Climate change - Knowledge

2276: 2835: 3510: 2017: 1984: 3295: 2775: 1372: 42: 1927: 1946: 3437: 3406: 603: 1969: 1204: 300: 3224: 2257: 3940:, pp. 8–9: "Effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence)...Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence)." 2820: 320: 2407: 62: 2226: 2242: 12927: 2871: 2552: 1544: 311: 2295: 2325: 1057: 873: 4882:: "The U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have each independently concluded that warming of the climate system in recent decades is "unequivocal". This conclusion is not drawn from any one source of data but is based on multiple lines of evidence, including three worldwide temperature datasets showing nearly identical warming trends as well as numerous other independent indicators of global warming (e.g. rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice)." 1657: 1611: 785: 611: 1442: 2602: 9705:, p. 300: "The global benefits of pathways limiting warming to 2 °C (>67%) outweigh global mitigation costs over the 21st century, if aggregated economic impacts of climate change are at the moderate to high end of the assessed range, and a weight consistent with economic theory is given to economic impacts over the long term. This holds true even without accounting for benefits in other sustainable development dimensions or nonmarket damages from climate change (medium confidence)." 2391: 4282:, p. 120: "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use." 2798: 3057: 1716: 1896: 545: 22190: 961: 3045: 25202: 24574: 23744: 23732: 3588: 22088: 22156: 23768: 23756: 22173: 22139: 2427:). Fossil fuel use is expected to peak in absolute terms prior to 2030 and then to decline, with coal use experiencing the sharpest reductions. Renewables represented 75% of all new electricity generation installed in 2019, nearly all solar and wind. Other forms of clean energy, such as nuclear and hydropower, currently have a larger share of the energy supply. However, their future growth forecasts appear limited in comparison. 21943: 22122: 21978: 24563: 22105: 3126:. The agreement replaced the Kyoto Protocol. Unlike Kyoto, no binding emission targets were set in the Paris Agreement. Instead, a set of procedures was made binding. Countries have to regularly set ever more ambitious goals and reevaluate these goals every five years. The Paris Agreement restated that developing countries must be financially supported. As of October 2021, 194 states and the 10261:, p. 97: "Limiting warming to 1.5 °C can be achieved synergistically with poverty alleviation and improved energy security and can provide large public health benefits through improved air quality, preventing millions of premature deaths. However, specific mitigation measures, such as bioenergy, may result in trade-offs that require consideration." 4258:'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings. ... Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century ... Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ... include the increased temperature trends described by global warming." 1283:

make local temperatures cooler. At latitudes closer to the poles, there is a cooling effect as forest is replaced by snow-covered (and more reflective) plains. Globally, these increases in surface albedo have been the dominant direct influence on temperature from land use change. Thus, land use change to date is estimated to have a slight cooling effect.

6981:, p. 172: "The global biophysical cooling alone has been estimated by a larger range of climate models and is −0.10 ± 0.14 °C; it ranges from −0.57 °C to +0.06 °C ... This cooling is essentially dominated by increases in surface albedo: historical land cover changes have generally led to a dominant brightening of land." 3808:, p. 16: "Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence)." 705:. The pattern is independent of where greenhouse gases are emitted, because the gases persist long enough to diffuse across the planet. Since the pre-industrial period, the average surface temperature over land regions has increased almost twice as fast as the global average surface temperature. This is because oceans lose more heat by 1588:, and energy use affect—and interact with—the physical climate. With this information, these models can produce scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions. This is then used as input for physical climate models and carbon cycle models to predict how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases might change. Depending on the 1489:, and water vapour itself is a potent greenhouse gas. Warmer air can also result in clouds becoming higher and thinner, where they act as an insulator and warm the planet. Another major feedback is the reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic, reducing the reflectivity of the Earth's surface there and contributing to 3661:, p. 54: "These global-level rates of human-driven change far exceed the rates of change driven by geophysical or biosphere forces that have altered the Earth System trajectory in the past (e.g., Summerhayes, 2015; Foster et al., 2017); even abrupt geophysical events do not approach current rates of human-driven change." 3576:. Consensus has further developed that some form of action should be taken to protect people against the impacts of climate change. National science academies have called on world leaders to cut global emissions. The 2021 IPCC Assessment Report stated that it is "unequivocal" that climate change is caused by humans. 3072:(UNFCCC). The goal of the UNFCCC is to prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system. As stated in the convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and 2210:, within and between countries. More people are expected to be displaced because of sea level rise, extreme weather and conflict from increased competition over natural resources. Climate change may also increase vulnerability, leading to "trapped populations" who are not able to move due to a lack of resources. 1769:'s long atmospheric lifetime. When net emissions stabilize surface air temperatures will also stabilize, but oceans and ice caps will continue to absorb excess heat from the atmosphere. The result is an estimated total sea level rise of 2.3 metres per degree Celsius (4.2 ft/°F) after 2000 years. Oceanic CO 666:". After the hiatus, the opposite occurred, with years like 2023 exhibiting temperatures well above even the recent average. This is why the temperature change is defined in terms of a 20-year average, which reduces the noise of hot and cold years and decadal climate patterns, and detects the long-term signal. 2275: 1676:. Between 1993 and 2020, the rise increased over time, averaging 3.3 ± 0.3 mm per year. Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects 32–62 cm of sea level rise under a low emission scenario, 44–76 cm under an intermediate one and 65–101 cm under a very high emission scenario. 7406:

Massive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount Pinatubo typically cool Earth's surface by ejecting gases, dust, and ash that reflect sunlight back into space. In contrast, the Tonga volcano didn't inject large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, and the huge amounts of water vapor from the

4270:: "The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". 3110:

has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, and was rejected by poorer nations including the G77. Associated parties aimed to limit the global temperature rise to below 2 °C. The Accord set the goal of sending $ 100 billion per year to developing countries for mitigation

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within the next decade to limit global warming to 2 °C. An even greater level of reduction is required to meet the 1.5 °C goal. With pledges made under the Paris Agreement as of October 2021, global warming would still have a 66% chance of reaching about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C)

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is a representation of the physical, chemical and biological processes that affect the climate system. Models include natural processes like changes in the Earth's orbit, historical changes in the Sun's activity, and volcanic forcing. Models are used to estimate the degree of warming future emissions

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emissions decrease, the Earth will be able to absorb up to around 70%. If they increase substantially, it'll still absorb more carbon than now, but the overall fraction will decrease to below 40%. This is because climate change increases droughts and heat waves that eventually inhibit plant growth on

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to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight. Deforestation can also modify the release of chemical compounds that influence clouds, and by changing wind patterns. In tropic and temperate areas the net effect is to produce significant warming, and forest restoration can

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Ebi, Kristie L.; Balbus, John; Luber, George; Bole, Aparna; Crimmins, Allison R.; Glass, Gregory E.; Saha, Shubhayu; Shimamoto, Mark M.; Trtanj, Juli M.; White-Newsome, Jalonne L. (2018). Chapter 14 : Human Health. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate

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Mora, Camilo; Dousset, Bénédicte; Caldwell, Iain R.; Powell, Farrah E.; Geronimo, Rollan C.; Bielecki, Coral R.; Counsell, Chelsie W. W.; Dietrich, Bonnie S.; Johnston, Emily T.; Louis, Leo V.; Lucas, Matthew P.; McKenzie, Marie M.; Shea, Alessandra G.; Tseng, Han; Giambelluca, Thomas W.; Leon, Lisa

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Hydropower generation is estimated to have increased by over 2% in 2019 owing to continued recovery from drought in Latin America as well as strong capacity expansion and good water availability in China (...) capacity expansion has been losing speed. This downward trend is expected to continue, due

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At present, local human activities, coupled with past thermal stress, threaten an estimated 75 percent of the world's reefs. By 2030, estimates predict more than 90% of the world's reefs will be threatened by local human activities, warming, and acidification, with nearly 60% facing high, very high,

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is not possible for everybody. In agriculture, adaptation options include a switch to more sustainable diets, diversification, erosion control, and genetic improvements for increased tolerance to a changing climate. Insurance allows for risk-sharing, but is often difficult to get for people on lower

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Agriculture and forestry face a triple challenge of limiting greenhouse gas emissions, preventing the further conversion of forests to agricultural land, and meeting increases in world food demand. A set of actions could reduce agriculture and forestry-based emissions by two thirds from 2010 levels.

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Strategies to reduce energy demand vary by sector. In the transport sector, passengers and freight can switch to more efficient travel modes, such as buses and trains, or use electric vehicles. Industrial strategies to reduce energy demand include improving heating systems and motors, designing less

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is already melting, but if global warming reaches levels between 1.7 °C and 2.3 °C, its melting will continue until it fully disappears. If the warming is later reduced to 1.5 °C or less, it will still lose a lot more ice than if the warming was never allowed to reach the threshold in

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established that nitrogen and oxygen—together totalling 99% of dry air—are transparent to radiated heat. However, water vapour and gases such as methane and carbon dioxide absorb radiated heat and re-radiate that heat into the atmosphere. Tyndall proposed that changes in the concentrations of these

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proposed the greenhouse effect to explain why Earth's temperature was higher than the Sun's energy alone could explain. Earth's atmosphere is transparent to sunlight, so sunlight reaches the surface where it is converted to heat. However, the atmosphere is not transparent to heat radiating from the

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but also trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation. An example for synergy is increased food productivity, which has large benefits for both adaptation and mitigation. An example of a trade-off is that increased use of air conditioning allows people to better cope with heat, but increases energy

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Ongoing changes in climate have had no precedent for several thousand years. Multiple independent datasets all show worldwide increases in surface temperature, at a rate of around 0.2 °C per decade. The 2013–2022 decade warmed to an average 1.15 °C compared to the pre-industrial baseline

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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Barlow, Natasha L. M.; McClymont, Erin L.; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stokes, Chris R.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Woodroffe, Sarah A.; Bentley, Michael J.; Callard, S. Louise; Cofaigh, Colm Ó; Evans, David J. A.; Horrocks, Jennifer R.; Lloyd, Jerry M.; Long, Antony J.; Margold, Martin; Roberts, David H.

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Academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused global warming among climate experts (2010–2015) reflect that the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science. A 2019 study found scientific consensus to be at 100%, and a 2021 study concluded that consensus exceeded 99%.

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is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action from public institutions and companies. Activists also initiate lawsuits which target governments and demand that they take ambitious action or enforce existing laws on climate change. Lawsuits against fossil-fuel companies generally seek

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issues and social inequality. According to proponents of climate justice, the costs of climate adaptation should be paid by those most responsible for climate change, while the beneficiaries of payments should be those suffering impacts. One way this can be addressed in practice is to have wealthy

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improves human health by minimizing climate change as well as reducing air pollution deaths, which were estimated at 7 million annually in 2016. Meeting the Paris Agreement goals that limit warming to a 2 °C increase could save about a million of those lives per year by 2050, whereas limiting

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While women are not inherently more at risk from climate change and shocks, limits on women's resources and discriminatory gender norms constrain their adaptive capacity and resilience. For example, women's work burdens, including hours worked in agriculture, tend to decline less than men's during

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Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild,

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Significant regional, gender, age and political differences exist in both public concern for, and understanding of, climate change. More highly educated people, and in some countries, women and younger people, were more likely to see climate change as a serious threat. Partisan gaps also exist in

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Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and

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Climate change can be mitigated by reducing the rate at which greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere, and by increasing the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. In order to limit global warming to less than 1.5 °C global greenhouse gas emissions needs to be

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emissions tend to be less concerned. Views on causes of climate change vary widely between countries. Concern has increased over time, to the point where in 2021 a majority of citizens in many countries express a high level of worry about climate change, or view it as a global emergency. Higher

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Adaptation is "the process of adjustment to current or expected changes in climate and its effects". Without additional mitigation, adaptation cannot avert the risk of "severe, widespread and irreversible" impacts. More severe climate change requires more transformative adaptation, which can be

367:, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century. Limiting warming to 1.5 °C would require halving emissions by 2030 and achieving 3192:

Major countries in Asia have made similar pledges: South Korea and Japan have committed to become carbon-neutral by 2050, and China by 2060. While India has strong incentives for renewables, it also plans a significant expansion of coal in the country. Vietnam is among very few coal-dependent,

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that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming. Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea-level rise. Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050. The effect of decreasing sulfur

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Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias (Brazil); Royal Society of Canada; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Académie des Sciences (France); Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany); Indian National Science Academy; Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy); Science Council of Japan, Academia

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is drawn from the atmosphere. It remains highly uncertain whether carbon dioxide removal techniques will be able to play a large role in limiting warming to 1.5 °C. Policy decisions that rely on carbon dioxide removal increase the risk of global warming rising beyond international goals.

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and onshore wind are now among the cheapest forms of adding new power generation capacity in many locations, green energy policies are needed to achieve a rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewables. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, renewable energy would become the dominant form of

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can release gases, dust and ash that partially block sunlight and reduce temperatures, or they can send water vapour into the atmosphere, which adds to greenhouse gases and increases temperatures. These impacts on temperature only last for several years, because both water vapour and volcanic

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Although there is no single pathway to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 °C, most scenarios and strategies see a major increase in the use of renewable energy in combination with increased energy efficiency measures to generate the needed greenhouse gas reductions. To reduce pressures on

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estimates a 66% chance of global temperatures exceeding 1.5 °C warming from the preindustrial baseline for at least one year between 2023 and 2027. Because the IPCC uses a 20-year average to define global temperature changes, a single year exceeding 1.5 °C does not break the limit.

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Oxfam found that in 2023 the wealthiest 10% of people were responsible for 50% of global emissions, while the bottom 50% were responsible for just 8%. Production of emissions is another way to look at responsibility: under that approach, the top 21 fossil fuel companies would owe cumulative

3796:, p. 45: "Climate change is playing an increasing role in determining wildfire regimes alongside human activity (medium confidence), with future climate variability expected to enhance the risk and severity of wildfires in many biomes such as tropical rainforests (high confidence)." 1547:

Energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface. Most sunlight passes through the atmosphere to heat the Earth's surface, then greenhouse gases absorb most of the heat the Earth radiates in response. Adding to greenhouse gases increases this insulating effect, causing an

3264:: creating the belief that there is significant uncertainty about climate change within the scientific community in order to delay policy changes. Strategies to promote these ideas include criticism of scientific institutions, and questioning the motives of individual scientists. An 5792:

Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3 °C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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There are different variants of climate denial: some deny that warming takes place at all, some acknowledge warming but attribute it to natural influences, and some minimize the negative impacts of climate change. Manufacturing uncertainty about the science later developed into a

3256:, the main strategy of these groups has been to manufacture doubt about climate-change related scientific data and results. People who hold unwarranted doubt about climate change are called climate change "skeptics", although "contrarians" or "deniers" are more appropriate terms. 2992:

reached $ 319 billion in 2017, and $ 5.2 trillion when indirect costs such as air pollution are priced in. Ending these can cause a 28% reduction in global carbon emissions and a 46% reduction in air pollution deaths. Money saved on fossil subsidies could be used to support the

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makes catastrophic fires less likely, and reduces human exposure. Giving rivers more space allows for more water storage in the natural system, reducing flood risk. Restored forest acts as a carbon sink, but planting trees in unsuitable regions can exacerbate climate impacts.

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uptake is slow enough that ocean acidification will also continue for hundreds to thousands of years. Deep oceans (below 2,000 metres (6,600 ft)) are also already committed to losing over 10% of their dissolved oxygen by the warming which occurred to date. Further, the

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energy-intensive products, and increasing product lifetimes. In the building sector the focus is on better design of new buildings, and higher levels of energy efficiency in retrofitting. The use of technologies like heat pumps can also increase building energy efficiency.

2083:, 14.5 million more deaths are expected due to climate change by 2050. 30% of the global population currently live in areas where extreme heat and humidity are already associated with excess deaths. By 2100, 50% to 75% of the global population would live in such areas. 3784:, p. 7: "Since the pre-industrial period, the land surface air temperature has risen nearly twice as much as the global average temperature (high confidence). Climate change... contributed to desertification and land degradation in many regions (high confidence)." 5983:

Lyon, Christopher; Saupe, Erin E.; Smith, Christopher J.; Hill, Daniel J.; Beckerman, Andrew P.; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Marchant, Robert; McKay, James; Burke, Ariane; O'Higgins, Paul; Dunhill, Alexander M.; Allen, Bethany J.; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; Aze, Tracy (2021).

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increases the uptake of carbon into organic matter. When carbon is sequestered in soils and in organic matter such as trees, there is a risk of the carbon being re-released into the atmosphere later through changes in land use, fire, or other changes in ecosystems.

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is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less. The first two decades of the 21st century saw an increase in adaptive capacity in most low- and middle-income countries with improved access to basic

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Sea ice reflects 50% to 70% of incoming sunlight, while the ocean, being darker, reflects only 6%. As an area of sea ice melts and exposes more ocean, more heat is absorbed by the ocean, raising temperatures that melt still more ice. This is a positive feedback

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Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon

4189:, p. 84: "Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2°C or 1.5°C are achieved through the increased electrification of buildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways entail increased electricity generation (high confidence)." 5491:, p. 5: "Black carbon that is deposited on snow and ice darkens those surfaces and decreases their reflectivity (albedo). This is known as the snow/ice albedo effect. This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting." 2028:

facing the greatest risk. Continued warming has potentially "severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts" for people and ecosystems. The risks are unevenly distributed, but are generally greater for disadvantaged people in developing and developed countries.

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emissions. Volcanic activity still represents the single largest natural impact (forcing) on temperature in the industrial era. Yet, like the other natural forcings, it has had negligible impacts on global temperature trends since the Industrial Revolution.

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Thomas, Zoë A.; Jones, Richard T.; Turney, Chris S.M.; Golledge, Nicholas; Fogwill, Christopher; Bradshaw, Corey J.A.; Menviel, Laurie; McKay, Nicholas P.; Bird, Michael; Palmer, Jonathan; Kershaw, Peter; Wilmshurst, Janet; Muscheler, Raimund (April 2020).

7547:, p. 93: "Feedback processes are expected to become more positive overall (more amplifying of global surface temperature changes) on multi-decadal time scales as the spatial pattern of surface warming evolves and global surface temperature increases." 5415:

dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the

3200:, which represent 40% of the parties to the Paris Agreement, estimated total greenhouse gas emissions will be 0.5% lower compared to 2010 levels, below the 45% or 25% reduction goals to limit global warming to 1.5 °C or 2 °C, respectively. 2199:. In some regions, the rise in temperature and humidity may be too severe for humans to adapt to. With worst-case climate change, models project that almost one-third of humanity might live in Sahara-like uninhabitable and extremely hot climates. 1022:, naturally-occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be about 33 °C warmer than it would have been in their absence. Human activity since the Industrial Revolution, mainly extracting and burning fossil fuels ( 1879:

and cause great loss of marine life. Coastal ecosystems are under particular stress. Almost half of global wetlands have disappeared due to climate change and other human impacts. Plants have come under increased stress from damage by insects.

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over the 21st century. CDR would be used to compensate for residual emissions and, in most cases, achieve net negative emissions to return global warming to 1.5 °C following a peak (high confidence). CDR deployment of several hundreds of

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would eliminate about 3/4ths of all emissions from agriculture and other land use. Livestock also occupy 37% of ice-free land area on Earth and consume feed from the 12% of land area used for crops, driving deforestation and land degradation.

858:. However, it is clear that fossil fuel resources need to be proactively kept in the ground to prevent substantial warming. Otherwise, their shortages would not occur until the emissions have already locked in significant long-term impacts. 7407:

eruption may have a small, temporary warming effect, since water vapor traps heat. The effect would dissipate when the extra water vapor cycles out of the stratosphere and would not be enough to noticeably exacerbate climate change effects.

7724:: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway." 3571:

There is a near-complete scientific consensus that the climate is warming and that this is caused by human activities. As of 2019, agreement in recent literature reached over 99%. No scientific body of national or international standing

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Inequalities based on wealth and social status have worsened due to climate change. Major difficulties in mitigating, adapting to, and recovering from climate shocks are faced by marginalized people who have less control over resources.

6564:, FAQ1.1: "To emit 240 W m, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). 5200:

While exceeding the 2 °C threshold for a number of days does not mean that we have breached the Paris Agreement targets, the more often that we exceed this threshold, the more serious the cumulative effects of these breaches will

930:. For example, solar forcing—whose fingerprint involves warming the entire atmosphere—is ruled out because only the lower atmosphere has warmed. Atmospheric aerosols produce a smaller, cooling effect. Other drivers, such as changes in 7609:: "Carbon cycle experts estimate that natural "sinks"—processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere—on land and in the ocean absorbed the equivalent of about half of the carbon dioxide we emitted each year in the 2011–2020 decade." 1326:, organic carbon from combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels, and from anthropogenic dust. Globally, aerosols have been declining since 1990 due to pollution controls, meaning that they no longer mask greenhouse gas warming as much. 6786:: "2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period." 2641:, and using compost and manure as soil amendments. Forest and landscape restoration yields many benefits for the climate, including greenhouse gas emissions sequestration and reduction. Restoration/recreation of coastal wetlands, 4655:, p. 57: "This report adopts the 51-year reference period, 1850–1900 inclusive, assessed as an approximation of pre-industrial levels in AR5 ... Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900" 18844:

Mexicana de Ciencias; Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (Mexico); Russian Academy of Sciences; Academy of Science of South Africa; Royal Society (United Kingdom); National Academy of Sciences (United States of America) (May 2009).

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Kennedy, J. J.; Thorne, W. P.; Peterson, T. C.; Ruedy, R. A.; et al. (2010). Arndt, D. S.; Baringer, M. O.; Johnson, M. R. (eds.). "How do we know the world has warmed?". Special supplement: State of the Climate in 2009.

4746:, pp. 4–5: "Global-scale observations from the instrumental era began in the mid-19th century for temperature and other variables ... the period 1880 to 2012 ... multiple independently produced datasets exist." 4094:, p. 36: "A continuation of the effort implied by the latest unconditional NDCs and announced pledges is at present estimated to result in warming of about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C) with a 66 per cent chance." 1395:, and indirect measurements are available from the early 1600s onwards. Since 1880, there has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, in contrast to the warming of the lower atmosphere (the 354:

Many climate change impacts have been felt in recent years, with 2023 the warmest on record at +1.48 °C (2.66 °F) since regular tracking began in 1850. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger

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Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere. This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases but inconsistent with warming from natural

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Reducing energy demand is another major aspect of reducing emissions. If less energy is needed, there is more flexibility for clean energy development. It also makes it easier to manage the electricity grid, and minimizes

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Renewable energy is key to limiting climate change. For decades, fossil fuels have accounted for roughly 80% of the world's energy use. The remaining share has been split between nuclear power and renewables (including

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from short periods to falsely assert that global temperatures are not rising. Blue trendlines show short periods that mask longer-term warming trends (red trendlines). Blue rectangle with blue dots shows the so-called

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headcounts could decline by 7–10% by 2050, as less animal feed will be available. If the emissions continue to increase for the rest of century, then over 9 million climate-related deaths would occur annually by 2100.

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Ecosystems adapt to climate change, a process that can be supported by human intervention. By increasing connectivity between ecosystems, species can migrate to more favourable climate conditions. Species can also be

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Meinshausen, Malte; Smith, S. J.; Calvin, K.; Daniel, J. S.; Kainuma, M. L. T.; Lamarque, J-F.; Matsumoto, K.; Montzka, S. A.; Raper, S. C. B.; Riahi, K.; Thomson, A.; Velders, G. J. M.; van Vuuren, D.P. P. (2011).

2734:. Protection and restoration of natural and semi-natural areas helps build resilience, making it easier for ecosystems to adapt. Many of the actions that promote adaptation in ecosystems, also help humans adapt via 1968: 2560:

These include reducing growth in demand for food and other agricultural products, increasing land productivity, protecting and restoring forests, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production.

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Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more

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Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022).

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Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005).

6670:: "Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials." 1945: 8931: 8700: 7300:"Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I /Executive Summary / Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report" 2457:

There are obstacles to the continued rapid growth of clean energy, including renewables. For wind and solar, there are environmental and land use concerns for new projects. Wind and solar also produce energy

21540: 2256: 586:, did not occur at the same time across different regions. Temperatures may have reached as high as those of the late 20th century in a limited set of regions. Climate information for that period comes from 21485: 20093: 3302:

Climate change came to international public attention in the late 1980s. Due to media coverage in the early 1990s, people often confused climate change with other environmental issues like ozone depletion.

2774: 8300:

Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022).

1926: 19068:

In-depth analysis accompanying the Commission Communication COM(2018) 773: A Clean Planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy

1572:

and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase. Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but more recent models agree well with observations. The 2017 United States-published

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Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023).

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to public health and local environments exceed the costs in almost all regions. Furthermore, net importers of fossil fuels win economically from switching to clean energy, causing net exporters to face

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can smooth variability of renewable outputs. Bioenergy is often not carbon-neutral and may have negative consequences for food security. The growth of nuclear power is constrained by controversy around

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Lenton, Timothy M.; Xu, Chi; Abrams, Jesse F.; Ghadiali, Ashish; Loriani, Sina; Sakschewski, Boris; Zimm, Caroline; Ebi, Kristie L.; Dunn, Robert R.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (2023).

1895: 12330: 3141:, an international agreement to stop emitting ozone-depleting gases, may have been more effective at curbing greenhouse gas emissions than the Kyoto Protocol specifically designed to do so. The 2016 1577:

notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes". Additionally, climate models may be unable to adequately predict short-term regional climatic shifts.

9038:, p. 1596: "Within 50 to 70 years, loss of hunting habitats may lead to elimination of polar bears from seasonally ice-covered areas, where two-thirds of their world population currently live." 3244:, which originated in the United States and has since spread to other countries, particularly Canada and Australia. Climate change denial has originated from fossil fuel companies, industry groups, 1641:, ice, and weather. Changes may occur gradually or rapidly. Evidence for these effects comes from studying climate change in the past, from modelling, and from modern observations. Since the 1950s, 21174: 4974:

At the time of writing, that translated into 2035–2045, where the delay was mostly due to the impacts of the around 0.2 °C of natural, interannual variability of global mean surface air temperature

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radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment."

2161:, who are subsistent on their land and ecosystems, will face endangerment to their wellness and lifestyles due to climate change. An expert elicitation concluded that the role of climate change in 1403:) would also be warming if the Sun was sending more energy to Earth, but instead, it has been cooling. This is consistent with greenhouse gases preventing heat from leaving the Earth's atmosphere. 1267:

have accounted for the remaining 23%. Some forests have not been fully cleared, but were already degraded by these impacts. Restoring these forests also recovers their potential as a carbon sink.

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IPCC (2022). Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Tignor, M.; Poloczanska, E.S.; Mintenbeck, K.; Alegría, A.; Craig, M.; Langsdorf, S.; Löschke, S.; Möller, V.; Okem, A.; Rama, B.; et al. (eds.).

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The public substantially underestimates the degree of scientific consensus that humans are causing climate change. Studies from 2019 to 2021 found scientific consensus to range from 98.7 to 100%.

823:. The warming will continue past 2100 in the intermediate and high emission scenarios, with future projections of global surface temperatures by year 2300 being similar to millions of years ago. 21931: 1687:. While ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.5 °C degrees of warming, they are set to occur once every three to ten years at a warming level of 2 °C. Higher atmospheric CO 1525:

distribution. Uncertainty over feedbacks, particularly cloud cover, is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.

19589: 17462:

Romanello, M; et al. (2023). "The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms".

2629:(planting forests where there were none before) are among the most mature sequestration techniques, although the latter raises food security concerns. Farmers can promote sequestration of 19510: 6582: 2997:

instead. More direct methods to reduce greenhouse gases include vehicle efficiency standards, renewable fuel standards, and air pollution regulations on heavy industry. Several countries

2924:

have typically been responsible for a small share of global emissions. This raises questions about justice and fairness. Limiting global warming makes it much easier to achieve the UN's

2525:

infrastructure development. Major increases in energy efficiency investment will be required to achieve climate goals, comparable to the level of investment in renewable energy. Several

4122:, p. 17, SPM C.3: "All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 °C with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100–1000 GtCO 24097: 23806: 11651: 7633:: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. 630:

records began to provide global coverage. Between the 18th century and 1970 there was little net warming, as the warming impact of greenhouse gas emissions was offset by cooling from

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and lead to clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds reflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets. They also reduce the

7511:, p. 58: "The net effect of changes in clouds in response to global warming is to amplify human-induced warming, that is, the net cloud feedback is positive (high confidence)" 3149:, a group of powerful greenhouse gases which served as a replacement for banned ozone-depleting gases. This made the Montreal Protocol a stronger agreement against climate change. 21511: 21426: 2294: 834:

to greenhouse gases. According to the IPCC, global warming can be kept below 1.5 °C with a two-thirds chance if emissions after 2018 do not exceed 420 or 570 gigatonnes of CO

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in the atmosphere. Per-capita emissions were also still relatively low in developing countries and developing countries would need to emit more to meet their development needs.

