238:. This rapid extinction underscores the significant impact humans can have on native wildlife, especially in isolated ecosystems like New Zealand. The MÄori, relying on the moa as a primary food source and for resources such as feathers and bones, hunted these birds extensively. The moa's inability to fly and their size, which made them easier targets, contributed to their rapid decline. This event serves as a cautionary tale about the delicate balance between human activity and biodiversity and highlights the potential consequences of over-hunting and habitat destruction. A second wave of extinctions occurred later with European settlement. This period marked significant ecological disruption, largely due to the introduction of new species and land-use changes. European settlers brought with them animals such as rats, cats, and stoats, which preyed upon native birds and other wildlife. Additionally, deforestation for agriculture significantly altered the habitats of many endemic species. These combined factors accelerated the decline of New Zealand's unique biodiversity, leading to the extinction of several more species. The European settlement period serves as a poignant example of how human activities can drastically impact natural ecosystems.
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219:. This hypothesis suggests that these extinctions were closely linked to human migration and population growth. One of the most compelling pieces of evidence supporting this theory is that approximately 80% of North American large mammal species disappeared within just approximately a thousand years of humans arriving in the
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In 1911, when only one small group of 32 sea otters survived in a remote cove, an international treaty was signed to prevent further exploitation of the sea otters. Under heavy protection, the otters multiplied and repopulated the depleted areas, which slowly recovered. More recently, with declining
191:
bird. Crafting a single cloak required the feathers of approximately 70,000 adult mamo birds, illustrating a staggering scale of resource extraction that ultimately contributed to its extinction. This instance underscores how cultural traditions and their associated demands can sometimes precipitate
179:
The concern about overexploitation, while relatively recent in the annals of modern environmental awareness, traces back to ancient practices embedded in human history. Contrary to the notion that overexploitation is an exclusively contemporary issue, the phenomenon has been documented for millennia
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takes place. Reforestation competes with other land uses such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space for further economic growth. Historically utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water
482:
About 25% of world fisheries are now overexploited to the point where their current biomass is less than the level that maximizes their sustainable yield. These depleted fisheries can often recover if fishing pressure is reduced until the stock biomass returns to the optimal biomass. At this point,
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of the common is exceeded, which damages the common for all the herders. The self-interested herder receives all of the benefits of having the additional cow, while all the herders share the damage to the common. However, all herders reach the same rational decision to buy additional cows and graze
203:
provides another clear example of overexploitation. The dodo, a flightless bird, exhibited a lack of fear toward predators, including humans, making it exceptionally vulnerable to hunting. The dodo's naivety and the absence of natural defenses against human hunters and introduced species led to its
351:
Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limitāin a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons
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It is possible to fish the stock down further to, say, 15% of the pre-harvest biomass, and then adjust the harvest rate so the biomass remains at that level. In this case, the fishery is sustainable, but is now overexploited, because the stock has been run down to the point where the sustainable
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of the fish stock will decrease, since harvesting means fish are being removed. For sustainability, the rate at which the fish replenish biomass through reproduction must balance the rate at which the fish are being harvested. If the harvest rate is increased, then the stock biomass will further
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Species from all groups of fauna and flora are affected by overexploitation. This phenomenon is not bound by taxonomy; it spans across mammals, birds, fish, insects, and plants alike. Animals are hunted for their fur, tusks, or meat, while plants are harvested for medicinal purposes, timber, or
892:
was set up in order to control and regulate the trade in endangered animals. It currently protects, to a varying degree, some 33,000 species of animals and plants. It is estimated that a quarter of the endangered vertebrates in the United States of
America and half of the endangered mammals is
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All living organisms require resources to survive. Overexploitation of these resources for protracted periods can deplete natural stocks to the point where they are unable to recover within a short time frame. Humans have always harvested food and other resources they need to survive. Human
1101:
844:, firearms have become common and the breakdown of food distribution networks in such countries leaves the resources of the natural environment vulnerable. Animals are even killed as target practice, or simply to spite the government. Populations of large primates, such as
88:. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at an unsustainable rate, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In
92:, the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in
396:
The tragedy of the commons can be avoided if it is appropriately regulated. Hardin's use of "commons" has frequently been misunderstood, leading Hardin to later remark that he should have titled his work "The tragedy of the unregulated commons".
536:, is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield. Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes. An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be
1143:. Starting before the 17th century and not phased out until 1911, sea otters were hunted aggressively for their exceptionally warm and valuable pelts, which could fetch up to $ 2500 US. This caused cascade effects through the
325:
published in 1833 to explain how individuals innocently acting in their own self-interest can overexploit, and destroy, a resource that they all share. Lloyd described a simplified hypothetical situation based on medieval
180:
and is not limited to human activities alone. Historical evidence reveals that various cultures and societies have engaged in practices leading to the overuse of natural resources, sometimes with drastic consequences.
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decrease. At a certain point, the maximum harvest yield that can be sustained will be reached, and further attempts to increase the harvest rate will result in the collapse of the fishery. This point is called the
502:(ITQs) to fishermen. In 2008, a large scale study of fisheries that used ITQs, and ones that did not, provided strong evidence that ITQs help prevent collapses and restore fisheries that appear to be in decline.
210:
has long been a vital human activity for survival, providing food, clothing, and tools. However, the history of hunting also includes episodes of overexploitation, particularly in the form of overhunting. The
204:
rapid extinction. This case offers insight into how certain species, particularly those isolated on islands, can be disproportionately affected by human activities due to their evolutionary adaptations.
555:. These debates usually centre around agriculture and suburban water usage but generation of electricity from nuclear energy or coal and tar sands mining is also water resource intensive. A modified
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stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1992. Even though fishing has ceased, the cod stocks have failed to recover. The absence of cod as the
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of many species beyond sustainable levels. In practical terms, if continued, it reduces valuable resources to such low levels that their exploitation is no longer sustainable and can lead to the
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WCMC. (1992). McComb, J., Groombridge, B., Byford, E., Allan, C., Howland, J., Magin, C., Smith, H., Greenwood, V. and
Simpson, L. (1992). World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Chapman and Hall.
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applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Though
Hubbert's original analysis did not apply to renewable resources, their overexploitation can result in a
223:. This rapid disappearance indicates a significant impact of human activity on these species, underscoring the profound influence humans have had on their environment throughout history.
814:. Achatinelline snails have 15 species listed as extinct and 24 critically endangered while 60 species of partulidae are considered extinct with 14 listed as critically endangered. The
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3191:
2862:
Jackson, D. B.; Fuller, R. J.; Campbell, S. T. (2004). "Long-term
Population Changes Among Breeding Shorebirds in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, In Relation to Introduced Hedgehogs (
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can be caused by native fauna, as shown in the upper right. However, past human overexploitation (leading to elimination of some predators) may be behind the situation.
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is a wild palm tree found in
Southeast Asia. Its leaves are used for thatching and food wrapping, and overharvesting has resulted in its leaf size becoming smaller.
1136:
species can occur. In turn, the unchecked prey can then overexploit their own food resources until population numbers dwindle, possibly to the point of extinction.
829:, the population greatly expanded and took to consuming and overexploiting shorebird eggs, with drastic consequences for their breeding success. Twelve species of
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One of the key health issues associated with biodiversity is drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are
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derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources. Marine ecosystems are of particular interest in this regard. However, unregulated and inappropriate
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from overexploitation, as they often exist at low densities with reduced reproductive rates. A good example of this are island snails, such as the
Hawaiian
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their cows. In Hardin's article, it is in each herder's individual interest to graze each new cow that the herder acquires on the common land, even if the
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ornamental uses. This unsustainable practice disrupts ecosystems, threatening biodiversity and leading to the potential extinction of vulnerable species.
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as well. Also, since kelp forest ecosystems are homes to many other species, the loss of the kelp caused other cascade effects of secondary extinctions.
2782:
Dowding, J. E.; Murphy, E. C. (2001). "The Impact of
Predation be Introduced Mammals on Endemic Shorebirds in New Zealand: A Conservation Perspective".
147:
in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native
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Dayton, P. K.; Tegner, M. J.; Edwards, P. B.; Riser, K. L. (1998). "Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities".
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in some locales, although generally forests are a major source of aquifer depletion. Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as
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1957:
Ostrom, E. (1992). "The rudiments of a theory of the origins, survival, and performance of common-property institutions". In
Bromley, D. W. (ed.).
