. p. 281. 4557: 4342: 3777: 3741: 3590: 3575: 3563: 3527: 3479: 3450: 3306: 3163: 2776: 2769:List of films about the Rwandan genocide 2568: 2494: 2392: 2330: 2260: 2164: 2073: 2014: 1855: 1766: 1693: 1660: 1474: 1462: 1278: 945: 854: 697: 16842:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 14725:Indigenous peoples in the United States 13938:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 13613:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 12178: 12090: 11795: 11663: 11627: 11605: 11583: 11489: 11400: 11373: 11345: 11312: 11287: 11251: 11204:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 11196: 10799: 10453: 10411: 10066: 9594: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9400:. Amnesty International. 27 July 2007. 9337: 9320: 9277: 9218:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 9132: 9120: 9093: 9081: 9069: 8913: 8901: 8889: 8874: 8841: 8822: 8314: 8188: 8164: 8137: 8101: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8021: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7949: 7925: 7858: 7834: 7725:"U.N. Stops Returning Rwandan Refugees" 7610: 7598: 7275: 7245: 7144: 7069: 6871: 6825: 6702: 6521: 6473: 6461: 6431: 6416: 6404: 6380: 6353: 6293: 6257: 6242: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6146: 6127: 6112: 6100: 6063: 5997: 5985: 5970: 5958: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5905: 5893: 5713: 5698: 5674: 5596: 5519: 5476: 5414: 5301: 5161: 5057: 5038: 4990: 4951: 4712: 4673: 4656: 4584: 4572: 4545: 4528: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4393: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4135: 4099: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4045: 4033: 4021: 3997: 3982: 3946: 3934: 3919: 3889: 3864:– via Cambridge University Press. 3789: 3765: 3753: 3712: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3551: 3515: 3491: 3467: 3378: 3200: 3175: 2957:Ethnic distribution of Tutsis in 1983. 2205: 1912:Killings by the Rwandan Patriotic Front 1705:On 9 April, UN observers witnessed the 17390: 16788:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 12281: 12262: 12115: 12091:Whitney, Craig R. (20 December 1998). 11994:from the original on 23 September 2016 11826: 11713: 11552: 11403:"France and genocide: the murky truth" 11174: 11039: 10965: 10828: 10780: 10617: 10593:"Rwanda makes its way to regeneration" 9951: 9509: 9463: 9445: 9407:from the original on 29 September 2022 9343: 9331: 9305: 9288: 9286: 9265: 9178: 9018: 8994: 8982: 8937: 8796:from the original on 25 September 2007 8662: 8634:"Ex-priest jailed for Rwanda genocide" 8572: 8570: 8467: 8257: 7891: 7755: 7719: 7552:from the original on 30 September 2017 7414: 7402: 6927: 6831: 6527: 6326:South African Broadcasting Corporation 6036: 6009: 5094:from the original on 25 September 2015 4889: 4772: 4685: 4626: 4159: 4147: 3958: 3874: 3700: 3647: 3602: 3194: 2863:(2004) is based on the experiences of 2853:The critically acclaimed and multiple 2070:Role of France in the Rwandan genocide 1594:as interim president of Rwanda, while 1027: 17037:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 16359: 16260: 16141: 15909: 15886:Mass killings under communist regimes 15411: 15174: 14869: 14530: 14410: 14361: 14127:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 14048:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 13228: 12721: 12708: 12316: 12205: 11975: 11955:Dictionary of Genocide, Volume 2: M–Z 11522: 11477:from the original on 16 November 2017 11452:from the original on 18 December 2016 11151: 11103: 10834:Michigan Journal of International Law 10768:from the original on 18 February 2019 10724:de Brouwer, Anne-Marie L. M. (2005). 10557:from the original on 18 February 2021 10536:from the original on 18 February 2021 10498: 10462:from the original on 20 December 2008 10418:American Journal of International Law 10312: 10171:from the original on 22 November 2015 9974:from the original on 12 November 2013 9933:from the original on 30 December 2013 9873:from the original on 12 November 2013 9842:from the original on 10 December 2018 9766:from the original on 10 December 2018 9735:from the original on 18 February 2019 9639: 9451: 8707:from the original on 22 December 2005 8677:from the original on 9 September 2013 8614:from the original on 10 November 2022 8533:from the original on 12 January 2018. 8520: 8345: 8266:from the original on 28 December 2017 8260:"US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide" 8200: 7900: 7767: 7646: 7484: 7441: 7415:Lamair, Philippe (1 September 1994). 7350:from the original on 19 November 2018 7310: 6947:from the original on 16 November 2022 6909: 6843: 6509:from the original on 19 November 2018 5839: 5489:from the original on 25 November 2014 5427:from the original on 30 December 2017 5377:from the original on 10 November 2018 5344:from the original on 18 February 2019 5314:from the original on 22 December 2018 5200:from the original on 18 February 2019 5143:from the original on 19 December 2018 5081: 4813: 4608:from the original on 19 November 2018 3416:Yakaré-Oulé, Jansen (11 April 2014). 3390: 3288:from the original on 17 February 2022 3121: 2619:Since the ICTR was established as an 2538:cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment 2490: 2454:from power. Mobutu had supported the 2034:Department of Peacekeeping Operations 1835: 1349:. The ten Belgians were taken to the 1139:("those who stand together") and the 750:The population coalesced, first into 192:Other militias and gangs financed by 15835:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 12709: 12342: 12173:Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide 12042:from the original on 23 October 2018 11651:from the original on 11 January 2023 11510:from the original on 16 January 2024 11333:from the original on 11 January 2023 11275:from the original on 11 January 2023 11208: 11139:from the original on 17 October 2015 11091:from the original on 16 January 2024 11027:from the original on 11 January 2023 10926:from the original on 17 January 2023 10852: 10671:from the original on 11 January 2023 10515:from the original on 19 January 2019 10476:"Rwanda: French accused in genocide" 10399:from the original on 11 January 2023 10346:Rwanda since 1994: stories of change 10111:from the original on 12 October 2015 10054:Canadian Medical Association Journal 9824: 9778: 9753: 9488: 9466:"Rwanda still searching for justice" 9429:. United Nations. 28 December 2020. 9051:from the original on 16 January 2024 8856:from the original on 30 October 2015 8738:from the original on 10 October 2017 8697:"Rwandan bishop cleared of genocide" 8644:from the original on 19 October 2013 8596:"The Organization » The Clergy" 8480:from the original on 2 October 2017. 8389:from the original on 16 January 2024 8327:from the original on 22 October 2012 7737:from the original on 19 January 2019 7692:from the original on 17 January 2019 7628:from the original on 19 January 2019 7381:from the original on 19 January 2019 7292:from the original on 19 January 2019 6915: 5875:from the original on 17 October 2015 5779:"Rwanda Genocide: French Connection" 5644:from the original on 5 November 2013 5477:Starkey, Jerome (25 November 2014). 5446:Reyntjens, Filip (21 October 2014). 5233:from the original on 30 January 2019 5219:Polgreen, Lydia (18 December 2008). 3503: 3422:Northwestern Journal of Human Rights 3357:from the original on 28 October 2023 2773:Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide 1467:Over 5,000 people seeking refuge in 935: 17463:United Nations operations in Rwanda 17181:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 17131:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 17043:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 16836:Christianization of the Sámi people 16071:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 14217:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 14168:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 13684:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 12747: 11764:from the original on 7 January 2016 11689: 11300:from the original on 4 October 2018 11202:Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda 10912:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10785:. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. 10728:. Antwerp and Oxford: Intersentia. 10591:Brittain, Victoria (5 April 1999). 10572:"France accused in Rwanda genocide" 10482:. Associated Press. 6 August 2008. 10258:"The Media and the Rwanda Genocide" 10141:from the original on 1 January 2015 9618:from the original on 7 January 2016 9476:from the original on 26 August 2007 9283: 9145:from the original on 21 August 2016 8567: 8419:from the original on 14 August 2021 8113: 7782:from the original on 10 August 2012 7497:from the original on 6 January 2019 7454:from the original on 6 January 2019 7423:from the original on 6 January 2019 6751:from the original on 1 October 2014 6332:from the original on 1 October 2020 5417:"Rwanda: at last we know the truth" 5302:McGreal, Chris (22 November 2006). 5263:from the original on 14 August 2018 5253:"Rwandan genocide sentence reduced" 3248:Guichaoua, André (2 January 2020). 3210:Review of African Political Economy 2177:Intelligence reports indicate that 2099:In late June 1994, France launched 1689: 1416:Rwandan genocide: Hiding from death 669:killing an estimated 200,000 people 13: 17413:20th-century mass murder in Africa 13932:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 13468:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 12166: 12054: 11865: 11571:from the original on 12 April 2017 11374:Melvern, Linda (5 November 2006). 11288:McGreal, Chris (11 January 2007). 11215:American Journal of Human Genetics 10953:from the original on 21 March 2015 10939:Ferroggiaro, William, ed. (2001). 10549:BBC News (II) (23 November 2006). 10081:from the original on 15 April 2022 10025:"Jacqueline's Human Rights Corner" 9993:Sam Munderere (10 February 2014). 9903:from the original on 12 March 2015 9861:Aprille Muscara (31 August 2010). 9665:from the original on 28 April 2017 8808:State of the World's Refugees 2000 8521:Gross, Judah Ari (12 April 2016). 8449:from the original on 26 April 2021 7768:Lorch, Donatella (25 April 1995). 7661:from the original on 22 March 2019 7007:from the original on 23 March 2017 6681:from the original on 31 March 2017 5415:Melvern, Linda (10 January 2012). 4927:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3814:Kamusella, Tomasz (19 July 2022). 3539: 3409: 2987: Unknown / vacant / partyless 2692:Survivors of the Rwandan genocide 2608:Meanwhile, the UN established the 2256: 1756: 1398: 1186:... to wipe them from human memory 227: 23:. For the 1963/1964 killings, see 14: 17519: 17025:Violence against Muslims in India 17019:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 16965:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 14162:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 13866:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 12301: 12103:from the original on 16 July 2014 11701:from the original on 4 March 2016 11540:from the original on 26 June 2012 11401:Melvern, Linda (11 August 2008). 11209:Luis, J. R.; et al. (2004). 11154:Gender Matters in Global Politics 10992:. University of Wisconsin Press. 10578:from the original on 12 July 2014 10486:from the original on 11 June 2015 10454:Asiimwe, Arthur (5 August 2008). 10325:from the original on 8 April 2019 10313:Paris, Francesca (7 April 2019). 10294:from the original on 8 April 2019 10067:Jenkins, Mark (28 October 2010). 10005:from the original on 13 July 2020 9786:The media and the Rwanda genocide 9533:from the original on 8 March 2015 9433:from the original on 28 July 2022 9198:from the original on 23 July 2021 9165:Food and Agriculture Organization 9133:McGreal, Chris (1 October 2010). 8941:Journal of Modern African Studies 8764:from the original on 26 July 2021 8726:Amatulli, Jenna (20 March 2017). 8577:Totten, Bartrop & Jacobs 2008 8358:from the original on 8 April 2015 8315:Chozick, Amy (4 September 2012). 8286:"Ambush in Mogadishu: Transcript" 7816:from the original on 29 June 2020 7282:Fordham International Law Journal 6883:"Rwanda's Rape Victims Speak Out" 6566:from the original on 31 July 2021 6318:Pauw, Jacques (reporter) (1994). 5458:from the original on 25 July 2018 4777:. Pluto Press. pp. 110–124. 4775:The Media and the Rwanda Genocide 3432:from the original on 16 June 2019 3327:from the original on 13 June 2023 3307:Sullivan, Ronald (7 April 1994). 3241: 2943: 2004: 1797:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 1377:; Bagosora's preferred candidate 1244:." The informant—now known to be 17369: 17357: 17345: 17320: 16261: 16142: 15412: 15175: 14870: 14531: 13992:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 12263:McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (2020). 12243:Kamusella, Tomasz (5 May 2021). 11691:Radio France International (RFI) 11467:"Interviews – Philip Gourevitch" 10711:from the original on 1 July 2023 10638:from the original on 1 July 2023 10570:BBC News (III) (5 August 2008). 10382:Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 10372:Bibliography of Genocide studies 10337: 10306: 10276: 10250: 10205: 10183: 10153: 10123: 10093: 10060: 10035: 10017: 9986: 9945: 9915: 9885: 9747: 9717: 9690:10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_161034 9677: 9645: 9600: 9545: 9515: 9464:Walker, Robert (30 March 2004). 9457: 9419: 9387: 9378: 9369: 9210: 9184: 9157: 9126: 9037:. Rand Corporation. p. 18. 9024: 8931: 8776: 8750: 8719: 8689: 8663:Kimani, Martin (29 March 2010). 8656: 8626: 8600: 8555:from the original on 3 June 2022 8537: 8514: 8502:from the original on 23 May 2021 8484: 8461: 8431: 8401: 8377:Gallimore, Tim (11 April 2014). 8370: 8308: 8278: 8251: 8225: 8194: 7794: 7761: 7673: 7640: 7604: 7525: 7485:Lorch, Donatella (19 May 1994). 7478: 7435: 7408: 7373:Reyntjens, Filip (26 May 2018). 7366: 7320: 7269: 7181: 6959: 6933: 6789: 6763: 6737: 6642: 6629: 6528:McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (2020). 6311: 6030: 6003: 5833: 5821: 5795: 5772: 5753: 5731: 5626: 5439: 5408: 5389: 5356: 5326: 5295: 5245: 5212: 5155: 4996: 4945: 4918: 4883: 4843: 4807: 4730: 3856:from the original on 6 June 2021 2975: 2950: 2930: 2558: 2477:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2160: 1763:Rape during the Rwandan genocide 1495:; commander of the paratroopers 1449:UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda 1410: 1182:... make them disappear for good 924:is among the highest in Africa. 804:Christian missionaries in Rwanda 783:were assigned to Germany by the 657:Democratic Republic of the Congo 267:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre 257: 238: 147:women raped during the genocide. 56:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre 48: 17297:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 17267:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 14684:Indigenous peoples in Australia 14411: 14009:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 12122:McGill-Queen's University Press 12009:Historical dictionary of Rwanda 11880:from the original on 3 May 2019 11464: 10783:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda 10605:from the original on 6 May 2016 10551:"France issues Rwanda warrants" 10365: 9192:"Burying the machete in Rwanda" 8608:"Nuns jailed for genocide role" 8296:from the original on 6 May 2009 8239:from the original on 3 May 2021 8213:from the original on 1 May 2019 7532:Prutsalis, Mark (17 May 1994). 7442:Lorch, Donatella (8 May 1994). 7377:. La Tribune Franco-Rwandaise. 5082:Adams, Smin (21 January 2014). 4747:10.1163/2210-7975_HRD-2210-0154 4620: 4590: 3883: 3877:Church and Revolution in Rwanda 3868: 3807: 3718: 3384: 2436:relentlessly pursued by the RPA 2429:, a Tutsi group in the Zairian 2417:. The camps were set up by the 2265:A memorial in a Catholic Church 1918:Double genocide theory (Rwanda) 1698:Skulls and other bones kept at 806:promoted the theory about the " 629:The scale and brutality of the 395:International Criminal Tribunal 21:1993 ethnic violence in Burundi 17285:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 17255:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 16989:Communist Romanian persecution 15600:Genocide of indigenous peoples 15199:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 14500:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate 12774:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 12363:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 12267:. Cambridge University Press. 11924:Tiemessen, Alana Erin (2004). 10651:Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). 8844:"Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo" 8468:Misgav, Uri (3 January 2015). 8201:Genin, Aaron (30 April 2019). 