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by 2050, or by 2070 with a 2 °C target. This requires far-reaching, systemic changes on an unprecedented scale in energy, land, cities, transport, buildings, and industry.

980:, and greenhouse gases absorb a portion of it. This absorption slows the rate at which heat escapes into space, trapping heat near the Earth's surface and warming it over time. 21932: 19467: 5828:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3 °C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 3076:

can be sustained. The UNFCCC does not itself restrict emissions but rather provides a framework for protocols that do. Global emissions have risen since the UNFCCC was signed.

926:

To determine the human contribution to climate change, unique "fingerprints" for all potential causes are developed and compared with both observed patterns and known internal

19727:. The Economics of Climate Change, the Second Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee. UK Parliament. 18965: 3835: 21595: 21304: 20795:"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act" 23468: 9752:, p. 266: "Where reforestation is the restoration of natural ecosystems, it benefits both carbon sequestration and conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services." 987:(≈50%) and clouds (≈25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they primarily change as a function of temperature and are therefore mostly considered to be 19664: 14090:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

5700:

Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly (13 March 2023).

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Electrification & Decarbonization: Exploring U.S. Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Scenarios with Widespread Electrification and Power Sector Decarbonization

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which is to "take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". The goals on food, clean water and ecosystem protection have synergies with climate mitigation.

2372:(SRM) is also a possible supplement to deep reductions in emissions. However, SRM raises significant ethical and legal concerns, and the risks are imperfectly understood. 2038: 1835:

The oceans have heated more slowly than the land, but plants and animals in the ocean have migrated towards the colder poles faster than species on land. Just as on land,

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and electricity, but progress is slow. Many countries have implemented adaptation policies. However, there is a considerable gap between necessary and available finance.

21274: 19609: 13843:

IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems

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appears committed to practically irreversible melting, which would increase the sea levels by at least 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) over approximately 2000 years.

20109:

Van Oldenborgh, Geert-Jan; Philip, Sjoukje; Kew, Sarah; Vautard, Robert; et al. (2019). "Human contribution to the record-breaking June 2019 heat wave in France".

19285: 17594:

Sand, M.; Berntsen, T. K.; von Salzen, K.; Flanner, M. G.; et al. (2015). "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers".

1738:

the first place. While the ice sheets would melt over millennia, other tipping points would occur faster and give societies less time to respond. The collapse of major

795:

changes for the year 2090 relative to the 1850–1900 average. The current trajectory for warming by the end of the century is roughly halfway between these two extremes.

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Wuebbles, D.J.; Fahey, D.W.; Hibbard, K.A.; Deangelo, B.; Doherty, S.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kossin, J.P.; Taylor, P.C.; Waple, A.M.; Yohe, C.P. (23 November 2018).

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Other approaches to mitigating climate change have a higher level of risk. Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C typically project the large-scale use of

23644: 19745: 4712: 1653:, and the geographic range likely expanding poleward in response to climate warming. Frequency of tropical cyclones has not increased as a result of climate change. 14860: 14105:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

7038: 23312: 22769: 21577: 20089: 19325: 18919: 18542:

Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface".

14164:

Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

21479: 20972: 19033:

Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Aaron M. (2015). "Chapter 10: Challenging Climate Change: The Denial Countermovement". In Dunlap, Riley E.; Brulle, Robert J. (eds.).

15455:"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous" 7667:

Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation".

3429:

demonstrated that the warming effect of the Sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and that the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide (CO

2491:. Hydropower growth is limited by the fact that the best sites have been developed, and new projects are confronting increased social and environmental concerns. 820: 21621: 21887: 21182: 19014:

Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Aaron M. (2011). "Chapter 10: Organized climate change denial". In Dryzek, John S.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Schlosberg, David (eds.).

18422: 18209: 15191:"AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO2 Emissions From Subaerial Volcanism – Recent Progress and Future Challenges" 5218:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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period have increased in India and East Asia. Monsoonal precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere has increased since 1980. The rainfall rate and intensity of

23799: 19728: 17183: 16823: 3951: 3509: 1478:

to space in response to rising temperature. In addition to temperature feedbacks, there are feedbacks in the carbon cycle, such as the fertilizing effect of CO

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is only removed from the atmosphere for the long term when it is stored in the Earth's crust, which is a process that can take millions of years to complete.

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Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

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Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

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Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

19418:

Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

14693: 3069: 3039: 2494: 2016: 2024:

The effects of climate change are impacting humans everywhere in the world. Impacts can be observed on all continents and ocean regions, with low-latitude,

23973: 21811: 21674: 18432:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate" 16485:

Matthews, H. Damon; Gillett, Nathan P.; Stott, Peter A.; Zickfeld, Kirsten (2009). "The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions".

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Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).

2450:(cycling and walking). For shipping and flying, low-carbon fuels would reduce emissions. Heating could be increasingly decarbonized with technologies like 1565:. Models also predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. 6103:"Regions of significant influence on unforced global mean surface air temperature variability in climate models: Origin of global temperature variability" 5741: 5249:

The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.

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Economic damages due to climate change may be severe and there is a chance of disastrous consequences. Severe impacts are expected in South-East Asia and

1719:

Different levels of global warming may cause different parts of Earth's climate system to reach tipping points that cause transitions to different states.

812: 23936: 22921: 22742: 21005: 12023: 11286:

Khalfan, Ashfaq; Lewis, Astrid Nilsson; Aguilar, Carlos; Persson, Jacqueline; Lawson, Max; Dab, Nafkote; Jayoussi, Safa; Acharya, Sunil (November 2023).

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Hilaire, Jérôme; Minx, Jan C.; Callaghan, Max W.; Edmonds, Jae; Luderer, Gunnar; Nemet, Gregory F.; Rogelj, Joeri; Zamora, Maria Mar (17 October 2019).

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Electricity generated from renewable sources would also need to become the main energy source for heating and transport. Transport can switch away from

2435:

electricity generation, rising to 85% or more by 2050 in some scenarios. Investment in coal would be eliminated and coal use nearly phased out by 2050.

25236: 22916: 838:. This corresponds to 10 to 13 years of current emissions. There are high uncertainties about the budget. For instance, it may be 100 gigatonnes of CO 21078: 1568:

The physical realism of models is tested by examining their ability to simulate current or past climates. Past models have underestimated the rate of

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events cause short term cooling. Their relative frequency can affect global temperature trends on a decadal timescale. Other changes are caused by an

23792: 22784: 15582: 6822: 5871: 2529:

related changes in energy use patterns, energy efficiency investments, and funding have made forecasts for this decade more difficult and uncertain.

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emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40–60% interquartile range), reaching net zero around 2050 (2045–2055 interquartile range)"

2555:

Taking into account direct and indirect emissions, industry is the sector with the highest share of global emissions. Data as of 2019 from the IPCC.

2051:

calls climate change one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century. Scientists have warned about the irreversible harms it poses.

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Grabe, Grose and Dutt, 2014; FAO, 2011; FAO, 2021a; Fisher and Carr, 2015; IPCC, 2014; Resurrección et al., 2019; UNDRR, 2019; Yeboah et al., 2019.

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lead to increased illness and death. Climate change increases the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. It can affect transmission of

1680:

processes in Antarctica may add substantially to these values, including the possibility of a 2-meter sea level rise by 2100 under high emissions.

816: 713:. The thermal energy in the global climate system has grown with only brief pauses since at least 1970, and over 90% of this extra energy has been 21321: 19582: 2149:

can prevent outdoor labourers from working. If warming reaches 4 °C then labour capacity in those regions could be reduced by 30 to 50%. The

22716: 22064: 19713: 19209: 15995: 14345: 13629: 9618: 8998: 5383: 4587:

Marcott, S. A.; Shakun, J. D.; Clark, P. U.; Mix, A. C. (2013). "A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years".

3409:

This 1912 article succinctly describes the greenhouse effect, how burning coal creates carbon dioxide to cause global warming and climate change.

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extended the UNFCCC and included legally binding commitments for most developed countries to limit their emissions. During the negotiations, the

563:, with global average temperature ranging between 1 °C warmer and 5–6 °C colder than current levels. One of the hotter periods was the 20769: 19517: 18845: 18133: 11646: 11287: 7479:. Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. 7351: 6578: 3483:

to be around 5–6 °C. Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed that the greenhouse effect was saturated so that adding more CO

3362:. In this initiative, young people across the globe have been protesting since 2018 by skipping school on Fridays, inspired by Swedish teenager 2353:

ecosystems and enhance their carbon sequestration capabilities, changes would also be necessary in agriculture and forestry, such as preventing

1733:'—thresholds beyond which certain major impacts can no longer be avoided even if temperatures return to their previous state. For instance, the 606:

In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.

24010: 24005: 23978: 20316: 19132: 17441:

Romanello, M; et al. (2022). "The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels".

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predicts 2.5 to 2.9 °C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1 °C.

3525:

created a detailed computer model that included different atmospheric layers and the infrared spectrum. This model predicted that increasing CO

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levels could have produced a drop in temperature initiating an ice age. Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO

2819: 20985: 1936: 22425: 19625:(2007). "The scientific consensus on climate change: How do we know we're not wrong?". In DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (eds.). 8274: 8248: 7390: 7317: 6700:: "Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina ( 4678:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for September from 1951-2023" 3294: 2579:

emissions. In these industries, carbon-intensive materials such as coke and lime play an integral role in the production, so that reducing CO

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mainly to less large-project development in China and Brazil, where concerns over social and environmental impacts have restricted projects.

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on plant growth. Feedbacks are expected to trend in a positive direction as greenhouse gas emissions continue, raising climate sensitivity.

23963: 23911: 22658: 19305: 14728: 12692: 12281: 12046: 1632: 702: 678: 20009: 19153:"Indicators of Global Climate Change 2022: annual update of large-scale indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence" 5181: 788: 551:

reconstruction over the last 2000 years using proxy data from tree rings, corals, and ice cores in blue. Directly observed data is in red.

25172: 23985: 23958: 23931: 23906: 22542: 21783: 16876: 15353: 10043: 2064: 1743: 761: 20736: 20667: 20591: 3573: 2665:, the gas can be captured and stored instead of released to the atmosphere. Although its current use is limited in scale and expensive, 1812:

productivity in some regions. The future balance of these opposing effects is unclear. A related phenomenon driven by climate change is

646:. After 1970, the increasing accumulation of greenhouse gases and controls on sulfur pollution led to a marked increase in temperature. 22806: 22759: 20650: 20373: 20034: 19753:. London: the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. 18122:"On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connection of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction" 15380: 8381: 7454: 7276:"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change" 6465: 4684:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). September 2023. 3354:

Climate protests demand that political leaders take action to prevent climate change. They can take the form of public demonstrations,

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content of fuel oil for ships since 2020 is estimated to cause an additional 0.05 °C increase in global mean temperature by 2050.

535: 20356: 12602: 12566: 11881: 1765:, sea level rise, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation. The timescale of long-term impacts are centuries to millennia due to CO 1485:

Radiative feedbacks are physical processes that influence the rate of global warming in response to warming. For instance, warmer air

24317: 24057: 23685: 22801: 22381: 22034: 21066: 19915: 13702: 12800:"Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later" 12083:"Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later" 3982: 3550: 2674: 2042: 1816:, affecting up to 500 million hectares globally. Climate change has contributed to the expansion of drier climate zones, such as the 1113: 654:

processes can make any year 0.2 °C warmer or colder than the average. From 1998 to 2013, negative phases of two such processes,

232: 122: 20609: 19067: 17815:"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'" 7257: 3831: 25246: 24587: 24582: 24302: 23926: 23016: 22732: 22450: 22227: 21300: 21137: 19086: 18984: 3517:

Another 2021 study found that 98.7% of climate experts indicated that the Earth is getting warmer mostly because of human activity.

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Teske, Sven; Pregger, Thomas; Naegler, Tobias; Simon, Sonja; et al. (2019). "Energy Scenario Results". In Teske, Sven (ed.).

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levels would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying warming in a positive feedback loop. In 1896, he published the first

2943:, in which all countries benefit from mitigation done by other countries, but individual countries would lose from switching to a 2153:

estimates that between 2016 and 2030, climate change could drive over 120 million people into extreme poverty without adaptation.

1762: 217: 24577: 23921: 23372: 23161: 22324: 8120: 4730: 2568: 1371: 1207:

The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.

1039: 955: 154: 21091: 5375: 4988:"Global lead-lag changes between climate variability series coincide with major phase shifts in the Pacific decadal oscillation" 4704: 2878:

ranks countries by greenhouse gas emissions (40% of score), renewable energy (20%), energy use (20%), and climate policy (20%).

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by the end of the century. Globally, limiting warming to 2 °C may result in higher economic benefits than economic costs.

855: 765: 102: 21266: 20296: 19455: 18971:(Report). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. 16028: 13858: 11561: 1379:("NCA4", USGCRP, 2017) includes charts illustrating that neither solar nor volcanic activity can explain the observed warming. 24566: 24322: 24000: 23680: 22818: 21208: 20482: 20459: 20435: 20412: 20393: 20345: 20137: 19972: 19951: 19928: 19898: 19868: 19837: 19798: 19697: 19653: 19634: 19564: 19484: 19436: 19405: 19346: 19268: 19257: 19238: 19121: 19094: 19042: 19023: 18889: 18203: 17533: 16870: 16839: 16346:

Liverman, Diana M. (2009). "Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession of the atmosphere".

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are trapping heat near the Earth's surface, and so less heat is radiating into space. Warming reduces average snow cover and

21841: 21650: 21484:(Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. 18296: 7480: 5893: 5220:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. 25241: 25177: 24417: 24265: 23702: 22653: 22648: 20687: 18946: 15195: 5824:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 2341: 2281: 1730: 1724: 1660:

Historical sea level reconstruction and projections up to 2100 published in 2017 by the U.S. Global Change Research Program

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The climate system experiences various cycles on its own which can last for years, decades or even centuries. For example,

356: 193: 20244: 14822: 6796: 3436: 3405: 1517:. The rate at which oceans absorb atmospheric carbon will be lowered as they become more acidic and experience changes in 24270: 23916: 23901: 23183: 22961: 22779: 22706: 22696: 22679: 22586: 22393: 22076: 21754: 20944: 20014:

Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009

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over the 21st century. There are concerns, though, about over-reliance on these technologies, and environmental impacts.

2132: 1989: 1791: 1787: 1758: 1638: 1628: 213: 22711: 21569: 20271: 20143: 19248:

Haywood, Jim (2016). "Chapter 27 – Atmospheric Aerosols and Their Role in Climate Change". In Letcher, Trevor M. (ed.).

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Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023).

5057:"The global warming hiatus—a natural product of interactions of a secular warming trend and a multi-decadal oscillation" 3193:

fast-developing countries that pledged to phase out unabated coal power by the 2040s or as soon as possible thereafter.

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Adaptation to sea level rise consists of avoiding at-risk areas, learning to live with increased flooding, and building

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areas, mid- and low-latitude areas have been negatively affected. According to the World Economic Forum, an increase in

19:

This article is about the ongoing human-induced rise in global temperatures. For natural historical climate trends, see

24367: 24181: 24171: 24092: 24015: 23612: 23473: 23430: 22926: 21948: 21861: 21209:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays" 20629: 20219: 18846:"G8+5 Academies' joint statement: Climate change and the transformation of energy technologies for a low carbon future" 17485:"Rethinking standards of permanence for terrestrial and coastal carbon: implications for governance and sustainability" 11823:

Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J. (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam".

4005: 3549:". Scientists alerted the public, and the dangers were highlighted at James Hansen's 1988 Congressional testimony. The 2345: 1376: 1341:, which makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight. Indirect effects of aerosols are the largest uncertainty in 1300:

on a large scale. Aerosols scatter and absorb solar radiation. From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of

248: 20864: 20169: 18431: 6711:). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO 5679: 5596: 3122:, which aims to keep global warming well below 2.0 °C and contains an aspirational goal of keeping warming under 24592: 24201: 24186: 24020: 23968: 23539: 23415: 23232: 22430: 21229: 20707: 20575: 20554: 20451: 20422: 14598: 13924: 13811: 13793: 13775: 13757: 13736: 9363: 5825: 3394: 3304: 3030:, people working in the fossil fuel sector would also need other jobs, and their communities would need investments. 1614:

The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture at 2.0 °C of warming, as measured in

1212: 800: 659: 602: 216:. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include 21883: 20194: 15799:

Holding, S.; Allen, D. M.; Foster, S.; Hsieh, A.; et al. (2016). "Groundwater vulnerability on small islands".

1808:

levels and an extended growing season have resulted in global greening. However, heatwaves and drought have reduced

24248: 24062: 23953: 23943: 23772: 23410: 23390: 23337: 23289: 22346: 21725: 21200: 18193: 17867: 15121:

Doney, Scott C.; Fabry, Victoria J.; Feely, Richard A.; Kleypas, Joan A. (2009). "Ocean Acidification: The Other CO

13296: 3382: 3289: 3285: 3158: 2875: 1109: 126: 118: 77:. Natural forces cause some variability, but the 20-year average shows the progressive influence of human activity. 21673: 14162: 14068: 13977: 13959: 13662: 13568: 11412: 9359:

Women's leadership and gender equality in climate action and disaster risk reduction in Africa − A call for action

4496: 2614: 24907: 24625: 24382: 24131: 24109: 24067: 24037: 23990: 23873: 23856: 23839: 23815: 23529: 23480: 22906: 22868: 22813: 22278: 22001: 21541:"Statements on Climate Change from Major Scientific Academies, Societies, and Associations (January 2017 update)" 19722: 19646:

Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming

17237: 16068:

Kreidenweis, Ulrich; Humpenöder, Florian; Stevanović, Miodrag; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; et al. (July 2016).

14723: 14032: 13941: 13498: 13442: 13424: 13406: 12687: 12041: 8773: 2929: 2717:

may be needed. There are economic barriers for tackling dangerous heat impact. Avoiding strenuous work or having

2463: 1581: 1406: 98: 31: 27: 20382: 20069: 18100: 18075: 13369: 13351: 8244: 3768:) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current CO 2726:

can reduce climate vulnerability. Planting mangroves or encouraging other coastal vegetation can buffer storms.

2502:

and reduce poverty. Improving air quality also has economic benefits which may be larger than mitigation costs.

883:

for long lived drivers like carbon dioxide emissions is not represented. Whiskers on each bar show the possible

24736: 24087: 24082: 23597: 22881: 22633: 19684: 19415:

Meinshausen, Malte (2019). "Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change". In Teske, Sven (ed.).

18593: 18589:"Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling" 18336: 18246:"Air quality co-benefits for human health and agriculture counterbalance costs to meet Paris Agreement pledges" 17728:"Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations" 17400: 16954:"Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era" 16074: 15303: 15171: 14631:

Burke, Claire; Stott, Peter (2017). "Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on the East Asian Summer Monsoon".

14469: 12804: 12745: 12636: 12087: 11047:"Trade-offs and conflicts between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review" 10726: 3680: 1669: 1125: 674: 669:

A wide range of other observations reinforce the evidence of warming. The upper atmosphere is cooling, because

531: 468: 381:

and switching to energy sources that do not produce significant carbon pollution. These energy sources include

185: 94: 20: 17762: 17276:

Rauner, Sebastian; Bauer, Nico; Dirnaichner, Alois; Van Dingenen, Rita; Mutel, Chris; Luderer, Gunnar (2020).

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and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. Extremely wet or dry events within the

1203: 24253: 24191: 23707: 23242: 22774: 21688: 21236: 21033: 19938: 17072:

Poloczanska, Elvira S.; Brown, Christopher J.; Sydeman, William J.; Kiessling, Wolfgang; et al. (2013).

15901:"Climate Change Impact: The Experience of the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Affected by Cyclones Sidr and Aila" 15651: 13586: 13278: 13260: 13242: 13224: 13137: 13114: 13060: 13029: 13007: 12989: 12966: 11767:"European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions" 11584: 6469: 5702:"Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean" 4106:, pp. 95–96: "In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5 °C, global net anthropogenic CO 3444:

measured how much various gases in a tube absorb and emit infrared radiation—which humans experience as heat.

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Teske, Sven (2019). "Trajectories for a Just Transition of the Fossil Fuel Industry". In Teske, Sven (ed.).

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Loeb, Norman G.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Thorsen, Tyler J.; Lyman, John M.; Rose, Fred G.; Kato, Seiji (2021).

9460: 2250:. Droughts, rising temperatures, and extreme weather negatively impact agriculture. Shown: Texas, US (2013). 23849: 23690: 23362: 22891: 22886: 22791: 22663: 22220: 22111: 21082: 18691: 17073: 15674: 14950:

DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (2016). "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

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Studholme, Joshua; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Gulev, Sergey K.; Emanuel, Kerry; Hodges, Kevin (29 December 2021).

6383: 5213: 2998: 2921: 2369: 2301: 2095: 1951: 1677: 1508:

emissions have been absorbed by land plants and by the oceans. This fraction is not static and if future CO

808: 744:. As these surfaces flip from reflecting a lot of light to being dark after the ice has melted, they start 288: 209: 24402: 21144: 20383:

Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s

19152: 14050: 13465: 6814: 6377:

Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000).

1804:

has shifted northward at an average rate of 1.5 km/year over the past 55 years. Higher atmospheric CO

25078: 25000: 24220: 24104: 23861: 22901: 22749: 21026: 20890: 16036:

Kossin, J. P.; Hall, T.; Knutson, T.; Kunkel, K. E.; Trapp, R. J.; Walizer, D. E.; Wehner, M. F. (2017).

15061: 14554: 10523:"Soil organic carbon changes and distribution in cultivated and restored grassland soils in Saskatchewan" 10195: 3073: 2994: 2475: 1574: 900: 655: 22020: 20811: 19771: 18332:"Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere" 17988:

Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Anthony, Katey Walter; et al. (2019).

16070:"Afforestation to mitigate climate change: impacts on food prices under consideration of albedo effects" 14512:"Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015" 14339:

Bamber, Jonathan L.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Kopp, Robert E.; Aspinall, Willy P.; Cooke, Roger M. (2019).

13550: 7712:, pp. 58, 59: "Clouds remain the largest contribution to overall uncertainty in climate feedbacks." 1129: 811:(2023) included projections that by 2100 global warming is very likely to reach 1.0-1.8 °C under a 25005: 23760: 23524: 23327: 23284: 23057: 22979: 22833: 19197: 17702: 15244:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael; Andrew, Robbie M.; et al. (2019).

14109: 14094: 14020: 13531: 13478: 13331: 13180: 13118: 13064: 12970: 10651: 10453: 7238: 7043: 3978: 3956: 3603: 2861: 2735: 2666: 2439: 1366: 968:

concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black)

807:

The IPCC expects the 20-year average global temperature to exceed +1.5 °C in the early 2030s. The

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deposits on snow and ice also contribute to Arctic warming. Arctic surface temperatures are increasing

548: 520: 21116: 19511:

Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition

13758:"Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5 °C in the Context of Sustainable Development" 13167: 12741:"Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" 12451:

Climate Change and Ancient Societies in Europe and the Near East: Diversity in Collapse and Resilience

8013:

Liu, Fei; Wang, Bin; Ouyang, Yu; Wang, Hui; Qiao, Shaobo; Chen, Guosen; Dong, Wenjie (19 April 2022).

3676:"Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" 3336:

levels of worry are associated with stronger public support for policies that address climate change.

3177:

with the goal of making the EU carbon-neutral by 2050. In 2021, the European Commission released its "

567:

between 115,000 and 130,000 years ago, when sea levels were 6 to 9 metres higher than today. The most

25010: 24490: 24442: 24337: 24230: 24114: 23629: 23304: 23279: 23252: 23214: 23131: 22949: 22796: 22754: 22504: 22273: 22268: 22263: 22128: 21967: 21833: 21804: 20765: 19583:"January 2017 analysis from NOAA: Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States" 18852: 18121: 17484: 15729: 15454: 13206: 12798:

Myers, Krista F.; Doran, Peter T.; Cook, John; Kotcher, John E.; Myers, Teresa A. (20 October 2021).

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Myers, Krista F.; Doran, Peter T.; Cook, John; Kotcher, John E.; Myers, Teresa A. (20 October 2021).

11046: 10972: 6574: 6474: 6435: 5806: 3377: 3359: 3349: 3253: 2947:

themselves. Sometimes mitigation also has localized benefits though. For instance, the benefits of a

2691: 2459: 2319: 2099: 2048: 2011: 1605: 1334: 329: 280: 268: 264: 256: 161: 24397: 23144: 19211:

Shock Waves : Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty. Climate Change and Development

13108: 13054: 13053:(2007). Parry, M. L.; Canziani, O. F.; Palutikof, J. P.; van der Linden, P. J.; et al. (eds.). 12960: 10907:

Morecroft, Michael D.; Duffield, Simon; Harley, Mike; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; et al. (2019).

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Martins, Paulo Mateus; Anderson, Marti J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Punnett, Andrew J. (9 April 2024).

7343: 6868: 5742:"NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean" 3115:. As of 2020, only 83.3 billion were delivered. Only in 2023 the target is expected to be achieved. 2466:

and conventional power plants have been used when variable energy production is low. Going forward,

24812: 24726: 24495: 24450: 24352: 24077: 23893: 23639: 23634: 23624: 23565: 23405: 22911: 22876: 22764: 22691: 22532: 22361: 22297: 22258: 21875: 21649: 21512:"How leaders planned to avert climate catastrophe at the UN (while Trump hung out in the basement)" 18871: 17945: 17676:"Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions" 15725:"Negative emissions and international climate goals – learning from and about mitigation scenarios" 14722:

Cattaneo, Cristina; Beine, Michel; Fröhlich, Christiane J.; Kniveton, Dominic; et al. (2019).

13894: 13876: 11766: 11459: 8572: 3261: 3052:

emissions in China and the rest of world have surpassed the output of the United States and Europe.

2406: 2395: 2142: 1959: 1813: 1775: 1549: 1518: 1432: 1338: 1330: 1073: 988: 947: 880: 867: 769: 619: 114: 21596:"Studying the Climate of the Past Is Essential for Preparing for Today's Rapidly Changing Climate" 20046: 18640:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

16628:"Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world" 15414:

Hagmann, David; Ho, Emily H.; Loewenstein, George (2019). "Nudging out support for a carbon tax".

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US:

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Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999).

1383:

As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the

830:

for staying beneath certain temperature increases is determined by modelling the carbon cycle and

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Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement Synthesis report by the secretariat

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USGCRP (2017). Wuebbles, D. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Hibbard, K. A.; Dokken, D. J.; et al. (eds.).

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Neukom, Raphael; Steiger, Nathan; Gómez-Navarro, Juan José; Wang, Jianghao; et al. (2019a).

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is returned to the atmosphere when biological matter is digested, burns, or decays. Land-surface

693:

earlier in spring, and thousands of animal species have been permanently moving to cooler areas.

54: 46: 21427:"Many globally are as concerned about climate change as about the spread of infectious diseases" 20471:

Creating a Sustainable Food Future: A Menu of Solutions to Feed Nearly 10 Billion People by 2050

20469: 19962: 19379:(Report). New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and Facebook Data for Good 17813:

Smith, Joel B.; Schneider, Stephen H.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Yohe, Gary W.; et al. (2009).

13324:

Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects

12926: 11114:, p. 447; United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, 7775: 7136: 5620:"Climate impacts of a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a warming climate" 3467:

concentration in air was influenced by long-term geological processes. Warming from increased CO

3433:). She concluded that "An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature..." 1454:

The response of the climate system to an initial forcing is modified by feedbacks: increased by

61: 41: 24485: 24312: 23347: 23167: 23109: 23026: 23011: 22896: 22537: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 21587: 20286: 15945: 15514:

Harvey, Jeffrey A.; Van den Berg, Daphne; Ellers, Jacintha; Kampen, Remko; et al. (2018).