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is currently overexploited. Scientists say 7,500 tons annually is the sustainable limit, yet the fishing industry continue to harvest 60,000 tons.
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Overall, 50 bird species that have become extinct since 1500 (approximately 40% of the total) have been subject to overexploitation, including:
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364:. The example of fish stocks had led some to call this the "tragedy of the fishers". A major theme running through the essay is the growth of
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1162:, creating urchin barrens, areas of seabed denuded of kelp, but carpeted with urchins. No longer having food to eat, the sea urchin became
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to agriculture, or overexploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long-term income and long term biological productivity.
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Dhillion, S. S.; Svarstad, H.; Amundsen, C.; Bugge, H. C. (September 2002). "Bioprospecting: Effects on
Environment and Development".
1291:
Frank, Kenneth T.; Petrie, Brian; Choi, Jae S.; Leggett, William C. (2005). "Trophic
Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem".
836:
Where there is substantial human migration, civil unrest, or war, controls may no longer exist. With civil unrest, for example in the
460:, and in practice, usually occurs when the fishery has been fished down to about 30% of the biomass it had before harvesting started.
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3702:
3442:
1548:"The Silent Forest: Impact of Bird Hunting by Prehistoric Polynesians on the Decline and Disappearance of Native Avifauna in Hawai'i"
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and other mammals, may be reduced by 80% or more by hunting, and certain species may be eliminated. This decline has been called the
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Wilkie, D. S.; Carpenter, J. F. (1999). "Bushmeat hunting in the Congo Basin: An assessment of impacts and options for migration".
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populations, historically, were small, and methods of collection were limited to small quantities. With an exponential increase in
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49:. Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term applies to
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and many other regions have experienced lower revenue because of overexploitation and the consequent declining timber harvests.
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1630:"The Discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years"
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605:. In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking. Short-term economic gains made by
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have attributed over-collecting and very low lifetime fecundity for the extreme vulnerability exhibited among these species.
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Overexploitation does not necessarily lead to the destruction of the resource, nor is it necessarily unsustainable. However,
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771:. Overexploitation often occurs rapidly as markets open, utilising previously untapped resources, or locally used species.
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Fish stocks are said to "collapse" if their biomass declines by more than 95 percent of their maximum historical biomass.
393:: a situation in which rational individuals, acting separately, collectively waste a given resource by underutilizing it.
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is sometimes used to describe aquifers which do not recharge). Overexploitation occurs if a water resource, such as the
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755:, expanding markets and increasing demand, combined with improved access and techniques for capture, are causing the
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This turns much of the world's underground water and lakes into finite resources with peak usage debates similar to
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and cultivable land. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for
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In the course of his essay, Hardin develops the theme, drawing in many examples of latter day commons, such as
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have experienced a food shortage and have been observed feeding on sea otters, again reducing their numbers.
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379:, who noted that "what is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it", as well as to
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Naess, A. (1986). "Intrinsic value: Will the defenders of nature please rise?". In SoulƩ, M. E. (ed.).
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Deep Ecology for the 21st Century: Readings on the Philosophy and Practice of the New Environmentalism
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2470:"Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century"
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In more recent times, overexploitation has resulted in the gradual emergence of the concepts of
215:, which addresses the Quaternary extinction events, explains the relatively rapid extinction of
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Rhymer, Judith M.; Simberloff, Daniel (1996). "Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression".
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of sea urchin populations occurred. The sea urchins then overexploited their main food source,
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and the species that inhabit them, as islands can be viewed as the world in miniature. Island
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Lubchenco, J. (1991). "The Sustainable Biosphere Initiative: An ecological research agenda".
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888:. The Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, or
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230:. By 1500 AD, a mere 200 years after the first human settlements, ten species of the giant
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is valued at $ 10 billion per year. Industries responsible for this include the trade in
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A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster
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548:, or permanently damaged through subsidence or through saline intrusion from the ocean.
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2154:
Rosenberg, A.A. (2003). "Managing to the margins: the overexploitation of fisheries".
2041:
1437:"Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications"
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Today, overexploitation and misuse of natural resources is an ever-present threat for
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Feeny, D.; et al. (1990). "The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-two years later".
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Lee, K. N. (2001). "Sustainability, concept and practice of". In Levin, S. A. (ed.).
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1989:
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1310:
1043:
1021:
1001:
881:
787:
774:
764:
752:
686:
674:
533:
498:. One effective approach may be assigning some measure of ownership in the form of
444:
has been fished down "below the size that, on average, would support the long-term
389:. The opposite situation to a tragedy of the commons is sometimes referred to as a
365:
184:
172:
124:
50:
3169:
2594:
2334:
1865:
1838:
1465:
9001:
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5751:
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5269:
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5134:
5114:
4996:
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4661:
4571:
4513:
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3895:
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3792:
3772:
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2488:
2364:
2310:
1645:
1163:
929:
705:
646:
476:
254:
66:
9143:
2683:
1124:. This can particularly apply if, through overexploitation, a habitat loses its
235:
84:, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global
8979:
8919:
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8857:
8753:
8699:
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8167:
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5279:
5209:
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4384:
4323:
4200:
4155:
4047:
3922:
3817:
3717:
3645:
3432:
1760:
1675:
Larkin, P. A. (1977). "An epitaph for the concept of maximum sustained yield".
1564:
1547:
1259:
1121:
1109:
1074:
1025:
873:
791:
709:
690:
642:
618:
515:
491:
451:
When a fishery starts harvesting fish from a previously unexploited stock, the
433:
318:
300:
242:
5944:
2933:
2430:"Effects of climate change on global biodiversity: a review of key literature"
2239:
1477:
928:ā The only parrot species native to the eastern United States, was hunted for
9199:
9122:
9006:
8963:
8909:
8897:
8882:
8872:
8795:
8709:
8685:
8680:
8554:
8549:
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8048:
7989:
7952:
7904:
7402:
7351:
7095:
6932:
6822:
6779:
6560:
6437:
6323:
6273:
6137:
5781:
5632:
5607:
5527:
4503:
4477:
4434:
4424:
4379:
4346:
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4072:
4027:
3905:
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3437:
2448:
1653:
1573:
1204:
1125:
980:
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606:
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556:
472:
357:
7704:
2552:
2124:
1881:
http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_tragedy_of_the_commons.html
1314:
347:
them on the common, which eventually destroys the common. Hardin concludes:
26:
stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their
9148:
9082:
8814:
8800:
8655:
8465:
8433:
8423:
8326:
8172:
8070:
8016:
7925:
7784:
7451:
6897:
6855:
6631:
6582:
6518:
6374:
6278:
6023:
5602:
5512:
5497:
5154:
5124:
5069:
4952:
4917:
4794:
4293:
3598:
3593:
3581:
3541:
3526:
3214:
2701:
2650:
2507:
2474:
2377:
2132:
2001:
1661:
1473:
1322:
1171:
662:
560:
537:
529:
511:
468:
273:
the numbers or amount of the resource can change its quality. For example,
258:
136:
85:
23:
2523:"Estimated impact of global population growth on future wilderness extent"
1874:
1380:
Wilcove, D. S.; Rothstein, D.; Dubow, J.; Phillips, A.; Losos, E. (1998).
111:. However, it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as
9127:
8670:
8665:
8502:
8487:
8363:
8338:
7967:
7887:
7794:
7779:
7334:
6993:
6937:
6759:
6737:
6732:
6599:
6476:
6442:
6430:
6318:
6241:
5884:
5869:
5652:
4804:
4351:
4313:
4288:
4278:
4243:
4190:
4170:
3712:
3667:
3536:
3509:
3156:
Weāve overexploited the planet, now we need to change if weāre to survive
2566:(2006) "Molecular Pharming" GMO Compass Retrieved November 5, 2009, From
2098:
1199:
1144:
1113:
1047:
992:
976:
957:
869:
804:
739:
654:
634:
610:
576:
441:
437:
411:
361:
335:
327:
227:
128:
120:
116:
70:
8809:
3143:
Overcoming factors of unsustainability and overexploitation in fisheries
2719:
2572:
581:
9077:
8892:
8862:
8847:
8635:
8623:
8383:
8245:
7871:
7219:
7100:
6917:
6875:
6817:
6786:
6425:
6357:
6295:
6268:
6231:
5583:
5517:
5094:
5059:
4699:
4651:
4596:
4566:
4472:
4389:
4333:
4210:
4160:
3777:
2642:
2414:
1993:
1733:
1409:
1386:
1219:
1151:
1140:
1052:
949:
799:
760:
638:
614:
564:
108:
2357:
1422:
Oxford. (1996). Oxford Dictionary of Biology. Oxford University Press.
