Overfishing - Knowledge

246: 1204: 3990: 4315: 575: 671: 1414:. Estimates of the size of the illegal catch range from 11 to 26 million tonnes, which represents 14-33% of the world's reported catch. Illegal fishing can take many forms. In some developing countries, large numbers of poor people are dependent on fishing. It can prove difficult to regulate this kind of overfishing, especially for weak governments. Even in regulated environments, illegal fishing may occur. While industrial fishing is often effectively controlled, smaller scale and recreational fishermen can often break regulations such as 330: 7481: 212: 1498: 1479:. Scientists would survey the entire field, make lots of unsuccessful hauls, and conclude that it contains few fish. The fishermen would make a beeline to the goals, catch the fish around them, and say the scientists do not know what they are talking about. The subjective impression the fishermen get is always that there's lots of fish - because they only go to places that still have them... fisheries scientists survey and compare entire areas, not only the productive fishing spots. – 426: 37: 7493: 5992: 20: 4569: 829: 6004: 525:. The deep sea is almost completely dark, near freezing, and has little food. Deep sea fish grow slowly because of limited food, have slow metabolisms, low reproductive rates, and many do not reach breeding maturity for 30 to 40 years. A fillet of orange roughy at the store is probably at least 50 years old. Most deep sea fish are in international waters, where there are no legal protections. Most of these fish are caught by 1313:. Consumers concerned about overfishing and its consequences are increasingly able to choose seafood products that have been independently assessed against the MSC's environmental standard. This enables consumers to play a part in reversing the decline of fish stocks. As of February 2012, over 100 fisheries around the world have been independently assessed and certified as meeting the MSC standard. Their 4025: 631:: The global abundance of oceanic sharks and rays has declined by 71% since 1970, owing to an 18-fold increase in relative fishing pressure. As a consequence, three-quarters of the species comprising this group are now threatened with extinction. A stark example, caught almost entirely on video, was an incident in Hurghada, Egypt on 8 June 2023, in which Russian 366:) is depleted to a level where it no longer has the reproductive capacity to replenish itself—there are not enough adults to produce offspring. Increasing the spawning stock biomass to a target level is the approach taken by managers to restore an overfished population to sustainable levels. This is generally accomplished by placing moratoriums, 1247:. The various species of Pacific salmon and Atlantic salmon are relatively easy to raise in captivity and such aquacultural operations have existed for more than 150 years. Largescale releases of salmon raised in captivity to supplement wild salmon runs will usually increase fishing pressure on the much less abundant wild salmon runs. 794:(reduced rate of biomass growth), as indicated by the red area in the figure. (Fish are being taken out of the water so quickly that the replenishment of stock by breeding slows down. If the replenishment continues to diminish for long enough, replenishment will go into reverse and the population will decrease.) 1250:

Aquaculture played a minor role in the harvesting of marine organisms until the 1970s. Growth in aquaculture increased rapidly in the 1990s when the rate of wild capture plateaued. Aquaculture now provides approximately half of all harvested aquatic organisms. Aquaculture production rates continue to

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A model proposed in 2010 for predicting acceptable levels of fishing is the Harvest Control Rule (HCR), which is a set of tools and protocols with which management has some direct control of harvest rates and strategies in relation to predicting stock status, and long-term maximum sustainable yields.

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The fraction of fish stocks that are within biologically sustainable levels has exhibited a decreasing trend, from 90% in 1974 to 66.9% in 2015. In contrast, the percentage of stocks fished at biologically unsustainable levels increased from 10% in 1974 to 33.1% in 2015, with the largest increases in

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them. And to see this destruction happen, for nothing really – for no reason – that is a bit frustrating. Strangely enough, these effects are all reversible, all the animals that have disappeared would reappear, all the animals that were small would grow, all the relationships that you can't see any

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and seasonal closures. Fisherman can also easily fish illegally by doing things such as underreporting the amount of fish they caught or reporting that they caught one type of fish while actually catching another. There is also a large problem with the surveillance of illegal fishing activity. In

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of fishing areas are ineffective when not combined with individual fishing quotas. An inherent problem with quotas is that fish populations vary from year to year. A study has found that fish populations rise dramatically after stormy years due to more nutrients reaching the surface and therefore

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The fishing down the food web is something that occurs when overfishing arises. Once all larger fish are caught, the fisherman will start to fish the smaller individuals, which would lead to more fish needing to be caught to keep up with demand. This decreases fish populations, as well as genetic

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In 2015, maximally sustainably fished stocks (formerly termed fully fished stocks) accounted for 59.9% and underfished stocks for 7% of the total assessed stocks. While the proportion of underfished stocks decreased continuously from 1974 to 2015, the maximally sustainably fished stocks decreased

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fleets around the world. They found that US$ 152 million per year are paid to deep-sea fisheries. Without these subsidies, global deep-sea fisheries would operate at a loss of US$ 50 million a year. A great deal of the subsidies paid to deep-sea trawlers is to subsidize the large amount of fuel

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In order to meet the problems of overfishing, a precautionary approach and Harvest Control Rule (HCR) management principles have been introduced in the main fisheries around the world. The Traffic Light color convention introduces sets of rules based on predefined critical values, which can be

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populations threaten fish stocks, as they compete with fish for food, eat fish eggs, and poison or swarm fish, and can survive in oxygen depleted environments where fish cannot; they wreak massive havoc on commercial fisheries. Overfishing eliminates a major jellyfish competitor and predator,

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is an individual that makes it to maturity, or into the limits specified by a fishery, which are usually size or age. This makes the total yield less than it would be if the fish were allowed to grow to an appropriate size. It can be countered by reducing fishing mortality to lower levels and

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diversity of the species, making them more susceptible to disease, and less likely to adapt to their stressors and the environment. Additionally, catching smaller fish leads to breeding of smaller offspring, which can be problematic for fish. In many species, the smaller the female, the less

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of the fish, with fish being bred in captivity. Some fish prove difficult to breed in captivity and can be caught in the wild as juveniles and brought into captivity to increase their weight. With scientific progress, more species are being made to breed in captivity. This was the case with

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from allowing boats to dock that participated in illegal, unreported or unregulated fishing. It also gives details for port states on effective measures of inspecting and reporting illegal fishing. Some illegal fishing takes place on an industrial scale with financed commercial operations.

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Controlling consumer behavior and demand is critical in mitigating action. Worldwide, a number of initiatives emerged to provide consumers with information regarding the conservation status of the seafood available to them. The "Guide to Good Fish Guides" lists a number of these.

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in the 1980s. Until the middle of the 20th century, the walleye was a commercially valuable fish, with about a half million tonnes being landed in the period from about 1880 to the late 1950s, when the populations collapsed, apparently through a combination of overfishing,

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Fishing techniques may be altered to minimize bycatch and reduce impacts on marine habitats. These techniques include using varied gear types depending on target species and habitat type. For example, a net with larger holes will allow undersized fish to avoid capture. A

1164:"There is surely a better way for governments to spend money than by paying subsidies to a fleet that burns 1.1 billion litres of fuel annually to maintain paltry catches of old growth fish from highly vulnerable stocks, while destroying their habitat in the process" – 277:

58.8%. In contrast, the Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Pacific (Area 67), Northwest Pacific (Area 61), Western Central Pacific and Southwest Pacific had the lowest proportion (13 to 17%) of fish stocks at biologically unsustainable levels.

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fishery, where the commons has been at least partly privatized, substantial ecological and economic benefits have resulted. There is less damage to fish stocks, the fishing is safer, and fewer resources are needed to achieve a given harvest."

