1035:" is a high-profile example of one method that has been finding success in this battle with desertification. This wall is a much larger-scale version of what American farmers did in the 1930s to stop the great Midwest dust bowl. This plan was proposed in the late 1970s, and has become a major ecological engineering project that is not predicted to end until the year 2055. According to Chinese reports, there have been nearly 66 billion trees planted in China's great green wall. The green wall of China has decreased desert land in China by an annual average of 1,980 square km. The frequency of sandstorms nationwide have fallen 20% due to the green wall. Due to the success that China has been finding in stopping the spread of desertification, plans are currently being made in Africa to start a "wall" along the borders of the Sahara desert as well to be financed by the United Nations Global Environment Facility trust.
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1015:(FMNR) is another technique that has produced successful results for desert reclamation. Since 1980, this method to reforest degraded landscape has been applied with some success in Niger. This simple and low-cost method has enabled farmers to regenerate some 30,000 square kilometers in Niger. The process involves enabling native sprouting tree growth through selective pruning of shrub shoots. The residue from pruned trees can be used to provide mulching for fields thus increasing
421:, the more food that has to be grown. The agricultural business is being displaced from one country to another. For example, Europe on average imports over 50% of its food. Meanwhile, 44% of agricultural land is located in dry lands and it supplies 60% of the world's food production. Desertification is decreasing the amount of sustainable land for agricultural uses but demands are continuously growing. In the near future, the demands will overcome the supply. The violent
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Argentina, Mexico and
Paraguay, greater than half the land area is degraded by desertification and cannot be used for agriculture. In Central America, drought has caused increased unemployment and decreased food security - also causing migration of people. Similar impacts have been seen in rural parts of Mexico where about 1,000 km of land have been lost yearly due to desertification. In
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79:, studies have shown that, in many environments, the rate of erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover. Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive hardpan. This spread of arid areas is caused by a variety of factors, such as
629:
2.24 °C. The warmest ten-year period was during the latest decade to 2021. Precipitation has decreased by 7% over this period resulting in increased arid conditions throughout
Mongolia. The Gobi desert continues to expand northward, with over 70% of Mongolia's land degraded through overgrazing, deforestation, and climate change. In addition, the Mongolia government has listed
907:. This involves the digging of 150 m long, 1 m deep trenches in the soil. The trenches are made parallel to the height lines of the landscape, preventing the water from flowing within the trenches and causing erosion. Stone walls are placed around the trenches to prevent the trenches from closing up again. This method was invented by Peter Westerveld.
582:, located in the Sahel region, has undergone desiccation due to water withdrawal for irrigation and decrease in rainfall. The lake has shrunk by over 90% since 1987, displacing millions of inhabitants. Recent efforts have managed to make some progress toward its restoration, but it is still considered to be at risk of disappearing entirely.
3619:
248:, studies have shown that, in many environments, the rate of erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover. Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive hardpan.
680:
The Gobi Desert is expanding through desertification, most rapidly on the southern edge into China, which is seeing 3,600 km (1,390 sq mi) of grassland overtaken every year. Dust storms increased in frequency between 1996 and 2016, causing further damage to China's agriculture economy.
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occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area and are home to more than 2 billion people. It has been estimated that some 10–20% of drylands are already degraded, the total area affected by desertification being between 6 and 12 million square kilometers, that about 1–6% of the inhabitants of
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Dust and sand storms can have a negative effect on the climate which can make desertification worse. Dust particles in the air scatter incoming radiation from the sun (Hassan, 2012). The dust can provide momentary coverage for the ground temperature but the atmospheric temperature will increase. This
385:
There has been a 25% increase in global annual dust emissions between the late nineteenth century to present day. The increase of desertification has also increased the amount of loose sand and dust that the wind can pick up ultimately resulting in a storm. For example, dust storms in the Middle East
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Early studies argued one of the most common causes of desertification was overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle or other livestock. However, the role of local overexploitation in driving desertification in the recent past is controversial. Drought in the Sahel region is now thought to
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of groundwater due to pressures to exploit marginal drylands for farming. Decision-makers are understandably averse to invest in arid zones with low potential. This absence of investment contributes to the marginalization of these zones. When unfavorable agri-climatic conditions are combined with an
216:
or improper/inappropriate agriculture". This definition clearly demonstrated the interconnectedness of desertification and human activities, in particular land use and land management practices. It also highlighted the economic, social and environmental implications of desertification. However, this
2528:"Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125."
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initiative was started in 2007 involving the planting of vegetation along a stretch of 7,775 km, 15 km wide, involving 22 countries to 2030. The purpose of this mammoth planting initiative is to enhance retention of water in the ground following the seasonal rainfall, thus promoting land
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is another area vulnerable by desertification, as 25% of the land is classified as drylands and over 68% of the land area has undergone soil erosion as a result of deforestation and overgrazing. 27 to 43% of the land areas in
Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru are at risk due to desertification. In
323:
Research into desertification is complex, and there is no single metric which can define all aspects. However, more intense climate change is still expected to increase the current extent of drylands on the Earth's continents: from 38% in late 20th century to 50% or 56% by the end of the century,
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livestock, usually not left to wander, consume the grass and minimize its growth. A method proposed to restore grasslands uses fences with many small paddocks, moving herds from one paddock to another after a day or two in order to mimic natural grazers and allowing the grass to grow optimally.
1027:
launched the FAO Drylands
Restoration Initiative in 2012 to draw together knowledge and experience on dryland restoration. In 2015, FAO published global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands, in collaboration with the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water
1019:
and reducing evaporation. Additionally, properly spaced and pruned trees can increase crop yields. The Humbo
Assisted Regeneration Project which uses FMNR techniques in Ethiopia has received money from The World Bank's BioCarbon Fund, which supports projects that sequester or conserve carbon in
193:– That area of the earth where the sum of rain and snowfall is much less than other areas, where the annual average rainfall is less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation in barren, humid and sub-humid areas due to climate change and human activities is called desertification.
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region of Africa. The region is characterized by a dry hot climate, high temperatures and low rainfall (100–600 mm per year). So, droughts are the rule in the Sahel region. The Sahel has lost approximately 650,000 km of its productive agricultural land over the past 50 years; the
509:
Agriculture is a main source of income for many desert communities. The increase in desertification in these regions has degraded the land to such an extent where people can no longer productively farm and make a profit. This has negatively impacted the economy and increased poverty rates.
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to desertification by the UN. An estimated 13% of desertification in
Mongolia is caused by natural factors; the rest is due to human influence particularly overgrazing and increased erosion of soils in cultivated areas. During the period 1940 to 2015, the mean air temperature increased by
498:
grows every year, with projections for sub-Saharan Africa showing a probable increase from 14 million in 2010 to nearly 200 million by 2050. This presents a future crisis for the region, as neighboring nations do not always have the ability to support large populations of refugees.
351:
as well as both the gradual and rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use. The study found that, between 1982 and 2015, 6% of the world’s drylands underwent desertification driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. Despite an average
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of the Earth. Such variations influence the strength of the West
African Monsoon, inducing feedback in vegetation and dust emission that amplify the cycle of wet and dry Sahara climate. There is also a suggestion the transition of the Sahara from savanna to desert during the
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in arid zones. The mycorrhiza are basically fungi attaching themselves to the roots of the plants. They hereby create a symbiotic relation with the trees, increasing the surface area of the tree's roots greatly (allowing the tree to gather much more nutrient from the soil).
612:
located in
Northern China and Southern Mongolia. The Gobi Desert is the fastest expanding desert on Earth, as it transforms over 3,600 square kilometres (1,400 square miles) of grassland into wasteland annually. Although the Gobi Desert itself is still a distance away from
98:, where they also suffer from poor economic and social conditions. This situation is exacerbated by land degradation because of the reduction in productivity, the precariousness of living conditions and the difficulty of access to resources and opportunities.
471:, where they also suffer from poor economic and social conditions. This situation is exacerbated by land degradation because of the reduction in productivity, the precariousness of living conditions and the difficulty of access to resources and opportunities.
283:
but the main reason is to maximize yields. By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, and labor to upkeep machinery. This continuous use of the land rapidly depletes the nutrients of the soil causing desertification to spread.
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Dorj, O.; Enkhbold, M.; Lkhamyanjin, S.; Mijiddorj, Kh.; Nosmoo, A.; Puntsagnamil, M.; Sainjargal, U. (2013), Heshmati, G. Ali; Squires, Victor R. (eds.), "Mongolia: Country
Features, the Main Causes of Desertification and Remediation Efforts",
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Techniques and countermeasures exist for mitigating or reversing desertification. For some of these measures, there are numerous barriers to their implementation. Yet for others, the solution simply requires the exercise of human reason.
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The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variations over the last few hundred thousand years, oscillating between wet (grassland) and dry (desert) every 20,000 years (a phenomenon believed to be caused by long-term changes in the
3142:
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of soil microbes, particularly photosynthesizers, has also been suggested and theoretically modeled as a method to protect drylands. The aim would be to enhance the existing cooperative loops between soil microbes and vegetation.
2733:
Stringer, Lindsay C.; Dyer, Jen C.; Reed, Mark S.; Dougill, Andrew J.; Twyman, Chasca; Mkwambisi, David (2009). "Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa".
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can contribute to certain respiratory disorders such as pneumonia, skin irritations, asthma and many more. They can pollute open water, reduce the effectiveness of clean energy efforts, and halt most forms of transportation.
2155:
Stanelle, Tanja; Bey, Isabelle; Raddatz, Thomas; Reick, Christian; Tegen, Ina (16 December 2014). "Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing".