712:
could potentially lead to overexploitation, ecosystem degradation and
321:
entitled "The Tragedy of the Commons". It was based on a parable that
8819:
8608:
8537:
8482:
8477:
8343:
8184:
8090:
7833:
7389:
6983:
6865:
6673:
6668:
6646:
6535:
6528:
6347:
6342:
6249:
6226:
5889:
5422:
5376:
5104:
4548:
4518:
4318:
4273:
4248:
4185:
4175:
4150:
4142:
4087:
4018:
3900:
3546:
1105:
885:
768:
666:
528:, are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term
376:
307:
is a useful parable for understanding how overexploitation can occur.
216:
200:
97:
93:
6089:
3046:
1725:
1400:
1381:
953:
645:. Many coral reefs are overexploited; threats include coral mining,
9112:
9097:
8628:
8613:
8515:
8353:
7801:
7461:
7384:
7345:
7110:
6678:
6604:
6545:
6540:
6488:
6398:
6369:
6362:
6352:
6283:
6257:
6253:
6245:
5919:
5477:
5406:
4937:
4765:
4444:
4356:
4303:
4258:
1607:
1017:
919:
877:
857:
853:
795:
552:
74:
2183:
New Scientist: Guaranteed fish quotas halt commercial free-for-all
1522:
The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions
375:
The tragedy of the commons has intellectual roots tracing back to
9092:
8941:
8778:
8768:
8576:
8388:
8100:
8095:
6978:
6774:
6769:
6715:
6621:
6550:
6393:
6194:
5467:
5274:
5144:
5139:
4766:
4714:
4374:
4019:
3727:
3677:
1084:
1056:
996:
845:
593:
545:
541:
525:
339:
207:
140:
115:
in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term
81:
62:
58:
54:
2716:"COHAB Initiative - on Natural Products and Medicinal Resources"
629:
9102:
9028:
7366:
6827:
6792:
6616:
6572:
6420:
6218:
3551:
1382:"Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States"
841:
589:
448:
of the fishery". However, overexploitation can be sustainable.
380:
331:
1100:
872:, as well as other groups. Excluding edible fish, the illegal
833:
are affected, with some species numbers being reduced by 39%.
734:
483:
harvesting can be resumed near the maximum sustainable yield.
420:
226:
The fastest-ever recorded extinction of megafauna occurred in
192:
the overexploitation of a species to the brink of extinction.
183:
One poignant example can be found in the ceremonial cloaks of
8773:
8532:
7188:
6860:
6700:
6626:
6413:
5552:
2621:
2618:
1379:
1088:
1013:
1009:
889:
602:
369:
152:
148:
107:
Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including
9117:
6805:
6661:
6656:
6636:
6510:
6461:
6305:
3098:
10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0309:SBGARE]2.0.CO;2
2666:"Looking for new compounds in sea is endangering ecosystem"
2635:
10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0491:beoead]2.0.co;2
2170:
10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0102:MTTMTO]2.0.CO;2
2049:
1786:
Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity
1346:
Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology
1159:
1154:. When hunters caused sea otter populations to decline, an
1133:
1005:
830:
826:
521:
196:
188:
187:, which were adorned with the feathers of the now-extinct
6764:
6408:
3138:
918:ā the penguin-like bird of the north, was hunted for its
763:
of a species, in addition to having dramatic, unforeseen
231:
171:
were overexploited to the point of extinction, the giant
168:
3083:
3022:"Chinese medicines contain traces of endangered animals"
1788:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 153ā181.
1697:
10.1577/1548-8659(1977)106<1:AEFTCO>2.0.CO;2
3047:"The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities"
2595:"Marine organisms: Potential Source for Drug Discovery"
2287:"Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas: Selected Examples"
2263:. U.S. Water News Online. February 2006. Archived from
1170:
numbers of fish stocks, again due to overexploitation,
7583:
International Conference on Population and Development
3007:
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1290:
1120:
Overexploitation of species can result in knock-on or
661:
Overexploitation is one of the main threats to global
7936:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
3045:
Estes, J. A.; Duggins, D. O.; Rathbun, G. B. (1989).
2861:
2752:
1924:
Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions, and Evolution
1147:
ecosystems along the Pacific Coast of North America.
7862:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
2999:"THE EXOTIC PET-DEMIC/UK'S TICKING TIMEBOMB EXPOSED"
2753:
Frankham, R.; Ballou, J. D.; Briscoe, D. A. (2002).
2096:
2080:
4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
1959:
Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice and Policy
3199:
3044:
2101:(2007). "Economics of Overexploitation Revisited".
1150:One of the sea ottersā primary food sources is the
1139:A classic example of cascade effects occurred with
868:Overexploitation threatens one-third of endangered
3115:(5th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
2322:Palaniappan, Meena & Gleick, Peter H. (2008).
738:It is not just humans that overexploit resources.
490:can be avoided within the context of fisheries if
2321:
1493:
719:
9197:
8990:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2968:(3rd ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
2390:
119:can be used instead of overexploitation, as can
2988:The LUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2009).
2919:
2315:
2207:"Underlying Causes of Deforestation: UN Report"
8888:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
5993:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2311:http://www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/water_resource.htm
1677:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1434:
1343:
585:Clear cutting of old growth forests in Canada.
372:'s finite resources being the general common.
7893:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
7734:
7720:
7204:
6105:
5568:
4751:
4004:
3185:
2781:
2230:"Forests of eucalyptus shadowed by questions"
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1128:. Because of the loss of the top predator, a
540:or depleted. Forests enhance the recharge of
494:and practices are regulated appropriately by
249:, which has built on other concepts, such as
7941:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
7608:United Nations world population conferences
2901:Jones, R. F. (1990). "Farewell to Africa".
2427:
1832:
1830:
1525:. New York, NY, US: Scribner. p. 318.
1344:Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ehrlich, Anne H. (1972).
8044:Climate change and civilizational collapse
7727:
7713:
7521:Population and housing censuses by country
7211:
7197:
6112:
6098:
6050:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
5575:
5561:
4972:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
4758:
4744:
4011:
3997:
3192:
3178:
2421:
2221:
1886:
1498:. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press.
1430:
1428:
1366:
3703:Environmental issues in the United States
2691:
2551:
2497:
2487:
2153:
1864:
1709:
1563:
1399:
825:was introduced to the Scottish island of
790:. This is more prevalent when looking at
280:
9047:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
8985:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
7244:Estimates of historical world population
4870:Predatorāprey (LotkaāVolterra) equations
4509:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
3688:Effects of climate change on agriculture
2612:
2394:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2289:. Earth Policy Institute. Archived from
2157:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
2024:"Will commons sense dawn again in time?"
1896:Two Lectures on the Checks to Population
1827:
1808:
1546:PĆ©rez, Francisco L. (October 18, 2021).
1099:
773:
733:
628:
580:
419:
294:
175:that preyed on them also became extinct.
162:
18:
4902:Random generalized LotkaāVolterra model
3019:
2963:
2592:
1518:
1425:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
907:List of extinct bird species since 1500
234:birds were driven to extinction by the
167:When the giant flightless birds called
9198:
4710:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
3693:Effects of climate change on livestock
2520:
2284:
2227:
1956:
1919:
1836:
1674:
1627:
1512:
1038:List of recently extinct invertebrates
7708:
7192:
6119:
6093:
5556:
4739:
3992:
3173:
3110:
2900:
2755:Introduction to Conservation Genetics
2074:Bolden, E.G., Robinson, W.L. (1999),
1971:
1892:
1783:
1600:
1545:
697:and the driver behind many of these,
360:, the atmosphere, oceans, rivers and
8064:Tipping points in the climate system
7677:
6074:
4725:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
3947:
3803:Tropical cyclones and climate change
2663:
2467:
2461:
2378:"Destruction of Renewable Resources"
1494:Tennyson, A.; Martinson, P. (2006).
1435:Holdaway, R. N.; Jacomb, C. (2000).