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A study in 2003 found that, as compared with 1950 levels, only a remnant (in some instances, as little as 10%) of all large ocean-fish stocks are left in the seas. These large ocean fish are the species at the top of the food chains (e.g.,

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There is always disagreement between fishermen and government scientists... Imagine an overfished area of the sea in the shape of a hockey field with nets at either end. The few fish left therein would gather around the goals because fish

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An output-oriented fishing capacity is defined as the maximum catch a vessel (fleet) can produce if inputs are fully utilized given the biomass, the fixed inputs, the age structure of the fish stock, and the present stage of

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The Marine Stewardship Council has developed an environmental standard for sustainable and well-managed fisheries. Environmentally responsible fisheries management and practices are rewarded with the use of its blue product

647:, among others). This article was subsequently criticized as being fundamentally flawed, although much debate still exists and the majority of fisheries scientists now consider the results irrelevant with respect to large 2390:

Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W. (January 2021).

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Aquaculture involves the farming of fish in captivity. This approach effectively privatizes fish stocks and creates incentives for farmers to conserve their stocks. It also reduces environmental impact. However, farming

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is reduced, resulting in the opposite outcome from the one desired for fisheries. Thus, a displacement of the fleet from one locality to another will generally have little effect if the same quota is taken. As a result,

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but also to the sustainability of fishing activity. Causes of the fishing problem can be found in the property rights regime of fishing resources. Overexploitation and rent dissipation of fishermen arise in open-access

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has a strong financial incentive to oppose some measures aimed at improving the sustainability of fish stocks. Recreational fisherman also have an interest in maintaining access to fish stocks. This leads to extensive

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Program, although not an official certifying body like the MSC, also provides guidance on the sustainability of certain fish species. Some seafood restaurants have begun to offer more sustainable seafood options. The

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from which it was acquired. In general, slow-growing fish that reproduce late in life, such as orange roughy, are vulnerable to overfishing. Seafood species that grow quickly and breed young, such as anchovies and

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are granted rights to a percentage of the total allowable catch that can be harvested each year. These quotas can be fished, bought, sold, or leased allowing for the least-cost vessels to be used. ITQs are used in

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exacerbating the jellyfish population explosion. Both climate change and a restructuring of the ecosystem have been found to be major roles in an increase in jellyfish population in the Irish Sea in the 1990s.

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As global citizens become more aware of overfishing and the ecological destruction of the oceans, movements have sprung up to encourage abstinence—not eating any seafood—or eating only "sustainable seafood".

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species that do not recover quickly, and that provide a habitat for commercial fisheries species. This destruction alters the functioning of the ecosystem and can permanently alter species' composition and

661:, over 50% of major fisheries species, such as the eastern gemfish, the southern rock lobster, southern bulkefin tuna, jack mackerel, or trumpeter, have declined over the past 75 years due to overfishing. 1083:

In 2008, a large-scale study of fisheries that used ITQs compared to ones that did not provide strong evidence that ITQs can help to prevent collapses and restore fisheries that appear to be in decline.

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estimated in a 2018 report that 33.1% of world fish stocks are subject to overfishing. Significant overfishing has been observed in pre-industrial times. In particular, the overfishing of the western

1407:'s exclusive economic zone. Fish are highly transitory. Many species will freely move through different jurisdictions. The conservation efforts of one country can then be exploited by another. 574: 3542: 191:

in 2020 stated that "in 2017, 34 percent of the fish stocks of the world's marine fisheries were classified as overfished". Mitigation options include: Government regulation, removal of

1200:(TED) allows sea turtles and other megafauna to escape from shrimp trawls. Avoiding fishing in spawning grounds may allow fish stocks to rebuild by giving adults a chance to reproduce. 2850: 602:

jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that there was a dramatic fall of 74% in worldwide stocks of the important scombridae fish such as

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Article 62 provides that coastal states: "shall promote the objective of optimum utilization of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone without prejudice to Article 61"

1888:"Genetic implications of bottleneck effects of differing severities on genetic diversity in naturally recovering populations: An example from Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian gallinule" 132:, where other equilibrium energy flows involve species compositions different from those that had been present before the depletion of the original fish stock. For example, once 4905: 725: 3292: 1451:, the impossibility of excluding others provokes the fishermen who want to increase catch to do so effectively by taking someone else' share, intensifying competition. This 1120:

Because government provided financial subsidies can make it economically viable to fish beyond biologically sustainable levels, several scientists have called for an end to

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and Thailand, have improved the availability of family planning services. The resulting smaller populations have a decreased environmental footprint and reduced food needs.

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has contributed to occasional astronomical prices. In January 2019, a 278 kilogram (612 pound) tuna sold for 333.6 million yen, or over US$ 3 million, US$ 4,900 per pound.

1171:"Eliminating global subsidies would render these fleets economically unviable and would relieve tremendous pressure on over-fishing and vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems" – 3380: 2015: 1044: 804:

additionally considers the cost of fishing when determining acceptable catches. Under this framework, a fishery is considered to be overfished when catches exceed

4299: 918:. The same article addresses the maintenance or restoration of populations of species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened. 2298: 6933: 6272: 6229: 2511:

Edgar GJ, Samson CR, Barrett NS (2005). "Species Extinction in the Marine Environment: Tasmania as a Regional Example of Overlooked Losses in Biodiversity".

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page lists the currently available certified seafood. As of February 2012, over 13,000 MSC-labelled products are available in 74 countries around the world.

1836: 7567: 6198: 5970: 948:, cites research by Grafton, Squires and Fox to support the idea that privatization can solve the overfishing problem: According to recent research on the 614:

between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years."

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Outside of countries' exclusive economic zones, fishing is difficult to control. Large oceangoing fishing boats are free to exploit fish stocks at will.

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is at its maximum. Fish are being removed from the fishery so quickly that the profitability of the fishery is sub-optimal. A more dynamic definition of

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Vestergaard, N.; Squires, D.; Kirkley, J.E. (2003). "Measuring Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fisheries. The Case of the Danish Gillnet Fleet".

1288:. Sustainable seafood is seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the 510:

and the expanding demand for fish has reached a point where demand for food threatens the stability of these fisheries, if not the species' survival.

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provokes a capitalization process that leads them to increase their costs until they are equal to their revenue, dissipating their rent completely.

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The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of

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The United Nations has included sustainable fishing and ending subsidies that contribute to overfishing as key targets for 2030 as part of their

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Article 65 provides generally for the rights of, inter alia, coastal states to prohibit, limit, or regulate the exploitation of marine mammals.

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A model of the interaction between fish and fishers showed that when an area is closed to fishers, but there are no catch regulations such as

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plunder the depths with state-of-the-art technology. In a few hours, massive nets weighing up to 15 tons, dragged along the bottom by

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in a fishery that is fully utilized at the maximum technical efficiency in a given time period, given resource and market conditions.

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Darker shades mean less overfishing, lighter shades mean more overfishing. EPI scores range from 1–7; 7=highest level of overfishing.

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after the 1950s, intensive fishing has spread from a few concentrated areas to encompass nearly all fisheries. The scraping of the

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Froese, Rainer; Branch, Trevor A; Proelß, Alexander; Quaas, Martin; Sainsbury, Keith; Zimmermann, Christopher (1 September 2011).

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and the variety of ecological conditions are suitable for the recovery. Dramatic changes in species composition can result in an

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There are three recognized types of biological overfishing: growth overfishing, recruit overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing.

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In waters that are the subject of territorial disputes, countries may actively encourage overfishing. A notable example is the

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Act defines sustainable practices through national standards. Although there is no official certifying body like the MSC, the

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According to a 2008 UN report, the world's fishing fleets are losing US$ 50 billion each year due to depleted stocks and poor

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have been allowed to run down to the point where it is no longer possible to catch the amount of fish that could be caught.

235: 3504: 2019: 7542: 6400: 4546: 4073: 305:, "Overfishing cannot continue, the depletion of fisheries poses a major threat to the food supply of millions of people." 890:

results from the comparison of the actual level of output (input) and the capacity output (input) of a vessel or a fleet.