14555:""School Strike 4 Climate": Social Media and the International Youth Protest on Climate Change" 9830:"The Role of Firm Low-Carbon Electricity Resources in Deep Decarbonization of Power Generation" 9828:

Sepulveda, Nestor A.; Jenkins, Jesse D.; De Sisternes, Fernando J.; Lester, Richard K. (2018).

8633:"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century" 6379:"Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica" 5829: 4359: 3414: 3355: 3313: 3186: 2592: 2365: 1839:

occur more frequently due to climate change, harming a wide range of organisms such as corals,

1684: 1252: 1149: 406: 189: 19327:

Macroeconomic and Financial Policies for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review of the Literature

18031:

Turner, Monica G.; Calder, W. John; Cumming, Graeme S.; Hughes, Terry P.; et al. (2020).

17325:

Rogelj, Joeri; Forster, Piers M.; Kriegler, Elmar; Smith, Christopher J.; et al. (2019).

15368: 12498: 12381: 11917: 11585:"High-Income Nations Are on Track Now to Meet $ 100 Billion Climate Pledges, but They're Late" 10031: 9950: 8115: 7870:"Millennial-scale climate variability over land overprinted by ocean temperature fluctuations" 6633: 3952:"Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries?" 3099:

to " the lead" in reducing their emissions, since developed countries contributed most to the

2551: 1796:

Recent warming has driven many terrestrial and freshwater species poleward and towards higher

244: 25231: 24779: 23868: 23736: 23382: 23259: 23067: 22522: 22445: 20832: 20583: 20404: 18879: 18875: 17675: 16597: 16580: 16418:

Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Adger, W. Neil; Buhaug, Halvard; et al. (2019).

15801: 15416: 15011: 14776: 14688: 14408: 13840:(2019). Shukla, P. R.; Skea, J.; Calvo Buendia, E.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; et al. (eds.). 13223:

Hartmann, D. L.; Klein Tank, A. M. G.; Rusticucci, M.; Alexander, L. V.; et al. (2013).

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showed that the oceans would not absorb the increase. The two scientists subsequently helped

3488: 3323: 3281: 3233: 3214: 2989: 2484: 2385: 2207: 2165:

has been small compared to factors such as socio-economic inequality and state capabilities.

2145:, where most of the local inhabitants are dependent upon natural and agricultural resources. 1463: 1061: 1019: 740:. The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but also more seasonal snow cover and 663: 374: 252: 110: 74: 20642: 19208:

Hallegatte, Stephane; Bangalore, Mook; Bonzanigo, Laura; Fay, Marianne; et al. (2016).

17946:"Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" 16539: 15770:

Hodder, Patrick; Martin, Brian (2009). "Climate Crisis? The Politics of Emergency Framing".

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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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Etheridge, D.; Steele, L.; Langenfelds, R.; Francey, R.; Barnola, J.-M.; Morgan, V. (1998).

6321: 3600:– proposed geological time interval in which humans are having significant geological impact 3487:

would make no difference, and that the climate would be self-regulating. Beginning in 1938,

24940: 24892: 24673: 24470: 24238: 23878: 23844: 23834: 23575: 23453: 23114: 22684: 22611: 21963: 20367: 19456:

Impacts of World-Class Vehicle Efficiency and Emissions Regulations in Select G20 Countries

19167: 18794: 18751: 18700: 18647: 18602: 18551: 18443: 18345: 18257: 18154: 18087: 18001: 17960: 17922: 17826: 17777: 17761:

Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P. (2019).

17739: 17636: 17603: 17548: 17496: 17409: 17396:"Impact of short-lived non-CO2 mitigation on carbon budgets for stabilizing global warming" 17394:

Rogelj, Joeri; Meinshausen, Malte; Schaeffer, Michiel; Knutti, Reto; Riahi, Keywan (2015).

17338: 17289: 17246: 17207: 17151: 17088: 17024: 16965: 16908: 16894:"No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era" 16752: 16695: 16639: 16551: 16494: 16431: 16380: 16324: 16267: 16206: 16173: 16083: 16053: 15957: 15851: 15810: 15738: 15683: 15628: 15476: 15425: 15312: 15257: 15204: 15134: 15078: 15020: 14961: 14883: 14793: 14702: 14652: 14523: 14478: 14417: 14354: 14301: 14252: 14049:

Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021).

13923:(2019). Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D. C.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; et al. (eds.). 12813: 12754: 12645: 12632:"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming" 12096: 11832: 11336: 11058: 10981: 10810: 10735: 10534: 10419:, pp. 487, 488, FIGURE 5.12 Humans on a vegan exclusive diet would save about 7.9 GtCO 10135: 9843: 9100: 8940: 8782: 8709: 8646: 8589: 8526: 8418: 8026: 7883: 7084: 6739: 6680: 6392: 6335: 6268: 6157: 5947: 5773: 5713: 5631: 5542: 5439: 5285: 5186: 5132: 5070: 5001: 4929: 4822: 4596: 4532: 4461: 4307: 3689: 3371: 3265: 3240:

Public debate about climate change has been strongly affected by climate change denial and

2784: 2723: 2596: 2511: 2328:

Global greenhouse gas emission scenarios, based on policies and pledges as of November 2021

2080: 1993: 1868: 1825: 1514: 1297: 1256: 1137: 579: 571:

20,000 years ago had sea levels that were about 125 metres (410 ft) lower than today.

568: 430: 21987: 16164:

Lapenis, Andrei G. (1998). "Arrhenius and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change".

13960:"Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities" 12630:

Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; Anderegg, William R. L.; et al. (2016).

9048: 6460: 6255:"High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present" 5786: 5761: 5501: 2870: 1314:

aerosols produced by the combustion of fossil fuels with heavy sulfur concentrations like

976:, and thus allow it to pass through the atmosphere to heat the Earth's surface. The Earth 8: 25083: 25040: 24874: 24817: 24668: 24660: 24618: 24532: 24525: 24465: 24362: 24357: 24032: 23592: 23367: 22596: 22591: 21561: 21418: 21395: 21166: 21062: 20882: 18783:"Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates" 18687:"Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming" 16821: 15146: 15005:

Dean, Joshua F.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Röckmann, Thomas; Aerts, Rien; et al. (2018).

14510:

Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; Karlsson, Mikael; Gilek, Michael; Hansson, Sven Ove (2017).

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von Schuckman, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et al. (7 September 2020).

4690:(change "202309" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 09=September) 3554: 3426: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161:

became the first national government to declare a climate emergency. Other countries and

3023: 2928:, such as eradicating poverty and reducing inequalities. The connection is recognized in 2642: 2515: 2431: 2068: 1974: 1901: 1734: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1562: 1490: 1436: 1275: 1050: 992: 927: 884: 831: 753: 737: 725: 651: 360: 221: 177: 22094: 21983: 20261: 20063:"Climate Change and the Risk of Statelessness: The Situation of Low-lying Island States" 19171: 18995: 18798: 18755: 18704: 18651: 18606: 18555: 18447: 18349: 18261: 18158: 18091: 18005: 17964: 17926: 17830: 17781: 17743: 17640: 17607: 17552: 17500: 17422: 17413: 17395: 17342: 17293: 17250: 17211: 17155: 17092: 17028: 16969: 16912: 16756: 16699: 16643: 16555: 16498: 16435: 16384: 16328: 16271: 16210: 16193:

Levermann, Anders; Clark, Peter U.; Marzeion, Ben; Milne, Glenn A.; et al. (2013).

16177: 16096: 16087: 16069: 16008: 15961: 15855: 15814: 15742: 15687: 15632: 15480: 15429: 15316: 15261: 15208: 15138: 15082: 15024: 14965: 14887: 14797: 14706: 14691:(1938). "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature". 14656: 14527: 14491: 14482: 14464: 14421: 14358: 14305: 14256: 13691:(2018). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; et al. (eds.). 13522:(2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. (eds.). 12817: 12758: 12658: 12649: 12631: 12134: 12100: 11836: 11341: 11062: 10985: 10814: 10739: 10538: 10139: 9847: 9104: 8944: 8786: 8768: 8713: 8650: 8593: 8530: 8439: 8422: 8404: 8030: 7887: 7088: 6396: 6339: 6272: 6161: 5951: 5845: 5777: 5717: 5635: 5546: 5443: 5231: 5136: 5074: 5005: 4933: 4826: 4600: 4536: 4465: 4311: 4024: 3693: 3622: 2183:

Low-lying islands and coastal communities are threatened by sea level rise, which makes

1584:

add societal factors to a physical climate model. These models simulate how population,

1270:

Local vegetation cover impacts how much of the sunlight gets reflected back into space (

1011:

are added or removed independently from temperature, and are therefore considered to be

263:

in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without

24952: 24547: 24505: 24500: 24460: 24412: 24176: 24072: 23948: 23420: 23352: 23269: 23119: 23084: 23041: 23036: 23031: 22601: 21258: 20445: 20114: 19874: 19804: 19707: 19442: 19360: 18985:"The climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking the Kyoto Protocol?" 18940:

Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene

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Chart in section titled "Annual rates of global tree cover loss have risen since 2000".

6408: 6302: 6033: 5652: 5619: 5578: 5156: 5094: 5037: 4960: 4917: 4850: 4556: 4521:"Lack of evidence for a substantial sea-level fluctuation within the Last Interglacial" 4477: 4339: 4323: 3715: 3565: 3367: 3218: 3112: 3092: 2944: 2940: 2840: 2731: 2522: 2381: 2324: 2039:

Effects of climate change on agriculture § Global food security and undernutrition

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are more persistent, but they are equivalent to less than 1% of current human-caused CO

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20952: 20478: 20455: 20431: 20408: 20389: 20341: 20133: 20118: 20000: 19968: 19947: 19924: 19894: 19878: 19864: 19833: 19808: 19794: 19693: 19649: 19630: 19560: 19480: 19446: 19432: 19401: 19364: 19352: 19342: 19253: 19234: 19117: 19100: 19090: 19038: 19019: 18913:"The Paris Agreement: Summary. Climate Focus Client Brief on the Paris Agreement III" 18885: 18822: 18718: 18673: 18567: 18530: 18489: 18477: 18469: 18430:

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is subject to multiple feasibility and sustainability constraints (high confidence)."

3719: 3707: 3441: 3146: 3138: 3107: 3096: 2756: 2698: 2564: 2563:

On the demand side, a key component of reducing emissions is shifting people towards

2526: 2480: 2424: 2334: 2178: 2158: 1860: 1747: 1665: 1543: 1486: 1471: 1459: 1455: 1342: 1232: 1089: 1056: 1035: 1012: 977: 951: 876: 872: 682: 564: 426: 410: 398: 378: 368: 138: 134: 22179: 22145: 21099: 20237:"The Public and Climate Change: Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956–1969)" 18579: 17805: 17666: 17277: 17195: 17179: 16952:

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4520: 4473: 4363: 4343: 3553:(IPCC), set up in 1988 to provide formal advice to the world's governments, spurred 2621:

Natural carbon sinks can be enhanced to sequester significantly larger amounts of CO

1656: 1251:. Between 2001 and 2018, 27% of deforestation was from permanent clearing to enable 310: 25095: 24962: 24947: 24824: 24804: 24746: 24650: 24645: 24377: 24372: 24347: 24146: 24119: 23697: 23264: 23247: 23188: 23079: 22843: 22562: 22435: 22371: 22015: 20501: 20331: 20323: 20288: 20159: 19854: 19823: 19784: 19537: 19422: 19334: 19226: 19218: 19175: 19054: 18964:; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Halliday, Alex; Heal, Geoffrey; et al. (September 2019). 18898: 18812: 18802: 18773: 18759: 18730: 18708: 18663: 18655: 18620: 18610: 18559: 18520: 18510: 18459: 18451: 18396: 18388: 18353: 18273: 18265: 18232: 18162: 18095: 18052: 18044: 18009: 17968: 17930: 17887: 17879: 17844: 17834: 17785: 17747: 17718: 17698: 17690: 17644: 17611: 17572: 17556: 17504: 17471: 17450: 17427: 17417: 17356: 17346: 17327:"Estimating and tracking the remaining carbon budget for stringent climate targets" 17297: 17254: 17215: 17159: 17124: 17104: 17096: 17050: 17032: 16989: 16973: 16916: 16858: 16827: 16810: 16778: 16760: 16711: 16703: 16657: 16647: 16592: 16559: 16530: 16502: 16447: 16439: 16388: 16355: 16332: 16275: 16232: 16214: 16181: 16142: 16134: 16113: 16091: 16017: 16004: 15965: 15922: 15912: 15877: 15859: 15818: 15756: 15746: 15701: 15691: 15646: 15636: 15603: 15595: 15566: 15545: 15529: 15506: 15484: 15433: 15330: 15320: 15275: 15265: 15222: 15212: 15142: 15086: 15038: 15028: 14969: 14952: 14936: 14891: 14836: 14801: 14745: 14737: 14710: 14660: 14617: 14607: 14566: 14531: 14496: 14486: 14441: 14425: 14380: 14362: 14317: 14309: 14260: 14179: 14171: 14113: 13976:

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for crops and livestock. Another 24% has been lost to temporary clearing under the

1049:

levels are higher than they have been at any time during the last 2 million years.

1045:

and methane had increased by about 48% and 160%, respectively, since 1750. These CO

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has increased usage. Various scientists, politicians and media may use the terms

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has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK & New York:

11844: 10427:, p. 51 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use used an average of 12 GtCO 9938: 9856: 9829: 9815: 9813: 6621: 4811:"Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing" 4422: 2755:

may reduce emissions from transport and construction, but may also increase the

2187:

more common. Sometimes, land is permanently lost to the sea. This could lead to

1101: 25205: 25123: 25113: 24977: 24972: 24721: 24611: 24537: 24432: 24332: 24047: 23602: 23458: 23400: 23395: 23237: 23126: 22858: 22853: 22848: 22701: 22638: 22376: 22356: 22315: 22044: 21717: 21622:"One-Fourth of Global Forest Loss Permanent: Deforestation Is Not Slowing Down" 21349: 21235: 21074: 20757: 20236: 19759: 18851:. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Archived from 18615: 18588: 18358: 18331: 18269: 18014: 17989: 17432: 17132: 17017:

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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covers about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon can be priced with

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that harms agriculture and can displace populations. Shown: Telly, Mali (2008).

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to refer to human impacts on the climate at this time. In the 1980s, the terms

414: 225: 150: 130: 90: 89:—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's 20668:"Explainer: How 'Shared Socioeconomic Pathways' explore future climate change" 20327: 20263: 19888:

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. How are the world's forests changing?

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Studying what would become known as the greenhouse effect, Tyndall's pre-1861

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global warming to 1.5 °C could save millions and simultaneously increase

1068:

since 1880 have been caused by different sources ramping up one after another.

25220: 25133: 25063: 25015: 24982: 24854: 24844: 24834: 24794: 24789: 24520: 24475: 24455: 24277: 24052: 23675: 23607: 23332: 23154: 23139: 23074: 22969: 21775: 20956: 20127: 20087: 20001:"Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 19622: 19356: 19104: 18899:

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Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda

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Global Groundwater: Source, Scarcity, Sustainability, Security, and Solutions

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have been increasing in the past 50 years due to agricultural improvements,

1828:

more likely. Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the

1715: 25187: 25138: 25128: 25118: 25058: 24839: 24693: 24683: 24213: 24208: 24196: 24156: 24141: 23829: 23560: 23357: 23001: 22991: 22643: 22527: 22440: 21951:

was created from a revision of this article dated 30 October 2021

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4969: 4616: 4450:"Tipping elements and amplified polar warming during the Last Interglacial" 4335: 4192: 3597: 3449: 3245: 3162: 3131: 3056: 3014: 2285: 2111: 2072: 1411: 1400: 1349: 1323: 1164: 1152:. Nitrous oxide emissions largely come from the microbial decomposition of 984: 749: 480: 21784:"Getting to 100% renewables requires cheap energy storage. But how cheap?" 21006:"South Korea vows to go carbon neutral by 2050 to fight climate emergency" 20610:"Clean energy: The challenge of achieving a 'just transition' for workers" 17623:

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Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the

6428:"Historical CO2 Records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS Ice Cores" 5531:"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979" 2575:

Steel and cement production are responsible for about 13% of industrial CO

1167:. While plants on land and in the ocean absorb most excess emissions of CO 24935: 24741: 24678: 24327: 24282: 24151: 24124: 23587: 23104: 23096: 22351: 21812:"We must fight one of the world's biggest health threats: climate change" 20728: 20186: 20090:

Methane and Black Carbon Impacts on the Arctic: Communicating the Science

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Global Concern about Climate Change, Broad Support for Limiting Emissions

19627:

Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren

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de Coninck, H.; Revi, A.; Babiker, M.; Bertoldi, P.; et al. (2018).

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surface, and captures some of that heat, which in turn warms the planet.

3088: 2999:

require utilities to increase the share of renewables in power production

2936: 2807: 2739: 2673:

emissions by mid-century. This technique, in combination with bioenergy (

2634: 2610: 2265:. Sea-level rise increases flooding in low-lying coastal regions. Shown: 2146: 1751: 1396: 1319: 1248: 1176: 1159:

While methane only lasts in the atmosphere for an average of 12 years, CO

1121: 1096:

emissions primarily come from burning fossil fuels to provide energy for

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The science and politics of global climate change: A guide to the debate

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A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023).

8329: 7391:"Tonga eruption blasted unprecedented amount of water into stratosphere" 7106: 6281: 6254: 5872:"World likely to breach 1.5C climate threshold by 2027, scientists warn" 2266: 1729:

Greater degrees of global warming increase the risk of passing through '

1637:

The environmental effects of climate change are broad and far-reaching,

960: 25025: 24992: 24967: 24849: 24769: 24688: 24392: 23619: 22996: 22054: 21378:"Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?" 20920:"School climate strikes: 1.4 million people took part, say campaigners" 20849: 20336: 19230: 18464: 18401: 17883: 16715: 16452: 16067: 15520: 15280: 15243: 15043: 14827: 14612: 14593: 14463:

Berrill, P.; Arvesen, A.; Scholz, Y.; Gils, H. C.; et al. (2016).

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Randall, D. A.; Wood, R. A.; Bony, S.; Colman, R.; et al. (2007).

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Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change

11400: 10485: 9805: 8832: 7258:"Analysis: How low-sulphur shipping rules are affecting global warming" 6747: 4327: 4293: 3772:

concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years."

3530: 3249: 3178: 2981: 2969: 2825: 2703: 2416: 2150: 2087: 1917: 1829: 1821: 1673: 1494: 1301: 1153: 851: 733: 729: 718: 642:

aerosols in the atmosphere, which reflect sunlight and cause so-called

390: 382: 205: 181: 22040: 21357: 21322:"Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer" 20552: 18377:"Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health" 17108: 16185: 15899:

Kabir, Russell; Khan, Hafiz T. A.; Ball, Emma; Caldwell, Khan (2016).

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Rogner, H.-H.; Zhou, D.; Bradley, R.; Crabbé, P.; et al. (2007).

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per year between 2007 and 2016 (23% of total anthropogenic emissions).

10105:

Gill, Matthew; Livens, Francis; Peakman, Aiden. "Nuclear Fission". In

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Deng, Yuanhong; Li, Xiaoyan; Shi, Fangzhong; Hu, Xia (December 2021).

8076:"Poleward expansion of tropical cyclone latitudes in warming climates" 7688: 6129: 6002: 5985: 5217: 4398: 4294:"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?" 3358:, lawsuits and other activities. Prominent demonstrations include the 3044: 2288:(2007) is an example of catastrophic flooding from increased rainfall. 1348:

While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight,

896: 892: 650:(1850–1900). Not every single year was warmer than the last: internal 449:

became more common, often being used interchangeably. Scientifically,

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National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles

20062: 19469:

Copenhagen 2009: Failure or final wake-up call for our leaders? EV 49

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Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet

18236: 17972: 17868:"The role of emotion in global warming policy support and opposition" 16662: 14868:

Curtis, P.; Slay, C.; Harris, N.; Tyukavina, A.; et al. (2018).

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IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

13636: 13608:(2014). The Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R. K.; Meyer, L. A. (eds.). 13241:

Rhein, M.; Rintoul, S. R.; Aoki, S.; Campos, E.; et al. (2013).

13201: 11099: 10906: 10294: 9510: 9371: 9173: 9161: 9072: 8461: 7492: 7490: 7312: 6967: 6941: 6738:: "Estimated Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions by Source, 2020: 6639: 6239: 5920: 4743: 4006:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years" 2844: 2451: 2420: 2119: 2020:

Extreme weather will be progressively more common as the Earth warms.

1809: 1797: 1392: 1228: 1097: 1027: 757: 690: 635: 574:

Temperatures stabilized in the current interglacial period beginning

276: 169: 21881: 21675:"What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?" 20973:"Oil and gas firms 'have had far worse climate impact than thought'" 19937: 19914: 18740:"What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?" 17219: 14161:(2023). Core Writing Team; Lee, H.; Romero, J.; et al. (eds.). 12149: 10018: 9995: 9819: 9690: 8299: 6461:"Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network" 5597:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world" 5055:

Yao, Shuai-Lei; Huang, Gang; Wu, Ren-Guang; Qu, Xia (January 2016).

4573:

Richard Z. Poore, Richard S. Williams, Jr., and Christopher Tracey.

4091: 3545:

to begin a record of continued increase, which has been termed the "

1183:

in the soil and photosynthesis, remove about 29% of annual global CO

21839: 21443: 20766:"Climate Action: Can We Change the Climate From the Grassroots Up?" 20468: 19893:(Report). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 19397: 18966:

The missing economic risks in assessments of climate change impacts

18738:

Zhang, Jinlun; Lindsay, Ron; Steele, Mike; Schweiger, Axel (2008).

17534:"Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions" 16862: 16831: 16312: 15471: 14647: 13936: 13853: 13549:

Blanco, G.; Gerlagh, R.; Suh, S.; Barrett, J.; et al. (2014).

12935: 12441: 10968:"Cross-sectoral interactions of adaptation and mitigation measures" 10469: 10392: 10380: 9738: 9500: 9357: 8888: 8822: 8204: 7550: 6931: 6843: 6101:

Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Xie, Shang-Ping (27 January 2015).

5680:"New Research Sparks Concerns That Ocean Circulation Will Collapse" 5506: 5350: 5289: 5236: 4574: 4201: 4009: 3674:

Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021).

3272:

and media has further fomented misunderstanding of climate change.

2780: 2192: 2103: 1876: 1856: 1844: 1475: 1470:, and the net effect of clouds. The primary balancing mechanism is 1264: 973: 591: 575: 560: 333: 236: 173: 142: 21862:"Forests in the IPCC Special Report on Land Use: 7 Things to Know" 20945:"'Our house is on fire': EU parliament declares climate emergency" 20706:

Dunne, Daisy; Gabbatiss, Josh; Mcsweeny, Robert (7 January 2020).

18033:"Climate change, ecosystems and abrupt change: science priorities" 17275: 16822:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019).

15007:"Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World" 13713: 11143: 11119: 10521:

Nelson, J. D. J.; Schoenau, J. J.; Malhi, S. S. (1 October 2008).

9827: 9781: 9765: 9678: 8696:"Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North American birds" 8494: 7648: 7514: 7487: 6933:

The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action

6496: 6076: 3561:, scientists assess the scientific discussion that takes place in 3495:

levels were rising, but his calculations met the same objections.

1215:, around 30% of Earth's land area is largely unusable for humans ( 1163:

lasts much longer. The Earth's surface absorbs CO2 as part of the

283:

have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for

25050: 24927: 24897: 24713: 24703: 24342: 24292: 22547: 22205: 19848: 19817: 19778: 19765:(Report). Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 19416: 18313: 16256:"Species better track climate warming in the oceans than on land" 15589: 15516:"Internet Blogs, Polar Bears, and Climate-Change Denial by Proxy" 12688:"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming" 12042:"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming" 10837: 10677: 10122:"Nuclear power in the 21st century: Challenges and possibilities" 9478: 8405:"Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet" 6549: 6425: 5528: 5502:"Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns" 3454: 3318: 2803: 2747: 2638: 2107: 2076: 1646: 1642: 1311: 1260: 1216: 1085: 916: 847: 741: 639: 345: 97:

also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The

19065: 17393: 17071: 13587:"Annex III: Technology-specific Cost and Performance Parameters" 13388:"Chapter 11: Human Health: Impacts, Adaptation, and Co-Benefits" 12020:

PERITIA Trust EU – The Policy Institute of King's College London

10654:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 3–33, 10594: 9049:"What a changing climate means for Rocky Mountain National Park" 8862: 8402: 4140: 1243:

contributor to global warming, as the destroyed trees release CO

279:

partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to

65:

Earth's average surface air temperature has increased almost 1.5

24917: 24784: 24764: 24166: 23555: 22060: 21643: 21375: 20688:"Analysis: Why the IPCC 1.5C report expanded the carbon budget" 19982: 19967:. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 19207: 17943: 16891: 16738: 16054:"Appendix C: Detection and attribution methodologies overview." 15838:

Joo, Gea-Jae; Kim, Ji Yoon; Do, Yuno; Lineman, Maurice (2015).

14553:

Boulianne, Shelley; Lalancette, Mireille; Ilkiw, David (2020).

14402:

Bednar, Johannes; Obersteiner, Michael; Wagner, Fabian (2019).

13794:"Chapter 4: Strengthening and Implementing the Global Response" 10794: 9426: 8382:"Nine Tipping Points That Could Be Triggered by Climate Change" 7844: 7153: 7026: 6663: 6376: 4786:"Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists" 4641: 4517: 3863:, p. 64: "Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of CO 3735: 2965: 2196: 1852: 1279: 1271: 1224: 1220: 931: 745: 50: 21450:

Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (11 December 2019).

21172: 21092:"What's in a name? Weather, global warming and climate change" 20507: 20477:. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. December 2019. 20108: 18076:"The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds" 15513: 14777:"Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather" 14048: 13914:

Special Report: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

12282:"'Historic' German ruling says climate goals not tough enough" 12000: 10776: 10509:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019

10497:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019

10424: 9654: 9525: 8906: 8748: 8693: 7817: 7709: 7618: 7544: 7508: 6627: 5425: 4916:

Samset, B. H.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Lund, M. T. (7 July 2020).

4267: 4074: 3746: 3463:

noted that water vapour in air continuously varied, but the CO

3453:

gases may have caused climatic changes in the past, including

3417:

began to foresee the effects of climate change. In the 1820s,

525: 425:

Before the 1980s it was unclear whether the warming effect of

25105: 24882: 24864: 24634: 23469:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

22557: 22070: 21567: 20888: 19617:. The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 18633: 18429: 18374: 18243: 17812: 17593: 17123: 16678: 15668:

He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun; Zhou, Chunlüe; Wild, Martin (2018).

14721: 14509: 14338: 12407: 11965: 11951: 11936: 11921: 11460:

UNFCCC, "What are United Nations Climate Change Conferences?"

11248: 11193: 11154: 11125: 10254: 10235: 10219: 10126: 9951:"IPCC Working Group III report: Mitigation of Climate Change" 9935:

Our World in Data-Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?

8924: 8485: 8181: 7996: 7840: 7760: 7721: 7282:. U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP): 1–470. 2017. 7226: 6319: 5758: 5121:"What Caused the Global Surface Warming Hiatus of 1998–2013?" 4758:"Is climate change speeding up? Here's what the science says" 3883: 3269: 2092:

climate change has already decreased the rate of yield growth

907:. Examples of these include changes in the concentrations of 397:. Cleanly generated electricity can replace fossil fuels for 18960: 17726:

Sutton, Rowan T.; Dong, Buwen; Gregory, Jonathan M. (2007).

16484: 16253: 16195:"The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming" 15614: 13707: 12379: 12005: 11599: 10722:"Developing signals to trigger adaptation to sea-level rise" 10720:

Stephens, Scott A.; Bell, Robert G.; Lawrence, Judy (2018).

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Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022).

4664: 3979:"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" 2939:

of climate change is complex. It has often been framed as a

895:

events cause short-term spikes in surface temperature while

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Williams, Richard G; Ceppi, Paulo; Katavouta, Anna (2020).