1277:
821:As another example, when the humble
8059:Extinction risk from climate change
7958:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
7613:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
6008:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
5757:Extinction risk from climate change
5175:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
3836:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
2358:http://atlas.aaas.org/pdf/63-66.pdf
2261:"World's largest aquifer going dry"
1754:
338:on which they are each entitled to
13:
9019:List of fictional doomsday devices
4928:Ecological effects of biodiversity
3132:
3071:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00085.x
2966:Essentials of Conservation Biology
2324:"The World's Water 2008-2009 Ch 1"
1095:
505:
14:
9232:
8039:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
7505:Population and Development Review
4264:Generalist and specialist species
3483:pharmaceuticals and personal care
2593:Roopesh, J.; et al. (2008).
2531:Earth System Dynamics Discussions
2428:Kannan, R.; James, D. A. (2009).
1215:Exploitation of natural resources
903:List of extinct birds in the wild
563:. This has led to the concept of
9155:
9154:
9142:
8300:Decline in amphibian populations
7689:
7688:
7676:
7553:Population concern organizations
7259:Projections of population growth
7173:
7172:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6029:Decline in amphibian populations
5998:IUCN Species Survival Commission
5651:
4987:Occupancyāabundance relationship
3958:
3957:
3946:
3634:decline in amphibian populations
3339:Deforestation and climate change
1603:"Bringing the dodo back to life"
1031:
995:: snakes, parrots, primates and
948:The international trade in fur:
943:List of recently extinct mammals
893:attributed to overexploitation.
592:are overexploited when they are
464:yield is less than it could be.
8651:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
8148:Land surface effects on climate
8121:Human impact on the environment
7752:Future of an expanding universe
7654:Human impact on the environment
7588:Population Action International
5704:Human impact on the environment
5007:Relative abundance distribution
4720:Plant defense against herbivory
4587:Competitive exclusion principle
4299:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3768:Land surface effects on climate
3225:Environmental impact assessment
3201:Human impact on the environment
3104:
3077:
3038:
3013:
2991:
2982:
2957:
2948:
2913:
2894:
2855:
2846:
2824:
2810:
2775:
2746:
2733:
2708:
2657:
2586:
2560:
2514:
2407:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83
2384:
2370:
2351:
2304:
2278:
2253:
2199:
2196:The Economist, 18th Sept, 2008.
2187:
2176:
2147:
2090:
2077:Wildlife ecology and management
2068:
2062:
2034:
2016:
1965:
1950:
1913:
1893:Lloyd, William Forster (1833).
1802:
1777:
1748:
1703:
1668:
1621:
1069:List of recently extinct plants
971:List of recently extinct fishes
624:
7603:United Nations Population Fund
7218:
5684:Climate variability and change
5582:
4592:Consumerāresource interactions
2718:. Cohabnet.org. Archived from
2468:Mora, C.; et al. (2013).
1759:. Vol. 5. San Diego, CA:
1628:Martin, Paul S. (1973-03-09).
1601:Fryer, Jonathan (2002-09-14).
1594:
1539:
1487:
1416:
1337:
1240:Overpopulation in wild animals
863:
798:populations are more prone to
720:Endangered and extinct species
500:individual transferable quotas
112:
16:Depleting a renewable resource
1:
8597:Interpretations of Revelation
8399:Cosmological phase transition
8305:Decline in insect populations
7757:Ultimate fate of the universe
6034:Decline in insect populations
5977:IUCN Red List extinct species
5438:Biological data visualization
5265:Environmental niche modelling
4992:Population viability analysis
3639:decline in insect populations
2922:Biodiversity and Conservation
2888:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00289-1
2804:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00187-7
1866:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
1586:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1466:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250
1271:
9052:Future of Humanity Institute
8449:Potentially hazardous object
8349:Interplanetary contamination
6138:Pollution / quality
4923:Density-dependent inhibition
3145:Fisheries report 782, Rome.
3020:Collins, Nick (2012-04-12).
2489:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682
1839:"The Tragedy of the Commons"
1757:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
1646:10.1126/science.179.4077.969
1496:Extinct Birds of New Zealand
1091:and many other plant species
405:
195:Similarly, the story of the
47:point of diminishing returns
7:
8932:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
8081:Global terrestrial stilling
7628:World Population Foundation
7618:World Population Conference
7531:World population milestones
5392:Liebig's law of the minimum
5227:Resource selection function
4118:Metabolic theory of ecology
2684:10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1350-d
2097:Grafton, R.Q.; Kompas, T.;
2046:repository.library.noaa.gov
1961:. San Francisco: ICS Press.
1177:
570:
264:
102:natural resource management
10:
9237:
9211:Environmental conservation
8444:Asteroid impact prediction
8419:Heat death of the universe
7829:Mutual assured destruction
7500:Population and Environment
5598:Background extinction rate
5292:Niche apportionment models
5012:Relative species abundance
4216:Primary nutritional groups
4113:List of feeding behaviours
2759:Cambridge University Press
1930:Princeton University Press
1813:. Boston: Shambala Books.
1809:Sessions, G., ed. (1995).
1565:10.3390/geographies1030012
1265:Tyranny of small decisions
1066:
1035:
986:
968:
940:
936:
900:
808:and the French Polynesian
723:
687:uncontrolled hybridization
574:
509:
409:
400:
391:tragedy of the anticommons
284:
158:
9136:
9070:
9062:Nuclear Threat Initiative
9039:
8995:List of apocalyptic films
8972:
8838:2011 end times prediction
8830:
8570:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
8565:Abomination of desolation
8501:
8439:Asteroid impact avoidance
8376:
8287:
8269:List of extinction events
8244:
8237:
8203:
8111:Environmental degradation
8007:
7998:
7913:
7898:Technological singularity
7767:
7742:
7736:Global catastrophic risks
7672:
7636:
7561:
7513:
7492:
7410:Human population planning
7375:
7321:
7272:
7234:Demographics of the world
7226:
7168:
7109:
6974:
6967:
6848:
6709:Types / location
6708:
6699:
6509:
6304:
6217:
6187:
6136:
6127:
6059:
6016:
5985:
5962:
5920:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
5847:
5799:
5790:
5742:
5676:
5660:
5649:
5590:
5541:
5473:Ecosystem based fisheries
5415:
5315:
5240:
5113:
5085:Interspecific competition
5050:
4977:Minimum viable population
4910:
4835:Maximum sustainable yield
4820:Intraspecific competition
4815:Effective population size
4778:
4695:Anti-predator adaptations
4680:
4559:
4486:
4443:
4365:
4332:
4229:
4206:Photosynthetic efficiency
4141:
4035:
3941:
3876:Environmental engineering
3826:
3723:Environmental degradation
3614:
3500:fishing down the food web
3277:
3207:
2285:Larsen, J. (2005-04-07).
2228:Conrad, C. (2008-06-21).
2211:World Rainforest Movement
2042:"NOAA fisheries glossary"
1350:W. H. Freeman and Company
1077:: New Zealand mistletoe (
1062:
782:was hunted to extinction.
520:Water resources, such as
475:in many areas has led to
458:maximum sustainable yield
446:maximum sustainable yield
41:, refers to harvesting a
9057:Future of Life Institute
8959:Resurrection of the dead
8952:Post-tribulation rapture
8334:Colony collapse disorder
7415:Compulsory sterilization
5972:Lists of extinct species
5463:Ecological stoichiometry
5428:Alternative stable state
3881:Environmental mitigation
3738:Greenhouse gas emissions
3698:Environmental insecurity
2739:Redford 1992, Fitzgibon
1837:Hardin, Garrett (1968).
960:and numerous cat species
896:
665:. Other threats include
317:published an article by
7883:Artificial intelligence
7357:Malthusian growth model
5307:Ontogenetic niche shift
5170:Ideal free distribution
5080:Ecological facilitation
4830:Malthusian growth model
4800:Consumer-resource model
4657:Paradox of the plankton
4622:Energy systems language
4342:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
4309:Optimal foraging theory
4284:Heterotrophic nutrition
3928:Sustainable consumption
3269:Social ecology (ethics)
2964:Primack, R. B. (2002).
2934:10.1023/A:1008877309871
2868:Biological Conservation
2784:Biological Conservation
2553:10.5194/esdd-3-433-2012
2125:10.1126/science.1146017
1920:Bowles, Samuel (2004).
1519:Quammen, David (1996).
