2286:
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1337:
4596:. MacMahon, Marshal Bazaine, and the count of Palikao, with the Empress in Paris, all had different ideas of what the army should do next, and the Emperor had to act as a referee. The Emperor and MacMahon proposed moving their army closer to Paris to protect the city, but on 17 August Bazaine telegraphed to the Emperor: "I urge you to renounce this idea, which seems to abandon the Army at Metz... Couldn't you make a powerful diversion toward the Prussian corps, which are already exhausted by so many battles? The Empress shares my opinion." Napoleon III wrote back, "I yield to your opinion." The Emperor sent the Prince Imperial back to Paris for his safety and went with the weary army in the direction of Metz. The Emperor, riding in an open carriage, was jeered, sworn at and insulted by demoralized soldiers.
5144:
5740:
1965:
prison, he had studied and written about the sugar industry and policies to reduce poverty. He wanted the government to play an active, not a passive, role in the economy. In 1839, he had written: "Government is not a necessary evil, as some people claim; it is instead the benevolent motor for the whole social organism." He did not advocate the government getting directly involved in industry. Instead, the government took a very active role in building the infrastructure for economic growth; stimulating the stock market and investment banks to provide credit; building railways, ports, canals and roads; and providing training and education. He also opened up French markets to foreign goods, such as railway tracks from
England, forcing French industry to become more efficient and more competitive.
984:. The new king agreed to meet secretly with Hortense; Louis Napoleon had a fever and did not join them. The King finally agreed that Hortense and Louis Napoleon could stay in Paris as long as their stay was brief and incognito. Louis-Napoleon was told that he could join the French Army if he would simply change his name, something he indignantly refused to do. Hortense and Louis Napoleon remained in Paris until 5 May, the tenth anniversary of the death of Napoleon. The presence of Hortense and Louis Napoleon in the hotel had become known, and a public demonstration of mourning for the Emperor took place on Place VendĂ´me in front of their hotel. The same day, Hortense and Louis Napoleon were ordered to leave Paris. During their brief stay in Paris Louis Napoleon had become convinced that
1872:
1296:
4823:
3781:(Parliament). The liberal republicans on the left had always opposed him, believing he had usurped power and suppressed the Republic. The conservative Catholics were increasingly unhappy, because he had abandoned the Pope in his struggle to retain political control of the Papal States and had built up a public education system that was a rival to the Catholic system. Many businessmen, particularly in the metallurgical and textile industries, were unhappy, because he had reduced the tariffs on British products, putting the British products in direct competition with their own. The members of Parliament were particularly unhappy with him for dealing with them only when he needed money. When he had liberalized trade with England, he had not even consulted them.
6283:
3091:
1534:
4779:
4529:
1074:
1218:(1844), a study of the causes of poverty in the French industrial working class, with proposals to eliminate it. His conclusion: "The working class has nothing, it is necessary to give them ownership. They have no other wealth than their own labor, it is necessary to give them work that will benefit all....they are without organization and without connections, without rights and without a future; it is necessary to give them rights and a future and to raise them in their own eyes by association, education, and discipline." He proposed various practical ideas for creating a banking and savings system that would provide credit to the working class, and to establish agricultural colonies similar to the
5555:
2117:
1312:
5575:
38:
5803:
3951:
5817:
6022:
1953:
2700:
3886:, on this text: "The people approve the liberal reforms added to the Constitution since 1860 by the Emperor, with the agreement of the legislative bodies and ratified by the Senate on April 20, 1870." Napoleon III saw this as a referendum on his rule as Emperor: "By voting yes," he wrote, "you will chase away the threat of revolution; you will place the nation on a solid base of order and liberty, and you will make it easier to pass on the Crown to my son." When the votes were counted, Napoleon III had lost Paris and the other big cities but decisively won the rest of the country. The final vote was 7,336,434 votes yes, 1,560,709 votes no, and 1,900,000 abstentions.
2301:
5193:, but by the 1950s were celebrating it as leading example of a modernizing regime. However, historians have generally given Napoleon negative evaluations on his foreign policy, and somewhat more positive evaluations of his domestic policies, especially after he liberalized his rule after 1858. His greatest achievements came in material improvements, in the form of a grand railway network that facilitated commerce and tied the nation together and centered it on Paris. He is given high credits for the rebuilding of Paris with broad boulevards, striking public buildings, very attractive residential districts for upscale Parisians, and great public parks, including the
918:
4308:
5535:
2321:
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1663:
leader of the Party of Order, Adolphe Thiers, scornfully called "the vile multitude". This new election law was passed in May 1850 by a majority of 433 to 241, putting the
National Assembly on a direct collision course with the Prince-President. Louis Napoleon broke with the Assembly and the conservative ministers opposing his projects in favour of the dispossessed. He secured the support of the army, toured the country making populist speeches that condemned the Assembly, and presented himself as the protector of universal male suffrage. He demanded that the law be changed, but his proposal was defeated in the Assembly by a vote of 355 to 348.
6304:
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1349:
6058:
10703:
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1803:
4570:, the commander of the French forces in Lorraine, as the new military commander. Napoleon III proposed returning to Paris, realizing that he was not doing any good for the army. The Empress, in charge of the government, responded by telegraph, "Don't think of coming back, unless you want to unleash a terrible revolution. They will say you quit the army to flee the danger." The Emperor agreed to remain with the army. With the Empress directing the country, and Bazaine commanding the army, the Emperor no longer had any real role to play. At the front, the Emperor told Marshal Leboeuf, "we've both been dismissed."
5596:
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1867:
cultivate; roads to open; ports to dig; rivers to be made navigable; canals to finish, a railway network to complete. We have, in front of
Marseille, a vast kingdom to assimilate into France. We have all the great ports of the west to connect with the American continent by modern communications, which we still lack. We have ruins to repair, false gods to tear down, truths which we need to make triumph. This is how I see the Empire, if the Empire is re-established. These are the conquests I am considering, and you around me, who, like me, want the good of our country, you are my soldiers.
5618:
890:
6267:
6212:
6093:
3897:
5689:
2573:
906:
1937:
2898:
3933:
4690:. He expected to see King William, but instead he was met by Bismarck and the German commander, General von Moltke. They dictated the terms of the surrender to Napoleon. Napoleon asked that his army be disarmed and allowed to pass into Belgium, but Bismarck refused. They also asked Napoleon to sign the preliminary documents of a peace treaty, but Napoleon refused, telling them that the French government headed by the Regent, Empress Eugénie, would need to negotiate any peace agreement. The Emperor was then taken to the Château at Bellevue near
3915:
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4646:
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2800:. They believed that if Napoleon III were killed, a republican revolt would immediately follow in France and the new republican government would help all Italian states win independence from Austria and achieve national unification. Bernard was in London at the time. Since he was a political exile, the Government of the United Kingdom refused to extradite him, but Orsini was tried, convicted and executed on 13 March 1858. The bombing focused the attention of France and particularly of Napoleon III, on the issue of Italian nationalism.
1450:
3697:
2010:, connecting the different independent lines coming into Paris from around the country. The government provided guarantees for loans to build new lines and urged railway companies to consolidate. There were 18 railway companies in 1848 and six at the end of the Empire. By 1870, France had 20,000 kilometers of railway linked to the French ports and to the railway systems of the neighbouring countries that carried over 100 million passengers a year and transported the products of France's new steel mills, mines and factories.
5760:
435:
4630:
3107:
1582:
5838:
5712:
1699:
1682:
5782:
2979:
2493:
1469:
1062:"I believe", wrote Louis Napoleon, "that from time to time, men are created whom I call volunteers of providence, in whose hands are placed the destiny of their countries. I believe I am one of those men. If I am wrong, I can perish uselessly. If I am right, then providence will put me into a position to fulfill my mission." He had seen the popular enthusiasm for Napoleon Bonaparte when he was in Paris, and he was convinced that, if he marched to Paris, as Napoleon Bonaparte had done in 1815 during the
4793:
3969:
4268:, who later became Napoleon's prime minister, declared: "The armies of France, which I always considered too large, are now going to be increased to an exorbitant size. Why? What is the necessity? Where is the danger? Who is threatening us? ...If France were to disarm, the Germans would know how to convince their governments to do the same." Facing almost certain defeat in the parliament, Napoleon III withdrew the proposal. It was replaced in January 1868 by a much more modest project to create a
6234:
1046:("Napoleonic Ideas"), a compendium of his political ideas which was published in three editions and eventually translated into six languages. He based his doctrine upon two ideas: universal suffrage and the primacy of the national interest. He called for a "monarchy which procures the advantages of the Republic without the inconveniences", a regime "strong without despotism, free without anarchy, independent without conquest". He also intended to build a wider European community of nations.
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largely hostile to France; on 3 November 1867, French and Papal soldiers had fired upon the
Italian patriots of Garibaldi, when he tried to capture Rome. Napoleon presented a proposed treaty of alliance on 4 June 1869, the anniversary of the joint French-Italian victory at Magenta. The Italians responded by demanding that France withdraw its troops who were protecting the Pope in Rome. Given the opinion of fervent French Catholics, this was a condition Napoleon III could not accept.
1574:
1659:, declared that Louis Napoleon was no longer President and called for a general uprising. A few barricades appeared in the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. Louis Napoleon acted swiftly, and the uprising was short-lived. Paris was declared in a state of siege, the headquarters of the uprising was surrounded, and the leaders arrested. Ledru-Rollin fled to England, Raspail was arrested and sent to prison, the republican clubs were closed, and their newspapers closed down.
1458:
4000:
4801:
4458:
2279:, refurbished and replanted. He also created some twenty small parks and gardens in the neighbourhoods as miniature versions of his large parks. Alphand termed these small parks "green and flowering salons". The intention of Napoleon's plan was to have one park in each of the eighty "quartiers" (neighbourhoods) of Paris, so that no one was more than a ten-minute walk from such a park. The parks were an immediate success with all classes of Parisians.
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to Paris and the affair seemed finished. However, Bismarck edited the official dispatch of the meeting to make it appear that both sides had been hostile: "His majesty the King," the dispatch read, "refused to meet again with the French ambassador, and let him know, through an aide-de-camp of service, that His
Majesty had nothing more to say to the Ambassador." This version was communicated to governments, and the next day was in the French press.
554:
4409:'s candidacy for the Spanish crown, published 2 July 1870, aroused fury in the French parliament and press. The government was attacked by both the republicans and monarchist opposition, and by the ultra-Bonapartists, for its weakness against Prussia. On 6 July, Napoleon III held a meeting of his ministers at the château of Saint-Cloud and told them that Prussia must withdraw the Hohenzollern candidacy or there would be a war. He asked Marshal
1527:
received 376,834; the extreme left candidate
Raspail 37,106, and the poet Lamartine only 17,000 votes. Louis Napoleon won the support of all segments of the population: the peasants unhappy with rising prices and high taxes; unemployed workers; small businessmen who wanted prosperity and order; and intellectuals such as Victor Hugo. He won the votes of 55.6 percent of all registered voters, and won in all but four of France's departments.
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1740:, newspaper offices, and the strategic points in the city. In the morning, Parisians found posters around the city announcing the dissolution of the National Assembly, the restoration of universal suffrage, new elections, and a state of siege in Paris and the surrounding departments. Sixteen members of the National Assembly were arrested in their homes. When about 220 deputies of the moderate right gathered at the city hall of the
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as subsidies to companies that built low-cost housing for their workers. He outlawed the practice of employers taking possession of or making comments in the work document that every employee was required to carry; negative comments meant that workers were unable to get other jobs. In 1866, he encouraged the creation of a state insurance fund to help workers or peasants who became disabled and help their widows and families.
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Bismarck did not see much chance for a restored empire, as the French people would consider
Napoleon a mere marionette of the enemy. One last initiative from Eugénie failed in January, because of the late arrival of her envoy from London. Bismarck refused to acknowledge the former empress, as this had caused irritations with Britain and Russia. Shortly afterwards, the Germans signed a truce with the Government of France.
3454:. The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to the Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the
6115:
4147:, expected a long war and an eventual Austrian victory. Napoleon III felt he could extract a price from both Prussia and Austria for French neutrality. On 12 June 1866, France signed a secret treaty with Austria, guaranteeing French neutrality in a Prussian-Austrian war. In exchange, in the event of an Austrian victory, Austria would give Venetia to France and would also create a new independent German state on the
4136:, Austria's remaining province in Italy. Bismarck told Napoleon that Prussia had no secret arrangement to give Venetia to Italy, and Napoleon assured him in turn that France had no secret understanding with Austria. Bismarck hinted vaguely that, in the event of a war between Austria and Prussia, French neutrality would be rewarded with some sort of territory as a compensation. Napoleon III had Luxembourg in mind.
4658:
the east), blocking any escape. The
Germans arrived on 31 August, and by 1 September, occupied the heights around Sedan where they placed artillery batteries, and began shelling the French positions below. At five o'clock in the morning on 1 September, a German shell seriously wounded MacMahon in the hip. Sedan quickly came under bombardment from seven hundred German guns. MacMahon's replacement, General
1427:, the leader of the army, first withdrew his soldiers from Paris to allow the insurgents to deploy their barricades, and then returned with overwhelming force to crush the uprising; from 24 to 26 June, there were battles in the streets of the working class districts of Paris. An estimated five thousand insurgents were killed at the barricades, fifteen thousand were arrested, and four thousand deported.
3651:
3647:, the son of a factory worker and a respected historian, his new Minister of Public Education. Duruy accelerated the pace of the reforms, often coming into conflict with the Catholic Church, which wanted to keep control over education. Despite the opposition of the Church, Duruy opened schools for girls in each commune with more than five hundred residents, a total of eight hundred new schools.
1507:. He was accompanied by his companion, Harriet Howard, who gave him a large loan to help finance his campaign. He rarely went to the sessions of the National Assembly and rarely voted. He was not a gifted orator; he spoke slowly, in a monotone, with a slight German accent from his Swiss education. His opponents sometimes ridiculed him, one comparing him to "a turkey who believes he's an eagle".
3794:
1365:, and that different factions of republicans, from conservatives to those on the far left, were competing for power. He wrote to Lamartine announcing his arrival, saying that he "was without any other ambition than that of serving my country". Lamartine wrote back politely but firmly, asking Louis-Napoleon to leave Paris "until the city is more calm, and not before the elections for the
3666:
first time, public schools in France began to teach contemporary history, modern languages, art, gymnastics and music. The results of the school reforms were dramatic: in 1852, over 40 percent of army conscripts in France were unable to read or write, yet by 1869, the number had dropped to 25 percent. The rate of illiteracy among both girls and boys dropped to 32 percent.
1431:
elected in five departments; in Paris, he received 110,000 votes of the 247,000 cast, the highest number of votes of any candidate. He returned to Paris on 24 September, and this time he took his place in the
National Assembly. In seven months, he had gone from a political exile in London to a highly visible place in the National Assembly, as the government finished the
4151:, which would become an ally of France. At the same time, Napoleon proposed a secret treaty with Bismarck, promising that France would remain neutral in a war between Austria and Prussia. In the event of a Prussian victory, France would recognize Prussia's annexation of smaller German states, and France, in exchange, would receive a portion of German territory, the
1765:, 1,500 were expelled from France, and another 3,000 were given forced residence away from their homes. Soon afterwards, a commission of revision freed 3,500 of those sentenced. In 1859, the remaining 1,800 prisoners and exiles were amnestied, with the exception of the republican leader Ledru-Rollin, who was released from prison but required to leave the country.
2285:
1175:. The attempted coup turned into an even greater fiasco than the Strasbourg mutiny. The mutineers were stopped by the customs agents, the soldiers of the garrison refused to join, the mutineers were surrounded on the beach, one was killed and the others arrested. Both the British and French press heaped ridicule on Louis-Napoleon and his plot. The newspaper
4449:, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honourably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility "with a light heart". A crowd of 15,000–20,000 persons, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870, a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government.
4247:, who was also Grand Duke of Luxembourg, desperately needed money and was prepared to sell the Grand Duchy to France. Bismarck swiftly intervened and showed the British ambassador a copy of Napoleon's demands; as a result, he put pressure on William III to refuse to sell Luxembourg to France. France was forced to renounce any claim to Luxembourg in the
1523:, the newspaper of Victor Hugo, which declared, "We have confidence in him; he carries a great name." His chief opponent, General Cavaignac, expected that Louis Napoleon would come in first, but that he would receive less than fifty percent of the vote, which would mean the election would go to the National Assembly, where Cavaignac was certain to win.
4260:
population of 38 million, had an army of only 385,000 men, of whom 140,000 were in
Algeria, Mexico, and Rome. In the autumn of 1867, Napoleon III proposed a form of universal military service similar to the Prussian system to increase the size of the French Army, if needed, to 1 million. His proposal was opposed by many French officers, such as
2963:. This battle was even longer and bloodier than Magenta. In confused and often ill-directed fighting, there were approximately forty thousand casualties, including 11,500 French. Napoleon III was horrified by the thousands of dead and wounded on the battlefield. He proposed an armistice to the Austrians, which was accepted on 8 July. A formal
2937:. The Austrians had seven thousand men killed and five thousand captured, while the French forces had four thousand men killed. The battle was largely remembered because, soon after it was fought, patriotic chemists in France gave the name of the battle to their newly discovered bright purple chemical dye; the dye and the colour took the name
1710:
2248:, the engineer who headed the new Service of Promenades and Plantations, he laid out a plan for four major parks at the cardinal points of the compass around the city. Thousands of workers and gardeners began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds and trees, and construct chalets and grottoes. Napoleon III transformed the
4053:, Fauvel and Corvisart, examined him and confirmed the diagnosis. They were reluctant to operate, however, because of the high risk (gallstone operations did not become relatively safe until the 1880s) and because of the Emperor's weakness. Before anything further could be done, however, France was in the middle of a diplomatic crisis.
4716:
capitulate! He is dead!...They are trying to hide it from me. Why didn't he kill himself! Doesn't he know he has dishonored himself?!" Later, when hostile crowds formed near the palace and the staff began to flee, the Empress slipped out with one of her entourage and sought sanctuary with her American dentist, who took her to
1267:
2617:, visited France in January 1853 and was impressed by its military preparedness. He expressed his conviction that "Louis-Napoleon was resolved on a forward foreign policy". Napoleon III was actually determined to increase the country's naval power. The first purpose-built steam-powered battleship (worryingly christened after
5201:, used by all classes of Parisians. He promoted French business and exports. In international policy, he tried to emulate his uncle, with numerous imperial ventures around the world, as well as wars in Europe. He badly mishandled the threat from Prussia and found himself without allies in the face of overwhelming force.
957:, secret revolutionary societies fighting Austria's domination of Northern Italy. In the spring of 1831, when Louis Napoleon was 23, the Austrian and Papal governments launched an offensive against the Carbonari. The two brothers, wanted by the police, were forced to flee. During their flight, Napoléon-Louis contracted
2034:, which connected France by sea to the US, Latin America, North Africa and the Far East. During the Empire, the number of steamships tripled, and by 1870, France possessed the second-largest maritime fleet in the world after England. Napoleon III backed the greatest maritime project of the age, the construction of the
5171:), a mere mediocrity, in contrast with Napoleon I "The Great", presented as a military and administrative genius. In France, such arch-opposition from the age's central literary figure, whose attacks on Napoleon III were obsessive and powerful, made it impossible for a very long time to assess his reign objectively.
4763:
envoy, who spoke to Bismarck at Versailles on 14 October, declared that the army in Metz was still loyal to Napoleon. Bazaine was willing to take over power in France after the Germans had defeated the republic in Paris. Because of the weakening of the French position overall, Bismarck lost interest in this option.
1416:, considered arresting Louis Napoleon as a dangerous revolutionary, but once again he outmaneuvered them. He wrote to the president of the provisional government: "I believe I should wait to return to the heart of my country, so that my presence in France will not serve as a pretext to the enemies of the Republic."
4577:, the biggest battle of the war, took place in Lorraine between the Germans and the army of Marshal Bazaine. The Germans suffered 20,000 casualties and the French 12,000, but the Germans emerged as the victors, as Marshal Bazaine's army, with 175,000 soldiers, six divisions of cavalry and five hundred cannons, was
4369:
war against the neighbouring people who were aggressive against us. I did not doubt that it was necessary to make a French-German war before the general reorganization of Germany could be realized." As the summer of 1870 approached, pressure mounted on Bismarck to have a war with France as quickly as possible. In
5128:, since it precipitated a war that disrupted the post-Napoleonic peace, although the ultimately diplomatic solution to the war demonstrated the continued vitality of the system. The concert was based on stability and balance of powers, whereas Napoleon attempted to rearrange the world map to France's advantage.
4543:; the French lost 19,200 soldiers killed, wounded and captured, and were forced to retreat. The French soldiers fought bravely, and French cavalry and infantry attacked the German lines repeatedly, but the Germans had superior logistics, communications, and leadership. The decisive weapon was the new German
2515:"), reassuring foreign governments that he would not attack other European powers in order to extend the French Empire. He was, however, determined to follow a strong foreign policy to extend France's influence and warned that he would not stand by and allow another European power to threaten its neighbour.
1283:
1233:
prison. His enemies later derisively called him "Badinguet", the name of the laborer whose identity he had assumed. A carriage was waiting to take him to the coast and then by boat to England. A month after his escape, his father Louis died, making Charles Napoleon the clear heir to the Bonaparte dynasty.
1648:"—led by Thiers. The socialists and "red" republicans, led by Ledru-Rollin and Raspail, also did well, winning two hundred seats. The moderate republicans, in the middle, did very badly, taking just 70–80 seats. The Party of Order had a clear majority, enough to block any initiatives of Louis Napoleon.
5104:
Napoleon III also directed the building of the French railway network, which contributed to the development of the coal mining and steel industry in France. This advance radically changed the nature of the French economy, which entered the modern age of large-scale capitalism. The French economy, the
5029:. "What is the road to your heart?" Napoleon demanded to know. "Through the chapel, Sire," she answered. Yet, after marriage, it took not long for him to stray as Eugénie found sex with him "disgusting". It is doubtful that she allowed further approaches by her husband once she had given him an heir.
4476:
that he felt too old for a military campaign. Despite his declining health, Napoleon decided to go with the army to the front as commander in chief, as he had done during the successful Italian campaign. On 28 July, he departed Saint-Cloud by train for the front. He was accompanied by the 14-year-old
4436:
candidacy, but that he could not make promises on behalf of the government for the future. He considered that the matter was closed. As he was instructed by Gramont, Benedetti asked for another meeting with the king to repeat the request, but the king politely, yet firmly, refused. Benedetti returned
3727:
with Britain, calling for the gradual lowering of tariffs in both countries. He signed the treaty, without consulting with the Assembly, on 23 January 1860. Four hundred of the top industrialists in France came to Paris to protest, but he refused to yield. Industrial tariffs on such products as steel
3560:
From the beginning of his reign, Napoleon III launched a series of social reforms aimed at improving the life of the working class. He began with small projects, such as opening up two clinics in Paris for sick and injured workers, a programme of legal assistance to those unable to afford it, as well
2970:
Count Cavour and the Piedmontese were bitterly disappointed by the abrupt end of the war. Lombardy had been freed, but Venetia (the Venice region) was still controlled by the Austrians, and the Pope was still the ruler of Rome and Central Italy. Cavour angrily resigned his post. Napoleon III returned
2599:
had close personal ties with leading French statesmen, notably Napoleon III himself. Palmerston's goal was to arrange peaceful relations with France in order to free Britain's diplomatic hand elsewhere in the world. Napoleon at first had a pro-British foreign policy and was eager not to displease the
2204:
Beginning in 1854, in the center of the city, Haussmann's workers tore down hundreds of old buildings and constructed new avenues to connect the central points of the city. Buildings along these avenues were required to be the same height, constructed in an architecturally similar style, and be faced
1662:
The National Assembly, now without the left republicans and determined to keep them out forever, proposed a new election law that placed restrictions on universal male suffrage, imposing a three-year residency requirement. This new law excluded 3.5 of 9 million French voters, the voters that the
1129:
Louis Napoleon returned to London for a new period of exile in October 1838. He had inherited a large fortune from his mother and took a house with 17 servants and several of his old friends and fellow conspirators. He was received by London society and met the political and scientific leaders of the
4770:
Napoleon continued to write political tracts and letters and dreamed of a return to power. Bonapartist candidates participated in the first elections for the National Assembly on 8 February but won only five seats. On 1 March, the newly elected assembly officially declared the removal of the emperor
4766:
On 27 November, Napoleon composed a memorandum to Bismarck that raised the possibility that the Prussian king might urge the French people to recall him as Emperor after a peace treaty was signed and Paris surrendered. But by this time, Metz had already fallen, leaving Napoleon without a power base.