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project in order to combat desertification in 20 countries. The wall is 8,000 km wide, stretching across the entire width of the continent and has 8 billion dollars in support of the project. The project has restored
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Proponents of managed grazing methods estimate that increasing this method could increase carbon content of the soils in the world's 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland and offset nearly 12 years of CO
506:, the land is 90% fragile dry land, which causes many herders to migrate to the city for work. With very limited resources, the herders that stay on the dry land graze very carefully in order to preserve the land.
239:
The immediate cause of desertification is the loss of most vegetation. This is driven by a number of factors, alone or in combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing and
70:
The immediate cause of desertification is the loss of most vegetation. This is driven by a number of factors, alone or in combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing and
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of the earth changes between 22° and 24.5°). Some statistics have shown that, since 1900, the Sahara has expanded by 250 km to the south over a stretch of land from west to east 6,000 km long.
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Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (5 February 2014). "Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward".
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There exists also controversy around the sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, the validity and usefulness of such terms as "man-made desert" and "non-pattern desert".
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Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). "Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward".
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Historical evidence shows that the serious and extensive land deterioration occurring several centuries ago in arid regions had three centers: the
Mediterranean, the Mesopotamian Valley, and the
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have been formed by natural processes interacting over long intervals of time. During most of these times, deserts have grown and shrunk independently of human activities. Paleodeserts are large
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The northern and eastern boundaries between desert and grassland are constantly changing. This is mostly due to the climate conditions before the growing season, which influence the rate of
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absence of infrastructure and access to markets, as well as poorly adapted production techniques and an underfed and undereducated population, most such zones are excluded from development.
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sometimes exceed the benefits for individual farmers, even while they are socially and environmentally beneficial. Another issue is a lack of political will, and lack of funding to support
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Krah, Kwabena; Michelson, Hope; Perge, Emilie; Jindal, Rohit (1 December 2019). "Constraints to adopting soil fertility management practices in Malawi: A choice experiment approach".
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has already contributed to the project by planting 50,000 acres of trees. It is said to have improved land quality and caused an increase in economic opportunity in the region.
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Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.
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356:, anthropogenic climate change has degraded 12.6% (5.43 million km) of drylands, contributing to desertification and affecting 213 million people, 93% of who live in
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emissions have caused a re-greening of the region. This has led some scholars to argue that agriculture-induced vegetation loss is a minor factor in desertification.
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Human population dynamics have a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming and deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have become unsustainable.
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and are under threat of desertification. An observation-based attribution study of desertification was carried out in 2020 which accounted for climate change,
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4.5 and 8.5. Most of the expansion will be seen over regions such as "southwest North America, the northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, and Australia".
187:(UNCCD) as "land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities."
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1009:. These salt flats are one of the most promising desert areas for seawater agriculture and could be revitalized without the use of freshwater or much energy.
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Gadzama, Njidda Mamadu (2017). "Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa".
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Drylands cover 41% of the earth’s land surface and include 45% of the world’s agricultural land. These regions are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to
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original understanding that desertification involved the physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as the concept has further evolved since then.
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353:
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Gadzama, Njidda (2017). "Attenuation of the Effects of Desertification through Sustainable Development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa".
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hectares. The Great Green Wall has created many job opportunities for the participating countries, with over 20,000 jobs created in Nigeria alone.
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Torres, Laura; Abraham, Elena M.; Rubio, Clara; Barbero-Sierra, Celia; Ruiz-PĂ©rez, Manuel (7 July 2015). "Desertification Research in Argentina".
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The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.
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Desertification often causes rural lands to become unable to support the same sized populations that previously lived there. This results in mass
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Yu, F.; et al. (2004). "Interannual variations of the grassland boundaries bordering the eastern edges of the Gobi Desert in central Asia".
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4290:"Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet"
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Some research centres (such as Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) are also experimenting with the inoculation of tree species with
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3252:"Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area"
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Another way to restore soil fertility is through the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizer. Due to the higher cost of this fertilizer, many
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occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area and are home to more than 2 billion people. Effects of desertification include
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Scientists agree that the existence of a desert in the place where the Sahara desert is now located is due to natural variations in
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Beiser, Vince (1 September 2017). "A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside?".
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now inactive because they are stabilized by vegetation, some extending beyond the present margins of core deserts, such as the
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has caused degradation of grazing lands. Compared to sheep, goats do more damage to grazing lands by eating roots and flowers.
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to explore the prehistoric expansion of the Sahara Desert. The modern study of desertification emerged from the study of the
1046:, participating countries and Sahel. In September 2020, it was reported that the GGW had covered only 4% of the planned area.
20:
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and other fast-growing trees on some 36.5 million hectares across some 551 counties in 12 provinces of northern China.
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project begun in 1978 and set to continue through 2050. The goal of the program is to reverse desertification by planting
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617:, reports from field studies state there are large sand dunes forming only 70 km (43.5 mi) outside the city.
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has occurred naturally over long intervals of time. The modern study of desertification emerged from the study of the
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Namdari, Soodabeh; Karimi, Neamat; Sorooshian, Armin; Mohammadi, GholamHasan; Sehatkashani, Saviz (1 January 2018).
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drylands live in desertified areas, and that a billion people are under threat from further desertification.
1964:"Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period"
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2895:"The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability"
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2011:
K. Wright, David; Rull, Valenti; Roberts, Richard; Marchant, Rob; Gil-Romera, Graciela (26 January 2017).
386:“are becoming more frequent and intense in recent years” because “long-term reductions in rainfall lower
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4538:"Great Green Wall|Action Against Desertification|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
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plantations, such as those shown, have played a role in combating edge effects of desertification in the
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China has tried various plans to slow the expansion of the desert, which have met with some success. The
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3135:"Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes"
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Nefzaoui, Ali (30 January 2014). "Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification".
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is common. Several nations, including India, Zambia, and Malawi have responded to this by implementing
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3169:"Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses"
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variations, largely driven by natural variability and anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective
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with more than 100 formal definitions in existence. The most widely accepted of these was that of the
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Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification
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Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification
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As there are many different types of deserts, there are also different types of desert reclamation
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teaches women how to do traditional embroidery, which they then sell to provide additional income.
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Drost, Daniel; Long, Gilbert; Wilson, David; Miller, Bruce; Campbell, William (1 December 1996).
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2089:"Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification"
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2004:
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Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation
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Enriching of the soil and restoration of its fertility is often achieved by plants. Of these,
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The impact of climate change and human activities on desertification are exemplified in the
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for fuel or construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role in determining the
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for fuel or construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role in determining the
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5334:
5324:
5150:
4710:
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3887:
3795:"China's efforts to halt the Gobi provide a blueprint for tackling desertification | UNCCD"
3556:
3545:"Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review"
3479:
3468:"Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review"
3180:
2982:
2743:
2283:
2222:
2165:
2024:
1975:
1910:
1713:
1659:
1505:
1302:
1199:
World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management
889:
538:
201:
4218:
2971:"Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel"
2211:"Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East"
2186:
44:
computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the
8:
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6022:
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5847:
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5175:
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1867:
1291:"Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming"
1129:
1067:
hectares of land, and by 2030 the initiative plans to restore a total of 100 million
1032:
939:
673:
490:
out of rural areas and into urban areas particularly in Africa creating unemployment and
4431:"Across China: A guardian of the great green wall against China's second largest desert"
3891:
3560:
3483:
3184:
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2747:
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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1701:
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1328:
878:
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357:
95:
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The expansion of the Gobi is attributed mostly to human activities, locally driven by
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1993:
1944:
1926:
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Tierney, Jessica E.; Pausata, Francesco S. R.; deMenocal, Peter B. (6 January 2017).
1794:
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141:
137:
4938:
4657:"Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity"
4343:
Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands
645:
activities as leading causes of desertification in the country. The transition from
257:
be principally the result of seasonal variability in rainfall caused by large-scale
229:
196:
As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over the proper definition of the term
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9070:
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5609:
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4215:"Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD"
4187:
4179:
4141:
4137:
4108:
3903:
3895:
3735:
3638:
3580:
3564:
3503:
3487:
3271:
3263:
3250:
Onamuti, Olapeju Y.; Okogbue, Emmanuel C.; Orimoloye, Israel R. (8 November 2017).
3196:
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2644:
2636:
2379:
2338:
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2100:
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1983:
1934:
1918:
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1332:
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1002:
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can disform and shorten the life time of clouds which can result in less rainfall.
391:
297:
293:
80:
56:
5274:
2471:
2453:
1517:
763:
265:) and greenhouse gases. As a result, changing ocean temperature and reductions in
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7709:
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to counter its effects, particularly in relation to the protection of endangered
487:
475:
336:
9106:
4872:
4580:
4484:
4165:"Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya"
3739:
1263:
8942:
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5822:
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5537:
5071:
5024:
5019:
4910:
4865:
4841:
3568:
3491:
2368:"Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change"
2274:
Goudie, Andrew S. (1 February 2014). "Desert dust and human health disorders".
2143:
2105:
1988:
1963:
1172:
861:
and hyper-fertilizing soil. Fixating the soil is often done through the use of
700:
661:
434:
332:
60:
4895:
3971:
3192:
2685:
1778:
1702:"Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes"
1452:
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8872:
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8011:
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2393:
2352:
2303:
2242:
2114:
2037:
2012:
1997:
1962:
Pausata, Francesco S. R.; Messori, Gabriele; Zhang, Qiong (15 January 2016).
1930:
1786:
1733:
1632:
1525:
1470:
1324:
1157:
1141:
1122:
1051:
998:
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414:
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209:
164:
153:
149:
126:
114:
41:
7667:
3388:(Unpublished manuscript). University of Texas-Austin School of Geosciences.