18101:

10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2

17673: 16192: 15296: 15004: 14209: 14158: 14135: 14028: 14003: 13937: 13920: 13854: 13837: 13714: 13688: 13658: 13637: 13605: 13519: 13461: 13425:"Chapter 18: Detection and Attribution of Observed Impacts" 13319: 13202: 13163: 13104: 13050: 12956: 12849:

Weart "Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956–1969)"

11677: 11205: 10882:"How marsh grass could help protect us from climate change" 10665: 10454:"Low and zero emissions in the steel and cement industries" 9593: 8489: 8193: 6751: 5846:"Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time" 5745: 5232:"Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time" 4789: 4426: 2879: 2669:(CCS) may be able to play a significant role in limiting CO 1840: 1801: 1746:(AMOC), and irreversible damage to key ecosystems like the 1596:

concentrations that range widely between 380 and 1400 ppm.

1353: 1315: 1072:

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were

1053:

are far higher than they were over the last 800,000 years.

1023: 861: 618:

during recent decades as the oceans absorb over 90% of the

476: 21264: 20708:"Media reaction: Australia's bushfires and climate change" 20641:

McSweeney, Robert M.; Hausfather, Zeke (15 January 2018).

17987: 17908: 17760: 17324: 16826:(Report). Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 16621: 15991: 13756:; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K.; Fifta, S.; et al. (2018). 13197:

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Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

12990:"Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science" 12937:

The status of women in agrifood systems – Overview

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Hébert, R.; Herzschuh, U.; Laepple, T. (31 October 2022).

7813: 7630: 7595: 7427: 6062: 5986:"Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100" 5314: 5260: 4711:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 3068:

Nearly all countries in the world are parties to the 1994

3026:

of $ 5.4 trillion over the period 2025–2050. To achieve a

2583:

emissions requires research into alternative chemistries.

1592:

and the mitigation scenario, models produce atmospheric CO

1513:

land, and soils will release more carbon from dead plants

597: 475:—used as early as 1975—became the more popular term after 23645:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

20986:"New renewable energy capacity hit record levels in 2019" 20970: 20942: 20787: 20530: 20264:"The Public and Climate Change (cont. – since 1980)" 20132:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 19783:. Springer International Publishing. pp. xiii–xxxv. 19747:

Global trends in climate change litigation: 2019 snapshot

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Wang, Bin; Shugart, Herman H.; Lerdau, Manuel T. (2017).

18231:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Global Change Research Program. 18030: 17482: 17196:"Global and Regional Climate Changes due to Black Carbon" 14867: 13030:"Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change" 11742: 10965: 10701: 10575: 9953:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 4 April 2022 9894: 9870: 8838: 7412: 6913: 6735: 6603: 6184: 4903: 4446: 4360:

Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988"

4028: 3374:

have protested by disrupting roads and public transport.

3181:" legislation package, which contains guidelines for the 3145:

to the Montreal Protocol aims to reduce the emissions of

3111:

and adaptation by 2020, and proposed the founding of the

2973: 2613:, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake ( 1187:

emissions. The ocean has absorbed 20 to 30% of emitted CO

457:

describes both global warming and its effects on Earth's

24603: 22061:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Climate

21175:"Arctic permafrost is thawing fast. That affects us all" 21003: 20640: 20447:

WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2020

20357:

Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health

20040:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 19815: 19540:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences 19286:

Net Zero By 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector

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IOM outlook on migration, environment and climate change

18636:"Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction" 17625:"Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect" 17233:"An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends" 17226: 14774: 14552: 14462: 12629: 12325:

Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette

12255: 11785: 11218:

International Institute for Sustainable Development 2019

10764: 10080: 9922: 9549: 9465:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

9461:"Climate Change | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples" 9216: 9214: 9212: 9184: 9182: 7926: 7786: 7771: 7745: 7580: 7376: 7039:"Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming" 5419: 4285: 3731: 3729: 3498: 1800:. For instance, the range of hundreds of North American 22030: 21755:"2019 was the year of 'climate emergency' declarations" 20855: 20763: 20705: 20685: 20044: 19946:. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. 2021. 19923:. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. 2019. 19853:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 403–411. 19822:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 175–402. 19611:

Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions

19421:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 459–469. 17622: 16379:(13). American Geophysical Union (AGU). e2021GL093047. 15798: 14587: 14401: 12739:

Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z; Perry, Simon (2021).

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National Conference of State Legislators, 17 April 2020

10622: 10606: 10590: 9761: 9023: 7073:"Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust" 6545: 6144:

Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T. (December 2013).

5266: 2751:

demand. Another trade-off example is that more compact

2110:

in certain regions could cause 3.2 million deaths from

1710: 995:. On the other hand, concentrations of gases such as CO 578:. Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the 405:, and running industrial processes. Carbon can also be 21752: 21117:"Overview: Weather, Global Warming and Climate Change" 20917: 20797:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 25 August 2016 20665: 20088:

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2016).

19516:(Report). National Academy of Sciences. Archived from 18586: 18541: 16585:

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

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declared a "climate and environmental emergency". The

3130:

have signed the treaty and 191 states and the EU have

2759:

effect, exposing people to heat-related health risks.

23486:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

21651:"What are United Nations Climate Change Conferences?" 21449: 21079:"What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change" 20983: 20627: 20510:"An addition to AP Stylebook entry on global warming" 20054:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

19988:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

19198:

Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities

19035:

Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives

18835: 17137:"Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections" 16681:"Macroeconomic impact of stranded fossil fuel assets" 16544:

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

15898: 15452: 15059: 14694:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

14287: 13657: 12797: 12080: 11753: 11560:. 7–18 December 2009. un document= FCCC/CP/2009/L.7. 9906: 9666: 9642: 9567: 9267: 9263: 9261: 9209: 9179: 8228: 7968: 7733: 5699: 5368: 4915: 4807: 4703:

Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023).

4586: 4279: 3726: 3070:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3040:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2625:

beyond naturally occurring levels. Reforestation and

2313: 772:, which further changes the distribution of heat and 153:, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, 26:"Global warming" redirects here. For other uses, see 21726:"The UK Has Declared a Climate Emergency: What Now?" 21593: 20734: 20354: 19758:

Steinberg, D.; Bielen, D.; et al. (July 2017).

19324:

Krogstrup, Signe; Oman, William (4 September 2019).

17990:"Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release" 17531: 17193: 16951: 16417: 15413: 13443:"Chapter 19: Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities" 12934:

work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Text taken from

12571: 12499:"Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays" 12327:. Warkworth, New Zealand. 14 August 1912. p. 7. 11391: 11234:

Natural Resources Defense Council, 29 September 2017

11181: 10719: 9939:

IEA – Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2020

9484: 9301: 9252: 8515:"A committed fourfold increase in ocean oxygen loss" 7972: 7606: 7210: 7157: 6998: 5673: 5671: 4986:

Seip, Knut L.; Grøn, ø.; Wang, H. (31 August 2023).

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was observed. This phenomenon is popularly known as

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scenario with very low emissions of greenhouse gases

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Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements

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(2021). 10695: 10104: 9823: 9438: 9402: 9149: 9137: 9035: 8500: 8473: 8012: 7984: 7855: 7750:"What are the different types of climate models?" 7591: 7589: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6742:(27%), Manure Management (3%), Coal Mining (9%), 6681:"Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals" 6534: 6212: 6196: 6072: 6070: 5668: 5362: 4729:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4415: 3817: 3673: 1824:. The size and speed of global warming is making 1410:material have low persistence in the atmosphere. 25218: 23686:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 21073: 21034:"Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2020" 20857:"Copenhagen failure 'disappointing', 'shameful'" 20315: 19271:. Energy Efficiency 2020 (Report). Paris, France 19250:Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth 18294: 17865: 16035: 15169: 14208: 13566: 13548: 13367: 13349: 13258: 13240: 13222: 13135: 13023: 13008:"Chapter 8: Climate Models and their Evaluation" 13005: 12987: 12413: 12339: 12227: 11435: 11165: 10368: 10064: 9225: 9200: 9198: 9196: 8061: 7801: 7654: 7520: 7496: 7421: 7372: 7198: 7187: 7069: 7010: 6963: 6961: 6898:The Sustainability Consortium, 13 September 2018 6561: 6143: 6088: 5408: 5326: 5206: 4737: 4629: 4350: 4228: 3937: 3879: 3877: 3064:at a far faster rate than other primary regions. 2976:are being used to reduce emissions. As of 2019, 453:refers only to increased surface warming, while 22031:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC 21145:"State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals" 20032: 19608:Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). 18787:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18780: 18503:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18499:"Rise of interdisciplinary research on climate" 17819:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 17489:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 16745:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 16199:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15996:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 15837: 15621:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 15189:Fischer, Tobias P.; Aiuppa, Alessandro (2020). 15172:"Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change" 14823:"Managing the health effects of climate change" 14346:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 14009:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 13169:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis 12962:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis 12313: 11956: 11605: 11259: 10005: 9619:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 8999:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 6223: 6221: 5926: 5617: 4375: 4022: 3898: 3896: 3275: 1664:Global sea level is rising as a consequence of 471:that have happened throughout Earth's history. 157:and is at levels unseen for millions of years. 21096:NASA Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 20424:COP24 Special Report Health and Climate Change 19998: 19538:Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Choices 19374:International Public Opinion on Climate Change 19032: 19013: 18975:Dessler, Andrew E. and Edward A. Parson, eds. 18842: 17911:"Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast" 16310: 15722: 15667: 14949: 14724:"Human Migration in the Era of Climate Change" 14288:Balsari, S.; Dresser, C.; Leaning, J. (2020). 14233: 13975: 13957: 13892: 13874: 13506: 13460: 13450: 13432: 13414: 13396: 13377: 13359: 13318: 12907: 12681: 12679: 11988: 11976: 11913: 11470: 11262:"In-depth Q&A: What is 'climate justice'?" 10797:"How insurance can support climate resilience" 10782: 10473: 10440: 10416: 10119: 9605: 9531: 9087:"Quantifying the human cost of global warming" 8912: 8900: 8754: 8239: 8170: 7828: 7776:"Who does climate modelling around the world?" 7642: 7586: 7306:. U.S. Global Change Research Program: 1–470. 7022: 6978: 6918: 6855: 6067: 5174: 4702: 4224: 4222: 4151: 3185:; all new cars on the European market must be 2567:. Eliminating the production of livestock for 2394:Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary 2344:estimates that countries need to triple their 1360: 24619: 23800: 22426:History of climate change policy and politics 22221: 21398:"Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?" 21298: 19720: 19643: 19607: 19323: 19037:. Oxford University Press. pp. 300–332. 19018:. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–160. 18910: 16420:"Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict" 15188: 15062:"Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia" 14290:"Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife" 13809: 13791: 13773: 13752: 13734: 13682:Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 °C 13346:. Chapters 1–20, SPM, and Technical Summary. 12871: 12734: 12732: 12730: 12693:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 12047:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 11932: 11633: 11617: 11323:Grasso, Marco; Heede, Richard (19 May 2023). 11178:Union of Concerned Scientists, 8 January 2017 11131: 11111: 10843: 10683: 10586: 10356: 10344: 10332: 10309: 10282: 10092: 10014: 9971: 9793: 9749: 9714: 9611: 9341: 9193: 8681: 8624: 8367: 8275:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 7433: 6958: 6861: 6651: 5476: 4891: 4652: 4103: 3874: 3860: 3658: 2126: 1935:. Drought and high temperatures worsened the 779: 21348: 21114: 21061: 20737:"Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" 19744:Setzer, Joana; Byrnes, Rebecca (July 2019). 19743: 17629:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 16311:Liepert, Beate G.; Previdi, Michael (2009). 15769: 14729:Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 14221: 14157: 14147: 14101: 14086: 14076: 14058: 14040: 14002: 13670: 13649: 13604: 13594: 13576: 13558: 13518: 13304: 13286: 13268: 13250: 13232: 13214: 13162: 13145: 13103: 13091: 13049: 13037: 13015: 12997: 12955: 12930: This article incorporates text from a 12595:Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect" 12307: 12171: 12169: 12033: 11137: 11032: 10671: 10618: 10270: 9702: 9495: 9493: 9414: 9352: 9350: 9325: 9313: 9289: 9240: 8379: 8158: 8055: 7568: 7532: 7477:"The study of Earth as an integrated system" 7239:"IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions" 6886: 6455: 6218: 6107:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 6050: 5798: 5522: 5338: 5054: 4985: 4867: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4646: 4387: 4240: 4213: 4186: 4174: 3925: 3913: 3893: 3887: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3646: 3208: 2677:) can result in net negative emissions as CO 2460:intermittently and with seasonal variability 2118:in children. With 2 °C warming, global 1685:shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice 1651:hurricanes and typhoons is likely increasing 1633:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 22543:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 21723: 21570:"Indian Monsoons Are Becoming More Extreme" 21301:"Polar Opposites: the Arctic and Antarctic" 20430:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2018. 19712:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 19414: 19116:. Boston: American Meteorological Society. 17703:1871.1/c8dfb143-d9e1-4eef-9bbe-67b3c338d07f 16851:"Causes and Consequences of Climate Change" 16799: 16366: 14870:"Classifying drivers of global forest loss" 13628:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 13551:"Chapter 5: Drivers, Trends and Mitigation" 13526:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 13113:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 12676: 12139: 11718: 11322: 9444: 9278: 8766: 8396: 7956: 6871:. World Resources Institute. 4 April 2024. 6869:"Indicators of Forest Extent / Forest Loss" 5402: 5272: 4780: 4778: 4755: 4497:"What's the coldest the Earth's ever been?" 4399:BBC Science Focus Magazine, 3 February 2020 4219: 4087: 4085: 4083: 2536: 2300:Heat wave intensification. Events like the 1744:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 1491:amplification of Arctic temperature changes 1426: 1329:Aerosols also have indirect effects on the 526:Temperature records prior to global warming 24626: 24612: 23807: 23793: 23767: 23755: 23212: 22228: 22214: 21319: 20536: 19769: 19051: 18297:"Chapter 1: Our Globally Changing Climate" 17011:O'Neill, Saffron J.; Boykoff, Max (2010). 15905:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 15378: 14630: 13985: 13967: 13949: 13919: 13902: 13884: 13866: 13836: 13473:. Contribution of Working Group II to the 13326:. Contribution of Working Group II to the 13059:. Contribution of Working Group II to the 12791: 12727: 12531: 12239: 11714: 11100:IPCC AR5 SYR Summary for Policymakers 2014 10640: 10404: 10295:IPCC AR5 SYR Summary for Policymakers 2014 9999: 9726: 9204: 9174:IPCC AR5 SYR Summary for Policymakers 2014 9162:IPCC AR5 SYR Summary for Policymakers 2014 9073:IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021 8462:IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021 8000: 6968:World Resources Institute, 8 December 2019 6808: 6806: 6640:IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers 2022 6466:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 6240:IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021 6100: 5921:IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021 5766:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5752: 4909: 4744:IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013 3805: 3793: 3781: 3331:many countries, and countries with high CO 3060:Per person, the United States generates CO 2699:capacity and potential for humans to adapt 2637:, reducing the intensity and frequency of 2191:for people in island nations, such as the 2102:has been positively affected in some high 1996:to survive to kill large swaths of forest. 1847:. Ocean acidification makes it harder for 1456:"self-reinforcing" or "positive" feedbacks 756:than in the rest of the world. Melting of 536:Temperature record of the last 2,000 years 514: 99:current rise in global average temperature 25237:History of climate variability and change 24318:Environmental issues in the United States 23507: 23313:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 22451:United Nations Climate Change conferences 21568:Ogburn, Stephanie Paige (29 April 2014). 21121:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 20335: 19858: 19827: 19788: 19426: 19179: 18901:Fossil Fuel to Clean Energy Subsidy Swaps 18816: 18806: 18763: 18712: 18667: 18624: 18614: 18524: 18514: 18463: 18400: 18357: 18277: 18166: 18099: 18056: 18013: 17934: 17891: 17848: 17838: 17751: 17648: 17576: 17461: 17440: 17431: 17421: 17360: 17350: 17258: 17054: 17036: 17013:"Climate denier, skeptic, or contrarian?" 16993: 16782: 16764: 16661: 16651: 16596: 16451: 16392: 16336: 16236: 16218: 16146: 16095: 15926: 15916: 15881: 15863: 15760: 15750: 15705: 15695: 15650: 15640: 15549: 15488: 15470: 15334: 15324: 15279: 15269: 15226: 15216: 15042: 15032: 14940: 14895: 14749: 14687: 14646: 14621: 14611: 14570: 14535: 14500: 14490: 14445: 14384: 14366: 14321: 14015:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 13819: 13801: 13783: 13765: 13744: 13726: 13703:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 13687: 13175:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 12965:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 12825: 12766: 12669:1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6 12667: 12657: 12613: 12166: 12150:Yale Climate Connections, 2 November 2010 12130: 12128: 12108: 11852: 11441: 11370: 11360: 11350: 11340: 11001: 10926: 10747: 10634: 10258: 10163: 10019:United Nations Environment Programme 2019 9996:United Nations Environment Programme 2019 9855: 9820:United Nations Environment Programme 2019 9777: 9691:United Nations Environment Programme 2019 9490: 9347: 9220: 9188: 9122: 9112: 8970: 8952: 8658: 8546: 8438: 8328: 8245:"Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms" 8038: 7903: 7348:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 7311: 7096: 6501:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 6280: 6169: 6128: 6118: 6011: 6001: 5959: 5901:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5785: 5725: 5651: 5564: 5554: 5461: 5451: 5119:Xie, Shang-Ping; Kosaka, Yu (June 2017). 5118: 5023: 5013: 4959: 4949: 4844: 4834: 4796: 4670: 4119: 4092:United Nations Environment Programme 2021 3701: 3664: 3551:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3196:As of 2021, based on information from 48 2866:Climate change mitigation § Policies 2043:Effects of climate change on human health 1885:Climate change impacts on the environment 1462:. The main reinforcing feedbacks are the 721:, melted ice, and warmed the continents. 467:can also be used more broadly to include 160:Climate change has an increasingly large 24303:Effects of climate change on agriculture 23017:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 21959:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 21942: 21810: 21149:National Conference of State Legislators 21138:National Conference of State Legislators 20493: 19087:International Organization for Migration 19066:European Commission (28 November 2018). 18684: 18316:"Appendix 3: Climate Science Supplement" 17135:; Hansen, James E.; et al. (2007). 16598:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538 16537: 16345: 14920: 14240: 12503:The American Journal of Science and Arts 12279: 11880:UNFCCC Press Office (26 February 2021). 11502: 11474: 11288:"Climate Equality: A planet for the 99%" 10770: 10470:World Resources Institute, 8 August 2019 10393:World Resources Institute, December 2019 10381:World Resources Institute, December 2019 9739:World Resources Institute, 8 August 2019 9555: 8889:IPCC SROCC Summary for Policymakers 2019 8826: 8823:IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers 2019 8563: 8512: 8205:IPCC SROCC Summary for Policymakers 2019 7660: 7388: 7181: 6844:IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers 2019 6783: 5976: 5804: 5734: 5351:IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers 2019 4775: 4202:IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers 2019 4080: 3902: 3623:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)" 3508: 3435: 3404: 3393:For broader coverage of this topic, see 3293: 3222: 3118:In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the 3055: 3043: 2869: 2855: 2633:through practices such as use of winter 2600: 2550: 2405: 2389: 2323: 2015: 1714: 1655: 1622: 1609: 1542: 1440: 1370: 1202: 1055: 959: 871: 862:Causes of recent global temperature rise 783: 696: 677:. At the same time, warming also causes 609: 601: 543: 60: 40: 16:Human-caused changes to climate on Earth 23373:National Adaptation Programme of Action 23162:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 21425:Pew Research Center (16 October 2020). 21206: 21089: 20317:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 19621: 19454:Miller, J.; Du, L.; Kodjak, D. (2017). 19391: 19247: 19138:(Report). UNDP and University of Oxford 19111: 19077: 18781:Zhao, C.; Liu, B.; et al. (2017). 18116: 17194:Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). 16578: 16163: 16051: 14108:. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 13831:Special Report: Climate change and Land 12887: 12617: 12598: 12577: 12562: 12542: 11822: 11582: 11044: 10106: 9782:IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers 2018 9766:IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers 2018 9679:IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers 2018 9578: 8121:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions 7286:from the original on 23 September 2019. 6994: 6990: 6812: 6803: 6208: 6146:"An apparent hiatus in global warming?" 6077:IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers 2018 5843: 5693: 5229: 4291: 4251: 4003: 3949: 3475:of its kind, projecting that halving CO 3413:Scientists in the 19th century such as 3018:nations pay poorer countries to adapt. 2586: 2096:Fisheries have been negatively affected 1493:. Arctic amplification is also thawing 1278:. For instance, the change from a dark 1198: 1120:released by the chemical reactions for 660:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) 598:Warming since the Industrial Revolution 431:cooling effect of airborne particulates 255:and conflict can also be a result. The 212:is forcing many species to relocate or 192:. Higher temperatures are also causing 25219: 24308:Effects of climate change on livestock 23022:Economics of climate change mitigation 22985:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 22503: 22331:Scientific consensus on climate change 20812:"Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data" 20643:"Q&A: How do climate models work?" 20581: 20372:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 20187:"The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect" 19981: 19885: 19552: 19465: 18982: 18305: 18224: 18191: 18073: 17189:from the original on 6 September 2018. 16120: 16059: 16043: 16023: 15606:|...|checked=yes}} 15180: 13877:"Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions" 13493:. Chapters 21–30, Annexes, and Index. 13028:; Gillett, N. P.; et al. (2007). 12685: 12256:Boulianne, Lalancette & Ilkiw 2020 12145: 12125: 12039: 12013:"Public perceptions on climate change" 11901: 11514: 11486: 11423: 7483:from the original on 26 February 2019. 7169: 7077:Environmental Science & Technology 6901: 6697: 6550:USGCRP Climate Science Supplement 2014 6227: 5866: 5706:Communications Earth & Environment 5677: 5589: 5535:Communications Earth & Environment 5494: 4567: 3867:and declining net anthropogenic non-CO 3505:Scientific consensus on climate change 3080:are the stage of global negotiations. 2505: 1781: 1291: 24607: 23788: 23681:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 23506: 23211: 22947: 22502: 22414: 22295: 22247: 22209: 21510:Leopold, Evelyn (25 September 2019). 21376:Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). 21307:from the original on 22 February 2019 20943:Rankin, Jennifer (28 November 2019). 20818:from the original on 18 February 2020 20299:from the original on 11 November 2016 20274:from the original on 11 November 2016 20247:from the original on 11 November 2016 20222:from the original on 11 November 2016 20197:from the original on 11 November 2016 20146:from the original on 18 November 2016 20096:from the original on 6 September 2017 20060: 20010:"Decision 2/CP.15: Copenhagen Accord" 19846: 19731:from the original on 13 November 2011 19682: 19663:Pew Research Center (November 2015). 19644:Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik (2010). 19595:from the original on 18 December 2017 18496: 18140: 16626:; Werner, W. 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(8 August 1975). 3499:Development of a scientific consensus 3152: 1683:Climate change has led to decades of 1302:sunlight reaching the Earth's surface 1259:agricultural systems. 26% was due to 483:used it in his 1988 testimony in the 25178:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 24562: 24418:Tropical cyclones and climate change 23703:Representative Concentration Pathway 22649:Tipping points in the climate system 22325:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 22077: 21890:from the original on 7 February 2019 21478: 21277:from the original on 3 February 2018 20971:Watts, Jonathan (19 February 2020). 20918:Carrington, Damian (19 March 2019). 19960: 19757: 19686:Renewables 2020 Global Status Report 19648:(first ed.). Bloomsbury Press. 19580: 19453: 19371: 19333:. IMF working papers. Vol. 19. 19266: 19203:(Report). 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TS-122, Box TS.5, Figure 1 7557:Williams, Ceppi & Katavouta 2020 7457:from the original on 11 October 2017 7344:"Is the Sun causing global warming?" 7214: 6664:Our World in Data, 18 September 2020 5376:"Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content" 4705:"Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content" 3950:Tietjen, Bethany (2 November 2022). 3838:from the original on 27 January 2018 3736:Our World in Data, 18 September 2020 3400: 3009:Policy designed through the lens of 2357:and restoring natural ecosystems by 2342:United Nations Environment Programme 2172: 2169:climate shocks such as heat stress. 1725:Tipping points in the climate system 1711:Tipping points and long-term impacts 1695:to dissolve in the oceans, which is 1474:, as Earth's surface gives off more 972:Greenhouse gases are transparent to 956:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 24451:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 23474:Nationally determined contributions 23184:Individual action on climate change 22394:World energy supply and consumption 21753:Calma, Justine (27 December 2019). 21488:from the original on 17 August 2018 21452:"Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled" 21424: 21267:"Paris Can't Be Another Copenhagen" 21207:Fleming, James R. 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Sulfur dioxide causes 559:in a climate that cycled through 461:, such as precipitation changes. 375:Fossil fuel use can be phased out 336:intensified by heat and drought, 285:a small share of global emissions 95:Climate change in a broader sense 25201: 25200: 24573: 24572: 24561: 24249:decline in amphibian populations 23954:Deforestation and climate change 23766: 23754: 23743: 23742: 23730: 23391:Climate Change Performance Index 22770:Destruction of cultural heritage 22188: 22171: 22154: 22137: 22120: 22103: 22086: 21976: 21941: 21661:from the original on 12 May 2019 21539:Gleick, Peter (7 January 2017). 21201:National Science Digital Library 19466:Müller, Benito (February 2010). 19392:Letcher, Trevor M., ed. (2020). 19269:"COVID-19 and energy efficiency" 19217:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 19073:(Report). Brussels. p. 188. 19053:Assessment, Volume II (Report). 18994:. Tyndall Centre. 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Additional CO 1080:. Of these emissions, 75% was CO 760:near the poles weakens both the 555:Over the last few million years 439:inadvertent climate modification 318: 309: 298: 200:. Rapid environmental change in 25247:Human impact on the environment 24908:Human impact on the environment 24383:Land surface effects on climate 23840:Environmental impact assessment 23816:Human impact on the environment 23530:Instrumental temperature record 23481:Sustainable Development Goal 13 21882:Peach, Sara (2 November 2010). 21724:Segalov, Michael (2 May 2019). 21594:Wing, Scott L. (29 June 2016). 21237:"What Is the Clean Power Plan?" 21173:Welch, Craig (13 August 2019). 21090:Shaftel, Holly (January 2016). 20553:Rigby, Sara (3 February 2020). 20407:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland. 20388:(Report). 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IPCC AR6 WGI. 5886: 5860: 5837: 5611: 5482: 5470: 5363:Sutton, Dong & Gregory 2007 5356: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5278: 5254: 5223: 5112: 5048: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4749: 4658: 4635: 4623: 4580: 4511: 4488: 4474:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106222 4440: 4403: 4392: 4381: 4369: 4273: 4261: 4245: 4234: 4207: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4145: 4134: 4113: 4097: 4068: 4042: 4016: 3997: 3971: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3854: 3832:"Climate Impacts on Ecosystems" 3823: 3811: 2930:Sustainable Development Goal 13 2738:. For instance, restoration of 2375: 1871:enhanced by climate change and 1618:from the 1850 to 1900 baseline. 1497:, which releases methane and CO 921:variations in the Earth's orbit 817:intermediate emissions scenario 701:Different regions of the world 178:Amplified warming in the Arctic 32:Global warming (disambiguation) 28:Climate change (disambiguation) 24737:Climate variability and change 23598:Climate variability and change 22948: 22634:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 21840:Levin, Kelly (8 August 2019). 20833:"Overview of Greenhouse Gases" 20608:Yeo, Sophie (4 January 2017). 19964:The Adaptation Gap Report 2018 19559:. Cambridge University Press. 19112:Fleming, James Rodger (2007). 18594:Environmental Research Letters 18337:Environmental Research Letters 18198:. 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The 7: 25242:Global environmental issues 22415: 21265:Rudd, Kevin (25 May 2015). 21027:International Energy Agency 20045:UNFCCC (26 February 2021). 19860:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_9 19829:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_8 19509:National Academies (2008). 18509:(Supplement 1): 3657–3664. 16038:"Chapter 9: Extreme Storms" 15246:"Global Carbon Budget 2019" 14234:Other peer-reviewed sources 13499:"Chapter 28: Polar Regions" 12252:The Guardian, 19 March 2019 11845:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113512 11831:(May 2023 113512): 113512. 11731:The Verge, 27 December 2019 10196:International Energy Agency 9857:10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.006 7953:Carbon Brief, 19 April 2018 5807:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 4163:IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III 2014 3579: 2423:, wind and solar power and 2098:in multiple regions. While 1937:2020 bushfires in Australia 1849:marine calcifying organisms 1575:National Climate Assessment 1361:Solar and volcanic activity 1276:heat is lost by evaporation 1191:over the last 2 decades. CO 819:, or 3.3-5.7 °C under 815:, 2.1-3.5 °C under an 791:multi-model projections of 437:. Scientists used the term 407:removed from the atmosphere 180:has contributed to thawing 10: 25263: 23525:Global surface temperature 23416:Popular culture depictions 23328:Ecosystem-based adaptation 23058:Carbon capture and storage 22980:Carbon offsets and credits 22296: 20559:BBC Science Focus Magazine 18270:10.1038/s41467-018-06885-9 18015:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4 15970:10.1007/s10584-019-02560-0 15752:10.1007/s10584-019-02516-4 14430:10.1038/s41467-019-09782-x 14314:10.1007/s40572-020-00291-4 14214:"Summary for Policymakers" 14140:"Summary for Policymakers" 14110:Cambridge University Press 14095:Cambridge University Press 14033:"Summary for Policymakers" 14021:Cambridge University Press 13942:"Summary for Policymakers" 13895:"Chapter 5: Food Security" 13859:"Summary for Policymakers" 13719:"Summary for Policymakers" 13708:Global Warming of 1.5 °C – 13642:"Summary for Policymakers" 13532:Cambridge University Press 13479:Cambridge University Press 13332:Cambridge University Press 13207:"Summary for Policymakers" 13181:Cambridge University Press 13119:Cambridge University Press 13065:Cambridge University Press 12971:Cambridge University Press 12920: 11989:Dunlap & McCright 2011 11977:Dunlap & McCright 2015 11948:O'Neill & Boykoff 2010 11914:Dunlap & McCright 2011 11754:Politico, 11 December 2019 11401:Friedlingstein et al. 2019 9974:, p. 131, Figure 2.15 9907:The Guardian, 6 April 2020 9806:Friedlingstein et al. 2019 9667:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 9655:Van Oldenborgh et al. 2019 9268:Carbon Brief, 19 June 2017 9114:10.1038/s41893-023-01132-6 9012:or critical threat levels. 8660:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x 8539:10.1038/s41467-021-22584-4 8476:, pp. 88–89, FAQ 12.3 8431:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9 8171:DeConto & Pollard 2016 8094:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1 8040:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7 7896:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4 7829:Liepert & Previdi 2009 7791:"What is a climate model?" 7734:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 7681:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7 7395:NASA Global Climate Change 7044:American Geophysical Union 5727:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3 5556:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3 5263:, p. S26. Figure 2.5. 5015:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8 4942:10.1038/s41467-020-17001-1 4454:Quaternary Science Reviews 4280:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 3604:List of climate scientists 3555:interdisciplinary research 3502: 3392: 3388: 3343: 3279: 3212: 3203: 3037: 2995:transition to clean energy 2906: 2898: 2890: 2882: 2862:Politics of climate change 2859: 2736:ecosystem-based adaptation 2689: 2667:carbon capture and storage 2590: 2540: 2509: 2464:hydro dams with reservoirs 2440:internal combustion engine 2379: 2317: 2176: 2130: 2127:Livelihoods and inequality 2036: 2009: 1992:. Mild winters allow more 1785: 1761:include further ice melt, 1722: 1626: 1603: 1599: 1532: 1430: 1367:Solar activity and climate 1364: 1333:. Sulfate aerosols act as 941: 865: 793:global surface temperature 780:Future global temperatures 717:. The rest has heated the 549:Global surface temperature 529: 521:Global surface temperature 518: 427:increased greenhouse gases 269:Adapting to climate change 239:, extreme heat, increased 176:are becoming more common. 103:primarily caused by humans 25: 18: 25196: 25163: 25147: 25104: 25049: 24991: 24926: 24873: 24803: 24755: 24712: 24659: 24641: 24633: 24556: 24491:Environmental engineering 24441: 24338:Environmental degradation 24229: 24115:fishing down the food web 23892: 23822: 23737:Climate change portal 23724: 23663: 23630:Extreme event attribution 23548: 23517: 23513: 23502: 23446: 23381: 23303: 23253:School Strike for Climate 23225: 23221: 23207: 23176: 23132:Climate-smart agriculture 23093: 23050: 22960: 22956: 22943: 22867: 22725: 22672: 22515: 22511: 22498: 22421: 22410: 22339: 22308: 22304: 22291: 22274:Climate change adaptation 22269:Climate change mitigation 22264:Effects of climate change 22254: 22243: 22051:Met Office: Climate Guide 22016:Resources in your library 21866:World Resources Institute 21846:World Resources institute 21834:World Resources Institute 21816:World Health Organization 21805:World Health Organization 20328:10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8 19940:Emissions Gap Report 2021 19917:Emissions Gap Report 2019 19790:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 19770:Teske, Sven, ed. 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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 3593:Climate change portal 3360:School Strike for Climate 3350:Climate change litigation 3254:Like the tobacco industry 3209:Denial and misinformation 3159:United Kingdom parliament 2986:emissions trading systems 2692:Climate change adaptation 2615:2020 Global Carbon Budget 2320:Climate change mitigation 2304:are becoming more common. 2100:agricultural productivity 2049:World Health Organization 2012:Effects of climate change 2005: 1606:Effects of climate change 1552:that heats the planet up. 1335:cloud condensation nuclei 1064:shows how additions to CO 1051:Concentrations of methane 330:effects of climate change 257:World Health Organization 162:impact on the environment 25183:Location in the Universe 25114:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 24813:List of sovereign states 24496:Environmental mitigation 24353:Greenhouse gas emissions 24313:Environmental insecurity 23640:Global warming potential 23447:International agreements 23094:Preserving and enhancing 22533:Arctic methane emissions 22455:Years in climate change 22362:Greenhouse gas emissions 22259:Causes of climate change 21876:Yale Climate Connections 20450:. 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Paris, France 19291:(Report). Paris, France 18983:Dessai, Suraje (2001). 18808:10.1073/pnas.1701762114 18564:10.1126/science.1103215 18516:10.1073/pnas.1107482109 18497:Weart, Spencer (2013). 18168:10.1126/science.aaa4984 18141:Urban, Mark C. 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NASA. Archived from 21063:"Arctic amplification" 19078:Flavell, Alex (2014). 19059:10.7930/nca4.2018.ch14 18876:Pierrehumbert, Raymond 18660:10.1098/rsta.2014.0428 18126:Philosophical Magazine 18049:10.1098/rstb.2019.0105 16538:Matthews, Tom (2018). 16338:10.1175/2008JCLI2472.1 14715:10.1002/qj.49706427503 14572:10.17645/mac.v8i2.2768 13569:"Chapter 9: Buildings" 12912:Gleick, 7 January 2017 12896:Gleick, 7 January 2017 11802:Climate Action Tracker 10696:IPCC AR4 WG2 Ch19 2007 9824:Vox, 20 September 2019 9439:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch13 2014 9427:Hallegatte et al. 2016 9403:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch13 2014 9150:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch19 2014 9138:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch18 2014 9036:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch28 2014 8501:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013 8474:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013 8001:Burke & Stott 2017 7985:USGCRP Chapter 15 2017 7856:USGCRP Chapter 15 2017 6213:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10 2013 6197:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10 2013 5830:Climate Action Tracker 5644:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876 3928:, pp. 21–26, 2504 3818:IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11 2021 3760:), and nitrous oxide ( 3533:found evidence that CO 3518: 3445: 3415:Alexander von Humboldt 3410: 3356:fossil fuel divestment 3314:The Day After Tomorrow 3299: 3237: 3198:national climate plans 3187:zero-emission vehicles 3078:Its yearly conferences 3065: 3053: 2917: 2618: 2593:Carbon dioxide removal 2556: 2446:, public transit, and 2411: 2403: 2329: 2021: 1720: 1661: 1619: 1590:socioeconomic scenario 1553: 1487:can hold more moisture 1451: 1380: 1253:agricultural expansion 1208: 1150:oil and gas extraction 1116:, which include the CO 1069: 969: 934:, are less impactful. 888: 796: 623: 607: 569:recent glacial maximum 552: 469:changes to the climate 429:was stronger than the 415:capture carbon in soil 196:, droughts, and other 155:has grown by about 50% 78: 58: 24893:Biogeochemical cycles 24818:dependent territories 23869:List of global issues 23625:Earth's energy budget 23508:Background and theory 23396:Climate crisis (term) 23068:Fossil fuel phase-out 22962:Economics and finance 22927:by individual country 22869:By country and region 22844:Security and conflict 22839:Psychological impacts 22523:Abrupt climate change 22446:Charles David Keeling 22279:By country and region 21936: 21481:Documentary Sea Blind 21299:NOAA (10 July 2011). 20494:Non-technical sources 19267:IEA (December 2020). 19133:Peoples' Climate Vote 18250:Nature Communications 17770:Nature Climate Change 17282:Nature Climate Change 17081:Nature Climate Change 16803:Nature Climate Change 16688:Nature Climate Change 15802:Nature Climate Change 15598:|...}} 15571:10.1093/biosci/biy033 15534:10.1093/biosci/bix133 15417:Nature Climate Change 15336:1959.4/unsworks_66865 15012:Reviews of Geophysics 14409:Nature Communications 14118:10.1017/9781009157926 13510:. pp. 1567–1612. 13454:. pp. 1039–1099. 13308:. pp. 1029–1136. 12908:G8+5 Academies (2009) 12336:, March 1912, p. 341. 11966:Björnberg et al. 2017 11952:Björnberg et al. 2017 11937:Björnberg et al. 2017 11922:Björnberg et al. 2017 11436:IPCC AR4 WG3 Ch1 2007 11166:World Bank, June 2019 10802:Nature Climate Change 10459:. pp. 11, 19–22. 