4368:
In his memoirs, written long after the war, Bismarck wrote, "I always considered that a war with France would naturally follow a war against Austria... I was convinced that the gulf which was created over time between the north and the south of Germany could not be better overcome than by a national
4322:
While Napoleon III was having no success finding allies, Bismarck signed secret military treaties with the southern German states, who promised to provide troops in the event of a war between Prussia and France. In 1868, Bismarck signed an accord with Russia that gave Russia liberty of action in the
4283:
Following the defeat of Austria, Napoleon resumed his search for allies against Prussia. In April 1867, he proposed an alliance, defensive and offensive, with Austria. If Austria joined France in a victorious war against Prussia, Napoleon promised that Austria could form a new confederation with the
3491:
reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of the laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for
2715:
changed the political equation. In September, after a massive bombardment, the Anglo-French army of fifty thousand men stormed the Russian positions, and the Russians were forced to evacuate Sevastopol. Alexander II sought a political solution, and negotiations were held in Paris in the new building
1666:
According to the Constitution of 1848, Louis Napoleon had to step down at the end of his term. He sought a constitutional amendment to allow him to succeed himself, arguing that four years were not enough to fully implement his political and economic program. He toured the country and gained support
1526:
The elections were held on 10–11 December. Results were announced on 20 December. Louis Napoleon was widely expected to win, but the size of his victory surprised almost everyone. He won 5,572,834 votes, or 74.2 percent of votes cast, compared with 1,469,156 for Cavaignac. The socialist Ledru-Rollin
1360:
had broken out; Louis Philippe, faced with opposition within his government and army, abdicated. Believing that his time had finally come, he set out for Paris on 27 February, departing England on the same day that Louis-Philippe left France for his own exile in England. When he arrived in Paris, he
4865:
Napoleon passed his time writing and designing a stove which would be more energy efficient. In the summer of 1872, his health began to worsen. Doctors recommended surgery to remove his gallstones. After two operations, he became very seriously ill. His final defeat in the war would haunt the dying
4657:
The Battle of Sedan was a total disaster for the French—the army surrendered to the Prussians and Napoleon himself was made a prisoner of war. MacMahon arrived at Sedan with one hundred thousand soldiers, not knowing that two German armies were closing in on the city (one from the west and one from
4264:, who preferred a smaller, more professional army; he said: "This proposal will only give us recruits; it's soldiers we need." It was also strongly opposed by the republican opposition in the French parliament, who denounced the proposal as a militarization of French society. The republican deputy,
4014:
Through the 1860s, the health of the Emperor steadily worsened. It had been damaged by his six years in prison at Ham; he had chronic pains in his legs and feet, particularly when it was cold, and as a result, he always lived and worked in overheated rooms and offices. He smoked heavily, distrusted
3866:
In the legislative elections of 31 May 1863, the pro-government candidates received 5,308,000 votes, while the opposition received 1,954,000 votes, three times more than in the previous elections. The rural departments still voted for Napoleon III's candidates, but in Paris, 63 percent of the votes
3849:
On 24 December 1861, Napoleon III, against the opposition of his own ministers, issued a decree announcing that the legislature would have greater powers. The Senate and the Assembly could, for the first time, give a response to the Emperor's program, ministers were obliged to defend their programs
3024:
Napoleon's support for the Italian patriots and his confrontation with Pope Pius IX over who would govern Rome made him unpopular with fervent French Catholics, and even with Empress Eugénie, who was a fervent Catholic. To win over the French Catholics and his wife, he agreed to guarantee that Rome
2835:
fully under Austrian influence. Napoleon III had fought with the Italian patriots against the Austrians when he was young and his sympathy was with them, but the Empress, most of his government and the Catholic Church in France supported the Pope and the existing governments. The British Government
1964:
One of the first priorities of Napoleon III was the modernisation of the French economy, which had fallen far behind that of the United Kingdom and some of the German states. Political economics had long been a passion of the Emperor. While in Britain, he had visited factories and railway yards; in
1768:
Strict press censorship was enacted by a decree from 17 February 1852. No newspaper dealing with political or social questions could be published without the permission of the government, fines were increased, and the list of press offenses was expanded. After three warnings, a newspaper or journal
1748:
and a few other republicans tried to organize an opposition to the coup. A few barricades appeared, and about 1,000 insurgents came out in the streets, but the army moved in force with 30,000 troops and the uprisings were swiftly crushed, with the killing of an estimated 300 to 400 opponents of the
1565:
at the end of December 1848 and immediately hung a portrait of his mother in the boudoir and a portrait of Napoleon I, in his coronation robes, in the grand salon. Adolphe Thiers recommended that he wear clothing of "democratic simplicity", but following the model of his uncle, he chose instead the
4927:
Mary Louisa Edwards (1814–1894), his mistress in London from 1839 to 1840. Louis Napoleon styled her "Comtesse d'Espel" and set her up at Brasted Place, Kent. She played a role in the organization of his failed coup attempt in Boulogne, in August 1840. She visited him in prison at Ham, in 1840 and
4444:
had exactly the effect that Bismarck had intended. Once again, public opinion in France was inflamed. "This text produced the effect of a red flag to the Gallic bull," Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap." The leader of the
4349:
in July 1870. France took the bait and declared war on Prussia, which proved to be a major miscalculation. This allowed Bismarck and Prussia to present the war to the world as defensive, although Prussia and Bismarck had aggressive plans, and they soon became known in relation to the annexation of
3854:
to amend the programs was enlarged. On 1 February 1861, further reforms were announced: Deputies could speak from the tribune, not just from their seats, and a stenographic record would be made and published of each session. Another even more important reform was announced on 31 December 1861: the
3784:
Napoleon's large-scale program of public works, and his expensive foreign policy, had created rapidly mounting government debts; the annual deficit was about 100 million gold-francs, and the cumulative debt had reached nearly 1,000 million gold-francs (1 billion in US readings). The
3063:
After the successful conclusion of the Italian campaign and the annexation of Savoy and Nice to the territory of France, the Continental foreign policy of Napoleon III entered a calmer period. Expeditions to distant corners of the world and the expansion of the Empire replaced major changes in the
1917:, who never actually ruled, as a true Emperor (he had been briefly recognized as emperor from 22 June to 7 July 1815). The 1852 constitution was retained; it concentrated so much power in Napoleon's hands that the only substantive change was to replace the word "president" with the word "emperor".
4705:
It is impossible for me to say what I have suffered and what I am suffering now...I would have preferred death to a capitulation so disastrous, and yet, under the present circumstances, it was the only way to avoid the butchering of sixty thousand people. If only all my torments were concentrated
4681:
Some people believe that, by burying ourselves under the ruins of Sedan, we would have better served my name and my dynasty. It's possible. Nay, to hold in my hand the lives of thousands of men and not to make a sign to save them was something that was beyond my capacity....my heart refused these
4303:
Napoleon's attempt to install the Archduke Maximilian, the brother of the Austrian Emperor, in Mexico was just coming to its disastrous conclusion; the French troops had just been withdrawn from Mexico in February 1867, and the unfortunate Maximilian would be captured, judged and shot by a firing
3744:
By the 1860s, the huge state investment in railways, infrastructure and fiscal policies of Napoleon III had brought dramatic changes to the French economy and French society. French people travelled in greater numbers, more often and farther than they had ever travelled before. The opening of the
3665:
Between 1863 and 1869, Duruy created scholastic libraries for fifteen thousand schools and required that primary schools offer courses in history and geography. Secondary schools began to teach philosophy, which had been banned by the previous regime at the request of the Catholic Church. For the
2880:
in the spring of 1858. The Austrians demanded the disarmament of Piedmont-Sardinia first and sent thirty thousand soldiers to reinforce their garrisons in Italy. Napoleon III responded on 26 January 1859 by signing a treaty of alliance with Piedmont-Sardinia. Napoleon promised to send two hundred
1849:
Despite now holding all governing power in the nation, Louis Napoleon was not content with being an authoritarian president. The ink had barely dried on the new and severely authoritarian constitution when he set about making himself emperor. Following the election, the Prince-President went on a
1845:
An election was held for a new National Assembly on 29 February 1852, and all the resources of the government were used on behalf of the candidates backing the Prince-President. Of eight million eligible voters, 5,200,000 votes went to the official candidates and 800,000 to opposition candidates.
1814:
in 1852. It was officially prepared by a committee of eighty experts but was actually drafted by a small group of the Prince-President's inner circle. Under the new constitution, Louis Napoleon was automatically reelected as president. Under Article Two, the president could now serve an unlimited
1198:
The register of the fortress Ham for 7 October 1840 contained a concise description of the new prisoner: "Age: thirty-two years. Height: one meter sixty-six. Hair and eyebrows: chestnut. Eyes: Gray and small. Nose: large. Mouth: ordinary. Beard: brown. Moustache: blond. Chin: pointed. Face: oval.
4318:
Napoleon III also made one last attempt to persuade Italy to be his ally against Prussia. Italian King Victor Emmanuel was personally favorable to a better relationship with France, remembering the role that Napoleon III had played in achieving Italian unification, but Italian public opinion was
1545:
1510:
Louis Napoleon's campaign appealed to both the left and right. His election manifesto proclaimed his support for "religion, family, property, the eternal basis of all social order". But it also announced his intent "to give work to those unoccupied; to look out for the old age of the workers; to
1430:
Louis Napoleon's absence from Paris meant that he was not connected either with the uprising, or with the brutal repression that had followed. He was still in London on 17–18 September, when the elections for the National Assembly were held, but he was a candidate in thirteen departments. He was
1232:
were returned with great ceremony to Paris and handed over to King Louis Philippe, while Louis Napoleon could only read about it in prison. On 25 May 1846, with the assistance of his doctor and other friends on the outside, he disguised himself as a laborer carrying lumber, and walked out of the
4762:
General Bazaine, staying in the fortification of Metz with a large part of the remaining French Army while being besieged, had secret talks with Bismarck's envoys on 23 September. The idea was for Bazaine to establish a conservative regime in France, for himself or for Napoleon's son. Bazaine's
4259:
Despite his failing health, Napoleon III could see that the Prussian Army, combined with the armies of Bavaria and the other German states, would be a formidable enemy. In 1866, Prussia, with a population of 22 million, had been able to mobilize an army of 700,000 men, while France, with a
3595:
His most important social reform was the 1864 law that gave French workers the right to strike, which had been forbidden since 1810. In 1866, he added to this an "Edict of Tolerance" which gave factory workers the right to organise. He issued a decree regulating the treatment of apprentices and
2884:
It was the Emperor Franz Joseph, growing impatient, who finally unleashed the war. On 23 April 1859, he sent an ultimatum to the government of Piedmont-Sardinia demanding that they stop their military preparations and disband their army. On 26 April, Count Cavour rejected the demands, and on 27
1822:
Louis Napoleon's government imposed new authoritarian measures to control dissent and reduce the power of the opposition. One of his first acts was to settle scores with his old enemy, King Louis Philippe, who had sent him to prison for life and who had died in 1850. A decree on 23 January 1852
5185:
remarks somewhere that all great world-historical facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce." Napoleon III has often been seen as an authoritarian but ineffectual leader who brought France into dubious, and ultimately
4665:
As the German shells rained down on the French positions, Napoleon III wandered aimlessly in the open around the French positions. One officer of his military escort was killed and two more received wounds. A doctor accompanying him wrote in his notebook, "If this man has not come here to kill
3752:
During the Empire, industrial production increased by 73 percent, growing twice as rapidly as that of the United Kingdom, though its total output remained lower. From 1850 to 1857, the French economy grew at a pace of five percent a year and exports grew by sixty percent between 1855 and 1869.
1866:
Some people say the Empire is war. I say the Empire is peace. Like the Emperor I have many conquests to make… Like him I wish … to draw into the stream of the great popular river those hostile side-currents which lose themselves without profit to anyone. We have immense unplowed territories to
4508:
and advanced no further. Napoleon III, very ill, was unable to ride his horse and had to support himself by leaning against a tree. In the meantime, the Prussians had assembled a much larger army opposite Alsace and Lorraine than the French had expected or were aware of. On 4 August 1870, the
1776:
was held asking if voters agreed to the coup. Mayors in many regions threatened to publish the names of any electors who refused to vote. When asked if they agreed to the coup, 7,439,216 voters said yes, 641,737 voted no, and 1.7 million voters abstained. The fairness and legality of the
4857:
He had also paid attention to another English girl, Elizabeth Howard, who later gave birth to a son, whose father (not Louis-Napoleon) settled property on her to support the son, via a trust whose trustee was Nathaniel Strode. Strode bought Camden Place in 1860 and spent large sums of money
4715:
The news of the capitulation reached Paris on 3 September, confirming the rumors that were already circulating in the city. When the Empress heard the news that the Emperor and the army had been taken prisoner, she reacted by shouting at the Emperor's personal aide, "No! An Emperor does not
1033:
suggested, "the programme of the Empire was not the improvisation of a vulgar adventurer" but the result of deep reflection on the Napoleonic political philosophy and on how to adjust it to the changed domestic and international scenes. As early as 1832 he presented a reconciliation between
1106:
King Louis Philippe had demanded that the Swiss government return Louis Napoleon to France, but the Swiss pointed out that he was a Swiss soldier and citizen and refused to hand him over. The King responded by sending an army to the Swiss border. Louis Napoleon thanked his Swiss hosts, and
4497:(Territorial defence), with 340,000 men, and an additional reserve of 400,000 territorial guards. The French army arrived at the frontier equipped with maps of Germany, but without maps of France—where the actual fighting took place—and without a specific plan of what it was going to do.
1491:
were scheduled for 10–11 December 1848. Louis Napoleon promptly announced his candidacy. There were four other candidates for the post: General Cavaignac, who had led the suppression of the June uprisings in Paris; Lamartine, the poet-philosopher and leader of the provisional government;
3718:
had lowered tariffs on imported grains, and he had seen the benefits to British consumers and the British economy. However, he faced bitter opposition from many French industrialists and farmers, who feared British competition. Convinced he was right, he sent his chief economic advisor,
1592:
Louis Napoleon also made his first venture into foreign policy, in Italy, where as a youth he had joined in the patriotic uprising against the Austrians. The previous government had sent an expeditionary force, which had been tasked and funded by the National Assembly to support the
4673:
and ordered a white flag hoisted above the citadel. He then had a message sent to the Prussian king, who was at Sedan with his army: "Monsieur my brother, not being able to die at the head of my troops, nothing remains for me but to place my sword in the hands of Your Majesty."
1261:(1823–1865). They met in 1846, soon after his return to Britain. They began to live together, she took in his two illegitimate children and raised them with her own son, and she provided financing for his political plans so that, when the moment came, he could return to France.
1613:. The French troops came under fire from Garibaldi's soldiers. The Prince-President, without consulting his ministers, ordered his soldiers to fight if needed in support of the Pope. This was very popular with French Catholics, but infuriated the republicans, who supported the
3344:, a large villa overlooking the sea. They would walk on the beach or travel to the mountains, and in the evenings, they would dance and sing and play cards and take part in other games and amateur theatricals and charades with their guests. In November, the court moved to the
2791:
unharmed. A group of conspirators threw three bombs at the imperial carriage as it made its way to the opera. Eight members of the escort and bystanders were killed and over one hundred people injured. The culprits were quickly arrested. The leader was an Italian nationalist,
4902:, his social secretary, to arrange for trysts and to procure women for the Emperor's favours. His affairs were not trivial sideshows: they distracted him from governing, affected his relationship with the empress, and diminished him in the views of the other European courts.
5121:, still in existence today, were founded during that period. The French stock market also expanded prodigiously, with many coal mining and steel companies issuing stocks. Historians credit Napoleon chiefly for supporting the railways, but not otherwise building the economy.
4396:
1388:
were elected; the name Bonaparte still had political power. In the next elections, on 4 June, where candidates could run in multiple departments, he was elected in four different departments; in Paris, he was among the top five candidates, just after the conservative leader
4330:. "Bismarck had bought Tsar Alexander II's complicity by promising to help restore his naval access to the Black Sea and Mediterranean (cut off by the treaties ending the Crimean War), other powers were less biddable". Bismarck also reached out to the liberal government of
3167:
and helped resupply Juárez. Napoleon's military was stretched very thin; he had committed 40,000 troops to Mexico, 20,000 to Rome to guard the Pope against the Italians, as well as another 80,000 in restive Algeria. Furthermore, Prussia, having just defeated Austria in the
1227:
Louis Napoleon was busy in prison, but also unhappy and impatient. He was aware that the popularity of his uncle was steadily increasing in France; Napoleon I was the subject of heroic poems, books and plays. Huge crowds had gathered in Paris on 15 December 1840 when the
1122:. While he was traveling to see more of the United States, he received word that his mother was very ill. He hurried as quickly as he could back to Switzerland. He reached Arenenberg in time to be with his mother on 5 August 1837, when she died. She was finally buried in
788:
As empress, Joséphine had proposed the marriage of Louis and Hortense as a way to produce an heir for the Emperor, who agreed, as Joséphine was by then infertile. Louis and Hortense had a difficult relationship and only lived together for brief periods. Their first son,
3766:
The average salary of French workers grew by 45 percent during the Second Empire, but only kept up with price inflation. On the other hand, more French people than ever were able to save money; the number of bank accounts grew from 742,889 in 1852 to 2,079,141 in 1870.
4484:
The mobilization of the French army was chaotic. Two hundred thousand soldiers converged on the German frontier, along a front of 250 kilometers, choking all the roads and railways for miles. Officers and their respective units were unable to find one another. General
1588:, leader of the left wing of the socialist deputies in the Second Republic, who led an attempt to overthrow Louis Napoleon's government in March 1849. He was imprisoned, but Napoleon III commuted his imprisonment to an exile and he was allowed back into France in 1862.
1904:
on whether to make Napoleon emperor. After an implausible 97 percent voted in favour (7,824,129 votes for and 253,159 against, with two million abstentions), on 2 December 1852—exactly one year after the coup—the Second Republic was officially ended, replaced by the
1533:
4166:, an ally of Austria. On 2 July, Austria asked Napoleon to arrange an armistice between Italy, which had allied itself with Prussia, and Austria, in exchange for which France would receive Venetia. But on 3 July, the Prussian army crushed the Austrian army at the
1005:
movement had existed in France, hoping to return a Bonaparte to the throne. According to the law of succession established by Napoleon I, the claim passed first to his own son, declared "King of Rome" at birth by his father. This heir, known by Bonapartists as
3367:
At the end of the year the Emperor and Court returned to the Tuileries Palace and gave a series of formal receptions and three or four grand balls with six hundred guests early in the new year. Visiting dignitaries and monarchs were frequently invited. During
2131:
Napoleon III began his regime by launching a series of enormous public works projects in Paris, hiring tens of thousands of workers to improve the sanitation, water supply and traffic circulation of the city. To direct this task, he named a new prefect of the
4853:
Louis-Napoleon had a longtime connection with Chislehurst and Camden Place: years earlier, while exiled in England, he had often visited Emily Rowles, whose father had owned Camden Place in the 1830s. She had assisted his escape from a French prison in 1846.
3004:. Napoleon III wrote to the Pope and suggested that he "make the sacrifice of your provinces in revolt and confide them to Victor Emmanuel". The Pope, furious, declared in a public address that Napoleon III was a "liar and a cheat". Rome and the surrounding
2239:
Napoleon also wanted to build new parks and gardens for the recreation and relaxation of the Parisians, particularly those in the new neighbourhoods of the expanding city. Napoleon's new parks were inspired by his memories of the parks in London, especially
1162:
Living in the comfort of London, he had not given up the dream of returning to France to seize power. In the summer of 1840 he bought weapons and uniforms and had proclamations printed, gathered a contingent of about sixty armed men, hired a ship called the
3855:
budget of each ministry would be voted section by section, not in a block, and the government could no longer spend money by special decree when the legislature was not in session. He did retain the right to change the budget estimates section by section.
4493:, having gained experience mobilizing in the war against Austria, were able to efficiently move three armies of 518,000 men to a more concentrated front of just 120 kilometers. In addition, the German soldiers were backed by a substantial reserve of the
1295:
2300:
2127:, one of the new boulevards created by Napoleon III. The new buildings on the boulevards were required to be all of the same height and same basic facade design, and all faced with cream coloured stone, giving the city center its distinctive harmony.
2751:. The war had two important diplomatic consequences: Alexander II became an ally of France, and Britain and France were reconciled. In April 1855, Napoleon III and Eugénie went to England and were received by the Queen; in turn, Victoria and Prince
2881:
thousand soldiers to help one hundred thousand soldiers from Piedmont-Sardinia to force the Austrians out of Northern Italy; in return, France would receive the County of Nice and Savoy provided that their populations would agree in a referendum.
2636:
From the start of his Empire, Napoleon III sought an alliance with Britain. He had lived there while in exile and saw Britain as a natural partner in the projects he wished to accomplish. An opportunity soon presented itself: In early 1853, Tsar
1213:
While in prison, Louis Napoleon wrote poems, political essays, and articles on diverse topics. He contributed articles to regional newspapers and magazines in towns all over France, becoming quite well known as a writer. His most famous book was
1029:, trained to become an officer, and wrote a manual of artillery (his uncle Napoleon had become famous as an artillery officer). Louis Napoleon also began writing about his political philosophy—for as the early twentieth century English historian
5052:, and the chronic effects of smoking. In 1856, Dr. Robert Ferguson, a consultant called from London, diagnosed a "nervous exhaustion" that had a "debilitating impact upon sexual ... performance" which he also reported to the British government.
2320:
1667:
from many of the regional governments and many within the Assembly. The vote in July 1851 was 446 to 278 in favor of changing the law and allowing him to run again, but this was short of the two-thirds majority needed to amend the constitution.
4445:
conservatives in parliament, Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister,
2861:, which had been taken from France after Napoleon's fall in 1815 and returned to Piedmont-Sardinia. Cavour protested that Nice was Italian, but Napoleon responded that "these are secondary questions. There will be time later to discuss them."
2992:
In Italy, even without the French army, the process of Italian unification launched by Cavour and Napoleon III took on a momentum of its own. There were uprisings in central Italy and the Papal States, and Italian patriots, led by Garibaldi,
2836:
was also hostile to the idea of promoting nationalism in Italy. Despite the opposition within his government and in his own palace, Napoleon III did all that he could to support the cause of Piedmont-Sardinia. The King of Piedmont-Sardinia,
3008:
region remained in Papal hands, and therefore did not immediately become the capital of the newly created Kingdom of Italy, and Venetia was still occupied by the Austrians, but the rest of Italy had come under the rule of Victor Emmanuel.
2185:. These two works increased the water supply of Paris from 87,000 to 400,000 cubic meters of water a day. Hundreds of kilometers of pipes distributed the water throughout the city, and a second network, using the less-clean water from the
3033:
to face them, arrested Garibaldi and put him in prison. Napoleon III sought a diplomatic solution that would allow him to withdraw French troops from Rome while guaranteeing that the city would remain under Papal control. In the 1864
2876:) and his government; Britain was against the war, but agreed to remain neutral. Still facing strong opposition within his own government, Napoleon III offered to negotiate a diplomatic solution with the twenty-eight-year-old Emperor
1369:". His close advisors urged him to stay and try to take power, but he wanted to show his prudence and loyalty to the Republic; while his advisors remained in Paris, he returned to London on 2 March 1848 and watched events from there.
4345:(who became President of the French Republic in 1871) accused Napoleon III of erroneous foreign policy: "There is no mistake that can be made". Bismarck thought that French vanity would lead to war; he exploited that vanity in the
3012:
As Cavour had promised, Savoy and the County of Nice were annexed by France in 1860 after referendums, although it is disputed how fair they were. In Nice, 25,734 voted for union with France, just 260 against, but Italians still
1846:
About one third of the eligible voters abstained. The new Assembly included a small number of opponents of Louis Napoleon, including 17 monarchists, 18 conservatives, two liberal democrats, three republicans and 72 independents.
3858:
The Deputies quickly took advantage of their new rights; the Emperor's Italian policy was bitterly condemned in Parliament, and anti-government amendments by the pro-Catholic deputies were defeated by votes of 158 to 91 in the
1756:
by a period of repression of his opponents, aimed mostly at the red republicans. About 26,000 people were arrested, including 4,000 in Paris alone. The 239 inmates who were judged most severely were sent to the penal colony in
1784:
Following the returns, many challenged the validity of such an implausibly lopsided result. One such critic was Victor Hugo, who had originally supported Louis Napoleon but had been infuriated by the coup d'Ă©tat, departed for
1826:
The National Guard, whose members had sometimes joined anti-government demonstrations, was re-organized and largely used only in parades. Government officials were required to wear uniforms at official formal occasions. The
1311:
1093:
arrested. Unfortunately for Louis-Napoleon, the general commanding the garrison escaped and called in a loyal regiment, which surrounded the mutineers. The mutineers surrendered and Louis-Napoleon fled back to Switzerland.
669:
and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike, the right to organize, and the right for women to be admitted to a French university.
4897:
Louis Napoleon has a historical reputation as a womanizer, yet he said: "It is usually the man who attacks. As for me, I defend myself, and I often capitulate." He had many mistresses. During his reign, it was the task of
1397:. His followers were mostly on the left, from the peasantry and working class. His pamphlet on "The Extinction of Pauperism" was widely circulated in Paris, and his name was cheered with those of the socialist candidates
4662:, launched a series of cavalry attacks to try to break the German encirclement, with no success. During the battle and bombardment, the French lost seventeen thousand killed or wounded and twenty-one thousand captured.
10010:: reminiscences of the Comtesse Louise de Mercy-Argenteau, née Princesse de Caraman-Chimay, describing her association with the Emperor Napoleon III and the social and political part she played at the close of the
5006:(1838–1886), an actress and acrobatic dancer. Bellanger was falsely rumoured to be the illegitimate daughter of a hangman, and she was the most universally loathed of the mistresses, although perhaps his favourite.
4323:
Balkans in exchange for neutrality in the event of a war between France and Prussia. This treaty put additional pressure on Austria-Hungary, which also had interests in the Balkans, not to ally itself with France.
4701:, where the Prussian king visited him. Napoleon told the king that he had not wanted the war, but that public opinion had forced him into it. That evening, from the Château, Napoleon wrote to the Empress Eugénie:
1895:
When Louis Napoleon returned to Paris the city was decorated with large arches, with banners proclaiming, "To Napoleon III, emperor". In response to officially inspired requests for the return of the empire, the
1181:
wrote, "this surpasses comedy. One doesn't kill crazy people, one just locks them up." He was put on trial, where, despite an eloquent defense of his cause, he was sentenced to life in prison in the fortress of
3029:(in 1865), not Rome. However, in 1862, Garibaldi gathered an army to march on Rome, under the slogan, "Rome or death". To avoid a confrontation between Garibaldi and the French soldiers, the Italian government
2696:. During the 332 days of the siege, the French lost 95,000 soldiers, including 75,000 due to disease. The suffering of the army in the Crimea was carefully concealed from the French public by press censorship.
1577:
Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877), leader of the conservative republicans in the National Assembly, reluctantly supported Louis Napoleon in the 1848 elections and became his bitter opponent during the Second Republic.