1440:
9111:
9045:
8777:
8763:
8618:
8428:
8396:
8386:
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8135:
8033:
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7747:
7443:
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6531:
6415:
6328:
5703:
5698:
5686:
5646:
5631:
5319:
5195:
4183:
3594:
3517:
3285:
3210:
3167:
Okpara, Uche T.; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Dougill, Andrew J. (November 2016).
2658:
2640:
2401:
2343:
2326:
2311:
2260:
2132:
1948:
1922:
1751:
1671:
1195:
1162:
1006:
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262:
245:
76:
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778:
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8326:
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7757:
7742:
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6987:
6979:
6239:
5817:
5772:
5641:
5614:
5257:
5160:
4739:
Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa
2177:
1315:
1290:
1133:
786:
734:, desertification has the potential to disrupt the nation's food supply.
696:
609:
397:
106:
8772:
4192:
4164:
3267:
3053:
1350:"2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification"
551:
305:
was partially due to overgrazing by the cattle of the local population.
9040:
8855:
8825:
8810:
8598:
8586:
8346:
8208:
7834:
7502:
6879:
5882:
5263:
3908:
3040:
Kevin White; David J. Mattingly (2006). "Ancient Lakes of the Sahara".
1038:
965:
943:
919:
892:
rather than porous (as in the case of sandy soils). Some techniques as
572:
122:
45:
4349:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. June 2015.
3299:
8782:
8571:
8500:
8445:
8440:
8306:
8147:
8053:
7796:
6457:
6005:
5651:
4989:
4500:"Africa's Great Green Wall just 4% complete halfway through schedule"
3899:
870:
862:
753:
731:
579:
24:
4341:
1725:
681:
However, in some areas desertification has been slowed or reversed.
608:
Another major area that is being impacted by desertification is the
9075:
9060:
8591:
8576:
8478:
8316:
7764:
5226:
4860:
4163:
Duflo, Esther; Kremer, Michael; Robinson, Jonathan (October 2011).
3754:"Focus - Can the 'Great Green Wall' stop desertification in China?"
3243:
1264:"Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification"
1111:
915:
873:. Windbreaks are made from trees and bushes and are used to reduce
805:
638:
630:
621:
525:
503:
461:
302:
118:
110:
37:
2625:"Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century"
2325:
Hu, Tiantian; Wu, Di; Li, Yaohui; Wang, Chenghai (28 March 2017).
1227:
Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses
67:
due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.
9055:
8904:
8741:
8731:
8539:
8351:
8063:
8058:
6435:
6093:
5832:
5782:
5145:
2013:"Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period"
1207:
1107:
1084:
923:
897:
866:
772:
614:
591:
433:
and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by
266:
213:
180:
145:
130:
4569:
World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development
4473:
World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development
3877:
3631:
3383:
The Desertification of the Gobi Desert and Its Effect on Beijing
2327:"The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China"
2208:
1494:"Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change"
1128:
The earliest known discussion of the topic arose soon after the
9065:
8991:
7438:
5656:
3820:"Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World"
2544:
1115:
946:
can also be used to control drifting of soil and sand erosion.
931:
911:
801:
782:
768:
642:
634:
373:
160:
64:
16:
Process by which fertile areas of land become increasingly arid
4241:"Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification"
2803:. Global environmental governance series. Aldershot: Ashgate
893:
8736:
8495:
7352:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
6445:
4077:
3635:
Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
3407:"Gobi Desert: A Complete Guide to East Asia's Largest Desert"
3039:
2142:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2138:
1145:
1028:
Affairs and the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency.
935:
927:
840:
836:
790:
714:
646:
555:
548:
propagation of desertification in this area is considerable.
544:
168:
102:
4594:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2019).
2010:
857:
Techniques focus on two aspects: provisioning of water, and
571:, caused by an approximately 40,000-year cycle in which the
204:
Dictionary which defined it as "the process of fertile land
9080:
4684:"How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change"
4318:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
2996:
10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2
2366:
Wu, Yao; Wen, Bo; Li, Shanshan; Guo, Yuming (1 June 2021).
2053:"Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change"
1812:"Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change"
1498:
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
953:
farmers are reluctant to use it, especially in areas where
885:
650:
491:
474:
Many underdeveloped countries are affected by overgrazing,
136:
Methods of mitigating or reversing desertification include
84:
3853:"Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America"
3437:"What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia?"
1624:
10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2
7528:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
3960:"Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices"
3325:"The Great Green Wall | National Geographic Society"
2969:
Nicholson, S. E.; Tucker, C. J.; Ba, M. B. (1 May 1998).
2799:
Johnson, Pierre-Marc; Johnson, Pierre Marc, eds. (2006).
2454:"How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria"
513:
There is, however, increased global advocacy e.g. the UN
4885:
4127:
4900:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3249:
2732:
2520:
2472:"The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali"
2154:
1896:
1025:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
660:
To mitigate the financial impact of desertification in
604:
Environmental issues in Mongolia § Desertification
179:
Desertification is a gradual process of increased soil
3694:"Living in China's Expanding Deserts (Published 2016)"
3011:"Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa"
2144:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2087:
Burrell, A. L.; Evans, J. P.; De Kauwe, M. G. (2020).
1574:
Rafferty, John P.; Pimm, Stuart L. (26 January 2023).
517:
to combat desertification and restore affected lands.
417:
is being threatened by desertification. The more that
183:. Desertification has been defined in the text of the
101:
Geographic areas most affected are located in Africa (
7899:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
7369:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4968:
4813:
4270:
Rethinking landscapes, Nicol-André Berdellé July 2011
4019:
Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie
3957:
3937:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 38.
3637:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 217–229,
3352:"How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country"
3166:
1652:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
900:
are then used to still allow the planting of crops.
7825:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
4404:"China's 'Great Green Wall' Fights Expanding Desert"
3931:
Pasternak, D.; Schlissel, Arnold (6 December 2012).
2086:
1196:
European Commission. Joint Research Centre. (2018).
467:
At least 90% of the inhabitants of drylands live in
94:
At least 90% of the inhabitants of drylands live in
5304:
5206:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
4890:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
4600:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
4162:
3725:
3543:Han, Jie; Dai, Han; Gu, Zhaolin (1 December 2021).
3466:Han, Jie; Dai, Han; Gu, Zhaolin (1 December 2021).
1961:
1136:, when the Comité d'Etudes commissioned a study on
827:Desertification is recognized as a major threat to
816:One proposed barrier is that the costs of adopting
758:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
185:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
4735:
3992:
3930:
2928:"Defining Desertification : Feature Articles"
2583:
699:, and depletion of water resources, as well as to
159:Throughout geological history, the development of
3688:
3686:
3132:
2968:
1843:"World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought"
9160:
8953:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
7569:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
4659:. mongabay.com. 21 February 2008. Archived from
1001:. An example for this is the salt flats in the
709:(or "Green Great Wall") is a Chinese government
251:
4048:"Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine"
3781:China's Soil Pollution and Degradation Problems
2975:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2671:
2502:"Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa"
1764:
1438:
1223:
1178:World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
1083:from the atmosphere as organic plant material.
8851:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
4918:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
4497:
3683:
2798:
1648:"Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel"
1439:Behnke, Roy; Mortimore, Michael, eds. (2016).
961:to help encourage adoption of this technique.
7856:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
7697:
7683:
6314:History of climate change policy and politics
6109:
5290:
4954:
2708:"Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat"
1542:The Causes and Progression of Desertification
3066:
2158:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
1607:"Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification"
1573:
1289:Zeng, Ning; Yoon, Jinho (1 September 2009).
737:
653:farming in order to meet export demands for
520:
315:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
7904:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
6431:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
4625:
4623:
4621:
1604:
597:
8007:Climate change and civilizational collapse
7690:
7676:
7650:
7638:
7095:
6116:
6102:
5297:
5283:
4961:
4947:
4927:(2006), thematic assessment report in the
4742:. Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
4292:. Blogs.ei.columbia.edu. 18 October 2011.
3226:"A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad"
3087:
2853:
2545:Pasternak, Dov; Schlissel, Arnold (2001).
2365:
2324:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1605:Geist, Helmut J.; Lambin, Eric F. (2004).
1491:
1282:
539:Sahel § Desertification and soil loss
7390:
7196:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
6339:United Nations Climate Change conferences
5808:Environmental issues in the United States
4191:
4112:
3907:
3608:Making Grasslands Sustainable in Mongolia
3584:
3507:
3349:
3275:
3200:
3100:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3097:Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa
3069:"A "pacemaker" for North African climate"
2994:
2910:
2893:Nicholson, Sharon E. (17 February 2013).
2892:
2648:
2383:
2342:
2250:
2185:
2122:
2104:
2036:
1987:
1938:
1741:
1622:
1314:
1074:
846:
9010:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
8948:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
6900:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
5793:Effects of climate change on agriculture
4896:Procedural history and related documents
4618:
4098:
3542:
3465:
2899:International Scholarly Research Notices
2860:. World Bank Publications. p. 454.
1699:
1288:
1037:
796:
777:
762:
747:
624:, around 90% of grassland is considered
550:
452:
372:
31:
7256:National Adaptation Programme of Action
7045:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
4566:
4470:
3728:International Journal of Remote Sensing
3093:
3015:United States Department of Agriculture
2925:
2075:
1645:
590:rehabilitation and future agriculture.
368:
275:There are multiple reasons farmers use
9161:
6905:Economics of climate change mitigation
6868:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
6391:
6219:Scientific consensus on climate change
5798:Effects of climate change on livestock
5242:Land use, land-use change and forestry
4451:
3778:
3380:
3094:Houérou, Henry N. (10 December 2008).
2424:"WAD | World Atlas of Desertification"
2273:
1899:"Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara"
1125:of China, where population was dense.