1315:10.1126/science.1113075
964:
247:sustainable development
28:abrupt collapse in 1992
9012:List of disaster films
8853:Apocalyptic literature
7953:Malthusian catastrophe
7879:Synthetic intelligence
7484:Zero population growth
7479:Sustainable population
7403:Malthusian catastrophe
7362:Overshoot (population)
7239:Demographic transition
5777:Latent extinction risk
5453:Ecological forecasting
5397:Marginal value theorem
5195:Landscape epidemiology
5130:Cross-boundary subsidy
5065:Biological interaction
4415:Microbial intelligence
4103:Green world hypothesis
3871:Ecological engineering
3651:runaway climate change
2028:The Japan Times Online
1117:
783:
743:
658:
633:The rich diversity of
596:at a rate faster than
586:
488:tragedy of the commons
436:, overexploitation or
429:
354:
308:
305:tragedy of the commons
287:Tragedy of the commons
281:Tragedy of the commons
176:
31:
8394:Coronal mass ejection
7856:Electromagnetic pulse
7817:Kinetic energy weapon
7593:Population Connection
7457:Mere addition paradox
7296:Physiological density
5734:Paradox of enrichment
5623:Functional extinction
5613:Ecological extinction
5458:Ecological humanities
5357:Ecological energetics
5302:Niche differentiation
5165:Habitat fragmentation
4933:Ecological extinction
4880:Small population size
4632:Feed conversion ratio
4612:Ecological succession
4544:San Francisco Estuary
4458:Ecological efficiency
4400:Microbial cooperation
3254:List of global issues
3111:Krebs, C. J. (2001).
2664:Cole, Andrew (2005).
1245:Paradox of enrichment
1103:
1067:Further information:
1036:Further information:
969:Further information:
941:Further information:
901:Further information:
777:
737:
724:Further information:
679:habitat fragmentation
632:
584:
575:Further information:
510:Further information:
426:Atlantic bluefin tuna
423:
410:Further information:
349:
323:William Forster Lloyd
311:In 1968, the journal
298:
285:Further information:
166:
22:
9221:Environmental issues
8796:War of Gog and Magog
8473:Near-Earth supernova
8223:Human overpopulation
8027:Mass mortality event
7921:Anthropogenic hazard
7623:World Population Day
7578:Church of Euthanasia
7467:Non-identity problem
7442:Political demography
7398:Human overpopulation
7084:remnant natural area
6721:storage and recovery
6387:habitat conservation
6205:Deforestation (REDD)
6003:Extinction Rebellion
5945:PlioceneāPleistocene
5827:CretaceousāPaleogene
5772:Hypothetical species
5762:Extinction threshold
5719:Overabundant species
5483:Evolutionary ecology
5448:Ecological footprint
5443:Ecological economics
5367:Ecological threshold
5362:Ecological indicator
5232:Sourceāsink dynamics
5185:Land change modeling
5180:Insular biogeography
5032:Species distribution
4771:Modelling ecosystems
4430:Microbial metabolism
4269:Intraguild predation
4058:Biogeochemical cycle
4024:Modelling ecosystems
3856:Community resilience
3656:in the United States
3624:Biodiversity threats
3297:cannabis cultivation
3264:Planetary boundaries
3230:Environmental issues
3220:Ecological footprint
3051:Conservation Biology
3003:Born Free Foundation
1763:. pp. 553ā568.
1250:Planetary boundaries
1225:Human overpopulation
1210:Ecosystem management
1195:Conservation biology
1190:Common-pool resource
922:, meat, fat and oil.
714:loss of biodiversity
699:human overpopulation
607:conversion of forest
496:fisheries management
352:brings ruin to all.
90:conservation biology
8868:Blood moon prophecy
8661:Number of the Beast
8259:Holocene extinction
8205:Earth Overshoot Day
8153:Ocean acidification
8116:Habitat destruction
8106:Ecological collapse
7812:Kinetic bombardment
7747:Future of the Earth
7472:Reproductive rights
7303:Population dynamics
7254:Population momentum
7038:Earth Overshoot Day
6612:Marine conservation
6593:non-timber products
5930:Cenomanian-Turonian
5875:CambrianāOrdovician
5807:OrdovicianāSilurian
5714:Mutational meltdown
5699:Habitat destruction
5618:Extinct in the wild
5533:Theoretical ecology
5508:Natural environment
5372:Ecosystem diversity
5342:Ecological collapse
5332:Bateman's principle
5287:Limiting similarity
5200:Landscape limnology
5022:Species homogeneity
4860:Population modeling
4855:Population dynamics
4672:Trophic state index
3918:Restoration ecology
3851:Climate engineering
3788:Ocean acidification
3778:Loss of green belts
3748:Holocene extinction
3743:Habitat destruction
3418:Environmental crime
3063:1989ConBi...3..252E
3027:The Daily Telegraph
2880:2004BCons.117..151J
2864:Erinaceus europaeus
2796:2001BCons..99...47D
2544:2012ESDD....3..433D
2521:Dumont, E. (2012).
2117:2007Sci...318.1601G
1986:1990HumEc..18....1F
1857:1968Sci...162.1243H
1851:(3859): 1243ā1248.
1689:1977TrAFS.106....1L
1458:2000Sci...287.2250H
1452:(5461): 2250ā2254.
1307:2005Sci...308.1621F
1301:(5728): 1621ā1623.
730:Holocene extinction
695:ocean acidification
683:habitat destruction
416:Sustainable fishery
291:Diminishing returns
213:overkill hypothesis
9183:Doomsday scenarios
8749:Beast of the Earth
8641:Book of Revelation
8429:Virtual black hole
8409:False vacuum decay
8359:Pollinator decline
8322:Biological warfare
8312:Biotechnology risk
8163:Resource depletion
7598:Population Matters
7313:Population pyramid
7291:Population density
7286:Population decline
7023:Ecosystem services
6146:Ambient standards
5544:Outline of ecology
5493:Industrial ecology
5488:Functional ecology
5352:Ecological deficit
5297:Niche construction
5260:Ecosystem engineer
5037:Speciesāarea curve
4958:Introduced species
4773:: Other components
4705:Deimatic behaviour
4607:Ecological network
4539:North Pacific Gyre
4524:hydrothermal vents
4463:Ecological pyramid
4410:Microbial food web
4221:Primary production
4166:Foundation species
3933:Waste minimization
3891:Mitigation banking
3886:Industrial ecology
3846:Cleaner production
3798:Resource depletion
3334:Corporate behavior
3292:animal agriculture
3034:on April 12, 2012.
2743:1995, CuarĆ³n 2001.
2363:2011-07-24 at the
2235:Arizona Daily Star
1994:10.1007/BF00889070
1879:Also available at
1156:ecological release
1118:
1080:Trilepidea adamsii
977:Aquarium hobbyists
784:
744:
726:Endangered species
659:
587:
430:
309:
221:Western Hemisphere
177:
145:endangered species
43:renewable resource
32:
9216:Fisheries science
9193:
9192:
9024:Zombie apocalypse
8925:Postmillennialism
8720:Great Tribulation
8493:Stellar collision
8454:Near-Earth object
8404:Geomagnetic storm
8372:
8371:
8295:Biodiversity loss
8279:Genetic pollution
8233:
8232:
8022:Biodiversity loss
7985:Societal collapse
7963:Nuclear holocaust
7948:Economic collapse
7931:Doomsday argument
7849:Antimatter weapon
7702:
7701:
7573:7 Billion Actions
7447:Population ethics
7340:Carrying capacity
7249:Population growth
7186:
7185:
7164:
7163:
6963:
6962:
6642:genetic resources
6578:genetic resources
6213:
6212:
6121:Natural resources
6087:
6086:
6039:Extinction symbol
5958:
5957:
5822:TriassicāJurassic
5792:Extinction events
5668:Extinction vortex
5628:Genetic pollution
5550:
5549:
5433:Balance of nature
5190:Landscape ecology
5075:Community ecology
5017:Species diversity
4953:Indicator species
4948:Gradient analysis
4825:Logistic function
4733:
4732:
4690:Animal coloration
4667:Trophic mutualism
4405:Microbial ecology
4196:Photoheterotrophs
4181:Myco-heterotrophy
4093:Ecosystem ecology
4078:Carrying capacity
4043:Abiotic component
3986:
3985:
3808:Water degradation
3683:Ecological crisis
3629:biodiversity loss
3428:Industrialisation
3413:Genetic pollution
3259:Impact assessment
3151:978-92-5-105449-9
3122:978-0-321-04289-7
3009:. September 2021.