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Tuna has been caught by the locals in the upper Adriatic for centuries. Increasing fishing prevented the large schools of

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Growth overfishing occurs when fish are harvested at an average size that is smaller than the size that would produce the

6955: 6395: 6294: 4721: 4598: 4051: 3747: 1569: 502:, and other locations have become overfished to the point of virtual collapse, according to the UK government's official 963:, restricting fishers to a specific quantity of fish. A more radical possibility is declaring certain areas of the sea " 7355: 6049: 5942: 5820: 5740: 5580: 5555: 3998: 3859: 245: 3059: 1337:

is an organization whose members include chefs that serve sustainable seafood at their establishments. In the US, the

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greater primary production. To fish sustainably, quotas need to be changed each year to account for fish population.

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such as forestry and hunting, fisheries are susceptible to economic interaction between ownership or stewardship and

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Kirkley, J.E; Squires, D (1999), "Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fishing Industries, Discussion paper 99-16",

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in Africa has been linked to declines of fish species that eat the snails carrying the disease-causing parasites.

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It is almost as though we use our military to fight the animals in the ocean. We are gradually winning this war to

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Technical efficiency of each vessel of the fleet is assumed necessary to attain this maximum catch. The degree of

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equilibria and take over in a way that makes it impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population.

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is altered by overfishing. With declines in the abundance of large predatory species, the abundance of small

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Sumaila, U. R.; Alder, J.; Keith, H. (1 November 2006). "Global scope and economics of illegal fishing".

403: 2949: 113:, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, such as the 6928: 6780: 6755: 6165: 5575: 5196: 5075: 4845: 4734: 3274: 1298: 632: 595: 411: 121:. Types of overfishing include growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing. 7398: 7331: 7174: 6906: 6901: 6775: 6605: 6447: 6234: 5775: 5570: 5408: 5060: 4999: 4994: 4971: 4880: 4711: 4686: 3366: 2907: 2654:(1 February 2011). "Have jellyfish in the Irish Sea benefited from climate change and overfishing?". 1549: 1353: 346: 40: 3251: 1321:

is an MSC project to teach schoolchildren about marine environmental issues, including overfishing.

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The notion of overfishing hinges on what is meant by an "acceptable level" of fishing. More precise

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Article 61 requires all coastal states to ensure that the maintenance of living resources in their

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increasing the average size of harvested fish to a size that will allow maximum yield per recruit.

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Andrea Di Matteo "Santa Croce, 1954: ultima grande pescata di tonni", Il Piccolo, 23. August 2014.

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While governments can create regulations to control people's behaviors this can be undermined by

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stocks were severely overfished in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1992.

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was killed by a tiger shark in an attack which has been attributed to overfishing of the Red Sea.

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Gordon, H. S. (1953). "An Economic Approach to the optimum utilization of Fishery Resources".

2363: 506:. The United Kingdom has created elements in this plan to attempt to restore the fishery, but 269:

had the highest percentage (62.2%) of unsustainable stocks, closely followed by the Southeast

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Constant catch and constant fishing mortality are two types of simple harvest control rules.

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is overfishing. Other studies have shown that overfishing has reduced fish and marine mammal

472: 442:. The last major tuna catch was made in 1954 by the fishermen of Santa Croce, Contovello and 141: 3946: 2792:"Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis" 2496: 2479: 1476: 967:" and make fishing there strictly illegal, so the fish have time to recover and repopulate. 7283: 7080: 6982: 6847: 6809: 6559: 6363: 6257: 5878: 5848: 5800: 5795: 5718: 5623: 5519: 5342: 5201: 5186: 5161: 5146: 5103: 4643: 4623: 4583: 4553: 4500: 3874: 3792: 3526: 3189:"A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster" 2922: 2865: 2805: 2746: 2663: 2520: 2404: 2213: 1951:

Beldade, R.; Holbrook, S. J.; Schmitt, R. J.; Planes, S.; Malone, D.; Bernardi, G. (2012).

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Many regulatory measures are available for controlling overfishing. These measures include

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In the United States approximately 27% of exploited fish stocks are considered overfished.

8: 7424: 7204: 7075: 6997: 6595: 6541: 6489: 6452: 6442: 6148: 5810: 5693: 5688: 5433: 5352: 5171: 5151: 5141: 4804: 4794: 4727: 4696: 4681: 4508: 4504: 4468: 4224: 4194: 3443: 2851:"On development, fisheries and dynamite: a brief review of tropical fisheries management" 2218: 1564: 1464: 1338: 1281: 1272: 285: 3878: 3796: 3381:"The Top 10 Everything of 2009: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries: 5. Breeding Tuna on Land" 2926: 2869: 2809: 2750: 2667: 2524: 2408: 1903: 1682: 670: 390:

increases causing a shift in the balance of the ecosystem towards smaller fish species.

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Gordon, H.S. (1954). "The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery".

2877: 2831: 2767: 2732: 2687: 2536: 2446: 2340: 1977: 1952: 1928: 1887: 1762: 1663: 1554: 1503: 1364:, a website designed to assist citizens of the globe in monitoring fishing activities. 581: 457: 200: 102: 3085: 2997: 2706: 1284:

is a movement that has gained momentum as more people become aware of overfishing and

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Biomass distributions for high trophic-level fishes in the North Atlantic, 1900–2000

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Illegal fishing targeted by crowdsourcing thanks to new Global Fishing Watch website

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The ability of a fishery to recover from overfishing depends on whether its overall

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known for pioneering work on the human impacts on global fisheries, has commented:

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Removal of a species of fish from water at a rate that the species cannot replenish

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capture, the mass of bycatch is five times larger than that of the shrimp caught.

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paid to deep-sea fisheries. In international waters beyond the 200 nautical mile

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Several countries are now effectively managing their fisheries. Examples include

1088: 837: 821: 709: 526: 499: 439: 338: 156: 129: 7480: 731:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

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Trading Fish, Saving Fish: The Interaction between Regimes in International Law

3491: 2628: 2416: 1423:(FAO), passed the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate 1297:, are much more resistant to overfishing. Several organizations, including the 1255: 1106:

has turned many of its fisheries around from being in a highly depleted state.

1009: 964: 933: 844: 783: 556: 534: 415: 407: 231: 224: 78: 30: 4495: 2818: 2791: 1808: 1393:

that can block or weaken government policies intended to prevent overfishing.

7536: 7459: 7343: 7300: 7246: 7234: 7219: 7209: 7132: 7046: 7022: 7017: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6797: 6385: 6326: 6289: 6241: 5953: 5678: 5663: 5658: 5643: 5464: 5418: 5176: 4966: 4961: 4865: 4628: 4526: 4496: 4383: 4368: 4353: 4229: 4002: 3193: 2683: 2434: 1953:"Larger female fish contribute disproportionately more to self-replenishment" 1919: 1785: 1537: 1497: 1329: 1137: 1129: 1103: 1077: 1005: 997: 991: 960: 937: 873: 828: 817: 809: 694: 564: 518: 514: 262: 58: 6041: 3890: 3804: 3353:"Global Trade Deal Needed Urgently to Ban Subsidies Threatening Fish Stocks" 928:

According to some observers, overfishing can be viewed as an example of the

425: 36: 7485: 7419: 7151: 7137: 6992: 6802: 6770: 6760: 6663: 6509: 6407: 6353: 6262: 6121: 5926: 5324: 5083: 4448: 4363: 4343: 4289: 4199: 4169: 3994: 3909: 3812: 3440:"Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - Frequently Asked Questions" 2827: 2776: 2758: 2636: 2442: 2252: 1986: 1968: 1937: 1804: 1527: 1482: 1447:

In open-access resources like fish stocks, in the absence of a system like

1156: 1148: 941: 674: 544: 435: 362:

Recruitment overfishing happens when the mature adult population (spawning

281: 211: 173: 3367:"Many government subsidies lead to overfishing. Here's a solution. - OECD" 2146: 1207:

World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by species group, from

81:

in that area. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as

7464: 7007: 7002: 6839: 6824: 6675: 6304: 6224: 6131: 6116: 5509: 5504: 5469: 5332: 4613: 4463: 4443: 4428: 4413: 4408: 4358: 4139: 4058: 3473: 2651: 2650:

Lynam, C. P.; Lilley, M. K. S.; Bastian, T.; Doyle, T. K.; Beggs, S. E.;

2612: 1436: 1244: 1221: 1099: 1061: 791: 744: 702: 548: 491: 484: 387: 220: 196: 152: 74: 7146: 3244:"South China Sea fishing ban "indisputable": foreign ministry spokesman" 2425: 1435:

The fishing capacity problem is not only related to the conservation of

7414: 7229: 7199: 7184: 6972: 6960: 6720: 6582: 6208: 5668: 5653: 5479: 5459: 4925: 4633: 4423: 4403: 2187: 1428: 1001: 872:

An input-oriented fishing capacity is defined as the maximum available

734: 686: 538: 334: 293: 62: 4568: 1911: 1649: 453: 19: 7156: 6945: 6874: 6819: 6814: 6680: 6521: 6427: 6170: 5937: 5883: 5337: 4895: 4860: 4473: 4453: 4044:"We've removed 90% of all large fish from the oceans. Just 10% to go" 3573:"Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing" 3012:"Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Part V" 1886:

Sonsthagen, Sarah A.; Wilson, Robert E.; Underwood, Jared G. (2017).

1748: 1641: 1415: 1289: 1160:

required to travel beyond the 200 mile limit and drag weighted nets.

1065: 906:

treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65.

716: 522: 495: 383: 310: 266: 23: 4004:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

3697: 3275:"BBC - Future - How the world's oceans could be running out of fish" 7449: 7434: 6965: 6950: 6852: 6690: 6138: 5730: 4745: 4279: 4269: 4219: 3724: 1738: 1683:"SOFIA 2018 - State of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the world 2018" 1400: 1390: 1357: 1314: 1310: 1294: 1240: 1236: 756: 751:

by 60% since the 1800s, and is currently driving over one-third of

658: 628: 603: 530: 297:

more would re-establish themselves, and the system would re-emerge.

274: 249:

Global trends in the state of the world's marine fish stocks, from

3412:"Stop eating fish. It's the only way to save the life in our seas" 3322:"The last wild hunt – Deep-sea fisheries scrape bottom of the sea" 2300:

Living Blue Planet Report: Species, habitats, and human well-being

2272:"Long-lived deep-sea fishes imperilled by technology, overfishing" 1349:

to help guide concerned consumers to sustainable seafood choices.

341:

are a significant food source for over a billion people worldwide.

219:

Overfishing has stripped many fisheries around the world of their

7429: 7278: 7115: 7105: 6913: 6725: 6437: 6432: 5703: 5018: 4941: 4910: 4840: 4740: 4274: 4089: 3637:"The Grekos: A Success Story in the Crackdown on Illegal Fishing" 1441: 1404: 1184: 1180: 1141: 1095: 1069: 1056: 1043:(ITQs) are fishery rationalization instruments defined under the 952: 840: 768: 648: 585: 443: 270: 177: 168: 164: 86: 70: 54: 3857: 3109: 7439: 7365: 5367: 2117:"EU must end overfishing to protect our oceans, say scientists" 2087: 1403:

where Britain used its navy to protect its trawlers fishing in

1232: 1073: 726:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

611: 476: 181: 3915:

Some simple methods for the assessment of tropical fish stocks

3779:

Costello, Christopher; Gaines, Steven D; Lynham, John (2008).

1318: 824:

to maximise the flow of resource rent over all future catches.

7110: 6869: 3034:"Fisheries are Classic Example of the Tragedy of the Commons" 2842: 2582:"Overfishing Is Emptying World's Rivers, Lakes, Experts Warn" 2393:"Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays" 946:

Fisheries are Classic Example of the 'Tragedy of the Commons'

752: 737:

in the world's oceans. A 2021 study published in the journal

624: 160: 133: 98: 90: 27: 2972:

Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego

2707:"UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species" 1950: 1787:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

1427:(IPOA-IUU). This is an agreement with the intention to stop 1346: 697:

could be scrapped with no change in catch. In addition, the

460:

from its waters. Anchovies were a major natural resource in

7454: 2848: 2790:

Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Pacoureau, Nathan; et al. (2021).

640: 607: 537:

allows the trawlers to work for days at a time, and modern

487:, is a dramatic example of the consequences of overfishing. 461: 450:

The Peruvian coastal anchovy fisheries crashed in the 1970s

137: 94: 82: 50: 2610: 2018:. The Scottish Government. 8 December 2009. Archived from 1128:

of coastal countries, many fisheries are unregulated, and

1023:, fish catches are temporarily increased but overall fish 868:

can also be defined using an input or output orientation.

588:, has gone extinct due to overfishing and dam construction 61:

at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its

3929: 2983: 2389: 2192:

Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress

1885: 1837:"Johannesburg Summit | Realidad social y desarrollo" 1047:

as limited access permits to harvest quantities of fish.

644: 4102: 3217:"New study offers solution to global fisheries collapse" 2733:"The global ocean size spectrum from bacteria to whales" 1045:

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

393: 258:

from 1974 to 1989, and then increased to 59.9% in 2015.

5908:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3293:"Once Decimated U.S. Fish Stocks Enjoy Big Bounce Back" 2731:

Hatton, Ian A.; Heneghan, Ryan F.; et al. (2021).

2649: 2172:"Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1982". 2083:"Pollution, overfishing destroy East China Sea fishery" 1957:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1712:

The Mortal Sea: Fishing the Atlantic in the Age of Sail

959:

Another possible solution, at least for some areas, is

3858:

Moustakas, A; Silvert, W; Dimitromanolakis, A (2006).

2908:"Generic harvest control rules for European fisheries" 1740:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

1602:"Shark Declines Threaten Shellfish Stocks, Study Says" 6273:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

3164:"Guaranteed fish quotas halt commercial free-for-all" 3060:"What do fishing and family planning have in common?" 970:

In order to maximise resources some countries, e.g.,

382:

Ecosystem overfishing occurs when the balance of the

6199:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

3778: 3150: 2147:"Peruvian Anchovy Case: Anchovy Depletion and Trade" 1493: 3841:

Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World

1379: 398:Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the 261:In 2015, among the 16 major statistical areas, the 2510: 77:), resulting in the species becoming increasingly 3686:Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 3607: 3466:"Seafood Choices - Promoting Sustainable Seafood" 2465:Changes in the Biomass of Large Pelagic Predators 1633:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 7534: 7327:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 932:; appropriate solutions would therefore promote 860: 4916:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 4542:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1352:In September 2016, a partnership of Google and 1343:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 904:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 301:According to the Secretary General of the 2002 7225:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 5932:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 3781:"Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse?" 3110:Moustakas, Silvert & Dimitromanolakis 2006 2969: 2947: 2789: 2730: 1705: 1703: 1263:, which were first bred in captivity in 2009. 617:Limited supply due to past overfishing of the 469:collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery 6230:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 6071: 6057: 5034: 4074: 2039: 2037: 1032:such as temporary closures or establishing a 3993: This article incorporates text from a 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 2849:Pauly, D.; G. Silvestre; I.R. Smith (1989). 2477: 2385: 2383: 1458: 1305:, certify seafood fisheries as sustainable. 1190: 7568:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 6278:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 4692:List of commercially important fish species 4537:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 3591:"Illegal fishing « World Ocean Review" 3241: 1700: 1545:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 1425:Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing 1286:environmentally destructive fishing methods 743:asserted that the "primary cause" of ocean 6381:Climate change and civilizational collapse 6064: 6050: 6003: 5041: 5027: 4088: 4081: 4067: 3577:Yale University, School of The Environment 2704: 2484:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 2034: 2000:How does overfishing threaten coral reefs? 775:terms define acceptable level as follows: 733:, overfishing is a primary driver of mass 357: 109:levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to 105:, reduced biological growth rates and low 5943:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 3834: 3307: 3266: 2948:Coad, Brian W; McAllister, Don E (2008). 2817: 2766: 2495: 2471: 2424: 2380: 2361: 2240: 1976: 1927: 7384:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 7322:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 5971:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 4664:Regional fishery management organisation 4041: 3997:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 3123:"Why storms are good news for fishermen" 3031: 1251:grow while wild harvest remains steady. 1202: 981: 899:adjusted as more information is gained. 827: 669: 424: 377: 328: 244: 210: 35: 18: 3944: 3409: 3120: 2611:Richardson, Anthony J.; Bakun, Andrew; 2497:10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235 2364:"Pacific Bluefin Tuna | NOAA Fisheries" 2141: 2139: 1709: 1109: 893: 851: 303:World Summit on Sustainable Development 7535: 5541:Corporate environmental responsibility 3710: 3683: 3634: 3570: 3272: 2333: 2211: 2080: 1733: 1731: 1599: 685:. The report, produced jointly by the 313:it is, impacting the fish population. 6045: 5022: 4494: 4101: 4062: 3965: 3908: 3745: 3161: 2553: 2269: 2114: 2043: 1266: 693:(FAO), asserts that half the world's 508:the expanding global human population 394:Examples and evidence for overfishing 324: 236:European colonisation of the Americas 6401:Tipping points in the climate system 5914:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 4547:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 4042:Williams, Robyn (13 February 2021). 3487:Google Launches Global Fishing Watch 2468:– Pelagic Fisheries Research Program 2136: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1254:Fish farming can enclose the entire 786:has reached a level where the stock 762: 6396:Extinction risk from climate change 6295:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 4722:Future of Marine Animal Populations 4599:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 4589:Monitoring control and surveillance 4052:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3505:Oceana Unveils Global Fishing Watch 2899: 2480:"Global Marine Biodiversity Trends" 2115:Frost, Rosie (September 10, 2020). 1862:"Fishing Down through the Food Web" 1728: 1680: 1570:The United Nations Ocean Conference 1051:decide the optimal amount of fish ( 13: 7356:List of fictional doomsday devices 5556:Environmental full-cost accounting 5048: 3151:Costello, Gaines & Lynham 2008 2878:10.1111/j.1939-7445.1989.tb00084.x 1008:, size limits and the creation of 533:, where they congregate for food. 337:species and damage coral habitat. 14: 7579: 6376:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 5490:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 4921:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 4654:National Marine Fisheries Service 4649:European Fisheries Control Agency 4010: 3387:. 8 December 2009. Archived from 2617:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2554:Black, Richard (8 October 2008). 1803: 1773: 1624: 1421:Food and Agriculture Organization 691:Food and Agriculture Organization 228:Food and Agriculture Organization 117:, has led to the upset of entire 7492: 7491: 7479: 6637:Decline in amphibian populations 6002: 5991: 5990: 5960:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 4567: 4313: 4130:Population dynamics of fisheries 4023: 3988: 3948:The Unnatural History of the Sea 3748:"An interview with Daniel Pauly" 3571:Urbina, Ian (19 November 2020). 3242:Zhang Xiang, ed. (9 June 2009). 3121:Pearson, Aria (6 January 2009). 2935:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00387.x 2676:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02352.x 2579: 2556:"Fisheries waste costs billions" 2533:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00159.x 2334:Specia, Megan (5 January 2019). 1560:Population dynamics of fisheries 1496: 1380:Barriers to effective management 1179:Over 30 billion euros in public 1155:have examined subsidies paid to 820:of the fishery using a relevant 573: 7553:Environmental impact of fishing 6988:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 6485:Land surface effects on climate 6458:Human impact on the environment 6089:Future of an expanding universe 5546:Corporate social responsibility 5475:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5414:Community-supported agriculture 5099:Human impact on the environment 4851:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 4707:Environmental impact of fishing 3887:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.007 3739: 3704: 3677: 3647: 3628: 3601: 3583: 3564: 3535: 3516: 3498: 3480: 3458: 3432: 3403: 3373: 3359: 3345: 3299:. 26 March 2013. Archived from 3285: 3235: 3209: 3181: 3155: 3144: 3114: 3103: 3078: 3052: 3025: 3004: 2977: 2963: 2941: 2783: 2724: 2705:Borenstein, Seth (6 May 2019). 2698: 2643: 2604: 2573: 2547: 2504: 2457: 2355: 2327: 2291: 2263: 2245: 2234: 2205: 2180: 2165: 2127: 2108: 2074: 2048: 2008: 1993: 1944: 1879: 1817:from the original on 2021-12-12 1600:Scales, Helen (29 March 2007). 1523:Environmental impact of fishing 1374:Sustainable Development Goal 14 1367: 836:and limit reference points for 665: 49:is the removal of a species of 5786:Socially responsible marketing 4825:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4185:Otolith microchemical analysis 3972:. Cambridge University Press. 3746:Boyes, Margaret (March 2008). 3635:Urbina, Ian (March 24, 2017). 3410:Monbiot, George (9 May 2019). 2362:Fisheries, NOAA (2024-02-21). 2151:Trade and Environment Database 2081:Lu Hui, ed. (16 August 2006). 1854: 1829: 1797: 1674: 1593: 1449:individual transferable quotas 1215: 1041:Individual transferable quotas 1021:individual transferable quotas 1: 6934:Interpretations of Revelation 6736:Cosmological phase transition 6642:Decline in insect populations 6094:Ultimate fate of the universe 5977:Sustainable Development Goals 5781:Socially responsible business 4820:European Environmental Agency 4810:Grey nurse shark conservation 4717:Destructive fishing practices 4215:Pop-up satellite archival tag 3932:Fisheries technical paper 234 2998:10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00141-8 2306:. World Wildlife Fund. 2015. 1586: 861:Input and output orientations 374:limits on a fish population. 195:, minimizing fishing impact, 7389:Future of Humanity Institute 6786:Potentially hazardous object 6686:Interplanetary contamination 4800:Marine conservation activism 4250:Climate change and fisheries 3999:license statement/permission 3713:Journal of Political Economy 3622:10.1016/j.marpol.2005.11.001 2174:Committee on Foreign Affairs 2003:NOAA: National Ocean Service 1710:Bolster, W. Jeffery (2012). 