324:under the "moderate" and high-warming
87:as a result of human activity and the
7671:
7564:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
7389:
7094:
6830:
6390:
6302:
6183:
6135:
6097:
5278:
4942:
4909:of Action Against Desertification, a
4681:
4633:. newstatesman.com. 13 January 2011.
4384:from the original on 28 February 2021
3934:Combating Desertification with Plants
3847:
3845:
3395:from the original on 24 January 2014.
3362:from the original on 16 February 2022
3331:from the original on 22 December 2022
3223:
3145:from the original on 10 February 2022
3033:
2817:
2622:
2548:Combating desertification with plants
2063:from the original on 10 February 2022
1822:from the original on 10 February 2022
1806:
1804:
1695:
1693:
1538:
1372:
1370:
1230:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58.
1224:Geeson, Nichola; et al. (2002).
918:from the air and fix it in the soil,
804:planted along roads in Xinjiang near
448:
326:Representative Concentration Pathways
287:
8027:Tipping points in the climate system
7586:Representative Concentration Pathway
6537:Tipping points in the climate system
6213:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
6052:
5908:Tropical cyclones and climate change
5191:Managed intensive rotational grazing
4606:from the original on 2 December 2019
4548:from the original on 27 January 2022
4203:from the original on 2 October 2015.
3075:from the original on 15 January 2022
2938:from the original on 1 December 2016
2825:"UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands"
2434:from the original on 9 December 2019
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1385:
1344:
1342:
1219:
1217:
1020:forests or agricultural ecosystems.
903:Another technique that is useful is
8022:Extinction risk from climate change
7921:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
7357:Nationally determined contributions
7067:Individual action on climate change
6282:World energy supply and consumption
5941:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
4886:Official website of the Secretariat
4702:
4637:from the original on 14 August 2017
4498:Jonathan Watts (7 September 2020).
4428:
4366:from the original on 23 April 2016.
4251:from the original on 27 August 2020
3999:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 237.
3658:
3133:Christian Bouquet (December 2017).
2590:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 161.
2482:from the original on 9 October 2021
2045:
1968:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1840:
1567:
1013:Farmer-managed natural regeneration
888:), due to lack of water can become
824:and anti-desertification programs.
319:Effects of climate change on biomes
234:
13:
8982:List of fictional doomsday devices
7496:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
6123:
5067:Soil retrogression and degradation
4933:United Nations Environment Program
4717:from the original on 28 April 2023
4708:
4631:"How fences could save the planet"
3880:Land Degradation & Development
3842:
2792:
2736:Environmental Science & Policy
2508:from the original on 17 April 2021
1801:
1690:
1367:
1270:from the original on 4 August 2017
1168:Soil retrogression and degradation
980:
818:sustainable agricultural practices
707:Three-North Shelter Forest Program
423:herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
408:
246:biological composition of the soil
77:biological composition of the soil
14:
9190:
8002:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
7423:Satellite temperature measurement
7028:forestry for carbon sequestration
6319:History of climate change science
5588:pharmaceuticals and personal care
4914:Food and Agriculture Organization
4809:
4756:from the original on 30 July 2023
4596:"The Great Green Wall Initiative"
4322:from the original on 23 July 2016
4316:"Drylands Restoration Initiative"
4296:from the original on 23 June 2012
3830:from the original on 3 April 2022
3524:from the original on 30 July 2023
3447:from the original on 1 April 2022
3417:from the original on 30 July 2023
3114:from the original on 30 July 2023
2957:Environmental issues in the Sahel
2926:Riebeek, Holli (3 January 2007).
2874:from the original on 30 July 2023
2831:. 10 October 2017. Archived from
2604:from the original on 30 July 2023
2565:from the original on 30 July 2023
1878:from the original on 24 June 2008
1678:from the original on 30 July 2023
1492:Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993).
1425:
1397:
1382:
1339:
1244:from the original on 30 July 2023
1214:
308:
9118:
9117:
9105:
8263:Decline in amphibian populations
7649:
7637:
7626:
7625:
7613:
7274:Climate Change Performance Index
6063:
6062:
6051:
5739:decline in amphibian populations
5444:Deforestation and climate change
5222:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
5033:
5000:Deforestation and climate change
4871:
4859:
4847:
4835:
4823:
4782: This article incorporates
4777:
4729:
4675:
4649:
4587:
4560:
4526:– via www.theguardian.com.
4378:"desertification 3D environment"
3224:Jiang, Ingrid (12 August 2022).
2857:Gender in agriculture sourcebook
2137:
1539:Geist, Helmut (1 October 2017).
831:. Some countries have developed
721:
672:This section is an excerpt from
8614:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
8111:Land surface effects on climate
8084:Human impact on the environment
7715:Future of an expanding universe
7413:Instrumental temperature record
7364:Sustainable Development Goal 13
5873:Land surface effects on climate
5330:Environmental impact assessment
5306:Human impact on the environment
5237:Land surface effects on climate
4795:United States Geological Survey
4711:"Desertification of Arid Lands"
4682:Abend, Lisa (25 January 2010).
4530:
4518:from the original on 6 May 2022
4491:
4464:
4445:
4422:
4406:. 21 April 2017. Archived from
4396:
4370:
4334:
4308:
4282:
4263:
4233:
4207:
4156:
4121:
4092:
4066:
4040:
4022:
4013:
3986:
3951:
3924:
3871:
3812:
3787:
3772:
3746:
3719:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3549:Environmental Chemistry Letters
3536:
3472:Environmental Chemistry Letters
3459:
3429:
3399:
3374:
3343:
3317:
3292:
3217:
3160:
3126:
3067:Jennifer Chu (2 January 2019).
3060:
3003:
2962:
2950:
2919:
2886:
2847:
2762:
2726:
2700:
2665:
2623:Myers, Norman (29 April 2002).
2616:
2577:
2538:
2494:
2464:
2446:
2416:
2359:
2318:
2267:
2202:
2148:
1955:
1890:
1860:
1834:
1758:
1700:Biasutti, Michela (July 2019).
1639:
1598:
1532:
1485:
7481:Climate variability and change
6831:
6522:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
5142:Arid Lands Information Network
4142:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104651
2235:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016
2187:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C
1445:Springer Earth System Sciences
1256:
1189:
585:To limit desertification, the
174:
1:
8560:Interpretations of Revelation
8362:Cosmological phase transition
8268:Decline in insect populations
7720:Ultimate fate of the universe
7591:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
7126:Climate emergency declaration
5744:decline in insect populations
4030:"Desert reclamation projects"
3300:"Great Green Wall Initiative"
2385:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6
1646:Charney, J. G. (April 1975).
1518:10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106
1441:"The End of Desertification?"
1183:
688:and subsequent plant growth.
674:Gobi Desert § Desertification
252:Influence of human activities
9015:Future of Humanity Institute
8412:Potentially hazardous object
8312:Interplanetary contamination
7574:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
6800:Middle East and North Africa
6136:
4101:Journal of Arid Land Studies
3666:"Community threads together"
3643:10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_11
2756:10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002
2504:. ReliefWeb. 6 August 2018.
2296:10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011
1295:Geophysical Research Letters
1079:Restored grasslands store CO
744:Deforestation § Control
567:that alters the path of the
7:
8895:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
8044:Global terrestrial stilling
6303:
5171:Farmer-managed regeneration
4736:Mortimore, Michael (1989).
4581:10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021
4485:10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021
3993:Briassoulis, Helen (2005).
3779:Delang, Claudio O. (2014).
3740:10.1080/0143116031000084297
2584:Briassoulis, Helen (2005).
2372:The Lancet Planetary Health
1202:. LU: Publications Office.
1151:
926:), and food crops/trees as
767:Anti-sand shields in north
565:North African climate cycle
230:Deforestation § Causes
10:
9195:
9174:Environmental soil science
8407:Asteroid impact prediction
8382:Heat death of the universe
7792:Mutual assured destruction
7408:Global surface temperature
7299:Popular culture depictions
7211:Ecosystem-based adaptation
6941:Carbon capture and storage
6863:Carbon offsets and credits
6184:
4929:Global Environment Outlook
4771:
4686:. time.com. Archived from
3569:10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w
3492:10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w
3441:Breathe Mongolia – English
3256:Royal Society Open Science
2106:10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7
2017:Frontiers in Earth Science
1989:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049
1118:, the largest hot desert.
1099:
1095:
1056:Great Green Wall of Africa
990:
984:
850:
741:
671:
601:
536:
363:
312:
227:
18:
9099:
9033:
9025:Nuclear Threat Initiative
9002:
8958:List of apocalyptic films
8935:
8801:2011 end times prediction
8793:
8533:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
8528:Abomination of desolation
8464:
8402:Asteroid impact avoidance
8339:
8250:
8232:List of extinction events
8207:
8200:
8166:
8074:Environmental degradation
7970:
7961:
7876:
7861:Technological singularity
7730:
7705:
7699:Global catastrophic risks
7620:Climate change portal
7607:
7546:
7513:Extreme event attribution
7431:
7400:
7396:
7385:
7329:
7264:
7186:
7136:School Strike for Climate
7108:
7104:
7090:
7059:
7015:Climate-smart agriculture
6976:
6933:
6843:
6839:
6826:
6750:
6613:
6560:
6403:
6399:
6386:
6309:
6298:
6227:
6196:
6192:
6179:
6162:Climate change adaptation
6157:Climate change mitigation
6152:Effects of climate change
6142:
6131:
6046:
5981:Environmental engineering
5931:
5828:Environmental degradation
5719:
5605:fishing down the food web
5382:
5312:
5214:
5181:Great Green Wall (Africa)
5130:
5042:
5031:
4980:
3193:10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6
2932:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
2686:10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z
2276:Environment International
1779:10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z
1453:10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1
884:Some soils (for example,
833:biodiversity action plans
738:Reversing desertification
587:Great Green Wall (Africa)
521:Geographic areas affected
223:
208:typically as a result of
89:effects of climate change
9020:Future of Life Institute
8922:Resurrection of the dead
8915:Post-tribulation rapture
8297:Colony collapse disorder
7523:Global warming potential
7330:International agreements
6977:Preserving and enhancing
6421:Arctic methane emissions
6343:Years in climate change
6250:Greenhouse gas emissions
6147:Causes of climate change
5986:Environmental mitigation
5843:Greenhouse gas emissions
5803:Environmental insecurity
5186:Great Green Wall (China)
5057:Historic desertification
4172:American Economic Review
2551:. Springer. p. 20.