2600:
British government, whose friendship he saw as important to France. After a brief threat of an invasion of Britain in 1851, France and Britain cooperated in the 1850s with an alliance in the Crimean War and a
640:, made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, and personally engaged in two wars. Maintaining leadership for 22 years, he was the longest-reigning French head of state since the fall of the
4215:
Napoleon III still hoped to receive some compensation from Prussia for French neutrality during the war. His foreign minister, Drouyn, asked Bismarck for the Palatinate region on the Rhine, which belonged to
2909:
Napoleon III, though he had very little military experience, decided to lead the French army in Italy himself. Part of the French army crossed over the Alps, while the other part, with the Emperor, landed in
2542:. In all of his foreign policy ventures, he put the interests of France first. Napoleon III felt that new states created on the basis of national identity would become natural allies and partners of France.
11388:
4471:
and chanting "To Berlin! To Berlin!" But Napoleon was melancholic. He told General Lepic that he expected the war to be "long and difficult", and wondered, "Who knows if we'll come back?" He told Marshal
2394:. She received much of her education in Paris. Her beauty attracted Napoleon III, who, as was his custom, tried to seduce her, but Eugénie told him to wait for marriage. The civil ceremony took place at
1097:
Louis Napoleon was widely popular in exile and his popularity in France continuously grew after his failed coup in 1836 as it established him as heir to the Bonaparte legend and increased his publicity.
3867:
went to anti-government republican candidates, with similar numbers in all the large cities. The new Assembly contained a large opposition block ranging from Catholics outraged by the Papal policies to
1514:
Louis Napoleon's campaign agents, many of them veterans from Napoleon Bonaparte's army, raised support for him around the country. Louis Napoleon won the grudging endorsement of the conservative leader
3736:, and France's other neighbors. France's industries were forced to modernize and become more efficient to compete with the British, as Napoleon III had intended. Commerce between the countries surged.
2758:
The defeat of Russia and the alliance with Britain gave France increased authority and prestige in Europe. This was the first war between European powers since the close of the Napoleonic Wars and the
11014:
1831:
was given the power to dismiss professors at the universities and review the content of their courses. Students at the universities were forbidden to wear beards, seen as a symbol of republicanism.
1085:. The colonel of a regiment was brought over to the cause. On 29 October 1836, Louis Napoleon arrived in Strasbourg, in the uniform of an artillery officer; he rallied the regiment to his side. The
917:
1736:
and officers from the French Army in North Africa to provide military backing for the coup. On the night of 1–2 December, Saint Arnaud's soldiers quietly occupied the national printing office, the
4477:
Prince Imperial in the uniform of the army, by his military staff, and by a large contingent of chefs and servants in livery. He was pale and visibly in pain. The Empress remained in Paris as the
889:
4771:
from power and placed all the blame for the French defeat squarely on him. When peace was arranged between France and Germany, Bismarck released Napoleon; the emperor decided to go into exile in
3714:
One of the centerpieces of the economic policy of Napoleon III was the lowering of tariffs and the opening of French markets to imported goods. He had been in Britain in 1846 when Prime Minister
3076:, the ailment that killed him nine years later. He was less engaged in governing and less attentive to detail, but still sought opportunities to increase French commerce and prestige globally.
3760:
by Napoleon III, and new markets opened by the railways. The threat of famine, which for centuries had haunted the French countryside, receded. The last recorded famine in France was in 1855.
3689:
and founded a network of research institutes of higher studies in the sciences, history, and economics. These also were criticized by Catholic ecclesiastics. The Cardinal-Archbishop of Rouen,
10003:
4392:, who was hostile to Bismarck. The Emperor was weak and ill, but the more extreme Bonapartists were prepared to show their strength against the republicans and monarchists in the parliament.
3372:, there was a series of very elaborate costume balls on the themes of different countries and different historical periods, for which guests sometimes spent small fortunes on their costumes.
4566:, better known as the Count of Palikao, seventy-four years old and former commander of the French expeditionary force to China, as her new prime minister. The Count of Palikao named Marshal
3657:, Napoléon III's Minister of Public Education from 1863 to 1869, created schools for girls in every commune of France and women were admitted for the first time to medical school and to the
4603:. Moltke, the German commander, ordered two Prussian armies marching toward Paris to turn towards MacMahon's army. On 30 August, one corps of MacMahon's army was attacked by the Germans at
4201:, who saw him on 28 July, wrote that the Emperor "was pitiful to see. He could barely sit up in his armchair, and his drawn face expressed at the same time moral anguish and physical pain.
3763:
During the Empire, the migration of the rural population to the cities increased. The portion of the population active in agriculture dropped from 61 percent in 1851 to 54 percent in 1870.
801:
starting from 12 August 1807 and Louis Napoleon was born prematurely, (at least) three weeks short of nine months. Hortense was known to have lovers and Louis Napoleon's enemies, including
11062:
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and Napoleon III make official the annexation of eleven communes around Paris to the city. The annexation increased the size of the city from twelve to the present twenty arrondissements.
2140:, and gave him extraordinary powers to rebuild the center of the city. He installed a large map of Paris in a central position in his office, and he and Haussmann planned the new Paris.
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The health problems of the Emperor were kept secret by the government, which feared that, if his condition became public, the opposition would demand his abdication. One newspaper, the
2850:(1837–1899). As Cavour had hoped, she caught the Emperor's eye and became his mistress. Between 1855 and 1857, she used the opportunity to pass messages and to plead the Italian cause.
11181:
11164:
4432:, where the Prussian king was staying. Benedetti met with the king on 13 July in the park of the château. The king told him courteously that he agreed fully with the withdrawal of the
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and other spas. It became difficult for him to ride a horse, and he was obliged to walk slowly, often with a cane. From 1869 onwards, the crises of his urinary tract were treated with
2657:. The Ottoman Empire, backed by Britain and France, refused Russia's demands, and a joint British-French fleet was sent to support the Ottoman Empire. When Russia refused to leave the
9948:
5069:, Napoleon III continued to seek the preservation of numerous medieval buildings in France that had been neglected since the French Revolution, a project Mérimée had begun during the
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squad on 19 June. Napoleon III made these offers again in August 1867, on a visit to offer condolences for the death of Maximilian, but the proposal was not received with enthusiasm.
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they agreed to join forces and drive the Austrians from Italy. In exchange, Napoleon III asked for Savoy (the ancestral land of the King of Piedmont-Sardinia) and the then bilingual
3336:(nowadays: Châlons-en-Champagne), where Napoleon could take the waters and review military parades and exercises. Beginning in 1856, the Emperor and Empress spent each September in
1289:
The room in the fortress of Ham where Louis Napoleon studied, wrote, and conducted scientific experiments. He later often referred to what he had learned at "the University of Ham".
3426:, who received major commissions, and whose work was purchased for state museums. At the same time, he followed public opinion, and he made an important contribution to the French
3309:. The Emperor's rooms were overheated and were filled with smoke, as he smoked cigarette after cigarette. The Empress occupied a suite of rooms just above his, highly decorated in
2933:. It was long and bloody, and the French center was exhausted and nearly broken, but the battle was finally won by a timely attack on the Austrian flank by the soldiers of General
11232:
1892:, twice foreign minister, later commented that, "the Emperor has immense desires and limited abilities. He wants to do extraordinary things but is only capable of extravagances."
4072:, Bismarck declared, in a famous speech: "It is not by speeches and votes of the majority that the great questions of our period will be settled, as one believed in 1848, but by
13225:
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Napoleon III and the Empress Eugénie worked to give girls and women greater access to public education. In 1861, through the direct intervention of the Emperor and the Empress,
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broke out in Paris, led by the far left, against the conservative majority in the National Assembly. Hundreds of barricades appeared in the working-class neighborhoods. General
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961:. He died in his brother's arms on 17 March 1831. Hortense joined Louis Napoleon and together they evaded the police and Austrian army and finally reached the French border.
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Napoleon was originally buried at St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Chislehurst. However, after his son, an officer in the British Army, died in 1879 fighting against the
2846:, the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, came to Paris with the King and employed an unusual emissary in his efforts to win the support of Napoleon III: his young cousin,
1815:
number of 10-year terms. He was given the absolute authority to declare war, sign treaties, form alliances and initiate laws. The Constitution re-established universal male
1018:, followed by Louis Bonaparte, but neither Joseph nor Louis had any interest in re-entering public life. When the Duke of Reichstadt died in 1832, Louis Napoleon became the
4686:
At six o'clock in the morning on 2 September, in the uniform of a general and accompanied by four generals from his staff, Napoleon was taken to the German headquarters at
945:, exploring the ancient ruins and learning the arts of seduction and romantic affairs, which he used often in his later life. He became friends with the French Ambassador,
13205:
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4034:, was warned by the censors to stop publishing articles which had "a clear and malicious intent to spread, contrary to the truth, alarms about the health of the Emperor".
2146:
To accommodate the growing population and those who would be forced from the center by the construction of new boulevards and squares, Napoleon issued a decree in 1860 to
1644:, only a few months after Louis Napoleon had become president, and were largely won by a coalition of conservative republicans—which Catholics and monarchists called "The
11314:
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in South Africa, Eugénie decided to build a monastery and a chapel for the remains of Napoleon III and their son. In 1888, the bodies were moved to the Imperial Crypt at
2955:. His army had been reinforced and numbered 130,000 men, roughly the same as the French and Piedmontese, though the Austrians were superior in artillery. On 24 June, the
2413:" with other women. Eugénie faithfully performed the duties of an empress, entertaining guests and accompanying the Emperor to balls, opera, and theatre. She traveled to
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The historical reputation of Napoleon III is far below that of his uncle and had been heavily tarnished by the empire's military failures in Mexico and against Prussia.
1717:
from July 1849. Hugo supported Louis Napoleon in the election for president, but after the coup d'Ă©tat went into exile and became his most relentless and eloquent enemy.
1539:
The 1848 presidential campaign pitted Louis Napoleon against General Cavaignac, the Minister of Defense of the Provisional Government, and the leaders of the socialists.
4023:, which made him seem lethargic and apathetic. His writing became hard to read and his voice weak. In the spring of 1870, he was visited by an old friend from England,
2975:, the symbol of the glory of Napoleon I. Napoleon III celebrated the day by granting a general amnesty to the political prisoners and exiles he had chased from France.
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the infamous article 1781, which said that the declaration of the employer, even without proof, would be given more weight by the court than the word of the employee.
3316:
The court moved with the Emperor and Empress from palace to palace each year following a regular calendar. At the beginning of May, the Emperor and court moved to the
1948:
railway stations in Paris were built under Napoleon III. During his reign, the railway network of France expanded from 3 500 kilometres to 20 000 kilometres.
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Napoleon III was overconfident in his military strength and went into war even after he failed to find any allies who would support a war to stop German unification.
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4388:. The Emperor was less popular in Paris and the big cities, but highly popular in the French countryside. Napoleon had named a new foreign minister, Antoine Agenor,
4338:
mobilized the British fleet, to dissuade France against any aggressive moves against Belgium. In any war between France and Prussia, France would be entirely alone.
4068:. In May 1862, Bismarck came to Paris on a diplomatic mission and met Napoleon III for the first time. They had cordial relations. On 30 September 1862, however, in
2727:
1034:
Bonapartism and republicanism through the principle of popular sovereignty. He believed a strong emperor existed to execute the will of the people. He published his
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second largest in the world at the time (behind the British economy), experienced a very strong growth during the reign of Napoleon III. Names such as steel tycoon
2143:
The population of Paris had doubled since 1815, with neither an increase in its area nor a development of its structure of very narrow medieval streets and alleys.
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increased the European money supply. In the early years of the Empire, the economy also benefited from the coming of age of those born during the baby boom of the
4558:
When news of the French defeats reached Paris on 7 August, it was greeted with disbelief and dismay. Prime Minister Ollivier and the army chief of staff, Marshal
3564:
To help the working class, Napoleon III offered a prize to anyone who could develop an inexpensive substitute for butter; the prize was won by the French chemist
2018:
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4607:, losing five hundred men and forty cannons. MacMahon, believing he was ahead of the Germans, decided to stop and reorganize his forces at the fortified city of
3531:, and in 1862, he declared it a national historical monument. In 1853, he approved and provided funding for Viollet-le-Duc's restoration of the medieval town of
4691:
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3465:, was held in another part of the Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings such as
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coup. There were also small uprisings in the more militant red republican towns in the south and center of France, but these were all put down by 10 December.
1352:
Louis Napoleon as a member of the National Assembly in 1848. He spoke rarely in the Assembly, but, because of his name, had enormous popularity in the country.
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Louis Napoleon's 1840 attempt to lead an uprising against Louis Philippe ended in fiasco and ridicule. He was sentenced to prison for life in the fortress of
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on 11 December 1851. He became the most bitter critic of Louis Napoleon, rejected the amnesty offered to him, and did not return to France for twenty years.
1551:
Louis Napoleon's essay, "The Extinction of Pauperism", advocating reforms to help the working class, was widely circulated during the 1848 election campaign.
1257:, the most famous French actress of the period, during her tours to Britain. More important for his future career, he had an affair with the wealthy heiress
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4931:
4377:, which favoured a confederacy of (Catholic) Bavaria with (Catholic) Austria. German Protestant public opinion was on the side of unification with Prussia.
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would remain under the Pope and independent from the rest of Italy and agreed to keep French troops there. The capital of Italy became Turin (in 1861) then
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represented a high-water mark for Napoleon's regime in foreign affairs. It encouraged Napoleon III to make an even bolder foreign policy venture in Italy.
1487:, called for a strong executive and a president elected by popular vote through universal male suffrage, rather than chosen by the National Assembly. The
757:
Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Louis Napoleon and then Napoleon III, was born in Paris on the night of 19–20 April 1808. His father was
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superior to the Prussian rifle, that the French artillery was commanded by an elite corps of officers, and that the army "would not lack a button on its
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in Italy against the Austrians and against the Pope. Instead the force was secretly ordered to do the opposite, namely to enter Rome to help restore the
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3950:
3693:, wrote, "True science is religious, while false science, on the other hand, is vain and prideful; being unable to explain God, it rebels against him."
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of 1866, was an imminent threat. Napoleon realised his predicament and withdrew his troops from Mexico in 1866. Maximilian was overthrown and executed.
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However, Garibaldi made another attempt to capture Rome in November 1867, but was defeated by a hastily dispatched French force and Papal troops at the
2067:, opened in Paris in 1852 in a modest building and expanded rapidly, its income increasing from 450,000 francs a year to 20 million. Its founder,
636:
Napoleon III was a popular monarch who oversaw the modernization of the French economy and filled Paris with new boulevards and parks. He expanded the
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Guenot, Emmanuelle. "Napoleon III and France's colonial expansion: National grandeur, territorial conquests and colonial embellishment, 1852–70." in
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Enormous public works projects reconstructed the center of Paris. Here, work to extend the Rue de Rivoli continues at night by electric light (1854).
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introduce in industrial laws those improvements which do not ruin the rich, but which bring about the well-being of each and the prosperity of all".
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The direction of movement of MacMahon's army was supposed to be secret, but it was published in the French press and thus was quickly known to the
4103:), Napoleon III recognized the threat that a unified Germany would pose to France, and he looked for allies to challenge Germany, without success.
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after pressure from the general public. The French Army was rapidly defeated, and Napoleon was captured at Sedan. He was swiftly dethroned and the
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met in Turin, and on 23 March, Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed King of Italy. Count Cavour died a few weeks later, declaring that "Italy is made."
673:
In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated
2169:
For the duration of Napoleon III's reign and a decade afterwards, most of Paris was an enormous construction site. His hydraulic chief engineer,
953:, with whom he remained in contact for many years. He was reunited with his older brother Napoléon-Louis; together they became involved with the
805:, spread the gossip that he was the child of a different man, but most historians agree today that he was the legitimate son of Louis Bonaparte.
714:
657:. He expanded and consolidated the railway system throughout the nation and modernized the banking system. Napoleon promoted the building of the
10405:
3756:
French agricultural production increased by sixty percent, spurred by new farming techniques taught at the agricultural schools started in each
2944:
The rest of the Austrian army was able to escape while Napoleon III and King Victor Emmanuel made a triumphal entry on 10 June into the city of
1224:
later founded in Israel. This book was widely reprinted and circulated in France, and played an important part in his future electoral success.
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2244:, where he had strolled and promenaded in a carriage while in exile; but he wanted to build on a much larger scale. Working with Haussmann and
4413:, the chief of staff of the French army, if the army was prepared for a war against Prussia. Leboeuf responded that the French soldiers had a
2556:
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1344:, which forced King Louis Philippe I to abdicate, opened the way for Louis Napoleon to return to France and to run for the National Assembly.
484:
9457:
2330:, transformed by Napoleon III between 1852 and 1858, was designed to give a place for relaxation and recreation to all the classes of Paris.
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On 2 August, Napoleon and the Prince Imperial accompanied the army as it made a tentative crossing of the German border toward the city of
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as his godmother. His father stayed away, once again separated from Hortense. At the age of seven, Louis Napoleon visited his uncle at the
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transforming it into a French château. Strode had also received money from the Emperor, possibly to buy Camden Place and maintain it as a
1823:
forbade the late king's family to own property in France and annulled the inheritance he had given to his children before he became king.
1781:
was immediately questioned by Louis Napoleon's critics, but Louis Napoleon was convinced that he had been given a public mandate to rule.
1705:'s cavalry patrolled Paris during Napoleon's 1851 coup. Three to four hundred people were killed in street fighting after the coup d'Ă©tat.
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increased the demands, asking that Prussia accept the annexation by France of Belgium and of Luxembourg, sparking the Luxembourg Crisis.
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map of Europe. The Emperor's health declined; he gained weight, he began to dye his hair to cover the gray, he walked slowly because of
2158:(city boroughs) from twelve to twenty. Paris was thus enlarged to its modern boundaries with the exception of the two major city parks (
988:
sentiment was still strong among the French people and the army. They went to Britain briefly, and then back into exile in Switzerland.
980:. Hortense wrote an appeal to the King, asking to stay in France, and Louis Napoleon offered to volunteer as an ordinary soldier in the
661:
and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made the country an agricultural exporter. He negotiated the 1860
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4818:, when aged around 57. This was Empress Eugénie's favourite portrait, since it represented, in her opinion, his person most faithfully.
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In France, patriotic sentiment was also growing. On 8 May 1870, French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a
3728:
rails for railways were lowered first; tariffs on grains were not lowered until June 1861. Similar agreements were negotiated with the
3547:
since the French Revolution, where many important political prisoners had been held, so it could be restored and opened to the public.
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2588:
1519:, who believed he could be the most easily controlled; Thiers called him "of all the candidates, the least bad". He won the backing of
106:
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and a large map of Paris that he used to show his ideas for the reconstruction of Paris to his prefect of the Seine department, Baron
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2762:, marking a breakdown of the alliance system that had maintained peace for nearly half a century. The war also effectively ended the
2380:
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period. The steady rise of prices caused by the increase of the money supply encouraged company promotion and investment of capital.
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1373:
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717:. Napoleon doubled the area of the French colonial empire with expansions in Asia, the Pacific, and Africa. On the other hand, the
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From 5 September 1870 until 19 March 1871, Napoleon III and his entourage of thirteen aides were held in comfortable captivity at
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Emperor needed to restore the confidence of the business world and to involve the legislature and have them share responsibility.
3282:
Following the model of the Kings of France and of his uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III moved his official residence to the
2424:
Though a fervent Catholic and conservative on many other issues, Eugénie strongly advocated equality for women. She pressured the
1126:, in France, next to her mother, on 11 January 1838, but Louis Napoleon could not attend, because he was not allowed into France.
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Soon after becoming emperor, Napoleon III began searching for a wife to give him an heir. He was still attached to his companion
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in 1864. These banks provided the funding for Napoleon III's major projects, from railway and canals to the rebuilding of Paris.
1828:
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Despite the economic progress the country had made, domestic opposition to Napoleon III was slowly growing, particularly in the
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doctors and their advice and attributed any problems simply to "rheumatism", for which he regularly visited the hot springs at
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2905:, which secured the Austrian withdrawal from Italy. He was horrified by the casualties and ended the war soon after the battle.
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The garrison of eight thousand French troops remained in Rome until August 1870, when they were recalled at the start of the
2220:, the great cast iron and glass pavilioned produce market in the center of the city, and built a new municipal hospital, the
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former emperor throughout his last days. His last words were "Isn't it true that we weren't cowards at Sedan?”, directed at
4421:". He assured the Emperor that the French army could have four hundred thousand men on the Rhine in less than fifteen days.
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the Italian government guaranteed the independence of the rump Papal States and the French garrison in Rome was withdrawn.
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Maria Anna Schiess (1812–1880), of Allensbach (Lake Constance, Germany), mother of his son Bonaventure Karrer (1839–1921).
1721:
Louis Napoleon believed that he was supported by the people and he chose to retain power by other means. His half-brother
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was proclaimed in Paris. After he was released from German custody, he went into exile in England, where he died in 1873.
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was open for the Prussians, and Austria asked for an armistice. The armistice was signed on 22 July; Prussia annexed the
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2770:, or "Waterloo Coalition", that the other four powers (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) had established. The
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Post-Imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimar Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia
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Complexion: pale. Head: sunken in his shoulders, and large shoulders. Back: bent. Lips: thick." He had a mistress named
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3890:, the leader of the republican opposition, wrote in despair, "We were crushed. The Emperor is more popular than ever."
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for walks in the forest and boating on the lake. In July, the court moved to thermal baths for a health cure, first to
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Napoleon III wisely left the fighting to his professional generals. The first great battle of the war, on 4 June 1859,
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In 1851, France had only 3,500 kilometers of railway, compared with 10,000 kilometers in England and 800 kilometers in
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Roger Price, "Napoleon III and the French Second Empire: A Reassessment of a Controversial Period in French History."
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in 1863. Bismarck and Prussia, on the other hand, had offered assistance to Russia to help crush the Polish patriots.
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2379:. They declined because of his Catholic religion and the political uncertainty about his future, as did the family of
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4076:." Bismarck saw Austria and France as the main obstacles to his ambitions, and he set out to divide and defeat them.
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Despite the opposition in the legislature, Napoleon III's reforms remained popular in the rest of the country. A new
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Napoleon III also began or completed the restoration of several important historic landmarks, carried out for him by
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976:. They arrived in Paris on 23 April 1831, and took up residence under the name "Hamilton" in the Hotel du Holland on
875:. As a result, for the rest of his life, his French had a slight but noticeable German accent. His tutor at home was
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Carroll, Christina. "Defining 'Empire' under Napoleon III: Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol and Paul Leroy-Beaulieu."
4562:, both resigned. The Empress Eugénie took it upon herself as the Regent to name a new government. She chose General
2452:
In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world as a supporter of
621:
when he could not constitutionally be re-elected. He later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French and founded the
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Napoleon, Eugénie, their son and their entourage, including the American Colonel Zebulon Howell Benton, settled at
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4373:, the largest of the southern German states, unification with (mostly Protestant) Prussia was being opposed by the
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in London, offering to protect the neutrality of Belgium against a French threat. The British Foreign Office under
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The rebuilding of central Paris also encouraged commercial expansion and innovation. The first department store,
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Price, Roger (2002). "Napoleon III: 'hero' or 'grotesque mediocrity'?". In Cowling, Mark; Martin, James (eds.).
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In 1866, relations between Austria and Prussia worsened and Bismarck demanded the expulsion of Austria from the
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and traveled around France with him. He quietly sent a diplomatic delegation to approach the family of Princess
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found that the Second Republic had been declared, led by a Provisional Government headed by a Commission led by
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When France entered the war, there were patriotic demonstrations in the streets of Paris, with crowds singing
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The Russian government was also suspicious of Napoleon, who it believed had encouraged Polish nationalists to
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of the first bookstores in Napoleon's new train stations led to the wider circulation of books around France.
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to Mexico in an effort to establish an allied monarchy in the Americas, with Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of
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Pinkney, David H. (1955). "Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea".
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4384:, with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the
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the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting.
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Louis Napoleon captured 74.2 percent of votes cast in the first French direct presidential elections in 1848.
840:
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790:
618:
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4517:(German: Weissenburg), forcing it to retreat. On 5 August, the Germans defeated another French army at the
4514:
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staffed by a strong Prussian garrison in accordance with international treaties. Napoleon's senior advisor
3207:
during the 19th century and early 20th century in Southern China, including a naval base at Kuangchow Bay (
3159:
in 1865, the United States made clear that France would have to leave. It sent 50,000 troops under General
2245:
1741:
151:
10747:
6371:– an outline of Napoleon III's opinion of the optimal course for France, written before he became Emperor.
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His wife, Eugénie, resisted his advances prior to marriage. She was coached by her mother and her friend,
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designed by France is commonly referred to as a "Napoleon cannon" or "12-pounder Napoleon" in his honor.
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of 1863, Napoleon III ordered that the works be displayed, so that the public could judge for themselves.
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1952:
1585:
794:
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Napoleon's military pressure and Russian mistakes, culminating in the Crimean War, dealt a blow to the
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1992:
1366:
1242:
11762:
10848:
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on 18 May 1859. Fortunately for Napoleon and the Piedmontese, the commander of the Austrians, General
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in 1860. Later, however, to appease fervent French Catholics, he sent soldiers to defend the residual
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12803:
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4775:. Having limited funds, Napoleon sold properties and jewels and arrived in England on 20 March 1871.
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3345:
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1987:, which sold shares to the public and provided loans to both private industry and to the government.
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423:
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11772:
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185:
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acting as chief architect, many buildings were saved, including some of the most famous in France:
4327:
4251:. Napoleon III gained nothing for his efforts but the demilitarization of the Luxembourg fortress.
3455:
3423:
3287:
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was also mounted in response to the murder of French missionaries, although this ended in failure.
2771:
2668:. The Anglo-French fleet landed thirty thousand French and twenty thousand British soldiers in the
2357:
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2155:
1876:
1730:
1245:, London, went to the theatre and hunted, renewed his acquaintance with Benjamin Disraeli, and met
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42:
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3434:, the famous annual showcase of French painting, headed by the ultra-conservative director of the
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8623:. In 5 volumes. Edited by Ernest Lavisse and Alfred Rambaud. 2nd ed., Vol. 5. Part 1. – M. p. 182
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4551:, had a steel barrel, longer range, a higher rate of fire, and was more accurate than the bronze
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4118:, and did not want any military engagements on the European continent at the side of the French.