2975:978-0-87893-719-6
2768:978-0-521-63014-6
2331:Pacific Institute
1943:978-0-691-09163-1
1901:Oxford University
1820:978-1-57062-049-2
1795:978-0-87893-794-3
1770:978-0-12-226864-9
1640:(4077): 969ā974.
1505:978-0-909010-21-8
1185:Carrying capacity
1130:dramatic increase
1044:Insect collectors
932:and its feathers.
926:Carolina parakeet
874:trade in wildlife
780:Carolina parakeet
561:Hubbert-like peak
366:human populations
344:carrying capacity
251:sustainable yield
133:forest management
51:natural resources
9228:
9158:
9157:
9149:World portal
9147:
9146:
9108:Financial crisis
8937:Nibiru cataclysm
8915:Premillennialism
8759:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
8727:Son of perdition
8715:Olivet Discourse
8691:Whore of Babylon
8317:Biological agent
8264:Human extinction
8254:Extinction event
8242:
8241:
8213:Overexploitation
8143:Land consumption
8138:Land degradation
8005:
8004:
7867:Micro black hole
7775:Chemical warfare
7729:
7722:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7692:
7691:
7680:
7679:
7649:Green Revolution
7430:Two-child policy
7425:One-child policy
7348:
7308:Population model
7264:World population
7213:
7206:
7199:
7190:
7189:
7176:
7175:
7127:
7074:Natural heritage
7033:overexploitation
6972:
6971:
6706:
6705:
6652:herbal medicines
6632:FAO Plant Treaty
6172:
6149:
6134:
6133:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6077:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6044:Human extinction
5935:EoceneāOligocene
5817:PermianāTriassic
5797:
5796:
5767:Field of Bullets
5724:Overexploitation
5709:Muller's ratchet
5694:Invasive species
5655:
5643:Pseudoextinction
5638:Local extinction
5577:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5250:Ecological niche
5222:selection theory
5042:Umbrella species
5027:Species richness
4963:Invasive species
4943:Flagship species
4850:Population cycle
4845:Overexploitation
4810:Ecological yield
4760:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4642:Mesotrophic soil
4582:Climax community
4514:Marine food webs
4453:Biomagnification
4254:Chemoorganotroph
4108:Keystone species
4068:Biotic component
4013:
4006:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3783:Phosphorus cycle
3763:Land consumption
3758:Land degradation
3733:Freshwater cycle
3532:Overexploitation
3505:marine pollution
3312:cocoa production
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3160:Patrick Vallance
3127:
3126:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3030:. Archived from
3017:
3011:
3010:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2571:. Archived from
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2482:(10): e1001682.
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2437:Tropical Ecology
2434:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2333:. Archived from
2328:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2225:
2219:
2218:
2213:. Archived from
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2094:
2088:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1476:. Archived from
1441:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1348:(2nd ed.).
1341:
1335:
1334:
1288:
1235:Over-consumption
1112:which destroyed
1053:Shell collectors
1022:Asian black bear
1002:Chinese medicine
882:Chinese medicine
788:species richness
753:human population
706:natural products
534:Ogallala Aquifer
477:trophic cascades
143:management, and
125:stock management
67:medicinal plants
59:grazing pastures
35:Overexploitation
9236:
9235:
9231:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9168:Future problems
9141:
9132:
9066:
9035:
9002:Climate fiction
8968:
8843:2012 phenomenon
8826:
8732:Sheep and Goats
8619:2 Thessalonians
8497:
8414:Gamma-ray burst
8368:
8283:
8274:Genetic erosion
8229:
8199:
8190:Water pollution
8158:Ozone depletion
8054:Desertification
7994:
7909:
7844:Doomsday device
7824:Nuclear warfare
7763:
7738:
7733:
7703:
7698:
7668:
7632:
7566:
7564:
7557:
7509:
7488:
7437:Overconsumption
7420:Family planning
7377:
7371:
7344:
7328:
7325:
7317:
7279:
7276:
7268:
7222:
7217:
7187:
7182:
7160:
7125:
7105:
7091:Systems ecology
7057:Natural capital
6959:
6844:
6833:reclaimed water
6695:
6657:UPOV Convention
6505:
6300:
6209:
6183:
6179:Ozone depletion
6170:
6147:
6123:
6118:
6088:
6083:
6055:
6012:
5981:
5964:Extinct species
5954:
5910:Carnian Pluvial
5855:Great Oxidation
5843:
5786:
5752:Extinction debt
5744:
5738:
5689:Genetic erosion
5672:
5656:
5647:
5586:
5581:
5551:
5546:
5537:
5523:Systems ecology
5411:
5382:Extinction debt
5347:Ecological debt
5337:Bioluminescence
5318:
5311:
5280:marine habitats
5255:Ecological trap
5236:
5116:
5109:
5052:
5046:
5002:Rapoport's rule
4997:Priority effect
4938:Endemic species
4906:
4865:Population size
4781:
4774:
4764:
4734:
4729:
4682:
4676:
4662:Trophic cascade
4572:Bioaccumulation
4555:
4482:
4439:
4361:
4328:
4225:
4137:
4098:Ecosystem model
4031:
4017:
3987:
3982:
3937:
3896:Organic farming
3822:
3813:Water pollution
3793:Ozone depletion
3773:Loss and damage
3673:Desertification
3610:
3522:Overconsumption
3443:cleaning agents
3344:Energy industry
3307:meat production
3273:
3203:
3198:
3166:. July 8, 2022.
3135:
3133:Further reading
3130:
3123:
3109:
3105:
3082:
3078:
3043:
3039:
3018:
3014:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2918:
2914:
2899:
2895:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2832:"IUCN Red List"
2830:
2829:
2825:
2818:"IUCN Red List"
2816:
2815:
2811:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2662:
2658:
2617:
2613:
2602:Current Science
2597:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2367:Forest Products
2365:Wayback Machine
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2226:
2222:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2152:
2148:
2095:
2091:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1753:
1749:
1726:10.2307/2937183
1708:
1704:
1673:
1669:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1579:
1578:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1401:10.2307/1313420
1378:
1367:
1360:
1352:. p. 127.
1342:
1338:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1230:Inverse commons
1180:
1164:locally extinct
1122:cascade effects
1110:cascade effects
1104:Overexploiting
1098:
1096:Cascade effects
1075:Horticulturists
1071:
1065:
1040:
1034:
989:
973:
967:
945:
939:
930:crop protection
909:
899:
880:, the trade in
866:
858:bushmeat crisis
732:
722:
627:
579:
573:
518:
508:
506:Water resources
418:
408:
403:
293:
283:
267:
255:eco-development
161:
113:discussed below
17:
12:
11:
5:
9234:
9224:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9163:Apocalypticism
9152:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9074:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9021:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9007:Disaster films
9004:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8982:
8980:Alien invasion
8976:
8974:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8928:
8927:
8922:
8920:Amillennialism
8917:
8907:
8905:Millenarianism
8902:
8901:
8900:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8858:Apocalypticism
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8834:
8832:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8812:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8754:Dhu al-Qarnayn
8751:
8746:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8723:
8722:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8700:Great Apostasy
8697:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8638:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8589:
8579:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8557:
8547:
8545:Last Judgement
8542:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8507:
8505:
8503:Eschatological
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8446:
8441:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8380:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8250:
8248:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8218:Overpopulation
8215:
8209:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8195:Water scarcity
8192:
8187:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8170:
8168:Sea level rise
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8131:on marine life
8128:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8086:Global warming
8083:
8078:
8076:Global dimming
8073:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8034:Cascade effect
8031:
8030:
8029:
8019:
8013:
8011:
8009:Climate change
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7928:
7923:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7839:Doomsday Clock
7836:
7831:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7790:Cyberterrorism
7787:
7777:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7749:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7709:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7686:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7664:Sustainability
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7637:Related topics
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7528:
7526:Largest cities
7523:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7346:I = P Ć Aā Ć T
7342:
7337:
7331:
7329:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7288:
7282:
7280:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7193:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7126:(perpetuation)
7121:
7115:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7079:Nature reserve
7076:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6975:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6712:
6710:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6556:climate change
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6524:Bioprospecting
6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:Clean Air Act
6161:
6156:
6151:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Middle Miocene
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:End-Capitanian
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5557:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5503:Microecosystem
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5402:Thorson's rule
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5327:Assembly rules
5323:
5321:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5212:
5210:Patch dynamics
5207:
5205:Metapopulation
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5100:Storage effect
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4982:Neutral theory
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Native species
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4840:Overpopulation
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4776:
4775:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Nutrient cycle
4644:
4639:
4637:Feeding frenzy
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Energy quality
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Cascade effect
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Microbial loop
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:Lithoautotroph
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4367:Microorganisms
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4324:Prey switching
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:Photosynthesis
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:Chemosynthesis
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Abiotic stress
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3954:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Sustainability
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3818:Water scarcity
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Nitrogen cycle
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Forest dieback
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3646:Climate change
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:nanotechnology
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:on marine life
3239:
3238:
3237:
3235:list of issues
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3153:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3103:
3092:(2): 309ā322.