1211:'s Statistical Yearbook 2020 600:Zoological Society of London 456:season largely depleted the 333:Overfishing can deplete key 253:'s Statistical Yearbook 2020 140:might exploit the change in 7: 7543:Environmental controversies 7269:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 6418:Global terrestrial stilling 5806:Sustainability organization 5591:Standards and certification 5182:Social return on investment 3945:Roberts, Callum M. (2007). 3086:"Guide to Good Fish Guides" 3032:Benjamin, Daniel K (2001). 2950:"Dictionary of Ichthyology" 2478:Sala E, Knowlton N (2006). 2005:. Updated: 4 February 2020. 1489: 1376:called "Life Below Water". 475:, and the 1992 decision by 404:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 242:the late-1970s and 1980s. 147:Since the growth of global 10: 7584: 6781:Asteroid impact prediction 6756:Heat death of the universe 6166:Mutual assured destruction 5231:Systemic change resistance 4846:Marine Stewardship Council 4639:EU Common Fisheries Policy 3771: 2629:10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010 2417:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9 2257:Costa Rica Fishing Experts 1866:American Fisheries Society 1462: 1299:Marine Stewardship Council 1270: 1219: 1113: 1087:China bans fishing in the 985: 596:World Wide Fund for Nature 541:target the fish with ease. 429:Overfished US stocks, 2015 238:has been well documented. 234:from the earliest days of 7473: 7407: 7399:Nuclear Threat Initiative 7376: 7332:List of apocalyptic films 7309: 7175:2011 end times prediction 7167: 6907:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 6902:Abomination of desolation 6838: 6776:Asteroid impact avoidance 6713: 6624: 6606:List of extinction events 6581: 6574: 6540: 6448:Environmental degradation 6344: 6335: 6250: 6235:Technological singularity 6104: 6079: 6073:Global catastrophic risks 5986: 5897: 5834: 5606: 5533: 5442: 5409:Climate-smart agriculture 5394: 5366: 5323: 5277: 5244: 5117: 5074: 5056: 5000:Glossary of fishery terms 4995:Index of fishing articles 4985: 4934: 4833: 4777: 4712:Fishing down the food web 4687:Maximum sustainable yield 4674: 4576: 4565: 4519: 4515: 4490: 4322: 4311: 4245:Match/mismatch hypothesis 4118: 4114: 4097: 4022: 4017: 2858:Natural Resource Modeling 2819:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062 1550:Maximum sustainable yield 1459:Resistance from fishermen 1191:Minimizing fishing impact 944:. Daniel K. Benjamin, in 452:after overfishing and an 418:, otherwise known as the 167:and other slower-growing 41:Fishing down the food web 7394:Future of Life Institute 7296:Resurrection of the dead 7289:Post-tribulation rapture 6671:Colony collapse disorder 5551:Environmental accounting 5300:Sustainable architecture 5290:Environmental technology 4886:Save Our Seas Foundation 4619:Individual fishing quota 4594:Vessel monitoring system 4240:Hydrographic containment 3966:Young, Margaret (2011). 3835:Kurlansky, Mark (1997). 2586:National Geographic News 2212:Kunzig, R (April 1995). 1606:National Geographic News 1477:like structured habitats 1444:as was shown in Gordon. 1412:illegal fishing activity 1335:Seafood Choices Alliance 1126:exclusive economic zones 1091:for a period each year. 912:exclusive economic zones 504:Biodiversity Action Plan 479:to impose an indefinite 438:from migrating into the 316: 206: 6220:Artificial intelligence 5424:Sustainable agriculture 4532:Exclusive economic zone 4210:GIS and aquatic science 4165:Standard weight in fish 3805:10.1126/science.1159478 3140:(subscription required) 936:through, for instance, 802:bioeconomic overfishing 708:Increased incidence of 358:Recruitment overfishing 7349:List of disaster films 7190:Apocalyptic literature 6290:Malthusian catastrophe 6216:Synthetic intelligence 5967:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 5836:Sustainable management 5821:Urban drainage systems 5561:Environmental planning 5525:Water recycling shower 5515:Tidal stream generator 5310:Sustainable industries 5269:Sustainable population 5254:Demographic transition 5236:Tragedy of the commons 4761:Turtle excluder device 4434:Shoaling and schooling 2759:10.1126/sciadv.abh3732 1969:10.1098/rspb.2011.2433 1810:Fisheries on the brink 1575:Tragedy of the commons 1487: 1453:tragedy of the commons 1212: 1198:turtle excluder device 1177: 1014:marine protected areas 930:tragedy of the commons 848: 806:maximum economic yield 780:Biological overfishing 723:According to the 2019 678: 547:became extinct in the 430: 420:tragedy of the commons 342: 299: 254: 216: 136:have been overfished, 43: 33: 6731:Coronal mass ejection 6193:Electromagnetic pulse 6154:Kinetic energy weapon 5859:Humanistic capitalism 5674:Environmental finance 5315:Sustainable packaging 4785:Marine protected area 4659:Regional fishery body 4285:Census of Marine Life 4180:Catch per unit effort 4031:Flash animation from 2656:Global Change Biology 2214:"Twilight of the Cod" 1892:Ecology and Evolution 1472: 1339:Sustainable Fisheries 1326:Monterey Bay Aquarium 1261:southern bluefin tuna 1206: 1162: 1114:Further information: 1053:total allowable catch 1034:marine protected area 982:Government regulation 914:is not endangered by 831: 673: 584:, once common to the 517:are at risk, such as 428: 412:extractive industries 378:Ecosystem overfishing 332: 290: 248: 214: 115:overfishing of sharks 39: 22: 7133:War of Gog and Magog 6810:Near-Earth supernova 6560:Human overpopulation 6364:Mass mortality event 6258:Anthropogenic hazard 5826:Urban infrastructure 5520:Water heat recycling 5343:Conservation biology 5187:Steady-state economy 5162:Micro-sustainability 5147:Ecological footprint 5104:Planetary boundaries 4624:Minimum landing size 4584:Fisheries management 4559:Magnuson–Stevens Act 4554:Fisheries Convention 4305:Fisheries scientists 3867:Ecological Modelling 3843:. New York: Walker. 3595:worldoceanreview.com 3391:on December 13, 2009 3297:National Ggeographic 3048:on 19 February 2005. 2513:Conservation Biology 2270:Floyd, Mark (2007). 2253:"Fishing Costa Rica" 2056:"Growth overfishing" 1533:Pacific bluefin tuna 1481:Fisheries scientist 1469:Fisheries management 1362:Global Fishing Watch 1243:extracted from wild 1153:Ussif Rashid Sumaila 1147:Fisheries scientist 1110:Removal of subsidies 1049:Fisheries scientists 988:Fisheries management 894:Reducing overfishing 888:capacity utilization 852:Harvest control rule 814:economic overfishing 782:occurs when fishing 683:fisheries management 619:Pacific bluefin tuna 273:61.5% and Southwest 111:critical depensation 101:, and can result in 65:naturally (i.e. the 7563:Illegal occupations 7548:Environmental crime 7205:Blood moon prophecy 6998:Number of the Beast 6596:Holocene extinction 6542:Earth Overshoot Day 6490:Ocean acidification 6453:Habitat destruction 6443:Ecological collapse 6149:Kinetic bombardment 6084:Future of the Earth 5927:Earth Summit (1992) 5581:Metrics and indices 5434:Sustainable fishery 5353:Holocene extinction 5172:Product stewardship 5142:Earth Overshoot Day 4901:Defying Ocean's End 4805:Salmon conservation 4795:Marine conservation 4735:The End of the Line 4728:The Sunken Billions 4697:Sustainable seafood 4682:Sustainable fishery 4295:Fisheries databases 4225:Age class structure 4195:Fisheries acoustics 4001:). Text taken from 3879:2006EcMod.192..245M 3797:2008Sci...321.1678C 3791:(5896): 1678–1681. 3532:(15 September 2016) 3513:(15 September 2016) 3495:(16 September 2016) 3446:on 15 February 2009 3223:. 18 September 2008 3197:. 18 September 2008 3162:MacKenzie, Debora. 3044:(1). Archived from 2927:2011AqFF...12..340F 2870:1989NRM.....3..307P 2810:2021CBio...31E4773D 2751:2021SciA....7.3732H 2668:2011GCBio..17..767L 2525:2005ConBi..19.1294E 2409:2021Natur.589..567P 2096:on 24 February 2012 1963:(1736): 2116–2121. 1904:2017EcoEv...7.9925S 1743:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 1612:on November 6, 2007 1565:Sustainable fishing 1465:Sustainable fishery 1282:Sustainable seafood 1273:Sustainable seafood 1134:deep-water trawlers 1030:management measures 816:also considers the 458:Peruvian anchovetas 286:fisheries scientist 149:fishing enterprises 7520:Doomsday scenarios 7086:Beast of the Earth 6978:Book of Revelation 6766:Virtual black hole 6746:False vacuum decay 6696:Pollinator decline 6659:Biological warfare 6649:Biotechnology risk 6500:Resource depletion 5386:Sustainable energy 5348:Endangered species 5305:Sustainable design 5219:Consumer behaviour 4990:Outline of fishing 4609:Fisheries observer 4260:Aquatic ecosystems 3665:on 1 February 2019 3470:seafoodchoices.com 3303:on March 28, 2013. 3254:on 4 November 2012 3066:. 20 December 2016 2986:Fisheries Research 2915:Fish and Fisheries 2341:The New York Times 2016:"Fish recruitment" 1555:Perverse subsidies 1504:Environment portal 1267:Consumer awareness 1213: 849: 715:Massive growth of 679: 582:Chinese paddlefish 431: 343: 325:Growth overfishing 255: 217: 201:consumer awareness 159:is devastating to 103:resource depletion 44: 34: 7530: 7529: 7361:Zombie apocalypse 7262:Postmillennialism 7057:Great Tribulation 6830:Stellar collision 6791:Near-Earth object 6741:Geomagnetic storm 6709: 6708: 6632:Biodiversity loss 6616:Genetic pollution 6570: 6569: 6359:Biodiversity loss 6322:Societal collapse 6300:Nuclear holocaust 6285:Economic collapse 6268:Doomsday argument 6186:Antimatter weapon 6039: 6038: 5965:Earth Summit 2002 5948:Lisbon Principles 5920:Our Common Future 5598:Sustainable yield 5404:Civic agriculture 5157:Green consumption 5094:Global governance 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5007: 4972:Threatened sharks 4871:Ocean Conservancy 4856:Friend of the Sea 4486: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4394:Lobster fisheries 4339:Diversity of fish 4135:Shifting baseline 4104:Fisheries science 4038: 4037: 4033:The Sea Around Us 3958:978-1-59726-102-9 3925:978-92-5-101333-5 3850:978-0-8027-1326-1 3641:The Safina Center 3543:"Goal 14 targets" 3476:on 23 March 2006. 