7806:"Rwanda (UNAMIR), 1993 – 1996" 3339: 3300: 3169: 3066: 2829:(2007). Former journalist and 2821:post-traumatic stress disorder 2516:Non-governmental organisations 2064:France and Opération Turquoise 1225:and other militia groups with 694:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 304:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 126:Estimated: 500,000 to 662,000 1: 17303:2024 Istanbul church shooting 17279:Christchurch mosque shootings 17067:Religious violence in Nigeria 17061:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 16315:Ukraine v. Russian Federation 14619:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 14310:2014 Lesotho political crisis 14267:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 13431:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 12142:; Parsons, William S (2009). 12007:Twagilimana, Aimable (2007). 11800:In Steven Leonard Jacobs, ed. 10528:BBC News (I) (4 March 1998). 8842:Pomfret, John (9 July 1997). 8348:"Exclusive: Rwanda Revisited" 8346:Lynch, Colum (5 April 2015). 8258:Carrol, Rory (1 April 2004). 8235:. Al Jazeera. 19 April 2021. 7770:"Mood Grim at Camp in Rwanda" 7520:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front" 7222:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front" 6611:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611 6549:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252 4967:10.1080/13698249.2018.1525677 3664:; William S. Parsons (2009). 3266:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 3223:10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320 3087:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611 3060: 2737:Disabled during the genocide 2631: 2531:Justice system after genocide 2510:sexually transmitted diseases 702:Rwandan genocide memorial in 682: 17193:War crimes in the Kosovo War 16983:Communist Polish persecution 16854:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 16782:Crusades against schismatics 16246:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 16047:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 15893:Anti-communist mass killings 14627:Indigenous peoples in Canada 14563:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 14387: 14304:SADC intervention in Lesotho 13907:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 13861:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 13618:ECOWAS military intervention 13338:2011–2014 factional violence 12286:. Cornell University Press. 12210:. Cornell University Press. 12183:. Cornell University Press. 12116:Powell, Christopher (2011). 11125:10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332 10657:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 10260:. POLISMedia. Archived from 9927:"Annual Report 2013: Rwanda" 7647:Rever, Judi (9 April 2018). 7587:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front 6599:Journal of Genocide Research 6537:Journal of Genocide Research 5861:10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332 3254:Journal of Genocide Research 3075:Journal of Genocide Research 3037: Unclear / complicated 2785:premiere, Rwandan President 2670: 2326: 1984:internally displaced persons 1676:Journal of Genocide Research 1269:Assassination of Habyarimana 1232:On 11 January 1994, General 7: 17473:April 1994 events in Africa 16180:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 15348:National Population Program 13981:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 13837:Insurgency in Northern Chad 13126:Water supply and sanitation 12225:Gourevitch, Philip (1999). 11976:Tully, L. Danielle (2003). 11553:Powers, Shannon E. (2011). 11428:Nowrojee, Binaifer (1996). 11007:Gourevitch, Philip (2000). 10973:. Oxford University Press. 10624:. Oxford University Press. 10290:(in French). 8 April 2019. 7905:. Polity. pp. 168–70. 7375:"Kagame should be in court" 6719:"Appeals Chamber Decisions" 3728:, S. 17 f; Carsten Heeger, 3050:Outline of genocide studies 3043: 2755: 2747: 2739: 2731: 2723: 2715: 2707: 1385: 1336:Killing of moderate leaders 1283:Juvénal Habyarimana in 1980 1088:only partially successful; 623:Habyarimana's assassination 10: 17524: 17508:July 1994 events in Africa 17498:June 1994 events in Africa 17443:Massacres of ethnic groups 17418:Ethnic cleansing in Africa 16095:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 16039:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 15865:Effects on young survivors 15300:Sabra and Shatila massacre 14272:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 14093:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 13948:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 13814:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 13625:Western Togoland Rebellion 12567:Great Lakes refugee crisis 12170: 12069:United Nations Secretariat 12036:"Rwanda-UNAMIR Background" 11959:Greenwood Publishing Group 11941:(1): 57–76. Archived from 10906:Fassbender, Bardo (2011). 10876:10.1162/016228802760987851 10369: 2826:Shake Hands with the Devil 2813:after co-writing the book 2766: 2705:Very vulnerable survivors 2635: 2601: 2562: 2381:Great Lakes refugee crisis 2378: 2067: 2008: 1997: 1915: 1760: 1751:École technique officielle 1272: 1120: 939: 901:, which brought President 829: 691: 579:genocide against the Tutsi 488:Great Lakes refugee crisis 332:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira 18: 17488:May 1994 events in Africa 17458:Responsibility to protect 17317: 17225:South Thailand insurgency 17201:Walisongo school massacre 17169:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 16818:Expulsion of the Moriscos 16794:European wars of religion 16708: 16552: 16397: 16269: 16150: 16063:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 16031:Supreme National Tribunal 15921: 15902: 15812: 15734: 15637: 15515: 15422: 15185: 14880: 14642:Residential school system 14541: 14421: 14395: 14324: 14281: 14253: 14244: 14183: 14154: 14109:Second Sudanese Civil War 14101: 14063: 14017: 13973: 13894: 13885: 13853: 13824: 13793: 13753: 13670: 13647: 13638: 13587: 13561: 13535: 13514: 13477: 13423: 13414: 13382: 13353: 13315: 13275: 13266: 13191: 13134: 13076: 13067: 13015: 13006: 12915: 12906: 12864: 12855: 12759: 12715: 12684: 12668: 12617: 12559: 12506: 12454: 12408: 12350: 12179:Barnett, Michael (2002). 11934:African Studies Quarterly 11909:10.1080/01436590802528754 11843:10.1017/s0221855301001675 11777:Reyntjens, Filip (2013). 10988:Guichaoua, André (2015). 10947:National Security Archive 10781:Dorsey, Learthen (1994). 10234:. Idrc.ca. Archived from 10042:"Camouflage and exposure" 8954:10.1017/S0022278X0000330X 8427:– via refworld.org. 6324:(Television production). 6052:Totten & Parsons 2009 6025:Totten & Parsons 2009 5765:14 September 2018 at the 5288:, ex-prime minister, and 5136:National Security Archive 4701:Totten & Parsons 2009 3893:Oral tradition as history 3176:Barnett, Michael (2015). 2935:In March 2019, President 2842:(2014), a documentary by 2763:Media and popular culture 2752: 2744: 2736: 2728: 2720: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2462:, which began waging the 2397:Kimbumba refugee camp in 1994:International involvement 1581:Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana 1459:Planning and organization 1409: 1397: 1392: 818:(patrilineal ancestor of 785:Berlin Conference of 1884 237: 225: 220: 205: 151: 139: 122: 98: 80: 72: 62: 47: 39: 34: 17483:1994 disasters in Rwanda 16615:Extrajudicial punishment 14934:Christians in Diyarbekir 14212:2008 invasion of Anjouan 13809:Civil War (2012–present) 13778:Pool Department conflict 11528:"Bystanders to Genocide" 11411:. Kigali. Archived from 11384:. London. Archived from 11071:Ingelaere, Bert (2016). 11056:10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27 10217:3 September 2010 at the 10057:, 29 April 2003; 168 (9) 5742:10 December 2018 at the 4904:10.1177/0032329207308181 4737:Kirschke, Linda (1996). 3055:Kinsangani battle (1997) 2873:Hôtel des Mille Collines 2789:stands with, from left, 2294:Protestant denominations 2200:Somali National Alliance 1773:Genocide Memorial Center 1700:Murambi Technical School 1295:, the Hutu president of 1126:Preparation for genocide 1036:, who were known as the 963:National Resistance Army 961:, fought with the rebel 779:Rwanda and neighbouring 714:, a group of aboriginal 675:" and "divisionism" are 161:-led government (led by 17453:Peacekeeping operations 17308:Crocus City Hall attack 17055:Persecution of Tibetans 16812:French Wars of Religion 16734:Yellow Turban Rebellion 15872:Politics of recognition 14427:Destruction of Carthage 14207:Hanish Islands conflict 13744:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 13595:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 13437:Herder–farmer conflicts 13361:Western Sahara conflict 12594:Rwandan genocide denial 12514:Rwandan Patriotic Front 12373:Belgian colonial empire 12206:Fujii, Lee Ann (2011). 11673:Oxford University Press 11490:Pottier, Johan (2002). 11355:. London and New York: 11313:Melvern, Linda (2000). 11182:. London: Wiley Books. 11043:American Anthropologist 9557:16 January 2024 at the 8262:. London: theguardian. 7802:Australian War Memorial 6893:(4): 16. Archived from 6799:ICTR Yearbook 1994–1996 5807:19 January 2019 at the 5784:29 January 2019 at the 5769:, CNN, 13 December 2017 4859:10.18356/59527281-en-fr 4783:10.2307/j.ctt18fs550.14 4627:Sander, Barrie (2021). 3689:Appiah & Gates 2010 3026: Tutsi burgomaster 2801:and executive producer 2642:Rwandan genocide denial 2520:international community 2438:under the cover of the 1937:destruction of evidence 1747:crimes against humanity 1613:Death toll and timeline 1518:, the heartland of the 1317:Augustin Ndindiliyimana 1094:Augustin Ndindiliyimana 983:Rwandan Patriotic Front 913:, making the country a 607:Rwandan Patriotic Front 451:International community 446:Rwandan Patriotic Front 16:1994 genocide in Rwanda 17408:1994 murders in Africa 17261:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 17237:Maspero demonstrations 17085:Huế Phật Đản shootings 16323:South Africa v. Israel 16291:Rohingya genocide case 15828:Names of the Holocaust 15292:Chittagong Hill Tracts 15000:Kinder der Landstrasse 14886:Late Ottoman genocides 14030:Somali–Kenyan conflict 13926:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 13920:Second Afar insurgency 13527:Sierra Leone Civil War 12676:Double genocide theory 12655:Kwibuka T20 Tournament 12539:Operation Support Hope 12519:International response 12282:Straus, Scott (2006). 12146:. New York and Londo: 11830:Journal of African Law 11717:African Studies Review 10863:International Security 10499:Aptel, Cicile (2008). 10047:14 August 2007 at the 9816:: CS1 maint: others ( 9705:Cite journal requires 9226:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7901:Pogge, Thomas (2010). 7542:Refugees International 7276:Waldorf, Lars (2011). 6674:Survival International 6037:Straus, Scott (2006). 6010:Straus, Scott (2006). 5171:Human Rights Quarterly 4892:Politics & Society 4817:African Studies Review 2806: 2574: 2500: 2402: 2367:region, including the 2344: 2266: 2241:In 2017, according to 2174: 2082: 2020: 1861: 1801:Rwandan Defence Forces 1776: 1702: 1666: 1480: 1472: 1403: 1284: 1266: 1192:Harvard Kennedy School 1082:accusation in a mirror 954: 860: 707: 599:Constitution of Rwanda 456:United Nations Mission 232: 209:Anti-Tutsi sentiment, 183:Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza 76:7 April – 19 July 1994 17231:Boko Haram insurgency 16890:Pontic Greek genocide 16800:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 16610:Extrajudicial killing 16387:Religious persecution 16188:Bosnian genocide case 15842:Holocaust terminology 15485:Christians under ISIS 15223:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 14652:1740 Batavia massacre 14476:Harrying of the North 14289:Bophuthatswana crisis 13953:Oromia–Somali clashes 13872:Boko Haram insurgency 13832:Civil War (2005–2010) 13449:Boko Haram insurgency 13372:Clashes, 2020–present 12118:Barbaric Civilization 11896:Third World Quarterly 10853:Elbe, Stefan (2002). 10618:Carney, J.J. (2013). 10319:National Public Radio 10074:National Public Radio 9952:Gibson, Kate (2010). 9923:Amnesty International 9893:Amnesty International 8207:The California Review 7723:(28 September 1994). 6654:25 March 2016 at the 6039:The Order of Genocide 6012:The Order of Genocide 5334:"The Mutsinzi Report" 5183:10.1353/hrq.2016.0041 5162:Reydams, Luc (2016). 4829:10.1353/arw.2005.0101 3890:Vansina, Jan (1985). 2914:people saw the movie 2900:historical drama film 2887:Tribeca Film Festival 2780: 2657:Amnesty International 2572: 2498: 2460:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 2443:integration into the 2396: 2334: 2264: 2251:Israeli Supreme Court 2168: 2077: 2018: 1859: 1770: 1739:occurred at Nyarubuye 1697: 1664: 1592:Théodore Sindikubwabo 1478: 1466: 1402: 1325:Agathe Uwilingiyimana 1282: 1261: 1145:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 1066:Hutu Ten Commandments 949: 865:Dominique Mbonyumutwa 858: 701: 470:Opération "Turquoise" 411:Impuzamugambi militia 366:Musha Church massacre 231: 198:local Hutu extremists 17213:September 11 attacks 17149:1984 anti-Sikh riots 17013:Rawalpindi massacres 16959:White Terror (Spain) 16770:Massacre at Ayyadieh 16655:Population cleansing 16339:Nicaragua v. Germany 16238:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 15614:Utilitarian genocide 15593:Transgender genocide 14960:Osage Indian murders 14660:Great Gypsy Round-up 14261:Mozambican Civil War 14221:Burundian conflicts 14201:Djiboutian Civil War 13914:Insurgency in Ogaden 13542:Liberian Civil Wars 13455:Niger Delta conflict 12249:Nationalities Papers 11948:on 16 December 2012. 11760:. 29 November 2009. 11533:The Atlantic Monthly 10750:(Report). New York: 10264:on 23 September 2009 10201:on 19 December 2008. 9725:"Human Rights Watch" 9661:. 23 December 2015. 8760:. 13 November 1995. 8640:. 13 December 2006. 7199:on 11 September 2013 5401:1 April 2023 at the 5259:. 14 December 2011. 5115:, pp. 141, 127. 3875:Linden, Ian (1977). 3820:Nationalities Papers 2700:Number of survivors 2638:Censorship in Rwanda 2206:Arms sales to Rwanda 1514:Military leaders in 1371:Faustin Twagiramungu 1305:Jean-Louis Bruguière 1153:Rwandan Armed Forces 577:, also known as the 264:Human skulls at the 54:Human skulls at the 17433:Massacres in Rwanda 17428:Mass murder in 1994 17423:Genocides in Africa 17125:Bangladesh genocide 17105:Cultural Revolution 17097:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 16860:Circassian genocide 16746:Rhineland massacres 16660:Population transfer 16625:Forced displacement 16437:Jehovah's Witnesses 15725:Settler colonialism 15674:Forced assimilation 15380:Srebrenica massacre 15152:Chechens and Ingush 14910:Thracian Bulgarians 14756:Sand Creek massacre 14717:Siege of Tripolitsa 14468:Ancestral Puebloans 14300:Lesothan conflicts 14225:1993–2005 Civil War 13943:Afar–Somali clashes 13731:2022–2024 offensive 13726:2012–2013 rebellion 13568:Ivorian Civil Wars 13401:Tunisian revolution 13343:2014–2020 civil war 13323:2008 Kufra conflict 13260:conflicts in Africa 12967:Chamber of Deputies 12624:Genocide memorials 12551:UNSC Resolution 935 12529:Opération Turquoise 12257:10.1017/nps.2021.12 12144:Century of Genocide 12011:. Scarecrow Press. 11471:The triumph of Evil 11160:. pp. 127–47. 10901:on 19 October 2013. 10238:on 10 February 2010 10212:Earth Made of Glass 10137:. 13 October 2014. 9867:Inter Press Service 9295:Human Rights Review 8849:The Washington Post 8825:, pp. 381–382. 8527:The Times of Israel 8177:BBC News (III) 2008 7614:(10 October 1994). 7315:in whole or in part 7189:"Official holidays" 6897:on 11 February 2021 6197:, pp. 209–210. 4604:. 26 January 2016. 3832:10.1017/nps.2021.12 3129:American University 2897:made-for-television 2878:Earth Made of Glass 2839:Watchers of the Sky 2783:Earth Made of Glass 2693: 2286:including Catholics 2195:Battle of Mogadishu 2102:Opération Turquoise 1895:Opération Turquoise 1712:The Washington Post 1655:Opération Turquoise 1289:Juvénal Habyarimana 1246:Mathieu Ngirumpatse 1028:Hutu Power movement 1022:national parliament 926:Rwanda's population 903:Juvénal Habyarimana 873:Gitarama prefecture 863:On 1 November 1959 615:Juvénal Habyarimana 462:UN Security Council 416:Interahamwe militia 383:Parties responsible 246:Journeyman Pictures 143:250,000 to 500,000 17219:2002 Gujarat riots 17143:Cambodian genocide 17137:Lebanese Civil War 16915:Soviet persecution 16752:Jerusalem massacre 16665:Sectarian violence 16650:Political violence 16204:Slobodan Milošević 16055:Erich von Manstein 15667:Extermination camp 15428:Effacer le tableau 15191:Hyderabadi Muslims 15136:Nanshitou Massacre 15120:Muslims and Croats 14822:Hamidian massacres 14709:Al-Jawazi massacre 14699:Stolen Generations 14402:list by death toll 14347:Colour revolutions 14145:Sudanese civil war 13997:2009–present phase 13738:Batwa–Luba clashes 13607:Casamance conflict 13484:Tuareg rebellions 13444:Religious violence 13390:Algerian Civil War 13306:Terrorism in Egypt 13045:Telecommunications 12813:Rwandan Revolution 12801:Colonial residents 12791:German East Africa 12582:Massacres of Hutus 12378:Rwandan Revolution 12199:10.7591/j.ctt7zhf0 12097:The New York Times 11866:Shyaka, Anastase. 