2038:10.3389/feart.2017.00004
1377:Poverty and the Drylands
1102:Historic desertification
942:are the most important.
598:Gobi Desert and Mongolia
532:
206:transforming into desert
48:category (light yellow).
19:Not to be confused with
7846:Artificial intelligence
7554:Climate change scenario
7206:Disaster risk reduction
6858:Carbon emission trading
6668:U.S. insurance industry
6648:Civilizational collapse
6495:sea surface temperature
6033:Sustainable consumption
5374:Social ecology (ethics)
5232:Intact forest landscape
5005:Deforestation by region
4898:on the UNCCD, from the
4713:. Columbia University.
4429:Hui, Lu (26 May 2018).
3381:Welker, Lauren (2009).
3350:Rechtschaffen, Daniel.
2331:Advances in Meteorology
2215:Atmospheric Environment
2164:(23): 13, 526–13, 546.
1980:2016E&PSL.434..298P
1872:Encyclopedia Britannica
1868:"Intensive agriculture"
1581:Encyclopædia Britannica
1138:desséchement progressif
1106:The world's most noted
808:to slow desertification
259:sea surface temperature
36:Global distribution of
8975:List of disaster films
8816:Apocalyptic literature
7916:Malthusian catastrophe
7842:Synthetic intelligence
7547:Research and modelling
7231:Nature-based solutions
7051:Nature-based solutions
6993:Carbon dioxide removal
6910:Fossil fuel divestment
6895:Climate risk insurance
6805:Small island countries
6426:Arctic sea ice decline
5976:Ecological engineering
5756:runaway climate change
5166:Ecological engineering
4924:Global Deserts Outlook
4784:public domain material
4184:10.1257/aer.101.6.2350
2641:10.1098/rstb.2001.0953
1923:10.1126/sciadv.1601503
1672:10.1002/qj.49710142802
1392:Global Drylands Report
1075:Better managed grazing
1047:
847:Improving soil quality
809:
794:
775:
760:
559:
496:environmental refugees
494:. The number of these
464:
382:
138:improving soil quality
49:
8357:Coronal mass ejection
7819:Electromagnetic pulse
7780:Kinetic energy weapon
7508:Earth's energy budget
7391:Background and theory
7279:Climate crisis (term)
6951:Fossil fuel phase-out
6845:Economics and finance
6810:by individual country
6752:By country and region
6727:Security and conflict
6722:Psychological impacts
6411:Abrupt climate change
6334:Charles David Keeling
6167:By country and region
5359:List of global issues
5247:List of global issues
2093:Nature Communications
1551:10.4324/9781315240855
1545:. London: Routledge.
1100:Further information:
1041:
800:
781:
766:
751:
569:North African Monsoon
554:
537:Further information:
456:
379:Sydney Harbour Bridge
376:
333:anthropogenic climate
148:, and tree-planting (
55:is a type of gradual
35:
8759:War of Gog and Magog
8436:Near-Earth supernova
8186:Human overpopulation
7990:Mass mortality event
7884:Anthropogenic hazard
7337:Glasgow Climate Pact
6998:Carbon sequestration
6573:Mass mortality event
5961:Community resilience
5761:in the United States
5729:Biodiversity threats
5402:cannabis cultivation
5369:Planetary boundaries
5335:Environmental issues
5325:Ecological footprint
5151:Conservation grazing
4931:(GEO) series of the
3964:Journal of Extension
2428:wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu
2344:10.1155/2017/4035609
2178:10.1002/2014JD022062
1706:WIREs Climate Change
1316:10.1029/2009GL039699
1017:soil water retention
469:developing countries
369:Sand and dust storms
358:developing economies
202:Princeton University
191:Definition of Desert
123:sand and dust storms
96:developing countries
8831:Blood moon prophecy
8624:Number of the Beast
8222:Holocene extinction
8168:Earth Overshoot Day
8116:Ocean acidification
8079:Habitat destruction
8069:Ecological collapse
7775:Kinetic bombardment
7710:Future of the Earth
7476:Climate sensitivity
7251:The Adaptation Fund
6707:Infectious diseases
6614:Social and economic
6023:Restoration ecology
5956:Climate engineering
5893:Ocean acidification
5883:Loss of green belts
5853:Holocene extinction
5848:Habitat destruction
5523:Environmental crime
5176:Flexible Mechanisms
5015:Mountaintop removal
4435:Xinghua News Agency
4074:"Home – Justdiggit"
3974:on 22 February 2017
3970:(6). Archived from
3892:2015LDeDe..26..433T
3700:. 24 October 2016.
3561:2021EnvCL..19.4063H
3484:2021EnvCL..19.4063H
3411:Young Pioneer Tours
3268:10.1098/rsos.171120
3185:2016Ambio..45..781O
3054:10.1511/2006.57.983
2987:1998BAMS...79..815N
2912:10.1155/2013/453521
2854:World Bank (2009).
2780:on 4 September 2017
2748:2009ESPol..12..748S
2478:. 22 January 2019.
2288:2014EnInt..63..101G
2227:2018AtmEn.173..265N
2170:2014JGRD..11913526S
2029:2017FrEaS...5....4W
1915:2017SciA....3E1503T
1718:2019WIRCC..10E.591B
1664:1975QJRMS.101..193C
1510:1993ESPSD..35f...4H
1307:2009GeoRL..3617401Z
1130:French colonization
1033:Green Wall of China
955:subsistence farming
341:climate variability
40:areas based on the
9146:Doomsday scenarios
8712:Beast of the Earth
8604:Book of Revelation
8392:Virtual black hole
8372:False vacuum decay
8322:Pollinator decline
8285:Biological warfare
8275:Biotechnology risk
8126:Resource depletion
7047:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
7019:Forest management
7003:Direct air capture
6968:Sustainable energy
6925:Net zero emissions
6920:Low-carbon economy
6915:Green Climate Fund
6702:Indigenous peoples
6605:Plant biodiversity
6393:Effects and issues
6038:Waste minimization
5996:Mitigation banking
5991:Industrial ecology
5951:Cleaner production
5903:Resource depletion
5439:Corporate behavior
5397:animal agriculture
5062:Moisture recycling
4916:initiative of the
4690:on 17 January 2010
4275:2016-08-17 at the
4036:on 3 January 2009.
3698:The New York Times
3042:American Scientist
2835:on 7 November 2019
1048:
879:evapotranspiration
810:
795:
776:
761:
752:A 2018 meeting in
686:evapotranspiration
560:
465:
449:Increasing poverty
383:
298:orbital precession
288:Natural variations
263:sulphate particles
50:
9156:
9155:
8987:Zombie apocalypse
8888:Postmillennialism
8683:Great Tribulation
8456:Stellar collision
8417:Near-Earth object
8367:Geomagnetic storm
8335:
8334:
8258:Biodiversity loss
8242:Genetic pollution
8196:
8195:
7985:Biodiversity loss
7948:Societal collapse
7926:Nuclear holocaust
7911:Economic collapse
7894:Doomsday argument
7812:Antimatter weapon
7665:
7664:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7538:Radiative forcing
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7201:Adaptive capacity
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
6946:Energy transition
6822:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6542:Tropical cyclones
6468:Urban heat island
6382:
6381:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6255:Carbon accounting
6209:Greenhouse effect
6175:
6174:
6091:
6090:
5913:Water degradation
5788:Ecological crisis
5734:biodiversity loss
5533:Industrialisation
5518:Genetic pollution
5364:Impact assessment
5272:
5271:
5252:Natural landscape
4749:978-0-521-32312-3
4410:on 13 August 2017
4356:978-92-5-108912-5
4130:World Development
4114:20.500.11766/7319
4006:978-0-7546-4243-5
3760:. 30 January 2018
3652:978-94-007-6651-8
3413:. 25 March 2020.
3107:978-3-540-85192-9
2867:978-0-8213-7587-7
2810:978-0-7546-4359-3
2770:"Goal 15 targets"
2635:(1420): 609–613.
2597:978-0-7546-4243-5
2558:978-0-306-46632-8
2534:on 9 August 2009.
2059:. 6 August 2019.
1841:Nations, United.
1818:. 6 August 2019.