3076:
3057:(3): 251ā264.
3037:
3012:
2990:
2981:
2974:
2956:
2947:
2928:(7): 927ā955.
2912:
2893:
2874:(2): 151ā166.
2854:
2845:
2823:
2809:
2774:
2767:
2745:
2732:
2707:
2678:(7504): 1350.
2656:
2629:(6): 491ā493.
2611:
2585:
2559:
2538:(1): 433ā452.
2513:
2460:
2420:
2383:
2369:
2350:
2314:
2303:
2277:
2252:
2220:
2217:on 2001-04-11.
2198:
2186:
2175:
2164:(2): 102ā106.
2146:
2111:(5856): 1601.
2089:
2067:
2061:
2033:
2015:
1964:
1949:
1942:
1912:
1885:
1826:
1819:
1801:
1794:
1776:
1769:
1761:Academic Press
1747:
1720:(2): 371ā412.
1702:
1667:
1620:
1593:
1558:(3): 192ā216.
1538:
1531:
1511:
1504:
1486:
1483:on 2013-05-27.
1424:
1415:
1394:(8): 607ā615.
1365:
1358:
1336:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1260:Sustainability
1257:
1255:Social dilemma
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:saiga antelope
999:
988:
985:
984:
983:
966:
963:
962:
961:
938:
935:
934:
933:
923:
898:
895:
865:
862:
792:island ecology
721:
718:
710:bioprospecting
691:climate change
643:bioprospectors
626:
623:
619:Southeast Asia
572:
569:
516:Water scarcity
507:
504:
492:fishing effort
440:occurs when a
434:wild fisheries
407:
404:
402:
399:
358:national parks
319:Garrett Hardin
301:Selsley Common
282:
279:
275:footstool palm
266:
263:
243:sustainability
185:Hawaiian kings
160:
157:
55:water aquifers
39:overharvesting
37:, also called
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9233:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9178:Risk analysis
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9123:Social crisis
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9069:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:Organizations
9038:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8964:World to come
8962:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8910:Millennialism
8908:
8906:
8903:
8899:
8898:Messianic Age
8896:
8895:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8883:Gog and Magog
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8873:Earth Changes
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8710:New Jerusalem
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8686:War in Heaven
8684:
8682:
8681:Two witnesses
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8550:Second Coming
8548:
8546:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8049:Deforestation
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7997:
7991:
7990:World War III
7988:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7912:
7906:
7905:Transhumanism
7903:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:Technological
7766:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7725:
7723:
7718:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7695:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7644:Bennett's law
7642:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7565:organizations
7560:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:Kaya identity
7350:
7347:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7320:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7271:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7179:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7157:
7156:Non-renewable
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7096:Urban ecology
7094:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6928:Privatization
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6823:Surface water
6821:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6324:peak farmland
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6080:
6072:
6070:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:Organizations
5984:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Carboniferous
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:End-Ediacaran
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:Late Devonian
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5782:Living fossil
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:Lazarus taxon
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:De-extinction
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:Urban ecology
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Kleiber's law
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Foster's rule
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4478:Trophic level
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4435:Phage ecology
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4425:Microbial mat
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Bacteriophage
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Decomposition
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Mesopredators
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Apex predator
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Biotic stress
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:Reforestation
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Cultured meat
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Birth control
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Deforestation
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:Manufacturing
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:nuclear power
3384:
3382:
3381:fracking (US)
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2722:on 2017-10-25
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2575:on 2013-05-03
2574:
2570:
2569:"GMO Compass"
2563:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2340:on 2009-03-20
2336:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2293:on 2006-09-03
2292:
2288:
2281:
2267:on 2006-09-13
2266:
2262:
2256:
2242:on 2008-12-06
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:Hilborn, R.W.
2093:
2087:
2086:0-13-840422-4
2083:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:Human Ecology
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1532:0-684-80083-7
1528:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Deforestation
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1172:killer whales
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:apex predator
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1032:Invertebrates
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
990:
982:
981:tropical fish
978:
975:
974:
972:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
944:
931:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
913:
912:
908:
904:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
741:
736:
731:
727:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
652:
651:blast fishing
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
598:reforestation
595:
591:
583:
578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
557:Hubbert curve
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
513:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
478:
474:
473:apex predator
470:
465:
461:
459:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
422:
417:
413:
398:
394:
392:
388:
387:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
316:
315:
306:
302:
297:
292:
288:
278:
276:
272:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
209:
205:
202:
198:
193:
190:
186:
181:
174:
173:Haast's eagle
170:
165:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
25:
21:
9140:
9083:Cyberwarfare
8801:Third Temple
8656:Lake of fire
8466:Rogue planet
8434:Impact event
8424:Proton decay
8377:Astronomical
8327:Bioterrorism
8212:
8173:Supervolcano
8071:Flood basalt
8017:Anoxic event
7926:Collapsology
7914:Sociological
7785:Cyberwarfare
7681:
7493:Publications
7452:Antinatalism
7390:
7367:World3 model
7227:Major topics
7154: /
7032:
7028:Exploitation
6913:Conservation
6856:Desalination
6791:
6684:conservation
6519:Biodiversity
6467:conservation
6314:Agricultural
6242:Fossil fuels
6048:
6024:Anthropocene
5865:End-Botomian
5745:and concepts
5723:
5603:Coextinction
5513:Regime shift
5498:Macroecology
5219:
5215:
5155:Edge effects
5125:Biogeography
5070:Commensalism
4918:Biodiversity
4844:
4795:Allee effect
4534:kelp forests
4487:Example webs
4352:Detritivores
4191:Organotrophs
4171:Kinetotrophs
4123:Productivity
3599:urban sprawl
3594:Urbanization
3542:Particulates
3531:
3527:Overdrafting
3242:Human impact
3215:Anthropocene
3164:The Guardian
3163:
3112:
3106:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3032:the original
3025:
3015:
2993:
2984:
2965:
2959:
2954:Hemley 1994.
2950:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2909:: 1547ā1551.
2906:
2902:
2896:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2826:
2812:
2790:(1): 47ā64.
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1385:
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1138:
1119:
1108:resulted in
1078:
993:Novelty pets
910:
867:
835:
820:
809:
803:
785:
757:exploitation
749:
745:
703:
663:biodiversity
660:
625:Biodiversity
588:
550:
530:fossil water
519:
512:Overdrafting
485:
481:
469:Atlantic cod
466:
462:
450:
431:
395:
384:
374:
355:
350:
312:
310:
268:
259:deep ecology
240:
225:
206:
194:
182:
178:
137:overdrafting
106:
86:biodiversity
79:
38:
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33:
24:Atlantic cod
9159:Categories
9128:Survivalism
8815:Zoroastrian
8671:Seven seals
8666:Seven bowls
8592:Historicism
8488:Solar flare
8364:Overfishing
8339:Defaunation
8126:coral reefs
7888:AI takeover
7807:Nanoweapons
7795:Cybergeddon
7780:Cyberattack
7376:Society and
7335:Biocapacity
7147:Nationalism
7119:Common-pool
6760:Hydrosphere
6753:remediation
6738:Groundwater
6333:Degradation
5870:Dresbachian
5150:Disturbance
5053:interaction
4875:Recruitment
4805:Depensation
4597:Copiotrophs
4468:Energy flow
4390:Lithotrophy
4334:Decomposers
4314:Planktivore
4289:Insectivore
4279:Heterotroph
4244:Bacterivore
4211:Phototrophs
4161:Chemotrophs
4133:Restoration
4083:Competition
3713:Externality
3708:Coral reefs
3668:Defaunation
3537:Overgrazing
3510:overfishing
3490:Marine life
3364:electricity
3287:Agriculture
1980:(1): 1ā19.
1932:. pp.
1683:(1): 1ā11.
1552:Geographies
1200:Defaunation
1145:kelp forest
1116:ecosystems.