11804:(pp. 291–305) 11730:10.1353/arw.0.0091 11536:(September 2001). 11436:Human Rights Watch 10967:Gordon, Gregory S. 10945:. Washington, DC: 10752:Human Rights Watch 10744:Des Forges, Alison 10480:The New York Times 9729:Human Rights Watch 9658:Human Rights Watch 9280:, pp. 327–28. 9232:on 2 December 2012 9123:, pp. 182–83. 9109:BBC News (II) 2006 9084:, pp. 128–33. 9072:, pp. 113–16. 9021:, pp. 215–18. 8928:, pp. 110–15. 8916:, pp. 122–23. 8892:, pp. 384–85. 8443:Human Rights Watch 8415:. 1 January 1994. 8413:Human Rights Watch 8321:The New York Times 8063:, pp. 100–01. 7952:, pp. 236–37. 7940:, pp. 219–20. 7775:The New York Times 7730:The New York Times 7491:The New York Times 7448:The New York Times 7178:, pp. 474–75. 7123:, pp. 326–27. 7045:, pp. 264–65. 6846:, pp. 138–41. 6595:Meierhenrich, Jens 6464:, pp. 298–99. 6383:, pp. 313–14. 6260:, pp. 213–14. 6185:, pp. 209–10. 6000:, pp. 244–45. 5937:, pp. 146–47. 5750:, 13 December 2017 5510:, pp. 222–23. 5485:. The Times (UK). 5338:mutsinzireport.com 5290:Eliezer Niyitegeka 5226:The New York Times 5139:. 9 January 2014. 4939:10.1093/qje/qju020 4715:, pp. 31, 32. 4531:, pp. 181–82. 4345:, pp. 126–31. 4321:, pp. 190–91. 4309:, pp. 174–77. 4297:, pp. 173–74. 4246:, pp. 117–18. 4234:, pp. 114–15. 4036:, pp. 160–61. 3744:, pp. 217–18. 3313:The New York Times 2904:Sometimes in April 2807: 2691: 2575: 2501: 2491:Domestic situation 2403: 2345: 2319:On 20 March 2017, 2282:Human Rights Watch 2267: 2228:Human Rights Watch 2215:in 1992, and with 2175: 2083: 2046:Chapter VI mandate 2021: 1862: 1836:Killing of the Twa 1777: 1737:One such massacre 1703: 1671:Human Rights Watch 1667: 1516:Gisenyi prefecture 1485:Théoneste Bagosora 1481: 1473: 1404: 1379:Augustin Bizimungu 1367:Landwald Ndasingwa 1363:Joseph Kavaruganda 1321:Théoneste Bagosora 1293:Cyprien Ntaryamira 1285: 1257:Théoneste Bagosora 1098:Théoneste Bagosora 1034:Agathe Habyarimana 955: 922:population density 895:Grégoire Kayibanda 877:Rwandan Revolution 861: 832:Rwandan Revolution 708: 504:Massacres of Hutus 371:Nyarubuye massacre 314:Rwandan Revolution 233: 163:Théoneste Bagosora 25:Rwandan Revolution 17468:April 1994 crimes 17448:Military scandals 17438:Massacres in 1994 17385: 17384: 17333: 17332: 17273:Rohingya genocide 17001:Direct Action Day 16953:Šahovići massacre 16903:Armenian genocide 16897:Assyrian genocide 16784:(13th–15th cent.) 16778:(12th–16th cent.) 16776:Northern Crusades 16620:Forced conversion 16570:Cultural genocide 16565:Communal violence 16447:post–Cold War era 16432:Eastern Orthodoxy 16353: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16256: 16255: 16137: 16136: 15983:Euthanasia trials 15903:Legal proceedings 15646:Cultural genocide 15572:Cultural genocide 15511: 15510: 15444:Masalit massacres 15407: 15406: 15308:Sri Lankan Tamils 15215:Arabs in Zanzibar 15170: 15169: 15088:Three Alls policy 14865: 14864: 14798:Putumayo genocide 14526: 14525: 14355: 14354: 14320: 14319: 14240: 14239: 14191:Rwandan Civil War 14139:Blue Nile clashes 14121:Nomadic conflicts 14077:Nomadic conflicts 13881: 13880: 13720:March 23 Movement 13655:Angolan Civil War 13634: 13633: 13410: 13409: 13222: 13221: 13187: 13186: 13111:Human trafficking 13063: 13062: 13002: 13001: 12979:Political parties 12930:Foreign relations 12902: 12901: 12830:Rwandan Civil War 12825:Bugesera invasion 12806:Ruzagayura famine 12779:Kingdom of Rwanda 12702: 12701: 12388:Rwandan Civil War 12368:Kingdom of Rwanda 12358:History of Rwanda 12293:978-0-8014-6715-8 12274:978-1-108-49146-4 12217:978-0-8014-5737-1 12157:978-0-203-89043-1 12131:978-0-7735-3856-6 12078:on 19 August 2008 12018:978-0-8108-5313-3 11968:978-0-313-34644-6 11819:978-0-7391-3588-4 11788:978-1-107-67879-8 11693:(10 April 2014). 11682:978-0-19-970583-2 11644:978-9970-02-089-8 11620:978-1-85065-372-1 11503:978-0-5215-2873-3 11445:978-1-56432-208-1 11366:978-1-85984-588-2 11326:978-1-85649-831-9 11290:"France's shame?" 11268:978-0-691-10280-1 11189:978-0-470-12015-6 11167:978-0-203-86494-4 11084:978-0-299-30970-1 11020:978-0-330-37120-9 10980:978-0-19-061270-2 10919:978-0-19-964149-9 10820:978-0-670-03337-9 10792:978-0-8108-2820-9 10735:978-90-5095-533-1 10704:978-0-09-947893-5 10664:978-1-890951-34-4 10392:978-0-19-533770-9 10355:978-1-78694-344-6 9567:978-0-299-30970-1 9044:978-0-8330-3232-4 8352:foreignpolicy.com 8150:BBC News (I) 1998 7912:978-0-7456-3892-8 7903:Politics as Usual 7336:www.sciencespo.fr 6969:(25 March 2008). 6725:on 14 August 2014 6495:www.sciencespo.fr 6066:, p. 242–43. 5452:African Arguments 5405:, 10 January 2012 4868:978-92-1-047319-4 4792:978-0-7453-2625-2 4756:978-1-870798-33-4 4638:978-0-19-884687-1 4602:www.sciencespo.fr 4408:, pp. 34–36. 4222:, pp. 27–30. 4198:, pp. 95–96. 4186:, pp. 94–95. 4162:, pp. 51–52. 4102:, pp. 74–76. 4063:, pp. 55–56. 4048:, pp. 63–64. 3985:, pp. 48–49. 3973:, pp. 58–59. 3949:, pp. 45–46. 3937:, pp. 43–44. 3903:978-0-299-10213-5 3804:, pp. 56–57. 3756:, pp. 25–26. 3675:978-0-415-99085-1 3644:, pp. 13–14. 3566:, pp. 88–89. 3542:, pp. 10–11. 3402:978-1-349-95306-6 3187:978-0-8014-3883-7 3122:Sheshadri, Raja. 2969: 45.5% Tutsi 2865:Paul Rusesabagina 2848:international law 2760: 2759: 2665:Victoire Ingabire 2612:(ICTR), based in 2553:Froduald Karamira 2524:international aid 2270:Pope John Paul II 2223:, the next year. 2107:displaced persons 1988:Butare prefecture 1924:Alison Des Forges 1826:Sexual mutilation 1719:Butare prefecture 1585:Sylvain Nsabimana 1553:Tharcisse Renzaho 1493:Augustin Bizimana 1429:ID card of Rwanda 1421: 1420: 1355:Bernard Ntuyahaga 1215:Burundi Civil War 1147:, in his role as 991:Virunga Mountains 979:Ugandan president 942:Rwandan Civil War 936:Rwandan Civil War 760:Kingdom of Rwanda 677:criminal offences 673:genocide ideology 583:Rwandan Civil War 571: 570: 319:Rwandan Civil War 309:Kingdom of Rwanda 299:History of Rwanda 252: 251: 216: 215: 42:Rwandan Civil War 17515: 17503:July 1994 crimes 17493:June 1994 crimes 17398:Rwandan genocide 17374: 17373: 17362: 17361: 17350: 17349: 17348: 17341: 17325: 17324: 17291:2020 Delhi riots 17207:Kosheh massacres 17187:Bosnian genocide 17007:1946 Bihar riots 16670:Social cleansing 16595:Ethnic cleansing 16380: 16373: 16366: 16357: 16356: 16342: 16334: 16326: 16318: 16310: 16302: 16294: 16286: 16278: 16264: 16258: 16257: 16249: 16241: 16233: 16223: 16215: 16212:Radovan Karadžić 16207: 16199: 16191: 16183: 16175: 16172:Belgrade Process 16167: 16159: 16145: 16139: 16138: 16130: 16122: 16114: 16106: 16103:Treblinka trials 16098: 16090: 16082: 16074: 16066: 16058: 16050: 16042: 16034: 16026: 16018: 16010: 16002: 15994: 15986: 15978: 15970: 15962: 15954: 15946: 15943:Épuration légale 15938: 15930: 15916: 15913:Holocaust trials 15907: 15906: 15895: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15844: 15837: 15830: 15823: 15805: 15798: 15791: 15784: 15777: 15770: 15763: 15754: 15747: 15727: 15720: 15713: 15706: 15697: 15690: 15683: 15676: 15669: 15662: 15660:Ethnic cleansing 15655: 15648: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15609: 15602: 15595: 15588: 15581: 15574: 15567: 15556: 15549: 15542: 15533: 15526: 15504: 15496: 15488: 15480: 15477:Shias under ISIS 15472: 15464: 15456: 15446: 15439: 15431: 15417: 15409: 15408: 15400: 15392: 15382: 15375: 15367: 15359: 15351: 15343: 15335: 15327: 15319: 15311: 15303: 15295: 15287: 15279: 15269: 15262: 15255: 15250: 15242: 15234: 15226: 15218: 15210: 15202: 15194: 15180: 15172: 15171: 15163: 15155: 15147: 15139: 15131: 15123: 15115: 15112:Serbs in Croatia 15107: 15099: 15091: 15083: 15075: 15072:Nanjing Massacre 15067: 15064:Parsley massacre 15059: 15056:Polish Operation 15051: 15048:Romani Holocaust 15043: 15035: 15027: 15019: 15011: 15003: 14995: 14992:Napalpí massacre 14987: 14979: 14971: 14963: 14955: 14945: 14937: 14929: 14921: 14913: 14903: 14896: 14888: 14875: 14867: 14866: 14856: 14848: 14841: 14833: 14825: 14817: 14809: 14801: 14793: 14785: 14777: 14769: 14759: 14751: 14743: 14735: 14727: 14720: 14712: 14702: 14694: 14686: 14679: 14671: 14663: 14655: 14645: 14637: 14629: 14622: 14614: 14606: 14598: 14590: 14582: 14574: 14566: 14558: 14550: 14536: 14528: 14527: 14519: 14511: 14503: 14495: 14487: 14484:Mongol conquests 14479: 14471: 14463: 14453: 14446: 14438: 14430: 14416: 14408: 14407: 14382: 14375: 14368: 14359: 14358: 14295:Caprivi conflict 14251: 14250: 14230:2015–2018 unrest 14036:Likoni massacres 14025:Ethnic conflicts 13987:Somali Civil War 13892: 13891: 13690:Second Congo War 13645: 13644: 13421: 13420: 13300:Post-coup unrest 13294:Sinai insurgency 13273: 13272: 13249: 13242: 13235: 13226: 13225: 13207: 13200: 13074: 13073: 13028: 13013: 13012: 12974:Decentralization 12913: 12912: 12862: 12861: 12847:Second Congo War 12835:Rwandan genocide 12818:Coup of Gitarama 12742: 12735: 12728: 12719: 12718: 12710:Related articles 12706: 12705: 12589:Second Congo War 12401: 12344:Rwandan genocide 12337: 12330: 12323: 12314: 12313: 12297: 12278: 12240: 12221: 12202: 12161: 12135: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12077: 12071:. Archived from 12066: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12034:United Nations. 12030: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11972: 11957:. Westport, CT: 11949: 11947: 11930: 11920: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11879: 11872: 11862: 11823: 11792: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11749: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11686: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11624: 11602: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11370: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11253:Mamdani, Mahmood 11248: 11238: 11205: 11198:Longman, Timothy 11193: 11171: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11067: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11003: 10984: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10902: 10900: 10894:. Archived from 10859: 10849: 10824: 10796: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10739: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10450: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10360: 10359: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10228: 10222: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10197:. Archived from 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10064: 10058: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9973: 9958: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9815: 9807: 9782: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9708: 9703: 9701: 9693: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9576: 9570: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9529:. 18 June 2012. 9519: 9513: 9507: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9406: 9399: 9391: 9385: 9382: 9376: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9318: 9312: 9303: 9302: 9290: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9228:. Archived from 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9194:. 1 March 1995. 9188: 9182: 9176: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8839: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8703:. 15 June 2000. 8693: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8604: 8598: 8589: 8580: 8574: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7898: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7717: 7706: 7705: 7699: 7697: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7620: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7551: 7538: 7529: 7523: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7330:(25 June 2018). 7328:Lemarchand, René 7324: 7318: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7273: 7267: 7258: 7252: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7195:. Archived from 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6973:. Archived from 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6878: 6869: 6860: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6812: 6805: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6715: 6706: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6665: 6659: 6649:Rwandan Genocide 6646: 6640: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6591: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6534: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6489:(25 June 2018). 6487:Lemarchand, René 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6450: 6444: 6435: 6429: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6131: 6125: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5776: 5770: 5757: 5751: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5585: 5579: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5412: 5406: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5299: 5293: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5013:. Archived from 5008: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4933:(4): 1947–1994. 4922: 4916: 4915: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4660: 4654: 4643: 4642: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4124:Twagilimana 2007 4121: 4115: 4112:Twagilimana 2007 4109: 4103: 4097: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3843: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3724:Bruce D. Jones, 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3658: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3225: 3216:(168): 235–256. 3198: 3192: 3191: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3132:. Archived from 3119: 3108: 3106: 3070: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2979: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2954: 2937:Félix Tshisekedi 2871:hotelier at the 2857:-nominated film 2795:Deborah Scranton 2694: 2690: 2481:Second Congo War 2452:Mobutu Sese Seko 2389:Second Congo War 2309:Athanase Seromba 2171:Rwandan refugees 2151:Mucyo Commission 1906:a public holiday 1743:Athanase Seromba 1690:Means of killing 1509:Joseph Nzirorera 1501:Protais Mpiranya 1414: 1413: 1390: 1389: 1219:Burundi genocide 1211:Melchior Ndadaye 1189: 1185: 1181: 1056:Gisenyi Province 967:Ugandan Bush War 850:Bahutu Manifesto 764:Kigeli Rwabugiri 724:Bantu migrations 575:Rwandan genocide 563: 556: 549: 510:Second Congo War 361:Gikondo massacre 330:Assassination of 285:Rwandan genocide 269: 261: 254: 253: 242: 241: 218: 217: 117:ethnic cleansing 52: 35:Rwandan genocide 32: 31: 17523: 17522: 17518: 17517: 17516: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17478:May 1994 crimes 17388: 17387: 17386: 17381: 17380: 17368: 17356: 17346: 17344: 17336: 17334: 17329: 17319: 17313: 17249:Yazidi genocide 17155:Revival Process 17091:Thích Quảng Đức 17079:Buddhist crisis 17073:Istanbul pogrom 16941:1970–1987 16936:1958–1964 16931:1928–1941 16926:1921–1928 16921:1917–1921 16806:Goa Inquisition 16740:Battle of Tours 16730:(c.550–c. 1200) 16724:(c. 324–c. 491) 16704: 16605:Ethnic violence 16600:Ethnic conflict 16548: 16547: 16546: 16393: 16384: 16354: 16345: 16337: 16329: 16321: 16313: 16305: 16299:Uyghur Tribunal 16297: 16289: 16281: 16273: 16265: 16262: 16252: 16244: 16236: 16228: 16218: 16210: 16202: 16194: 16186: 16178: 16170: 16162: 16154: 16146: 16143: 16133: 16125: 16119:Fedorenko trial 16117: 16109: 16101: 16093: 16085: 16077: 16069: 16061: 16053: 16045: 16037: 16029: 16021: 16015:Stutthof trials 16013: 16005: 15997: 15991:Nuremberg trial 15989: 15981: 15973: 15965: 15957: 15951:Majdanek trials 15949: 15941: 15933: 15927:Krasnodar trial 15925: 15917: 15911: 15898: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15870: 15863: 15856: 15849: 15840: 15833: 15826: 15819: 15808: 15801: 15794: 15787: 15780: 15773: 15766: 15759: 15750: 15743: 15730: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15693: 15686: 15679: 15672: 15665: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15633: 15626: 15619: 15612: 15605: 15598: 15591: 15584: 15577: 15570: 15563: 15552: 15545: 15538: 15529: 15522: 15507: 15499: 15491: 15483: 15475: 15467: 15459: 15453:Southern Kaduna 15451: 15442: 15434: 15426: 15418: 15413: 15403: 15395: 15387: 15378: 15370: 15362: 15354: 15346: 15338: 15330: 15322: 15314: 15306: 15298: 15290: 15282: 15274: 15265: 15258: 15253: 15245: 15237: 15229: 15221: 15213: 15205: 15197: 15189: 15181: 15176: 15166: 15158: 15150: 15142: 15134: 15126: 15118: 15110: 15102: 15094: 15086: 15078: 15070: 15062: 15054: 15046: 15040:Simele massacre 15038: 15030: 15022: 15014: 15006: 14998: 14990: 14982: 14974: 14966: 14958: 14950: 14940: 14932: 14924: 14916: 14908: 14899: 14891: 14884: 14876: 14871: 14861: 14851: 14844: 14836: 14830:Herero and Nama 14828: 14820: 14812: 14804: 14796: 14788: 14780: 14772: 14764: 14754: 14746: 14738: 14730: 14723: 14715: 14707: 14697: 14689: 14682: 14674: 14666: 14658: 14650: 14640: 14632: 14625: 14617: 14609: 14601: 14593: 14585: 14577: 14569: 14561: 14553: 14545: 14537: 14532: 14522: 14514: 14506: 14498: 14490: 14482: 14474: 14466: 14458: 14449: 14441: 14435:Asiatic Vespers 14433: 14425: 14417: 