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2435:
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In addition to building the four large parks, Napoleon had the city's older parks, including the
2002:, a country one-twentieth the size of France. Within days of the coup d'Ă©tat of 1851, Napoleon's
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770:
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3286:, where he had a suite of rooms on the ground floor of the south wing between the Seine and the
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during the gala soirée of 10 June 1867, hosted by Napoleon III for the sovereigns attending the
3069:
2854:
2684:
joined them, reaching a total of 140,000 soldiers, but they suffered terribly from epidemics of
2124:
2094:
Napoleon's program also included reclaiming farmland and reforestation. One such project in the
825:
574:(Charles-Louis NapolĂ©on Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first
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to Paris on 17 July, and a huge parade and celebration were held on 14 August, in front of the
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drained and reforested 10,000 square kilometers (3,900 square miles) of moorland, creating the
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himself, I don't know what he has come to do. I have not seen him give an order all morning."
4461:
At the outbreak of the war, crowds gathered on the Place de la Bastille, chanting "To Berlin!"
2840:, was invited to Paris in November 1855 and given the same royal treatment as Queen Victoria.
2518:
At the beginning of his reign, he was also an advocate of a new "principle of nationalities" (
2398:
on 22 January 1853, and a much grander ceremony was held a few days later at the Cathedral of
1956:
Among the commercial innovations encouraged by Napoleon III were the first department stores.
1205:
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12838:
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11471:
11332:
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French Liberalism and Imperialism in the Age of Napoleon III: Empire at Home, Colonies Abroad
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for outdoor activities in the park. In June and July, they moved with selected guests to the
3145:
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government, demanding that they give Russia a protectorate over the Christian peoples of the
2622:
2072:
1910:
1772:
Louis Napoleon wished to demonstrate that his new government had a broad popular mandate, so
1722:
1614:
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950:
741:
722:
579:
51:
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9186:
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Napoleon III wrote a number of articles on military matters (artillery), scientific issues (
5462:
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But most importantly, Prussia promised to support Russia in lifting the restrictions of the
3527:. In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained-glass windows of the
2951:
The Austrians had been driven from Lombardy, but the army of General Gyulay remained in the
2391:
2336:
1617:. To please the radical republicans, he asked the Pope to introduce liberal reforms and the
334:
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12883:
12863:
12848:
12731:
12684:
12569:
12259:
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1969:
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The 1851 referendum gave Louis Napoleon a mandate to amend the constitution. Work began on
1503:
Louis Napoleon established his campaign headquarters and residence at the HĂ´tel du Rhin on
1147:
813:
622:
454:
12940:
11438:
6379:– a historical work he wrote during his reign. He drew an analogy between the politics of
5167:
5032:
By his late forties, Napoleon started to suffer from numerous medical ailments, including
4589:
4060:
appeared on the horizon as a new rival to French power in Europe. Its Minister President,
4041:, was finally summoned to examine him. SĂ©e reported that the Emperor was suffering from a
3462:
3333:
3297:(a symbol of good luck for the Bonaparte family), while his office featured a portrait of
2664:
It took France and Britain six months to organize a full-scale military expedition to the
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8:
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682:
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538:
531:
466:
284:
120:
12409:
11177:
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5106:
4292:. But the timing of Napoleon's offer was poorly chosen; Austria was in the process of a
4155:
north of Alsace. Bismarck, rightly confident of success due to the modernization of the
3777:
3418:
Napoleon III had conservative and traditional taste in art: his favourite painters were
3357:
2964:
2511:
shortly after becoming Emperor, Napoleon III proclaimed that "The Empire means peace" ("
2272:
1651:
On 11 June 1849, the socialists and radical republicans made an attempt to seize power.
728:
From 1866, Napoleon had to face the mounting power of Prussia as its minister president
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1420:
1229:
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762:
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393:
210:
9495:
8526:
Morrow, James D. (1993). "Arms versus Allies: Trade-offs in the Search for Security".
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4677:
After the war, when accused of having made a "shameful surrender" at Sedan, he wrote:
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3348:
for forest excursions, dancing and more games. Famous scientists and artists, such as
3219:
2170:
2047:
1988:
1984:
964:
Hortense and Louis Napoleon traveled incognito to Paris, where the old regime of King
839:
were forced into exile after the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and the
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8640:
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7954:
7927:"Protectorates and Spheres of Influence – Spheres of influence prior to World War II"
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2193:, washed the streets and watered the new park and gardens. He completely rebuilt the
2163:
1139:
1131:
1119:
1054:
836:
797:—they decided to have a third child. They resumed their marriage for a brief time in
729:
526:
358:
10358:
A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War
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Ballots and Barricades: Class Formation and Republican Politics in France, 1830–1871
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under the title Duke of Reichstadt. Next in line was Louis Napoleon's eldest uncle,
101:
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4720:. From there, on 7 September, she took the yacht of a British official to England.
4629:
4563:
4122:
3814:
Dates of 1861 reforms are either in the wrong order or incorrect. Unclear sourcing.
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3720:
3682:
3568:, who in 1869 patented a product he named oleomargarine, later shortened simply to
3447:
3353:
3283:
3271:
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for war against Austria. Napoleon III looked for diplomatic support. He approached
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2249:
2159:
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2080:
1581:
1377:
1302:
1254:
1143:
1115:
1090:
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969:
942:
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817:
9438:
5090:
4724:
4225:
3887:
3466:
3443:
3395:
3341:
3152:
2972:
2918:, was not very aggressive. His forces greatly outnumbered the Piedmontese army at
1681:
1504:
1398:
977:
709:
against annexation by Italy. He was also favourable towards the 1859 union of the
642:
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12956:
12935:
12922:
12516:
12511:
12195:
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10899:
10767:
10677:
10672:
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9825:
9751:
9597:
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8500:
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5242:
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4410:
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In 1861, through the direct intervention of the Emperor and the Empress Eugénie,
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1897:
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1305:(1823–1858), the most famous French actress of the time, during her London tours.
1246:
1168:
1135:
1118:, and then to New York City. He met the elite of New York society and the writer
1042:("Political and military considerations about Switzerland"), followed in 1839 by
1030:
876:
820:
in Paris. Napoleon held him up to the window to see the soldiers parading in the
758:
686:
630:
594:
590:
548:
403:
233:
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10435:
4197:
The Austrian defeat was followed by a new crisis in the health of Napoleon III.
3632:
diploma. In 1862, the first professional school for young women was opened, and
3629:
3617:
2978:
2492:
2429:
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1435:
and prepared for the first election ever of a president of the French Republic.
1138:. He also did considerable research into the economy of Britain. He strolled in
156:
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12106:
11967:
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11041:
10889:
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10152:
Paris, City of Dreams: Napoleon III, Baron Haussmann, and the Creation of Paris
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5993:
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French cannons. The Krupp guns caused terrible casualties in the French ranks.
4342:
4261:
4240:
3746:
3451:
3361:
3176:
2922:, but he hesitated, allowing the French and Piedmontese to unite their forces.
2858:
2822:
2807:, was independent, but central Italy was still ruled by the Pope (in this era,
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2384:
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85:
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Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire
8539:
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4501:
4481:, as she had done on other occasions when the Emperor was out of the country.
4038:
3461:
Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the
2013:
1698:
13009:
12947:
12596:
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11992:
11957:
11922:
11262:
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9869:
A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870–1871
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and republicans, armed with new powers given to them by the Emperor himself.
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2915:
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visited Paris. Victoria was the first British monarch to do so in centuries.
2680:. As the siege dragged on, the French and British armies were reinforced and
2174:
2099:
1920:
1685:
1619:
1210:, a young woman from the town of Ham, who gave birth to two of his children.
973:
844:
605:
was Louis Napoleon's paternal uncle, and one of his cousins was the disputed
146:
10489:
8301:"Test The Waters At A 19th Century Chateau In The Spa Town Of Vichy, France"
7891:
The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War
3709:
3488:
3325:
2205:
with cream-coloured stone to create the signature look of Paris boulevards.
2064:
1957:
1819:, and also retained a National Assembly, albeit one with reduced authority.
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2039:
1945:
1941:
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1602:
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1063:
706:
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11310:
7561:. 6th Series. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–175.
6407:
3999:
3872:
2864:
Assured of the support of Napoleon III, Count Cavour began to prepare the
1983:
Beginning in 1852, Napoleon encouraged the creation of new banks, such as
1457:
1066:, France would rise up and join him. He began to plan a coup against King
879:, an ardent republican and the son of a revolutionary and close friend of
12878:
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11982:
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11927:
11912:
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11245:
10727:
10062:
Golicz, Roman. “Napoleon III, Lord Palmerston and the Entente Cordiale.”
8387:"Napoleon III | Biography, Significance, Death, & Facts | Britannica"
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in Paris and proclaimed the return of the Republic and the creation of a
4289:
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4037:
At the end of June 1870, a specialist in the problems of urinary tracts,
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1914:
1745:
1629:
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1241:
Louis Napoleon quickly resumed his place in British society. He lived on
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1002:
985:
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880:
852:
802:
793:, died in 1807 and—though separated and parents of a healthy second son,
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606:
300:
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8120:
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Prussians attacked with overwhelming force against a French division in
4106:
The British government was suspicious that Napoleon wanted to take over
2545:
2526:, such as Italy, in place of the old multinational empires, such as the
1025:
In exile with his mother in Switzerland, Louis Napoleon enrolled in the
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10115:
9929:
9821:
9515:
9354:
9326:
9298:
8547:
6176:
4942:
4909:
4871:
4457:
4115:
4111:
3576:
3073:
2853:
In July 1858, Napoleon arranged a secret visit by Count Cavour. In the
2787:
On the evening of 14 January 1858, Napoleon and the Empress escaped an
2677:
2577:
2561:
2538:). In this he was influenced by his uncle's policy as described in the
2460:. In Europe, he allied himself with Britain and defeated Russia in the
2418:
2217:
2035:
1778:
1274:
1183:
1107:
voluntarily left the country. The other mutineers were put on trial in
1086:
1082:
1026:
996:
924:
856:
812:
on 5 November 1810, with Emperor Napoleon serving as his godfather and
781:. He was the first Bonaparte prince born after the proclamation of the
658:
602:
12626:
10338:
10073:
Napoleon III – Man of Destiny: Enlightened Statesman or Proto-Fascist?
9813:
8749:
8725:
8701:
8689:
8665:
8602:
8574:
8562:
4220:, and for the demilitarization of Luxembourg, which was the site of a
3495:
2154:(municipalities) on the outskirts of Paris and increase the number of
1968:
The period was favorable for industrial expansion. The gold rushes in
1321:
in 1846. She became his mistress and helped fund his return to France.
12977:
12328:
12318:
12239:
11962:
11942:
11811:
11524:
9276:
De Moncan, Patrice, "Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann" (2009), pp. 9–10
8778:
8776:
5172:
5041:
4870:, his attendant who fought in the battle alongside him. He was given
4717:
4414:
4293:
4042:
3670:
3569:
3442:, refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by
2960:
2689:
2665:
2613:
2084:
2038:
between 1859 and 1869. The canal project was funded by shares on the
2027:
1851:
1753:
1610:
954:
927:, Switzerland, where Louis Napoleon spent much of his youth and exile
895:
Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland (1778–1846), the younger brother of
4796:
Illustration of Napoleon (in Chislehurst in England) on his deathbed
4669:
Finally, at one o'clock in the afternoon, Napoleon emerged from his
4539:
On 6 August, 140,000 Germans attacked 35,000 French soldiers at the
3332:, and then, after 1856, to the military camp and residence built at
2711:
The death of Tsar Nicholas I on 2 March 1855 and his replacement by
2421:
and officially represented him whenever he traveled outside France.
2197:
and installed miles of pipes to distribute gas for thousands of new
1157:
1038:
or "political dreams" in 1833 at the age of 25, followed in 1834 by
12354:
12323:
12229:
12011:
11887:
11715:
10662:
10612:
10204:
10187:(Heath, 1963), excerpts from historians and from secondary sources.
9848:
The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871
9805:
6390:, pros and cons of beet versus cane sugar), historical topics (the
6328:
5539:
5037:
4687:
4670:
4612:
4522:
4494:
4129:
3686:
3636:
became the first woman to enroll in the Faculty of Medicine at the
3596:
limited working hours on Sundays and holidays. He removed from the
3369:
3337:
3026:
2831:
2744:
2661:
it had occupied, Britain and France declared war on 27 March 1854.
2626:
2508:
2031:
1859:
1816:
1786:
1331:
1172:
868:
798:
8773:
8761:
8737:
8677:
4254:
3608:
705:
as its deferred reward. At the same time, his forces defended the
625:, reigning until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by
11907:
9412:
Botta-Kouznetzoff, Nicolas; Chabanne, Laure; et al. (2010).
8812:
8350:"History of Medicine: The Galling Gallbladder | Columbia Surgery"
7535:
David Brown, "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865,"
5909:
5787:
5554:
5190:
5049:
4772:
4429:
4418:
4285:
4232:
4171:
4128:
In October 1865, Napoleon had a cordial meeting with Bismarck at
4107:
4092:
4057:
3745:
first public school libraries by Napoleon III and the opening by
3099:
2938:
2817:
2693:
2646:
2625:
was strengthened. This led to the extension of the breakwater of
2607:
War scares were consistently worked up by the press nonetheless.
2390:
The Emperor fell in love with a 23-year-old Spaniard noblewoman,
2095:
1999:
1909:. Prince-President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte became Napoleon III,
1758:
1606:
1497:
1376:, held in April 1848, but three members of the Bonaparte family,
1220:
958:
860:
388:
308:
8502:
The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871
7153:
Edward Berenson; Vincent Duclert; Christophe Prochasson (2011).
5189:
Historians by the 1930s saw the Second Empire as a precursor of
3543:. In 1862, he closed the prison which had occupied the Abbey of
2739:, named for the first French victory on the river of that name;
2356:
Empress Eugénie in 1853, after her marriage to Napoleon III, by
2310:
was the centerpiece of Napoleon III's new Paris. The architect,
968:
had just fallen and been replaced by the more liberal regime of
941:, where the Bonapartes had a villa. He passed his time learning
824:
below. Louis Napoleon last saw his uncle with the family at the
578:
from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second
6604:
Bonapartism, six lectures delivered in the University of London
6345:
5952:
5945:
5731:
4843:
4759:, Germany. Eugénie traveled there incognito to visit Napoleon.
4756:
4510:
4478:
4175:
4133:
4069:
3669:
At the university level, Napoleon III founded new faculties in
3523:, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the
3364:, were invited to participate in the festivities at Compiègne.
3302:
3192:
3111:
3005:
2997:
2952:
2685:
2669:
2565:
1108:
1011:
11501:
10333:
Schnerb, Robert. "Napoleon III and the Second French Empire."
9044:
The Mistresses: Domestic Scandals of the 19th-Century Monarchs
6709:
6331:: Grand Cross of the Order of Santa Rosa and of Civilization,
4357:
4027:. Malmesbury found him to be "terribly changed and very ill".
3650:
2892:
2815:
and much of the north was ruled by Austria. Other states were
2500:, the Algerian military leader who led a struggle against the
2252:
into a park to the west of Paris. To the east, he created the
1077:
Louis Napoleon launching his failed coup in Strasbourg in 1836
843:
of monarchy in France. Hortense and Louis Napoleon moved from
736:
under Prussian leadership. In July 1870, Napoleon reluctantly
646:, although his reign would ultimately end on the battlefield.
10490:
Maps of Europe covering the reign of Napoleon III (omniatlas)
9938:
The Second Empire Revisited: A Study in French Historiography
8207:
8205:
7491:
7489:
6191:
5580:
4148:
4020:
4016:
3674:
3329:
2945:
2919:
2911:
2473:
2190:
2186:
2051:
1123:
1022:
heir of the dynasty and the leader of the Bonapartist cause.
694:
280:
10040:
Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870
9543:
French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire
7588:
Napoleon.org – The History Website of the Fondation Napoleon
4995:(1823–1912), a possible mistress, who was the wife of Count
4395:
3723:, to London to begin discussions, and secretly negotiated a
3590:
3222:
in 1870 the possibility of an intervention in favour of the
1464:: 5 franc, 1852, Under Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as president
9414:Écrins impériaux, splendeurs diplomatiques du Second Empire
7632:
7630:
7555:"The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880"
7148:
7146:
5045:
4839:
3065:
2477:
2056:
2014:
Development of steamships and early reconstruction on Paris
1605:, who had been overthrown by Italian republicans including
1049:
938:
911:
Hortense de Beauharnais (1783–1837), mother of Napoleon III
848:
698:
304:
10271:
Marx's 'Eighteenth Brumaire': (Post)Modern Interpretations
9955:
La Deuxième République et le Second Empire au jour le jour
9399:. Heraldica.org. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013
9148:(in French). Société d'Histoire du Vésinet. Archived from
8988:
8954:
8942:
8405:
8244:
8232:
8202:
8178:
8126:
8026:
8021:"History of the Hotel du Palais, the former Villa Eugenie"
8002:
7845:
7486:
5113:
are symbols of the period. Two of France's largest banks,
4979:(1823–1865), a wealthy actress and major financial backer.
3293:
Napoleon III's bedroom was decorated with a talisman from
2432:
diploma to a woman and tried unsuccessfully to induce the
2409:
With an heir to the throne secured, Napoleon resumed his "
2402:. In 1856, Eugénie gave birth to a son and heir-apparent,
1921:
Modernising the infrastructure and the economy (1853–1869)
9676:
Paris Impérial – La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire
9440:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865
9411:
8930:
8904:
8902:
8887:
8434:
8432:
8268:
8222:
8220:
8069:
7869:
7857:
7462:
7450:
7076:
7037:
6818:
3902:
Napoleon III with his son and heir, the Prince Imperial,
3710:
Lower tariffs and the re-opening of French markets (1860)
3250:. A shipment arms was seized by Argentine authorities at
2071:, commissioned a new glass and iron building designed by
1301:
After his escape from prison, he had a brief affair with
937:
When Louis Napoleon was 15, his mother Hortense moved to
883:. Le Bas taught him French history and radical politics.
609:. Louis Napoleon was the first and only president of the
16:
President of France and Emperor of the French (1808–1873)
10378:
Gaslight and shadow: The World of Napoleon III 1851–1870
9970:
Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848–1849
8829:
8827:
8156:
8154:
7833:
7770:
7746:
7721:
7709:
7654:
7642:
7627:
7584:"'Palmerston's Follies': a reply to the French 'threat'"
7319:
7307:
7295:
7143:
7093:
7091:
6968:
6914:
6854:
6697:
6651:
5021:, her reminiscences of her association with the emperor.
3604:
Education for girls and women, school reform (1861–1869)
3575:
Napoleon III and his administration enacted significant
3535:. He also sponsored Viollet-le-Duc's restoration of the
2079:
that opened in 1869 and became the model for the modern
1709:
10319:
France and the American Civil War: A Diplomatic History
9753:
The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power
8148:, Ligue française pour le droit des femmes, Paris, 1921
8111:
Wechsler, Judith. “Daumier and Censorship, 1866–1872.”
7908:
7438:
7428:
7426:
7379:
7367:
7217:
7215:
6931:
6929:
6770:
6663:
6639:
6615:
6582:
6546:
4834:, a large three-storey country house in the village of
4788:
of 25 January 1873, after a photograph by Mssrs. Downey
4723:
On 4 September, a group of republican deputies, led by
4706:
here! I think of you, our son, and our unhappy country.
3994:
3739:
1725:, and a few close advisors quietly began to organize a
13226:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
13171:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
10415:
Zeldin, Theodore (1958b). "The Myth of Napoleon III".
10397:(Princeton University Press, 2015.), medical emphasis
9960:, chronologie érudite détaillée, Paris, CNRS Editions.
9000:
8899:
8800:
8788:
8713:
8653:
8480:
8468:
8456:
8429:
8367:
8330:
8318:
8280:
8217:
8190:
8093:
8081:
8057:
6570:
6486:
4985:(1837–1899), a spy, artist and famous beauty, sent by
4288:, while France took for its part the left bank of the
4080:
Search for allies, and war between Austria and Prussia
3771:
Growing opposition and liberal concessions (1860–1870)
3017:
into the 20th century. On 18 February 1861, the first
2747:, named for a tower in the center of the Russian line
2735:
The Crimean War added three new place names to Paris:
2224:, in the place of crumbling medieval buildings on the
2105:
2026:
New shipping lines were created, and ports rebuilt in
1858:, a new stock exchange, and a chamber of commerce. In
1627:. To gain support from the Catholics, he approved the
863:. He received some of his education in Germany at the
9945:
Proceedings of the Western Society for French History
9407:
9405:
8875:
8863:
8839:
8824:
8417:
8166:
8151:
7821:
7119:
7088:
7019:
6980:
6902:
6890:
6878:
6866:
6842:
6806:
6794:
6782:
6558:
6534:
4194:, with a combined population of four million people.
3086:
French colonial empire § Napoleon III: 1852–1870
2546:
Alliance with Britain and the Crimean War (1853–1856)
2314:, described the style simply as "Napoleon the Third".
2173:, built a new aqueduct to bring clean water from the
1500:, the leader of the far left wing of the socialists.
1412:
leaders of the provisional government, Lamartine and
1142:, which he later used as a model when he created the
1058:
Louis Napoleon at the time of his failed coup in 1836
1040:
Considérations politiques et militaires sur la Suisse
1010:, was living in virtual imprisonment at the court of
932:
19:"Louis Napoleon" redirects here. For other uses, see
13191:
Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William
9416:. Société des amis du musée de la Légion d'honneur.
9382:
Forester, C. S. (8 May 1966). "The Last Encounter".
9279:
8851:
8256:
7809:
7758:
7423:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7283:
7212:
7200:
7131:
7064:
7052:
6926:
6830:
6758:
6734:
6627:
6510:
6474:
5430:
His full title as emperor was: "Napoleon the Third,
5389:
Napoleon III also plays a small but crucial role in
4452:
3261:
997:
Bonapartist succession and philosophy of Bonapartism
582:
from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.
13206:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
10185:
Napoleon III – Buffoon, Modern Dictator, or Sphinx?
7474:
7041:
The history of Napoleon III., emperor of the French
6522:
5420:
4618:
4010:, visibly weakened by his rapidly declining health.
3313:with a pink salon, a green salon and a blue salon.
3148:faced resistance from the republican government of
2091:in 1870. They were soon imitated around the world.
1862:, on 9 October 1852, he gave his principal speech:
1806:
The Prince-President in 1852, after the coup d'Ă©tat
13236:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class
13176:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy
13141:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico
10485:Place de la Revolution, BĂ©ziers & Napoleon 111
9792:Spitzer, Alan B. (1962). "The Good Napoleon III".
9402:
9063:
6498:
6394:kings of Scotland), and on the feasibility of the
2166:) that became part of the French capital in 1920.
1356:In February 1848, Louis Napoleon learned that the
9236:
7391:
4973:(1821–1858), the "most famous actress in Europe."
3258:, the so-called King of AraucanĂa and Patagonia.
2621:) was launched in 1850, and the fortification of
1960:opened in 1852, followed by Au Printemps in 1865.
1744:, they were also arrested. On 3 December, writer
1158:Second coup, prison, escape and exile (1840–1848)
1114:Louis Napoleon traveled first to London, then to
725:under French protection, ended in total failure.
13181:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
13007:
10819:Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano
10446:Napoleonic ideas. Des idées napoléniennes (1859)
10126:(Manchester University Press, 2016) pp. 211–226.
9733:The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire 1852–1871
7501:
7179:
5878:
5472:Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign
4782:Napoleon III after his death, wood-engraving in
3628:became the first woman in France to receive the
3072:, he suffered the first medical crisis from his
2232:, the largest theater in the world, designed by
2208:The Emperor built two new railway stations: the
1438:
1332:1848 Revolution and birth of the Second Republic
13216:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
9827:The Shadow Emperor: A Biography of Napoleon III
9225:Economic Growth in France and Britain 1851–1950
9106:"Napoleon III – seine Nachkommen (Descendants)"
9089:
9087:
9057:
9055:
9053:
6998:
4920:Among his numerous lovers and mistresses were:
4255:Failure to increase the size of the French Army
3550:
2576:The French capture of Russian positions around
2228:. The signature architectural landmark was the
1769:could be suspended or even permanently closed.
1633:in 1851, which restored a greater role for the
1556:
715:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
13211:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
10738:Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
9436:
8498:
7792:Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870
7233:Speech of 9 October in Bordeaux, published in
2102:, the largest maritime pine forest in Europe.
1670:
585:Prior to his reign, Napoleon III was known as
13231:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
12482:
11827:
11487:
10978:
10804:Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
10628:
9820:
9599:Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III
9430:
9146:"Les enfants de Napoléon et Eléonore Vergeot"
9124:"Napoléon III et les femmes – H. Fleischmann"
9037:
9035:
9033:
8818:
8632:
8144:René Viviani, Henri Robert and Albert Meurgé
7156:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates
6715:
4738:
3254:in 1871, reportedly this had been ordered by
2487:
2447:
2236:to crown the center of Napoleon's new Paris.
1570:, and chose the title of "Prince-President".
713:, which resulted in the establishment of the
485:Commander-in-Chief of the French Armed Forces
10900:Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark
9514:
9476:Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza
9084:
9061:
9050:
8505:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30, 38–39.
7982:Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX
7887:
7851:
7559:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
5403:Napoleon III is a principal character (with
5138:
3555:
3470:
3399:
3227:
2522:) that supported the creation of new states
2433:
2083:. Other department stores quickly appeared:
1146:in Paris. He spent the winter of 1838-39 in
13186:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
13096:French prisoners of war in the 19th century
13046:Bonapartist pretenders to the French throne
9041:
8636:Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror and Revival
7005:. Princeton University Press. p. 299.
6947:
6383:and his own, as well as those of his uncle.