2804:(21): 4773–4787. 2592:on March 16, 2006 2403:(7843): 567–571. 2313:978-2-940529-24-7 1912:10.1002/ece3.3530 1898:(23): 9925–9934. 1813:(YouTube video). 1758:978-92-5-133394-5 1721:978-0-674-04765-5 1714:. Belknap Press. 1659:978-92-5-132692-3 1518:Catch and release 1513:Biodiversity loss 1303:Friend of the Sea 1122:fishery subsidies 916:over-exploitation 763:Acceptable levels 729:published by the 494:fisheries in the 126:carrying capacity 119:marine ecosystems 7575: 7495: 7494: 7486:World portal 7484: 7483: 7445:Financial crisis 7274:Nibiru cataclysm 7252:Premillennialism 7096:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 7064:Son of perdition 7052:Olivet Discourse 7028:Whore of Babylon 6654:Biological agent 6601:Human extinction 6591:Extinction event 6579: 6578: 6550:Overexploitation 6480:Land consumption 6475:Land degradation 6342: 6341: 6204:Micro black hole 6112:Chemical warfare 6066: 6059: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6006: 6005: 5994: 5993: 5938:Agenda 21 (1992) 5909: 5874:Natural resource 5761:Organic movement 5736:Impact investing 5455:Hydroelectricity 5429:Sustainable diet 5381:Renewable energy 5376:Carbon footprint 5358:Invasive species 5295:Natural building 5246:World population 5207:Marketing myopia 5167:Over-consumption 5137:Circular economy 5132:Anti-consumerism 5089:Environmentalism 5043: 5036: 5029: 5020: 5019: 4952:Marine pollution 4756:Cetacean bycatch 4751:Incidental catch 4571: 4517: 4516: 4492: 4491: 4459:Humboldt current 4317: 4235:Trophic cascades 4175:Data storage tag 4160:Fish measurement 4155:Stock assessment 4116: 4115: 4099: 4098: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4048:The Science Show 4027: 4026: 4015: 4014: 3992: 3983: 3962: 3951:. Island Press. 3941: 3939: 3937: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3895: 3889:. Archived from 3873:(1–2): 245–258. 3864: 3854: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3661:. Archived from 3651: 3645: 3644: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3549:. Archived from 3539: 3533: 3520: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3472:. Archived from 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3442:. Archived from 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3326: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3250:. Archived from 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2887:on 6 August 2012 2886: 2880:. Archived from 2855: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2821: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2770: 2745:(46): eabh3732. 2738:Science Advances 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2588:. Archived from 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2519:(4): 1294–1300. 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2475: 2469: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2428: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2316:. Archived from 2305: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2188:"Peru - Fishing" 2184: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2143: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2092:. Archived from 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2062:on 25 April 2012 2058:. Archived from 2052: 2046: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1980: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1931: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1839:. Archived from 1833: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1782: 1771: 1770: 1749:10.4060/cb1329en 1735: 1726: 1725: 1707: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1642:10.4060/ca9229en 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1608:. Archived from 1597: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1386:fishing industry 1229:carnivorous fish 1183:are directed to 950:British Columbia 866:Fishing capacity 651:(the open seas). 577: 563:with introduced 67:overexploitation 7583: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7505:Future problems 7478: 7469: 7403: 7372: 7339:Climate fiction 7305: 7180:2012 phenomenon 7163: 7069:Sheep and Goats 6956:2 Thessalonians 6834: 6751:Gamma-ray burst 6705: 6620: 6611:Genetic erosion 6566: 6536: 6527:Water pollution 6495:Ozone depletion 6391:Desertification 6331: 6246: 6181:Doomsday device 6161:Nuclear warfare 6100: 6075: 6070: 6040: 6035: 5982: 5907: 5899: 5898:Agreements and 5893: 5830: 5634:Climate finance 5602: 5529: 5485:Reclaimed water 5438: 5390: 5362: 5319: 5273: 5259:Family planning 5240: 5113: 5070: 5052: 5047: 5017: 5004: 4981: 4977:Threatened rays 4957:Mercury in fish 4930: 4829: 4815:Shark sanctuary 4773: 4670: 4604:Catch reporting 4572: 4563: 4511: 4478: 4384:Krill fisheries 4349:Coral reef fish 4334:Ocean fisheries 4325: 4318: 4309: 4150:Condition index 4121: 4110: 4093: 4087: 4024: 4013: 4007:, FAO, FAO. 3986: 3980: 3959: 3935: 3933: 3926: 3899: 3897: 3896:on 1 March 2012 3893: 3862: 3851: 3825: 3823: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3709: 3705: 3698:10.1139/f53-026 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3633: 3629: 3606: 3602: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3510:Huffington Post 3503: 3499: 3485: 3481: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3308: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2992:(2–3): 357–68. 2982: 2978: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2797:Current Biology 2788: 2784: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2703: 2699: 2648: 2644: 2613:Hays, Graeme C. 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2548: 2509: 2505: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2458: 2388: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2314: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2268: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2022:on 1 March 2014 2014: 2013: 2009: 1998: 1994: 1949: 1945: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1759: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1708: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1679: 1675: 1660: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1580:Overconsumption 1502: 1495: 1492: 1471: 1461: 1382: 1370: 1319:Fish & Kids 1275: 1269: 1224: 1218: 1193: 1118: 1116:Fishery subsidy 1112: 1089:South China Sea 1010:marine reserves 994: 984: 934:property rights 896: 863: 854: 792:marginal growth 765: 759:to extinction. 710:schistosomiasis 668: 589: 578: 500:English Channel 440:Gulf of Trieste 396: 380: 360: 349:per recruit. A 339:Coral reef fish 327: 319: 209: 157:bottom dragging 130:ecosystem shift 17: 12: 11: 5: 7581: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7500:Apocalypticism 7489: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7344:Disaster films 7341: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7319: 7317:Alien invasion 7313: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7257:Amillennialism 7254: 7244: 7242:Millenarianism 7239: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7195:Apocalypticism 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7091:Dhu al-Qarnayn 7088: 7083: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7037:Great Apostasy 7034: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6926: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6884: 6882:Last Judgement 6879: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6844: 6842: 6840:Eschatological 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6783: 6778: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6555:Overpopulation 6552: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6532:Water scarcity 6529: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6507: 6505:Sea level rise 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6468:on marine life 6465: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6423:Global warming 6420: 6415: 6413:Global dimming 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6371:Cascade effect 6368: 6367: 6366: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6346:Climate change 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6176:Doomsday Clock 6173: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6127:Cyberterrorism 6124: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6000: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5974: 5973:(Rio+20, 2012) 5968: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5924: 5916: 5911: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5719:Infrastructure 5716: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Eco-capitalism 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5566:Sustainability 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5534:Accountability 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5192:Sustainability 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127:Anthropization 5123: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5050:Sustainability 5046: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4947:Fish slaughter 4944: 4938: 4936: 4935:Related issues 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4876:Ocean Outcomes 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4790:Marine reserve 4787: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4675:Sustainability 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4505:sustainability 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4439:Marine habitat 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4399:Shrimp fishery 4396: 4391: 4389:Kelp fisheries 4386: 4381: 4376: 4374:Crab fisheries 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4255:Marine biology 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4205:Coded wire tag 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4145:Fish mortality 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4112: 4111: 4108:wild fisheries 4095: 4094: 4092:science topics 4086: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4036: 4035: 4020: 4019: 4018:External image 4012: 4011:External links 4009: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3942: 3924: 3906: 3855: 3849: 3832: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3755:Fisherman Life 3738: 3725:10.1086/257497 3703: 3676: 3646: 3627: 3616:(6): 696–703. 