1576:"Desertification"
1560:978-1-315-24085-5
1462:978-3-642-16013-4
1408:"Desertification"
1237:978-0-470-84448-9
912:leguminous plants
905:contour trenching
853:Soil regeneration
443:population growth
281:extensive farming
277:intensive farming
9186:
9179:Paleoclimatology
9121:
9120:
9112:World portal
9110:
9109:
9071:Financial crisis
8900:Nibiru cataclysm
8878:Premillennialism
8722:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
8690:Son of perdition
8678:Olivet Discourse
8654:Whore of Babylon
8280:Biological agent
8227:Human extinction
8217:Extinction event
8205:
8204:
8176:Overexploitation
8106:Land consumption
8101:Land degradation
7968:
7967:
7830:Micro black hole
7738:Chemical warfare
7692:
7685:
7678:
7669:
7668:
7653:
7652:
7641:
7640:
7629:
7628:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7581:Paleoclimatology
7398:
7397:
7387:
7386:
7148:Ecological grief
7131:Climate movement
7106:
7105:
7092:
7091:
7072:Plant-based diet
6963:Renewable energy
6841:
6840:
6828:
6827:
6663:Economic impacts
6595:Invasive species
6451:Coastal flooding
6401:
6400:
6388:
6387:
6324:Svante Arrhenius
6300:
6299:
6270:from agriculture
6260:Carbon footprint
6245:Greenhouse gases
6194:
6193:
6181:
6180:
6133:
6132:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6095:
6094:
6066:
6065:
6055:
6054:
5888:Phosphorus cycle
5868:Land consumption
5863:Land degradation
5838:Freshwater cycle
5637:Overexploitation
5610:marine pollution
5417:cocoa production
5299:
5292:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5215:Related articles
5037:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4907:Official website
4876:
4875:
4864:
4863:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4819:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4781:
4780:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4627:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4437:. Archived from
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4286:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4217:. Archived from
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4195:
4178:(6): 2350–2390.
4169:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4076:. Archived from
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4054:on 25 April 2017
4050:. Archived from
4044:
4038:
4037:
4032:. Archived from
4026:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3900:10.1002/ldr.2392
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3826:. 16 June 2016.
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3555:(6): 4063–4073.
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3511:
3478:(6): 4063–4073.
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3230:ArcGIS StoryMaps
3221:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3017:. Archived from
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2776:. Archived from
2766:
2760:
2759:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2387:
2378:(6): e329–e330.
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2108:
2084:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1903:Science Advances
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1658:(428): 193–202.
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1193:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1044:Great Green Wall
822:land reclamation
637:, unsustainable
439:land degradation
419:population grows
392:vegetative cover
294:solar insolation
235:Immediate causes
142:greening deserts
81:overexploitation
57:land degradation
9194:
9193:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9169:Desertification
9159:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9131:Future problems
9104:
9095:
9029:
8998:
8965:Climate fiction
8931:
8806:2012 phenomenon
8789:
8695:Sheep and Goats
8582:2 Thessalonians
8460:
8377:Gamma-ray burst
8331:
8246:
8237:Genetic erosion
8192:
8162:
8153:Water pollution
8121:Ozone depletion
8017:Desertification
7957:
7872:
7807:Doomsday device
7787:Nuclear warfare
7726:
7701:
7696:
7666:
7661:
7614:
7612:
7595:
7542:
7533:Orbital forcing
7427:
7392:
7373:
7347:Paris Agreement
7325:
7321:Warming stripes
7260:
7226:Managed retreat
7221:Loss and damage
7182:
7116:Business action
7100:
7078:
7055:
6978:
6972:
6929:
6890:Climate finance
6835:
6814:
6746:
6609:
6585:Extinction risk
6561:Flora and fauna
6556:
6517:Permafrost thaw
6512:Ozone depletion
6441:Extreme weather
6395:
6378:
6305:
6286:
6223:
6188:
6171:
6138:
6127:
6122:
6092:
6087:
6042:
6001:Organic farming
5927:
5918:Water pollution
5898:Ozone depletion
5878:Loss and damage
5778:Desertification
5715:
5627:Overconsumption
5548:cleaning agents
5449:Energy industry
5412:meat production
5378:
5308:
5303:
5273:
5268:
5210:
5156:Desert greening
5126:
5044:Desertification
5038:
5029:
5010:Illegal logging
4976:
4974:desertification
4967:
4882:
4870:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4822:
4814:
4812:
4799:
4797:
4790:Desertification
4787:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4750:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4663:on 25 June 2013
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4592:
4588:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4496:
4492:
4469:
4465:
4450:
4446:
4441:on 26 May 2018.
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4277:Wayback Machine
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4221:on 24 June 2016
4213:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4126:
4122:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4080:on 2 April 2016
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3929:
3925:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3222:
3218:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3021:on 1 April 2022
3009:
3008:
3004:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2920:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2714:. 1 August 2018
2706:
2705:
2701:
2670:
2666:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2559:
2543:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2460:. 28 June 2018.
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2364:
2360:
2323:
2319:
2272:
2268:
2207:
2203:
2153:
2149:
2085:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2009:
2005:
1960:
1956:
1909:(1): e1601503.
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1763:
1759:
1726:10.1002/wcc.591
1698:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1644:
1640:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1537:
1533:
1490:
1486:
1463:
1437:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1215:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1154:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1060:
995:
989:
987:Desert greening
983:
981:Desert greening
855:
849:
756:related to the
746:
740:
724:
719:
718:
677:
606:
600:
541:
535:
523:
476:land exhaustion
451:
411:
409:Food insecurity
381:covered in dust
371:
366:
354:global greening
348:
337:land use change
321:
311:
290:
254:
237:
232:
226:
198:desertification
177:
127:food insecurity
113:) and parts of
105:region), Asia (
63:land into arid
53:Desertification
28:
21:Decertification
17:
12:
11:
5:
9192:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9126:Apocalypticism
9115:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8970:Disaster films
8967:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8945:
8943:Alien invasion
8939:
8937:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8912:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8883:Amillennialism
8880:
8870:
8868:Millenarianism
8865:
8864:
8863:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8821:Apocalypticism
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8795:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8775:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8717:Dhu al-Qarnayn
8714:
8709:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8663:Great Apostasy
8660:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8601:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8552:
8542:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8530:
8520:
8510:
8508:Last Judgement
8505:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8470:
8468:
8466:Eschatological
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8409:
8404:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8254:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8213:
8211:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8181:Overpopulation
8178:
8172:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8158:Water scarcity
8155:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8133:
8131:Sea level rise
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8094:on marine life
8091:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8049:Global warming
8046:
8041:
8039:Global dimming
8036:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7997:Cascade effect
7994:
7993:
7992:
7982:
7976:
7974:
7972:Climate change
7965:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7802:Doomsday Clock
7799:
7794:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7753:Cyberterrorism
7750:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7695:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7672:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7647:
7635:
7623:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7488:
7486:Cloud feedback
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7394:
7393:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7344:
7342:Kyoto Protocol
7339:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7296:
7294:Media coverage
7291:
7286:
7284:Climate spiral
7281:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7192:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7173:Public opinion
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7128:
7123:
7121:Climate action
7118:
7112:
7110:
7102:
7101:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7033:REDD and REDD+
7030:
7025:
7017:
7012:
7010:Carbon farming
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6984:
6982:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6860:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6837:
6836:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6742:Water security
6739:
6737:Water scarcity
6734:
6732:Urban flooding
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:Forest dieback
6587:
6582:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6527:Sea level rise
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6500:stratification
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6397:
6396:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6265:Carbon leakage
6262:
6257:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6206:
6204:Climate system
6200:
6198:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6128:
6125:Climate change
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6098:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6059:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6028:Sustainability
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5923:Water scarcity
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5858:Nitrogen cycle
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5823:Forest dieback
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5751:Climate change
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5568:nanotechnology
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5352:on marine life
5344:
5343:
5342:
5340:list of issues
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5074:
5072:Water scarcity
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5025:Slash-and-char
5022:
5020:Slash-and-burn
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4966:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4920:
4911:United Nations
4904:
4903:
4902:
4881:
4880:
4878:Global warming
4868:
4856:
4854:Earth sciences
4844:
4832:
4811:
4810:External links
4808:
4807:
4806:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4748:
4728:
4701:
4674:
4648:
4617:
4586:
4575:(4): 279–289.
4559:
4529:
4490:
4479:(4): 279–289.
4463:
4444:
4421:
4395:
4369:
4355:
4333:
4307:
4281:
4262:
4232:
4206:
4155:
4120:
4107:(1): 121–124.
4091:
4065:
4039:
4021:
4012:
4005:
3985:
3950:
3943:
3923:
3886:(5): 433–440.
3870:
3859:. 15 June 2018
3841:
3811:
3786:
3771:
3745:
3718:
3682:
3657:
3651:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3535:
3458:
3428:
3398:
3373:
3342:
3316:
3291:
3262:(11): 171120.
3242:
3216:
3179:(7): 781–795.
3159:
3139:GĂ©oconfluences
3125:
3106:
3086:
3059:
3032:
3002:
2981:(5): 815–830.
2961:
2949:
2918:
2885:
2866:
2846:
2816:
2809:
2791:
2761:
2742:(7): 748–765.
2725:
2699:
2664:
2615:
2596:
2576:
2557:
2537:
2530:Archived from
2519:
2493:
2463:
2445:
2415:
2358:
2317:
2266:
2201:
2147:
2074:
2044:
2003:
1954:
1889:
1859:
1847:United Nations
1833:
1800:
1757:
1689:
1638:
1597:
1566:
1559:
1531:
1484:
1461:
1424:
1396:
1394:unemg.org 2018
1381:
1366:
1338:
1301:(17): L17401.