14412: 14399: 14391: 14386: 14356: 14351: 14316: 14277: 14246:Southern Africa 14236: 14179: 14150: 14097: 14082:Ethnic violence 14059: 14054:Baragoi clashes 14013: 13969: 13877: 13849: 13839:(2016–present) 13820: 13795: 13794:Central African 13789: 13755: 13749: 13678:First Congo War 13666: 13630: 13583: 13557: 13531: 13522:Ndogboyosoi War 13510: 13473: 13457:(2003–present) 13433:(1998–present) 13406: 13378: 13363:(1970–present) 13349: 13311: 13289:2011 revolution 13283:Egyptian Crisis 13262: 13253: 13223: 13218: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13183: 13174:Public holidays 13130: 13096:Gender equality 13059: 13026: 12998: 12947:Law enforcement 12898: 12851: 12755: 12746: 12711: 12703: 12698: 12680: 12664: 12613: 12577:First Congo War 12572:Kibeho massacre 12555: 12502: 12462:People indicted 12450: 12404: 12397: 12346: 12341: 12304: 12294: 12275: 12237: 12218: 12191: 12175: 12169: 12167:Further reading 12164: 12158: 12132: 12106: 12104: 12081: 12079: 12075: 12064: 12045: 12043: 12019: 11997: 11995: 11969: 11945: 11928: 11883: 11881: 11877: 11870: 11820: 11810:Lexington Books 11789: 11767: 11765: 11752: 11704: 11702: 11683: 11665:Prunier, Gérard 11654: 11652: 11645: 11629:Prunier, Gérard 11621: 11607:Prunier, Gérard 11599: 11585:Prunier, Gérard 11574: 11572: 11543: 11541: 11524:Power, Samantha 11513: 11511: 11504: 11480: 11478: 11455: 11453: 11446: 11418: 11416: 11415:on 14 July 2014 11391: 11389: 11388:on 15 July 2014 11381:The Independent 11367: 11336: 11334: 11327: 11303: 11301: 11278: 11276: 11269: 11190: 11176:Kinzer, Stephen 11168: 11142: 11140: 11094: 11092: 11085: 11030: 11028: 11021: 11000: 10981: 10956: 10954: 10929: 10927: 10920: 10898: 10857: 10830:Drumbl, Mark A. 10821: 10793: 10771: 10769: 10762: 10736: 10714: 10712: 10705: 10685:Dallaire, Roméo 10674: 10672: 10665: 10641: 10639: 10632: 10608: 10606: 10581: 10579: 10560: 10558: 10539: 10537: 10518: 10516: 10489: 10487: 10474: 10465: 10463: 10431:10.2307/2204076 10402: 10400: 10393: 10374: 10368: 10363: 10356: 10342: 10338: 10328: 10326: 10311: 10307: 10297: 10295: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10225: 10219:Wayback Machine 10210: 10206: 10189: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10129: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10084: 10082: 10065: 10061: 10049:Wayback Machine 10040: 10036: 10023: 10022: 10018: 10008: 10006: 9995:"Come Together" 9991: 9987: 9977: 9975: 9971: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9936: 9934: 9920: 9916: 9906: 9904: 9890: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9809: 9808: 9796: 9784: 9783: 9779: 9769: 9767: 9752: 9748: 9738: 9736: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9706: 9704: 9695: 9694: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9666: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9638: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9593: 9589: 9579:Des Forges 1999 9577: 9573: 9559:Wayback Machine 9550: 9546: 9536: 9534: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9508: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9462: 9458: 9450: 9446: 9436: 9434: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9379: 9374: 9370: 9365: 9350: 9342: 9338: 9330: 9321: 9313: 9306: 9292: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9264: 9260: 9251:de Brouwer 2005 9249: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9177: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9131: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9068: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8936: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8912: 8908: 8900: 8896: 8888: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8840: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8767: 8765: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8741: 8739: 8732:Huffington Post 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8680: 8678: 8661: 8657: 8647: 8645: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8610:. 8 June 2001. 8606: 8605: 8601: 8592:Des Forges 1999 8590: 8583: 8575: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8466: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8383:Huffington Post 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8126:Fassbender 2011 8124: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8100: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7984: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7766: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7740: 7738: 7721:Bonner, Raymond 7718: 7709: 7695: 7693: 7688:. S/1994/1115. 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7612:Gersony, Robert 7609: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7583:Des Forges 1999 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7516:Des Forges 1999 7514: 7510: 7500: 7498: 7483: 7479: 7475:, p. xlvi. 7471: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7440: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7371: 7367: 7353: 7351: 7325: 7321: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7218:Des Forges 1999 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6977:on 2 April 2014 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6879: 6872: 6863:de Brouwer 2005 6861: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6816: 6814: 6813:on 27 June 2003 6810: 6803: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6669:"The 'Pygmies'" 6667: 6666: 6662: 6656:Wayback Machine 6647: 6643: 6634: 6630: 6592: 6583: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6438: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5815:, 27 June 2017 5809:Wayback Machine 5800: 5796: 5786:Wayback Machine 5777: 5773: 5767:Wayback Machine 5758: 5754: 5744:Wayback Machine 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5640:. 4 July 2007. 5632: 5631: 5627: 5621:Gourevitch 2000 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5409: 5403:Wayback Machine 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5128: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5088:Huffington Post 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5020:on 16 July 2009 5017: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4982: 4950: 4946: 4923: 4919: 4888: 4884: 4869: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4812: 4808: 4801:j.ctt18fs550.14 4793: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4663: 4655: 4646: 4639: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4457:Des Forges 1999 4455: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4010:Gourevitch 2000 4008: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3971:Gourevitch 2000 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3812: 3808: 3802:Gourevitch 2000 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3659: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3246: 3242: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3136:on 4 March 2016 3120: 3111: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2946: 2933: 2775: 2765: 2673: 2644: 2634: 2606: 2600: 2567: 2561: 2533: 2493: 2464:First Congo War 2391: 2385:First Congo War 2379:Main articles: 2377: 2329: 2278:Catholic Church 2259: 2257:Catholic Church 2208: 2163: 2072: 2066: 2054:Amahoro Stadium 2013: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1980:Kibeho massacre 1933:André Guichaoua 1920: 1914: 1854: 1838: 1765: 1759: 1757:Sexual violence 1692: 1615: 1505:Félicien Kabuga 1497:Aloys Ntabakuze 1461: 1411: 1393:External videos 1388: 1375:Marcel Gatsinzi 1338: 1310:Filip Reyntjens 1277: 1271: 1236:, commander of 1198:advocacy group 1187: 1183: 1179: 1128: 1123: 1030: 971:Yoweri Museveni 944: 938: 915:one-party state 911:1978 referendum 846:Catholic Church 834: 828: 696: 690: 685: 665:First Congo War 644:Sexual violence 567: 538: 537: 523: 515: 514: 498:First Congo War 483: 475: 474: 466: 463: 441: 433: 432: 397: 393: 390:People indicted 384: 376: 375: 346: 338: 337: 334: 331: 294: 270: 265: 263: 239: 221:External videos 201: 194:Félicien Kabuga 131: 101: 58: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17521: 17511: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17403:1994 in Rwanda 17400: 17383: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17366: 17354: 17331: 17330: 17318: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17311: 17305: 17300: 17294: 17288: 17282: 17276: 17275:(2016–ongoing) 17270: 17269:(2014–ongoing) 17264: 17258: 17257:(2014–ongoing) 17252: 17246: 17240: 17234: 17233:(2009–ongoing) 17228: 17227:(2004–ongoing) 17222: 17216: 17210: 17204: 17198: 17197: 17196: 17190: 17184: 17172: 17166: 17165: 17164: 17152: 17146: 17140: 17134: 17133:(1971–ongoing) 17128: 17122: 17121: 17120: 17114: 17102: 17101: 17100: 17094: 17088: 17076: 17070: 17069:(1953–ongoing) 17064: 17058: 17057:(1950–ongoing) 17052: 17051:(1949–ongoing) 17046: 17040: 17034: 17033:(1947–ongoing) 17028: 17027:(1947–ongoing) 17022: 17021:(1947–ongoing) 17016: 17010: 17004: 16998: 16995:Noakhali riots 16992: 16986: 16980: 16974: 16968: 16962: 16956: 16950: 16949: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16912: 16906: 16900: 16894: 16893: 16892: 16884:Greek genocide 16881: 16875: 16872:Adana massacre 16869: 16863: 16857: 16851: 16845: 16839: 16833: 16827: 16821: 16815: 16809: 16803: 16797: 16791: 16785: 16779: 16773: 16767: 16761: 16755: 16749: 16743: 16737: 16736:(c.184–c. 205) 16731: 16725: 16719: 16712: 16710: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16685:State religion 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16590:Discrimination 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16556: 16554: 16550: 16549: 16545: 16544: 16542:Zoroastrianism 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16469:Untouchability 16466: 16456: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16403: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16395: 16394: 16391:discrimination 16383: 16382: 16375: 16368: 16360: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16343: 16335: 16327: 16319: 16311: 16303: 16295: 16287: 16279: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16250: 16242: 16234: 16226: 16225: 16224: 16216: 16208: 16192: 16184: 16176: 16168: 16160: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16131: 16123: 16115: 16107: 16099: 16091: 16083: 16079:Eichmann trial 16075: 16067: 16059: 16051: 16043: 16035: 16027: 16019: 16011: 16003: 15995: 15987: 15979: 15971: 15963: 15959:Chełmno trials 15955: 15947: 15939: 15931: 15922: 15919: 15918: 15904: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15896: 15889: 15882: 15875: 15868: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15846: 15845: 15838: 15831: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15806: 15799: 15792: 15785: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15757: 15756: 15755: 15752:Trivialization 15740: 15738: 15732: 15731: 15729: 15728: 15721: 15714: 15707: 15700: 15699: 15698: 15691: 15688:Killing Fields 15677: 15670: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15641: 15639: 15635: 15634: 15632: 15631: 15624: 15617: 15610: 15603: 15596: 15589: 15582: 15575: 15568: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15557: 15536: 15535: 15534: 15519: 15517: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15505: 15497: 15489: 15481: 15473: 15465: 15457: 15449: 15448: 15447: 15432: 15423: 15420: 15419: 15405: 15404: 15402: 15401: 15393: 15385: 15384: 15383: 15368: 15360: 15352: 15344: 15336: 15328: 15324:Kuwaiti Bedoon 15320: 15312: 15304: 15296: 15288: 15280: 15272: 15271: 15270: 15263: 15251: 15243: 15235: 15227: 15219: 15211: 15203: 15195: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15164: 15160:Crimean Tatars 15156: 15148: 15140: 15132: 15124: 15116: 15108: 15100: 15092: 15084: 15076: 15068: 15060: 15052: 15044: 15036: 15028: 15020: 15012: 15004: 14996: 14988: 14984:Kantō Massacre 14980: 14972: 14964: 14956: 14948: 14947: 14946: 14938: 14930: 14922: 14914: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14881: 14878: 14877: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14842: 14834: 14826: 14818: 14810: 14802: 14794: 14786: 14778: 14770: 14762: 14761: 14760: 14752: 14744: 14740:Trail of Tears 14736: 14732:Indian removal 14721: 14713: 14705: 14704: 14703: 14695: 14680: 14672: 14664: 14656: 14648: 14647: 14646: 14638: 14623: 14615: 14607: 14599: 14591: 14583: 14575: 14571:Kashmiri Shias 14567: 14559: 14551: 14542: 14539: 14538: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14512: 14504: 14496: 14488: 14480: 14472: 14464: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14439: 14431: 14422: 14419: 14418: 14405: 14393: 14392: 14385: 14384: 14377: 14370: 14362: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14328: 14326: 14325:Related topics 14322: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14307: 14298: 14292: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14275: 14274:(2017–present) 14269: 14264: 14257: 14255: 14248: 14242: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14227: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14198: 14187: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14177: 14174:Kasese clashes 14171: 14170:(1996–present) 14165: 14164:(1987–present) 14158: 14156: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14148: 14147:(2023–present) 14142: 14136: 14130: 14124: 14123:(2009–present) 14118: 14112: 14105: 14103: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14095: 14090: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14067: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14058: 14057: 14051: 14045: 14039: 14033: 14032:(1963–present) 14027: 14021: 14019: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14011: 14006: 14005: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13984: 13983:(1998–present) 13977: 13975: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13935: 13929: 13923: 13917: 13911: 13910: 13909: 13902:Oromo conflict 13898: 13896: 13889: 13883: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13875: 13874:(2009–present) 13869: 13868:(1987–present) 13863: 13857: 13855: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13843:2021 offensive 13834: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13806: 13799: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13781: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13759: 13757: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13741: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13728: 13717: 13716:(2009–present) 13714:Ituri conflict 13711: 13708:Dongo conflict 13705: 13704:(2004–present) 13699: 13696:Ituri conflict 13693: 13687: 13686:(1996–present) 13681: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13663:(1975–present) 13658: 13651: 13649: 13642: 13640:Central Africa 13636: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13627:(2020–present) 13622: 13621: 13620: 13610: 13609:(1982–present) 13604: 13601:Guinea clashes 13598: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13580: 13579: 13574: 13565: 13563: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13553: 13548: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13508: 13507:(2012–present) 13502: 13501: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13481: 13479: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13471: 13470:(2021–present) 13465: 13464: 13463: 13452: 13451:(2009–present) 13446: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13427: 13425: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13404: 13398: 13393: 13386: 13384: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13376: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13367:War, 1975–1991 13357: 13355: 13354:Western Sahara 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13333:2011 civil war 13325: 13319: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13309: 13308:(2013–present) 13303: 13297: 13296:(2011–present) 13291: 13286: 13279: 13277: 13270: 13264: 13263: 13252: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13229: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13216: 13209: 13208: 13201: 13193: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13140: 13138: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13040:Stock Exchange 13037: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13016: 13010: 13004: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12994:Prime Minister 12991: 12989:Vice President 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12964: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12884:National parks 12881: 12876: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12840:Initial events 12832: 12827: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12810: 12809: 12808: 12803: 12793: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12745: 12744: 12737: 12730: 12722: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12678: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12662: 12660:Survivors Fund 12657: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12621: 12619: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12574: 12569: 12563: 12561: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12535:United States 12533: 12532: 12531: 12521: 12516: 12510: 12508: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12443: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12423: 12418: 12416:Initial events 12412: 12410: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12402: 12395: 12393:Arusha Accords 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12347: 12340: 12339: 12332: 12325: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12303: 12302:External links 12300: 12299: 12298: 12292: 12279: 12273: 12260: 12241: 12236:978-0312243357 12235: 12222: 12216: 12203: 12189: 12171:Main article: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12162: 12156: 12140:Totten, Samuel 12136: 12130: 12113: 12088: 12052: 12031: 12017: 12004: 11990:(2): 385–411. 