6360:
4358:Hohenzollern candidacy and the Ems telegram
4284:southern states of Germany and could annex
4275:
4084:In the winter and spring of 1864, when the
3246:of some sort of French interference in the
2967:ending the war was signed on 11 July 1859.
2901:Napoleon III with the French forces at the
2893:War in Italy – Magenta and Solferino (1859)
2181:, and a new huge reservoir near the future
1792:
1475:: 5 franc, 1870, Under Emperor Napoleon III
1236:
1001:Ever since the fall of Napoleon in 1815, a
828:, shortly before Napoleon departed for the
653:carried out by prefect of the Seine, Baron
133:20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852
12496:
12489:
12475:
11834:
11820:
11494:
11480:
10985:
10971:
10829:Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon
10635:
10621:
10004:de Riquet, Marie-Clotilde-Elisabeth Louise
9595:
9591:. Vol. 2: 1799–1871. London: Penguin.
9030:
7972:
7970:
7914:
7413:. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges.
5614:
5181:, famously mocked Napoleon III by saying "
4747:The last photograph of Napoleon III (1872)
4045:. On 2 July, four eminent French doctors,
3226:against Chile was discussed in Napoleon's
3000:, which would lead to the collapse of the
1902:another referendum for 21–22 November 1852
1561:Louis Napoleon moved his residence to the
1167:, and on 6 August 1840, sailed across the
36:
11464:Acting presidents are denoted by italics.
10753:Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland
10718:ZĂ©naĂŻde, Princess of Canino and Musignano
9980:Democratic Despot: A Life of Napoleon III
9673:
9616:
8075:
8063:
8051:
7385:
7373:
6230:
5834:
5708:
5186:disastrous, foreign military adventures.
5178:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon
4983:Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione
4272:, or reserve force, to support the army.
3837:Learn how and when to remove this message
3591:Rights to strike and organise (1864–1866)
2848:Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione
2381:Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
1374:first elections for the National Assembly
1326:
13091:French people of the Franco-Prussian War
13081:French people of the Revolutions of 1848
11560:Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte
10992:
10859:Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta
10374:
10324:
10230:Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris
10157:
10100:
9654:
9458:Sovereign Ordonnance of 16 November 1869
9381:
8105:
7941:
7609:"Fort Clonque Alderney, Channel Islands"
7444:
7432:
7159:. Cornell University Press. p. 34.
6465:
6111:
5685:
5662:
5142:
4904:
4821:
4799:
4791:
4777:
4742:
4735:. The Second Empire had come to an end.
4644:
4628:
4527:
4456:
4424:The French Ambassador to Prussia, Count
4394:
4306:
3998:
3695:
3649:
3607:
3494:
3484:Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
3389:
3265:
3117:
3105:
3089:
2977:
2896:
2726:
2698:
2571:
2555:
2491:
2351:
2115:
2017:
1951:
1935:
1870:
1833:
1801:
1708:
1697:
1680:
1580:
1572:
1467:
1456:
1448:
1347:
1335:
1081:He planned for his uprising to begin in
1072:
1053:
1050:Failed coup, exile in London (1836–1840)
10480:Editorial cartoons of the Second Empire
10414:
10403:
10227:
10190:
10129:
9791:
9730:
9692:
9493:
9472:
9170:
9093:
8450:
8262:
7967:
7788:
7672:
7495:
7313:
6755:, p. 89. Translated by D. Siefkin.
6601:Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens (1908).
6552:
6516:
6480:
5165:portrayed him as "Napoleon the Small" (
4850:, who also visited him at Chislehurst.
4428:, was sent to the German spa resort of
4159:, summarily rejected Napoleon's offer.
3700:Eugénie and the Prince Imperial in 1862
3068:, and in 1864, at the military camp of
1838:Photograph of Louis Napoleon (1852) by
1774:on 20–21 December a national plebiscite
1566:uniform of the General-in-Chief of the
1317:Louis Napoleon met the wealthy heiress
947:François-René, Vicomte de Chateaubriand
773:, the only daughter of Napoleon's wife
747:
347:
13008:
11841:
10905:Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt
10824:Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano
10809:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
10668:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
10355:
10293:
10047:Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe
9977:
9865:
9770:
9635:
9583:
9046:. New York: Random House. p. 102.
9006:
8994:
8960:
8948:
8908:
8806:
8794:
8719:
8659:
8621:History of the XIX Century (1848–1871)
8525:
8486:
8474:
8462:
8438:
8411:
8373:
8336:
8324:
8286:
8250:
8238:
8226:
8211:
8196:
8184:
8132:
8099:
8087:
8032:
8008:
7976:
7875:
7863:
7827:
7684:
7468:
7456:
7125:
7109:
7097:
7082:
7025:
6986:
6908:
6896:
6884:
6872:
6848:
6824:
6812:
6800:
6788:
6776:
6764:
6752:
6740:
6728:
6669:
6633:
6621:
6600:
6588:
6528:
6492:
5036:, bladder stones, chronic bladder and
5002:Justine Marie Le Boeuf, also known as
4162:On 15 June, the Prussian Army invaded
4064:, had ambitions for Prussia to lead a
3850:before the Assembly, and the right of
3276:Paris International Exhibition of 1867
13201:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
13196:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
12470:
11815:
11475:
10966:
10616:
10266:
10246:
10069:
10066:50#12 (December 2000): 10–17, online.
9963:
9911:Napoléon III, un Saint-Simon à cheval
9844:
9749:
9711:
9697:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
9200:"France – The Second Empire, 1852–70"
9182:
9070:. New York City: St. Martin's Press.
8936:
8920:
8893:
8881:
8869:
8857:
8845:
8833:
8782:
8767:
8755:
8743:
8731:
8707:
8695:
8683:
8671:
8608:
8592:
8580:
8568:
8423:
8274:
8172:
8160:
8146:Cinquante-ans de féminisme: 1870–1920
7839:
7815:
7776:
7764:
7752:
7740:
7727:
7715:
7691:. Oxford: Oxford University. p.
7660:
7648:
7636:
7581:
7552:
7519:
7397:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7325:
7301:
7289:
7250:
7238:
7221:
7206:
7137:
7113:
7070:
7058:
6974:
6935:
6920:
6860:
6836:
6703:
6657:
6645:
6576:
6564:
6540:
6504:
5870:Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit
4143:. Napoleon and his foreign minister,
4091:the German-speaking duchies ruled by
3290:(Clock pavilion), facing the garden.
3195:) in 1862. In 1863, he established a
2042:and led by a former French diplomat,
1925:
1249:. He went back to his studies at the
855:, and finally to a lakeside house at
769:from 1806 until 1810. His mother was
663:Cobden–Chevalier Free Trade Agreement
589:. He was born in Paris as the son of
13116:Infectious disease deaths in England
12455:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
10642:
10407:The Political System of Napoleon III
10381:. New York: Macmillan & Co Ltd.
10327:Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire
10017:
9919:
9886:
9545:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
9540:
9479:. Louisiana State University Press.
9285:
9066:Napoleon III and His Carnival Empire
7507:
7480:
7271:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
6461:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
5425:
5370:The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer
4999:, his relative and foreign minister.
4989:to influence the Emperor's politics.
4649:Surrender of Napoleon III after the
4311:Portrait of Napoleon III in 1868 by
4296:, creating the new Dual Monarchy of
4204:
3995:Declining health and rise of Prussia
3787:
3740:Economic expansion and social change
3616:became the first woman to receive a
3123:Second French intervention in Mexico
2874:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2796:, who was aided by a French surgeon
2724:, from 25 February to 8 April 1856.
2464:(1854–1856). French troops assisted
2375:, the granddaughter of deposed King
2347:
1657:Conservatory of Arts and Professions
1496:, the leader of the socialists; and
1483:, drafted by a commission including
1253:. He had an affair with the actress
991:
13166:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
11803:from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II
10834:Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France
10814:Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli
10733:Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli
10597:2 December 1852 – 4 September 1870
10541:20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852
10057:Memoirs of the Second French Empire
6607:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.
6418:) helped his political advancement.
5769:Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle
3956:Napoleon III with Empress Eugénie,
3248:ongoing occupation of Mapuche lands
3189:southernmost part of modern Vietnam
3110:French capture of Gia Dinh (modern
2777:
2682:troops from the Kingdom of Sardinia
2106:Reconstruction of Paris (1854–1870)
1932:History of rail transport in France
1642:National Assembly on 13–14 May 1849
808:Louis Napoleon was baptized at the
13:
13221:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
13101:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
12549:States of the German Confederation
11555:
11551:Coat of arms of the House of Capet
11546:
10470:Histoire de Jules CĂ©sar (Volume 1)
10249:Napoleon III and the Second Empire
10133:Napoleon III A Great Life In Brief
10014:(Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926).
9922:Napoleon III and the Second Empire
9902:
9110:Nachkomme, Descendant Napoleon III
9020:"St. Michael's Abbey, Farnborough"
7688:The Struggle for Mastery of Europe
7260:
7038:John Stevens Cabot Abbott (1873).
6951:Napoléon III and the Second Empire
6222:Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau
3704:
3224:Kingdom of AraucanĂa and Patagonia
3218:According to information given to
3079:
3060:and made it the capital of Italy.
1637:in the French educational system.
1372:Louis Napoleon did not run in the
933:Romantic revolutionary (1823–1835)
691:Second Italian War of Independence
522:Second Italian War of Independence
174:Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe
14:
13252:
13151:People associated with the Louvre
13136:French people of Corsican descent
13031:19th-century presidents of France
10429:
10375:Williams, Roger Lawrence (1957).
10360:. University of Wisconsin Press.
10154:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2020).
9872:. University of Wisconsin Press.
8298:
7984:(in Spanish) (Seventh ed.).
7949:(in Spanish). Santiago de Chile:
6470:. London: Longman. pp. 8–33.
6450:
5392:April and the Extraordinary World
4453:Defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
3262:Life at the court of Napoleon III
2985:leading French forces during the
2367:, who attended receptions at the
1445:1848 French presidential election
681:(1853–1856). His regime assisted
189:(as Chief of the Executive Power)
13086:French people of the Crimean War
13061:French people of Italian descent
12990:
10952:Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon
10890:Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti
10783:Mathilde, Princess of San Donato
10701:
10537:President of the French Republic
10162:. Profiles In Power. Routledge.
9451:
9390:
9375:
9347:
9319:
9291:
9270:
9257:
9230:
9217:
9192:
9164:
9138:
9116:
9098:
9012:
8966:
8626:
8614:
8519:
8492:
8444:
8379:
8342:
8292:
8138:
8038:
8014:
7935:
7920:
7881:
6954:. Psychology Press. p. 16.
6338:
6322:
6302:
6281:
6265:
6232:
6210:
6190:
6170:
6113:
6091:
6056:
6020:
5986:
5951:
5944:
5923:
5902:
5880:
5858:
5836:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5780:
5758:
5738:
5710:
5687:
5664:
5616:
5594:
5573:
5553:
5533:
5489:
5421:Titles, styles, honours and arms
5209:Napoleon has been portrayed by:
4892:
4619:Battle of Sedan and capitulation
3967:
3949:
3931:
3913:
3895:
3792:
3519:, or spire, of the Cathedral of
3503:to restore the medieval town of
3234:. In 1870 the French battleship
3155:, however. After victory in the
2987:Anglo-French expedition to China
2803:Part of Italy, particularly the
2335:
2319:
2299:
2284:
1544:
1532:
1310:
1294:
1282:
1266:
951:romanticism in French literature
916:
904:
888:
552:
433:
379:Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte
13041:19th-century princes of Andorra
13036:19th-century monarchs of France
11503:Pretenders to the French throne
10895:Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa
10673:Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
9657:Grammaire des jardins parisiens
8023:. Grand Hotels of the World.com
7782:
7733:
7678:
7666:
7601:
7575:
7553:Parry, Jonathan Philip (2003).
7546:
7529:
7403:
7227:
7173:
7103:
7031:
6992:
6941:
6746:
6721:
6675:
6594:
5652:Order of St. James of the Sword
5060:
4407:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern
4400:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern
3938:Napoleon III in normal attire,
3410:paintings were rejected by the
2468:by fighting on the side of the
2112:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
1854:, he laid the cornerstone of a
1797:
1761:. 9,530 followers were sent to
1713:A caricature of Victor Hugo by
1655:, from his headquarters in the
1190:department of Northern France.
364:Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial
343:
322:St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough
246:Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial
21:Louis Napoleon (disambiguation)
13106:Leaders who took power by coup
10683:Pauline, Princess of Guastalla
10232:. Princeton University Press.
10076:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
10070:Gooch, Brison D., ed. (1966).
9851:. Cambridge University Press.
9735:. Cambridge University Press.
9619:Les jardins du Baron Haussmann
9465:
6439:Paris during the Second Empire
6103:Order of the WĂĽrttemberg Crown
4733:Government of National Defence
4245:William III of the Netherlands
3989:
3920:Napoleon III with his family,
3386:Paris during the Second Empire
3375:
2782:
2772:Paris Peace Conference of 1856
2426:Ministry of National Education
2006:launched a project to build a
1494:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
211:Head of the House of Bonaparte
1:
13126:Princes of France (Bonaparte)
12824:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
10347:Dictionnaire du Second Empire
10345:Tulard, Jean (dir.), (1995),
6444:
6181:Order of the Lion and the Sun
6139:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
5398:
5152:
4941:, laundress in the prison at
4812:
4615:close to the Belgian border.
4386:legislative elections in 1869
4004:
3979:
3957:
3939:
3921:
3903:
3203:. Additionally, France had a
2676:to the major Russian port of
2672:on 14 September and began to
2484:against annexation by Italy.
2472:. In return, France received
1880:
1875:Portrait of Napoleon III, by
1734:Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud
1689:
1439:Presidential election of 1848
1193:
752:
651:grand reconstruction of Paris
619:seized power by force in 1851
223:25 July 1846 – 9 January 1873
11783:Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe
10263:; brief scholarly biography.
9655:Jarrassé, Dominique (2007).
9596:Cunningham, Michele (2001).
9243:. Cambridge UP. p. 90.
8115:, no. 122, 2012, pp. 53–78.
7894:. Basic Books. p. 303.
5632:Order of the Tower and Sword
5522:Gold Medal of Military Valor
5434:and the will of the Nation,
4874:and died on 9 January 1873.
4842:, a half-hour by train from
4710:
4231:Luxembourg had regained its
3863:and 79 to 61 in the Senate.
3551:Social and economic policies
2444:as its first female member.
2246:Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand
1850:triumphal national tour. In
1752:Louis Napoleon followed the
1640:Elections were held for the
1557:Prince-President (1848–1851)
1479:The new constitution of the
649:Napoleon III commissioned a
7:
12972:Schleswig–Holstein question
12819:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
11643:Blancs d'Espagne succession
10788:Napoléon, Prince of Monfort
10158:McMillan, James F. (1991).
10008:The Last Love of an Emperor
9893:France: 1815 to the Present
9830:. St. Martin's Publishing.
9617:De Moncan, Patrice (2009).
9526:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
9524:Modern Europe, 1789–Present
8639:. Oxford UP. p. 1870.
8050:on 24 April 1863. Cited in
7685:Taylor, Alan J. P. (1954).
7269:& Philip Stöver (2010)
6466:McMillan, James F. (1991).
6422:
6400:The Extinction of Pauperism
6045:Order of the Zähringer Lion
5973:Knights Grand Cross of the
5700:Order of the Southern Cross
5204:
5019:The Last Love of an Emperor
4785:The Illustrated London News
4341:In 1867, French politician
4243:with the Netherlands. King
3884:plebiscite was held in 1870
3812:. The specific problem is:
3430:. In 1863, the jury of the
3165:Mexico–United States border
3002:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2392:Eugénie du Derje de Montijo
1671:Coup d'Ă©tat (December 1851)
1342:Revolution of February 1848
10:
13257:
12854:Karl August von Hardenberg
12592:North German Confederation
12565:Confederation of the Rhine
10404:Zeldin, Theodore (1958a).
10393:Williams, Roger Lawrence.
10228:Pinkney, David H. (1958).
10136:. Carroll & Graf Pub.
9777:. Paris: Bernard Grasset.
9589:A History of Modern France
9237:Stephen E. Hanson (2010).
8528:International Organization
7947:Historia secreta mapuche 2
7930:American Foreign Relations
7795:. Routledge. p. 226.
7537:Diplomacy & Statecraft
7183:A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia
6685:. Leamington History Group
6011:, 1st Class, in Diamonds,
5826:Saxe-Ernestine House Order
5585:Order of the Golden Fleece
5441:
5221:The Story of Louis Pasteur
4997:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
4739:Captivity, exile and death
4622:
4361:
4235:independence in 1839 as a
4208:
4123:rebel against Russian rule
3499:Napoleon III commissioned
3379:
3213:French expedition to Korea
3083:
2957:second and decisive battle
2549:
2502:French invasion of Algeria
2488:Principle of Nationalities
2448:Foreign policy (1852–1860)
2264:was created to the south.
2109:
1929:
1674:
1442:
1216:L'extinction du pauperisme
1111:, and were all acquitted.
972:, the sole monarch of the
899:and father of Napoleon III
791:Napoléon Charles Bonaparte
721:, which aimed to create a
204:(as Emperor of the French)
18:
12987:
12897:
12771:
12605:
12582:German Empire (1848–1849)
12557:
12504:
12453:
12434:
12408:
12370:
12344:
12298:
12273:
12194:
12105:
12001:
11877:
11847:
11796:
11704:
11641:
11567:
11544:
11513:
11462:
11331:
11283:
11031:
11000:
10944:
10928:
10882:
10839:Prince Jerome Napoleon II
10796:
10710:
10699:
10688:Caroline, Queen of Naples
10650:
10599:
10590:
10569:
10564:
10543:
10534:
10524:
10497:
10352:, Paris, Fayard, 1348 p.
10335:Journal of Modern History
10193:Journal of Modern History
10092:The reign of Napoleon III
9978:Corley, T. A. B. (1961).
9953:Choisel, Francis (2015),
9794:French Historical Studies
9771:SĂ©guin, Philippe (1990).
9756:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
9674:Maneglier, Hervé (1990).
9227:(1964) pp. 6, 42, 186–188
9223:Charles P. Kindleberger,
9126:. Mediterranee-antique.fr
8540:10.1017/S0020818300027922
7988:. pp. 187, 227–230.
7411:The Architecture of Paris
7186:. Greenwood. p. 20.
7180:John Andrew Frey (1999).
6293:Order of the White Falcon
6274:: Husainid Family Order,
5503:Order of the Annunciation
5467:(1852; in diamonds 1870,)
5458:(1848; in diamonds 1870,)
5324:The Sword of Monte Cristo
5147:Bust of Napoleon III, by
5139:Assessment and reputation
5055:
5011:Louise de Mercy-Argenteau
4945:, and mother of his sons
4592:with the army of Marshal
4545:Krupp six pound field gun
3556:Social policy and reforms
3256:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
3228:
3052:. In September 1870, the
2878:Franz Joseph I of Austria
2821:independent (notably the
2641:put pressure on the weak
2540:Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène
2520:principe des nationalités
2434:
2404:Napoléon, Prince Imperial
2377:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
2201:along the Paris streets.
2008:railway line around Paris
1913:. His regnal name treats
1382:Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte
1378:Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte
1358:French Revolution of 1848
1101:
777:by her first marriage to
761:, the younger brother of
565:
514:
492:
480:
472:
460:
450:
445:
441:
429:
419:
409:
399:
387:
378:
373:
369:
357:
328:
314:
290:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
239:
234:Louis, Count of Saint-Leu
227:
216:
209:
194:
179:
165:
152:Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul
137:
126:
119:
115:
94:
81:
68:
57:
50:
35:
30:
13146:Self-proclaimed monarchy
12967:Greater Austria proposal
11385:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
11011:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
10936:Charles, Prince Napoléon
10462:History of Julius Caesar
10454:History of Julius Caesar
10337:8#3 (1936), pp. 338–55.
10325:Thompson, J. M. (1955).
10300:Napoleon III and Eugenie
10275:. Pluto Press. pp.
10130:Guerard, Albert (1947).
10038:Echard, William E., ed.
10021:Eugénie and Napoleon III
10000:(Springer Nature, 2022).
9845:Wawro, Geoffrey (2005).
9494:Bresler, Fenton (1999).
9267:( 1996) #52 : 4–10.
7852:Briggs & Clavin 2003
7044:. B.B. Russell. p.
6999:Ronald Aminzade (1993).
6376:History of Julius Caesar
6368:Des Idées Napoleoniennes
6361:Writings by Napoleon III
6201:Order of the Golden Lion
6149:Order of the White Eagle
6070:Order of the Black Eagle
5642:Sash of the Three Orders
5229:A Dispatch from Reuter's
5017:relationship, author of
4568:François Achille Bazaine
4350:the French provinces of
4276:A last search for allies
3725:new commercial agreement
3579:of the media, targeting
3424:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
3307:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
3242:drawing suspicions from
2649:as well as control over
2629:and the construction of
2560:The French landing near
2358:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
2292:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
2271:, formerly owned by the
2258:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont
2256:, and to the north, the
2138:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
2004:Minister of Public Works
1991:was founded in 1863 and
1877:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
1793:The Second French Empire
1586:François-Vincent Raspail
1237:Return and early affairs
1044:Les Idées napoléoniennes
779:Alexandre de Beauharnais
655:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
587:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
500:Army of the Rhine (1870)
107:Charles Cousin-Montauban
89:(as President of France)
76:(as President of France)
43:Portrait of Napoleon III
12910:Austro-Prussian rivalry
12723:"Blood and Iron" speech
12694:Greater Poland uprising
12665:Frankfurter Wachensturm
11868:List of French monarchs
10849:Victor, Prince Napoléon
10476:at the Internet Archive
10449:at the Internet Archive
10395:The Mortal Napoleon III
10183:Osgood, Samuel M., ed.
9973:. Penguin Random House.
9920:Bury, J. P. T. (1964).
9774:Louis Napoléon Le Grand
9731:Plessis, Alain (1988).
9693:Markham, Felix (1975).
9559:2027/mdp.39015051389693
9473:Baguley, David (2000).
9437:Staat Hannover (1865).
9360:Internet Movie Database
9332:Internet Movie Database
9304:Internet Movie Database
9299:"Maximilian von Mexiko"
9204:Encyclopedia Britannica
8758:, pp. 80–81 (2009 ed.).
8734:, pp. 69–70 (2009 ed.).
8710:, pp. 57–59 (2009 ed.).
8698:, pp. 55–56 (2009 ed.).
8674:, pp. 47–50 (2009 ed.).
8611:, pp. 47–48 (2009 ed.).
8583:, pp. 46–47 (2009 ed.).
8571:, pp. 45–46 (2009 ed.).
8499:Michael Howard (1981).
8123:. Accessed 4 June 2024.
7789:Hearder, Harry (2014).
6035:House Order of Fidelity
5513:Military Order of Savoy
4573:On 18 August 1870, the
4249:Treaty of London (1867)
4114:, felt secure with its
3473:Le DĂ©jeuner sur l'herbe
3440:Émilien de Nieuwerkerke
3436:Académie des Beaux-Arts
3402:Le DĂ©jeuner sur l'herbe
3322:Palace of Fontainebleau
2659:Danubian Principalities
2580:brought the end of the
2513:L'Empire, c'est la paix
1677:1851 French coup d'Ă©tat
1243:King Street, St James's
859:in the Swiss canton of
810:Palace of Fontainebleau
771:Hortense de Beauharnais
738:declared war on Prussia
711:Danubian Principalities
599:Hortense de Beauharnais
414:Hortense de Beauharnais
13121:French Roman Catholics
13051:Emperors of the French
12923:Das Lied der Deutschen
12859:Klemens von Metternich
12834:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
12544:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
12498:Unification of Germany
12374:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
11863:List of Frankish kings
11858:Simplified family tree
11706:Bonapartist pretenders
11561:
11552:
10910:Louis, Prince Napoléon
10864:William Bonaparte-Wyse
10854:Prince Louis Bonaparte
10773:Prince Jérôme Napoléon
10748:Prince Pierre Napoléon
10585:as King of the French
10410:. New York: Macmillan.
10356:Wetzel, David (2001).
9866:Wetzel, David (2012).
9712:Milza, Pierre (2006).
9636:Girard, Louis (1986).
9541:Case, Lynn M. (1954).
8633:Alison Kitson (2001).
7409:Ayers, Andrew (2004).
6080:Order of the Red Eagle
5935:Military William Order
5790:: Grand Cordon of the
5677:Order of the Rue Crown
5315:The Song of Bernadette
5158:
5149:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
5013:(1837–1890), likely a
4917:
4887:Farnborough, Hampshire
4827:
4819:
4797:
4789:
4748:
4708:
4684:
4654:
4642:
4583:fortifications of Metz
4536:
4533:Battle of Mars-la-Tour
4462:
4402:
4315:
4192:Free City of Frankfurt
4011:
3701:
3691:Monseigneur Bonnechose
3662:
3621:
3566:Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès
3541:Château de Pierrefonds
3508:
3479:James McNeill Whistler
3471:
3415:
3400:
3318:Château de Saint-Cloud
3279:
3129:In 1862, Napoleon III
3126:
3115:
3103:
2989:
2906:
2827:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2798:Simon François Bernard
2749:captured by the French
2732:
2708:
2585:
2569:
2534:, known since 1867 as
2504:
2498:Abdelkader El Djezairi
2360:
2128:
2050:with a performance of
2023:
1961:
1949:
1886:
1869:
1842:
1807:
1718:
1706:
1695:
1589:
1578:
1476:
1465:
1454:
1425:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
1353:
1345:
1327:Early political career
1078:
1059:
923:The lakeside house at
719:intervention in Mexico
638:French colonial empire
629:and its allies at the
611:French Second Republic
186:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
12839:Johann Gustav Droysen
12809:Frederick William III
11559:
11550:
10915:Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse
10874:Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse
10693:JĂ©rĂ´me I of Westfalia
10593:Emperor of the French
10436:Works by Napoleon III
10247:Price, Roger (1997).