10369:IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch9 2014 10065:IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch9 2014 10032:"Transport emissions" 9594:Serdeczny et al. 2016 9176:, p. 13, SPM 2.3 9092:Nature Sustainability 9053:National Park Service 8638:Nature Climate Change 8519:Nature Communications 8490:Levermann et al. 2013 8062:USGCRP Chapter 9 2017 7841:Rahmstorf et al. 2007 7802:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch8 2007 7669:Nature Climate Change 7655:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7521:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7497:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7422:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7373:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007 7199:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7154:Storelvmo et al. 2016 7027:Storelvmo et al. 2016 7011:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2 2013 6744:Municipal Solid Waste 6715:is a greenhouse gas." 6562:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007 6089:IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch5 2014 5990:Global Change Biology 5409:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch3 2013 5327:USGCRP Chapter 1 2017 4922:Nature Communications 4630:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5 2013 4229:NASA, 5 December 2008 4216:, pp. 24–25, 114 3938:IPCC AR6 SYR SPM 2023 3512: 3489:Guy Stewart Callendar 3439: 3408: 3324:An Inconvenient Truth 3297: 3282:Climate communication 3280:Further information: 3234:global warming hiatus 3226: 3215:Climate change denial 3213:Further information: 3059: 3048:Since 2000, rising CO 3047: 3038:Further information: 2990:fossil fuel subsidies 2873: 2856:Policies and politics 2724:early warning systems 2604: 2554: 2442:vehicles and towards 2409: 2393: 2386:Sustainable transport 2327: 2282:Storm intensification 2131:Further information: 2019: 1863:; and heatwaves have 1786:Further information: 1718: 1659: 1627:Further information: 1623:Environmental effects 1613: 1546: 1533:Further information: 1501:into the atmosphere. 1464:water-vapour feedback 1444: 1374: 1365:Further information: 1331:Earth's energy budget 1206: 1062:Global Carbon Project 1059: 1020:Industrial Revolution 963: 875: 787: 697:Differences by region 664:global warming hiatus 613: 605: 547: 519:Further information: 271:through efforts like 166:Deserts are expanding 111:Industrial Revolution 75:Industrial Revolution 64: 44: 24941:Computer cartography 24674:Prebiotic atmosphere 24471:Community resilience 24271:in the United States 24239:Biodiversity threats 23912:cannabis cultivation 23879:Planetary boundaries 23845:Environmental issues 23835:Ecological footprint 23454:Glasgow Climate Pact 23115:Carbon sequestration 22685:Mass mortality event 21968:More spoken articles 21696:"Carbon Pricing 101" 21102:on 28 September 2018 20863:. 20 December 2009. 19304:IEA (October 2023). 19284:IEA (October 2021). 18765:10.1029/2008gl034005 18714:10.1029/2009GL039699 18442:(10211): 1836–1878. 18387:(10006): 1861–1914. 18132:: 169–194, 273–285. 17936:10.1029/2007GL029703 17753:10.1029/2006GL028164 17650:10.1029/2010JD014287 17616:10.1038/nclimate2880 17561:10.1002/2017GL076079 17470:(10419): 2346–2394. 17449:(10363): 1619–1654. 17260:10.1029/2008JD010421 17227:Randel, William J.; 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Methane emissions 1114:industrial processes 1108:emissions come from 1040:concentrations of CO 683:atmospheric humidity 662:caused a so-called " 590:, such as trees and 580:Medieval Warm Period 557:human beings evolved 141:after it warms from 25084:Geologic time scale 24805:Culture and society 24669:Atmosphere of Earth 24533:Restoration ecology 24466:Climate engineering 24403:Ocean acidification 24393:Loss of green belts 24363:Holocene extinction 24358:Habitat destruction 24033:Environmental crime 23593:Climate sensitivity 23368:The Adaptation Fund 22824:Infectious diseases 22726:Social and economic 21628:. 13 September 2018 21574:Scientific American 21562:Scientific American 21419:Pew Research Center 21396:Roser, Max (2022). 21356:(15 January 2018). 21243:. 29 September 2017 21179:National Geographic 21167:National Geographic 21077:(5 December 2008). 20895:European Parliament 20883:European Parliament 20168:(online ed.). 19772:"Executive Summary" 19172:2023ESSD...15.2295F 18858:on 15 February 2010 18799:2017PNAS..114.9326Z 18756:2008GeoRL..3511505Z 18705:2009GeoRL..3617401Z 18652:2015RSPTA.37340428W 18607:2020ERL....15i40c1W 18556:2005Sci...308..847W 18448:2019Lanc..394.1836W 18350:2017ERL....12h4001W 18262:2018NatCo...9.4939V 18159:2015Sci...348..571U 18092:1977JAtS...34.1149T 18074:Twomey, S. (1977). 18006:2019Natur.569...32T 17965:2016NatGe...9..286S 17927:2007GeoRL..34.9501S 17831:2009PNAS..106.4133S 17782:2019NatCC...9..306S 17744:2007GeoRL..34.2701S 17641:2010JGRD..11520106S 17608:2016NatCC...6..286S 17553:2018GeoRL..45.1020S 17501:2020COES...45...69R 17433:20.500.11850/103371 17414:2015ERL....10g5001R 17343:2019Natur.571..335R 17294:2020NatCC..10..308R 17251:2009JGRD..114.2107R 17212:2008NatGe...1..221R 17156:2007Sci...316..709R 17093:2013NatCC...3..919P 17029:2010PNAS..107E.151O 16970:2019NatGe..12..643P 16913:2019Natur.571..550N 16757:2018PNAS..115.2022N 16700:2018NatCC...8..588M 16644:2017Sci...358..101M 16556:2018PrPG...42..391M 16507:10.1038/nature08047 16499:2009Natur.459..829M 16436:2019Natur.571..193M 16385:2021GeoRL..4893047L 16329:2009JCli...22.3156L 16272:2020NatEE...4.1044L 16211:2013PNAS..11013745L 16205:(34): 13745–13750. 16178:1998EOSTr..79..271L 16121:Kvande, H. (2014). 16088:2016ERL....11h5001K 15962:2020ClCh..158..281K 15856:2015PLoSO..1038996L 15815:2016NatCC...6.1100H 15743:2019ClCh..157..189H 15707:20.500.11850/268470 15688:2018GeoRL..45.4281H 15633:2017BAMS...98.1841H 15481:2016ACP....16.3761H 15430:2019NatCC...9..484H 15317:2019ERL....14l4041G 15262:2019ESSD...11.1783F 15209:2020GGG....2108690F 15139:2009ARMS....1..169D 15083:2011Sci...333..336D 15025:2018RvGeo..56..207D 14974:10.1038/nature17145 14966:2016Natur.531..591D 14888:2018Sci...361.1108C 14882:(6407): 1108–1111. 14835:(9676): 1693–1733. 14798:2014NatGe...7..627C 14751:10.1093/reep/rez008 14742:10.1093/reep/rez008 14707:1938QJRMS..64..223C 14657:2017JCli...30.5205B 14528:2017JCPro.167..229B 14483:2016ERL....11a4012B 14422:2019NatCo..10.1783B 14359:2019PNAS..11611195B 14353:(23): 11195–11200. 14306:2020CEHR....7..404B 14257:1989Sci...245.1227A 14251:(4923): 1227–1239. 14051:"Technical Summary" 13989:. pp. 447–587. 13971:. pp. 321–445. 13906:. pp. 437–550. 13888:. pp. 131–247. 13823:. pp. 445–538. 13805:. pp. 313–443. 13787:. pp. 175–311. 13562:. pp. 351–411. 13507:IPCC AR5 WG2 B 2014 13451:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13433:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13418:. pp. 793–832. 13415:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13400:. pp. 709–754. 13397:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13381:. pp. 485–533. 13378:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13363:. pp. 229–269. 13360:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13290:. pp. 867–952. 13272:. pp. 383–464. 13254:. pp. 255–315. 13236:. pp. 159–254. 13095:. pp. 779–810. 13041:. pp. 663–745. 13019:. pp. 589–662. 12818:2021ERL....16j4030M 12759:2021ERL....16k4005L 12650:2016ERL....11d8002C 12346:Nord, D.C. 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Rome: FAO. 2023. 9338:DeFries et al. 2019 9105:2023NatSu...6.1237L 8945:2022PNAS..11902852A 8939:(42): e2202852119. 8913:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 8901:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 8787:2021GloEB..30.2337D 8755:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 8714:2024PNAS..12107525M 8708:(15): e2307525121. 8651:2023NatCC..13.1222N 8594:2023Sci...382.1384L 8588:(6677): 1384–1389. 8531:2021NatCo..12.2307O 8423:2023Natur.622..528B 8240:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 8229:Deutsch et al. 2011 8031:2022npCAS...5...30L 7888:2022NatGe..15..899H 7845:Mitchum et al. 2018 7814:Stroeve et al. 2007 7643:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 7631:Melillo et al. 2017 7089:2022EnST...56..761X 6979:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 6856:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 6546:Schmidt et al. 2010 6397:2000GeoRL..27..735I 6340:1999Sci...283.1712F 6334:(5408): 1712–1714. 6282:10.1038/nature06949 6273:2008Natur.453..379L 6162:2013EaFut...1...19T 6091:, pp. 379–380. 6013:20.500.11850/521222 5952:2011ClCh..109..213M 5778:2022ARER...47..343S 5718:2023ComEE...4...69L 5636:2020SciA....6.4876L 5547:2022ComEE...3..168R 5463:20.500.11850/443809 5444:2020ESSD...12.2013V 5315:Kennedy et al. 2010 5261:Kennedy et al. 2010 5137:2017CCCR....3..128X 5075:2016ThApC.123..349Y 5006:2023ThApC.154.1137S 4934:2020NatCo..11.3261S 4846:20.500.11850/572791 4827:2022ACP....2212221Q 4821:(18): 12221–12239. 4762:The Washington Post 4665:Hawkins et al. 2017 4642:Neukom et al. 2019a 4601:2013Sci...339.1198M 4595:(6124): 1198–1201. 4537:2018NatGe..11..627B 4466:2020QSRv..23306222T 4410:Neukom et al. 2019b 4312:1975Sci...189..460B 4152:Hilaire et al. 2019 3694:2021ERL....16k4005L 3427:Eunice Newton Foote 3268:of climate-denying 3175:European Green Deal 3171:European Commission 3167:European Parliament 3097:developed countries 3024:climate reparations 2806:to protect against 2783:planting and other 2766: 2516:Energy conservation 2506:Energy conservation 2284:. Bangladesh after 2217: 2079:. According to the 2069:infectious diseases 1975:Habitat destruction 1962:, a greenhouse gas. 1902:Ecological collapse 1887: 1782:Nature and wildlife 1735:Greenland ice sheet 1616:standard deviations 1468:ice–albedo feedback 1437:Climate sensitivity 1339:growth of raindrops 1292:Aerosols and clouds 1179:processes, such as 1171:every year, that CO 1138:come from livestock 1036:radiative imbalance 993:climate sensitivity 978:radiates it as heat 928:climate variability 901:imbalance of energy 832:climate sensitivity 746:absorbing more heat 738:Southern Hemisphere 726:Northern Hemisphere 715:stored in the ocean 685:, more and heavier 652:climate variability 487:. Since the 2000s, 371:emissions by 2050. 361:Greenland ice sheet 338:bleaching of corals 222:ocean acidification 194:more intense storms 186:retreat of glaciers 25079:Geological history 24953:Geodetic astronomy 24548:Waste minimization 24506:Mitigation banking 24501:Industrial ecology 24461:Cleaner production 24413:Resource depletion 23949:Corporate behavior 23907:animal agriculture 23164:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 23136:Forest management 23120:Direct air capture 23085:Sustainable energy 23042:Net zero emissions 23037:Low-carbon economy 23032:Green Climate Fund 22819:Indigenous peoples 22717:Plant biodiversity 22505:Effects and issues 22041:UN: Climate Change 21986:has a profile for 21938: 21271:The New York Times 21259:The New York Times 20891:"Renewable Energy" 19523:on 11 October 2017 19396:(Third ed.). 18646:(2054): 20140428. 17884:10.1111/risa.12140 16317:Journal of Climate 16133:(5 Suppl): S2–S4. 16027:. pp. 1–470. 15352:Grubb, M. (2003). 14634:Journal of Climate 14613:10.1039/c7ee02342a 13769:. pp. 93–174. 13149:. pp. 95–116. 13001:. pp. 93–127. 12872:Royal Society 2005 12001:Harvey et al. 2018 11634:Climate Focus 2015 11618:Climate Focus 2015 11144:Rauner et al. 2020 11132:IPCC SR15 Ch5 2018 11112:IPCC SR15 Ch5 2018 10921:(6471): eaaw9256. 10844:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10684:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10587:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10576:Ruseva et al. 2020 10359:, pp. 141–142 10357:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10347:, pp. 138–140 10345:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10333:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10310:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10283:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10093:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10015:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 9972:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 9796:, pp. 347–352 9794:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 9750:IPCC SR15 Ch3 2018 9715:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 9405:, pp. 796–797 9164:, p. 8, SPM 2 8867:Lenoir et al. 2020 8839:Turner et al. 2020 8682:IPCC SR15 Ch3 2018 8368:IPCC SR15 Ch3 2018 8315:(6611): eabn7950. 8251:. 5 September 2013 8182:Bamber et al. 2019 7969:Hansen et al. 2016 7377:Randel et al. 2009 7158:Samset et al. 2018 6999:Samset et al. 2018 6914:Curtis et al. 2018 6815:"The Carbon Cycle" 6215:, pp. 875–876 6063:Rogelj et al. 2019 5599:. 14 December 2021 5477:NOAA, 10 July 2011 5341:, pp. 257–260 5190:. 21 November 2023 5000:(3–4): 1137–1149. 4892:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 4653:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 4519:(September 2018). 4141:Rogelj et al. 2015 4104:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 3985:. 27 February 2022 3861:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 3659:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 3519: 3448:Starting in 1859, 3446: 3411: 3368:civil disobedience 3305:In popular culture 3300: 3238: 3219:Fossil fuels lobby 3153:National responses 3147:hydrofluorocarbons 3113:Green Climate Fund 3066: 3054: 2945:low-carbon economy 2941:free-rider problem 2918: 2841:Selective breeding 2762: 2619: 2557: 2412: 2404: 2382:Sustainable energy 2330: 2213: 2143:sub-Saharan Africa 2022: 1914:Great Barrier Reef 1883: 1721: 1662: 1620: 1554: 1452: 1381: 1209: 1070: 1001:tropospheric ozone 970: 889: 797: 776:around the globe. 681:, leading to more 624: 616:ocean heat content 608: 553: 479:climate scientist 409:, for instance by 79: 73:2.5 °F) since the 59: 25214: 25213: 25165:Planetary science 25148:Natural satellite 25069:Extremes on Earth 25036:Signal processing 24601: 24600: 24423:Water degradation 24298:Ecological crisis 24244:biodiversity loss 24043:Industrialisation 24028:Genetic pollution 23874:Impact assessment 23782: 23781: 23720: 23719: 23716: 23715: 23655:Radiative forcing 23498: 23497: 23494: 23493: 23318:Adaptive capacity 23203: 23202: 23199: 23198: 23063:Energy transition 22939: 22938: 22935: 22934: 22654:Tropical cyclones 22580:Urban heat island 22494: 22493: 22406: 22405: 22402: 22401: 22367:Carbon accounting 22321:Greenhouse effect 22287: 22286: 22002:Library resources 21992: 21934: 21818:. 3 November 2023 21402:Our World in Data 21382:Our World in Data 21362:Our World in Data 21343:Our World in Data 21185:on 14 August 2019 21085:on 9 August 2010. 21040:. 9 December 2020 20540:. BBC. 1 May 2019 20484:978-1-56973-953-2 20461:978-92-63-11264-4 20437:978-92-4-151497-2 20414:978-92-4-151135-3 20395:978-92-4-150769-1 20347:978-1-4648-1435-8 20162:(February 2019). 20139:978-0-674-03189-0 20035:"Paris Agreement" 20003:. United Nations. 19974:978-92-807-3728-8 19953:978-92-807-3890-2 19930:978-92-807-3766-0 19900:978-92-5-109283-5 19870:978-3-030-05843-2 19839:978-3-030-05843-2 19800:978-3-030-05843-2 19699:978-3-948393-00-7 19655:978-1-59691-610-4 19636:978-0-262-54193-0 19629:. The MIT Press. 19566:978-0-521-02123-4 19486:978-1-907555-04-6 19438:978-3-030-05843-2 19407:978-0-08-102886-5 19348:978-1-5135-1195-5 19259:978-0-444-63524-2 19240:978-1-4648-0674-2 19123:978-1-878220-76-9 19096:978-92-9068-703-0 19044:978-0-19-935611-9 19025:978-0-19-956660-0 18891:978-1-118-68733-8 18793:(35): 9326–9331. 18550:(5723): 847–850. 18205:978-0-521-14407-0 18153:(6234): 571–573. 17953:Nature Geoscience 17825:(11): 4133–4137. 17337:(7765): 335–342. 17200:Nature Geoscience 17125:Rahmstorf, Stefan 16958:Nature Geoscience 16907:(7766): 550–554. 16872:978-0-309-14585-5 16841:978-0-309-48455-8 16638:(6359): 101–105. 16493:(7248): 829–832. 16430:(7764): 193–197. 16323:(11): 3156–3166. 16186:10.1029/98EO00206 16063:. pp. 1–470. 16047:. pp. 1–470. 15809:(12): 1100–1103. 15077:(6040): 336–339. 14960:(7596): 591–597. 14928:Nature Geoscience 14785:Nature Geoscience 14641:(14): 5205–5220. 14222:IPCC AR6 SYR 2023 14193:978-92-9169-164-7 14148:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 14127:978-1-009-15792-6 14077:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 14059:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 14041:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 13748:. pp. 49–91. 13671:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 13650:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 13595:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 13577:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 13559:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 13541:978-1-107-05821-7 13488:978-1-107-05816-3 13341:978-1-107-05807-1 13305:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13287:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13269:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13251:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13233:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13215:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13190:978-1-107-05799-9 13146:IPCC AR4 WG3 2007 13128:978-0-521-88011-4 13092:IPCC AR4 WG2 2007 13074:978-0-521-88010-7 13038:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 13016:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 12998:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 12980:978-0-521-88009-1 12461:978-3-030-81103-7 12427:978-1-101-90807-5 12393:978-0-12-818173-7 12359:978-3-030-52324-4 12333:Popular Mechanics 12329:Text was earlier 11678:Goyal et al. 2019 11194:Watts et al. 2019 11033:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 10888:. 24 October 2021 10672:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 10619:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 10499:, pp. 95–102 10271:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 10236:Watts et al. 2019 10220:Watts et al. 2019 10071:, pp. vi, 12 9923:Teske et al. 2019 9897:, pp. 18, 26 9842:(11): 2403–2420. 9703:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 9643:Kabir et al. 2016 9415:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9381:978-92-5-135234-2 9326:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9314:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9290:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9241:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9099:(10): 1237–1247. 8878:Smale et al. 2019 8795:10.1111/geb.13386 8781:(12): 2337–2353. 8645:(11): 1222–1228. 8486:Smith et al. 2009 8417:(7983): 528–536. 8217:Doney et al. 2009 8194:Zhang et al. 2008 8159:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 8081:Nature Geoscience 7875:Nature Geoscience 7761:Wolff et al. 2015 7722:Wolff et al. 2015 7657:, pp. 93–95. 7581:Cohen et al. 2014 7569:NASA, 28 May 2013 7533:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 7523:, pp. 89–90. 7499:, pp. 89–91. 6951:978-92-5-137044-5 6819:Earth Observatory 6267:(7193): 379–382. 6051:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 6003:10.1111/gcb.15871 5339:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 4868:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 4525:Nature Geoscience 4306:(4201): 460–463. 4241:NASA, 7 July 2020 4214:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 4187:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 4175:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 3926:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 3914:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 3890:, pp. 15, 53 3888:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 3647:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 3557:. As part of the 3401:Early discoveries 3381:compensation for 3248:think tanks, and 3139:Montreal Protocol 3108:Copenhagen Accord 3013:tries to address 2916: 2915: 2853: 2852: 2757:urban heat island 2753:urban development 2713:. If that fails, 2565:plant-based diets 2495:Low-carbon energy 2481:radioactive waste 2470:can be expanded, 2462:. Traditionally, 2444:electric vehicles 2425:geothermal energy 2311: 2310: 2179:Climate migration 2173:Climate migration 2159:Indigenous people 2003: 2002: 1832:of many species. 1748:Amazon rainforest 1666:thermal expansion 1472:radiative cooling 1343:radiative forcing 1233:agricultural land 1100:, manufacturing, 1090:fluorinated gases 1013:external forcings 952:Greenhouse effect 905:external forcings 565:Last Interglacial 500:climate emergency 403:heating buildings 379:conserving energy 363:. Under the 2015 328:Examples of some 129:practices add to 81:In common usage, 25254: 25204: 25203: 25096:History of Earth 24747:Paleoclimatology 24628: 24621: 24614: 24605: 24604: 24576: 24575: 24565: 24564: 24398:Phosphorus cycle 24378:Land consumption 24373:Land degradation 24348:Freshwater cycle 24147:Overexploitation 24120:marine pollution 23927:cocoa production 23809: 23802: 23795: 23786: 23785: 23770: 23769: 23758: 23757: 23746: 23745: 23735: 23734: 23733: 23698:Paleoclimatology 23515: 23514: 23504: 23503: 23265:Ecological grief 23248:Climate movement 23223: 23222: 23209: 23208: 23189:Plant-based diet 23080:Renewable energy 22958: 22957: 22945: 22944: 22780:Economic impacts 22707:Invasive species 22563:Coastal flooding 22513: 22512: 22500: 22499: 22436:Svante Arrhenius 22412: 22411: 22382:from agriculture 22372:Carbon footprint 22357:Greenhouse gases 22306: 22305: 22293: 22292: 22245: 22244: 22230: 22223: 22216: 22207: 22206: 22201: 22200:from Wikiversity 22193: 22192: 22191: 22184: 22176: 22175: 22174: 22167: 22159: 22158: 22157: 22150: 22142: 22141: 22140: 22133: 22125: 22124: 22123: 22116: 22108: 22107: 22106: 22099: 22091: 22090: 22089: 22079: 21990: 21980: 21979: 21958: 21956: 21945: 21944: 21935: 21925: 21923: 21919: 21914: 21899: 21897: 21895: 21869: 21856: 21854: 21852: 21827: 21825: 21823: 21798: 21796: 21794: 21769: 21767: 21765: 21740: 21738: 21736: 21711: 21709: 21707: 21702:. 8 January 2017 21682: 21670: 21668: 21666: 21637: 21635: 21633: 21610: 21608: 21606: 21581: 21555: 21553: 21551: 21526: 21524: 21522: 21497: 21495: 21493: 21466: 21464: 21462: 21437: 21435: 21433: 21412: 21410: 21408: 21392: 21390: 21388: 21372: 21370: 21368: 21336: 21334: 21332: 21326:NOAA Climate.gov 21316: 21314: 21312: 21286: 21284: 21282: 21252: 21250: 21248: 21223: 21221: 21219: 21194: 21192: 21190: 21181:. 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M. 16618: 16600: 16575: 16534: 16481: 16455: 16414: 16396: 16363: 16342: 16340: 16307: 16266:(8): 1044–1059. 16250: 16240: 16222: 16189: 16160: 16150: 16117: 16099: 16064: 16048: 16032: 16012: 15988: 15986: 15984: 15940: 15930: 15920: 15895: 15885: 15867: 15834: 15795: 15766: 15764: 15754: 15719: 15709: 15699: 15682:(9): 4281–4289. 15664: 15654: 15644: 15627:(9): 1841–1856. 15611: 15609: 15607: 15599: 15584:Retraction Watch 15563: 15553: 15510: 15492: 15474: 15465:(6): 3761–3812. 15449: 15410: 15408: 15406: 15400: 15385: 15375: 15373: 15358: 15348: 15338: 15328: 15293: 15283: 15273: 15256:(4): 1783–1838. 15240: 15230: 15220: 15185: 15176: 15166: 15117: 15115: 15066: 15056: 15046: 15036: 15001: 14946: 14944: 14917: 14899: 14864: 14817: 14806:10.1038/ngeo2234 14781: 14771: 14753: 14718: 14701:(275): 223–240. 14689:Callendar, G. S. 14684: 14650: 14627: 14625: 14615: 14606:(5): 1062–1176. 14584: 14574: 14549: 14539: 14506: 14504: 14494: 14459: 14449: 14398: 14388: 14370: 14335: 14325: 14284: 14226: 14218: 14205: 14169: 14152: 14144: 14131: 14098: 14081: 14073: 14063: 14055: 14045: 14037: 14024: 14014: 13990: 13982: 13972: 13964: 13954: 13953:. pp. 3–35. 13946: 13933: 13931: 13907: 13899: 13889: 13881: 13871: 13870:. pp. 3–34. 13863: 13850: 13848: 13824: 13816: 13806: 13798: 13788: 13780: 13770: 13762: 13749: 13741: 13731: 13730:. pp. 3–24. 13723: 13706: 13700: 13675: 13667: 13654: 13646: 13633: 13627: 13619: 13599: 13591: 13581: 13573: 13563: 13555: 13545: 13511: 13503: 13492: 13472: 13455: 13447: 13437: 13429: 13419: 13411: 13401: 13392: 13382: 13374: 13364: 13356: 13345: 13309: 13301: 13291: 13283: 13273: 13265: 13255: 13247: 13237: 13229: 13219: 13211: 13194: 13174: 13150: 13142: 13132: 13096: 13088: 13078: 13042: 13034: 13020: 13012: 13002: 12994: 12984: 12929: 12915: 12904: 12898: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12857: 12851: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12829: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12770: 12736: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12683: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12661: 12627: 12621: 12611: 12605: 12592: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12552: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12494: 12488: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12343: 12337: 12328: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12277: 12271: 12265: 12259: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12209: 12203: 12197: 12191: 12185: 12179: 12173: 12164: 12158: 12152: 12143: 12137: 12132: 12123: 12122: 12112: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12017: 12009: 12003: 11998: 11992: 11986: 11980: 11974: 11968: 11963: 11954: 11945: 11939: 11930: 11924: 11916:, pp. 144, 11911: 11905: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11878:, pp. 4–5; 11873: 11867: 11866: 11856: 11820: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11794: 11788: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11763: 11757: 11751: 11745: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11719:Vice, 2 May 2019 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11686: 11680: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11643: 11637: 11631: 11625: 11615: 11609: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11530: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11484: 11478: 11468: 11462: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11410: 11404: 11398: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11364: 11354: 11344: 11320: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11292: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11257: 11251: 11242: 11236: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11109: 11103: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11042: 11036: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11005: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10930: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10751: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10584: 10578: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10518: 10512: 10511:, pp. 45–54 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10483: 10477: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10262: 10248: 10242: 10238:, p. 1837; 10233: 10227: 10222:, p. 1854; 10217: 10211: 10210: 10204: 10202: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10167: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10028: 10022: 10012: 10003: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9947: 9941: 9932: 9926: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9817: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9775: 9769: 9764:, p. 1068; 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9736: 9730: 9729:, p. xxiii. 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9576: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9511:10.4060/cc5060en 9497: 9488: 9485:Mach et al. 2019 9482: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9457: 9451: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9372:10.4060/cb7431en 9354: 9345: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9279:Mora et al. 2017 9276: 9270: 9265: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9223: 9218: 9207: 9202: 9191: 9186: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9116: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9008: 9006: 9001:. 2 January 2012 8991: 8985: 8984: 8974: 8956: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8875: 8869: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8736: 11009622. 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8662: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8577: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8550: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8442: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8332: 8297: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8237: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8042: 8010: 8004: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7966: 7960: 7957:Meinshausen 2019 7950: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7907: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7784: 7778: 7769: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7593: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7485: 7484: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7380: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7315: 7313:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG 7304:globalchange.gov 7295: 7289: 7287: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7235: 7229: 7227:Sand et al. 2015 7224: 7218: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7150:Wild et al. 2005 7147: 7141: 7140: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7100: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7051:on 27 March 2023 7035: 7029: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6942:10.4060/cc2510en 6927: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6895: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6761: 6755: 6752:Rice Cultivation 6733: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6677: 6671: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6630:, p. TS-35. 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6543: 6537: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6284: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6122: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6053:, pp. 43–44 6048: 6042: 6041: 6015: 6005: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5963: 5946:(1–2): 213–241. 5930: 5924: 5923:, p. SPM-17 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5821: 5819: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5748:. 29 March 2023. 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5630:(26): eaaz4876. 5624:Science Advances 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5568: 5558: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5455: 5438:(3): 2013–2041. 5423: 5417: 5411:, p. 257: " 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5380:Noaa Climate.gov 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5286:"Global Warming" 5282: 5276: 5273:Loeb et al. 2021 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5227: 5221: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5069:(1–2): 349–360. 5052: 5046: 5045: 5027: 5017: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4953: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4838: 4805: 4794: 4793: 4792:. 15 March 2007. 4782: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4719:Top 2000 meters: 4716: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3957:The Conversation 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3900: 3891: 3881: 3872: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3705: 3671: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3619: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3461:Svante Arrhenius 3346:Climate movement 3340:Climate movement 3143:Kigali Amendment 3125: 2988:. Direct global 2964:A wide range of 2910: 2902: 2894: 2886: 2880: 2837: 2822: 2800: 2789:coastal flooding 2777: 2767: 2761: 2719:air conditioning 2659:heavy industries 2647:seagrass meadows 2523:carbon-intensive 2448:active transport 2398:sources even as 2297: 2278: 2259: 2244: 2228: 2218: 2212: 2137:Climate security 1990:Pest propagation 1986: 1971: 1956:Permafrost thaws 1948: 1929: 1912:has damaged the 1898: 1888: 1882: 1639:affecting oceans 1570:Arctic shrinkage 1550:energy imbalance 1389:Solar irradiance 1274:), and how much 1223:, etc.), 26% is 1142:rice cultivation 938:Greenhouse gases 923:around the Sun. 913:solar luminosity 909:greenhouse gases 877:Physical drivers 671:greenhouse gases 576:11,700 years ago 540:Paleoclimatology 344:, and worsening 342:marine heatwaves 322: 313: 302: 233:threatens people 198:weather extremes 147:lower atmosphere 131:greenhouse gases 72: 68: 25262: 25261: 25257: 25256: 25255: 25253: 25252: 25251: 25217: 25216: 25215: 25210: 25192: 25159: 25143: 25100: 25091:Geologic record 25045: 25031:Plate tectonics 25021:Mineral physics 25001:Earth structure 24987: 24922: 24869: 24799: 24751: 24708: 24655: 24637: 24632: 24602: 24597: 24552: 24511:Organic farming 24437: 24428:Water pollution 24408:Ozone depletion 24388:Loss and damage 24288:Desertification 24225: 24137:Overconsumption 24058:cleaning agents 23959:Energy industry 23922:meat production 23888: 23818: 23813: 23783: 23778: 23731: 23729: 23712: 23659: 23650:Orbital forcing 23544: 23509: 23490: 23464:Paris Agreement 23442: 23438:Warming stripes 23377: 23343:Managed retreat 23338:Loss and damage 23299: 23233:Business action 23217: 23195: 23172: 23095: 23089: 23046: 23007:Climate finance 22952: 22931: 22863: 22721: 22697:Extinction risk 22673:Flora and fauna 22668: 22629:Permafrost thaw 22624:Ozone depletion 22553:Extreme weather 22507: 22490: 22417: 22398: 22335: 22300: 22283: 22250: 22239: 22234: 22204: 22194: 22189: 22187: 22177: 22172: 22170: 22166:from Wikisource 22160: 22155: 22153: 22143: 22138: 22136: 22126: 22121: 22119: 22109: 22104: 22102: 22098:from Wiktionary 22092: 22087: 22085: 22082: 22078:sister projects 22075:at Knowledge's 22027: 22026: 22025: 22010: 22009: 22005: 21998: 21997: 21996: 21989:climate change 21981: 21977: 21972: 21971: 21960: 21954: 21952: 21949:This audio file 21946: 21939: 21930: 21927: 21921: 21917: 21916: 21912: 21909: 21904: 21893: 21891: 21850: 21848: 21821: 21819: 21792: 21790: 21763: 21761: 21734: 21732: 21705: 21703: 21664: 21662: 21631: 21629: 21604: 21602: 21549: 21547: 21520: 21518: 21491: 21489: 21460: 21458: 21431: 21429: 21406: 21404: 21386: 21384: 21366: 21364: 21350:Ritchie, Hannah 21330: 21328: 21310: 21308: 21280: 21278: 21246: 21244: 21217: 21215: 21188: 21186: 21154: 21152: 21151:. 17 April 2020 21125: 21123: 21105: 21103: 21075:Conway, Erik M. 21043: 21041: 21014: 21012: 20994: 20992: 20961: 20959: 20933: 20931: 20899: 20897: 20870: 20868: 20837: 20835: 20821: 20819: 20800: 20798: 20775: 20773: 20745: 20743: 20716: 20714: 20696: 20694: 20676: 20674: 20656: 20654: 20618: 20616: 20563: 20561: 20543: 20541: 20518: 20516: 20496: 20491: 20485: 20474: 20462: 20438: 20427: 20415: 20396: 20385: 20365: 20364: 20359: 20348: 20319: 20302: 20300: 20277: 20275: 20250: 20248: 20225: 20223: 20209: 20200: 20198: 20175: 20173: 20158: 20149: 20147: 20140: 20125: 20099: 20097: 20078: 20076: 20072: 20065: 20049: 20037: 20033:UNFCCC (2015). 20023: 20021: 19999:UNFCCC (1997). 19991: 19975: 19954: 19943: 19931: 19920: 19905: 19903: 19901: 19890: 19886:UN FAO (2016). 19871: 19840: 19801: 19774: 19762: 19750: 19734: 19732: 19705: 19704: 19700: 19689: 19673: 19671: 19667: 19656: 19637: 19614: 19598: 19596: 19592: 19585: 19571: 19569: 19567: 19543: 19541: 19526: 19524: 19520: 19513: 19499: 19497: 19493: 19487: 19472: 19458: 19439: 19408: 19382: 19380: 19376: 19349: 19330: 19314: 19312: 19308: 19294: 19292: 19288: 19274: 19272: 19260: 19241: 19214: 19200: 19186: 19184: 19155: 19141: 19139: 19135: 19124: 19097: 19082: 19070: 19045: 19026: 19004: 19002: 19001:on 10 June 2012 18998: 18987: 18968: 18951: 18949: 18942: 18928: 18926: 18922: 18915: 18903: 18892: 18861: 18859: 18855: 18848: 18838: 18833: 18318: 18299: 18215: 18213: 18206: 18000:(7754): 32–34. 17948: 17765: 17678: 17635:(D20): D20106. 17536: 17229:Shine, Keith P. 17220:10.1038/ngeo156 17186: 17139: 17133:Church, John A. 17087:(10): 919–925. 17076: 16896: 16882: 16880: 16873: 16848: 16842: 16683: 15982: 15980: 15950:Climatic Change 15850:(9): e0138996. 15730:Climatic Change 15601: 15593: 15587: 15565:(Erratum: 15564: 15404: 15402: 15398: 15383: 15371: 15361:World Economics 15356: 15174: 15124: 15113: 15064: 14779: 14236: 14231: 14216: 14194: 14167: 14142: 14128: 14071: 14053: 14035: 14012: 13986:IPCC SROCC 2019 13980: 13968:IPCC SROCC 2019 13962: 13950:IPCC SROCC 2019 13944: 13929: 13903:IPCC SRCCL 2019 13897: 13885:IPCC SRCCL 2019 13879: 13867:IPCC SRCCL 2019 13861: 13846: 13814: 13796: 13778: 13760: 13739: 13721: 13698: 13665: 13644: 13621: 13620: 13589: 13571: 13553: 13542: 13501: 13489: 13470: 13445: 13427: 13409: 13390: 13372: 13354: 13342: 13299: 13281: 13263: 13245: 13227: 13209: 13191: 13172: 13140: 13129: 13086: 13075: 13032: 13010: 12992: 12981: 12946: 12940:, FAO, FAO. 12923: 12918: 12905: 12901: 12882: 12878: 12870: 12866: 12862:, p. 3567. 