11973: 11967: 11950: 11921: 11903:(8): 1601–20. 11890: 11863: 11824: 11818: 11808:. Lanham, MD: 11793: 11787: 11774: 11750: 11711: 11687: 11681: 11661: 11643: 11625: 11619: 11603: 11598:978-1850652434 11597: 11581: 11550: 11520: 11502: 11487: 11462: 11444: 11425: 11398: 11371: 11365: 11347:Melvern, Linda 11343: 11325: 11310: 11285: 11267: 11249: 11227:10.1086/382286 11206: 11194: 11188: 11172: 11166: 11149: 11101: 11083: 11068: 11037: 11019: 11004: 10999:978-0299298203 10998: 10985: 10979: 10963: 10936: 10918: 10903: 10850: 10826: 10819: 10801:Diamond, Jared 10797: 10791: 10778: 10760: 10740: 10734: 10721: 10703: 10681: 10663: 10648: 10630: 10615: 10588: 10567: 10546: 10525: 10496: 10472: 10451: 10413:Akhavan, Payam 10409: 10391: 10375: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10354: 10336: 10305: 10275: 10249: 10223: 10204: 10182: 10152: 10135:Slant Magazine 10122: 10092: 10059: 10034: 10031:on 1 May 2009. 10016: 9999:Survivors Fund 9985: 9944: 9914: 9899:. p. 19. 9884: 9853: 9823: 9795:978-1552503386 9794: 9777: 9746: 9716: 9707:|journal= 9676: 9644: 9629: 9614:. 7 May 2012. 9612:UN News Centre 9599: 9587: 9571: 9544: 9514: 9487: 9456: 9444: 9418: 9386: 9377: 9368: 9348: 9336: 9319: 9315:Tiemessen 2004 9304: 9282: 9270: 9268:, p. 187. 9258: 9243: 9209: 9183: 9181:, p. 181. 9168: 9156: 9125: 9113: 9098: 9096:, p. 136. 9086: 9074: 9062: 9043: 9023: 9011: 8999: 8997:, p. 216. 8987: 8985:, p. 209. 8975: 8948:(2): 163–202. 8930: 8926:Reyntjens 2013 8918: 8906: 8904:, p. 118. 8894: 8879: 8877:, p. 382. 8867: 8827: 8815: 8775: 8749: 8718: 8688: 8655: 8625: 8599: 8581: 8579:, p. 380. 8566: 8536: 8513: 8498:. 2 May 2019. 8483: 8460: 8430: 8400: 8369: 8338: 8307: 8277: 8250: 8224: 8193: 8181: 8169: 8154: 8142: 8130: 8118: 8106: 8104:, p. 235. 8089: 8087:, p. 234. 8077: 8065: 8053: 8041: 8037:United Nations 8026: 8024:, p. 411. 8014: 8012:, p. 229. 8002: 8000:, p. 197. 7990: 7988:, p. 204. 7978: 7976:, p. 270. 7966: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7928:, p. 205. 7918: 7911: 7890: 7888:, p. 150. 7878: 7876:, p. 146. 7863: 7861:, p. 194. 7851: 7839: 7827: 7793: 7760: 7758:, p. 191. 7748: 7707: 7686:United Nations 7672: 7639: 7603: 7591: 7575: 7573:, p. 100. 7571:Reyntjens 2013 7563: 7545:. Sitrep #10. 7524: 7508: 7477: 7473:Guichaoua 2015 7465: 7434: 7407: 7405:, p. 189. 7392: 7365: 7319: 7303: 7268: 7261:Guichaoua 2020 7253: 7238: 7234:Reyntjens 2013 7226: 7210: 7180: 7168: 7166:, p. 421. 7149: 7147:, p. 270. 7137: 7135:, p. 410. 7125: 7113: 7111:, p. 300. 7101: 7099:, p. 299. 7086: 7084:, p. 288. 7074: 7072:, p. 268. 7059: 7057:, p. 269. 7047: 7035: 7033:, p. 247. 7018: 6988: 6958: 6932: 6920: 6908: 6870: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6788: 6762: 6736: 6707: 6705:, p. 244. 6692: 6660: 6641: 6628: 6581: 6520: 6478: 6476:, p. 316. 6466: 6451: 6449:, p. 459. 6436: 6434:, p. 292. 6421: 6419:, p. 291. 6409: 6407:, p. 236. 6397: 6395:, p. 337. 6385: 6370: 6368:, p. 336. 6358: 6356:, p. 312. 6343: 6310: 6308:, p. 233. 6298: 6296:, p. 248. 6286: 6284:, p. 329. 6274: 6272:, p. 278. 6262: 6247: 6245:, p. 193. 6235: 6233:, p. 212. 6231:Guichaoua 2015 6223: 6221:, p. 233. 6211: 6209:, p. 171. 6199: 6187: 6175: 6173:, p. 195. 6163: 6161:, p. 245. 6151: 6149:, p. 247. 6132: 6130:, p. 244. 6117: 6115:, p. 204. 6105: 6103:, p. 261. 6068: 6056: 6054:, p. 427. 6044: 6029: 6027:, p. 411. 6017: 6002: 5990: 5988:, p. 169. 5975: 5973:, p. 236. 5963: 5961:, p. 164. 5951: 5949:, p. 163. 5939: 5927: 5925:, p. 240. 5910: 5908:, p. 172. 5898: 5896:, p. 165. 5886: 5832: 5820: 5794: 5771: 5752: 5748:New York Times 5730: 5728:, p. 292. 5718: 5716:, p. 229. 5703: 5701:, p. 139. 5691: 5689:, p. 232. 5679: 5677:, p. 231. 5667: 5665:, p. 231. 5655: 5625: 5623:, p. 114. 5613: 5611:, p. 245. 5601: 5599:, p. 230. 5586: 5584:, p. 230. 5569: 5567:, p. 223. 5557: 5555:, p. 225. 5545: 5543:, p. 224. 5524: 5522:, p. 137. 5512: 5500: 5483:thetimes.co.uk 5469: 5438: 5407: 5388: 5355: 5325: 5294: 5282:Guichaoua 2015 5274: 5244: 5211: 5154: 5117: 5113:Guichaoua 2015 5105: 5074: 5072:, p. 143. 5062: 5060:, p. 200. 5043: 5041:, p. 199. 5031: 4995: 4980: 4961:(4): 529–554. 4944: 4917: 4898:(4): 609–637. 4882: 4867: 4842: 4823:(1): 155–156. 4806: 4791: 4762: 4755: 4741:. Article 19. 4729: 4717: 4705: 4703:, p. 408. 4690: 4688:, p. 286. 4678: 4676:, p. 243. 4661: 4644: 4637: 4619: 4589: 4577: 4575:, p. 165. 4562: 4560:, p. 129. 4550: 4548:, p. 182. 4533: 4518: 4516:, p. 180. 4506: 4504:, p. 174. 4494: 4492:, p. 167. 4482: 4480:, p. 166. 4470: 4461: 4446: 4444:, p. 128. 4434: 4422: 4410: 4406:Guichaoua 2015 4398: 4396:, p. 188. 4383: 4381:, p. 108. 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4333:, p. 187. 4323: 4311: 4299: 4284: 4282:, p. 150. 4272: 4270:, p. 135. 4260: 4258:, p. 120. 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4126:, p. 116. 4116: 4114:, p. 117. 4104: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3961:, p. 124. 3951: 3939: 3924: 3909: 3902: 3882: 3867: 3826:(4): 684–703. 3806: 3794: 3782: 3780:, p. 260. 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3691:, p. 218. 3681: 3674: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3607: 3595: 3593:, p. 160. 3580: 3578:, p. 482. 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3455: 3443: 3408: 3401: 3383: 3381:, p. 247. 3368: 3338: 3299: 3260:(1): 125–141. 3240: 3193: 3186: 3168: 3147: 3109: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3040: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2962: 0% Tutsi 2956: 2949: 2945: 2944:Maps of Rwanda 2942: 2932: 2929: 2834:Samantha Power 2803:Channing Tatum 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2678:Survivors Fund 2672: 2669: 2661:Peter Erlinder 2633: 2630: 2602:Main article: 2599: 2596: 2563:Main article: 2560: 2557: 2532: 2529: 2492: 2489: 2485:United Nations 2401:, Zaire (1994) 2376: 2373: 2359:(1996–97) and 2328: 2325: 2258: 2255: 2207: 2204: 2162: 2159: 2123:zone Turquoise 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2058:Resolution 918 2038:Resolution 872 2029:Roméo Dallaire 2009:Main article: 2006: 2005:United Nations 2003: 1998:Main article: 1995: 1992: 1973:Stephen Kinzer 1968:Gersony Report 1963:Robert Gersony 1913: 1910: 1902:Liberation Day 1853: 1850: 1837: 1834: 1781:used as a tool 1761:Main article: 1758: 1755: 1691: 1688: 1614: 1611: 1503:. Businessman 1469:Ntarama church 1460: 1457: 1441:United Kingdom 1419: 1418: 1407: 1406: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1337: 1334: 1329:Roméo Dallaire 1273:Main article: 1270: 1267: 1234:Roméo Dallaire 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1044:clan de Madame 1029: 1026: 1014:Arusha Accords 940:Main article: 937: 934: 930:Gérard Prunier 899:a coup in 1973 830:Main article: 827: 824: 789:Belgian forces 692:Main article: 689: 686: 684: 681: 619:Arusha Accords 569: 568: 566: 565: 558: 551: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 500: 495: 490: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 464:Resolution 935 460: 458: 453: 448: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 425: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 388: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 351:Initial events 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 328: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 281: 280: 272: 271: 262: 250: 249: 235: 234: 223: 222: 214: 213: 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 196: 190: 176: 166: 155: 153: 149: 148: 141: 137: 136: 124: 120: 119: 113:genocidal rape 102: 99: 96: 95: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 64: 60: 59: 53: 45: 44: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17520: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17393: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17353: 17343: 17342: 17339: 17328: 17323: 17316: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17298: 17295: 17292: 17289: 17286: 17283: 17280: 17277: 17274: 17271: 17268: 17265: 17262: 17259: 17256: 17253: 17250: 17247: 17244: 17241: 17238: 17235: 17232: 17229: 17226: 17223: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17211: 17208: 17205: 17202: 17199: 17194: 17191: 17188: 17185: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17176: 17175:Yugoslav Wars 17173: 17170: 17167: 17162: 17161:Big Excursion 17159: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17150: 17147: 17144: 17141: 17138: 17135: 17132: 17129: 17126: 17123: 17118: 17115: 17112: 17109: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17098: 17095: 17092: 17089: 17086: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17074: 17071: 17068: 17065: 17062: 17059: 17056: 17053: 17050: 17047: 17044: 17041: 17038: 17035: 17032: 17029: 17026: 17023: 17020: 17017: 17014: 17011: 17008: 17005: 17002: 16999: 16996: 16993: 16990: 16987: 16984: 16981: 16978: 16975: 16972: 16971:The Holocaust 16969: 16966: 16963: 16960: 16957: 16954: 16951: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16910: 16907: 16904: 16901: 16898: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16879: 16876: 16873: 16870: 16867: 16866:Dungan Revolt 16864: 16861: 16858: 16855: 16852: 16849: 16846: 16843: 16840: 16837: 16834: 16831: 16828: 16825: 16822: 16819: 16816: 16813: 16810: 16807: 16804: 16801: 16798: 16795: 16792: 16789: 16786: 16783: 16780: 16777: 16774: 16771: 16768: 16765: 16762: 16759: 16756: 16753: 16750: 16747: 16744: 16741: 16738: 16735: 16732: 16729: 16726: 16723: 16720: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16707: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16680:State atheism 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16575:Deprogramming 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16551: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16527:Protestantism 16525: 16523: 16520: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16508: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16483: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16474: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16442:LDS or Mormon 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16400: 16396: 16392: 16388: 16381: 16376: 16374: 16369: 16367: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16276: 16272: 16271: 16268: 16259: 16247: 16243: 16239: 16235: 16231: 16227: 16221: 16217: 16213: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16200: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16161: 16157: 16153: 16152: 16149: 16140: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16112: 16111:Sobibor trial 16108: 16104: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16080: 16076: 16072: 16068: 16064: 16060: 16056: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15975:Belsen trials 15972: 15968: 15967:Dachau trials 15964: 15960: 15956: 15952: 15948: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15935:Kharkov trial 15932: 15928: 15924: 15923: 15920: 15914: 15908: 15905: 15901: 15894: 15890: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15879:Justification 15876: 15873: 15869: 15866: 15862: 15859: 15855: 15852: 15848: 15843: 15839: 15836: 15832: 15829: 15825: 15824: 15822: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15793: 15790: 15786: 15783: 15779: 15776: 15772: 15769: 15765: 15762: 15758: 15753: 15749: 15748: 15746: 15745:The Holocaust 15742: 15741: 15739: 15737: 15733: 15726: 15722: 15719: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15704:Death marches 15701: 15696: 15692: 15689: 15685: 15684: 15682: 15678: 15675: 15671: 15668: 15664: 15661: 15657: 15654: 15650: 15647: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15636: 15629: 15625: 15622: 15618: 15615: 15611: 15608: 15604: 15601: 15597: 15594: 15590: 15587: 15583: 15580: 15576: 15573: 15569: 15566: 15562: 15555: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15537: 15532: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15514: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15461:Iraqi Turkmen 15458: 15454: 15450: 15445: 15441: 15440: 15437: 15433: 15429: 15425: 15424: 15421: 15416: 15410: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15381: 15377: 15376: 15373: 15369: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15341: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15285: 15281: 15277: 15273: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15257: 15256: 15252: 15248: 15244: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15187: 15184: 15179: 15173: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15137: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15097: 15096:The Holocaust 15093: 15089: 15085: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15069: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15025: 15021: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14978:(1920s–1930s) 14977: 14976:Ingrian Finns 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14949: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14902: 14901:Pontic Greeks 14898: 14897: 14894: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14883: 14882: 14879: 14874: 14868: 14854: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14831: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14816:(1890s–1900s) 14815: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14779: 14775: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14757: 14753: 14749: 14745: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14687: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14643: 14639: 14636:(1700s–1800s) 14635: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14544: 14543: 14540: 14535: 14529: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14486:(1200s–1360s) 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14448: 14447: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14415: 14409: 14406: 14403: 14398: 14394: 14390: 14383: 14378: 14376: 14371: 14369: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14332:War on terror 14330: 14329: 14327: 14323: 14311: 14308: 14305: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14293: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14280: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14262: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14243: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14202: 14199: 14196: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14175: 14172: 14169: 14166: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14153: 14146: 14143: 14140: 14137: 14134: 14133:Heglig Crisis 14131: 14128: 14125: 14122: 14119: 14116: 14115:War in Darfur 14113: 14110: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14100: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14072: 14071:Heglig Crisis 14069: 14068: 14066: 14062: 14055: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14043: 14042:Kenyan crisis 14040: 14037: 14034: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14016: 14010: 14007: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13988: 13985: 13982: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13972: 13964: 13963:War in Amhara 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13936: 13933: 13930: 13927: 13924: 13921: 13918: 13915: 13912: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13873: 13870: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13852: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13823: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13792: 13785: 13782: 13779: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13752: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13702:Kivu conflict 13700: 13697: 13694: 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13626: 13623: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13608: 13605: 13602: 13599: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13562:Côte d'Ivoire 13560: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13534: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13513: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13469: 13466: 13462: 13461:2016 conflict 13459: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13328:Libyan