9924:. Perennial Library.
9909:Anceau, Eric (2008),
9750:Price, Roger (2001).
9443:. Berenberg. p.
9062:John Bierman (1988).
8047:Le Moniteur Universel
7888:Don H. Doyle (2014).
7582:Hicks, Peter (2016).
6348:: Grand Cross of the
6313:Order of the Redeemer
6311:: Grand Cross of the
6291:: Grand Cross of the
6179:: Grand Cross of the
6101:: Grand Cross of the
6000:Order of the Medjidie
5965:Order of the Seraphim
5933:: Grand Cross of the
5914:Order of the Elephant
5868:: Grand Cross of the
5847:: Grand Cross of the
5824:: Grand Cross of the
5767:: Grand Cross of the
5747:: Grand Cross of the
5698:: Grand Cross of the
5604:: Grand Cross of the
5562:: Grand Cross of the
5544:Order of Pope Pius IX
5542:: Grand Cross of the
5436:Emperor of the French
5336:Maximilian von Mexiko
5331:Siegfried Wischnewski
5146:
5075:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
4908:
4900:Count Felix Bacciochi
4846:. He was received by
4825:
4803:
4795:
4781:
4746:
4703:
4679:
4648:
4632:
4623:Further information:
4531:
4515:Battle of Wissembourg
4460:
4398:
4310:
4294:major internal reform
4239:. However, it was in
4032:Courrier de la Vienne
4002:
3699:
3653:
3626:Julie-Victoire Daubié
3614:Julie-Victoire Daubié
3611:
3581:political caricatures
3513:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
3501:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
3498:
3393:
3288:Pavillon de l'Horloge
3269:
3146:Second Mexican Empire
3121:
3109:
3093:
3031:sent its own soldiers
3015:called for its return
2995:invaded and took over
2981:
2900:
2789:assassination attempt
2730:
2702:
2575:
2559:
2495:
2355:
2216:(1865). He completed
2119:
2073:Louis-Charles Boileau
2021:
1955:
1939:
1930:Further information:
1911:Emperor of the French
1874:
1864:
1837:
1829:Minister of Education
1805:
1723:Charles, duc de Morny
1712:
1701:
1684:
1675:Further information:
1584:
1576:
1485:Alexis de Tocqueville
1471:
1460:
1452:
1443:Further information:
1363:Alphonse de Lamartine
1351:
1339:
1178:Le Journal des DĂ©bats
1076:
1057:
765:, who made Louis the
723:Second Mexican Empire
580:Emperor of the French
544:Battle of SaarbrĂĽcken
473:Years of service
52:Emperor of the French
13241:Burials in Hampshire
12962:German reunification
12884:Wilhelm von Humboldt
12849:John, King of Saxony
12814:Frederick William IV
12763:Treaty of Versailles
12732:Second Schleswig War
12703:Punctation of OlmĂĽtz
12685:Frankfurt Parliament
12570:German Confederation
11853:Detailed family tree
11779:Napoléon VII Charles
10994:Presidents of France
10869:Marie Bonaparte-Wyse
10329:. The Noonday Press.
10018:Duff, David (1978).
9996:De la Rosa, Miquel.
9936:Campbell, Stuart L.
9916:, Paris, Tallandier.
9497:Napoleon III: a life
9042:Betty Kelen (1966).
6948:Roger Price (1997).
6350:Order of St. Charles
6289:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
6258:Royal Guelphic Order
5849:Order of St. Stephen
5602:Grand Duchy of Hesse
5079:Notre Dame Cathedral
5004:Marguerite Bellanger
4916:toying with Napoleon
4914:Marguerite Bellanger
4826:Tomb of Napoleon III
4753:Schloss Wilhelmshöhe
4633:Napoleon III at the
4601:German General Staff
4575:Battle of Gravelotte
4168:Battle of Königgrätz
4141:German Confederation
4089:invaded and occupied
4086:German Confederation
3819:improve this section
3808:to meet Knowledge's
3537:Château de Vincennes
3346:Château de Compiègne
3181:Cochinchina Campaign
3070:Châlons-en-Champagne
3045:on 3 November 1867.
3036:September Convention
2866:Royal Sardinian Army
2855:Plombières Agreement
2731:Napoleon III in 1855
2639:Nicholas I of Russia
2524:based on nationality
2440:to elect the writer
2411:petites distractions
2342:Photo of the Emperor
2277:Jardin du Luxembourg
2044:Ferdinand de Lesseps
1907:Second French Empire
1148:Royal Leamington Spa
1089:was seized, and the
826:Château de Malmaison
814:Empress Marie-Louise
748:Childhood and family
597:(r. 1806–1810), and
455:Second French Empire
13066:Nobility from Paris
12829:Heinrich von Gagern
12754:Franco-Prussian War
12741:Austro-Prussian War
12289:Henry VI of England
11801:Orléanist pretender
11573:Unionist pretenders
11402:François Mitterrand
11212:Alexandre Millerand
11110:Jean Casimir-Perier
11059:Patrice de MacMahon
10758:Louis II of Holland
10743:Prince Louis Lucien
10531:Office established
10124:Crowns and colonies
10045:Echard, William E.
9982:. Greenwood Press.
9822:Strauss-Schom, Alan
9551:10.2307/j.ctv5qdk0h
9397:"Napoléon's Titles"
8997:, pp. 497–498.
8984:on 8 February 2016.
8963:, pp. 177–179.
8951:, pp. 174–175.
8939:, pp. 245–246.
8896:, pp. 711–712.
8821:, pp. 404–418.
8785:, p. 92 (2009 ed.).
8770:, p. 81 (2009 ed.).
8746:, p. 61 (2009 ed.).
8686:, p. 52 (2009 ed.).
8414:, pp. 376–377.
8393:. 19 September 2023
8354:columbiasurgery.org
8277:, pp. 568–569.
8253:, pp. 346–347.
8241:, pp. 345–346.
8214:, pp. 306–307.
8187:, pp. 241–243.
8135:, pp. 314–317.
8113:Yale French Studies
8035:, pp. 202–204.
8011:, pp. 200–201.
7878:, pp. 309–310.
7866:, pp. 325–328.
7842:, pp. 434–441.
7779:, pp. 427–428.
7755:, pp. 415–420.
7730:, pp. 357–362.
7718:, pp. 407–412.
7663:, pp. 392–395.
7651:, pp. 388–389.
7639:, pp. 382–386.
7498:, pp. 308–329.
7471:, pp. 204–210.
7459:, pp. 199–204.
7328:, pp. 471–474.
7304:, pp. 467–469.
7085:, pp. 157–158.
6977:, pp. 208–209.
6923:, pp. 189–190.
6863:, pp. 182–190.
6827:, pp. 108–109.
6706:, pp. 122–133.
6660:, pp. 107–108.
6434:Second Empire style
6256:Grand Cross of the
6248:Order of St. George
6129:Order of St. Andrew
6078:Grand Cross of the
6043:Grand Cross of the
5893:Order of the Garter
5723:Order of St. Hubert
5650:Grand Cross of the
5640:Grand Cross of the
5630:Grand Cross of the
5564:Order of St. Joseph
5511:Grand Cross of the
5476:(in diamonds 1870,)
5452:Grand Cross of the
5432:by the Grace of God
5355:Julian Sherrier in
5111:James de Rothschild
4993:Marie-Anne Walewska
4682:sinister grandeurs.
4594:Patrice de MacMahon
4519:Battle of Spicheren
4504:. The French won a
4390:the Duke de Gramont
4382:national plebiscite
4222:formidable fortress
4184:Electorate of Hesse
3638:University of Paris
3521:Notre-Dame de Paris
3487:. ' The journalist
3205:sphere of influence
3170:Austro-Prussian War
3114:), 17 February 1859
3094:Arrival of Marshal
3050:Franco-Prussian War
2935:Patrice de MacMahon
2903:Battle of Solferino
2805:Kingdom of Sardinia
2470:Kingdom of Sardinia
2466:Italian unification
2454:popular sovereignty
2400:Notre-Dame de Paris
2046:. It was opened by
1742:10th arrondissement
1410:Moderate Republican
1277:in Northern France.
1230:remains of Napoleon
1036:RĂŞveries politiques
841:Bourbon Restoration
835:All members of the
683:Italian unification
576:president of France
539:Franco-Prussian War
532:Battle of Solferino
467:French Armed Forces
285:First French Empire
121:President of France
13111:Deaths from sepsis
13071:Dethroned monarchs
13056:House of Bonaparte
12997:Germany portal
12930:Die Wacht am Rhein
12714:Dresden Conference
12617:Congress of Vienna
12534:Kingdom of Prussia
12529:Kingdom of Hanover
12524:Kingdom of Bavaria
12436:House of Bonaparte
12346:House of Bonaparte
12276:House of Lancaster
11842:Monarchs of France
11562:
11553:
10723:Princess Charlotte
10678:Louis I of Holland
10574:Title last held by
10554:Title next held by
10525:Political offices
10504:House of Bonaparte
10317:Sainlaude, Stève.
10059:, (New York, 1905)
10042:(Greenwood, 1985).
9965:Clark, Christopher
9363:. 16 December 2009
8819:Strauss-Schom 2018
8391:www.britannica.com
7613:The Landmark Trust
6716:Strauss-Schom 2018
6648:, pp. 97–100.
5975:Order of the Sword
5749:Order of Guadalupe
5463:MĂ©daille militaire
5414:The Last Encounter
5405:Horatio Hornblower
5358:Edward the Seventh
5159:
5109:and banking mogul
4971:Elisa-Rachel Felix
4918:
4883:St Michael's Abbey
4828:
4820:
4798:
4790:
4749:
4727:, gathered at the
4692:Frénois (Ardennes)
4655:
4653:, 1 September 1870
4643:
4639:Wilhelm Camphausen
4585:, unable to move.
4537:
4463:
4403:
4316:
4180:Kingdom of Hanover
4012:
3702:
3663:
3622:
3515:. He restored the
3509:
3456:Palace of Industry
3416:
3382:Napoleon III style
3280:
3161:Philip H. Sheridan
3157:American Civil War
3127:
3116:
3104:
3054:Royal Italian Army
3019:Italian parliament
2990:
2907:
2889:invaded Piedmont.
2838:Victor Emmanuel II
2768:Quadruple Alliance
2760:Congress of Vienna
2733:
2709:
2707:, 8 September 1855
2705:Battle of Malakoff
2602:major trade treaty
2586:
2570:
2505:
2476:and the county of
2436:Académie française
2428:to give the first
2361:
2129:
2096:Gironde department
2069:Aristide Boucicaut
2040:Paris stock market
2024:
1962:
1950:
1926:Early construction
1887:
1843:
1808:
1719:
1707:
1696:
1599:temporal authority
1590:
1579:
1477:
1466:
1455:
1421:June Days Uprising
1419:In June 1848, the
1354:
1346:
1079:
1060:
897:Napoleon Bonaparte
830:Battle of Waterloo
822:Place du Carrousel
763:Napoleon Bonaparte
734:German unification
693:and later annexed
335:Eugénie de Montijo
61:2 December 1852 –
13003:
13002:
12941:LĂĽtzow Free Corps
12874:Otto von Bismarck
12794:Eduard von Simson
12637:Wartburg Festival
12539:Kingdom of Saxony
12464:
12463:
12425:Louis Philippe II
12348:(1804–1814; 1815)
11809:
11808:
11804:
11763:Napoléon V Victor
11759:Napoléon V Jérôme
11748:
11745:Emperor 1852–1870
11515:Monarchy in exile
11469:
11468:
11439:François Hollande
11342:Charles de Gaulle
10960:
10959:
10658:Joseph I of Spain
10611:
10610:
10605:Republic declared
10588:
10440:Project Gutenberg
10367:978-0-2991-7494-1
10310:978-0-6705-0428-2
10286:978-0-7453-1830-1
10258:978-0-4151-5433-8
10169:978-0-5824-9483-1
10150:McAuliffe, Mary.
10143:978-0-7867-0660-0
10107:The Second Empire
10090:Gooch, Brison D.
10083:978-0-2320-7011-8
10031:978-0-6880-3338-5
9989:978-0-8371-7587-4
9879:978-0-2992-9134-1
9858:978-0-5215-8436-4
9837:978-1-4668-6168-8
9784:978-2-2464-2951-7
9763:978-1-1394-3097-5
9742:978-0-5213-5856-9
9723:978-2-2620-2607-3
9716:. Paris: Tempus.
9704:978-0-2977-6928-6
9685:978-2-2003-7226-2
9666:978-2-8409-6476-6
9647:978-2-0127-9098-8
9640:. Paris: Fayard.
9628:978-2-9079-7091-4
9609:978-0-3337-9302-2
9568:978-0-3749-1302-1
9533:978-0-5827-7260-1
9507:978-0-0025-5787-0
9500:. HarperCollins.
9486:978-0-8071-2624-0
9423:978-2-9016-4417-0
9250:978-1-1394-9149-5
9112:. 13 August 2008.
8978:chislehurst.co.uk
8646:978-0-1991-3417-5
8512:978-0-2039-9305-7
7960:978-9-5632-4783-1
7901:978-0-4650-8092-2
7802:978-1-3178-7206-1
7702:978-0-1988-1270-8
7568:978-0-5218-1560-4
7419:978-3-9306-9896-7
7316:, pp. 60–61.
7279:978-3-8329-5609-7
7193:978-0-3132-9896-7
7166:978-0-8014-6112-5
7012:978-0-6910-2871-2
6961:978-0-2031-3424-5
6779:, pp. 96–97.
6718:, pp. 65–70.
6672:, pp. 74–75.
6624:, pp. 61–62.
6591:, pp. 55–56.
6579:, pp. 72–77.
6567:, pp. 58–72.
6555:, pp. 94–95.
6543:, pp. 39–42.
6495:, pp. 21–24.
6276:17 September 1860
6159:Order of St. Anna
6009:Order of Osmanieh
5939:13 September 1855
5822:Ernestine duchies
5727:22 September 1853
5589:17 September 1850
5517:28 September 1855
5426:Titles and styles
5342:Robert Dumont in
5199:Bois de Vincennes
5168:Napoléon le Petit
5126:Concert of Europe
5083:Mont Saint-Michel
4912:'s caricature of
4809:Alexandre Cabanel
4590:Châlons-sur-Marne
4535:on 16 August 1870
4426:Vincent Benedetti
4332:William Gladstone
4328:Congress of Paris
4211:Luxembourg Crisis
4205:Luxembourg Crisis
4199:Marshal Canrobert
4153:Palatinate region
4132:. They discussed
4062:Otto von Bismarck
3974:Napoleon III, by
3847:
3846:
3839:
3810:quality standards
3801:This section may
3643:In 1863, he made
3545:Mont-Saint-Michel
3525:French Revolution
3463:Salon des Refusés
3420:Alexandre Cabanel
3334:Châlons-sur-Marne
3244:Cornelio Saavedra
3043:Battle of Mentana
2764:Concert of Europe
2593:Foreign Secretary
2532:Empire of Austria
2528:Habsburg monarchy
2496:Napoleon III and
2348:Search for a wife
2254:Bois de Vincennes
2164:Bois de Vincennes
2125:Avenue de l'Opéra
1595:republican forces
1367:National Assembly
1132:Benjamin Disraeli
1120:Washington Irving
992:Early adult years
837:Bonaparte dynasty
730:Otto von Bismarck
685:by defeating the
569:
568:
527:Battle of Magenta
383:
382:
13248:
12995:
12994:
12993:
12944:
12760:
12751:
12738:
12729:
12720:
12711:
12700:
12691:
12682:
12675:
12661:
12655:Hambach Festival
12652:
12646:Carlsbad Decrees
12643:
12634:
12623:
12614:
12520:
12491:
12484:
12477:
12468:
12467:
12419:Louis Philippe I
12410:House of Orléans
12372:House of Bourbon
12300:House of Bourbon
11836:
11829:
11822:
11813:
11812:
11798:
11742:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11473:
11472:
11414:
11397:
11372:
11360:Georges Pompidou
11323:
11306:
11275:
11258:
11241:
11229:Gaston Doumergue
11224:
11207:
11190:
11178:Raymond Poincaré
11173:
11161:Armand Fallières
11156:
11139:
11122:
11105:
11088:
11071:
11054:
11023:
10987:
10980:
10973:
10964:
10963:
10705:
10644:Bonaparte family
10637:
10630:
10623:
10614:
10613:
10582:
10578:Louis Philippe I
10520:
10513:
10495:
10494:
10475:
10424:
10411:
10390:
10371:
10351:
10330:
10314:
10290:
10274:
10262:
10243:
10224:
10173:
10147:
10119:
10102:Guedalla, Philip
10087:
10035:
9993:
9974:
9959:
9933:
9915:
9897:
9896:. Prentice–Hall.
9883:
9862:
9841:
9817:
9788:
9767:
9746:
9727:
9708:
9689:
9678:. Armand Colin.
9670:
9651:
9632:
9613:
9592:
9580:
9537:
9520:Clavin, Patricia
9511:
9490:
9460:
9455:
9449:
9448:
9434:
9428:
9427:
9409:
9400:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9386:. pp. 8–10.
9379:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9295:
9289:
9283:
9277:
9274:
9268:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9234:
9228:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9196:
9190:
9180:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9142:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9102:
9096:
9091:
9082:
9081:
9069:
9059:
9048:
9047:
9039:
9028:
9027:
9016:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8985:
8980:. Archived from
8970:
8964:
8958:
8952:
8946:
8940:
8934:
8928:
8918:
8912:
8906:
8897:
8891:
8885:
8879:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8855:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8771:
8765:
8759:
8753:
8747:
8741:
8735:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8650:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8590:
8584:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8442:
8436:
8427:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8383:
8377:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8215:
8209:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8149:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8109:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7974:
7965:
7964:
7939:
7933:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7550:
7544:
7533:
7527:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7421:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7264:
7258:
7248:
7242:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7150:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7016:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6463:
6388:electromagnetism
6354:16 November 1869
6344:
6342:
6341:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6297:14 November 1860
6287:
6285:
6284:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6220:: Knight of the
6216:
6214:
6213:
6199:: Knight of the
6195:
6194:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6026:
6024:
6023:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5956:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5912:: Knight of the
5908:
5906:
5905:
5891:: Knight of the
5890:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5820:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5796:15 February 1854
5792:Order of Leopold
5786:
5784:
5783:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5745:Mexican Republic
5743:
5742:
5741:
5721:: Knight of the
5720:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5681:29 December 1852
5675:: Knight of the
5674:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5583:: Knight of the
5579:
5577:
5576:
5558:
5557:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5494:
5493:
5454:Legion of Honour
5377:Erwin Steinhauer
5214:Walter Kingsford
5195:Bois de Boulogne
5157:
5154:
5115:Société Générale
5107:Eugène Schneider
4966:
4956:(1843–1910) and
4955:
4940:
4932:Eléonore Vergeot
4817:
4814:
4700:
4588:Napoleon was at
4564:Cousin-Montauban
4009:
4008: 1870-1873
4006:
3984:
3981:
3971:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3861:Corps législatif
3842:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3778:Corps législatif
3721:Michel Chevalier
3683:Clermont-Ferrand
3476:
3448:Camille Pissarro
3405:
3358:Eugène Delacroix
3354:Gustave Flaubert
3284:Tuileries Palace
3272:Tuileries Palace
3233:
3232:
2983:Cousin-Montauban
2813:Lombardy, Venice
2778:Italian Campaign
2718:Foreign Ministry
2439:
2438:
2396:Tuileries Palace
2339:
2328:Bois de Boulogne
2323:
2303:
2288:
2250:Bois de Boulogne
2179:Champagne region
2160:Bois de Boulogne
2134:Seine department
2121:Camille Pissarro
2081:department store
1993:Société Générale
1885:
1882:
1812:the new document
1729:. They included
1694:
1693: 1850–1855
1691:
1688:of Napoleon III
1548:
1536:
1433:new constitution
1314:
1298:
1286:
1270:
1209:
1201:Eléonore Vergeot
1165:Edinburgh-Castle
1144:Bois de Boulogne
1016:Joseph Bonaparte
970:Louis Philippe I
949:, the father of
920:
908:
892:
865:gymnasium school
818:Tuileries Palace
556:
462:
437:
371:
370:
351:
349:
345:
297:
277:
275:
242:
230:
221:
205:
197:
190:
182:
170:
140:
131:
90:
77:
64:
63:4 September 1870
40:
28:
27:
13256:
13255:
13251:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13246:
13245:
13156:Royal reburials
13006:
13005:
13004:
12999:
12991:
12989:
12983:
12957:German question
12938:
12936:Flag of Germany
12905:Alsace–Lorraine
12893:
12779:Baron von Stein
12767:
12758:
12749:
12745:Peace of Prague
12736:
12727:
12718:
12709:
12698:
12689:
12680:
12673:
12659:
12650:
12641:
12632:
12621:
12612:
12601:
12553:
12517:Austria-Hungary
12514:
12512:Austrian Empire
12500:
12495:
12465:
12460:
12449:
12430:
12404:
12366:
12340:
12294:
12269:
12196:House of Valois
12190:
12101:
12062:Charles the Fat
12021:Pepin the Short
12006:
11997:
11873:
11872:
11843:
11840:
11810:
11805:
11792:
11700:
11637:
11563:
11554:
11542:
11509:
11500:
11470:
11465:
11458:
11449:Emmanuel Macron
11429:Nicolas Sarkozy
11408:
11391:
11366:
11327:
11317:
11300:
11285:Fourth Republic
11279:
11269:
11252:
11235:
11218:
11201:
11184:
11167:
11150:
11133:
11116:
11099:
11082:
11065:
11048:
11027:
11017:
11002:Second Republic
10996:
10991:
10961:
10956:
10940:
10924:
10920:Eugenia Rasponi
10878:
10792:
10768:Dermide Leclerc
10706:
10697:
10646:
10641:
10607:
10596:
10581:
10575:
10555:
10552:
10540:
10514:
10508:
10507:
10500:
10473:
10432:
10427:
10368:
10349:
10311:
10287:
10259:
10240:
10170:
10144:
10084:
10032:
9990:
9957:
9913:
9905:
9903:Further reading
9900:
9880:
9859:
9838:
9785:
9764:
9743:
9724:
9705:
9686:
9667:
9648:
9629:
9610:
9569:
9534:
9508:
9487:
9468:
9463:
9456:
9452:
9435:
9431:
9424:
9410:
9403:
9395:
9391:
9380:
9376:
9366:
9364:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9338:
9336:
9335:. 21 March 1974
9327:"Aquellos años"
9325:
9324:
9320:
9310:
9308:
9307:. 20 March 1970
9297:
9296:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9235:
9231:
9222:
9218:
9208:
9206:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9181:
9177:
9169:
9165:
9155:
9153:
9144:
9143:
9139:
9129:
9127:
9122:
9121:
9117:
9104:
9103:
9099:
9092:
9085:
9078:
9060:
9051:
9040:
9031:
9018:
9017:
9013:
9005:
9001:
8993:
8989:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8959:
8955:
8947:
8943:
8935:
8931:
8919:
8915:
8907:
8900:
8892:
8888:
8880:
8876:
8868:
8864:
8856:
8852:
8844:
8840:
8832:
8825:
8817:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8793:
8789:
8781:
8774:
8766:
8762:
8754:
8750:
8742:
8738:
8730:
8726:
8718:
8714:
8706:
8702:
8694:
8690:
8682:
8678:
8670:
8666:
8658:
8654:
8647:
8631:
8627:
8619:
8615:
8607:
8603:
8591:
8587:
8579:
8575:
8567:
8563:
8524:
8520:
8513:
8497:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8473:
8469:
8461:
8457:
8449:
8445:
8437:
8430:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8406:
8396:
8394:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8358:
8356:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8299:Beale, Lauren.