1281:
1255:
1236:
1213:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:Water scarcity
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1073:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
974:bioengineering
914:which extract
851:Main article:
848:
845:
739:
736:
723:
720:
701:climate change
678:
670:
662:Inner Mongolia
599:
596:
558:region of Mali
534:
531:
522:
519:
450:
447:
435:climate change
410:
407:
370:
367:
365:
362:
346:
310:
309:Climate change
307:
289:
286:
279:as opposed to
253:
250:
236:
233:
225:
222:
176:
173:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9191:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9141:Risk analysis
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9086:Social crisis
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9003:Organizations
9001:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8927:World to come
8925:
8923:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8873:Millennialism
8871:
8869:
8866:
8862:
8861:Messianic Age
8859:
8858:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8846:Gog and Magog
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8836:Earth Changes
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8673:New Jerusalem
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8649:War in Heaven
8647:
8645:
8644:Two witnesses
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8513:Second Coming
8511:
8509:
8506:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8012:Deforestation
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7954:
7953:World War III
7951:
7949:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7868:Transhumanism
7866:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:Technological
7729:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7688:
7686:
7681:
7679:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7658:
7657:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7559:Climate model
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7491:Cloud forcing
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7388:
7384:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7266:Communication
7263:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7246:Vulnerability
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7216:Flood control
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7038:reforestation
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7023:afforestation
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6958:Nuclear power
6956:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:Carbon budget
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6690:Mental health
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6631:United States
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:deoxygenation
6483:
6481:
6480:acidification
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6301:
6297:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6275:from wetlands
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6235:Deforestation
6233:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6112:
6107:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6060:
6058:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6011:Reforestation
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Cultured meat
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:Birth control
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5768:Deforestation
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5543:Manufacturing
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5491:nuclear power
5489:
5487:
5486:fracking (US)
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Reforestation
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Afforestation
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Aridification
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Deforestation
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4982:Deforestation
4979:
4975:
4971:
4970:Deforestation
4964:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4732:
4716:
4712:
4709:Dregne, H.E.
4705:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4016:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3944:9781461513278
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3800:
3799:www.unccd.int
3796:
3790:
3782:
3775:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2959:Geo Factsheet
2958:
2953:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1413:
1412:pubs.usgs.gov
1409:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Aridification
1156:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:1980s drought
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1123:Loess Plateau
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1086:
1072:
1057:
1053:
1052:African Union
1045:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:Rub' al Khali
1000:
999:methodologies
994:
993:Afforestation
988:
978:
975:
970:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:shelter belts
860:
854:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
814:
807:
803:
799:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
770:
765:
759:
755:
750:
745:
735:
733:
728:
727:South America
722:South America
716:
712:
711:tree-planting
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:deforestation
689:
687:
682:
675:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
655:cashmere wool
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
618:
616:
611:
605:
595:
593:
588:
583:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
557:
553:
549:
546:
540:
530:
527:
518:
516:
511:
507:
505:
500:
497:
493:
489:
484:
481:
477:
472:
470:
463:
459:
455:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:food security
406:
402:
399:
395:
393:
389:
388:soil moisture
380:
375:
361:
359:
355:
350:
349:fertilization
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
320:
316:
306:
304:
299:
295:
285:
282:
278:
273:
270:
268:
264:
260:
249:
247:
243:
242:deforestation
231:
221:
218:
215:
211:
210:deforestation
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
186:
182:
172:
170:
166:
165:1980s drought
162:
157:
155:
154:afforestation
151:
150:reforestation
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:South America
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:deforestation
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
42:aridity index
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
9103:
9046:Cyberwarfare
8764:Third Temple
8619:Lake of fire
8429:Rogue planet
8397:Impact event
8387:Proton decay
8340:Astronomical
8290:Bioterrorism
8136:Supervolcano
8034:Flood basalt
8016:
7980:Anoxic event
7889:Collapsology
7877:Sociological
7748:Cyberwarfare
7654:
7642:
7630:
7611:
7444:Carbon cycle
7401:Measurements
7096:Society and
6980:carbon sinks
6885:Climate debt
6875:Carbon price
6697:Human rights
6532:Season creep
6490:heat content
6416:Anoxic event
6329:James Hansen
5777:
5704:urban sprawl
5699:Urbanization
5647:Particulates
5632:Overdrafting
5347:Human impact
5320:Anthropocene
5256:
5196:Oasification
5043:
4973:
4923:
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4789:
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4738:
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4688:the original
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4599:
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4541:
4532:
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4504:The Guardian
4503:
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4466:
4457:
4454:Mother Jones
4453:
4447:
4439:the original
4434:
4424:
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4408:the original
4398:
4388:25 September
4386:. Retrieved
4372:
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4310:
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4284:
4279:H2O magazine
4265:
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4219:the original
4209:
4193:1721.1/63964
4175:
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4078:the original
4068:
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4052:the original
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4024:
4015:
3995:
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3972:the original
3967:
3963:
3953:
3933:
3926:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3863:25 September
3861:. Retrieved
3857:www.nrdc.org
3856:
3832:. Retrieved
3823:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3798:
3789:
3783:. Routledge.
3780:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3757:
3748:
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3709:. Retrieved
3697:
3673:. Retrieved
3670:chinadailyhk
3669:
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3475:
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3333:. Retrieved
3319:
3309:22 September
3307:. Retrieved
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3235:22 September
3233:. Retrieved
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3138:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3096:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3071:. MIT News.
3062:
3048:(1): 58–65.
3045:
3041:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3014:
3005:
2978:
2974:
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2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2931:
2921:
2902:
2898:
2888:
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2856:
2849:
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2833:the original
2828:
2819:
2800:
2794:
2784:24 September
2782:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2773:
2764:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:gulfnews.com
2711:
2702:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2586:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2547:
2540:
2532:the original
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2496:
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2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
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2371:
2361:
2337:: e4035609.
2334:
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2269:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2096:
2092:
2065:. Retrieved
2057:Carbon Brief
2056:
2047:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1852:11 September
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1816:Carbon Brief
1815:
1773:(1): 79–92.
1770:
1766:
1760:
1709:
1705:
1680:. Retrieved
1655:
1651:
1641:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1592:
1585:. Retrieved
1579:
1569:
1541:
1534:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1444:
1417:11 September
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1359:11 September
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1226:
1208:10.2760/9205
1198:
1191:
1163:Oasification
1137:
1127:
1120:
1105:
1078:
1054:started the
1050:In 2007 the
1049:
1030:
1022:
1011:
1007:Saudi Arabia
996:
971:
963:
948:
909:
902:
890:consolidated
883:
875:soil erosion
856:
829:biodiversity
826:
815:
811:
725:
690:
683:
679:
666:Bai Jingying
659:
631:forest fires
619:
607:
584:
578:
561:
542:
524:
512:
508:
501:
485:
480:overdrafting
473:
466:
458:Wind erosion
412:
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330:
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238:
219:
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197:
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189:
178:
158:
135:
100:
93:
69:
52:
51:
29:
9122:Categories
9091:Survivalism
8778:Zoroastrian
8634:Seven seals
8629:Seven bowls
8555:Historicism
8451:Solar flare
8327:Overfishing
8302:Defaunation
8089:coral reefs
7851:AI takeover
7770:Nanoweapons
7758:Cybergeddon
7743:Cyberattack
7471:Carbon sink
7449:atmospheric
7314:video games
6988:Blue carbon
6621:Agriculture
6600:Marine life
6547:Water cycle
6505:temperature
6240:Fossil fuel
5818:Externality
5813:Coral reefs
5773:Defaunation
5642:Overgrazing
5615:overfishing
5595:Marine life
5469:electricity
5392:Agriculture
5258:Terra preta
5161:Ecoforestry
5085:Gobi Desert
5076:By region:
4830:Environment
4552:27 February
4542:www.fao.org
4522:18 December
3978:21 February
3909:11336/48401
3734:: 327–346.
3335:22 December
3118:11 December
3025:24 November
2942:30 November
2905:: e453521.
2512:18 December
2486:18 December
2438:19 November
2282:: 101–113.
2221:: 265–276.
1974:: 298–307.
1882:19 November
1712:(4): e591.
1504:(6): 4–45.
1134:West Africa
1092:emissions.
951:smallholder
944:Sand fences
787:Thar Desert
697:overgrazing
610:Gobi Desert
398:Dust storms
175:Definitions
144:, managing
107:Gobi Desert
9163:Categories
9051:Depression
9041:Ransomware
8856:Messianism
8826:Armageddon
8811:Apocalypse
8599:Antichrist
8587:Man of sin
8484:Three Ages
8347:Big Crunch
8209:Extinction
8201:Biological
7963:Ecological
7835:Strangelet
7503:Cryosphere
7464:permafrost
7236:Resilience
7188:Adaptation
7163:Litigation
7153:Governance
7098:adaptation
6880:Carbon tax
6833:Mitigation
6770:Antarctica
6658:Disability
6083:mitigation
6078:assessment
6073:by country
5971:Decoupling
5933:Mitigation
5662:Reservoirs
5583:pesticides
5528:Explosives
5506:reservoirs
5407:irrigation
5264:Wilderness
5131:Mitigation
5105:Mauritania
4721:3 December
4610:3 December
4136:: 104651.
3149:25 January
3079:20 January
2839:7 November
2674:GeoJournal
2067:22 October
1826:22 October
1767:GeoJournal
1617:(9): 817.
1611:BioScience
1587:6 November
1354:www.un.org
1184:References
1005:desert in
991:See also:
966:mycorrhiza
920:succulents
871:windbreaks
742:See also:
626:vulnerable
602:See also:
573:axial tilt
488:migrations
313:See also:
228:See also:
46:hyper-arid
8936:Fictional
8783:Saoshyant
8668:New Earth
8639:The Beast
8572:Preterism
8545:Christian
8501:Kali Yuga
8446:Micronova
8441:Hypernova
8307:Dysgenics
8148:Verneshot
8054:Hypercane
7797:Dead Hand
7518:Feedbacks
7289:Education
6790:Caribbean
6785:Australia
6712:Migration
6675:Fisheries
6626:Livestock
6552:Wildfires
6458:Heat wave
6006:Recycling
5672:Transport
5657:Quarrying
5652:Pollution
5511:transport
5501:petroleum
5496:oil shale
5459:biodiesel
4990:Assarting
4512:0261-3077
4300:11 August
4255:26 August
4150:202302505
3918:129476957
3824:ReliefWeb
3804:9 January
3764:9 January
3758:France 24
3711:9 January
3706:0362-4331
3577:1610-3661
3500:1610-3661
3366:28 August
2718:4 October
2694:154503204
2680:: 79–92.