Crisis 13326: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13314: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13258: 13250: 13245: 13243: 13238: 13236: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13215: 13212: 13211: 13206: 13202: 13199: 13195: 13194: 13190: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13137: 13133: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13091:Ethnic groups 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13029: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13020:National Bank 13018: 13017: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13005: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12848: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12814: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12796:Ruanda-Urundi 12794: 12792: 12789: 12785: 12782: 12781: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12743: 12738: 12736: 12731: 12729: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12714: 12707: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12686: 12683: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12669:Historigraphy 12667: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12618:Commemoration 12616: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12583: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12558: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12527: 12526: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12493: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12481:Impuzamugambi 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12447: 12444: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12407: 12400: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12338: 12333: 12331: 12326: 12324: 12319: 12318: 12315: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12295: 12289: 12285: 12280: 12276: 12270: 12266: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12228: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12209: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12190:9780801438837 12186: 12182: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12159: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12114: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12089: 12074: 12070: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12053: 12041: 12037: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12014: 12010: 12005: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11951: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11935: 11927: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11897: 11891: 11876: 11869: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11837:(2): 143–72. 11836: 11832: 11831: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11780: 11775: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11712: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11650: 11646: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11509: 11505: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11488: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11463: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11426: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11408:The New Times 11404: 11399: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11344: 11332: 11328: 11322: 11318: 11317: 11311: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11286: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11221:(3): 532–44. 11220: 11216: 11212: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11150: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11119:(2): 174–95. 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11090: 11086: 11080: 11076: 11075: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11044: 11038: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10991: 10986: 10982: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10943: 10937: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10911: 10910: 10904: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10870:(2): 159–77. 10869: 10865: 10864: 10856: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10767: 10763: 10761:1-56432-171-1 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10731: 10727: 10722: 10710: 10706: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10682: 10670: 10666: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10649: 10637: 10633: 10631:9780199982288 10627: 10623: 10622: 10616: 10604: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10577: 10573: 10568: 10556: 10552: 10547: 10535: 10531: 10526: 10514: 10511:(2): 169–88. 10510: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10425:(3): 501–10. 10424: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10410: 10398: 10394: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10373: 10357: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10309: 10293: 10289: 10288:Digital Congo 10285: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10208: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10191:"MGM Studios" 10186: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10156: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10055: 10050: 10046: 10043: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9819: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9750: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9720: 9712: 9699: 9691: 9687: 9680: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9648: 9641: 9636: 9634: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9596: 9591: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9548: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9511: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9448: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9403: 9396: 9390: 9381: 9372: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9345: 9340: 9333: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9316: 9311: 9309: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9287: 9279: 9274: 9267: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9247: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9180: 9175: 9173: 9166: 9160: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9117: 9110: 9105: 9103: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9071: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9035: 9027: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9007:Brittain 1999 9003: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8942: 8934: 8927: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8903: 8898: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8876: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8824: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8792: 8785: 8779: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8586: 8578: 8573: 8571: 8554: 8550: 8549:agenzia fides 8546: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8159: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8128:, p. 27. 8127: 8122: 8115: 8110: 8103: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8069: 8062: 8057: 8051:, p. 89. 8050: 8045: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8006: 7999: 7994: 7987: 7982: 7975: 7974:Dallaire 2005 7970: 7963: 7962:Dallaire 2005 7958: 7951: 7946: 7939: 7938:Dallaire 2005 7934: 7927: 7922: 7914: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7886:Dallaire 2005 7882: 7875: 7874:Dallaire 2005 7870: 7868: 7860: 7855: 7849:, p. 98. 7848: 7847:Dallaire 2005 7843: 7837:, p. 42. 7836: 7831: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7704: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7624: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7600: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7469: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7397: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7262: 7257: 7247: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7177: 7176:Dallaire 2005 7172: 7165: 7164:Dallaire 2005 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7133:Dallaire 2005 7129: 7122: 7121:Dallaire 2005 7117: 7110: 7109:Dallaire 2005 7105: 7098: 7097:Dallaire 2005 7093: 7091: 7083: 7082:Dallaire 2005 7078: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7056: 7055:Dallaire 2005 7051: 7044: 7043:Dallaire 2005 7039: 7032: 7031:Dallaire 2005 7027: 7025: 7023: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6875: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6809: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6792: 6777:on 5 May 2007 6776: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6658:, History.com 6657: 6653: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6448: 6447:Dallaire 2005 6443: 6441: 6433: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6393:Dallaire 2005 6389: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6367: 6366:Dallaire 2005 6362: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6314: 6307: 6306:Dallaire 2005 6302: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6282:Dallaire 2005 6278: 6271: 6270:Dallaire 2005 6266: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5855:(2): 174–95. 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5824: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5726:Dallaire 2005 5722: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5687:Dallaire 2005 5683: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5663:Dallaire 2005 5659: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5609:Dallaire 2005 5605: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5582:Dallaire 2005 5578: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5565:Dallaire 2005 5561: 5554: 5553:Dallaire 2005 5549: 5542: 5541:Dallaire 2005 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5508:Dallaire 2005 5504: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5373: 5370:(in French). 5366: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5287: 5286:Jean Kambanda 5283: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5070:Dallaire 2005 5066: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5040: 5035: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4993:, p. 56. 4992: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4727:, p. 69. 4726: 4725:Dallaire 2005 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4659:, p. 20. 4658: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4587:, p. 25. 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4558:Dallaire 2005 4554: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4432:, p. 50. 4431: 4426: 4420:, p. 49. 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4380: 4375: 4369:, p. 12. 4368: 4363: 4357:, p. 85. 4356: 4351: 4344: 4343:Dallaire 2005 4339: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4210:, p. 96. 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4174:, p. 14. 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4150:, p. 47. 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4087:, p. 57. 4086: 4081: 4075:, p. 62. 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4024:, p. 53. 4023: 4018: 4012:, p. 60. 4011: 4006: 4000:, p. 51. 3999: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3922:, p. 43. 3921: 3916: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3792:, p. 35. 3791: 3786: 3779: 3778:Chrétien 2003 3774: 3768:, p. 26. 3767: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3742:Chrétien 2003 3738: 3731: 3730:Die Erfindung 3727: 3721: 3715:, p. 25. 3714: 3709: 3703:, p. 24. 3702: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662:Samuel Totten 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3632:, p. 13. 3631: 3626: 3620:, p. 69. 3619: 3614: 3612: 3605:, p. 38. 3604: 3599: 3592: 3591:Chrétien 2003 3587: 3585: 3577: 3576:Chrétien 2003 3572: 3565: 3564:Chrétien 2003 3560: 3554:, p. 52. 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3530:, p. 69. 3529: 3528:Chrétien 2003 3524: 3518:, p. 58. 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3494:, p. 16. 3493: 3488: 3482:, p. 58. 3481: 3480:Chrétien 2003 3476: 3470:, p. 61. 3469: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3453:, p. 44. 3452: 3451:Chrétien 2003 3447: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3164:Nowrojee 1996 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3034: 3023: 2978: 2973: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2931:Commemoration 2928: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895:released the 2894: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855:Academy Award 2851: 2849: 2845: 2844:Edet Belzberg 2841: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2571: 2566: 2559:Gacaca courts 2556: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2445:national army 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2369:M23 rebellion 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:United States 2172: 2167: 2161:United States 2158: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125:, within the 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2079:French marine 2076: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2012: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1687: 1686:were killed. 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1628:Lake Victoria 1625: 1620: 1610: 1607: 1606:Interahamwe's 1602: 1597: 1596:Jean Kambanda 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:United States 1432: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1276: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:Impuzamugambi 1138: 1132: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1114:Impuzamugambi 1110: 1109: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002:guerrilla war 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 965:(NRA) in the 964: 960: 959:Fred Rwigyema 952: 948: 943: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 833: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 706:, Switzerland 705: 700: 695: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 645: 641: 637: 632: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605:In 1990, the 603: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 564: 559: 557: 552: 550: 545: 544: 542: 541: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 519: 518: 511: 508: 505: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 479: 478: 471: 468: 465: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 437: 436: 429: 426: 424: 423: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 396: 391: 387: 386: 380: 379: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 342: 341: 333: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 290: 289: 286: 283: 282: 278: 274: 273: 268: 260: 256: 255: 248: 247: 236: 230: 224: 219: 212: 208: 204: 197: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 179:Impuzamugambi 177: 174: 173:Robert Kajuga 170: 167: 164: 160: 157: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 110: 106: 103: 97: 94: 90: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 17177:(1991–2001) 17157:(1984–1989) 17117:Famen Temple 17107:(1966–1976) 16917:(1922–1991) 16886:(1913–1922) 16422:Christianity 16412:Baháʼí Faith 16263:21st century 16220:Ratko Mladić 16144:20th century 16087:Belzec trial 15851:Genocide law 15711:Death squads 15621:Mass killing 15531:Autogenocide 15415:21st century 15388: 15178:1946 to 1999 15050:(1935–1945) 15008:Libyan Arabs 14873:1913 to 1945 14534:1490 to 1913 14194: 14193: / 13756:of the Congo 13515:Sierra Leone 13268:North Africa 13116:Prostitution 13081:Demographics 12935:Human rights 12920:Constitution 12834: 12689:Bibliography 12599:Gacaca court 12490: 12471:Genocidaires 12455:Perpetrators 12434:Musha Church 12343: 12283: 12264: 12248: 12226: 12207: 12180: 12143: 12117: 12105:. Retrieved 12099:. New York. 12096: 12080:. Retrieved 12073:the original 12067:. New York: 12060: 12044:. Retrieved 12008: 11996:. Retrieved 11987: 11981: 11954: 11943:the original 11938: 11932: 11900: 11894: 11882:. Retrieved 11834: 11828: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11778: 11766:. Retrieved 11757: 11724:(3): 25–50. 11721: 11715: 11703:. Retrieved 11668: 11655:25 September 11653:. Retrieved 11633: 11610: 11588: 11573:. Retrieved 11564: 11558: 11542:. Retrieved 11531: 11512:. Retrieved 11492: 11481:11 September 11479:. Retrieved 11470: 11454:. Retrieved 11434:. New York: 11430: 11417:. Retrieved 11413:the original 11406: 11390:. Retrieved 11386:the original 11379: 11351: 11337:25 September 11335:. Retrieved 11315: 11302:. Retrieved 11294:The Guardian 11293: 11279:25 September 11277:. Retrieved 11257: 11218: 11214: 11201: 11179: 11153: 11141:. Retrieved 11116: 11112: 11093:. Retrieved 11073: 11050:(1): 27–41. 