8297:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8261:
8257:
8249:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8225:
8218:
8210:
8203:
8195:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8171:
8167:
8159:
8152:
8143:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8110:
8106:
8098:
8094:
8086:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8062:
8058:
8043:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8019:
8015:
8007:
8003:
7996:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7943:Cayuqueo, Pedro
7940:
7936:
7925:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7902:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7838:
7834:
7826:
7822:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7787:
7783:
7775:
7771:
7763:
7759:
7751:
7747:
7738:
7734:
7726:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7683:
7679:
7671:
7667:
7659:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7635:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7592:
7590:
7580:
7576:
7569:
7551:
7547:
7534:
7530:
7518:
7514:
7506:
7502:
7494:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7451:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7424:
7408:
7404:
7396:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7372:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7348:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7265:
7261:
7249:
7245:
7232:
7228:
7220:
7213:
7205:
7201:
7194:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7151:
7144:
7136:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7013:
6997:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6962:
6946:
6942:
6934:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6883:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6811:
6807:
6799:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6775:
6771:
6763:
6759:
6751:
6747:
6739:
6735:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6599:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6527:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6503:
6499:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6464:
6451:
6447:
6425:
6398:. His pamphlet
6396:Nicaragua canal
6363:
6358:
6339:
6337:
6323:
6321:
6303:
6301:
6282:
6280:
6266:
6264:
6233:
6231:
6211:
6209:
6205:10 January 1858
6189:
6171:
6169:
6114:
6112:
6092:
6090:
6057:
6055:
6021:
6019:
5987:
5985:
5969:10 October 1855
5950:
5943:
5924:
5922:
5903:
5901:
5881:
5879:
5859:
5857:
5837:
5835:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5781:
5779:
5771:, with Collar,
5759:
5757:
5753:12 January 1854
5739:
5737:
5711:
5709:
5688:
5686:
5665:
5663:
5617:
5615:
5595:
5593:
5574:
5572:
5552:
5534:
5532:
5488:
5444:
5428:
5423:
5411:'s final story
5401:
5265:The Mad Empress
5243:Spy of Napoleon
5207:
5155:
5141:
5133:12-pound cannon
5119:Crédit Lyonnais
5067:Prosper Mérimée
5063:
5058:
5027:Prosper Mérimée
4960:
4949:
4934:
4895:
4815:
4741:
4713:
4694:
4651:Battle of Sedan
4635:Battle of Sedan
4627:
4625:Battle of Sedan
4621:
4560:Edmond Le Boeuf
4541:Battle of Wörth
4468:La Marseillaise
4455:
4375:Patriotic Party
4366:
4360:
4352:Alsace-Lorraine
4298:Austria-Hungary
4278:
4257:
4213:
4207:
4188:Duchy of Nassau
4145:Drouyn de Lhuys
4082:
4066:unified Germany
4051:Philippe Ricord
4047:Auguste NĂ©laton
4025:Lord Malmesbury
4007:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3976:Gustave Le Gray
3972:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3816:
3797:
3793:
3773:
3742:
3712:
3707:
3705:Economic policy
3606:
3598:Napoleonic Code
3593:
3558:
3553:
3529:Sainte-Chapelle
3388:
3380:Main articles:
3378:
3311:Louis XVI style
3264:
3236:D'Entrecasteaux
3220:AbdĂłn Cifuentes
3183:, he took over
3088:
3082:
3080:Overseas empire
2929:at the town of
2895:
2785:
2780:
2589:Lord Palmerston
2554:
2548:
2536:Austria-Hungary
2507:In a speech at
2490:
2450:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2312:Charles Garnier
2304:
2295:
2289:
2262:Parc Montsouris
2234:Charles Garnier
2212:(1855) and the
2183:Parc Montsouris
2171:Eugène Belgrand
2156:arrondissements
2114:
2108:
2048:Empress Eugénie
2016:
1989:Crédit Lyonnais
1985:Crédit Mobilier
1934:
1928:
1923:
1890:Drouyn de Lhuys
1883:
1840:Gustave Le Gray
1800:
1795:
1731:minister of war
1692:
1679:
1673:
1635:Catholic Church
1559:
1552:
1549:
1540:
1537:
1481:Second Republic
1447:
1441:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1271:
1247:Charles Dickens
1239:
1203:
1196:
1171:to the port of
1160:
1136:Michael Faraday
1130:day, including
1104:
1052:
1031:H. A. L. Fisher
999:
994:
935:
928:
921:
912:
909:
900:
893:
877:Philippe Le Bas
767:king of Holland
759:Louis Bonaparte
755:
750:
703:Treaty of Turin
687:Austrian Empire
631:Battle of Sedan
615:elected in 1848
595:King of Holland
591:Louis Bonaparte
561:
549:Battle of Sedan
510:
505:Army of Châlons
487:
446:Military career
404:Louis Bonaparte
353:
341:
337:
324:
319:
299:
295:
279:
273:
271:
240:
228:
222:
217:
203:
195:
188:
180:
166:
161:
138:
132:
127:
111:
88:
75:
62:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13254:
13244:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13076:Exiled royalty
13073:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13033:
13028:
13023:
13018:
13001:
13000:
12988:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12981:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12952:Lesser Germany
12945:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12916:Burschenschaft
12912:
12907:
12901:
12899:
12895:
12894:
12892:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12804:Franz Joseph I
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12775:
12773:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12765:
12756:
12747:
12734:
12725:
12716:
12707:
12706:
12705:
12696:
12687:
12670:
12669:
12668:
12657:
12648:
12639:
12619:
12609:
12607:
12603:
12602:
12600:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12572:
12567:
12561:
12559:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12508:
12506:
12502:
12501:
12494:
12493:
12486:
12479:
12471:
12462:
12461:
12454:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12447:
12441:
12439:
12432:
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12421:
12415:
12413:
12406:
12405:
12403:
12402:
12395:
12388:
12383:
12377:
12375:
12368:
12367:
12365:
12364:
12357:
12351:
12349:
12342:
12341:
12339:
12338:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12305:
12303:
12296:
12295:
12293:
12292:
12284:
12282:
12271:
12270:
12268:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12201:
12199:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12112:
12110:
12107:House of Capet
12103:
12102:
12100:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12028:
12023:
12017:
12015:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11968:Childebert III
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11884:
11882:
11875:
11874:
11871:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11849:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11839:
11838:
11831:
11824:
11816:
11807:
11806:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11790:
11775:
11769:
11755:
11749:
11736:
11730:
11724:
11718:
11711:
11709:
11708:(1814–present)
11702:
11701:
11699:
11698:
11691:
11685:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11661:
11655:
11648:
11646:
11645:(1883–present)
11639:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11628:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11604:
11597:
11591:
11585:
11578:
11576:
11575:(1830–present)
11565:
11564:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11540:
11533:
11527:
11520:
11518:
11511:
11510:
11499:
11498:
11491:
11484:
11476:
11467:
11466:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11456:
11446:
11436:
11426:
11419:Jacques Chirac
11416:
11399:
11382:
11374:
11357:
11349:
11338:
11336:
11335:(1958–present)
11333:Fifth Republic
11329:
11328:
11326:
11325:
11308:
11294:Vincent Auriol
11290:
11288:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11277:
11260:
11243:
11226:
11209:
11195:Paul Deschanel
11192:
11175:
11158:
11141:
11124:
11107:
11090:
11073:
11056:
11042:Adolphe Thiers
11038:
11036:
11033:Third Republic
11029:
11028:
11026:
11025:
11007:
11005:
10998:
10997:
10990:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10967:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10948:
10946:
10945:6th generation
10942:
10941:
10939:
10938:
10932:
10930:
10929:5th generation
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10886:
10884:
10883:4th generation
10880:
10879:
10877:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10844:Prince Charles
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10800:
10798:
10797:3rd generation
10794:
10793:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10714:
10712:
10711:2nd generation
10708:
10707:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10654:
10652:
10651:1st generation
10648:
10647:
10640:
10639:
10632:
10625:
10617:
10609:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10589:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10565:Regnal titles
10562:
10561:
10558:Adolphe Thiers
10553:
10547:
10542:
10533:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10521:
10519:9 January 1873
10501:
10498:
10493:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10466:
10458:
10450:
10442:
10431:
10430:External links
10428:
10426:
10425:
10412:
10401:
10391:
10372:
10366:
10353:
10342:
10341:
10331:
10322:
10315:
10309:
10295:Ridley, Jasper
10291:
10285:
10264:
10257:
10244:
10238:
10225:
10205:10.1086/237781
10199:(2): 125–134.
10188:
10181:
10174:
10168:
10155:
10148:
10142:
10127:
10120:
10098:
10088:
10082:
10067:
10060:
10055:Evans, T. W.,
10053:
10043:
10036:
10030:
10015:
10001:
9994:
9988:
9975:
9961:
9951:
9947:Vol. 41 2013.
9941:
9934:
9917:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9898:
9884:
9878:
9863:
9857:
9842:
9836:
9818:
9806:10.2307/285884
9800:(3): 308–329.
9789:
9783:
9768:
9762:
9747:
9741:
9728:
9722:
9709:
9703:
9695:The Bonapartes
9690:
9684:
9671:
9665:
9659:. Parigramme.
9652:
9646:
9633:
9627:
9614:
9608:
9593:
9585:Cobban, Alfred
9581:
9567:
9538:
9532:
9512:
9506:
9491:
9485:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9450:
9429:
9422:
9401:
9389:
9374:
9346:
9318:
9290:
9288:, p. 275.
9278:
9269:
9256:
9249:
9229:
9216:
9191:
9175:
9163:
9152:on 9 June 2011
9137:
9115:
9097:
9083:
9076:
9049:
9029:
9011:
9009:, p. 500.
8999:
8987:
8974:"Camden Place"
8965:
8953:
8941:
8929:
8913:
8911:, p. 488.
8898:
8886:
8884:, p. 711.
8874:
8872:, p. 710.
8862:
8850:
8848:, p. 709.
8838:
8836:, p. 708.
8823:
8811:
8809:, p. 482.
8799:
8797:, p. 480.
8787:
8772:
8760:
8748:
8736:
8724:
8722:, p. 473.
8712:
8700:
8688:
8676:
8664:
8662:, p. 394.
8652:
8645:
8625:
8613:
8601:
8585:
8573:
8561:
8534:(2): 207–233.
8518:
8511:
8491:
8489:, p. 392.
8479:
8477:, p. 389.
8467:
8465:, p. 387.
8455:
8443:
8441:, p. 380.
8428:
8426:, p. 649.
8416:
8404:
8378:
8376:, p. 450.
8366:
8341:
8339:, p. 338.
8329:
8327:, p. 449.
8317:
8291:
8289:, p. 370.
8279:
8267:
8255:
8243:
8231:
8229:, p. 309.
8216:
8201:
8199:, p. 304.
8189:
8177:
8175:, p. 598.
8165:
8163:, p. 592.
8150:
8137:
8125:
8104:
8102:, p. 313.
8092:
8090:, p. 314.
8080:
8078:, p. 173.
8076:Maneglier 1990
8068:
8064:Maneglier 1990
8056:
8054:, p. 173.
8052:Maneglier 1990
8037:
8025:
8013:
8001:
7994:
7966:
7959:
7953:. p. 59.
7934:
7919:
7915:Cunningham2001
7907:
7900:
7880:
7868:
7856:
7844:
7832:
7830:, p. 260.
7820:
7818:, p. 431.
7808:
7801:
7781:
7769:
7767:, p. 425.
7757:
7745:
7743:, p. 414.
7732:
7720:
7708:
7701:
7677:
7665:
7653:
7641:
7626:
7600:
7574:
7567:
7545:
7528:
7512:
7500:
7485:
7483:, p. 253.
7473:
7461:
7449:
7447:, p. 134.
7437:
7422:
7402:
7390:
7386:De Moncan 2009
7378:
7374:De Moncan 2009
7366:
7364:, p. 486.
7354:
7352:, p. 474.
7342:
7340:, p. 475.
7330:
7318:
7306:
7294:
7292:, p. 468.
7282:
7273:, pp. 673–683
7259:
7243:
7241:, p. 283.
7226:
7224:, p. 279.
7211:
7209:, p. 277.
7199:
7192:
7172:
7165:
7142:
7140:, p. 271.
7130:
7128:, p. 159.
7118:
7102:
7100:, p. 158.
7087:
7075:
7073:, p. 261.
7063:
7061:, p. 255.
7051:
7030:
7028:, p. 156.
7018:
7011:
6991:
6989:, p. 155.
6979:
6967:
6960:
6940:
6938:, p. 194.
6925:
6913:
6911:, p. 124.
6901:
6899:, p. 123.
6889:
6887:, p. 125.
6877:
6875:, p. 115.
6865:
6853:
6851:, p. 111.
6841:
6839:, p. 182.
6829:
6817:
6815:, p. 106.
6805:
6803:, p. 105.
6793:
6791:, p. 102.
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6733:
6720:
6708:
6696:
6683:"Napoleon III"
6674:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6626:
6614:
6593:
6581:
6569:
6557:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6509:
6497:
6485:
6473:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6384:
6372:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6335:
6319:
6299:
6278:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6254:
6246:Knight of the
6228:
6207:
6187:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6157:Knight of the
6155:
6147:Knight of the
6145:
6137:Knight of the
6135:
6127:Knight of the
6109:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6076:
6068:Knight of the
6053:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6033:Knight of the
6017:
6016:
6015:
6006:
5994:Ottoman Empire
5983:
5982:
5981:
5979:26 August 1861
5971:
5963:Knight of the
5941:
5920:
5899:
5888:United Kingdom
5876:
5855:
5832:
5798:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5773:1 January 1865
5765:Mexican Empire
5755:
5729:
5706:
5683:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5646:7 October 1854
5638:
5612:
5591:
5570:
5550:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5519:
5509:
5501:Knight of the
5485:
5479:
5478:
5469:
5460:
5443:
5440:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5409:C. S. Forester
5400:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5353:
5340:
5328:
5321:David Bond in
5319:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5250:Guy Bates Post
5247:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5206:
5203:
5140:
5137:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5034:kidney disease
5023:
5022:
5007:
5000:
4990:
4987:Camillo Cavour
4980:
4977:Harriet Howard
4974:
4968:
4958:Alexandre Bure
4929:
4925:
4894:
4891:
4848:Queen Victoria
4740:
4737:
4729:HĂ´tel de Ville
4712:
4709:
4620:
4617:
4553:muzzle-loading
4549:breech-loading
4506:minor skirmish
4454:
4451:
4447:Émile Ollivier
4362:Main article:
4359:
4356:
4343:Adolphe Thiers
4336:Lord Clarendon
4277:
4274:
4266:Émile Ollivier
4262:Marshal Randon
4256:
4253:
4241:personal union
4209:Main article:
4206:
4203:
4081:
4078:
4074:iron and blood
4056:In the 1860s,
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3894:
3877:protectionists
3845:
3844:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3772:
3769:
3747:Louis Hachette
3741:
3738:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3634:Madeleine Brès
3605:
3602:
3592:
3589:
3585:Honoré Daumier
3583:like those of
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3452:Johan Jongkind
3377:
3374:
3362:Giuseppe Verdi
3263:
3260:
3230:Conseil d'État
3177:Southeast Asia
3084:Main article:
3081:
3078:
2973:VendĂ´me column
2959:was fought at
2894:
2891:
2859:County of Nice
2823:Duchy of Parma
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2716:of the French
2651:Constantinople
2597:Prime Minister
2550:Main article:
2547:
2544:
2489:
2486:
2449:
2446:
2385:Queen Victoria
2373:Carola of Vasa
2365:Harriet Howard
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2273:Orléans family
2226:Ile de la Cité
2110:Main article:
2107:
2104:
2089:La Samaritaine
2077:Gustave Eiffel
2015:
2012:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1763:French Algeria
1738:Palais Bourbon
1715:Honoré Daumier
1672:
1669:
1646:Party of Order
1615:Roman Republic
1568:National Guard
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1517:Adolphe Thiers
1440:
1437:
1391:Adolphe Thiers
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1319:Harriet Howard
1316:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1259:Harriet Howard
1251:British Museum
1238:
1235:
1195:
1192:
1159:
1156:
1103:
1100:
1068:Louis-Philippe
1051:
1048:
998:
995:
993:
990:
934:
931:
930:
929:
922:
915:
913:
910:
903:
901:
894:
887:
795:Napoléon Louis
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:Third Republic
567:
566:
563:
562:
560:
559:
558:
557:
546:
536:
535:
534:
529:
518:
516:
512:
511:
509:
508:
502:
496:
494:
490:
489:
482:
478:
477:
474:
470:
469:
464:
458:
457:
452:
448:
447:
443:
442:
439:
438:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
396:
391:
385:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
367:
366:
361:
355:
354:
339:
333:
332:
330:
326:
325:
320:
316:
312:
311:
298:(aged 64)
294:9 January 1873
292:
288:
287:
269:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
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231:
225:
224:
214:
213:
207:
206:
198:
192:
191:
183:
177:
176:
171:
168:Vice President
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
149:
143:
141:
139:Prime Minister
135:
134:
124:
123:
117:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
102:Émile Ollivier
98:
96:
92:
91:
86:Adolphe Thiers
83:
79:
78:
70:
66:
65:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13253:
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13212:
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13207:
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13189:
13187:
13184:
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13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13161:Sons of kings
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
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13134:
13132:
13129:
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13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
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13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13013:
13011:
12998:
12986:
12980:
12979:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12949:
12948:Pan-Germanism
12946:
12942:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12931:
12927:
12925:
12924:
12920:
12918:
12917:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12896:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12844:Archduke John
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12770:
12764:
12757:
12755:
12748:
12746:
12742:
12735:
12733:
12726:
12724:
12717:
12715:
12708:
12704:
12697:
12695:
12688:
12686:
12679:
12678:
12677:
12671:
12667:
12666:
12658:
12656:
12649:
12647:
12640:
12638:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12620:
12618:
12611:
12610:
12608:
12604:
12598:
12597:German Empire
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12577:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12556:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12518:
12513:
12510:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12492:
12487:
12485:
12480:
12478:
12473:
12472:
12469:
12458:
12452:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12407:
12401:
12400:
12396:
12394:
12393:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12369:
12363:
12362:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12343:
12337:
12336:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12277:
12272:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12193:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12104:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12009:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11993:Childeric III
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11958:Theuderic III
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11923:Childebert II
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11876:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11850:
11846:
11837:
11832:
11830:
11825:
11823:
11818:
11817:
11814:
11802:
11795:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11774:
11770:
11768:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11741:
11737:
11735:
11731:
11729:
11725:
11723:
11719:
11717:
11713:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11692:
11690:
11686:
11684:
11680:
11678:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11666:
11662:
11660:
11656:
11654:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11640:
11633:
11629:
11627:
11623:
11621:
11617:
11615:
11611:
11609:
11608:Philippe VIII
11605:
11602:
11598:
11596:
11592:
11590:
11586:
11584:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11570:
11566:
11558:
11549:
11538:
11534:
11532:
11528:
11526:
11522:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11497:
11492:
11490:
11485:
11483:
11478:
11477:
11474:
11461:
11454:
11450:
11447:
11444:
11440:
11437:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11424:
11420:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11386:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11354:
11350:
11347:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11330:
11321:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11295:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11282:
11273:
11268:
11264:
11263:Albert Lebrun
11261:
11256:
11251:
11247:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11196:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11179:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11162:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11111:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11077:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11060:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11043:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11030:
11021:
11016:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10988:
10983:
10981:
10976:
10974:
10969:
10968:
10965:
10953:
10950:
10949:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10927:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10881:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10795:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10778:Prince JĂ©rĂ´me
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10709:
10704:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10638:
10633:
10631:
10626:
10624:
10619:
10618:
10615:
10606:
10602:
10595:
10594:
10587:
10586:
10580:
10579:
10572:
10568:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10550:
10546:
10539:
10538:
10532:
10529:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10512:20 April 1808
10511:
10506:
10505:
10499:Napoleon III
10496:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10467:
10465:
10464:vol. 2 at MOA
10463:
10459:
10457:
10456:vol. 1 at MOA
10455:
10451:
10448:
10447:
10443:
10441:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10423:(2): 103–109.
10422:
10418:
10417:History Today
10413:
10409:
10408:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10379:
10373:
10369:
10363:
10359:
10354:
10348:
10344:
10343:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10306:
10302:
10301:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10282:
10278:
10273:
10272:
10265:
10260:
10254:
10251:. Routledge.
10250:
10245:
10241:
10239:0-6910-0768-3
10235:
10231:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10186:
10182:
10180:(2 vol 1987).
10179:
10176:Newman, E.L.
10175:
10171:
10165:
10161:
10156:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10135:
10134:
10128:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10103:
10099:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10079:
10075:
10074:
10068:
10065:
10064:History Today
10061:
10058:
10054:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10027:
10023:
10022:
10016:
10013:
10012:Second Empire
10009:
10005:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9985:
9981:
9976:
9972:
9971:
9966:
9962:
9956:
9952:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9918:
9912:
9908:
9907:
9895:
9894:
9889:
9888:Wolf, John B.
9885:
9881:
9875:
9871:
9870:
9864:
9860:
9854:
9850:
9849:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9790:
9786:
9780:
9776:
9775:
9769:
9765:
9759:
9755:
9754:
9748:
9744:
9738:
9734:
9729:
9725:
9719:
9715:
9710:
9706:
9700:
9696:
9691:
9687:
9681:
9677:
9672:
9668:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9649:
9643:
9639:
9634:
9630:
9624:
9620:
9615:
9611:
9605:
9601:
9600:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9503:
9499:
9498:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9459:
9454:
9446:
9442:
9441:
9433:
9425:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9406:
9398:
9393:
9385:
9384:Sunday Mirror
9378:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9350:
9334:
9333:
9328:
9322:
9306:
9305:
9300:
9294:
9287:
9282:
9273:
9266:
9260:
9252:
9246:
9242:
9241:
9233:
9226:
9220:
9205:
9201:
9195:
9188:
9184:
9179:
9173:, p. 201
9172:
9167:
9151:
9147:
9141:
9125:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9090:
9088:
9079:
9077:0-3120-1827-4
9073:
9068:
9067:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9045:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9025:
9021:
9015:
9008:
9003:
8996:
8991:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8962:
8957:
8950:
8945:
8938:
8933:
8926:
8922:
8917:
8910:
8905:
8903:
8895:
8890:
8883:
8878:
8871:
8866:
8860:, p. 79.
8859:
8854:
8847:
8842:
8835:
8830:
8828:
8820:
8815:
8808:
8803:
8796:
8791:
8784:
8779:
8777:
8769:
8764:
8757:
8752:
8745:
8740:
8733:
8728:
8721:
8716:
8709:
8704:
8697:
8692:
8685:
8680:
8673:
8668:
8661:
8656:
8648:
8642:
8638:
8637:
8629:
8622:
8617:
8610:
8605:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8582:
8577:
8570:
8565:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8514:
8508:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8488:
8483:
8476:
8471:
8464:
8459:
8453:, p. 203
8452:
8447:
8440:
8435:
8433:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8392:
8388:
8382:
8375:
8370:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8338:
8333:
8326:
8321:
8306:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8283:
8276:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8252:
8247:
8240:
8235:
8228:
8223:
8221:
8213:
8208:
8206:
8198:
8193:
8186:
8181:
8174:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8155:
8147:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8108:
8101:
8096:
8089:
8084:
8077:
8072:
8065:
8060:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8044:Published in
8041:
8034:
8029:
8022:
8017:
8010:
8005:
7997:
7995:9-5628-2232-X
7991:
7987:
7986:LOM Ediciones
7983:
7979:
7973:
7971:
7962:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7938:
7931:
7928:
7923:
7916:
7911:
7903:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7884:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7854:, p. 97.
7853:
7848:
7841:
7836:
7829:
7824:
7817:
7812:
7804:
7798:
7794:
7793:
7785:
7778:
7773:
7766:
7761:
7754:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7729:
7724:
7717:
7712:
7704:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7681:
7675:, p. 199
7674:
7669:
7662:
7657:
7650:
7645:
7638:
7633:
7631:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7589:
7585:
7578:
7570:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7543:(4): 675–692.
7542:
7538:
7532:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7509:
7504:
7497:
7492:
7490:
7482:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7458:
7453:
7446:
7445:Jarrassé 2007
7441:
7434:
7433:Jarrassé 2007
7429:
7427:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7399:
7394:
7388:, p. 21.
7387:
7382:
7376:, p. 15.
7375:
7370:
7363:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7339:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7315:
7310:
7303:
7298:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7267:Dieter Nohlen
7263:
7256:
7252:
7247:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7223:
7218:
7216:
7208:
7203:
7195:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7149:
7147:
7139:
7134:
7127:
7122:
7115:
7111:
7106:
7099:
7094:
7092:
7084:
7079:
7072:
7067:
7060:
7055:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7034:
7027:
7022:
7014:
7008:
7004:
7003:
6995:
6988:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6963:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6944:
6937:
6932:
6930:
6922:
6917:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6893:
6886:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6833:
6826:
6821:
6814:
6809:
6802:
6797:
6790:
6785:
6778:
6773:
6767:, p. 93.
6766:
6761:
6754:
6749:
6743:, p. 83.
6742:
6737:
6731:, p. 81.
6730:
6724:
6717:
6712:
6705:
6700:
6684:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6636:, p. 68.
6635:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6554:
6549:
6542:
6537:
6531:, p. 26.
6530:
6525:
6519:, p. 37.
6518:
6513:
6507:, p. 15.
6506:
6501:
6494:
6489:
6483:, p. 20.
6482:
6477:
6469:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6449:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6381:Julius Caesar
6378:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6164:
6161:, 1st Class,
6160:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6054:
6050:
6049:17 April 1856
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:17 April 1856
6036:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:, 1st Class,
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5984:
5980:
5977:, 1st Class,
5976:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:Sweden-Norway
5954:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5921:
5919:
5918:2 August 1855
5915:
5911:
5900:
5898:
5897:18 April 1855
5894:
5889:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5707:
5705:
5704:23 March 1853
5701:
5696:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5636:3 August 1852
5633:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5351:
5350:Aquellos años
5347:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5298:Walter Franck
5296:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5150:
5145:
5136:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5099:Roquetaillade
5096:
5092:
5091:VĂ©zelay Abbey
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:July Monarchy
5068:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4893:Personal life
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:Henri Conneau
4863:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4824:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4725:LĂ©on Gambetta
4721:
4719:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:Prussian Army
4488:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4226:Eugène Rouher
4223:
4219:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:. The way to
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4157:Prussian Army
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4116:powerful navy
4113:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4003:Napoleon III
4001:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3952:
3947:
3934:
3929:
3916:
3911:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:LĂ©on Gambetta
3885:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3841:
3838:
3830:
3827:November 2021
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3467:Édouard Manet
3464:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:Édouard Manet
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3396:Édouard Manet
3392:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:Louis Pasteur
3347:
3343:
3342:Villa Eugénie
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:Julius Caesar
3296:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:Benito Juárez
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:enthroned as
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3058:captured Rome
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:Ferenc Gyulay
2913:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2887:Austrian army
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:Felice Orsini
2790:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2591:as Britain's
2590:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:baccalaureate
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2383:, a niece of
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:Élysée Palace
2366:
2359:
2354:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2100:Landes forest
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:new cathedral
1853:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1686:Daguerreotype
1683:
1678:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1620:Code Napoleon
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:Élysée Palace
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:Place VendĂ´me
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
989:
987:
983:
979:
978:Place VendĂ´me
975:
974:July Monarchy
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
926:
919:
914:
907:
902:
898:
891:
886:
885:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
644:
643:Ancien RĂ©gime
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:Second Empire
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
564:
555:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
519:
517:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
495:
491:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
465:
459:
456:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
392:
390:
386:
377:
372:
368:
365:
362:
360:
356:
336:
331:
327:
323:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:20 April 1808
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
244:
238:
235:
232:
226:
220:
215:
212:
208:
202:
199:
193:
187:
184:
178:
175:
172:
169:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
147:Odilon Barrot
145:
144:
142:
136:
130:
125:
122:
118:
114:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
97:
95:Cabinet Chief
93:
87:
84:
80:
74:
71:
67:
60:
56:
53:
49:
44:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
13016:Napoleon III
12976:
12928:
12921:
12914:
12869:Napoleon III
12868:
12789:Christian IX
12743: /
12663:
12625:
12587:Erfurt Union
12574:
12456:
12445:Napoleon III
12444:
12423:
12397:
12390:
12359:
12333:
12287:
12279:
12274:
12235:Charles VIII
12003:Carolingians
11988:Theuderic IV
11978:Chilperic II
11973:Dagobert III
11953:Childeric II
11948:Chlothar III
11893:Childebert I
11879:Merovingians
11740:Napoléon III
11739:
11601:Philippe VII
11453:2017–present
11376:
11351:
11144:Émile Loubet
11010:
10763:Napoléon III
10762:
10600:
10591:
10584:
10583:
10576:
10570:
10556:
10544:
10535:
10530:
10516:
10509:
10502:
10469:
10461:
10453:
10445:
10420:
10416:
10406:
10394:
10377:
10357:
10346:
10334:
10326:
10318:
10299:
10270:
10248:
10229:
10196:
10192:
10184:
10177:
10160:Napoleon III
10159:
10151:
10132:
10123:
10106:
10091:
10072:
10063:
10056:
10046:
10039:
10020:
10007:
9997:
9979:
9968:
9954:
9944:
9937:
9921:
9910:
9892:
9868:
9847:
9826:
9797:
9793:
9773:
9752:
9732:
9714:Napoléon III
9713:
9694:
9675:
9656:
9638:Napoléon III
9637:
9618:
9602:. Palgrave.