1114:kelp forest
1048:butterflies
958:giant otter
870:vertebrates
864:Vertebrates
850:chimpanzees
805:Achatinella
740:Overgrazing
657:in general.
655:overfishing
639:coral reefs
637:inhabiting
635:marine life
611:West Africa
577:Overlogging
538:overdrafted
438:overfishing
412:Overfishing
368:, with the
362:fish stocks
336:common land
330:in Europe.
328:land tenure
228:New Zealand
129:overlogging
121:overgrazing
117:overfishing
109:extinctions
71:fish stocks
9200:Categories
9088:Depression
9078:Ransomware
8893:Messianism
8863:Armageddon
8848:Apocalypse
8636:Antichrist
8624:Man of sin
8521:Three Ages
8384:Big Crunch
8246:Extinction
8238:Biological
8000:Ecological
7872:Strangelet
7563:Events and
7378:population
7324:Population
7275:Population
7220:Population
7142:Extraction
7101:Wilderness
7062:accounting
7045:Management
7011:ecological
6999:tragedy of
6918:Peak water
6903:Efficiency
6876:Sanitation
6818:Stormwater
6811:harvesting
6787:Irrigation
6689:management
6647:gene banks
6588:management
6566:management
6482:resilience
6448:phosphorus
6404:industrial
6382:Management
6358:soundscape
6264:Geothermal
5950:Quaternary
5584:Extinction
5518:Sexecology
5095:Parasitism
5060:Antibiosis
4895:Resistance
4890:Resilience
4780:Population
4700:Camouflage
4652:Oligotroph
4567:Ascendency
4529:intertidal
4519:cold seeps
4473:Food chain
4274:Herbivores
4249:Carnivores
4176:Mixotrophs
4151:Autotrophs
4030:components
3978:mitigation
3973:assessment
3968:by country
3866:Decoupling
3828:Mitigation
3557:Reservoirs
3478:pesticides
3423:Explosives
3401:reservoirs
3302:irrigation
3086:Ecol. Appl
2838:9 December
2726:2009-06-21
2579:2010-02-04
2454:2014-05-21
2401:: 83ā109.
2344:2009-01-31
2297:2009-01-26
2271:2010-12-30
2246:2010-02-07
2055:2021-06-13
1906:2016-03-13
1614:2006-09-07
1387:BioScience
1359:0716706954
1272:References
1220:Extinction
1152:sea urchin
1141:sea otters
1106:sea otters
950:chinchilla
884:, and the
800:extinction
761:extinction
671:introduced
615:Madagascar
565:peak water
442:fish stock
199:bird from
73:and other
8973:Fictional
8820:Saoshyant
8705:New Earth
8676:The Beast
8609:Preterism
8582:Christian
8538:Kali Yuga
8483:Micronova
8478:Hypernova
8344:Dysgenics
8185:Verneshot
8091:Hypercane
7834:Dead Hand
7659:Migration
7536:6 billion
7152:Renewable
7137:Depletion
7124:Conflict
7006:Economics
6984:enclosure
6943:Resources
6923:Pollution
6840:Watershed
6743:pollution
6674:Seed bank
6669:Rangeland
6551:Fisheries
6536:Biosphere
6529:biopiracy
6472:fertility
6348:cityscape
6343:Landscape
6250:peak coal
6237:Resources
6188:Emissions
5729:Overshoot
5591:Phenomena
5423:Allometry
5377:Emergence
5105:Symbiosis
5090:Mutualism
4885:Stability
4790:Abundance
4602:Dominance
4560:Processes
4549:tide pool
4445:Food webs
4319:Predation
4304:Omnivores
4231:Consumers
4186:Mycotroph
4143:Producers
4088:Ecosystem
4053:Behaviour
3901:Recycling
3567:Transport
3552:Quarrying
3547:Pollution
3406:transport
3396:petroleum
3391:oil shale
3354:biodiesel
2608:(3): 292.
2449:0564-3295
1654:0036-8075
1574:2673-7086
1132:in their
1055:: Marine
1018:seahorses
916:Great Auk
886:fur trade
854:ungulates
769:ecosystem
767:, on the
677:species,
667:pollution
641:attracts
406:Fisheries
386:Leviathan
377:Aristotle
271:depleting
217:megafauna
201:Mauritius
98:hydrology
94:fisheries
9113:Pandemic
9098:Epidemic
9093:Droughts
8947:Prewrath
8878:End time
8744:Al-Qa'im
8629:Katechon
8614:2 Esdras
8604:Idealism
8587:Futurism
8516:Maitreya
8511:Buddhist
8354:Pandemic
7802:Gray goo
7694:Category
7462:Natalism
7385:Eugenics
7178:Category
7111:Resource
7050:adaptive
6948:improved
6908:Conflict
6893:Security
6888:Scarcity
6881:improved
6871:Leaching
6748:recharge
6728:Drinking
6679:Wildlife
6546:Bushmeat
6541:Bushfood
6494:planning
6399:gemstone
6394:Minerals
6375:property
6363:viewshed
6353:seascape
6284:sunlight
6258:peak oil
6254:peak gas
6069:Category
6017:See also
5915:Toarcian
5880:Ireviken
5837:Timeline
5832:Holocene
5743:Theories
5478:Endolith
5407:Xerosere
5319:networks
5135:Ecocline
4681:Defense,
4357:Detritus
4259:Foraging
4128:Resource
3963:Category
3587:shipping
3572:aviation
3458:plastics
3448:concrete
3433:Land use
3349:biofuels
3317:palm oil
3005:and the
2942:27363244
2820:. 2003b.
2702:15947392
2651:12436849
2508:24143135
2361:Archived
2141:41738906
2133:18063793
2010:13357517
2002:12316894
1742:53389188
1662:17842155
1608:BBC News
1474:10731144
1331:45088691
1323:15947186
1178:See also
1057:molluscs
997:big cats
920:feathers
878:bushmeat
846:gorillas
831:avifauna
823:hedgehog
675:invasive
571:Forestry
546:nitrates
542:aquifers
526:aquifers
383:and his
299:Cows on
265:Overview
75:wildlife
53:such as
9206:Ecology
9173:Hazards
9071:General
8942:Rapture
8791:Messiah
8779:Sufyani
8769:Israfil
8739:Islamic
8577:Messiah
8555:1 Enoch
8389:Big Rip
8101:Ecocide
8096:Ice age
7683:Commons
7326:ecology
7277:biology
6979:Commons
6968:Related
6933:Quality
6849:Aspects
6775:glacial
6716:Aquifer
6622:Pasture
6573:Forests
6499:reserve
6274:Nuclear
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6200:Trading
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6079:Commons
5900:Olson's
5468:Ecopath
5275:Habitat
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5140:Ecotone
5117:ecology
5115:Spatial
5051:Species
4911:Species
4782:ecology
4767:Ecology
4715:Mimicry
4683:counter
4627:f-ratio
4375:Archaea
4063:Biomass
4036:General
4028:Trophic
4020:Ecology
3952:Commons
3728:Erosion
3678:Ecocide
3616:Effects
3562:Tourism
3495:fishing
3453:fashion
3376:fashion
3329:Bitcoin
3208:General
3141:(2005)
3113:Ecology
3059:Bibcode
2903:Audubon
2876:Bibcode
2834:. 2003c
2792:Bibcode
2643:4315292
2540:Bibcode
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2415:2097230
2113:Bibcode
2104:Science
1982:Bibcode
1875:5699198
1853:Bibcode
1844:Science
1734:2937183
1713:Ecology
1685:Bibcode
1634:Science
1454:Bibcode
1445:Science
1410:1313420
1303:Bibcode
1294:Science
1085:orchids
987:Various
937:Mammals
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796:endemic
765:effects
647:cyanide
590:Forests
453:biomass
401:Sectors
332:Herders
314:Science
208:Hunting
159:History
141:aquifer
82:ecology
65:, wild
63:forests
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9029:Zombie
8831:Others
8786:Jewish
8764:Dajjal
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838:Congo
603:paper
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370:Earth
340:graze
236:MÄori
153:fauna
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6171:(US)
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3117:ISBN
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2082:ISBN
2050:NOAA
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1938:ISBN
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1658:PMID
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1588:link
1570:ISSN
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1160:kelp
1134:prey
1024:and
965:Fish
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840:and
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6246:gas
6232:Law
6227:Bio
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3606:War
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3094:doi
3067:doi
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