11047: 11041: 11031:25 September 11029:. Retrieved 11009: 10989: 10970: 10955:. Retrieved 10941: 10928:. Retrieved 10908: 10896:the original 10867: 10861: 10837: 10833: 10809:. New York: 10805: 10782: 10770:. Retrieved 10725: 10715:25 September 10713:. Retrieved 10689: 10675:25 September 10673:. Retrieved 10653: 10640:. Retrieved 10620: 10607:. Retrieved 10598:The Guardian 10596: 10580:. Retrieved 10559:. Retrieved 10538:. Retrieved 10517:. Retrieved 10508: 10504: 10488:. Retrieved 10479: 10464:. Retrieved 10422: 10416: 10403:25 September 10401:. Retrieved 10381: 10366:Bibliography 10345: 10339: 10327:. Retrieved 10308: 10296:. Retrieved 10287: 10278: 10266:. Retrieved 10262:the original 10252: 10240:. Retrieved 10236:the original 10226: 10207: 10199:the original 10194: 10185: 10173:. Retrieved 10164: 10155: 10143:. Retrieved 10134: 10125: 10113:. Retrieved 10104: 10095: 10083:. Retrieved 10072: 10062: 10052: 10037: 10029:the original 10019: 10007:. Retrieved 9998: 9988: 9976:. Retrieved 9964: 9961:ASIL Insight 9960: 9947: 9935:. Retrieved 9917: 9905:. Retrieved 9887: 9875:. Retrieved 9856: 9844:. Retrieved 9835: 9826: 9785: 9780: 9768:. Retrieved 9759: 9749: 9737:. Retrieved 9728: 9719: 9698:cite journal 9679: 9667:. Retrieved 9656: 9647: 9620:. Retrieved 9611: 9602: 9595:Akhavan 1996 9590: 9574: 9547: 9535:. Retrieved 9526: 9517: 9478:. Retrieved 9469: 9459: 9447: 9435:. Retrieved 9421: 9409:. Retrieved 9389: 9380: 9371: 9339: 9298: 9294: 9278:Prunier 1999 9273: 9261: 9246: 9234:. Retrieved 9230:the original 9225: 9212: 9200:. Retrieved 9186: 9159: 9147:. Retrieved 9139:The Guardian 9138: 9128: 9121:Prunier 2009 9116: 9094:Prunier 2009 9089: 9082:Prunier 2009 9077: 9070:Prunier 2009 9065: 9053:. Retrieved 9033: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8921: 8914:Prunier 2009 8909: 8902:Prunier 2009 8897: 8890:Prunier 1999 8875:Prunier 1999 8870: 8858:. Retrieved 8847: 8823:Prunier 1999 8818: 8807: 8798:. Retrieved 8778: 8766:. Retrieved 8752: 8740:. Retrieved 8731: 8721: 8709:. Retrieved 8700: 8691: 8681:30 September 8679:. Retrieved 8670:The Guardian 8668: 8658: 8648:30 September 8646:. Retrieved 8637: 8628: 8616:. Retrieved 8602: 8557:. Retrieved 8548: 8539: 8526: 8516: 8504:. Retrieved 8495: 8486: 8473: 8463: 8451:. Retrieved 8445:. May 1995. 8442: 8433: 8421:. Retrieved 8412: 8403: 8391:. Retrieved 8382: 8372: 8360:. Retrieved 8351: 8341: 8329:. Retrieved 8320: 8310: 8298:. Retrieved 8280: 8268:. Retrieved 8253: 8241:. Retrieved 8227: 8215:. Retrieved 8206: 8196: 8189:Asiimwe 2008 8184: 8172: 8165:Whitney 1998 8145: 8138:McGreal 2007 8133: 8121: 8109: 8102:Prunier 1999 8085:Prunier 1999 8080: 8073:Melvern 2008 8068: 8061:Prunier 1999 8056: 8049:Prunier 1999 8044: 8022:Melvern 2004 8017: 8010:Melvern 2004 8005: 7998:Melvern 2004 7993: 7986:Prunier 1999 7981: 7969: 7964:, p. 6. 7957: 7950:Prunier 1999 7945: 7933: 7926:Prunier 1999 7921: 7902: 7881: 7859:Prunier 1999 7854: 7842: 7835:Prunier 2009 7830: 7818:. Retrieved 7809: 7796: 7784:. Retrieved 7778:. New York. 7773: 7763: 7751: 7739:. Retrieved 7728: 7701: 7694:. Retrieved 7675: 7663:. Retrieved 7652: 7642: 7630:. Retrieved 7606: 7599:Prunier 2009 7594: 7578: 7566: 7554:. Retrieved 7540: 7527: 7511: 7499:. Retrieved 7490: 7480: 7468: 7456:. Retrieved 7447: 7437: 7425:. Retrieved 7410: 7383:. Retrieved 7368: 7359: 7352:. Retrieved 7335: 7322: 7314: 7306: 7294:. Retrieved 7285: 7281: 7271: 7256: 7246:Reydams 2020 7241: 7229: 7213: 7201:. Retrieved 7197:the original 7183: 7171: 7145:Prunier 1999 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7077: 7070:Prunier 1999 7050: 7038: 7009:. Retrieved 7000: 6991: 6979:. Retrieved 6975:the original 6961: 6949:. Retrieved 6935: 6923: 6911: 6899:. Retrieved 6895:the original 6890: 6886: 6839: 6827: 6815:. Retrieved 6808:the original 6800: 6797: 6791: 6779:. Retrieved 6775:the original 6765: 6753:. Retrieved 6739: 6727:. Retrieved 6723:the original 6703:Prunier 1998 6683:. Retrieved 6672: 6663: 6644: 6636: 6631: 6622: 6605:(1): 72–82. 6602: 6598: 6575: 6568:. Retrieved 6543:(1): 83–93. 6540: 6536: 6523: 6511:. Retrieved 6494: 6481: 6474:Prunier 1999 6469: 6462:Prunier 1999 6432:Prunier 1999 6417:Prunier 1999 6412: 6405:Melvern 2004 6400: 6388: 6381:Prunier 1999 6361: 6354:Prunier 1999 6334:. Retrieved 6320: 6313: 6301: 6294:Prunier 1999 6289: 6277: 6265: 6258:Melvern 2004 6243:Melvern 2004 6238: 6226: 6219:Prunier 1999 6214: 6207:Melvern 2004 6202: 6195:Melvern 2004 6190: 6183:Melvern 2004 6178: 6171:Melvern 2004 6166: 6159:Prunier 1999 6154: 6147:Prunier 1999 6128:Prunier 1999 6113:Melvern 2004 6108: 6101:Prunier 1999 6064:Prunier 1999 6059: 6047: 6038: 6032: 6020: 6011: 6005: 5998:Prunier 1999 5993: 5986:Melvern 2004 5971:Prunier 1999 5966: 5959:Melvern 2004 5954: 5947:Melvern 2004 5942: 5935:Melvern 2004 5930: 5923:Prunier 1999 5906:Melvern 2004 5901: 5894:Melvern 2004 5889: 5877:. Retrieved 5852: 5848: 5835: 5823: 5812: 5797: 5789: 5774: 5755: 5747: 5733: 5721: 5714:Prunier 1999 5699:Melvern 2004 5694: 5682: 5675:Prunier 1999 5670: 5658: 5648:30 September 5646:. Retrieved 5637: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5597:Prunier 1999 5560: 5548: 5520:Melvern 2004 5515: 5503: 5491:. Retrieved 5482: 5472: 5460:. Retrieved 5451: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5421:The Guardian 5420: 5410: 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5358: 5346:. Retrieved 5337: 5328: 5316:. Retrieved 5308:The Guardian 5307: 5297: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5256: 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5224: 5214: 5202:. Retrieved 5174: 5170: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5134: 5108: 5096:. Retrieved 5087: 5077: 5065: 5058:Prunier 1999 5039:Prunier 1999 5034: 5022:. Retrieved 5015:the original 5010: 4998: 4991:Melvern 2004 4958: 4954: 4947: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4850: 4845: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4774: 4738: 4732: 4720: 4713:Melvern 2000 4708: 4681: 4674:Prunier 1999 4657:Melvern 2004 4628: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4601: 4592: 4585:Melvern 2004 4580: 4573:Prunier 1999 4553: 4546:Prunier 1999 4529:Prunier 1999 4514:Prunier 1999 4509: 4502:Prunier 1999 4497: 4490:Prunier 1999 4485: 4478:Prunier 1999 4473: 4464: 4442:Prunier 1999 4437: 4430:Melvern 2004 4425: 4418:Melvern 2004 4413: 4401: 4394:Prunier 1999 4379:Prunier 1999 4374: 4367:Melvern 2004 4362: 4355:Prunier 1999 4350: 4338: 4331:Prunier 1999 4326: 4319:Prunier 1999 4314: 4307:Prunier 1999 4302: 4295:Prunier 1999 4280:Prunier 1999 4275: 4268:Prunier 1999 4263: 4256:Prunier 1999 4251: 4244:Prunier 1999 4239: 4232:Prunier 1999 4227: 4220:Melvern 2000 4215: 4208:Prunier 1999 4203: 4196:Prunier 1999 4191: 4184:Prunier 1999 4179: 4172:Melvern 2004 4167: 4155: 4143: 4138:, p. 4. 4136:Prunier 1999 4131: 4119: 4107: 4100:Prunier 1999 4085:Prunier 1999 4080: 4073:Prunier 1999 4068: 4061:Prunier 1999 4046:Prunier 1999 4041: 4034:Mamdani 2002 4029: 4022:Prunier 1999 4017: 4005: 3998:Prunier 1999 3983:Prunier 1999 3978: 3966: 3954: 3947:Prunier 1999 3942: 3935:Prunier 1999 3920:Prunier 1999 3892: 3885: 3876: 3870: 3858:. Retrieved 3823: 3819: 3809: 3797: 3790:Prunier 1999 3785: 3773: 3766:Prunier 1999 3761: 3754:Prunier 1999 3749: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3713:Prunier 1999 3708: 3696: 3684: 3665: 3642:Prunier 1999 3637: 3630:Pottier 2002 3625: 3618:Mamdani 2002 3598: 3571: 3559: 3552:Mamdani 2002 3547: 3535: 3523: 3516:Mamdani 2002 3511: 3499: 3492:Prunier 1999 3487: 3475: 3468:Mamdani 2002 3446: 3434:. Retrieved 3425: 3421: 3411: 3392: 3386: 3379:Prunier 1995 3359:. Retrieved 3350: 3341: 3329:. Retrieved 3312: 3302: 3290:. Retrieved 3257: 3253: 3243: 3235: 3213: 3209: 3202:Reydams, Luc 3196: 3177: 3171: 3138:. Retrieved 3134:the original 3127: 3081:(1): 72–82. 3078: 3074: 3068: 3032: 3021: 2934: 2922: 2917:Hotel Rwanda 2915: 2912: 2891: 2876: 2860:Hotel Rwanda 2858: 2852: 2837: 2824: 2814: 2808: 2799:Reid Carolin 2782: 2713:Shelterless 2674: 2653: 2645: 2618: 2607: 2592: 2584: 2576: 2565:Gacaca court 2550: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2514: 2502: 2456:genocidaires 2455: 2449: 2427:Banyamulenge 2423: 2404: 2353:genocidaires 2352: 2346: 2337:refugee camp 2321:Pope Francis 2318: 2301:Maria Kisito 2298: 2275: 2268: 2240: 2225: 2221:South Africa 2209: 2183:Bill Clinton 2176: 2156: 2144: 2139: 2122: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2088:Françafrique 2086: 2084: 2050: 2042: 2022: 1977: 1960: 1956:Kagera River 1945: 1921: 1899: 1891: 1875: 1863: 1842:pygmy people 1839: 1831: 1818: 1813:genocidaires 1807: 1805: 1793:fifth column 1778: 1750: 1736: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1674: 1668: 1653: 1650: 1645:Rusumo Falls 1635: 1632: 1624:Kagera River 1618: 1616: 1605: 1589: 1569: 1565:bourgmestres 1564: 1557: 1549: 1519: 1513: 1488: 1482: 1433: 1425:power vacuum 1422: 1359: 1347:Mbaye Diagne 1342:Radio Rwanda 1339: 1314: 1286: 1262: 1250: 1231: 1222: 1208: 1204: 1175: 1168:Radio Rwanda 1165: 1161: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1089: 1086: 1078: 1059: 1043: 1037: 1031: 995: 975:Milton Obote 969:, which saw 956: 919: 893: 862: 842:emancipation 838:World War II 835: 801: 797: 778: 771: 767: 755: 749: 730:, while the 709: 661: 649:génocidaires 628: 604: 578: 574: 572: 528:Bibliography 493:Gacaca court 420: 401:Genocidaires 284: 245: 187:Hassan Ngeze 152:Perpetrators 40:Part of the 29: 17263:(2014–2017) 17251:(2014–2017) 17245:(2013–2016) 17183:(1992–1996) 17145:(1975–1979) 17139:(1975–1990) 17045:(1948–1980) 16991:(1945–1989) 16985:(1945–1989) 16979:(1941–1945) 16973:(1939–1945) 16961:(1936–1975) 16946:legislation 16911:(1917–1990) 16905:(1915–1923) 16899:(1914–1924) 16880:(1912–1913) 16868:(1862–1877) 16850:(1857–1858) 16844:(1789–1801) 16832:(1683–1922) 16826:(1673–1829) 16820:(1609–1614) 16814:(1562–1598) 16808:(1561–1812) 16802:(1526–1791) 16796:(1522–1712) 16790:(1500–1526) 16766:(1184–1908) 16764:Inquisition 16675:Segregation 16640:Intolerance 16580:Desecration 16522:Neopaganism 16515:Persecution 16481:Persecution 16464:Persecution 16427:Catholicism 16333:(2023–2024) 16301:(2020–2021) 16248:(1999–2015) 16240:(1997–2022) 16232:(1994–2015) 16222:(2011–2017) 16214:(2008–2016) 16206:(2002–2006) 16198:(1993–2017) 16190:(1993–2007) 16182:(1946–1948) 16166:(1946–1948) 16156:Budak trial 16127:Finta trial 16113:(1965–1966) 16105:(1964–1970) 16097:(1963–1989) 16089:(1963–1965) 16073:(1961–1962) 16049:(1946–1949) 16041:(1946–1948) 16033:(1946–1948) 16025:(1946–1953) 16017:(1946–1947) 16001:(1945–1946) 15999:Minsk trial 15993:(1945–1946) 15985:(1945–1949) 15977:(1945–1948) 15969:(1945–1947) 15961:(1945–2001) 15953:(1944–1989) 15945:(1944–1951) 15915:(1943–2022) 15821:Definitions 15471:(2014–2017) 15463:(2014–2017) 15455:(2011–2023) 15430:(2002–2003) 15399:(1996–1997) 15374:(1992–1995) 15366:(1991–2003) 15350:(1987–2002) 15342:(1987–1989) 15334:(1986–1989) 15318:(1983–1987) 15316:Gukurahundi 15310:(1983–2009) 15294:(1977–1997) 15286:(1975–1979) 15278:(1974–1999) 15241:(1970–2003) 15239:Feyli Kurds 15233:(1966–1970) 15209:(1962–1996) 15201:(1956–1989) 15162:(1944–1948) 15154:(1944–1948) 15146:(1943–1945) 15138:(1942–1945) 15122:(1941–1945) 15114:(1941–1945) 15106:(1941–1945) 15098:(1941–1945) 15090:(1940–1942) 15082:(1939–1945) 15074:(1937–1938) 15058:(1937–1938) 15034:(1932–1933) 15018:(1930–1933) 15010:(1929–1932) 15002:(1926–1973) 14970:(1919–1933) 14962:(1918–1931) 14954:(1916–1917) 14944:(1916–1934) 14928:(1915–1917) 14920:(1915–1919) 14895:(1913–1922) 14855:(1912–1913) 14840:(1905–1907) 14832:(1904–1907) 14824:(1894–1896) 14808:(1888–1893) 14800:(1879–1913) 14790:Circassians 14784:(1850–1864) 14750:(1846–1873) 14742:(1830–1850) 14734:(1830–1847) 14701:(1869–1977) 14693:(1825–1832) 14678:(1785–2017) 14644:(1874–1996) 14621:(1648–1657) 14613:(1640–1649) 14605:(1636–1638) 14573:(1548–1872) 14549:(1492–1514) 14518:(1402–1496) 14510:(1393–1394) 14494:(1209–1229) 14478:(1069–1070) 14414:Before 1490 14342:Arab Winter 14337:Arab Spring 14306:(1998–1999) 14297:(1994–1999) 14263:(1977–1992) 14203:(1991–1994) 14197:(1990–1994) 14141:(2022–2023) 14129:(2011–2020) 14117:(2003–2020) 14111:(1983–2005) 14089:(2013–2020) 14064:South Sudan 14050:(2012–2013) 14044:(2007–2008) 13934:(2000–2018) 13928:(1998–2000) 13922:(1995–2018) 13916:(1994–2018) 13887:East Africa 13805:(2004–2007) 13786:(2016–2017) 13780:(2002–2003) 13762:Civil wars 13746:(2016–2019) 13740:(2013–2018) 13698:(1999–2007) 13692:(1998–2003) 13680:(1996–1997) 13661:Cabinda War 13657:(1975–2002) 13597:(1998–1999) 13416:West Africa 13403:(2010–2011) 13392:(1991–2002) 13302:(2013–2014) 13285:(2011–2014) 12940:LGBT rights 12694:Filmography 12486:Interahamwe 12229:. Picador. 11884:16 February 11567:(17): 1–6. 11105:James, Paul 10695:Arrow Books 10609:16 November 10458:. Reuters. 10195:MGM Studios 10175:22 November 10145:22 November 10115:22 November 9978:12 November 9669:13 February 9510:Rettig 2008 9344:Powers 2011 9332:Sarkin 2001 9266:Kinzer 2008 9236:16 November 9202:2 September 9179:Kinzer 2008 9019:Kinzer 2008 8995:Kinzer 2008 8983:Kinzer 2008 8768:2 September 8742:13 February 8618:10 November 8270:13 February 7810:War history 7786:16 November 7756:Kinzer 2008 7403:Kinzer 2008 7361:atrocities. 7354:13 December 7288:(4): 1221. 7203:12 November 7001:News Africa 6981:19 November 6951:25 November 6928:Drumbl 2012 6832:Hayden 2000 6513:13 December 6336:4 September 5841:James, Paul 5829:ICTR-01-74. 5817:(in French) 5493:26 November 5462:13 February 5431:13 February 5348:22 December 5318:22 December 5267:16 November 5237:16 November 5204:16 November 5147:18 December 4686:Powell 2011 4160:Kinzer 2008 4148:Kinzer 2008 3959:Carney 2013 3841:10023/23154 3732:, S. 23–25. 3726:Peacemaking 3701:Carney 2013 3603:Dorsey 1994 3351:www.hrw.org 3331:19 February 2883:Paul Kagame 2793:, director 2791:Jenna Dewan 2787:Paul Kagame 2649:Paul Kagame 2588:Kinyarwanda 2234:airport in 1844:called the 1785:Interahamwe 1619:gendarmerie 1489:interahamwe 1405:via YouTube 1351:Camp Kigali 1223:interahamwe 1196:free speech 1157:Gendarmerie 1137:Interahamwe 1108:Interahamwe 1092:affiliates 987:Paul Kagame 951:Paul Kagame 812:Kanyarwanda 793:World War I 745:Banyarwanda 617:signed the 533:Filmography 169:Interahamwe 109:mass murder 100:Attack type 87:, moderate 17392:Categories 16760:(643–1526) 16635:Iconoclasm 16630:Hate crime 16560:Censorship 16454:Falun Gong 16007:Riga trial 15858:Prevention 15803:Indigenous 15718:Incitement 15586:Gendercide 15547:Classicide 15540:Politicide 15501:Gaza Strip 15276:East Timor 15247:Bangladesh 15207:Guatemalan 15128:Sook Ching 15024:La Matanza 14748:California 14460:Bar Kokhba 14254:Mozambique 13958:Tigray War 13159:Literature 13106:Healthcare 13027:(currency) 12957:Parliament 12874:Ecoregions 12425:Massacres 12421:Chronology 12383:Hutu Power 12351:Background 12107:9 February 11768:9 February 11671:. Oxford: 11456:4 December 11304:9 February 11296:. London. 10772:4 December 10693:. London: 10601:. London. 10561:8 February 10519:19 January 10370:See also: 10165:ff.hrw.org 10105:PopMatters 10085:6 November 9846:2 November 9770:1 December 9739:1 December 9640:Aptel 2008 9452:Tully 2003 9253:, p. 9149:1 February 9141:. London. 8860:16 October 8673:. London. 8496:i24news.tv 8331:18 October 8300:27 October 7741:17 January 7696:18 January 7665:17 January 7654:OpenCanada 7632:17 January 7385:17 January 7311:Rever 2018 7296:18 January 6865:, p. 6844:Jones 2010 5381:3 December 5177:(3): 582. 4955:Civil Wars 3428:(2): 192. 3061:References 2994: MRND 2767:See also: 2636:See also: 2632:Censorship 2472:South Kivu 2431:South Kivu 2314:corruption 2292:and other 2181:president 1916:See also: 1808:Rapporteur 1319:, Colonel 1074:right-wing 1048:Hutu Power 973:overthrow 683:Background 428:RTLM radio 356:Chronology 324:Hutu Power 293:Background 211:Hutu Power 17111:Four Olds 16824:Test Acts 16690:Terrorism 16532:Rastafari 16486:Ahmadiyya 15796:Cambodian 15789:Holodomor 15681:Massacres 15565:Ethnocide 15554:Eliticide 15284:Cambodian 15032:Holodomor 14926:Armenians 14918:Assyrians 14691:Black War 14579:Huguenots 14462:(132–136) 14445:(50s BCE) 14429:(146 BCE) 14397:Genocides 14087:Civil War 13771:1997–1999 13766:1993–1994 13722:conflict 13577:2010–2011 13572:2002–2007 13551:1999–2003 13546:1989–1996 13493:2007–2009 13488:1990–1995 13154:Languages 13086:Education 13055:Transport 12984:President 12925:Elections 12889:Volcanoes 12857:Geography 12560:Aftermath 12439:Nyarubuye 12148:Routledge 12046:3 October 12027:141852090 11998:15 August 11917:153736296 11859:145601527 11746:144438458 11158:Routledge 11133:142378403 11095:28 August 10642:22 August 10447:147317048 10268:30 August 10242:30 August 9937:14 August 9907:18 August 9812:cite book 9569:), pp. 28 9055:22 August 8970:154818651 8800:13 August 7556:5 January 7501:5 January 7458:5 January 7427:5 January 7344:1961-9898 6916:Elbe 2002 6817:7 January 6781:7 January 6755:13 August 6729:13 August 6637:New Times 6619:213046710 6557:214032255 6503:1961-9898 5869:142378403 5191:151351680 4975:150075267 4912:154402375 4877:239791188 4837:142781769 4612:30 August 3850:235573417 3504:Luis 2004 3321:0362-4331 3282:213471539 3274:1462-3528 3232:225356374 3103:213046710 3095:1462-3528 3008: PSD 3001: MDR 2893:HBO Films 2697:Category 2671:Survivors 2415:dysentery 2327:Aftermath 2290:Anglicans 2140:Turquoise 2135:Gikongoro 2094:Amaryllis 1779:Rape was 1775:in Kigali 1731:massacred 1563:leaders ( 1540:Gikongoro 1524:Ruhengeri 998:Ruhengeri 840:, a Hutu 655:(now the 522:Resources 482:Aftermath 17364:Genocide 17327:Religion 16848:Utah War 16718:(64–313) 16695:Violence 16585:Domicide 16537:Yazidism 16459:Hinduism 16417:Buddhism 16398:By group 15761:Armenian 15628:Domicide 15607:Policide 15579:Eugenics 15524:Democide 15493:Rohingya 15144:Volhynia 14968:Cossacks 14814:Selk'nam 14676:Chechens 14668:Dzungars 14595:Lameyans 14587:Kalinago 14557:(1500s–) 14516:Guanches 14451:Eburones 14437:(88 BCE) 14389:Genocide 14195:genocide 13895:Ethiopia 13803:Bush War 13796:Republic 13784:Pool War 13754:Republic 13671:DR Congo 13505:Mali War 13257:Cold War 13214:Category 13121:Religion 12952:Military 12908:Politics 12894:Wildlife 12769:Timeline 12753:articles 12628:Bisesero 12507:Response 12101:Archived 12082:23 April 12058:(2008). 