9598:
9588:
9542:
9523:
9496:
9475:
9453:
9439:
9432:
9413:
9392:
9383:
9377:
9365:. Retrieved
9358:
9349:
9337:. Retrieved
9330:
9321:
9309:. Retrieved
9302:
9293:
9281:
9272:
9264:
9259:
9239:
9232:
9224:
9219:
9207:. Retrieved
9203:
9194:
9178:
9171:Markham 1975
9166:
9154:. Retrieved
9150:the original
9140:
9128:. Retrieved
9118:
9109:
9100:
9094:Baguley 2000
9065:
9043:
9024:napoleon.org
9023:
9014:
9002:
8990:
8982:the original
8977:
8968:
8956:
8944:
8932:
8916:
8889:
8877:
8865:
8853:
8841:
8814:
8802:
8790:
8763:
8751:
8739:
8727:
8715:
8703:
8691:
8679:
8667:
8655:
8635:
8628:
8620:
8616:
8604:
8588:
8576:
8564:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8501:
8494:
8482:
8470:
8458:
8451:Markham 1975
8446:
8419:
8407:
8395:. Retrieved
8390:
8381:
8369:
8357:. Retrieved
8353:
8344:
8332:
8320:
8308:. Retrieved
8304:
8294:
8282:
8270:
8263:Plessis 1988
8258:
8246:
8234:
8192:
8180:
8168:
8145:
8140:
8128:
8112:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8045:
8040:
8028:
8016:
8004:
7981:
7978:Bengoa, José
7946:
7937:
7929:
7922:
7910:
7890:
7883:
7871:
7859:
7847:
7835:
7823:
7811:
7791:
7784:
7772:
7760:
7748:
7735:
7723:
7711:
7687:
7680:
7673:Markham 1975
7668:
7656:
7644:
7617:. Retrieved
7612:
7603:
7591:. Retrieved
7587:
7577:
7558:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7531:
7515:
7503:
7496:Spitzer 1962
7476:
7464:
7452:
7440:
7410:
7405:
7393:
7381:
7369:
7357:
7345:
7333:
7321:
7314:Plessis 1988
7309:
7297:
7285:
7270:
7262:
7246:
7234:
7229:
7202:
7182:
7175:
7155:
7133:
7121:
7105:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7040:
7033:
7021:
7001:
6994:
6982:
6970:
6950:
6943:
6916:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6868:
6856:
6844:
6832:
6820:
6808:
6796:
6784:
6772:
6760:
6748:
6736:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6687:. Retrieved
6677:
6665:
6653:
6641:
6629:
6617:
6603:
6596:
6584:
6572:
6560:
6553:Bresler 1999
6548:
6536:
6524:
6517:Bresler 1999
6512:
6500:
6488:
6481:Bresler 1999
6476:
6468:Napoleon III
6467:
6399:
6375:
6367:
6353:
6332:
6316:
6296:
6275:
6251:
6225:
6204:
6197:Hesse-Kassel
6184:
6163:11 June 1856
6162:
6153:11 June 1856
6152:
6143:11 June 1856
6142:
6133:11 June 1856
6132:
6106:
6083:
6073:
6048:
6038:
6012:
6003:
5978:
5968:
5938:
5917:
5896:
5873:
5866:Two Sicilies
5852:
5830:1 March 1854
5829:
5795:
5772:
5752:
5726:
5703:
5680:
5656:3 April 1865
5655:
5645:
5635:
5610:18 July 1852
5609:
5606:Ludwig Order
5588:
5567:
5547:
5525:
5516:
5507:13 July 1849
5506:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5466:
5457:
5446:
5445:
5429:
5412:
5402:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5368:
5365:Nick Jameson
5356:
5349:
5343:
5334:
5322:
5313:
5310:Jerome Cowan
5301:
5289:
5286:Claude Rains
5277:
5263:
5255:
5241:
5238:Frank Vosper
5227:
5219:
5208:
5188:
5176:
5166:
5160:
5130:
5123:
5103:
5064:
5061:Construction
5040:infections,
5031:
5024:
5018:
4967:(1845–1882).
4919:
4896:
4876:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4832:Camden Place
4829:
4805:Napoleon III
4804:
4783:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4750:
4722:
4714:
4704:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4598:
4587:
4572:
4557:
4547:, which was
4538:
4499:
4483:
4466:
4464:
4442:Ems telegram
4439:
4434:Hohenzollern
4423:
4405:The news of
4404:
4379:
4367:
4364:Ems Dispatch
4347:Ems Dispatch
4340:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:Adolphe Yvon
4302:
4282:
4279:
4270:garde mobile
4269:
4258:
4230:
4214:
4196:
4161:
4138:
4127:
4120:
4105:
4083:
4055:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4013:
3925: 1860s
3881:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3848:
3833:
3824:
3817:Please help
3813:
3802:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3762:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3713:
3668:
3664:
3655:Victor Duruy
3645:Victor Duruy
3642:
3630:baccalauréat
3623:
3618:baccalauréat
3594:
3574:
3563:
3559:
3510:
3482:
3460:
3417:
3366:
3315:
3292:
3281:
3252:Buenos Aires
3238:anchored at
3235:
3217:
3209:Guangzhouwan
3197:protectorate
3191:, including
3174:
3142:Maximilian I
3128:
3062:
3047:
3040:
3023:
3011:
2991:
2969:
2950:
2943:
2924:
2908:
2883:
2863:
2852:
2844:Count Cavour
2842:
2830:
2816:
2809:Pope Pius IX
2802:
2786:
2757:
2734:
2722:Quai d'Orsay
2713:Alexander II
2710:
2663:
2635:
2631:Fort Clonque
2612:
2611:, editor of
2606:
2587:
2539:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2482:Papal States
2451:
2423:
2417:to open the
2410:
2408:
2389:
2362:
2269:Parc Monceau
2266:
2238:
2214:Gare du Nord
2210:Gare de Lyon
2207:
2203:
2199:streetlights
2195:Paris sewers
2168:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2093:
2087:in 1865 and
2085:Au Printemps
2062:
2055:
2025:
1997:
1982:
1967:
1963:
1946:Gare du Nord
1942:Gare de Lyon
1894:
1888:
1884: 1850s
1865:
1848:
1844:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1798:Middle years
1783:
1771:
1767:
1751:
1720:
1703:D'Allonville
1665:
1661:
1653:Ledru-Rollin
1650:
1639:
1628:
1625:Papal States
1618:
1603:Pope Pius IX
1591:
1560:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1478:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1386:Lucien Murat
1371:
1355:
1240:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1197:
1176:
1164:
1161:
1152:Warwickshire
1128:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1080:
1064:Hundred Days
1061:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1019:
1000:
963:
936:
834:
807:
787:
756:
727:
707:Papal States
701:through the
672:
648:
641:
635:
586:
584:
572:Napoleon III
571:
570:
515:Battles/wars
296:(1873-01-09)
241:Succeeded by
218:
200:
196:Succeeded by
157:LĂ©on Faucher
128:
72:
31:Napoleon III
25:
13026:1873 deaths
13021:1808 births
12879:Robert Blum
12676:Revolutions
12438:(1852–1870)
12412:(1830–1848)
12381:Louis XVIII
12361:Napoleon II
12302:(1589–1792)
12280:(1422–1453)
12225:Charles VII
12198:(1328–1589)
12072:Charles III
12057:Carloman II
12033:(Charles I)
12031:Charlemagne
11983:Chlothar IV
11938:Sigebert II
11928:Chlothar II
11913:Chilperic I
11903:Charibert I
11773:Napoléon VI
11753:Napoléon IV
11722:Napoléon II
11689:Alphonse II
11671:Charles XII
11537:Louis XVIII
11517:(1792–1815)
11409: [
11392: [
11378:Alain Poher
11367: [
11353:Alain Poher
11318: [
11301: [
11287:(1947–1958)
11270: [
11253: [
11246:Paul Doumer
11236: [
11219: [
11202: [
11185: [
11168: [
11151: [
11134: [
11127:FĂ©lix Faure
11117: [
11100: [
11093:Sadi Carnot
11083: [
11076:Jules Grévy
11066: [
11049: [
11035:(1870–1940)
11018: [
11004:(1848–1852)
10728:Napoléon II
10474:(in French)
10350:(in French)
10024:. Collins.
9958:(in French)
9914:(in French)
9516:Briggs, Asa
9466:Works cited
9367:19 November
9339:19 November
9311:19 November
9209:14 February
9007:Girard 1986
8995:Girard 1986
8961:Wetzel 2012
8949:Wetzel 2012
8925:pp. 244–245
8909:Girard 1986
8807:Girard 1986
8795:Girard 1986
8720:Girard 1986
8660:SĂ©guin 1990
8597:pp. 238–239
8487:SĂ©guin 1990
8475:SĂ©guin 1990
8463:SĂ©guin 1990
8439:Girard 1986
8412:Girard 1986
8374:Girard 1986
8337:SĂ©guin 1990
8325:Girard 1986
8287:SĂ©guin 1990
8251:SĂ©guin 1990
8239:SĂ©guin 1990
8227:SĂ©guin 1990
8212:SĂ©guin 1990
8197:SĂ©guin 1990
8185:SĂ©guin 1990
8133:SĂ©guin 1990
8100:SĂ©guin 1990
8088:SĂ©guin 1990
8033:Girard 1986
8009:Girard 1986
7876:Girard 1986
7864:Girard 1986
7828:SĂ©guin 1990
7469:SĂ©guin 1990
7457:SĂ©guin 1990
7237:. Cited in
7235:Le Moniteur
7126:Cobban 1965
7110:Cobban 1965
7098:Cobban 1965
7083:Cobban 1965
7026:Cobban 1965
6987:Cobban 1965
6909:SĂ©guin 1990
6897:SĂ©guin 1990
6885:SĂ©guin 1990
6873:SĂ©guin 1990
6849:SĂ©guin 1990
6825:SĂ©guin 1990
6813:SĂ©guin 1990
6801:SĂ©guin 1990
6789:SĂ©guin 1990
6777:SĂ©guin 1990
6765:SĂ©guin 1990
6753:SĂ©guin 1990
6741:SĂ©guin 1990
6729:SĂ©guin 1990
6670:SĂ©guin 1990
6634:SĂ©guin 1990
6622:SĂ©guin 1990
6589:SĂ©guin 1990
6529:SĂ©guin 1990
6493:SĂ©guin 1990
6429:Bonapartism
6099:WĂĽrttemberg
6084:8 June 1856
6074:8 June 1856
5931:Netherlands
5345:Those Years
5163:Victor Hugo
5156: 1873
5095:Pierrefonds
5087:Carcassonne
4961: [
4950: [
4947:Eugène Bure
4935: [
4889:, England.
4836:Chislehurst
4816: 1865
4695: [
4581:inside the
4502:SaarbrĂĽcken
4290:Rhine River
4237:grand duchy
4039:Germain SĂ©e
3990:Later years
3983: 1857
3961: 1865
3943: 1868
3907: 1860
3869:Legitimists
3821:if you can.
3730:Netherlands
3716:Robert Peel
3533:Carcassonne
3505:Carcassonne
3432:Paris Salon
3428:avant-garde
3412:Paris Salon
3408:avant-garde
3376:Visual arts
3295:Charlemagne
3185:Cochinchina
3131:sent troops
3125:, 1861–1867
2885:April, the
2783:Early years
2655:Dardanelles
2609:John Delane
2582:Crimean War
2552:Crimean War
2462:Crimean War
2458:nationalism
2442:George Sand
2308:Paris Opera
2230:Paris Opera
2175:Vanne River
1978:Restoration
1915:Napoleon II
1746:Victor Hugo
1727:coup d'Ă©tat
1630:Loi Falloux
1521:L'Evenement
1473:Silver coin
1462:Silver coin
1403:Louis Blanc
1395:Victor Hugo
1204: [
1008:Napoleon II
1003:Bonapartist
986:Bonapartist
982:French Army
881:Robespierre
803:Victor Hugo
679:Crimean War
607:Napoleon II
488:(1848–1870)
424:Catholicism
301:Chislehurst
229:Preceded by
181:Preceded by
69:Predecessor
13010:Categories
12576:Zollverein
12355:Napoleon I
12335:Louis XVII
12314:Louis XIII
12260:Charles IX
12255:Francis II
12220:Charles VI
12186:Charles IV
12161:Philip III
12151:Louis VIII
12116:Hugh Capet
12109:(987–1328)
12042:Charles II
12026:Carloman I
12008:Robertians
11933:Dagobert I
11918:Sigebert I
11898:Chlothar I
11716:Napoléon I
11714:1814 1815
11683:Jacques II
11677:Alphonse I
11659:Charles XI
11569:Legitimist
11531:Louis XVII
10663:Napoléon I
10387:B001NHPZ72
10303:. Viking.
10116:B00085CK6Y
9930:B0032OSXA0
9621:. Mecene.
9183:Wawro 2005
9156:6 February
8937:Wawro 2005
8921:Wawro 2005
8894:Milza 2006
8882:Milza 2006
8870:Milza 2006
8858:Milza 2006
8846:Milza 2006
8834:Milza 2006
8783:Milza 2006
8768:Milza 2006
8756:Milza 2006
8744:Milza 2006
8732:Milza 2006
8708:Milza 2006
8696:Milza 2006
8684:Milza 2006
8672:Milza 2006
8609:Milza 2006
8593:Wawro 2005
8581:Milza 2006
8569:Milza 2006
8424:Milza 2006
8397:10 October
8359:10 October
8310:10 October
8275:Milza 2006
8173:Milza 2006
8161:Milza 2006
7840:Milza 2006
7816:Milza 2006
7777:Milza 2006
7765:Milza 2006
7753:Milza 2006
7741:Milza 2006
7728:Milza 2006
7716:Milza 2006
7661:Milza 2006
7649:Milza 2006
7637:Milza 2006
7520:Price 2001
7398:Milza 2006
7362:Milza 2006
7350:Milza 2006
7338:Milza 2006
7326:Milza 2006
7302:Milza 2006
7290:Milza 2006
7251:Price 2001
7239:Milza 2006
7222:Milza 2006
7207:Milza 2006
7138:Milza 2006
7114:Milza 2006
7071:Milza 2006
7059:Milza 2006
6975:Milza 2006
6936:Milza 2006
6921:Milza 2006
6861:Milza 2006
6837:Milza 2006
6727:Quoted in
6704:Milza 2006
6658:Milza 2006
6646:Milza 2006
6577:Milza 2006
6565:Milza 2006
6541:Milza 2006
6505:Milza 2006
6445:References
6226:2 May 1858
5399:In fiction
5348:(Spanish:
4910:Paul Hadol
4872:last rites
4112:Luxembourg
3873:Orléanists
3758:Department
3577:censorship
3489:Émile Zola
3406:and other
3328:, then to
3326:Plombières
3074:gallstones
2927:was fought
2870:Lord Derby
2741:Sevastopol
2678:Sevastopol
2619:Napoleon I
2595:and later
2578:Sevastopol
2562:Yevpatoria
2419:Suez Canal
2275:, and the
2222:HĂ´tel-Dieu
2218:Les Halles
2065:Bon Marché
2036:Suez Canal
1970:California
1958:Bon Marché
1900:scheduled
1779:referendum
1194:Activities
1087:prefecture
1083:Strasbourg
1027:Swiss Army
925:Arenenberg
857:Arenenberg
753:Early life
659:Suez Canal
603:Napoleon I
451:Allegiance
274:1808-04-20
12978:Sonderweg
12889:Wilhelm I
12864:Ludwig II
12784:Charles I
12750:1870–1871
12710:1850-1851
12681:1848–1849
12622:1815–1848
12613:1814–1815
12392:Louis XIX
12386:Charles X
12329:Louis XVI
12319:Louis XIV
12265:Henry III
12245:Francis I
12240:Louis XII
12215:Charles V
12205:Philip VI
12166:Philip IV
12146:Philip II
12141:Louis VII
12121:Robert II
12052:Louis III
12014:(751–987)
11963:Clovis IV
11943:Clovis II
11881:(509–751)
11785:present (
11665:Jacques I
11626:Henri VII
11589:Louis XIX
11583:Charles X
11539:1814 1815
11525:Louis XVI
11443:2012–2017
11433:2007–2012
11423:1995–2007
11406:1981–1995
11389:1974–1981
11381:(interim)
11364:1969–1974
11356:(interim)
11346:1959–1969
11315:1954–1959
11311:René Coty
11298:1947–1954
11267:1932–1940
11250:1931–1932
11233:1924–1931
11216:1920–1924
11182:1913–1920
11165:1906–1913
11148:1899–1906
11131:1895–1899
11114:1894–1895
11097:1887–1894
11080:1879–1887
11063:1873–1879
11046:1871–1873
11015:1848–1851
10221:144533244
9890:(1963) .
9577:160451220
9286:Wolf 1963
9265:Historian
9130:12 August
8556:154407327
7951:Catalonia
7739:cited in
7619:29 August
7593:29 August
7508:Case 1954
7481:Wolf 1963
6408:318651712
5274:Leon Ames
5173:Karl Marx
5042:arthritis
5009:Countess
4860:bolt hole
4718:Deauville
4711:Aftermath
4611:, in the
4097:Schleswig
4043:gallstone
3671:Marseille
3570:margarine
3150:President
2961:Solferino
2811:), while
2690:dysentery
2674:lay siege
2666:Black Sea
2623:Cherbourg
2614:The Times
2604:in 1860.
2242:Hyde Park
2054:'s opera
2028:Marseille
1974:Australia
1852:Marseille
1754:self-coup
1611:Garibaldi
1489:elections
1414:Cavaignac
1221:kibbutzim
1140:Hyde Park
966:Charles X
955:Carbonari
775:Joséphine
633:in 1870.
476:1859–1870
430:Signature
394:Bonaparte
129:In office
82:Successor
13131:Napoleon
12324:Louis XV
12309:Henry IV
12250:Henry II
12230:Louis XI
12181:Philip V
12156:Louis IX
12136:Louis VI
12131:Philip I
12087:Louis IV
12077:Robert I
12047:Louis II
12012:Bosonids
11888:Clovis I
11787:disputed
11695:Louis XX
11653:Jean III
11620:Henri VI
11614:Jean III
10551:declared
10297:(1980).
10104:(1923).
10094:(1969).
9967:(2023).
9824:(2018).
9587:(1965).
9522:(2003).
8121:23646026
7980:(2000).
7945:(2020).
6423:See also
6416:60201169
6329:Honduras
5624:Portugal
5540:Holy See
5496:Sardinia
5447:National
5395:(2015).
5352:, 1973).
5303:Bismarck
5205:In films
5101:castle.
5038:prostate
5015:platonic
4688:Donchery
4660:Wimpffen
4613:Ardennes
4605:Beaumont
4579:besieged
4523:Lorraine
4495:Landwehr
4489:and the
4190:and the
4130:Biarritz
4101:Holstein
3852:Deputies
3803:require
3687:Poitiers
3659:Sorbonne
3620:diploma.
3539:and the
3507:in 1853.
3438:, Count
3370:Carnival
3338:Biarritz
3201:Cambodia
3056:finally
3027:Florence
2832:de facto
2825:and the
2766:and the
2745:Malakoff
2653:and the
2627:Alderney
2509:Bordeaux
2189:and the
2152:communes
2032:Le Havre
1860:Bordeaux
1817:suffrage
1787:Brussels
1173:Boulogne
1020:de facto
869:Augsburg
799:Toulouse
461:Service/
420:Religion
12898:Related
12799:Franz I
12627:Vormärz
12515:(later
12457:italics
12399:Henry V
12210:John II
12171:Louis X
12126:Henry I
12097:Louis V
12092:Lothair
12082:Rudolph
12037:Louis I
11908:Guntram
11761:/ 1891
11697:present
11634:present
11632:Jean IV
11595:Henri V
10277:145–162
10213:1874987
10049:(1983)
8548:2706889
7539:(2006)
6272:Tunisia
6240:Hanover
6063:Prussia
5910:Denmark
5844:Austria
5788:Belgium
5718:Bavaria
5560:Tuscany
5482:Foreign
5442:Honours
5385:(2009).
5339:(1970).
5257:Maytime
5191:fascism
5073:. With
5050:obesity
4773:England
4671:reverie
4513:at the
4430:Bad Ems
4419:puttees
4411:Leboeuf
4371:Bavaria
4286:Silesia
4233:de jure
4218:Bavaria
4172:Bohemia
4134:Venetia
4108:Belgium
4093:Denmark
4058:Prussia
3805:cleanup
3340:in the
3163:to the
3139:Emperor
3135:Austria
3102:in 1857
3100:Algiers
2939:magenta
2931:Magenta
2818:de jure
2720:on the
2694:cholera
2647:Balkans
2643:Ottoman
2177:in the
2150:eleven
2000:Belgium
1759:Cayenne
1623:to the
1607:Mazzini
1498:Raspail
1186:in the
1169:Channel
1091:prefect
959:measles
943:Italian
873:Bavaria
861:Thurgau
732:sought
689:in the
677:in the
667:Britain
627:Prussia
352:
340:
309:England
201:Himself
73:Himself
12772:People
12761:
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12606:Events
12558:Unions
12505:States
12176:John I
11728:Joseph
11505:since
10601:Vacant
10571:Vacant
10549:Empire
10545:Vacant
10515:
10399:online
10385:
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10339:online
10321:(2018)
10307:
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7565:
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7255:p. 407
7190:
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6958:
6689:1 June
6414:
6406:
6392:Stuart
6346:Monaco
6343:
6309:Greece
6286:
6237:
6218:Nassau
6215:
6177:Persia
6121:Russia
6118:
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5692:
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5669:
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5373:(1998)
5361:(1975)
5327:(1951)
5318:(1943)
5306:(1940)
5294:(1939)
5291:Juarez
5282:(1938)
5268:(1939)
5260:(1937)
5246:(1936)
5232:(1940)
5224:(1936)
5097:, and
5056:Legacy
4844:London
4757:Kassel
4511:Alsace
4487:Moltke
4479:Regent
4474:Randon
4186:, the
4182:, the
4176:Vienna
4164:Saxony
4070:Munich
3517:flèche
3303:Ingres
3240:Corral
3193:Saigon
3144:. The
3112:Saigon
3096:Randon
3006:Latium
2998:Sicily
2965:treaty
2953:Veneto
2829:) but
2753:Albert
2743:; and
2692:, and
2686:typhus
2670:Crimea
2568:, 1854
2566:Crimea
2260:. The
1898:Senate
1399:Barbès
1384:, and
1303:Rachel
1255:Rachel
1116:Brazil
1109:Alsace
1102:Travel
1012:Vienna
783:empire
675:Russia
551:
507:(1870)
463:branch
410:Mother
400:Father
346:
329:Spouse
315:Burial
219:Tenure
45:, 1861
11777:1997
11771:1926
11767:Louis
11757:1879
11751:1873
11738:1846
11734:Louis
11732:1844
11726:1832
11720:1821
11693:1989
11687:1975
11681:1941
11675:1936
11669:1931
11663:1909
11657:1887
11651:1883
11630:2019
11624:1999
11618:1940
11612:1926
11606:1894
11599:1883
11593:1844
11587:1836
11581:1830
11535:1795
11529:1793
11523:1792
11413:]
11396:]
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11322:]
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11274:]
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11223:]
11206:]
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11121:]
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11070:]
11053:]
11022:]
10517:Died:
10510:Born:
10217:S2CID
10209:JSTOR
9810:JSTOR
9573:S2CID
8552:S2CID
8544:JSTOR
8117:JSTOR
7524:p. 43
6412:JSTOR
6028:Baden
5581:Spain
5407:) in
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4954:]
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3394:When
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3211:). A
3199:over
3187:(the
2946:Milan
2920:Turin
2912:Genoa
2872:(the
2474:Savoy
2415:Egypt
2191:Seine
2187:Ourcq
2148:annex
2052:Verdi
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665:with
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12737:1866
12728:1864
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12690:1848
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12633:1817
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10383:ASIN
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9623:ISBN
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9528:ISBN
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9369:2019
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9313:2019
9245:ISBN
9211:2021
9187:p. 8
9158:2008
9132:2022
9072:ISBN
8641:ISBN
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8399:2023
8361:2023
8312:2023
7990:ISBN
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7797:ISBN
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7621:2019
7595:2019
7563:ISBN
7415:ISBN
7275:ISBN
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6956:ISBN
6691:2023
6404:OCLC
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6317:1863
6252:1860
6185:1856
6107:1856
6013:1862
6004:1855
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5568:1850
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5526:1859
5382:Sisi
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5197:and
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