12858: 12854: 12847: 12843: 12796: 12792: 12737: 12728: 12718: 12716: 12684: 12677: 12628: 12624: 12612: 12608: 12593: 12584: 12576: 12572: 12553: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12532:Huddleston 2019 12530: 12526: 12512: 12510: 12495: 12491: 12480: 12476: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12446: 12442: 12432: 12430: 12428: 12412: 12408: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12378: 12374: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12344: 12340: 12319: 12318: 12314: 12306: 12302: 12292: 12290: 12278: 12274: 12266: 12262: 12250: 12246: 12240:Gunningham 2018 12238: 12234: 12226: 12222: 12210: 12206: 12198: 12194: 12186: 12182: 12174: 12167: 12159: 12155: 12144: 12140: 12133: 12126: 12079: 12075: 12038: 12034: 12026: 12015: 12011: 12010: 12006: 11999: 11995: 11987: 11983: 11975: 11971: 11964: 11957: 11946: 11942: 11931: 11927: 11912: 11908: 11900: 11896: 11886: 11884: 11874: 11870: 11821: 11817: 11807: 11805: 11796: 11795: 11791: 11784: 11780: 11775:. 14 July 2021. 11765: 11764: 11760: 11752: 11748: 11741: 11737: 11729: 11725: 11715:BBC, 1 May 2019 11713: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11672: 11657: 11655: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11632: 11628: 11616: 11612: 11604: 11600: 11590: 11588: 11581: 11577: 11567: 11565: 11550: 11549: 11545: 11537: 11533: 11513: 11509: 11501: 11497: 11485: 11481: 11469: 11465: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11422: 11418: 11411: 11407: 11399: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11321: 11317: 11307: 11305: 11290: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11258: 11254: 11243: 11239: 11228: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11176: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11138: 11130: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11098: 11094: 11043: 11039: 11031: 11027: 10964: 10960: 10905: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10880: 10879: 10875: 10865: 10863: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10793: 10789: 10781: 10777: 10769: 10765: 10718: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10694: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10670: 10666: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10621:, p. 125; 10617: 10613: 10609:, p. 1068. 10607:Bui et al. 2018 10605: 10601: 10585: 10581: 10574: 10570: 10519: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10468: 10464: 10456: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10430: 10422: 10415: 10411: 10405:IPCC SRCCL 2019 10403: 10399: 10395:, pp. 1, 3 10391: 10387: 10379: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10331: 10327: 10320: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10293: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10249: 10245: 10234: 10230: 10218: 10214: 10200: 10198: 10186: 10185: 10181: 10118: 10114: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10079: 10075: 10067:, p. 697; 10063: 10059: 10049: 10047: 10030: 10029: 10025: 10013: 10006: 10000:Teske, ed. 2019 9994: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9949: 9948: 9944: 9933: 9929: 9917: 9913: 9905: 9901: 9893: 9889: 9881: 9877: 9869: 9865: 9818: 9811: 9804: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9776: 9772: 9762:Bui et al. 2018 9760: 9756: 9748: 9744: 9737: 9733: 9727:Teske, ed. 2019 9725: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9701: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9677: 9673: 9665: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9616: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9577: 9573: 9566: 9562: 9554: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9499: 9498: 9491: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9467: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9449: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9401: 9397: 9382: 9356: 9355: 9348: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9251: 9247: 9239: 9226: 9219: 9210: 9205:Ebi et al. 2018 9203: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9152:, p. 1077. 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9004: 9002: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8876: 8872: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8629: 8625: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8511: 8507: 8503:, p. 1112. 8499: 8495: 8484: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8298: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8252: 8243: 8242:, p. 510; 8238: 8234: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8124:. 10 July 2020. 8114: 8113: 8109: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8011: 8007: 7995: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7967: 7963: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7936: 7925: 7921: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7785: 7781: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7755: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7420: 7413: 7399: 7397: 7387: 7383: 7371: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7296: 7292: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7254: 7250: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7221: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7148: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7021: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6993:, p. 456; 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6928: 6919: 6912: 6908: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6881: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6811: 6804: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6642:, Figure SPM.1. 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6544: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6424: 6420: 6375: 6371: 6318: 6314: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6219: 6211:, p. 443; 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6142: 6138: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 5981: 5977: 5940:Climatic Change 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5870:(17 May 2023). 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5842: 5838: 5817: 5815: 5803: 5799: 5757: 5753: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5424: 5420: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5295: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5242: 5240: 5228: 5224: 5211: 5207: 5193: 5191: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5053: 5049: 4984: 4980: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4806: 4797: 4784: 4783: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4721: 4700:Top 700 meters: 4698: 4694: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4495:Michon, Scott. 4493: 4489: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4382: 4376:Joo et al. 2015 4374: 4370: 4358: 4351: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4056:. 21 April 2023 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4021: 4017: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3855: 3841: 3839: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3806:IPCC SROCC 2019 3804: 3800: 3794:IPCC SRCCL 2019 3792: 3788: 3782:IPCC SRCCL 2019 3780: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3543:Charles Keeling 3536: 3528: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3432: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3383:loss and damage 3352: 3344:Main articles: 3342: 3334: 3317:(2004) and the 3309:climate fiction 3292: 3278: 3221: 3211: 3206: 3155: 3123: 3120:Paris Agreement 3063: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3028:just transition 3011:climate justice 3007: 3005:Climate justice 2962: 2954:stranded assets 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2868: 2858: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2801: 2792: 2778: 2715:managed retreat 2694: 2688: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2631:carbon in soils 2624: 2608: 2599: 2591:Main articles: 2589: 2582: 2578: 2549: 2539: 2518: 2510:Main articles: 2508: 2500:energy security 2468:battery storage 2388: 2380:Main articles: 2378: 2322: 2316: 2305: 2298: 2289: 2279: 2270: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2236: 2233:desertification 2229: 2181: 2175: 2139: 2129: 2053:Extreme weather 2045: 2037:Main articles: 2035: 2033:Health and food 2014: 2008: 1997: 1987: 1978: 1972: 1963: 1960:release methane 1949: 1940: 1933:Extreme weather 1930: 1921: 1906:Coral bleaching 1899: 1807: 1794: 1784: 1772: 1768: 1727: 1713: 1707:are expanding. 1694: 1690: 1635: 1625: 1608: 1602: 1595: 1586:economic growth 1541: 1531: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1481: 1458:and reduced by 1439: 1431:Main articles: 1429: 1421: 1415: 1369: 1363: 1294: 1289: 1246: 1241:land use change 1201: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181:carbon fixation 1174: 1170: 1162: 1119: 1107: 1095: 1083: 1079: 1067: 1048: 1043: 1038:. In 2019, the 998: 967: 958: 942:Main articles: 940: 919:eruptions, and 870: 864: 845: 841: 837: 782: 699: 600: 588:climate proxies 542: 530:Main articles: 528: 523: 517: 423: 365:Paris Agreement 352: 351: 350: 349: 325: 324: 323: 315: 314: 305: 304: 303: 253:Human migration 235:with increased 231:Climate change 190:sea ice decline 137:that the Earth 115:Fossil fuel use 70: 66: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 25260: 25250: 25249: 25244: 25239: 25234: 25229: 25227:Climate change 25212: 25211: 25209: 25208: 25197: 25194: 25193: 25191: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25175: 25169: 25167: 25161: 25160: 25158: 25157: 25151: 25149: 25145: 25144: 25142: 25141: 25136: 25131: 25126: 25124:Atlantic Ocean 25121: 25116: 25110: 25108: 25102: 25101: 25099: 25098: 25093: 25088: 25087: 25086: 25076: 25071: 25066: 25061: 25055: 25053: 25047: 25046: 25044: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25028: 25023: 25018: 25013: 25008: 25006:Fluid dynamics 25003: 24997: 24995: 24989: 24988: 24986: 24985: 24980: 24978:Geopositioning 24975: 24973:Remote Sensing 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24944: 24943: 24932: 24930: 24924: 24923: 24921: 24920: 24915: 24910: 24905: 24900: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24879: 24877: 24871: 24870: 24868: 24867: 24862: 24857: 24852: 24847: 24842: 24837: 24832: 24827: 24822: 24821: 24820: 24809: 24807: 24801: 24800: 24798: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24777: 24772: 24767: 24761: 24759: 24753: 24752: 24750: 24749: 24744: 24739: 24734: 24732:Climate change 24729: 24727:Energy balance 24724: 24722:Climate system 24718: 24716: 24710: 24709: 24707: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24665: 24663: 24657: 24656: 24654: 24653: 24648: 24642: 24639: 24638: 24631: 24630: 24623: 24616: 24608: 24599: 24598: 24596: 24595: 24590: 24585: 24580: 24569: 24557: 24554: 24553: 24551: 24550: 24545: 24540: 24538:Sustainability 24535: 24530: 24529: 24528: 24518: 24513: 24508: 24503: 24498: 24493: 24488: 24483: 24478: 24473: 24468: 24463: 24458: 24453: 24447: 24445: 24439: 24438: 24436: 24435: 24433:Water scarcity 24430: 24425: 24420: 24415: 24410: 24405: 24400: 24395: 24390: 24385: 24380: 24375: 24370: 24368:Nitrogen cycle 24365: 24360: 24355: 24350: 24345: 24340: 24335: 24333:Forest dieback 24330: 24325: 24320: 24315: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24295: 24290: 24285: 24280: 24275: 24274: 24273: 24268: 24261:Climate change 24258: 24257: 24256: 24251: 24246: 24235: 24233: 24227: 24226: 24224: 24223: 24218: 24217: 24216: 24206: 24205: 24204: 24199: 24194: 24189: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24159: 24154: 24149: 24144: 24139: 24134: 24129: 24128: 24127: 24122: 24117: 24112: 24102: 24101: 24100: 24095: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24078:nanotechnology 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24050: 24045: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24024: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23983: 23982: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23940: 23939: 23934: 23929: 23924: 23919: 23914: 23909: 23898: 23896: 23890: 23889: 23887: 23886: 23881: 23876: 23871: 23866: 23865: 23864: 23862:on marine life 23854: 23853: 23852: 23850:list of issues 23842: 23837: 23832: 23826: 23824: 23820: 23819: 23812: 23811: 23804: 23797: 23789: 23780: 23779: 23777: 23776: 23764: 23752: 23740: 23725: 23722: 23721: 23718: 23717: 23714: 23713: 23711: 23710: 23705: 23700: 23695: 23694: 23693: 23683: 23678: 23673: 23667: 23665: 23661: 23660: 23658: 23657: 23652: 23647: 23642: 23637: 23632: 23627: 23622: 23617: 23616: 23615: 23605: 23603:Cloud feedback 23600: 23595: 23590: 23585: 23584: 23583: 23578: 23573: 23568: 23558: 23552: 23550: 23546: 23545: 23543: 23542: 23537: 23532: 23527: 23521: 23519: 23511: 23510: 23500: 23499: 23496: 23495: 23492: 23491: 23489: 23488: 23483: 23478: 23477: 23476: 23471: 23461: 23459:Kyoto Protocol 23456: 23450: 23448: 23444: 23443: 23441: 23440: 23435: 23434: 23433: 23428: 23423: 23413: 23411:Media coverage 23408: 23403: 23401:Climate spiral 23398: 23393: 23387: 23385: 23379: 23378: 23376: 23375: 23370: 23365: 23360: 23355: 23350: 23345: 23340: 23335: 23330: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23309: 23307: 23301: 23300: 23298: 23297: 23292: 23290:Public opinion 23287: 23282: 23277: 23272: 23267: 23262: 23257: 23256: 23255: 23245: 23240: 23238:Climate action 23235: 23229: 23227: 23219: 23218: 23205: 23204: 23201: 23200: 23197: 23196: 23194: 23193: 23192: 23191: 23180: 23178: 23174: 23173: 23171: 23170: 23165: 23159: 23158: 23157: 23152: 23150:REDD and REDD+ 23147: 23142: 23134: 23129: 23127:Carbon farming 23124: 23123: 23122: 23117: 23107: 23101: 23099: 23091: 23090: 23088: 23087: 23082: 23077: 23072: 23071: 23070: 23060: 23054: 23052: 23048: 23047: 23045: 23044: 23039: 23034: 23029: 23024: 23019: 23014: 23009: 23004: 22999: 22994: 22989: 22988: 22987: 22977: 22972: 22966: 22964: 22954: 22953: 22941: 22940: 22937: 22936: 22933: 22932: 22930: 22929: 22924: 22919: 22914: 22909: 22904: 22899: 22894: 22889: 22884: 22879: 22873: 22871: 22865: 22864: 22862: 22861: 22859:Water security 22856: 22854:Water scarcity 22851: 22849:Urban flooding 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22811: 22810: 22809: 22799: 22794: 22789: 22788: 22787: 22777: 22772: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22746: 22745: 22740: 22729: 22727: 22723: 22722: 22720: 22719: 22714: 22709: 22704: 22702:Forest dieback 22699: 22694: 22689: 22688: 22687: 22676: 22674: 22670: 22669: 22667: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22639:Sea level rise 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22620: 22619: 22614: 22612:stratification 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22584: 22583: 22582: 22577: 22567: 22566: 22565: 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22519: 22517: 22509: 22508: 22496: 22495: 22492: 22491: 22489: 22488: 22487: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22461: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22422: 22419: 22418: 22408: 22407: 22404: 22403: 22400: 22399: 22397: 22396: 22391: 22390: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22377:Carbon leakage 22374: 22369: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22343: 22341: 22337: 22336: 22334: 22333: 22328: 22318: 22316:Climate system 22312: 22310: 22302: 22301: 22289: 22288: 22285: 22284: 22282: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22255: 22252: 22251: 22241: 22240: 22237:Climate change 22233: 22232: 22225: 22218: 22210: 22203: 22202: 22185: 22183:from Wikibooks 22168: 22151: 22149:from Wikiquote 22134: 22117: 22100: 22073:Climate change 22071: 22069: 22068: 22058: 22048: 22038: 22024: 22023: 22018: 22012: 22011: 22007:Climate change 22000: 21999: 21982: 21975: 21974: 21973: 21961: 21947: 21940: 21928: 21911: 21910: 21908: 21907:External links 21905: 21903: 21902: 21901: 21900: 21872: 21871: 21870: 21857: 21830: 21829: 21828: 21801: 21800: 21799: 21772: 21771: 21770: 21743: 21742: 21741: 21714: 21713: 21712: 21685: 21684: 21683: 21671: 21640: 21639: 21638: 21613: 21612: 21611: 21584: 21583: 21582: 21558: 21557: 21556: 21529: 21528: 21527: 21500: 21499: 21498: 21469: 21468: 21467: 21440: 21439: 21438: 21415: 21414: 21413: 21393: 21373: 21339: 21338: 21337: 21317: 21289: 21288: 21287: 21255: 21254: 21253: 21226: 21225: 21224: 21197: 21196: 21195: 21163: 21162: 21161: 21134: 21133: 21132: 21112: 21087: 21071: 21065:. NASA. 2013. 21052: 21051: 21050: 21023: 21022: 21021: 21001: 20981: 20968: 20940: 20908: 20907: 20906: 20879: 20878: 20877: 20861:euobserver.com 20846: 20845: 20844: 20828: 20807: 20784: 20783: 20782: 20758:Deutsche Welle 20754: 20753: 20752: 20725: 20724: 20723: 20703: 20683: 20663: 20638: 20625: 20598: 20597: 20596: 20572: 20571: 20570: 20550: 20527: 20526: 20525: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20489: 20483: 20466: 20460: 20442: 20436: 20419: 20413: 20400: 20394: 20378: 20352: 20346: 20313: 20312: 20311: 20310: 20309: 20259: 20258: 20257: 20207: 20160:Weart, Spencer 20156: 20138: 20123: 20106: 20085: 20058: 20042: 20030: 20005: 19996: 19979: 19973: 19958: 19952: 19935: 19929: 19912: 19899: 19883: 19869: 19844: 19838: 19813: 19799: 19767: 19755: 19741: 19718: 19698: 19683:REN21 (2020). 19680: 19660: 19654: 19641: 19635: 19623:Oreskes, Naomi 19619: 19605: 19578: 19565: 19550: 19533: 19506: 19485: 19463: 19451: 19437: 19412: 19406: 19389: 19369: 19347: 19321: 19301: 19281: 19264: 19258: 19245: 19239: 19205: 19193: 19148: 19128: 19122: 19109: 19095: 19075: 19063: 19049: 19043: 19030: 19024: 19011: 18980: 18973: 18958: 18935: 18908: 18896: 18890: 18868: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18831: 18778: 18735: 18699:(17): L17401. 18682: 18631: 18584: 18539: 18494: 18427: 18372: 18327: 18311: 18292: 18256:(4939): 4939. 18241: 18222: 18204: 18189: 18138: 18114: 18071: 18028: 17985: 17959:(4): 286–289. 17941: 17906: 17878:(5): 937–948. 17863: 17810: 17776:(4): 306–312. 17758: 17723: 17671: 17620: 17602:(3): 286–289. 17591: 17529: 17480: 17459: 17438: 17391: 17322: 17288:(4): 308–312. 17273: 17245:(D2): D02107. 17224: 17206:(4): 221–227. 17191: 17129:Cazenave, Anny 17121: 17069: 17008: 16964:(8): 643–649. 16949: 16889: 16871: 16863:10.17226/12781 16846: 16840: 16832:10.17226/25259 16819: 16809:(7): 501–506. 16797: 16736: 16694:(7): 588–593. 16676: 16619: 16591:(1): 427–444. 16576: 16550:(3): 391–405. 16535: 16482: 16415: 16364: 16354:(2): 279–296. 16343: 16308: 16251: 16190: 16161: 16118: 16065: 16049: 16033: 16013: 16003:(7). S26-S27. 15989: 15956:(3): 281–300. 15941: 15896: 15835: 15796: 15767: 15737:(2): 189–219. 15720: 15665: 15612: 15528:(4): 281–287. 15511: 15450: 15424:(6): 484–489. 15411: 15376: 15349: 15311:(12): 124041. 15294: 15241: 15186: 15167: 15133:(1): 169–192. 15122: 15118: 15057: 15019:(1): 207–250. 15002: 14947: 14918: 14865: 14818: 14792:(9): 627–637. 14772: 14736:(2): 189–206. 14719: 14685: 14628: 14585: 14565:(2): 208–218. 14550: 14507: 14460: 14399: 14336: 14300:(4): 404–414. 14285: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14192: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14126: 14099: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14064: 14046: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13973: 13955: 13911: 13910: 13909: 13908: 13890: 13872: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13820:IPCC SR15 2018 13807: 13802:IPCC SR15 2018 13789: 13784:IPCC SR15 2018 13771: 13766:IPCC SR15 2018 13750: 13745:IPCC SR15 2018 13732: 13727:IPCC SR15 2018 13679: 13678: 13677: 13676: 13655: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13582: 13564: 13540: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13487: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13438: 13420: 13402: 13383: 13365: 13340: 13313: 13312: 13311: 13310: 13292: 13274: 13256: 13238: 13220: 13189: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13127: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13073: 13046: 13045: 13044: 13043: 13021: 13003: 12979: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12899: 12876: 12864: 12852: 12841: 12812:(10): 104030. 12790: 12753:(11): 114005. 12726: 12700:(4): 183–184. 12675: 12622: 12614:Callendar 1938 12606: 12582: 12570: 12547: 12535: 12524: 12489: 12474: 12460: 12440: 12426: 12406: 12392: 12372: 12358: 12338: 12312: 12300: 12272: 12260: 12244: 12232: 12230:, p. 943. 12220: 12204: 12192: 12180: 12165: 12153: 12148:, p. 80; 12138: 12124: 12095:(10): 104030. 12073: 12054:(4): 183–184. 12032: 12004: 11993: 11991:, p. 146. 11981: 11979:, p. 308. 11969: 11955: 11940: 11925: 11906: 11894: 11868: 11815: 11789: 11778: 11758: 11746: 11735: 11723: 11707: 11681: 11670: 11638: 11626: 11610: 11598: 11575: 11543: 11531: 11507: 11505:, p. 290. 11495: 11479: 11477:, p. 290. 11463: 11452: 11440: 11428: 11416: 11405: 11390: 11378: 11335:(5): 459–463. 11315: 11278: 11252: 11237: 11232:, p. iv; 11222: 11210: 11198: 11196:, p. 1866 11186: 11170: 11158: 11147: 11136: 11134:, p. 477. 11124: 11104: 11092: 11037: 11025: 10980:(3): 381–393. 10973:Climate Change 10958: 10899: 10873: 10848: 10836: 10809:(4): 333–334. 10787: 10785:, p. 439. 10775: 10773:, p. 402. 10763: 10734:(10). 104004. 10712: 10700: 10698:, p. 796. 10688: 10676: 10664: 10639: 10635:IPCC SR15 2018 10627: 10611: 10599: 10579: 10568: 10533:(2): 137–148. 10513: 10501: 10489: 10478: 10462: 10445: 10433: 10428: 10420: 10409: 10397: 10385: 10373: 10361: 10349: 10337: 10325: 10314: 10302: 10297:, p. 29; 10287: 10275: 10263: 10259:IPCC SR15 2018 10253:, p. 27; 10243: 10228: 10212: 10179: 10112: 10107:Letcher (2020) 10097: 10085: 10073: 10057: 10036:Climate action 10023: 10004: 9988: 9976: 9964: 9942: 9927: 9911: 9899: 9887: 9875: 9863: 9822:, p. 46; 9809: 9798: 9786: 9780:, p. 34; 9778:IPCC SR15 2018 9770: 9754: 9742: 9731: 9719: 9717:, p. 109. 9707: 9695: 9683: 9671: 9669:, p. 125. 9659: 9647: 9635: 9610: 9598: 9586: 9581:, p. 38; 9571: 9560: 9558:, p. 399. 9548: 9536: 9534:, p. 328. 9524: 9489: 9477: 9452: 9443: 9441:, p. 796. 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9380: 9346: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9294: 9282: 9271: 9257: 9245: 9224: 9221:Romanello 2022 9208: 9192: 9189:Romanello 2023 9178: 9166: 9154: 9142: 9130: 9077: 9065: 9040: 9028: 9016: 8986: 8917: 8915:, p. 451. 8905: 8893: 8881: 8870: 8855: 8843: 8831: 8815: 8759: 8757:, p. 133. 8747: 8686: 8684:, p. 218. 8674: 8623: 8562: 8505: 8493: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8395: 8372: 8370:, p. 283. 8360: 8287: 8262: 8232: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8186: 8174: 8163: 8161:, p. 1302 8151: 8139: 8127: 8107: 8066: 8064:, p. 260. 8054: 8005: 7989: 7987:, p. 415. 7977: 7961: 7959:, p. 462. 7945: 7934: 7919: 7882:(1): 899–905. 7860: 7848: 7833: 7821: 7806: 7794: 7779: 7764: 7753: 7738: 7736:, p. 120. 7726: 7714: 7702: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7486: 7468: 7438: 7426: 7411: 7381: 7365: 7335: 7323: 7290: 7267: 7248: 7230: 7219: 7203: 7186: 7174: 7162: 7142: 7139:. 4 June 2020. 7128: 7083:(2): 761–769. 7062: 7030: 7023:He et al. 2018 7015: 7013:, p. 183. 7003: 6983: 6971: 6957: 6950: 6917: 6906: 6890: 6879: 6860: 6858:, p. 450. 6848: 6836: 6802: 6788: 6776: 6769: 6756: 6728: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6690: 6672: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6566: 6554: 6538: 6518: 6487: 6448: 6418: 6391:(5): 735–738. 6369: 6312: 6244: 6232: 6217: 6201: 6199:, p. 916. 6189: 6177: 6150:Earth's Future 6136: 6113:(2): 480–494. 6093: 6081: 6066: 6055: 6043: 5996:(2): 349–361. 5975: 5925: 5913: 5885: 5874:. The Guardian 5859: 5836: 5797: 5751: 5733: 5692: 5667: 5610: 5588: 5521: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5418: 5401: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5222: 5205: 5173: 5131:(2): 128–140. 5111: 5047: 4978: 4908: 4906:, p. 2306 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4795: 4774: 4748: 4736: 4692: 4669: 4667:, p. 1844 4657: 4645: 4634: 4622: 4579: 4566: 4531:(9): 627–634. 4510: 4487: 4439: 4414: 4402: 4391: 4380: 4368: 4349: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4244: 4233: 4218: 4206: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4165:, p. 1335 4155: 4144: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4120:IPCC SR15 2018 4112: 4107: 4096: 4079: 4067: 4041: 4015: 3996: 3970: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3892: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3853: 3822: 3820:, p. 1517 3810: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3739: 3725: 3688:(11): 114005. 3663: 3651: 3639: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3581: 3578: 3534: 3526: 3521:In the 1950s, 3500: 3497: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3430: 3419:Joseph Fourier 3402: 3399: 3390: 3387: 3364:Greta Thunberg 3341: 3338: 3332: 3277: 3274: 3242:misinformation 3227:Data has been 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3173:presented its 3154: 3151: 3128:European Union 3091:(representing 3085:Kyoto Protocol 3061: 3049: 3035: 3032: 3006: 3003: 2978:carbon pricing 2961: 2960:Policy options 2958: 2949:coal phase-out 2914: 2913: 2911: Very low 2907: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2883: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2815: 2812:sea level rise 2802: 2795: 2793: 2779: 2772: 2711:flood controls 2690:Main article: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2670: 2662: 2654: 2622: 2606: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2569:meat and dairy 2538: 2535: 2507: 2504: 2377: 2374: 2318:Main article: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2280: 2273: 2271: 2263:Tidal flooding 2261: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2185:urban flooding 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2163:armed conflict 2128: 2125: 2061:water security 2034: 2031: 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1952:Arctic warming 1950: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1916:and threatens 1910:thermal stress 1900: 1893: 1873:eutrophication 1859:and corals to 1805: 1783: 1780: 1770: 1766: 1757:The long-term 1740:ocean currents 1731:tipping points 1723:Main article: 1712: 1709: 1701:are decreasing 1692: 1688: 1624: 1621: 1604:Main article: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1530: 1527: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1479: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1385:climate system 1362: 1359: 1307:global dimming 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1244: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1117: 1105: 1093: 1081: 1077: 1065: 1046: 1041: 996: 965: 944:Greenhouse gas 939: 936: 866:Main article: 863: 860: 843: 839: 835: 826:The remaining 781: 778: 698: 695: 644:global dimming 632:sulfur dioxide 599: 596: 584:Little Ice Age 527: 524: 516: 513: 509:global warming 505:global heating 494:climate crisis 489:climate change 473:Global warming 465:Climate change 459:climate system 455:climate change 451:global warming 447:climate change 443:global warming 422: 419: 357:tipping points 327: 326: 317: 316: 308: 307: 306: 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 226:sea level rise 214:become extinct 151:Carbon dioxide 145:, warming the 133:. These gases 91:climate system 87:global warming 83:climate change 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25259: 25248: 25245: 25243: 25240: 25238: 25235: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25224: 25222: 25207: 25199: 25198: 25195: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25170: 25168: 25166: 25162: 25156: 25153: 25152: 25150: 25146: 25140: 25137: 25135: 25134:Pacific Ocean 25132: 25130: 25127: 25125: 25122: 25120: 25117: 25115: 25112: 25111: 25109: 25107: 25103: 25097: 25094: 25092: 25089: 25085: 25082: 25081: 25080: 25077: 25075: 25072: 25070: 25067: 25065: 25064:Earth science 25062: 25060: 25057: 25056: 25054: 25052: 25048: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25016:Magnetosphere 25014: 25012: 25009: 25007: 25004: 25002: 24999: 24998: 24996: 24994: 24990: 24984: 24983:Virtual globe 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24948:Earth's orbit 24946: 24942: 24939: 24938: 24937: 24934: 24933: 24931: 24929: 24925: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24884: 24881: 24880: 24878: 24876: 24872: 24866: 24863: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24855:World history 24853: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24845:World economy 24843: 24841: 24838: 24836: 24833: 24831: 24828: 24826: 24823: 24819: 24816: 24815: 24814: 24811: 24810: 24808: 24806: 24802: 24796: 24795:South America 24793: 24791: 24790:North America 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24773: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24762: 24760: 24758: 24754: 24748: 24745: 24743: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24719: 24717: 24715: 24711: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24666: 24664: 24662: 24658: 24652: 24649: 24647: 24644: 24643: 24640: 24636: 24629: 24624: 24622: 24617: 24615: 24610: 24609: 24606: 24594: 24591: 24589: 24586: 24584: 24581: 24579: 24570: 24568: 24559: 24558: 24555: 24549: 24546: 24544: 24541: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24531: 24527: 24524: 24523: 24522: 24521:Reforestation 24519: 24517: 24514: 24512: 24509: 24507: 24504: 24502: 24499: 24497: 24494: 24492: 24489: 24487: 24484: 24482: 24479: 24477: 24476:Cultured meat 24474: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24456:Birth control 24454: 24452: 24449: 24448: 24446: 24444: 24440: 24434: 24431: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24416: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24384: 24381: 24379: 24376: 24374: 24371: 24369: 24366: 24364: 24361: 24359: 24356: 24354: 24351: 24349: 24346: 24344: 24341: 24339: 24336: 24334: 24331: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24278:Deforestation 24276: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24263: 24262: 24259: 24255: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24241: 24240: 24237: 24236: 24234: 24232: 24228: 24222: 24219: 24215: 24212: 24211: 24210: 24207: 24203: 24200: 24198: 24195: 24193: 24190: 24188: 24185: 24184: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24153: 24150: 24148: 24145: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24107: 24106: 24103: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24056: 24055: 24054: 24053:Manufacturing 24051: 24049: 24046: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 24001:nuclear power 23999: 23997: 23996:fracking (US) 23994: 23992: 23989: 23988: 23987: 23984: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23961: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23938: 23935: 23933: 23930: 23928: 23925: 23923: 23920: 23918: 23915: 23913: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23904: 23903: 23900: 23899: 23897: 23895: 23891: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23863: 23860: 23859: 23858: 23855: 23851: 23848: 23847: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23836: 23833: 23831: 23828: 23827: 23825: 23821: 23817: 23810: 23805: 23803: 23798: 23796: 23791: 23790: 23787: 23775: 23774: 23765: 23763: 23762: 23753: 23751: 23750: 23741: 23739: 23738: 23727: 23726: 23723: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23692: 23689: 23688: 23687: 23684: 23682: 23679: 23677: 23676:Climate model 23674: 23672: 23669: 23668: 23666: 23662: 23656: 23653: 23651: 23648: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23638: 23636: 23633: 23631: 23628: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23618: 23614: 23611: 23610: 23609: 23608:Cloud forcing 23606: 23604: 23601: 23599: 23596: 23594: 23591: 23589: 23586: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23563: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23553: 23551: 23547: 23541: 23538: 23536: 23533: 23531: 23528: 23526: 23523: 23522: 23520: 23516: 23512: 23505: 23501: 23487: 23484: 23482: 23479: 23475: 23472: 23470: 23467: 23466: 23465: 23462: 23460: 23457: 23455: 23452: 23451: 23449: 23445: 23439: 23436: 23432: 23429: 23427: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23418: 23417: 23414: 23412: 23409: 23407: 23404: 23402: 23399: 23397: 23394: 23392: 23389: 23388: 23386: 23384: 23383:Communication 23380: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23363:Vulnerability 23361: 23359: 23356: 23354: 23351: 23349: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23339: 23336: 23334: 23333:Flood control 23331: 23329: 23326: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23311: 23310: 23308: 23306: 23302: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23271: 23268: 23266: 23263: 23261: 23258: 23254: 23251: 23250: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23230: 23228: 23224: 23220: 23216: 23210: 23206: 23190: 23187: 23186: 23185: 23182: 23181: 23179: 23175: 23169: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23156: 23155:reforestation 23153: 23151: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23140:afforestation 23138: 23137: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23125: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23112: 23111: 23108: 23106: 23103: 23102: 23100: 23098: 23092: 23086: 23083: 23081: 23078: 23076: 23075:Nuclear power 23073: 23069: 23066: 23065: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23055: 23053: 23049: 23043: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23033: 23030: 23028: 23025: 23023: 23020: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23005: 23003: 23000: 22998: 22995: 22993: 22990: 22986: 22983: 22982: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22970:Carbon budget 22968: 22967: 22965: 22963: 22959: 22955: 22951: 22946: 22942: 22928: 22925: 22923: 22920: 22918: 22915: 22913: 22910: 22908: 22905: 22903: 22900: 22898: 22895: 22893: 22890: 22888: 22885: 22883: 22880: 22878: 22875: 22874: 22872: 22870: 22866: 22860: 22857: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22808: 22807:Mental health 22805: 22804: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22786: 22783: 22782: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22744: 22743:United States 22741: 22739: 22736: 22735: 22734: 22731: 22730: 22728: 22724: 22718: 22715: 22713: 22710: 22708: 22705: 22703: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22686: 22683: 22682: 22681: 22678: 22677: 22675: 22671: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22597:deoxygenation 22595: 22593: 22592:acidification 22590: 22589: 22588: 22585: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22572: 22571: 22568: 22564: 22561: 22560: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22520: 22518: 22514: 22510: 22506: 22501: 22497: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22456: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22423: 22420: 22413: 22409: 22395: 22392: 22388: 22387:from wetlands 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22364: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22347:Deforestation 22345: 22344: 22342: 22338: 22332: 22329: 22326: 22322: 22319: 22317: 22314: 22313: 22311: 22307: 22303: 22299: 22294: 22290: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22260: 22257: 22256: 22253: 22246: 22242: 22238: 22231: 22226: 22224: 22219: 22217: 22212: 22211: 22208: 22199: 22198: 22186: 22182: 22181: 22169: 22165: 22164: 22152: 22148: 22147: 22135: 22132:from Wikinews 22131: 22130: 22118: 22114: 22113: 22101: 22097: 22096: 22084: 22083: 22080: 22074: 22066: 22062: 22059: 22056: 22052: 22049: 22046: 22042: 22039: 22036: 22032: 22029: 22028: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21994: 21993: 21985: 21969: 21965: 21950: 21889: 21885: 21880: 21879: 21878: 21877: 21873: 21867: 21863: 21858: 21847: 21843: 21838: 21837: 21836: 21835: 21831: 21817: 21813: 21809: 21808: 21807: 21806: 21802: 21789: 21785: 21780: 21779: 21778: 21777: 21773: 21760: 21756: 21751: 21750: 21749: 21748: 21744: 21731: 21727: 21722: 21721: 21720: 21719: 21715: 21701: 21697: 21693: 21692: 21691: 21690: 21686: 21680: 21676: 21672: 21660: 21656: 21652: 21648: 21647: 21646: 21645: 21641: 21627: 21623: 21619: 21618: 21617: 21614: 21601: 21597: 21592: 21591: 21590: 21589: 21585: 21579: 21575: 21571: 21566: 21565: 21564: 21563: 21559: 21546: 21542: 21537: 21536: 21535: 21534: 21530: 21517: 21513: 21508: 21507: 21506: 21505: 21501: 21487: 21483: 21482: 21477: 21476: 21475: 21474: 21470: 21457: 21453: 21448: 21447: 21446: 21445: 21441: 21428: 21423: 21422: 21421: 21420: 21416: 21403: 21399: 21394: 21383: 21379: 21374: 21363: 21359: 21355: 21351: 21347: 21346: 21345: 21344: 21340: 21327: 21323: 21318: 21306: 21302: 21297: 21296: 21295: 21294: 21290: 21276: 21272: 21268: 21263: 21262: 21261: 21260: 21256: 21242: 21238: 21234: 21233: 21232: 21231: 21227: 21214: 21210: 21205: 21204: 21203: 21202: 21198: 21184: 21180: 21176: 21171: 21170: 21169: 21168: 21164: 21150: 21146: 21142: 21141: 21140: 21139: 21135: 21122: 21118: 21113: 21101: 21097: 21093: 21088: 21084: 21080: 21076: 21072: 21068: 21064: 21060: 21059: 21058: 21057: 21053: 21039: 21035: 21031: 21030: 21029: 21028: 21024: 21011: 21007: 21002: 20991: 20987: 20982: 20978: 20974: 20969: 20958: 20954: 20950: 20946: 20941: 20929: 20925: 20921: 20916: 20915: 20914: 20913: 20909: 20896: 20892: 20887: 20886: 20885: 20884: 20880: 20866: 20862: 20858: 20854: 20853: 20852: 20851: 20847: 20834: 20829: 20817: 20813: 20808: 20796: 20792: 20791: 20790: 20789: 20785: 20771: 20767: 20762: 20761: 20760: 20759: 20755: 20742: 20738: 20733: 20732: 20731: 20730: 20726: 20713: 20709: 20704: 20693: 20689: 20684: 20673: 20669: 20664: 20652: 20648: 20644: 20639: 20635: 20631: 20626: 20615: 20611: 20606: 20605: 20604: 20603: 20599: 20593: 20589: 20585: 20580: 20579: 20578: 20577: 20573: 20560: 20556: 20551: 20539: 20535: 20534: 20533: 20532: 20528: 20515: 20514:AP Style Blog 20511: 20506: 20505: 20504: 20503: 20499: 20498: 20486: 20480: 20473: 20472: 20467: 20463: 20457: 20453: 20449: 20448: 20443: 20439: 20433: 20426: 20425: 20420: 20416: 20410: 20406: 20401: 20397: 20391: 20384: 20379: 20375: 20369: 20358: 20353: 20349: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20329: 20325: 20318: 20314: 20298: 20294: 20290: 20285: 20284: 20273: 20269: 20265: 20260: 20246: 20242: 20238: 20233: 20232: 20221: 20217: 20213: 20208: 20196: 20192: 20188: 20183: 20182: 20171: 20167: 20166: 20161: 20157: 20145: 20141: 20135: 20131: 20130: 20124: 20120: 20116: 20112: 20107: 20095: 20091: 20086: 20071: 20064: 20059: 20055: 20048: 20043: 20036: 20031: 20019: 20015: 20011: 20006: 20002: 19997: 19990: 19989: 19984: 19980: 19976: 19970: 19966: 19965: 19961:UNEP (2018). 