12040:Archived 11992:Archived 11875:Archived 11762:Archived 11738:27667378 11699:Archived 11667:(2009). 11649:Archived 11631:(1999). 11609:(1998). 11587:(1995). 11569:Archived 11560:Insights 11544:11 March 11538:Archived 11526:(2001). 11508:Archived 11475:Archived 11450:Archived 11349:(2004). 11331:Archived 11298:Archived 11273:Archived 11255:(2002). 11245:14973781 11200:(2010). 11178:(2008). 11137:Archived 11107:(2015). 11089:Archived 11025:Archived 10969:(2017). 10951:Archived 10924:Archived 10892:57560544 10803:(2005). 10766:Archived 10746:(1999). 10709:Archived 10687:(2005). 10669:Archived 10636:Archived 10603:Archived 10576:Archived 10555:Archived 10534:Archived 10513:Archived 10484:Archived 10460:Archived 10397:Archived 10323:Archived 10292:Archived 10215:Archived 10169:Archived 10139:Archived 10109:Archived 10079:Archived 10045:Archived 10003:Archived 9969:Archived 9931:Archived 9925:(2013). 9901:Archived 9895:(2010). 9877:9 August 9871:Archived 9840:Archived 9804:93789421 9764:Archived 9760:Refworld 9733:Archived 9663:Archived 9616:Archived 9555:Archived 9531:Archived 9527:BBC News 9474:Archived 9470:BBC News 9437:4 August 9431:Archived 9411:3 August 9402:Archived 9222:"Rwanda" 9196:Archived 9143:Archived 9049:Archived 8854:Archived 8791:Archived 8762:Archived 8736:Archived 8705:Archived 8701:BBC News 8675:Archived 8642:Archived 8638:NBC News 8612:Archived 8553:Archived 8531:Archived 8500:Archived 8478:Archived 8447:Archived 8417:Archived 8387:Archived 8356:Archived 8325:Archived 8294:Archived 8264:Archived 8237:Archived 8211:Archived 8114:RFI 2014 7820:28 April 7814:Archived 7780:Archived 7735:Archived 7690:Archived 7659:Archived 7623:Archived 7547:Archived 7495:Archived 7452:Archived 7421:Archived 7379:Archived 7348:Archived 7290:Archived 7011:22 March 7005:Archived 6945:Archived 6901:20 March 6887:Herizons 6749:Archived 6685:22 March 6679:Archived 6652:Archived 6561:Archived 6507:Archived 6330:Archived 5873:Archived 5843:(2015). 5813:Le Monde 5805:Archived 5790:Newsweek 5782:Archived 5763:Archived 5740:Archived 5642:Archived 5487:Archived 5456:Archived 5425:Archived 5399:Archived 5372:Archived 5342:Archived 5312:Archived 5261:Archived 5257:BBC News 5231:Archived 5195:Archived 5141:Archived 5098:14 April 5092:Archived 4606:Archived 3854:Archived 3430:Archived 3355:Archived 3325:Archived 3286:Archived 3204:(2020). 3140:22 March 3044:See also 3015: PL 2811:genocide 2708:120,080 2506:war rape 2185:and his 2127:Cyangugu 2111:refugees 1879:Gitarama 1799:and the 1727:machetes 1601:Gitarama 1572:Gitarama 1544:Cyangugu 1386:Genocide 1149:Egyptian 885:Tanzania 768:uburetwa 736:Cushitic 636:machetes 631:genocide 440:Response 277:a series 275:Part of 181:(led by 171:(led by 105:Genocide 63:Location 17338:Portals 17081:(1963) 16838:(1700s) 16553:Methods 16510:Judaism 16501:Sunnism 16491:Shi'ism 16407:Atheism 16325:(2023–) 16317:(2022–) 16309:(2022–) 16293:(2019–) 16285:(2012–) 16277:(2005–) 15782:Rwandan 15775:Bosnian 15768:Serbian 15695:Pogroms 15638:Methods 15503:(2023–) 15495:(2017–) 15487:(2014–) 15479:(2014–) 15469:Yazidis 15438:(2003–) 15389:Rwandan 15372:Bosnian 15364:Ahwaris 15358:(1990–) 15326:(1985–) 15254:Burundi 15016:Kazakhs 14806:Hazaras 14792:(1860s) 14782:Manchus 14774:Moriori 14766:Charrúa 14670:(1750s) 14634:Beothuk 14603:Pequots 14565:(1500–) 14508:Assyria 14492:Cathars 13974:Somalia 13536:Liberia 13424:Nigeria 13198:Outline 13144:Cuisine 13136:Culture 13069:Society 13050:Tourism 13008:Economy 12761:History 12648:Nyamata 12643:Ntarama 12638:Murambi 12492:Kangura 12464:by the 12429:Gikondo 11851:3558953 11758:Reuters 11705:13 July 11575:11 June 11514:15 July 11392:13 June 11236:1182266 11143:2 April 10957:1 April 10930:5 April 10884:3092146 10846:2155937 10582:12 July 10540:12 July 10490:13 July 10466:13 July 10439:2204076 10329:8 April 10298:8 April 10009:5 April 9836:cpj.org 8506:15 July 8474:Haaretz 8453:15 July 8423:15 July 8393:15 July 8362:8 April 6971:"Batwa" 5879:2 April 5638:Reuters 5024:29 June 3436:16 June 3361:16 June 2925:Stromae 2902:titled 2781:At the 2748:15,438 2740:27,498 2732:49,656 2729:Widows 2724:28,904 2716:39,685 2411:cholera 2335:Kitali 2243:Haaretz 2191:Somalia 2187:cabinet 1887:Burundi 1883:Gisenyi 1783:by the 1561:commune 1536:Kibungo 1445:Belgium 1297:Burundi 1176:inyenzi 1121:Prelude 1061:Kangura 869:Byimana 820:Ruhanga 808:Hamitic 781:Burundi 773:ubuhake 422:Kangura 140:Victims 132:10,000 17352:Africa 17310:(2024) 17299:(2023) 17293:(2020) 17287:(2019) 17281:(2019) 17239:(2011) 17221:(2002) 17215:(2001) 17209:(2000) 17203:(2000) 17195:(1999) 17189:(1995) 17171:(1990) 17163:(1989) 17151:(1984) 17127:(1971) 17119:(1966) 17113:(1966) 17099:(1963) 17093:(1963) 17087:(1963) 17075:(1955) 17063:(1950) 17039:(1948) 17015:(1947) 17009:(1946) 17003:(1946) 16997:(1946) 16967:(1933) 16955:(1924) 16874:(1909) 16862:(1864) 16856:(1860) 16772:(1191) 16754:(1099) 16748:(1096) 16709:Events 16645:Pogrom 16496:Sufism 16341:(2024) 16174:(1946) 16158:(1945) 16129:(1994) 16121:(1986) 16081:(1961) 16065:(1958) 16057:(1949) 16009:(1946) 15937:(1943) 15929:(1943) 15813:Issues 15736:Denial 15436:Darfur 15391:(1994) 15356:Amhara 15302:(1982) 15249:(1971) 15231:Biafra 15225:(1966) 15217:(1964) 15193:(1948) 15130:(1942) 15066:(1937) 15042:(1933) 15026:(1932) 14994:(1924) 14986:(1923) 14952:Kyrgyz 14936:(1915) 14912:(1913) 14893:Greeks 14776:(1835) 14768:(1831) 14758:(1864) 14719:(1821) 14711:(1816) 14662:(1749) 14654:(1740) 14597:(1636) 14589:(1626) 14581:(1572) 14502:(1311) 14470:(800s) 14291:(1994) 14282:Others 14184:Others 14176:(2016) 14155:Uganda 14135:(2012) 14073:(2012) 14056:(2012) 14038:(1997) 14002:AMISOM 13854:Others 13710:(2009) 13648:Angola 13603:(2013) 13588:Others 13383:Others 13101:Health 13035:Mining 13025:Franc 12962:Senate 12869:Cities 12751: 12749:Rwanda 12633:Kigali 12546:UNAMIR 12524:France 12409:Events 12290: 12271: 12233: 12214: 12197: 12187: 12154: 12128: 12025: 12015: 11965: 11915: 11857: 11849: 11816: 11785: 11744: 11736: 11679: 11641: 11617: 11595: 11500: 11442: 11419:7 June 11363: 11323: 11265: 11243: 11233: 11186: 11164: 11131: 11081: 11064:683536 11062: 11017: 10996: 10977: 10916: 10890: 10882: 10844: 10817: 10811:Viking 10789: 10758: 10732: 10701: 10661: 10628: 10445: 10437: 10389: 10352: 9967:(25). 9802: 9792: 9622:1 June 9565: 9537:1 June 9480:1 June 9041: 8968: 8962:161648 8960: 8711:23 May 8559:3 June 7909: 7342: 7193:gov.rw 6617: 6570:6 July 6555: 6501: 5867: 5189: 4973: 4910: 4875: 4865: 4835: 4799: 4789: 4753: 4635: 3900: 3860:6 June 3848: 3672: 3540:Shyaka 3399: 3319: 3292:27 May 3280: 3272: 3230: 3184: 3101: 3093: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2967: 2960: 2869:Kigali 2756:8,000 2621:ad hoc 2614:Arusha 2580:Gacaca 2573:Gacaca 2387:, and 2361:Second 2343:(1994) 2247:Israel 2217:France 2131:Kibuye 2119:Bukavu 2025:UNAMIR 2011:UNAMIR 1948:Rusumo 1929:Kibuye 1871:Byumba 1867:Gabiro 1641:bridge 1576:Butare 1532:Kigali 1528:Kibuye 1453:France 1443:, and 1439:, the 1382:days. 1301:Kigali 1238:UNAMIR 1227:AK-47s 1188: 1184: 1180: 1052:pogrom 1010:Arusha 1006:Kigali 881:Uganda 836:After 756:ubwoko 704:Geneva 640:rifles 611:Uganda 392:by the 345:Events 279:on the 206:Motive 128:Tutsis 123:Deaths 81:Target 67:Rwanda 17376:1990s 16742:(732) 16476:Islam 15516:Terms 15340:Isaaq 15332:Anfal 15080:Poles 14942:Kurds 14838:Ukame 14611:Huron 14547:Taíno 14443:Gauls 14102:Sudan 14018:Kenya 13316:Libya 13276:Egypt 13255:Post– 13205:Index 13179:Sport 13169:Music 13164:Media 12879:Lakes 12784:kings 12476:Akazu 12195:JSTOR 12076:(PDF) 12065:(PDF) 11946:(PDF) 11929:(PDF) 11913:S2CID 11878:(PDF) 11871:(PDF) 11855:S2CID 11847:JSTOR 11742:S2CID 11734:JSTOR 11465:PBS. 11357:Verso 11129:S2CID 11060:JSTOR 10899:(PDF) 10888:S2CID 10880:JSTOR 10858:(PDF) 10443:S2CID 10435:JSTOR 9972:(PDF) 9957:(PDF) 9405:(PDF) 9398:(PDF) 9301:(99). 8966:S2CID 8958:JSTOR 8794:(PDF) 8787:(PDF) 8243:3 May 8217:1 May 7626:(PDF) 7619:(PDF) 7550:(PDF) 7537:(PDF) 6941:"TWA" 6811:(PDF) 6804:(PDF) 6615:S2CID 6564:(PDF) 6553:S2CID 6533:(PDF) 5865:S2CID 5375:(PDF) 5368:(PDF) 5198:(PDF) 5187:S2CID 5167:(PDF) 5018:(PDF) 5007:(PDF) 4971:S2CID 4908:S2CID 4873:S2CID 4833:S2CID 4797:JSTOR 3846:S2CID 3278:S2CID 3228:S2CID 3099:S2CID 2686:AVEGA 2682:IBUKA 2468:North 2407:Zaire 2357:First 2349:Zaire 2341:Zaire 2236:Zaire 2213:Egypt 1846:Batwa 1684:Batwa 1681:Pygmy 1636:akazu 1520:akazu 1090:akazu 1039:akazu 889:Zaire 816:Kigwa 752:clans 741:caste 732:Tutsi 720:Bantu 716:pygmy 653:Zaire 651:into 587:Tutsi 406:Akazu 145:Tutsi 130:& 85:Tutsi 16389:and 15653:Rape 15267:1993 15260:1972 14555:Ainu 13825:Chad 13498:2012 13478:Mali 13149:Flag 12466:ICTR 12446:Rape 12288:ISBN 12269:ISBN 12231:ISBN 12212:ISBN 12185:ISBN 12152:ISBN 12126:ISBN 12109:2013 12084:2011 12048:2018 12023:OCLC 12013:ISBN 12000:2013 11963:ISBN 11886:2012 11814:ISBN 11783:ISBN 11770:2013 11707:2014 11677:ISBN 11657:2016 11639:ISBN 11615:ISBN 11593:ISBN 11577:2017 11546:2017 11516:2020 11498:ISBN 11483:2017 11458:2016 11440:ISBN 11421:2014 11394:2014 11361:ISBN 11339:2016 11321:ISBN 11306:2013 11281:2016 11263:ISBN 11241:PMID 11184:ISBN 11162:ISBN 11145:2015 11097:2019 11079:ISBN 11033:2016 11015:ISBN 10994:ISBN 10975:ISBN 10959:2009 10932:2016 10914:ISBN 10842:SSRN 10838:2013 10815:ISBN 10787:ISBN 10774:2016 10756:ISBN 10730:ISBN 10717:2016 10699:ISBN 10677:2016 10659:ISBN 10644:2020 10626:ISBN 10611:2012 10584:2014 10563:2013 10542:2014 10521:2019 10492:2014 10468:2014 10405:2016 10387:ISBN 10350:ISBN 10331:2019 10300:2019 10270:2010 10244:2010 10177:2015 10147:2015 10117:2015 10087:2020 10011:2019 9980:2013 9939:2013 9909:2013 9879:2013 9848:2018 9818:link 9800:OCLC 9790:ISBN 9772:2018 9741:2018 9711:help 9671:2018 9624:2015 9563:ISBN 9539:2015 9482:2015 9439:2022 9413:2022 9238:2012 9204:2021 9151:2017 9057:2020 9039:ISBN 8862:2012 8802:2007 8770:2021 8744:2018 8713:2010 8683:2012 8650:2012 8620:2022 8561:2022 8508:2021 8455:2021 8425:2021 8395:2021 8364:2015 8333:2012 8302:2009 8272:2018 8245:2021 8219:2019 7907:ISBN 7822:2020 7788:2012 7743:2019 7698:2019 7667:2019 7634:2019 7558:2019 7503:2019 7460:2019 7429:2019 7387:2019 7356:2018 7340:ISSN 7298:2019 7205:2013 7013:2017 6983:2015 6953:2022 6903:2021 6819:2007 6783:2007 6757:2014 6731:2014 6687:2017 6572:2021 6515:2018 6499:ISSN 6338:2020 5881:2015 5650:2012 5495:2014 5464:2018 5433:2018 5383:2018 5350:2018 5320:2018 5269:2018 5239:2018 5206:2018 5149:2018 5100:2015 5026:2009 4863:ISBN 4787:ISBN 4751:ISBN 4633:ISBN 4614:2022 3898:ISBN 3862:2021 3670:ISBN 3438:2019 3397:ISBN 3363:2019 3333:2020 3317:ISSN 3294:2021 3270:ISSN 3182:ISBN 3142:2017 3091:ISSN 2908:2005 2867:, a 2771:and 2684:and 2640:and 2470:and 2440:AFDL 2413:and 2399:Goma 2365:Goma 2305:Sovu 2276:The 2232:Goma 2219:and 2117:and 2115:Goma 1900:The 1840:The 1789:Hutu 1574:and 1542:and 1291:and 1253:ICTR 1251:The 1242:MRND 1096:and 887:and 728:Hutu 667:and 638:and 593:and 591:Hutu 573:The 226:via 185:and 159:Hutu 89:Hutu 73:Date 16700:War 12253:doi 11905:doi 11839:doi 11726:doi 11231:PMC 11223:doi 11121:doi 11052:doi 11048:102 10872:doi 10427:doi 9686:doi 9163:UN 8950:doi 8806:in 8290:PBS 6607:doi 6545:doi 5857:doi 5179:doi 4963:doi 4935:doi 4931:129 4900:doi 4855:doi 4825:doi 4779:doi 4743:doi 3836:hdl 3828:doi 3262:doi 3218:doi 3083:doi 2906:in 1986:in 1821:HIV 1643:at 1042:or 747:. 712:Twa 659:). 595:Twa 134:Twa 93:Twa 17394:: 12251:. 12247:. 12193:. 12150:. 12124:. 12095:. 12038:. 12021:. 11988:26 11986:. 11980:. 11961:. 11937:. 11931:. 11911:. 11901:29 11899:. 11853:. 11845:. 11835:45 11833:. 11812:. 11756:. 11740:. 11732:. 11722:51 11720:. 11697:. 11675:. 11647:. 11565:15 11563:. 11557:. 11530:. 11506:. 11473:. 11469:. 11448:. 11438:. 11405:. 11378:. 11359:. 11329:. 11292:. 11271:. 11239:. 11229:. 11219:74 11217:. 11213:. 11156:. 11135:. 11127:. 11117:17 11115:. 11111:. 11087:. 11058:. 11046:. 11023:. 10949:. 10922:. 10886:. 10878:. 10868:27 10866:. 10860:. 10840:. 10836:. 10813:. 10764:. 10754:. 10707:. 10697:. 10667:. 10634:. 10595:. 10574:. 10553:. 10532:. 10509:14 10507:. 10503:. 10478:. 10441:. 10433:. 10423:90 10421:. 10395:. 10321:. 10317:. 10286:. 10193:. 10167:. 10163:. 10133:. 10107:. 10103:. 10077:. 10071:. 10051:, 10001:. 9997:. 9965:14 9963:. 9959:. 9929:. 9869:. 9865:. 9838:. 9834:. 9814:}} 9810:{{ 9798:. 9762:. 9758:. 9731:. 9727:. 9702:: 9700:}} 9696:{{ 9655:. 9632:^ 9610:. 9581:, 9525:. 9490:^ 9472:. 9468:. 9351:^ 9322:^ 9307:^ 9299:10 9297:. 9285:^ 9255:14 9224:. 9220:. 9171:^ 9137:. 9101:^ 9047:. 8964:. 8956:. 8946:38 8944:. 8882:^ 8852:. 8846:. 8830:^ 8810:, 8789:. 8734:. 8730:. 8699:. 8667:. 8636:. 8594:, 8584:^ 8569:^ 8547:. 8529:. 8525:. 8494:. 8476:. 8472:. 8441:. 8411:. 8385:. 8381:. 8354:. 8350:. 8323:. 8319:. 8292:. 8288:. 8209:. 8205:. 8157:^ 8092:^ 8029:^ 7893:^ 7866:^ 7812:. 7808:. 7804:. 7772:. 7733:. 7727:. 7710:^ 7700:. 7684:. 7657:. 7651:. 7621:. 7585:, 7539:. 7518:, 7493:. 7489:. 7450:. 7446:. 7395:^ 7358:. 7346:. 7338:. 7334:. 7286:33 7284:. 7280:. 7220:, 7191:. 7152:^ 7089:^ 7062:^ 7021:^ 7003:. 6999:. 6891:22 6889:. 6885:. 6873:^ 6867:13 6851:^ 6710:^ 6695:^ 6677:. 6671:. 6621:. 6613:. 6603:22 6601:. 6584:^ 6574:. 6559:. 6551:. 6541:22 6539:. 6535:. 6505:. 6497:. 6493:. 6454:^ 6439:^ 6424:^ 6373:^ 6346:^ 6328:. 6250:^ 6135:^ 6120:^ 6071:^ 5978:^ 5913:^ 5871:. 5863:. 5853:17 5851:. 5847:. 5811:, 5788:, 5746:, 5706:^ 5636:. 5589:^ 5572:^ 5527:^ 5481:. 5454:. 5450:. 5423:. 5419:. 5340:. 5336:. 5310:. 5306:. 5255:. 5229:. 5223:. 5193:. 5185:. 5175:38 5173:. 5169:. 5133:. 5120:^ 5090:. 5086:. 5046:^ 5009:. 4983:^ 4969:. 4959:20 4957:. 4929:. 4906:. 4896:35 4894:. 4871:. 4861:. 4831:. 4821:50 4819:. 4795:. 4785:. 4765:^ 4749:. 4693:^ 4664:^ 4647:^ 4600:. 4565:^ 4536:^ 4521:^ 4449:^ 4386:^ 4287:^ 4092:^ 4053:^ 3990:^ 3927:^ 3912:^ 3852:. 3844:. 3834:. 3824:50 3822:. 3818:. 3649:^ 3610:^ 3583:^ 3458:^ 3426:12 3424:. 3420:. 3371:^ 3353:. 3349:. 3323:. 3315:. 3311:. 3284:. 3276:. 3268:. 3258:22 3256:. 3252:. 3234:. 3226:. 3214:48 3212:. 3208:. 3150:^ 3126:. 3112:^ 3097:. 3089:. 3079:22 3077:. 3028:• 3017:• 3010:• 3003:• 2996:• 2989:• 2964:• 2910:. 2889:. 2850:. 2680:, 2667:. 2628:. 2383:, 2339:, 2288:, 2245:, 2109:, 2040:. 1908:. 1897:. 1587:. 1538:, 1534:, 1530:, 1526:, 883:, 871:, 679:. 642:. 115:, 111:, 107:, 91:, 17340:: 16379:e 16372:t 16365:v 14404:) 14400:( 14381:e 14374:t 14367:v 13248:e 13241:t 13234:v 12741:e 12734:t 12727:v 12336:e 12329:t 12322:v 12296:. 12277:. 12259:. 12255:: 12239:. 12220:. 12201:. 12160:. 12134:. 12111:. 12086:. 12050:. 12029:. 12002:. 11971:. 11939:8 11919:. 11907:: 11888:. 11861:. 11841:: 11822:. 11791:. 11772:. 11748:. 11728:: 11709:. 11685:. 11659:. 11623:. 11601:. 11579:. 11548:. 11518:. 11485:. 11460:. 11423:. 11396:. 11369:. 11341:. 11308:. 11283:. 11247:. 11225:: 11192:. 11170:. 11147:. 11123:: 11099:. 11066:. 11054:: 11035:. 11002:. 10983:. 10961:. 10934:. 10874:: 10848:. 10823:. 10795:. 10776:. 10738:. 10719:. 10679:. 10646:. 10613:. 10586:. 10565:. 10544:. 10523:. 10494:. 10470:. 10449:. 10429:: 10407:. 10358:. 10333:. 10302:. 10272:. 10246:. 10179:. 10149:. 10119:. 10089:. 10013:. 9982:. 9941:. 9911:. 9881:. 9850:. 9820:) 9806:. 9774:. 9743:. 9713:) 9709:( 9692:. 9688:: 9673:. 9642:. 9626:. 9597:. 9585:. 9541:. 9512:. 9484:. 9454:. 9441:. 9415:. 9346:. 9334:. 9317:. 9240:. 9206:. 9153:. 9111:. 9059:. 9009:. 8972:. 8952:: 8864:. 8804:. 8772:. 8746:. 8715:. 8685:. 8652:. 8622:. 8563:. 8510:. 8457:. 8397:. 8366:. 8335:. 8304:. 8274:. 8247:. 8221:. 8191:. 8179:. 8167:. 8152:. 8140:. 8116:. 8075:. 8039:. 7915:. 7824:. 7790:. 7745:. 7669:. 7636:. 7589:. 7560:. 7505:. 7462:. 7431:. 7389:. 7300:. 7207:. 7015:. 6985:. 6955:. 6930:. 6918:. 6905:. 6834:. 6821:. 6785:. 6759:. 6733:. 6689:. 6639:. 6609:: 6547:: 6517:. 6340:. 5883:. 5859:: 5792:, 5652:. 5497:. 5466:. 5435:. 5385:. 5352:. 5322:. 5271:. 5241:. 5208:. 5181:: 5151:. 5102:. 5028:. 4977:. 4965:: 4941:. 4937:: 4914:. 4902:: 4879:. 4857:: 4839:. 4827:: 4803:. 4781:: 4759:. 4745:: 4641:. 4616:. 4459:. 3906:. 3838:: 3830:: 3678:. 3506:. 3440:. 3405:. 3365:. 3335:. 3296:. 3264:: 3220:: 3190:. 3166:. 3144:. 3105:. 3085:: 3033:★ 3022:★ 2805:. 2133:– 2129:– 1080:" 754:( 562:e 555:t 548:v 506:) 502:( 189:) 175:) 165:) 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.