3600: 3582: 3563: 3534: 3515: 3497: 3492:Digital Trends 3479: 3457: 3431: 3402: 3372: 3358: 3344: 3306: 3284: 3265: 3234: 3208: 3180: 3154: 3143: 3113: 3102: 3077: 3064:Deutsche Welle 3051: 3024: 3003: 2976: 2962: 2940: 2921:(3): 340–351. 2898: 2864:(3): 307–329. 2841: 2782: 2723: 2697: 2662:(2): 767–782. 2642: 2623:(6): 312–322. 2603: 2572: 2546: 2503: 2470: 2456: 2379: 2354: 2326: 2323:on 2015-09-26. 2312: 2290: 2262: 2244: 2241:Kurlansky 1997 2233: 2204: 2179: 2164: 2135: 2126: 2107: 2073: 2047: 2033: 2007: 1992: 1943: 1878: 1853: 1828: 1796: 1772: 1757: 1727: 1720: 1699: 1673: 1658: 1623: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1491: 1488: 1460: 1457: 1381: 1378: 1369: 1366: 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1256:breeding cycle 1220:Main article: 1217: 1214: 1192: 1189: 1151:and economist 1130:fishing fleets 1111: 1108: 1006:closed seasons 998:fishing quotas 983: 980: 926: 925: 922: 919: 895: 892: 884: 883: 878: 877: 862: 859: 853: 850: 845:mortality rate 826: 825: 795: 764: 761: 667: 664: 663: 662: 655: 652: 636: 633:Vladimir Popov 622: 615: 591: 590: 579: 572: 569: 568: 557:eutrophication 542: 535:Flash freezing 511: 488: 465: 447: 416:sustainability 408:East China Sea 395: 392: 379: 376: 359: 356: 326: 323: 318: 315: 232:Atlantic Ocean 225:United Nations 208: 205: 79:underpopulated 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7580: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7558:Fisheries law 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7515:Risk analysis 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7460:Social crisis 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377:Organizations 7375: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7301:World to come 7299: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7247:Millennialism 7245: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7235:Messianic Age 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220:Gog and Magog 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Earth Changes 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7047:New Jerusalem 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7023:War in Heaven 7021: 7019: 7018:Two witnesses 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6887:Second Coming 6885: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:Deforestation 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6327:World War III 6325: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6242:Transhumanism 6240: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105:Technological 6103: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5954:Earth Charter 5952: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:Environmental 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Refurbishment 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Organizations 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679:Green economy 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Eco-socialism 5662: 5660: 5659:Eco-investing 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Disinvestment 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:Marine energy 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Cultured meat 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:Simple living 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:Shark finning 4965: 4963: 4962:Shark culling 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Sea Around Us 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866:Seafood Watch 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4767:Shrimp-Turtle 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4629:Pulse fishing 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4527:Fisheries law 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497:Fisheries law 4493: 4489: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Eel fisheries 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4369:Cod fisheries 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4354:Demersal fish 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230:Trophic level 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4016: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3981: 3979:9780521765725 3975: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3910:Pauly, Daniel 3907: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3719:(2): 124–42. 3718: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3692:(7): 442–57. 3691: 3687: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610:Marine Policy 3604: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3553:on 2020-09-30 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3196: 3195: 3194:The Economist 3190: 3184: 3169: 3168:New Scientist 3165: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3128: 3127:New Scientist 3124: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3013: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2580:Owen, James. 2576: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2498: 2493: 2490:(1): 93–122. 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2237: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1843:on 2006-05-28 1842: 1838: 1832: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805:Pauly, Daniel 1800: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636:. FAO. 2020. 1635: 1634: 1627: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1592: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1538:Shark finning 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419:2001, the UN 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1330:Seafood Watch 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1138:orange roughy 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1104:United States 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1078:United States 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004:, licensing, 1003: 999: 993: 992:Fisheries law 989: 979: 975: 973: 968: 966: 962: 957: 954: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:privatization 935: 931: 923: 920: 917: 913: 909: 908: 907: 905: 900: 891: 889: 880: 879: 875: 874:capital stock 871: 870: 869: 867: 858: 846: 842: 839: 835: 834:precautionary 830: 823: 822:discount rate 819: 818:present value 815: 811: 810:resource rent 807: 803: 799: 796: 793: 790:has negative 789: 785: 781: 778: 777: 776: 774: 770: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741: 736: 732: 728: 727: 721: 718: 713: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 695:fishing fleet 692: 688: 684: 676: 672: 660: 656: 653: 650: 646: 642: 637: 634: 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 592: 587: 586:Yangtze River 583: 576: 571: 570: 566: 565:rainbow smelt 562: 558: 555: 554:anthropogenic 550: 546: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:deep trawlers 524: 520: 519:orange roughy 516: 515:deep sea fish 512: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 391: 389: 385: 375: 373: 369: 365: 355: 352: 348: 347:maximum yield 340: 336: 331: 322: 314: 312: 306: 304: 298: 295: 289: 287: 283: 279: 276: 272: 268: 264: 263:Mediterranean 259: 252: 247: 243: 239: 237: 233: 229: 226: 222: 213: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59:body of water 56: 52: 48: 42: 38: 32: 29: 25: 24:Jack mackerel 21: 7477: 7420:Cyberwarfare 7138:Third Temple 6993:Lake of fire 6803:Rogue planet 6771:Impact event 6761:Proton decay 6714:Astronomical 6700: 6664:Bioterrorism 6510:Supervolcano 6408:Flood basalt 6354:Anoxic event 6263:Collapsology 6251:Sociological 6122:Cyberwarfare 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5995: 5919: 5684:Construction 5607:Applications 5325:Biodiversity 5084:Anthropocene 4778:Conservation 4766: 4733: 4726: 4701: 4509:conservation 4464:Algal blooms 4449:Water column 4364:Pelagic fish 4344:Coastal fish 4290:OSTM/Jason-2 4265:Bioeconomics 4200:Acoustic tag 4170:Fish counter 4047: 4003: 3995:free content 3987: 3968: 3947: 3934:. 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