2410:233460168
2394:2542-5196
2353:1687-9309
2304:0160-4120
2243:1352-2310
2196:128663108
2115:2041-1723
1998:0012-821X
1931:2375-2548
1795:154503204
1787:0343-2521
1734:1757-7780
1633:0006-3568
1526:0013-9157
1479:132424053
1471:2197-9596
1325:1944-8007
1112:sand seas
959:subsidies
922:(such as
754:New Delhi
732:Argentina
580:Lake Chad
25:Desertion
9076:Pandemic
9061:Epidemic
9056:Droughts
8910:Prewrath
8841:End time
8707:Al-Qa'im
8592:Katechon
8577:2 Esdras
8567:Idealism
8550:Futurism
8479:Maitreya
8474:Buddhist
8317:Pandemic
7765:Gray goo
7644:Glossary
7632:Category
7454:biologic
7168:Politics
7060:Personal
6765:Americas
6638:Children
6404:Physical
6197:Overview
6137:Overview
6068:Category
5692:shipping
5677:aviation
5563:plastics
5553:concrete
5538:Land use
5454:biofuels
5422:palm oil
5227:Forestry
5110:Mongolia
4892:(UNCCD)
4754:Archived
4715:Archived
4635:Archived
4604:Archived
4546:Archived
4516:Archived
4382:Archived
4361:Archived
4326:14 April
4320:Archived
4294:Archived
4273:Archived
4249:Archived
4245:phys.org
4198:Archived
3828:Archived
3622:unep.org
3595:34335128
3522:Archived
3518:34335128
3445:Archived
3415:Archived
3390:Archived
3360:Archived
3329:Archived
3286:29291097
3211:27371137
3143:Archived
3112:Archived
3073:Archived
2936:Archived
2872:Archived
2659:12028796
2602:Archived
2563:Archived
2506:Archived
2480:Archived
2476:BBC News
2432:Archived
2402:33915087
2312:24275707
2261:30344444
2133:32737311
2061:Archived
1949:28116352
1876:Archived
1820:Archived
1752:31341517
1676:Archived
1379:undp.org
1268:Archived
1242:Archived
1152:See also
916:nitrogen
867:woodlots
859:fixation
806:Cherchen
639:forestry
622:Mongolia
526:Drylands
504:Mongolia
462:Leuchars
460:outside
377:View of
303:Holocene
119:Drylands
111:Mongolia
9136:Hazards
9034:General
8905:Rapture
8754:Messiah
8742:Sufyani
8732:Israfil
8702:Islamic
8540:Messiah
8518:1 Enoch
8352:Big Rip
8064:Ecocide
8059:Ice age
7459:oceanic
7309:fiction
7158:Justice
7109:Society
6717:Poverty
6436:Drought
6304:History
6228:Sources
6057:Commons
5833:Erosion
5783:Ecocide
5721:Effects
5667:Tourism
5600:fishing
5558:fashion
5481:fashion
5434:Bitcoin
5313:General
5146:Biochar
5090:Lebanon
4935:(UNEP).
4888:of the
4866:Biology
4842:Ecology
4816:Portals
4772:Sources
4225:21 June
4084:21 June
4058:21 June
3888:Bibcode
3834:3 April
3675:14 July
3610:adb.org
3586:8302971
3557:Bibcode
3528:3 April
3509:8302971
3480:Bibcode
3451:3 April
3421:3 April
3277:5717671
3202:5055484
3181:Bibcode
2983:Bibcode
2744:Bibcode
2650:1692964
2284:Bibcode
2252:6192056
2223:Bibcode
2166:Bibcode
2124:7395722
2025:Bibcode
1976:Bibcode
1940:5242556
1911:Bibcode
1743:6617823
1714:Bibcode
1660:Bibcode
1506:Bibcode
1333:1708267
1303:Bibcode
1274:21 June
1144:in the
1108:deserts
1096:History
1085:Grazing
1063:million
924:Opuntia
898:tillage
773:Tunisia
635:blights
615:Beijing
592:Senegal
413:Global
364:Effects
296:due to
267:sulfate
214:drought
181:aridity
167:in the
161:deserts
146:grazing
131:poverty
61:fertile
38:dryland
9066:Famine
8992:Zombie
8794:Others
8749:Jewish
8727:Dajjal
8609:Events
8523:Daniel
8424:winter
8251:Others
8141:winter
7941:winter
7936:famine
7931:cobalt
7439:Albedo
7432:Theory
7143:Denial
6934:Energy
6795:Europe
6775:Arctic
6760:Africa
6685:Health
6680:Gender
6643:Cities
6568:Biomes
6475:Oceans
6463:Marine
6186:Causes
6061:
6050:
5622:Mining
5476:energy
5384:Causes
4760:16 May
4746:
4694:11 May
4510:
4353:
4148:
4003:
3941:
3916:
3704:
3649:
3620:Report
3593:
3583:
3575:
3516:
3506:
3498:
3356:Forbes
3284:
3274:
3209:
3199:
3104:
2878:16 May
2864:
2807:
2692:
2657:
2647:
2608:16 May
2594:
2569:16 May
2555:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2351:
2310:
2302:
2259:
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2241:
2194:
2131:
2121:
2113:
1996:
1947:
1937:
1929:
1793:
1785:
1750:
1740:
1732:
1682:24 May
1631:
1557:
1524:
1477:
1469:
1459:
1331:
1323:
1248:16 May
1234:
1116:Sahara
1069:
1065:
1061:
932:barley
928:grains
802:Saxaul
783:Jojoba
769:Sahara
643:mining
515:SDG 15
224:Causes
129:, and
65:desert
9081:Riots
8773:Norse
8737:Mahdi
8496:Kalki
8491:Hindu
7821:(EMP)
7656:Index
7418:Proxy
7178:Women
6653:Crime
6580:Birds
6446:Flood
6016:urban
5687:roads
5578:paper
5573:paint
5120:Yemen
5115:Sahel
5095:Libya
5080:China
4800:4 May
4786:from
4667:5 May
4641:5 May
4414:4 May
4364:(PDF)
4347:(PDF)
4201:(PDF)
4168:(PDF)
4146:S2CID
3914:S2CID
3393:(PDF)
3386:(PDF)
3304:UNCCD
3173:Ambio
2829:UNCCD
2690:S2CID
2406:S2CID
2192:S2CID
2099:(1).
2023:: 4.
1791:S2CID
1475:S2CID
1329:S2CID
1146:Sahel
1031:The "
940:dates
936:beans
841:fauna
837:flora
791:India
715:aspen
647:sheep
556:Sahel
545:Sahel
533:Sahel
492:slums
427:Sudan
169:Sahel
103:Sahel
7241:Risk
6780:Asia
6372:2024
6367:2023
6362:2022
6357:2021
6352:2020
6347:2019
5682:rail
5464:coal
5427:(US)
5100:Mali
4972:and
4802:2021
4762:2016
4744:ISBN
4723:2013
4696:2013
4669:2013
4643:2013
4612:2019
4554:2022
4524:2021
4508:ISSN
4460:(4).
4416:2017
4390:2020
4351:ISBN
4328:2016
4302:2012
4257:2020
4227:2016
4086:2016
4060:2016
4001:ISBN
3980:2017
3939:ISBN
3865:2023
3836:2022
3806:2021
3766:2021
3713:2021
3702:ISSN
3677:2024
3647:ISBN
3591:PMID
3573:ISSN
3530:2022
3514:PMID
3496:ISSN
3453:2022
3423:2022
3368:2022
3337:2022
3311:2023
3282:PMID
3237:2023
3207:PMID
3151:2018
3120:2020
3102:ISBN
3081:2020
3027:2020
2944:2016
2903:2013
2880:2016
2862:ISBN
2841:2019
2805:ISBN
2786:2020
2774:UNDP
2720:2023
2655:PMID
2610:2016
2592:ISBN
2571:2016
2553:ISBN
2514:2021
2488:2021
2458:Time
2440:2019
2398:PMID
2390:ISSN
2349:ISSN
2335:2017
2308:PMID
2300:ISSN
2257:PMID
2239:ISSN
2129:PMID
2111:ISSN
2069:2019
1994:ISSN
1945:PMID
1927:ISSN
1884:2019
1854:2023
1828:2019
1783:ISSN
1748:PMID
1730:ISSN
1684:2022
1629:ISSN
1589:2019
1555:ISBN
1522:ISSN
1467:ISSN
1457:ISBN
1419:2023
1361:2023
1321:ISSN
1276:2016
1250:2016
1232:ISBN
1042:The
1023:The
972:The
938:and
886:clay
877:and
869:and
839:and
651:goat
641:and
478:and
441:and
431:Mali
390:and
335:and
317:and
301:mid-
152:and
109:and
85:soil
7304:art
5711:War
4577:doi
4481:doi
4188:hdl
4180:doi
4176:101
4138:doi
4134:124
4109:hdl
3904:hdl
3896:doi
3736:doi
3639:doi
3581:PMC
3565:doi
3504:PMC
3488:doi
3272:PMC
3264:doi
3197:PMC
3189:doi
3050:doi
2991:doi
2907:doi
2752:doi
2682:doi
2645:PMC
2637:doi
2633:357
2380:doi
2339:doi
2292:doi
2247:PMC
2231:doi
2219:173
2182:hdl
2174:doi
2162:119
2119:PMC
2101:doi
2033:doi
1984:doi
1972:434
1935:PMC
1919:doi
1775:doi
1738:PMC
1722:doi
1668:doi
1656:101
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1449:doi
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