19959: 19955: 19949: 19942: 19941: 19936: 19932: 19926: 19919: 19918: 19913: 19902: 19896: 19889: 19884: 19880: 19876: 19872: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19852: 19851: 19845: 19841: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19821: 19820: 19814: 19810: 19806: 19802: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19782: 19781: 19773: 19768: 19761: 19756: 19749: 19748: 19742: 19730: 19726: 19725: 19719: 19715: 19709: 19701: 19695: 19688: 19687: 19681: 19666: 19661: 19657: 19651: 19647: 19642: 19638: 19632: 19628: 19624: 19620: 19613: 19612: 19606: 19591: 19584: 19579: 19568: 19562: 19558: 19557: 19551: 19539: 19534: 19519: 19512: 19507: 19492: 19488: 19482: 19479:. p. i. 19478: 19471: 19470: 19464: 19457: 19452: 19448: 19444: 19440: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19420: 19419: 19413: 19409: 19403: 19399: 19395: 19390: 19375: 19370: 19366: 19362: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19344: 19340: 19336: 19329: 19328: 19322: 19307: 19302: 19287: 19282: 19270: 19265: 19261: 19255: 19251: 19246: 19242: 19236: 19232: 19228: 19224: 19220: 19213: 19212: 19206: 19199: 19194: 19182: 19177: 19173: 19169: 19165: 19161: 19154: 19149: 19134: 19129: 19125: 19119: 19115: 19110: 19106: 19102: 19098: 19092: 19088: 19081: 19076: 19069: 19064: 19060: 19056: 19050: 19046: 19040: 19036: 19031: 19027: 19021: 19017: 19012: 18997: 18993: 18986: 18981: 18978: 18974: 18967: 18963: 18962:DeFries, Ruth 18959: 18948: 18941: 18936: 18921: 18914: 18909: 18902: 18897: 18893: 18887: 18883: 18882: 18877: 18873: 18872:Archer, David 18869: 18854: 18847: 18841: 18840: 18828: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18800: 18796: 18792: 18788: 18784: 18779: 18775: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18757: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18741: 18736: 18732: 18728: 18724: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18694: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18679: 18675: 18670: 18665: 18661: 18657: 18653: 18649: 18645: 18641: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18626:10044/1/80154 18622: 18617: 18612: 18608: 18604: 18601:(9): 0940c1. 18600: 18596: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18581: 18577: 18573: 18569: 18565: 18561: 18557: 18553: 18549: 18545: 18540: 18536: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18508: 18504: 18500: 18495: 18491: 18487: 18483: 18479: 18475: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18457: 18453: 18449: 18445: 18441: 18437: 18433: 18428: 18424: 18420: 18416: 18412: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18394: 18390: 18386: 18382: 18378: 18373: 18369: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18351: 18347: 18344:(8): 084001. 18343: 18339: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18324: 18317: 18312: 18308: 18307: 18298: 18293: 18289: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18271: 18267: 18263: 18259: 18255: 18251: 18247: 18242: 18238: 18234: 18230: 18229: 18223: 18211: 18207: 18201: 18197: 18196: 18190: 18186: 18182: 18178: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18160: 18156: 18152: 18148: 18144: 18139: 18135: 18131: 18127: 18123: 18119: 18118:Tyndall, John 18115: 18111: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18093: 18089: 18085: 18081: 18080:J. Atmos. Sci 18077: 18072: 18068: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18050: 18046: 18042: 18038: 18034: 18029: 18025: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17999: 17995: 17991: 17986: 17982: 17978: 17974: 17970: 17966: 17962: 17958: 17954: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17928: 17924: 17921:(9): L09501. 17920: 17916: 17912: 17907: 17903: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17885: 17881: 17877: 17873: 17872:Risk Analysis 17869: 17864: 17860: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17832: 17828: 17824: 17820: 17816: 17811: 17807: 17803: 17799: 17795: 17791: 17787: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17771: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17745: 17741: 17738:(2): L02701. 17737: 17733: 17729: 17724: 17720: 17716: 17712: 17708: 17704: 17700: 17696: 17692: 17688: 17684: 17677: 17672: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17592: 17588: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17550: 17546: 17542: 17535: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17518: 17514: 17510: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17481: 17477: 17473: 17469: 17465: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17388: 17384: 17380: 17376: 17372: 17368: 17363: 17362:10044/1/78011 17358: 17353: 17348: 17344: 17340: 17336: 17332: 17328: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17252: 17248: 17244: 17240: 17239: 17234: 17230: 17225: 17221: 17217: 17213: 17209: 17205: 17201: 17197: 17192: 17185: 17181: 17177: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17153: 17150:(5825): 709. 17149: 17145: 17138: 17134: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17114: 17110: 17106: 17102: 17098: 17094: 17090: 17086: 17082: 17075: 17070: 17066: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17048: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17030: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17014: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16955: 16950: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16934: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16918: 16914: 16910: 16906: 16902: 16895: 16890: 16878: 16874: 16868: 16864: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16847: 16843: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16825: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16798: 16794: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16776: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16758: 16754: 16750: 16746: 16742: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16713: 16709: 16705: 16701: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16682: 16677: 16673: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16633: 16629: 16625: 16620: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16577: 16573: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16545: 16541: 16536: 16532: 16528: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16433: 16429: 16425: 16421: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16404: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16374: 16370: 16365: 16361: 16357: 16353: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16330: 16326: 16322: 16318: 16314: 16309: 16305: 16301: 16297: 16293: 16289: 16285: 16281: 16277: 16273: 16269: 16265: 16261: 16257: 16252: 16248: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16212: 16208: 16204: 16200: 16196: 16191: 16187: 16183: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16162: 16158: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16119: 16115: 16111: 16107: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16089: 16085: 16082:(8): 085001. 16081: 16077: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16062: 16061: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16039: 16034: 16030: 16026: 16025: 16019: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15997: 15990: 15979: 15975: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15951: 15947: 15942: 15938: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15902: 15897: 15893: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15836: 15832: 15828: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15812: 15808: 15804: 15803: 15797: 15793: 15789: 15785: 15781: 15778:(36): 53–60. 15777: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15762:10044/1/74820 15758: 15753: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15732: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15689: 15685: 15681: 15677: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15662: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15613: 15605: 15597: 15591: 15586: 15585: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15561: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15543: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15431: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15418: 15412: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15382: 15377: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15355: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15263: 15259: 15255: 15251: 15247: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15203:(3): e08690. 15202: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15183: 15182: 15173: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15119: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15071: 15063: 15058: 15054: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14987: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14955: 14954: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14877: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14830: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14786: 14778: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14731: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14695: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14635: 14629: 14624: 14623:10044/1/55714 14619: 14614: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14600: 14595: 14591: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14502:11250/2465014 14498: 14493: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14477:(1): 014012. 14476: 14472: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14378: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14245: 14239: 14238: 14224: 14223: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14206: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14132: 14129: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14106: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14091: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14070: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14052: 14047: 14043: 14042: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14025: 14022: 14018: 14011: 14010: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13988: 13987: 13979: 13974: 13970: 13969: 13961: 13956: 13952: 13951: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13928: 13927: 13922: 13918: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13905: 13904: 13896: 13891: 13887: 13886: 13878: 13873: 13869: 13868: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13851: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13822: 13821: 13813: 13808: 13804: 13803: 13795: 13790: 13786: 13785: 13777: 13772: 13768: 13767: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13746: 13738: 13733: 13729: 13728: 13720: 13716: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13704: 13697: 13696: 13690: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13673: 13672: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13651: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13625: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13596: 13588: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13570: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13552: 13547: 13546: 13543: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13516: 13509: 13508: 13500: 13495: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13444: 13439: 13435: 13434: 13426: 13421: 13417: 13416: 13408: 13403: 13399: 13398: 13389: 13384: 13380: 13379: 13371: 13366: 13362: 13361: 13353: 13348: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13307: 13306: 13298: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13280: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13262: 13257: 13253: 13252: 13244: 13239: 13235: 13234: 13226: 13221: 13217: 13216: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13192: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13158: 13148: 13147: 13139: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13102: 13101: 13094: 13093: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13048: 13047: 13040: 13039: 13031: 13027: 13026:Braconnot, P. 13022: 13018: 13017: 13009: 13004: 13000: 12999: 12991: 12986: 12985: 12982: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12958: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12913: 12909: 12903: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12886:, p. 2; 12885: 12880: 12873: 12868: 12861: 12856: 12850: 12845: 12837: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12794: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12682: 12680: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12644:(4): 048002. 12643: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12626: 12619: 12615: 12610: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12579: 12574: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12551: 12544: 12539: 12533: 12528: 12520: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12493: 12487: 12483: 12478: 12463: 12457: 12453: 12452: 12444: 12429: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12410: 12395: 12389: 12385: 12384: 12376: 12361: 12355: 12351: 12350: 12342: 12335: 12334: 12331:published in 12326: 12322: 12316: 12309: 12304: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12276: 12269: 12264: 12257: 12253: 12248: 12241: 12236: 12229: 12224: 12218:, p. 15. 12217: 12214:, p. 9; 12213: 12208: 12201: 12196: 12190:, p. 15. 12189: 12184: 12177: 12172: 12170: 12163:, p. 10. 12162: 12157: 12151: 12147: 12142: 12136: 12131: 12129: 12120: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12089: 12084: 12077: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12036: 12025: 12021: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11997: 11990: 11985: 11978: 11973: 11967: 11962: 11960: 11953: 11949: 11944: 11938: 11934: 11929: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11910: 11903: 11898: 11883: 11877: 11872: 11864: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11825:Energy Policy 11819: 11803: 11799: 11793: 11787: 11782: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11762: 11755: 11750: 11744: 11739: 11732: 11727: 11720: 11716: 11711: 11696: 11692: 11685: 11679: 11674: 11667: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11642: 11635: 11630: 11623: 11620:, p. 3; 11619: 11614: 11607: 11602: 11586: 11579: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11535: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11511: 11504: 11503:Liverman 2009 11499: 11492: 11489:, p. 4; 11488: 11483: 11476: 11475:Liverman 2009 11472: 11467: 11461: 11456: 11449: 11444: 11438:, p. 97. 11437: 11432: 11425: 11420: 11414: 11409: 11402: 11397: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11319: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11267: 11263: 11256: 11250: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11231: 11226: 11219: 11214: 11207: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11183: 11179: 11174: 11167: 11162: 11156: 11151: 11145: 11140: 11133: 11128: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11101: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11041: 11035:, p. 54. 11034: 11029: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10962: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10903: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10845: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10779: 10772: 10771:Matthews 2018 10767: 10759: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10704: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10680: 10674:, p. 17. 10673: 10668: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10636: 10631: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10608: 10603: 10597:, p. 188 10596: 10592: 10588: 10583: 10577: 10572: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10517: 10510: 10505: 10498: 10493: 10487: 10482: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10455: 10449: 10442: 10437: 10426: 10418: 10413: 10406: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10382: 10377: 10370: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10346: 10341: 10335:, p. 142 10334: 10329: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10296: 10291: 10284: 10279: 10273:, p. 300 10272: 10267: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10232: 10225: 10221: 10216: 10209: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10108: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10070: 10066: 10061: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9980: 9973: 9968: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9936: 9931: 9924: 9920: 9915: 9908: 9903: 9896: 9891: 9884: 9879: 9873:, pp. 18 9872: 9867: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9816: 9814: 9807: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9779: 9774: 9767: 9763: 9758: 9751: 9746: 9740: 9735: 9728: 9723: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9680: 9675: 9668: 9663: 9656: 9651: 9644: 9639: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9590: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9564: 9557: 9556:Matthews 2018 9552: 9545: 9540: 9533: 9528: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9503: 9496: 9494: 9486: 9481: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9447: 9440: 9435: 9429:, p. 12. 9428: 9423: 9417:, p. 725 9416: 9411: 9404: 9399: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9353: 9351: 9344:, p. 10. 9343: 9340:, p. 3; 9339: 9334: 9327: 9322: 9316:, p. 748 9315: 9310: 9303: 9298: 9292:, p. 988 9291: 9286: 9280: 9275: 9269: 9264: 9262: 9254: 9249: 9242: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9222: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9183: 9175: 9170: 9163: 9158: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9037: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8982: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8909: 8903:, p. 510 8902: 8897: 8891:, p. 13. 8890: 8885: 8879: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8859: 8852: 8847: 8840: 8835: 8828: 8825:, p. 7; 8824: 8819: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8627: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8574: 8566: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8399: 8384:. CarbonBrief 8383: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8195: 8190: 8183: 8178: 8172: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8149:, p. 12. 8148: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7644: 7639: 7632: 7627: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7592: 7590: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7558: 7553: 7546: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7408: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7201:, p. 78. 7200: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7182:Albrecht 1989 7178: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6936:. Rome: FAO. 6935: 6934: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6904:, p. 18. 6903: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6883: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6784:Davidson 2009 6780: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6721: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6552:, p. 742 6551: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6230:, p. 20. 6229: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5868:Harvey, Fiona 5863: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5681: 5674: 5672: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5598: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5566:11250/3115996 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5510:. 20 May 2021 5509: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5413:Ocean warming 5410: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5292:. 3 June 2010 5291: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5025:11250/3088837 5021: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4951:11250/2771093 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4894:, p. 81. 4893: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4687: 4683: 4682:NCEI.NOAA.gov 4679: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4638: 4632:, p. 386 4631: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4137: 4121: 4116: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3903:WHO, Nov 2023 3899: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563:peer-reviewed 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547:Keeling Curve 3544: 3540: 3539:Roger Revelle 3532: 3524: 3523:Gilbert Plass 3515: 3511: 3506: 3496: 3490: 3474: 3473:climate model 3462: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3230: 3229:cherry picked 3225: 3220: 3216: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3163:jurisdictions 3160: 3157:In 2019, the 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3058: 3046: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643:prairie plots 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:afforestation 2616: 2612: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2401: 2397: 2396:global energy 2392: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2359:reforestation 2356: 2355:deforestation 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2326: 2321: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2267:Venice, Italy 2264: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:statelessness 2186: 2180: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2027: 2018: 2013: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1764: 1763:ocean warming 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1630: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1558:climate model 1551: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1535:Climate model 1526: 1524: 1523:phytoplankton 1520: 1516: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1287:Other factors 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1237:Deforestation 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211:According to 1205: 1196: 1182: 1178: 1166: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1148:, as well as 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122:making cement 1115: 1111: 1110:deforestation 1103: 1099: 1091: 1087: 1075: 1074:equivalent to 1063: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009:nitrous oxide 1006: 1002: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 962: 957: 953: 949: 945: 935: 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 859: 857: 853: 850:release from 849: 833: 829: 828:carbon budget 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 802: 794: 790: 786: 777: 775: 774:precipitation 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 694: 692: 689:. Plants are 688: 687:precipitation 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 621: 617: 612: 604: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 550: 546: 541: 537: 533: 522: 512: 510: 506: 502: 501: 496: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435:air pollution 432: 428: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395:nuclear power 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 321: 312: 301: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 273:flood control 270: 266: 262: 261:global health 258: 254: 250: 249:economic loss 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 218:ocean heating 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 119:deforestation 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 76: 63: 56: 52: 48: 43: 39: 37: 33: 29: 22: 25232:Anthropocene 25188:Solar System 25139:Oceanography 25129:Indian Ocean 25119:Arctic Ocean 25059:Age of Earth 25011:Geomagnetism 24731: 24694:Thermosphere 24684:Stratosphere 24260: 24214:urban sprawl 24209:Urbanization 24157:Particulates 24142:Overdrafting 23857:Human impact 23830:Anthropocene 23771: 23759: 23747: 23728: 23561:Carbon cycle 23518:Measurements 23213:Society and 23097:carbon sinks 23002:Climate debt 22992:Carbon price 22814:Human rights 22644:Season creep 22602:heat content 22528:Anoxic event 22441:James Hansen 22236: 22195: 22178: 22161: 22144: 22127: 22115:from Commons 22110: 22093: 22072: 22006: 21988: 21892:. 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Ecowatch 11568:24 October 11558:Copenhagen 11491:Grubb 2003 11403:, Table 7. 11271:16 October 11057:: 122813. 10892:20 January 10866:20 January 10201:12 October 9984:Teske 2019 9957:19 January 9883:REN21 2020 9544:UNHCR 2011 8851:Urban 2015 8280:31 January 7804:, FAQ 8.1. 7461:10 October 7400:18 January 6748:Wastewater 6130:10161/9564 5685:3 February 5541:(1): 168. 5243:31 January 5194:31 January 5187:Copernicus 4767:18 January 4460:: 106222. 4034:13 January 3842:5 February 3632:12 January 3610:References 3568:articles. 3531:Hans Suess 3503:See also: 3378:Litigation 3250:contrarian 3179:Fit for 55 2887: High 2860:See also: 2746:There are 2704:sanitation 2686:Adaptation 2541:See also: 2452:heat pumps 2417:hydropower 2400:renewables 2151:World Bank 2071:, such as 1920:worldwide. 1830:extinction 1822:subtropics 1705:dead zones 1674:ice sheets 1495:permafrost 1393:satellites 1154:fertilizer 1140:, manure, 1134:fertilizer 1084:, 18% was 852:permafrost 758:ice sheets 734:South Pole 730:North Pole 719:atmosphere 281:adaptation 210:the Arctic 182:permafrost 170:heat waves 127:industrial 109:since the 85:describes 24958:Geomatics 24903:Ecosystem 24888:Biosphere 24850:Etymology 24830:Earth Day 24780:Australia 24699:Exosphere 24516:Recycling 24182:Transport 24167:Quarrying 24162:Pollution 24021:transport 24011:petroleum 24006:oil shale 23969:biodiesel 23635:Feedbacks 23406:Education 22907:Caribbean 22902:Australia 22829:Migration 22792:Fisheries 22738:Livestock 22664:Wildfires 22570:Heat wave 22197:Resources 22180:Textbooks 21920:hour and 21759:The Verge 21747:The Verge 21432:19 August 21331:8 October 21218:7 October 21189:25 August 20957:0261-3077 20362:(Report). 20119:199454488 19879:133961910 19809:198078901 19708:cite book 19447:133868222 19365:203245445 19357:1018-5941 19105:913058074 18952:9 January 18906:(Report). 18723:1944-8007 18490:207976337 18474:0140-6736 18419:205979317 18368:1748-9326 18177:0036-8075 18110:1520-0469 17981:1752-0908 17798:1758-6798 17711:1436-378X 17659:2156-2202 17569:1944-8007 17525:229069907 17517:1877-3435 17495:: 69–77. 17387:197542084 17371:1476-4687 17318:214619069 17310:1758-6798 17117:1758-6798 17047:0027-8424 16986:1752-0908 16945:198494930 16929:1476-4687 16775:0027-8424 16724:1758-6798 16663:1912/9383 16607:1947-5438 16572:134820599 16515:1476-4687 16478:186207310 16462:1476-4687 16411:236233508 16403:0094-8276 16304:218879068 16288:2397-334X 16229:0027-8424 16106:1748-9326 15978:207988694 15874:1932-6203 15831:1758-6798 15784:0012-9976 15716:1944-8007 15661:0003-0007 15588:. If the 15542:0006-3568 15499:1680-7316 15446:182663891 15345:1748-9326 15290:1866-3508 15237:1525-2027 15053:1944-9208 14998:205247890 14982:1476-4687 14857:205954939 14814:1752-0908 14768:198660593 14760:1750-6816 14673:0894-8755 14588:Bui, M.; 14581:2183-2439 14546:0959-6526 14438:2041-1723 14377:0027-8424 14202:260074696 13624:cite book 12836:239047650 12785:239032360 12777:1748-9326 12714:213454806 12603:Arrhenius 12509:: 382–383 12216:UNDP 2021 12212:Yale 2021 12200:Yale 2021 12119:239047650 12068:213454806 11863:257356936 11808:3 October 11372:258809532 11329:One Earth 11230:ICCT 2019 11087:225638176 11079:0959-6526 11020:153904466 11012:1573-1480 10953:209339286 10937:0036-8075 10861:Shorthand 10831:1758-6798 10758:1748-9326 10708:UNEP 2018 10555:1573-0867 10322:IEA 2020b 10299:IEA 2020b 10156:1654-7209 10069:NREL 2017 10050:2 January 9519:258145984 9390:243488592 9362:. 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Local 728:and the 582:and the 561:ice ages 369:net-zero 346:droughts 334:Wildfire 237:flooding 168:, while 143:sunlight 139:radiates 105:burning 25051:Geology 24963:Gravity 24928:Geodesy 24898:Ecology 24714:Climate 24704:Weather 24651:History 24646:Outline 24567:Commons 24343:Erosion 24293:Ecocide 24231:Effects 24177:Tourism 24110:fishing 24068:fashion 23991:fashion 23944:Bitcoin 23823:General 23576:oceanic 23426:fiction 23275:Justice 23226:Society 22834:Poverty 22548:Drought 22416:History 22340:Sources 21991:(Q7942) 21984:Scholia 21953: ( 21924:minutes 21894:30 July 21735:30 June 21550:2 April 21407:4 April 21126:14 July 21044:4 April 20776:23 June 20697:28 July 20677:20 July 20657:2 March 20544:30 June 20303:19 June 20278:19 June 20251:19 June 20226:19 June 20201:19 June 20176:19 June 20150:16 June 19572:30 July 19295:4 April 19275:6 April 19168:Bibcode 19089:(IOM). 18818:5584412 18795:Bibcode 18774:9387303 18752:Bibcode 18731:1708267 18701:Bibcode 18669:4608041 18648:Bibcode 18603:Bibcode 18552:Bibcode 18544:Science 18526:3586608 18444:Bibcode 18346:Bibcode 18279:6250710 18258:Bibcode 18155:Bibcode 18147:Science 18088:Bibcode 18058:7017767 18002:Bibcode 17961:Bibcode 17923:Bibcode 17893:4298023 17850:2648893 17827:Bibcode 17778:Bibcode 17740:Bibcode 17719:3900505 17637:Bibcode 17604:Bibcode 17578:7427631 17549:Bibcode 17497:Bibcode 17410:Bibcode 17339:Bibcode 17290:Bibcode 17247:Bibcode 17208:Bibcode 17152:Bibcode 17144:Science 17089:Bibcode 17056:2947866 17025:Bibcode 16995:6675609 16966:Bibcode 16909:Bibcode 16784:5834701 16753:Bibcode 16696:Bibcode 16640:Bibcode 16632:Science 16552:Bibcode 16531:4423773 16495:Bibcode 16432:Bibcode 16381:Bibcode 16325:Bibcode 16268:Bibcode 16238:3752235 16207:Bibcode 16174:Bibcode 16148:4131936 16114:8779827 16084:Bibcode 15958:Bibcode 15928:5102735 15883:4587979 15852:Bibcode 15811:Bibcode 15739:Bibcode 15684:Bibcode 15629:Bibcode 15604:erratum 15596:erratum 15590:erratum 15551:5894087 15507:9410444 15477:Bibcode 15426:Bibcode 15313:Bibcode 15258:Bibcode 15205:Bibcode 15135:Bibcode 15079:Bibcode 15070:Science 15021:Bibcode 14962:Bibcode 14884:Bibcode 14875:Science 14794:Bibcode 14703:Bibcode 14653:Bibcode 14524:Bibcode 14479:Bibcode 14447:6467865 14418:Bibcode 14386:6561295 14355:Bibcode 14323:7550406 14302:Bibcode 14253:Bibcode 14244:Science 12921:Sources 12814:Bibcode 12755:Bibcode 12646:Bibcode 12567:Tyndall 12097:Bibcode 11833:Bibcode 11798:"India" 11337:Bibcode 11059:Bibcode 10982:Bibcode 10914:Science 10811:Bibcode 10736:Bibcode 10535:Bibcode 10192:iea.org 10165:4678124 10136:Bibcode 9844:Bibcode 9628:8 April 9101:Bibcode 9058:9 April 9005:4 April 8972:9586316 8941:Bibcode 8808:10 June 8783:Bibcode 8710:Bibcode 8647:Bibcode 8590:Bibcode 8581:Science 8548:8052459 8527:Bibcode 8419:Bibcode 8308:Science 8027:Bibcode 7905:7614181 7884:Bibcode 7689:2242376 7085:Bibcode 6829:5 April 6686:dioxide 6393:Bibcode 6336:Bibcode 6327:Science 6307:1382081 6269:Bibcode 6158:Bibcode 5948:Bibcode 5774:Bibcode 5714:Bibcode 5653:7319730 5632:Bibcode 5543:Bibcode 5440:Bibcode 5303:causes. 5201:become. 5133:Bibcode 5071:Bibcode 5002:Bibcode 4961:7341748 4930:Bibcode 4823:Bibcode 4597:Bibcode 4589:Science 4533:Bibcode 4462:Bibcode 4328:1740491 4308:Bibcode 4299:Science 4256: 3690:Bibcode 3649:, SPM-7 3566:journal 3389:History 3366:. Mass 3319:Al Gore 3204:Society 2639:tillage 2605:Most CO 2269:(2004). 2204:climate 2108:drought 2077:malaria 1853:mussels 1820:in the 1647:monsoon 1600:Impacts 1448:process 1312:sulfate 1261:logging 1225:forests 1221:deserts 1102:heating 1086:methane 897:La Niña 893:El Niño 848:methane 742:sea ice 640:sulfate 25106:Oceans 25074:Future 24918:Nature 24840:Symbol 24785:Europe 24765:Africa 24571: 24560: 24132:Mining 23986:energy 23894:Causes 23556:Albedo 23549:Theory 23260:Denial 23051:Energy 22912:Europe 22892:Arctic 22877:Africa 22802:Health 22797:Gender 22755:Cities 22680:Biomes 22587:Oceans 22575:Marine 22298:Causes 22004:about 21851:15 May 21793:28 May 21706:15 May 21679:UNFCCC 21665:12 May 21655:UNFCCC 21644:UNFCCC 21281:26 May 21155:3 June 20995:25 May 20955: 20900:3 June 20619:18 May 20481: 20458: 20434: 20411: 20392: 20344: 20136: 20117: 20024:17 May 19983:UNFCCC 19971: 19950: 19927: 19897: 19877: 19867: 19836: 19807: 19797: 19735:9 July 19696: 19652: 19633: 19581:NOAA. 19563: 19500:18 May 19483: 19445: 19435: 19404: 19363: 19355: 19345: 19256: 19237: 19120: 19103: 19093: 19041: 19022: 18888: 18825: 18815: 18772: 18729: 18721: 18676: 18666: 18578: 18570: 18533: 18523: 18488: 18480: 18472: 18417: 18409: 18366: 18286: 18276: 18202: 18183: 18175: 18108: 18065: 18055: 18022: 17994:Nature 17979: 17900: 17890: 17857: 17847: 17804: 17796: 17717: 17709: 17665: 17657: 17596:Nature 17585: 17575: 17567: 17523: 17515: 17385: 17377: 17369: 17331:Nature 17316: 17308: 17267: 17178: 17170: 17115: 17063: 17053: 17045: 17002: 16992: 16984: 16943: 16935: 16927: 16901:Nature 16869: 16838: 16791: 16781: 16773: 16730: 16722: 16670: 16613: 16605: 16570: 16529: 16521: 16513: 16487:Nature 16476: 16468: 16460: 16424:Nature 16409: 16401: 16302: 16294: 16286: 16245: 16235: 16227: 16155: 16145: 16112: 16104: 15976: 15935: 15925: 15890: 15880: 15872: 15829: 15790: 15782: 15714: 15659: 15577: 15573:, 15558: 15548: 15540: 15505: 15497: 15444: 15343: 15288: 15235: 15163:402398 15161: 15153: 15105: 15097: 15051: 14996: 14988: 14980: 14953:Nature 14912: 14904: 14855: 14847: 14812: 14766: 14758: 14679: 14671: 14579: 14544: 14454: 14444: 14436: 14393: 14383: 14375: 14330: 14320: 14279: 14271: 14200: 14190: 14124: 13538: 13485: 13338: 13187: 13125: 13071: 12977: 12834: 12783: 12775: 12712: 12458: 12424: 12390: 12356: 12117: 12066: 11861: 11591:10 May 11369: 11085: 11077: 11018: 11010: 10951: 10943: 10935: 10829: 10756: 10650:. 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